title: Baseline brain perfusion and brain structure in patients with major depression: a multimodal magnetic resonance imaging study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormal regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and grey matter volume have been frequently reported in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, it is unclear to what extent structural and functional change co-occurs in patients with MDD and whether markers of neural activity, such as rCBF, can be predicted by structural change.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using MRI, we investigated resting-state rCBF and brain structure in patients with MDD and healthy controls between July 2008 and January 2013. We acquired perfusion images obtained with continuous arterial spin labelling, used voxel-based morphometry to assess grey matter volume and integrated biological parametric mapping analyses to investigate the impact of brain atrophy on rCBF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 43 patients and 29 controls in our study. Frontotemporal grey matter volume was reduced in patients compared with controls. In patients, rCBF was reduced in the anterior cingulate and bilateral parahippocampal areas and increased in frontoparietal and striatal regions. These abnormalities were confirmed by analyses with brain volume as a covariate. In patients with MDD there were significant negative correlations between the extent of depressive symptoms and bilateral parahippocampal rCBF. We found a positive correlation between depressive symptoms and rCBF for right middle frontal cortical blood flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medication use in patients has to be considered as a limitation of our study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that while changes of cerebral blood flow and brain volume co-occur in patients with MDD, structural change is not sufficient to explain altered neural activity in patients at rest. Abnormal brain structure and function in patients with MDD appear to reflect distinct levels of neuropathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Vasic, Dudeck, Otte); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Germany ( Vasic, Grön, Sosic-Vasic, Connemann, Von Strombeck, Lang); Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany (N. Wolf, R. Wolf); Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition@UniPR, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Parma, Italy (Sambataro); Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Lang).
authors.forename: Nenad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vasic
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Vasic, Dudeck, Otte); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Germany ( Vasic, Grön, Sosic-Vasic, Connemann, Von Strombeck, Lang); Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany (N. Wolf, R. Wolf); Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition@UniPR, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Parma, Italy (Sambataro); Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Lang).
authors.forename: Nadine D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Vasic, Dudeck, Otte); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Germany ( Vasic, Grön, Sosic-Vasic, Connemann, Von Strombeck, Lang); Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany (N. Wolf, R. Wolf); Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition@UniPR, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Parma, Italy (Sambataro); Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Lang).
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grön
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Vasic, Dudeck, Otte); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Germany ( Vasic, Grön, Sosic-Vasic, Connemann, Von Strombeck, Lang); Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany (N. Wolf, R. Wolf); Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition@UniPR, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Parma, Italy (Sambataro); Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Lang).
authors.forename: Zrinka
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sosic-Vasic
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Vasic, Dudeck, Otte); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Germany ( Vasic, Grön, Sosic-Vasic, Connemann, Von Strombeck, Lang); Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany (N. Wolf, R. Wolf); Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition@UniPR, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Parma, Italy (Sambataro); Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Lang).
authors.forename: Bernhard J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Connemann
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Vasic, Dudeck, Otte); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Germany ( Vasic, Grön, Sosic-Vasic, Connemann, Von Strombeck, Lang); Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany (N. Wolf, R. Wolf); Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition@UniPR, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Parma, Italy (Sambataro); Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Lang).
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sambataro
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Vasic, Dudeck, Otte); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Germany ( Vasic, Grön, Sosic-Vasic, Connemann, Von Strombeck, Lang); Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany (N. Wolf, R. Wolf); Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition@UniPR, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Parma, Italy (Sambataro); Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Lang).
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Strombeck
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Vasic, Dudeck, Otte); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Germany ( Vasic, Grön, Sosic-Vasic, Connemann, Von Strombeck, Lang); Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany (N. Wolf, R. Wolf); Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition@UniPR, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Parma, Italy (Sambataro); Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Lang).
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Vasic, Dudeck, Otte); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Germany ( Vasic, Grön, Sosic-Vasic, Connemann, Von Strombeck, Lang); Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany (N. Wolf, R. Wolf); Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition@UniPR, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Parma, Italy (Sambataro); Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Lang).
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Otte
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Vasic, Dudeck, Otte); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Germany ( Vasic, Grön, Sosic-Vasic, Connemann, Von Strombeck, Lang); Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany (N. Wolf, R. Wolf); Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition@UniPR, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Parma, Italy (Sambataro); Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Lang).
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dudek
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Vasic, Dudeck, Otte); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Germany ( Vasic, Grön, Sosic-Vasic, Connemann, Von Strombeck, Lang); Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany (N. Wolf, R. Wolf); Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition@UniPR, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Parma, Italy (Sambataro); Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany (Lang).
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000379:methods; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D009929:Organ Size; D012146:Rest
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents