title: Abdominal Fat Distribution and Cardiovascular Risk in Men and Women With Different Levels of Glucose Tolerance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regional fat distribution rather than overall obesity has been recognized as important to understanding the link between obesity and cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the associations of abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) with cardiovascular risk factors in a Caucasian population of men and women with normal glucose tolerance, prediabetes, or screen-detected diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was based on cross-sectional analysis of data from 1412 adults age 45-80 years. VAT and SAT were assessed by ultrasound. The associations of VAT and SAT with blood pressure and lipids were examined by linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, glucose tolerance status (GTS), medication use, and body mass index. Effect modification by GTS and sex was examined, and stratified analyses performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent of SAT and overall obesity, VAT was associated with higher triglyceride and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in both men and women and additionally associated with higher total cholesterol in men. SAT was independently associated with higher total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in both sexes, and SAT was additionally associated with higher triglyceride and lower HDL cholesterol levels in women and with higher blood pressure in participants with diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both abdominal VAT and SAT are independent of overall obesity associated with cardiovascular risk in a population of men and women at low to high risk of diabetes or with screen-detected diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center (S.H.S., K.F., A.P., M.E.J., N.B.J., B.C., G.S.A.), 2820 Gentofte, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (N.B.J., D.R.W.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institute of Public Health, Section of General Practice (D.R.W., T.L.), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health (I.A.), University of Copenhagen, 1123 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Stine H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Scheuer
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center (S.H.S., K.F., A.P., M.E.J., N.B.J., B.C., G.S.A.), 2820 Gentofte, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (N.B.J., D.R.W.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institute of Public Health, Section of General Practice (D.R.W., T.L.), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health (I.A.), University of Copenhagen, 1123 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Færch
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center (S.H.S., K.F., A.P., M.E.J., N.B.J., B.C., G.S.A.), 2820 Gentofte, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (N.B.J., D.R.W.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institute of Public Health, Section of General Practice (D.R.W., T.L.), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health (I.A.), University of Copenhagen, 1123 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Annelotte
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Philipsen
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center (S.H.S., K.F., A.P., M.E.J., N.B.J., B.C., G.S.A.), 2820 Gentofte, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (N.B.J., D.R.W.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institute of Public Health, Section of General Practice (D.R.W., T.L.), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health (I.A.), University of Copenhagen, 1123 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Marit E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center (S.H.S., K.F., A.P., M.E.J., N.B.J., B.C., G.S.A.), 2820 Gentofte, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (N.B.J., D.R.W.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institute of Public Health, Section of General Practice (D.R.W., T.L.), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health (I.A.), University of Copenhagen, 1123 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Nanna B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center (S.H.S., K.F., A.P., M.E.J., N.B.J., B.C., G.S.A.), 2820 Gentofte, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (N.B.J., D.R.W.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institute of Public Health, Section of General Practice (D.R.W., T.L.), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health (I.A.), University of Copenhagen, 1123 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Bendix
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carstensen
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center (S.H.S., K.F., A.P., M.E.J., N.B.J., B.C., G.S.A.), 2820 Gentofte, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (N.B.J., D.R.W.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institute of Public Health, Section of General Practice (D.R.W., T.L.), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health (I.A.), University of Copenhagen, 1123 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center (S.H.S., K.F., A.P., M.E.J., N.B.J., B.C., G.S.A.), 2820 Gentofte, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (N.B.J., D.R.W.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institute of Public Health, Section of General Practice (D.R.W., T.L.), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health (I.A.), University of Copenhagen, 1123 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ingelise
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center (S.H.S., K.F., A.P., M.E.J., N.B.J., B.C., G.S.A.), 2820 Gentofte, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (N.B.J., D.R.W.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institute of Public Health, Section of General Practice (D.R.W., T.L.), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health (I.A.), University of Copenhagen, 1123 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lauritzen
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center (S.H.S., K.F., A.P., M.E.J., N.B.J., B.C., G.S.A.), 2820 Gentofte, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy (N.B.J., D.R.W.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Institute of Public Health, Section of General Practice (D.R.W., T.L.), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health (I.A.), University of Copenhagen, 1123 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Gregers S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Andersen
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012307:Risk Factors; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides