title: Validation of the 'drinking expectancy questionnaire for men who have sex with men' in Peru.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alcohol use disorders are highly prevalent among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Peru, where the HIV epidemic is concentrated 100-fold greater among MSM than in the general population. Drinking expectancies have been associated with the intent to drink and engage in high-risk behaviours. Assessing them in this population may uncover attractive intervention targets that in turn can be used to reduce problematic drinking and risky sexual behaviours. The drinking expectancy questionnaire for MSM (DEQ-MSM) was developed to accurately measure drinking expectancies, specifically among MSM. This study aimed to validate this instrument for the first time in Spanish, in South America and among MSM in Peru.
  
  
  METHODS
  To validate the DEQ-MSM among Spanish-speaking MSM in Peru, we used exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of 5148 MSM, including 700 transgender women (TGW).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exploratory factor analysis showed a two-factor structure to the Spanish version of the DEQ-MSM (DEQ-MSM-S), which was similar for MSM and TGW. The reliability of the translated DEQ-MSM was excellent (α = 0.91).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DEQ-MSM-S was shown to be highly reliable in a large population of Peruvian MSM and TGW. This short instrument can be effectively integrated into research or clinical practice, in order to identify alcohol-consuming, high-risk MSM, who can then be directed for further screening and/or intervention. Future research should aim to associate the Spanish version of the DEQ-MSM with risky sexual behaviours among this population, in order to identify potential intervention targets. [Vagenas P, Wickersham JA, Calabrese SK, Lama JR, Benites CM, Pun M, Sanchez J, Altice FL. Validation of the 'drinking expectancy questionnaire for men who have sex with men' in Peru. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015;34:559-66].
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2107-0377
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vagenas
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wickersham
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Calabrese
authors.affiliation: Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Javier R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lama
authors.affiliation: National Strategy of Prevention and Control of STIs/AIDS and Viral Hepatitis, Ministry of Health of Peru, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Benites
authors.affiliation: General Directorate of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health of Peru, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pun
authors.affiliation: Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.|Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Altice
keywords: MSM; alcohol expectancy; alcohol use disorder; men who have sex with men