title: Effectiveness of community-based health services by nurse practitioners: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To realise universal health coverage in an ageing society, adequate provision of appropriately trained human resources is essential. The nurse practitioner (NP) is an autonomous and independent, advanced practice nurse capable of providing treatment and care that can be substituted for some aspects of a medical doctor's (MD's) role, especially in a community setting. Previous systematic reviews found higher levels of patient satisfaction with services provided by NPs than those provided by MDs. As non-communicable diseases become a major health burden requiring long-term healthcare in community settings, this systematic review aims to assess the equivalence of NP services to standard care provided by MDs, and to determine whether their practice is an effective alternative to that of MDs in community settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster RCTs will be searched in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the British Nursing Index. We will assess patient and health system utilisation outcomes of interventions comparing treatment and care provided by NPs in community settings with that provided by MDs. Two authors will independently screen studies for inclusion, consulting with a third author where necessary to resolve discrepancies. The risk of bias of included studies will be assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool, and quality of evidence using the GRADE approach. Meta-analysis of included studies will be conducted using fixed-effect or random-effects models depending on the degree of between-study heterogeneity. Results will be presented using risk ratios with 95% CI for dichotomous outcomes and standardised mean differences with 95% CI for continuous outcomes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol does not require ethical approval. We will disseminate the findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis via publications in peer-reviewed journals.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  PROSPEROCRD42014009627.
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Mikiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanda
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Practice Policy, Department of Health Policy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Oita, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Oita, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyauchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gilmour
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Oita, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Oita, Japan.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakagama
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Oita, Japan The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Sachiyo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murashima
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shibuya
mesh_terms: D003153:Community Health Services / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D009722:Nurse Practitioners; D024382:Professional Role; D012107:Research Design; D059039:Standard of Care; D000078202:Systematic Reviews as Topic; D000078329:Workforce; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic
keywords: MEDICAL EDUCATION & TRAINING