title: Captive-rearing of Gunnison sage-grouse from egg collection to adulthood to foster proactive conservation and recovery of a conservation-reliant species.
abstract: Gunnison sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) are distributed across southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah, United States. Their distribution has decreased over the past century and the species has been listed as threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Reduced genetic diversity, small population size, and isolation may affect Gunnison sage-grouse population persistence. Population augmentation can be used to counteract or mitigate these issues, but traditional translocation efforts have yielded mixed, and mostly unsuccessful, results. Captive-rearing is a viable, although much debated, conservation approach to bolster wild conservation-reliant species. Although there have been captive-rearing efforts with greater sage-grouse (C. urophasianus), to date, no information exists about captive-rearing methods for Gunnison sage-grouse. Therefore, we investigated techniques for egg collection, artificial incubation, hatch, and captive-rearing of chicks, juveniles, subadults, and adults for Gunnison sage-grouse. In 2009 we established a captive flock that produced viable eggs. From 2009-2011, we collected and artificially incubated 206 Gunnison sage-grouse eggs from 23 wild and 14 captive females. Our hatchability was 90%. Wild-produced eggs were heavier than captive-produced eggs and lost mass similarly during incubation. We produced 148 chicks in captivity and fed them a variety of food sources (e.g. invertebrates to commercial chow). Bacterial infections were the primary cause of chick mortality, but we successfully reduced the overall mortality rate during the course of our study. Conservationists and managers should consider the utility in developing a captive-rearing program or creating a captive population as part of a proactive conservation effort for the conservation-reliant Gunnison sage-grouse.
authors.affiliation: Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Colorado.
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Apa
authors.affiliation: Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Colorado.
authors.forename: Lief A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wiechman
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D001947:Breeding; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D046094:Galliformes / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010063:Ovum; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Centrocercus minimus; Galliformes husbandry; artificial incubation; bacterial infection; captive population; wild and captive produced egg collection and hatch