title: Influence of Family and Childhood Memories in the Development and Manifestation of Paranoid Ideation.
abstract: Several studies point out to the influence of social experiences on perceptions of the environment and others in cognitive functioning and different aspects of psychopathology. The current study aimed at studying the influence of the psychosocial risk factors in a mixed sample of participants from the general population and affected by paranoid schizophrenia. The extent to which the existence of negative life events and events that are threatening to the inner models of the self (i.e., history of maltreatment, physical, social or psychological abuse) or the memories of these traumatic events occurring during childhood are related to the existence of paranoid beliefs in adulthood was explored. Results suggested that memories of parental behaviours characterized by antipathy from both parental figures, submissiveness and bullying victimization were important predictors of paranoid ideation in adult life. This further emphasizes the need for understanding the family and social dynamics of people presenting paranoid ideations to the development of therapeutic interventions that can effectively reduce the invalidation caused by severe psychopathology, as is the case of schizophrenia. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Memories of family dynamics characterized by behaviours of antipathy from both parental figures, submissiveness and bullying victimization are important predictors of paranoid ideation in adult life. The study highlights the importance of exploring subjective recalls of feelings and behaviours associated with early rearing experiences, peer relationships and themes related to social rank theory in the roots of internal models of relationship with the self and others in the general sample, patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives. Our findings indicate that schizophrenic patients in active phase differ regarding memories of threat and submission and are more likely to remember childhood experiences perceived as threatening during an active phase than when in remission. It is possible that by changing these internal models and social interaction styles, patients may be able to get involved in more cooperating and affiliative interactions, disconfirming these early beliefs about others being rejecting, critical or hostile towards the self, and more effectively reducing the invalidation caused by positive and negative symptomatology of schizophrenia on social functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Sciences, University of Azores, Azores, Portugal. ccarvalho@uac.pt.|CINEICC, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. ccarvalho@uac.pt.
authors.forename: Célia Barreto
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Sciences, University of Azores, Azores, Portugal.|CINEICC, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: da Motta
authors.affiliation: CINEICC, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinto-Gouveia
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Sciences, University of Azores, Azores, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ermelindo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peixoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001394:Azores; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011174:Portugal; D012307:Risk Factors; D012563:Schizophrenia, Paranoid / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: bullying; paranoia; parental styles; schizophrenia