title: Photothermal optical lock-in optical coherence tomography for in vivo imaging.
abstract: Photothermal OCT (PTOCT) provides high sensitivity to molecular targets in tissue, and occupies a spatial imaging regime that is attractive for small animal imaging. However, current implementations of PTOCT require extensive temporal sampling, resulting in slow frame rates and a large data burden that limit its in vivo utility. To address these limitations, we have implemented optical lock-in techniques for photothermal optical lock-in OCT (poli-OCT), and demonstrated the in vivo imaging capabilities of this approach. The poli-OCT signal was assessed in tissue-mimicking phantoms containing indocyanine green (ICG), an FDA approved small molecule that has not been previously imaged in vivo with PTOCT. Then, the effects of in vivo blood flow and motion artifact were assessed and attenuated, and in vivo poli-OCT was demonstrated with both ICG and gold nanorods as contrast agents. Experiments revealed that poli-OCT signals agreed with optical lock-in theory and the bio-heat equation, and the system exhibited shot noise limited performance. In phantoms containing biologically relevant concentrations of ICG (1 µg/ml), the poli-OCT signal was significantly greater than control phantoms (p<0.05), demonstrating sensitivity to small molecules. Finally, in vivo poli-OCT of ICG identified the lymphatic vessels in a mouse ear, and also identified low concentrations (200 pM) of gold nanorods in subcutaneous injections at frame rates ten times faster than previously reported. This work illustrates that future in vivo molecular imaging studies could benefit from the improved acquisition and analysis times enabled by poli-OCT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tucker-Schwartz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
authors.forename: Maryse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lapierre-Landry
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA ; Current address: Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
authors.forename: Chetan A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Skala
keywords: (110.4500) Optical coherence tomography; (350.5340) Photothermal effects