title: Pioneers of laryngoscopy: indirect, direct and video laryngoscopy.
abstract: Airway management is one of the core skills of the anaesthetist and various techniques of airway management have developed over many years. Initially, the only view of the glottis that could be obtained was an indirect view (indirect laryngoscopy). Late in the 19th century, a direct view of the glottis was obtained via various direct laryngoscopes. Currently, in the early 21st century, there has been a return to indirect laryngoscopy via videolaryngoscopy using a videolaryngoscope. The aim of this paper is to give a historical overview of the development of both direct and indirect laryngoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Maastricht University Hospital, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Pieters
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Eindhoven
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Pain and Hyperbaric Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Acott
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland and Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston Campus, Brisbane, Queensland.
authors.forename: A A J
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: van Zundert
mesh_terms: D058109:Airway Management / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods; D020704:Laryngoscopes / Q000266:history*; D007828:Laryngoscopy / Q000266:history*; D014741:Video Recording / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods
keywords: airway management; history; intubation; laryngoscope; laryngoscopy