title: Glucose supplementation has minimal effects on blood neutrophil function and gene expression in vitro.
abstract: During early lactation, glucose availability is low and the effect of glucose supply on bovine polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) function is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of glucose supplementation on the function and transcriptomic inflammatory response of PMNL from cows in early and mid-lactation in vitro. Twenty Holstein cows in early (n=10; days in milk=17±3.1) and mid-lactation (n=10; days in milk=168±14.8) were used for this study. Jugular blood was analyzed for serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were isolated and diluted using RPMI (basal glucose concentration was 7.2 mM) to different concentrations of PMNL/mL for phagocytosis, chemotaxis, gene expression, and medium analyses. Working solutions of glucose (0 or 4 mM of d-glucose) and lipopolysaccharide (0 or 50μg/mL) were added and tubes were incubated for 120 min at 37°C. Media were analyzed for concentrations of glucose and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Data were analyzed in a randomized block (stage of lactation) design. Challenge with lipopolysaccharide increased the expression of the genes encoding for nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB1), IL-10 (IL10), IL1B, IL6, IL8, TNF-α (TNFA), glucose transporter 3 (SLC2A3), and the concentration of TNF-α in medium (147.3 vs. 72.5 pg/mL for lipopolysaccharide and control, respectively). Main effect of stage of lactation was minimal where the expression of IL10 increased for cows in early compared with cows in mid-lactation. After lipopolysaccharide challenge, cows in early lactation experienced more marked increases in the expression of IL6, TNFA, and IL8 when compared with cows in mid-lactation. Glucose supplementation had minimal effects on gene expression where glucose supplementation increased the expression of lysozyme (LYZ). Glucose supplementation increased PMNL phagocytosis but did not alter chemotaxis, morphology, or concentration of TNF-α in the medium. Under the conditions of the experiment, stage of lactation had minimal effects on PMNL response to glucose supply where only the expression of NFKB1 and the production of TNF-α were greater for cows in mid-lactation when compared with early lactation. Metabolic profiles for cows in early lactation did not parallel those for cows during the early postpartum period and may partly explain results for this study. Future studies investigating the effect of glucose supply on bovine PMNL function in vivo and how this may be altered by stage of lactation are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20740.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705.
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Elsasser
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20740.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park 20740.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20740. Electronic address: kmoyes@umd.edu.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Moyes
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D005947:Glucose; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid
keywords: glucose; inflammation; lactating cow; neutrophil