title: Use of B-mode ultrasonography for fetal sex determination in dogs.
abstract: Ultrasonographic determination of fetal sex in dogs has not previously been reported. The aim of this study was to describe a method for determination of intrauterine fetal sex using ultrasound. A cohort study was conducted in pregnant bitches to perform ultrasound examination of the fetal genitalia between the eighth and ninth week of gestation. Fetal sex was determined in utero by consensus agreement of two sonographers. Eighteen pregnant bitches were included in this study, and a total of 39 fetuses were evaluated. The accuracy of ultrasonography to determine the sex with a 95% confidence interval was 62.24% to female fetuses and 65.48% to male fetuses. The sonographic accuracy in determining fetal sex can be achieved at 100% when there are up to two fetuses in the litter; however, the accuracy of the technique reduces (66.7%) when more than three fetuses are present. This study describes the sonographic appearance of the external genitalia in canine fetuses in utero associated with a specific position of the fetus and reports that sex determination is possible between 55 and 58 days of gestation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Electronic address: elainegil07@gmail.com.
authors.forename: E M U
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: D A A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Giannico
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Froes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D005333:Fetus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005865:Gestational Age; D008098:Litter Size; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012732:Sex Determination Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: Diagnosis; Fetal sex determination; Pregnancy; Ultrasound