title: Antimutagenic potential of harpagoside and Harpagophytum procumbens against 1-nitropyrene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  1-nitropyrene (1-NPy) is one of the most abundant nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons particularly in diesel exhausts. It is a mutagenic and carcinogenic pollutant very widespread in the environment. So the discovery of antimutagenic agents is essential. Harpagophytum procumbens (HP) is traditionally used as anti-inflammatory and analgesic particularly against painful osteoarthritis. Harpagoside (HS), its major iridoid glycoside, is considered as the main active component.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimutagenic activity of HS and HP extracts against mutagenic activity of 1-NPy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antimutagenic activity was investigated using the in vitro cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in cultured human lymphocytes. Cells were exposed to HS or HP extracts before (pretreatment), during (co-treatment), and after (posttreatment) treatment with 1-NPy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that HS significantly reduced the mutagenicity of 1-NPy in pretreatment and particularly in co-treatment, whereas all HP extracts significantly reduced the genotoxicity in the three protocols.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggested that HS was strongly involved in antimutagenic activity of HP extracts in co-treatment, but other components in HP extracts participated in this activity in pre- and post-treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biogenotoxicology, Human Health and Environment, Mediterranean Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manon
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Baghdikian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Béatrice
authors.affiliation: Department of Biogenotoxicology, Human Health and Environment, Mediterranean Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Orsière
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Thierry
authors.affiliation: Department of Biogenotoxicology, Human Health and Environment, Mediterranean Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Pompili
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jocelyne
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Mabrouki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fathi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Ollivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Evelyne
authors.affiliation: Department of Biogenotoxicology, Human Health and Environment, Mediterranean Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Botta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alain
keywords: 1-nitropyrene; Harpagophytum procumbens; anti-inflammatory; antimutagenic effect; cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay; harpagoside