title: Understanding healthcare practices in superdiverse neighbourhoods and developing the concept of welfare bricolage: Protocol of a cross-national mixed-methods study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diversity in Europe has both increased and become more complex posing challenges to both national and local welfare state regimes. Evidence indicates specific barriers for migrant, faith and minority ethnic groups when accessing healthcare. However, previous studies of health in diverse cities in European countries have mainly adopted an ethno-national focus. Taking into account the new complexity of diversity within cities, a deeper and multi-faceted understanding of everyday health practices in superdiverse contexts is needed to support appropriate healthcare provision.
  
  
  METHODS
  This protocol describes a mixed method study investigating how residents in superdiverse neighbourhoods access healthcare. The study will include participant observation and qualitative interviewing as well as a standardised health survey and will be carried out in eight superdiverse neighbourhoods - with varying deprivations levels and trajectories of change - in four European countries (Germany, Portugal, Sweden and UK). In each neighbourhood, trained polylingual community researchers together with university researchers will map formal and informal provision and infrastructures supportive to health and healthcare. In-depth interviews with residents and healthcare providers in each country will investigate local health-supportive practices. Thematic analysis will be used to identify different types of help-seeking behaviours and support structures across neighbourhoods and countries. Using categories identified from analyses of interview material, a health survey will be set up investigating determinants of access to healthcare. Complex models, such as structural equation modelling, will be applied to analyse commonalities and differences between population groups, neighbourhoods and countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study offers the potential to contribute to a deeper understanding of how residents in superdiverse neighbourhoods deal with health and healthcare in everyday practices. The findings will inform governmental authorities, formal and informal healthcare providers how to further refine health services and how to achieve equitable access in diverse population groups.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research into Superdiversity (IRiS), School of Social Policy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, Great Britain. j.a.phillimore@bham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Phillimore
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, Uppsala University, Box 624, Se-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden. hannah.bradby@soc.uu.se.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bradby
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology and Cultural Research, University of Bremen, Enrique-Schmidt-Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany. knecht@uni-bremen.de.
authors.forename: Michi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knecht
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences (CICS.NOVA), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. beatriz.padilla@iscte.pt.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS GmbH, Achterstraße 30, D-28359, Bremen, Germany. brand@bips.uni-bremen.de.
authors.forename: Tilman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.affiliation: School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3W, Great Britain. CheungSY@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sin Yi
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research into Superdiversity (IRiS), School of Social Policy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, Great Britain. s.pemberton@keele.ac.uk.|Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5UK, Great Britain. s.pemberton@keele.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pemberton
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS GmbH, Achterstraße 30, D-28359, Bremen, Germany. zeeb@bips.uni-bremen.de.|Health Sciences Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany. zeeb@bips.uni-bremen.de.
authors.forename: Hajo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeeb
mesh_terms: D018864:Cultural Diversity; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005006:Ethnicity; D005060:Europe; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012111:Residence Characteristics