title: Synthesis of Carbohydrate Capped Silicon Nanoparticles and their Reduced Cytotoxicity, In Vivo Toxicity, and Cellular Uptake.
abstract: The development of smart targeted nanoparticles (NPs) that can identify and deliver drugs at a sustained rate directly to cancer cells may provide better efficacy and lower toxicity for treating primary and advanced metastatic tumors. Obtaining knowledge of the diseases at the molecular level can facilitate the identification of biological targets. In particular, carbohydrate-mediated molecular recognitions using nano-vehicles are likely to increasingly affect cancer treatment methods, opening a new area in biomedical applications. Here, silicon NPs (SiNPs) capped with carbohydrates including galactose, glucose, mannose, and lactose are successfully synthesized from amine terminated SiNPs. The MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] analysis shows an extensive reduction in toxicity of SiNPs by functionalizing with carbohydrate moiety both in vitro and in vivo. Cellular uptake is investigated with flow cytometry and confocal fluorescence microscope. The results show the carbohydrate capped SiNPs can be internalized in the cells within 24 h of incubation, and can be taken up more readily by cancer cells than noncancerous cells. Moreover, these results reinforce the use of carbohydrates for the internalization of a variety of similar compounds into cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Jayshree H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ahire
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Mehrnaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behray
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Carl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sherwood
authors.affiliation: National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
authors.forename: Nattika
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saengkrit
authors.affiliation: National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
authors.forename: Uracha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ruktanonchai
authors.affiliation: National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
authors.forename: Noppawan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Woramongkolchai
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Yimin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chao
mesh_terms: D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C022616:thiazolyl blue; D012825:Silicon
keywords: cancer cells; carbohydrates; nanotoxicity; silicon nanoparticles; uptake