title: Chromium allergy and dermatitis: prevalence and main findings.
abstract: The history of chromium as an allergen goes back more than a century, and includes an interventional success with national legislation that led to significant changes in the epidemiology of chromium allergy in construction workers. The 2015 EU Leather Regulation once again put a focus on chromium allergy, emphasizing that the investigation of chromium allergy is still far from complete. Our review article on chromium focuses on the allergen's chemical properties, its potential exposure sources, and the allergen's interaction with the skin, and also provides an overview of the regulations, and analyses the epidemiological pattern between nations and across continents. We provide an update on the allergen from a dermatological point of view, and conclude that much still remains to be discovered about the allergen, and that continued surveillance of exposure sources and prevalence rates is necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, 2900, Denmark.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bregnbak
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, 2900, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jeanne D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.affiliation: Materials and Surface Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Morten S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Jellesen
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermato-Allergology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, 2900, Denmark.
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zachariae
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, 2900, Denmark.
authors.forename: Torkil
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Menné
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, 2900, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jacob P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Thyssen
mesh_terms: D040421:Cell Phone; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002858:Chromium Alloys / Q000009:adverse effects; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000009:adverse effects; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000453:epidemiology; D003902:Detergents / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006801:Humans; D008669:Metallurgy; D010328:Patch Tests; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D013633:Tanning; D013653:Tattooing / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys; D003358:Cosmetics; D003902:Detergents; D002857:Chromium
keywords: allergic chromium dermatitis; allergy; chromium; chromium allergy; dermatitis; leather; metals; potassium dichromate; screening; spot test