title: A quantitative evaluation of the extent of fluralaner uptake by ticks (Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes scapularis) in fluralaner (Bravecto) treated vs. untreated dogs using the parameters tick weight and coxal index.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fluralaner is a new antiparasitic drug that was recently introduced as Bravecto chewable tablets for the treatment of tick and flea infestations in dogs. Most marketed tick products exert their effect via topical application and contact exposure to the parasite. In contrast, Bravecto delivers its acaricidal activity through systemic exposure. Tick exposure to fluralaner occurs after attachment to orally treated dogs, which induces a tick-killing effect within 12 h. The fast onset of killing lasts over the entire treatment interval (12 weeks) and suggests that only marginal uptake by ticks is required to induce efficacy. Three laboratory studies were conducted to quantify the extent of uptake by comparison of ticks' weight and coxal index obtained from Bravecto-treated and negative-control dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three studies were conducted using experimental tick infestation with either Ixodes ricinus or Ixodes scapularis after oral administration of fluralaner to dogs. All studies included a treated (Bravecto chewable tablets, MSD Animal Health) and a negative control group. Each study had a similar design for assessing vitality and weighing of ticks collected from dogs of both groups. Additionally, in one study the coxal index (I. ricinus) was calculated as a ratio of tick's ventral coxal gap and dorsal width of scutum. Tick weight data and coxal indices from Bravecto-treated and negative-control groups were compared via statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ticks collected from Bravecto-treated dogs weighed significantly less (p ≤ 0.0108) than ticks collected from negative-control dogs, and their coxal index was also significantly lower (p < 0.0001). The difference in tick weights was demonstrated irrespective of the tick species investigated (I. ricinus, I. scapularis). At some assessments the mean tick weights of Bravecto-treated dogs were significantly lower than those of unfed pre-infestation (baseline) ticks. The demonstrated tick-killing efficacy was in the range of 94.6 - 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tick weights and coxal indices confirm that a minimal uptake results in a sufficient exposure of ticks to fluralaner (Bravecto) and consequently in a potent acaricidal effect.
authors.affiliation: MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Research Antiparasitics, Zur Propstei, 55270, Schwabenheim, Germany. heike.williams@msd.de.
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Free University of Berlin, Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 2, 14163, Berlin, Germany. j.demeler@fu-berlin.de.
authors.forename: Janina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Demeler
authors.affiliation: MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Research Antiparasitics, Zur Propstei, 55270, Schwabenheim, Germany. janina.taenzler@msd.de.
authors.forename: Janina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taenzler
authors.affiliation: MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Research Antiparasitics, Zur Propstei, 55270, Schwabenheim, Germany. rainer.roepke@msd.de.
authors.forename: Rainer K A
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Roepke
authors.affiliation: MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Research Antiparasitics, Zur Propstei, 55270, Schwabenheim, Germany. eva.zschiesche@msd.de.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zschiesche
authors.affiliation: MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Research Antiparasitics, Zur Propstei, 55270, Schwabenheim, Germany. anja.heckeroth@msd.de.
authors.forename: Anja R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Heckeroth
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004285:Dogs; D004341:Drug Evaluation / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018884:Ixodes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: C000591860:A1443 compound; D056810:Acaricides; D007555:Isoxazoles