title: Effects of vitamin D supplementation in infancy on growth, bone parameters, body composition and gross motor development at age 3-6 years: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The long-term effects of infant vitamin D supplementation and status are unclear since there have been few controlled intervention trials and these have been small and contradictory. The Delhi Infant Vitamin D Supplementation (DIVIDS) trial found that supplementation of low-birthweight term infants with one recommended dietary allowance of vitamin D from 1 week to 6 months of age resulted in increased length and weight at 6 months. In the DIVIDS-2 study we followed up the DIVIDS children, now aged 3-6 years, to determine longer-term effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  DIVIDS children, 446 from the vitamin D arm and 466 from the placebo arm, attended the follow-up visit. Data collection included anthropometry, blood pressure, bone structure and strength by quantitative ultrasound (QUS), gross motor tests, deuterium dilution test of body composition on a subset (n = 229) and blood samples for measurement of vitamin D status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body mass index Z scores (BMIZ) were lower (adjusted P = 0.003)in the vitamin D Group [-1.18 (SD 0.92)] when compared with the placebo [-1.02 (SD 0.91)] group as a result of slightly lower weight and slightly greater height. The vitamin D group also had lower thigh circumference and arm muscle area and borderline lower mid-upper arm circumference. There were no group differences in body fat percentage, bone QUS or blood pressure and few differences in motor development measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D supplementation of low-birthweight infants in infancy resulted in children being thinner at age 3-6 years but in no differences in functional outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Home Economics, Delhi University, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Geeta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trilok-Kumar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Home Economics, Delhi University, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Manpreet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Home Economics, Delhi University, Delhi, India, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India.
authors.forename: Harsh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.affiliation: Institute of Home Economics, Delhi University, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Mohammad Muntafa
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rajput
authors.affiliation: Institute of Home Economics, Delhi University, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Reema
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chugh
authors.affiliation: St John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Anura
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurpad
authors.affiliation: Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Harshpal Singh
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Sachdev
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Filteau
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight / Q000097:blood* / Q000254:growth & development*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D047929:Term Birth; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: Vitamin D; body composition; bone health; low birth weight; motor development