title: Phospholipid Incorporation of Non-Methylene-Interrupted Fatty Acids (NMIFA) in Murine Microglial BV-2 Cells Reduces Pro-Inflammatory Mediator Production.
abstract: Sciadonic acid (SCA), pinolenic acid (PNA), and Δ7-eicosatrienoic acid (Δ7-ETrA) are three non-methylene-interrupted fatty acids (NMIFA). Using murine microglial BV-2 cells, this study determined how NMIFA incorporation modulated phospholipid fatty acid composition and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Each NMIFA was rapidly taken up and incorporated in BV-2 cells, resulting in the differential redistribution of total lipids. The cellular phospholipid fatty acid compositions were altered, and a significant decrease in the proportions of total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was observed while the proportions of NMIFA and its metabolites accounted for 38% of the fatty acid total. Incubation of microglial cells with NMIFA suppressed production of LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as the over-expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and type 2 cyclooxygenase (COX-2). These inhibitory effects could be accounted for, in part, by the inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling. In conclusion, Δ7-ETrA, PNA, and SCA are anti-inflammatory NMIFA that may be useful in suppressing in vitro immune responses involved in neural inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Tao Yuan General Hospital, Tao Yuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Szu-Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, 306 Yuanpei Street, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan. ltchuang@mail.ypu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Lu-Te
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, 306 Yuanpei Street, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jia-Siang
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Cheng
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, 306 Yuanpei Street, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hong-Hsin
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008042:Linolenic Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008042:Linolenic Acids; D010743:Phospholipids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C577686:interleukin-6, mouse; C034302:5,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C045533:eicosa-5,11,14-trienoic acid; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015232:Dinoprostone; C572289:eicosenoic acid
keywords: inflammation; microglial cells; non-methylene-interrupted fatty acids (NMIFA); pinolenic acid (PNA); sciadonic acid (SCA); Δ7-eicosatrienoic acid (Δ7-ETrA)