title: Evaluation of Approaches to Deal with Low-Frequency Nuisance Covariates in Population Pharmacokinetic Analyses.
abstract: Clinical studies include occurrences of rare variables, like genotypes, which due to their frequency and strength render their effects difficult to estimate from a dataset. Variables that influence the estimated value of a model-based parameter are termed covariates. It is often difficult to determine if such an effect is significant, since type I error can be inflated when the covariate is rare. Their presence may have either an insubstantial effect on the parameters of interest, hence are ignorable, or conversely they may be influential and therefore non-ignorable. In the case that these covariate effects cannot be estimated due to power and are non-ignorable, then these are considered nuisance, in that they have to be considered but due to type 1 error are of limited interest. This study assesses methods of handling nuisance covariate effects. The specific objectives include (1) calibrating the frequency of a covariate that is associated with type 1 error inflation, (2) calibrating its strength that renders it non-ignorable and (3) evaluating methods for handling these non-ignorable covariates in a nonlinear mixed effects model setting. Type 1 error was determined for the Wald test. Methods considered for handling the nuisance covariate effects were case deletion, Box-Cox transformation and inclusion of a specific fixed effects parameter. Non-ignorable nuisance covariates were found to be effectively handled through addition of a fixed effect parameter.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. chakradharshetty@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chakradhar V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Lagishetty
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Duffull
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010599:Pharmacokinetics
keywords: Box-Cox transformation; case deletion and pharmacometrics; fixed effect parameter; nuisance covariate