title: High Concentrations of the Antibiotic Spiramycin in Wastewater Lead to High Abundance of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea in Nitrifying Populations.
abstract: To evaluate the potential effects of antibiotics on ammonia-oxidizing microbes, multiple tools including quantitative PCR (qPCR), 454-pyrosequencing, and a high-throughput functional gene array (GeoChip) were used to reveal the distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and archaeal amoA (Arch-amoA) genes in three wastewater treatment systems receiving spiramycin or oxytetracycline production wastewaters. The qPCR results revealed that the copy number ratios of Arch-amoA to ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) amoA genes were the highest in the spiramycin full-scale (5.30) and pilot-scale systems (1.49 × 10(-1)), followed by the oxytetracycline system (4.90 × 10(-4)), with no Arch-amoA genes detected in the control systems treating sewage or inosine production wastewater. The pyrosequencing result showed that the relative abundance of AOA affiliated with Thaumarchaeota accounted for 78.5-99.6% of total archaea in the two spiramycin systems, which was in accordance with the qPCR results. Mantel test based on GeoChip data showed that Arch-amoA gene signal intensity correlated with the presence of spiramycin (P < 0.05). Antibiotics explained 25.8% of variations in amoA functional gene structures by variance partitioning analysis. This study revealed the selection of AOA in the presence of high concentrations of spiramycin in activated sludge systems.
authors.affiliation: †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Miaomiao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: ‡Institute for Environmental Genomics, and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States.
authors.forename: Zhou Jason
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: ‡Institute for Environmental Genomics, and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.affiliation: ‡Institute for Environmental Genomics, and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States.|§Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.|∥State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Jizhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D001105:Archaea / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019766:Genes, Archaeal; D014644:Genetic Variation; D058465:Nitrification; D058458:Nitrogen Cycle; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010802:Phylogeny; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D015572:Spiramycin / Q000032:analysis*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012722:Sewage; D015572:Spiramycin; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical