title: Clinical experience with video Head Impulse Test in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A standardized diagnostic protocol for children's vestibular assessment is still missing in daily clinical life. As rotatory chair testing and caloric test are usually not tolerated well by children, the aim of our study was not only to evaluate the importance and practicability of the video head impulse test performed in children with and without balance problems, but also to outline a diagnostic algorithm for children with balance problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five children aged 3-16 years have been included in this prospective monocentric study. Balance was assessed using results from health screening examinations of the participants and results from a specific dizziness questionnaire for children. The children were then divided in two groups: group I without any sign of vestibular development disorder and group II with possible signs for a pathological equilibrium development. Horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (HVOR) was assessed using a video-oculography system device (EyeSeeCam(©)). Gain at 40, 60, and 80ms and gain variance has been measured. Furthermore, it was evaluated how calibration of the system was tolerated by the participants, how the test itself was accomplishable in children, and which difficulties arose during testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reproducible test results were accomplished in 42 children (75%). Children with no balance problems in history showed a median gain of 1.02 (±0.28). A significant gain reduction between 40 and 80ms was found (P<0.05). Catch-up saccades were found in none of the children. Children with balance problems had a significantly reduced gain. (0.47±0.3; P<0.05) In this group, catch-up saccades could be detected in 4 out of 6 patients. For both groups, performing the test approximately took 20min, which is significantly longer than in adults (P<0.05). Calibration of the system with laser dots was easily doable in children aged 6 and older, whereas children between 3 and 5 years had better calibration results using colorful little icons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Video head impulse test is a sensitive and efficient vestibular test in children, which is tolerated well by children aged 3-16 years. Therefore, video head impulse test can be easily used as a screening tool to detect vestibular dysfunction in the pediatric population.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Mannheim, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mannheim , Germany. Electronic address: Roland.Huelse@umm.de.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hülse
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Mannheim, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mannheim , Germany.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hörmann
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Mannheim, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mannheim , Germany.
authors.forename: Jerôme José
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Servais
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Mannheim, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mannheim , Germany.
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hülse
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Mannheim, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mannheim , Germany.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wenzel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D064087:Head Impulse Test / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D015837:Vestibular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014741:Video Recording
keywords: Balance; VOR; Vestibular testing in children; Video head impulse test