title: Evaluation of urine fibrinogen level in a murine model of contrast-induced nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanisms of contrast-induced nephropathy are not fully understood and sensitive biomarkers of contrast-induced nephropathy are yet to be found. We investigated whether urinary fibrinogen could be a potential biomarker for contrast-induced nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  To create a contrast-induced nephropathy model, mice received a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor (indomethacin) and a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) intraperitoneally followed by a different dose of iodixanol. In the control group, normal saline was administered. Urinary fibrinogen and serum creatinine were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Kidneys were used to quantify fibrinogen using qRT-PCR and Western blot and for histopathological examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histopathological examination demonstrated mild renal injury in the low-dose group, and moderate renal injury in the high-dose group. Urinary fibrinogen levels were significantly increased in an iodixanol dose-dependent manner (control vs. low-dose group, P < 0.05; control vs. high-dose group P < 0.01). Serum creatinine levels were only increased in the high-dose group (P < 0.01 compared to control), but not in the low-dose group. For fibrinogen-gene expression, in the low-dose group, Fgγ increased (qRT-PCR, Western blot, P < 0.05) in the high-dose group, Fgβ and Fgγ decreased (qRT-PCR, P < 0.01; Western blot, P < 0.05), and Fgα increased (qRT-PCR, P < 0.05; Western blot, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that urinary fibrinogen could be used as a potential biomarker for early contrast-induced nephropathy diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Luyu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Departments of Vascular Surgery, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
authors.forename: Honglin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Cynthia X
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Tze-W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamidian Jahromi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA wzhan2@lsuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Wayne W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007213:Indomethacin; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013997:Time Factors; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; D005340:Fibrinogen; D003404:Creatinine; C044834:iodixanol; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D007213:Indomethacin
keywords: Acute kidney injury; contrast-induced nephropathy; fibrinogen; renal failure