title: Human rhinovirus infections in hospitalized children: clinical, epidemiological and virological features.
abstract: Molecular epidemiology and clinical impact of human rhinovirus (HRV) are not well documented in tropical regions. This study compared the clinical characteristics of HRV to other common viral infections and investigated the molecular epidemiology of HRV in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in Vietnam. From April 2010 to May 2011, 1082 nasopharyngeal swabs were screened for respiratory viruses by PCR. VP4/VP2 sequences of HRV were further characterized. HRV was the most commonly detected virus (30%), in which 70% were diagnosed as either pneumonia or bronchiolitis. Children with single HRV infections presented with significantly higher rate of hypoxia than those infected with respiratory syncytial virus or parainfluenza virus (PIV)-3 (12·4% vs. 3·8% and 0%, respectively, P < 0·05), higher rate of chest retraction than PIV-1 (57·3% vs. 34·5%, P = 0·028), higher rate of wheezing than influenza A (63·2% vs. 42·3%, P = 0·038). HRV-C did not differ to HRV-A clinically. The genetic diversity and changes of types over time were observed and may explain the year-round circulation of HRV. One novel HRV-A type was discovered which circulated locally for several years. In conclusion, HRV showed high genetic diversity and was associated with significant morbidity and severe ARIs in hospitalized children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Medical Sciences,School of International Health,Graduate School of Medicine,The University of Tokyo,Tokyo,Japan.
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology,Department of Pathology and Microbiology,Nihon University School of Medicine,Tokyo,Japan.
authors.forename: Q D
authors.initials: QD
authors.lastname: Trinh
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology,Department of Pathology and Microbiology,Nihon University School of Medicine,Tokyo,Japan.
authors.forename: N T K
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics,University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City,Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam.
authors.forename: T M H
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital 2,Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Medical Sciences,School of International Health,Graduate School of Medicine,The University of Tokyo,Tokyo,Japan.
authors.forename: T Q N
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Medical Sciences,School of International Health,Graduate School of Medicine,The University of Tokyo,Tokyo,Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okitsu
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Infectious Diseases,Tokyo,Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology,Department of Pathology and Microbiology,Nihon University School of Medicine,Tokyo,Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Medical Sciences,School of International Health,Graduate School of Medicine,The University of Tokyo,Tokyo,Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mizuguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Medical Sciences,School of International Health,Graduate School of Medicine,The University of Tokyo,Tokyo,Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ushijima
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014764:Viral Proteins
keywords: Children; genetic diversity; human rhinovirus; respiratory infection