title: Hope and mood changes throughout the primary brain tumor illness trajectory.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ambiguity of defining hope impacts the level of readiness faced by health care professionals treating patients with glioma, a disease with unpredictable outcomes. This study describes the report of hope and the relationship between hope and mood in adult brain tumor patients at various points in the illness trajectory.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study with data collection including use of the Herth Hope Index (HHI), the Profile of Mood States-Short Form (POMS-SF), and clinical information. Descriptive statistics were used to report sample characteristics. Spearman's rho and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare and differentiate scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-two patients ranging in age from 22 to 78 years (median, 44.5 y) participated in the study. Patients were primarily male (57.3%), married (76.8%), and had a high-grade glioma (35.4%). Nearly half had recurrence, and more than 20% were on active treatment. The overall HHI total score for the sample was 41.32 (range: 13-48). Patients with recurrence had a lower HHI interconnectedness (median = 14.00) score and higher total mood disturbance (median = 14.00) compared with patients without recurrence (median = 15.00 and median = 0.00, respectively; P < .05). All negative mood states on the POMS-SF were negatively correlated with HHI subscales.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, patients reporting more hope also reported less overall mood disturbance As expected, patients with tumor recurrence reported lower hope and higher mood disturbance than those who were newly diagnosed or without recurrence. Targeting interventions specifically tailored to an individual's needs for improvement in quality of life throughout the disease course may include measures to address hope in order to facilitate positive coping strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Nursing, Houston, Texas (A.A.A.); Department of Family Health, The University of California, San Francisco, California (L.L.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.R.G.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Nursing, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.).
authors.forename: Alvina A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Acquaye
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Nursing, Houston, Texas (A.A.A.); Department of Family Health, The University of California, San Francisco, California (L.L.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.R.G.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Nursing, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.).
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Nursing, Houston, Texas (A.A.A.); Department of Family Health, The University of California, San Francisco, California (L.L.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.R.G.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Nursing, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.).
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vera-Bolanos
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Nursing, Houston, Texas (A.A.A.); Department of Family Health, The University of California, San Francisco, California (L.L.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.R.G.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Nursing, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.).
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Nursing, Houston, Texas (A.A.A.); Department of Family Health, The University of California, San Francisco, California (L.L.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., T.S.A.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.R.G.); Department of Family Health, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Nursing, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.).
authors.forename: Terri S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000523:psychology*; D065026:Hope; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: brain tumors; glioma; hope; mood changes; quality of life