title: Direct and Indirect Influence of Non-Native Neighbours on Pollination and Fruit Production of a Native Plant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Entomophilous non-native plants can directly affect the pollination and reproductive success of native plant species and also indirectly, by altering the composition and abundance of floral resources in the invaded community. Separating direct from indirect effects is critical for understanding the mechanisms underlying the impacts of non-native species on recipient communities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aims are: (a) to explore both the direct effect of the non-native Hedysarum coronarium and its indirect effect, mediated by the alteration of floral diversity, on the pollinator visitation rate and fructification of the native Leopoldia comosa and (b) to distinguish whether the effects of the non-native species were due to its floral display or to its vegetative interactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted field observations within a flower removal experimental setup (i.e. non-native species present, absent and with its inflorescences removed) at the neighbourhood scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study illustrates the complexity of mechanisms involved in the impacts of non-native species on native species. Overall, Hedysarum increased pollinator visitation rates to Leopoldia target plants as a result of direct and indirect effects acting in the same direction. Due to its floral display, Hedysarum exerted a direct magnet effect attracting visits to native target plants, especially those made by the honeybee. Indirectly, Hedysarum also increased the visitation rate of native target plants. Due to the competition for resources mediated by its vegetative parts, it decreased floral diversity in the neighbourhoods, which was negatively related to the visitation rate to native target plants. Hedysarum overall also increased the fructification of Leopoldia target plants, even though such an increase was the result of other indirect effects compensating for the observed negative indirect effect mediated by the decrease of floral diversity.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montero-Castaño
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vilà
mesh_terms: D007887:Fabaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development*; D058865:Introduced Species; D019668:Liliaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D054817:Pollination; D012098:Reproduction