title: Imaging and virtual autopsy: looking back and forward.
abstract: In order to create a three-dimensional (3D) documentation of findings which can be reassessed if necessary by other experts, the research project 'Virtopsy®' was launched in the late 1990s. This project combined autopsy results with forensic imaging in the form of computed tomography, magnetic resonance tomography and 3D surface scanning. The success of this project eventually succeeded in convincing the courts in Switzerland to accept these novel methods as evidence. As opposition towards autopsies has grown over the last decades, Virtopsy also strives to find and elaborate additional methods which can answer the main forensic questions without autopsy. These methods comprise post-mortem angiography for illustration of the vascular bed and image-guided tissue and fluid sampling for histological, toxicological and microbiological examinations. Based on the promising results, post-mortem imaging, especially with 3D surface scanning, has meanwhile also been applied to living victims of assault, who have suffered patterned injuries due to bites, blows with objects, etc. In our opinion, forensic imaging is an objective method which offers the possibility for a reassessment of the findings by other experts, even after burial or cremation of the corpse, or healing of the injuries in living victims, thus leading to a greater security in court.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190/52, Zurich 8057, Switzerland stephan.bolliger@irm.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Stephan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bolliger
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190/52, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thali
mesh_terms: D001344:Autopsy / Q000379:methods*; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Virtopsy; computed tomography; forensic imaging; magnetic resonance imaging; photogrammetry