title: Nutrient Intakes of Pregnant Women and their Associated Factors in Eight Cities of China: A Cross-sectional Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the last 3 decades, China has dramatic changes of the dietary pattern among its citizens, particularly in urban cities. This study aimed to determine the nutrient intake status and factors associated with nutrient intakes of urban Chinese pregnant women now-a-day.
  
  
  METHODS
  The multistage stratified random sampling method was applied in the cross-sectional study. 479 women in three trimesters of pregnancy from eight cities of China were recruited. Nutrient intakes were evaluated with one 24 h dietary recall, and compared with the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) 2013 for available nutrients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most pregnant women had imbalanced macronutrient distribution with excessive energy derived from fat. Intakes of Vitamin A, B 6, calcium, magnesium, and selenium were below Chinese Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) and Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in all trimesters. Most pregnant women took more folic acid in the first trimester with a significant decrease in the second and third trimester (P < 0.05). Shortfall in iron intake was found in the third trimester whereas some women may be at the risk of excessive iron intake. Intakes of thiamin met RNI in the first trimester but were below EAR in all trimesters. Trimester phasing was positively associated with most nutrients (P < 0.05). Prepregnancy body mass index was inversely associated with energy, fat, Vitamin C, and calcium intake (P < 0.05). Educational level and household income were positively associated with folic acid intake (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current prenatal dietary choices of urban pregnant women in China are imbalanced in the nutrient intake when compared with national DRIs 2013, particularly in intakes of energy derived from fat and micronutrients. Appropriate dietary advice to pregnant women should promote a balanced diet with emphasis on avoidance of foods of high fat content and incorporation of foods that are good sources of the key micronutrients that are usually lacking in a regular pregnancy diet. Further research is needed to understand the eating habits and food patterns that contribute to this imbalanced diet in order to be able to effectively improve prenatal women's nutrient intake status.
authors.forename: Fang-Li
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yu-Mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Gerard Vinyes
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Parés
authors.forename: Kathleen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Reidy
authors.forename: Wen-Zhi
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Celia Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.forename: Ying-Dong
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Pei-Yu
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D055815:Young Adult