title: TYPE 2 DIABETES IN PATIENTS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER: A META-ANALYSIS OF PREVALENCE ESTIMATES AND PREDICTORS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with depression may be at increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and premature mortality. We aimed to clarify the prevalence and predictors of T2DM in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and where possible compare the prevalence of T2DM in those with MDD versus general population controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched major electronic databases until December 2014 for studies reporting T2DM prevalence in patients with MDD. Two independent authors extracted data and completed methodological quality appraisal in accordance with the meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. A random effects meta-analysis was utilized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial electronic database search resulted in 145 valid hits and 16 publications with clearly defined MDD (n = 15,8834; 31% male; mean age = 39-78 years) met the eligibility criteria. The overall prevalence of T2DM was 8.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.3-10.2%). Mean age of the MDD sample predicted a higher prevalence of T2DM (β = 0.0411; 95% CI = 0.0032-0.079, P = .03; R² = .22). A comparative meta-analysis revealed people with MDD (n = 154,366) had a higher risk of T2DM versus general controls (n = 2,098,063; relative risk [RR] = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.29-1.72; P < 0.001, N = 10). The RR (N = 3) focusing on age- and gender-matched general population controls (n = 103,555) was 1.36 (95% CI = 1.28-1.44; P < 0.001, n [MDD] = 10,895).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T2DM is significantly more common in people with MDD compared with the general population. The current meta-analysis indicates that action is needed in order to curb the diabetes epidemic in this high-risk population.
authors.affiliation: 1UPC KU Leuven, Campus Kortenberg, KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Belgium.|KU Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Davy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vancampfort
authors.affiliation: Department of Psycho-Oncology, Leicestershire Partnership Trust, Leicester, UK.|Department of Cancer and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Alex J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: 1UPC KU Leuven, Campus Kortenberg, KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Belgium.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Hert
authors.affiliation: 1UPC KU Leuven, Campus Kortenberg, KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sienaert
authors.affiliation: 1UPC KU Leuven, Campus Kortenberg, KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Belgium.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Probst
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Roselien
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buys
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Social Care, University of Greenwich, London, UK.
authors.forename: Brendon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stubbs
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: cardiovascular diseases; depression; glucose; hyperglycemia; lifestyle