title: Comparing K-mer based methods for improved classification of 16S sequences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The need for precise and stable taxonomic classification is highly relevant in modern microbiology. Parallel to the explosion in the amount of sequence data accessible, there has also been a shift in focus for classification methods. Previously, alignment-based methods were the most applicable tools. Now, methods based on counting K-mers by sliding windows are the most interesting classification approach with respect to both speed and accuracy. Here, we present a systematic comparison on five different K-mer based classification methods for the 16S rRNA gene. The methods differ from each other both in data usage and modelling strategies. We have based our study on the commonly known and well-used naïve Bayes classifier from the RDP project, and four other methods were implemented and tested on two different data sets, on full-length sequences as well as fragments of typical read-length.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The difference in classification error obtained by the methods seemed to be small, but they were stable and for both data sets tested. The Preprocessed nearest-neighbour (PLSNN) method performed best for full-length 16S rRNA sequences, significantly better than the naïve Bayes RDP method. On fragmented sequences the naïve Bayes Multinomial method performed best, significantly better than all other methods. For both data sets explored, and on both full-length and fragmented sequences, all the five methods reached an error-plateau.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that no K-mer based method is universally best for classifying both full-length sequences and fragments (reads). All methods approach an error plateau indicating improved training data is needed to improve classification from here. Classification errors occur most frequent for genera with few sequences present. For improving the taxonomy and testing new classification methods, the need for a better and more universal and robust training data set is crucial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, N-1432 Ås, Norway. hilde.vinje@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vinje
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, N-1432 Ås, Norway. kristian.liland@nmbu.no.|Nofima AS, Osloveien 1, Oslo, 1430 Ås, Norway. kristian.liland@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Kristian Hovde
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Liland
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, N-1432 Ås, Norway. trygve.almoy@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Trygve
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Almøy
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, N-1432 Ås, Norway. lars.snipen@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Snipen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D044822:Biodiversity; D002965:Classification / Q000379:methods*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S