title: A fast GPU-based Monte Carlo simulation of proton transport with detailed modeling of nonelastic interactions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Very fast Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of proton transport have been implemented recently on graphics processing units (GPUs). However, these MCs usually use simplified models for nonelastic proton-nucleus interactions. Our primary goal is to build a GPU-based proton transport MC with detailed modeling of elastic and nonelastic proton-nucleus collisions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the cuda framework, the authors implemented GPU kernels for the following tasks: (1) simulation of beam spots from our possible scanning nozzle configurations, (2) proton propagation through CT geometry, taking into account nuclear elastic scattering, multiple scattering, and energy loss straggling, (3) modeling of the intranuclear cascade stage of nonelastic interactions when they occur, (4) simulation of nuclear evaporation, and (5) statistical error estimates on the dose. To validate our MC, the authors performed (1) secondary particle yield calculations in proton collisions with therapeutically relevant nuclei, (2) dose calculations in homogeneous phantoms, (3) recalculations of complex head and neck treatment plans from a commercially available treatment planning system, and compared with (GEANT)4.9.6p2/TOPAS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Yields, energy, and angular distributions of secondaries from nonelastic collisions on various nuclei are in good agreement with the (GEANT)4.9.6p2 Bertini and Binary cascade models. The 3D-gamma pass rate at 2%-2 mm for treatment plan simulations is typically 98%. The net computational time on a NVIDIA GTX680 card, including all CPU-GPU data transfers, is ∼ 20 s for 1 × 10(7) proton histories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our GPU-based MC is the first of its kind to include a detailed nuclear model to handle nonelastic interactions of protons with any nucleus. Dosimetric calculations are in very good agreement with (GEANT)4.9.6p2/TOPAS. Our MC is being integrated into a framework to perform fast routine clinical QA of pencil-beam based treatment plans, and is being used as the dose calculation engine in a clinically applicable MC-based IMPT treatment planning system. The detailed nuclear modeling will allow us to perform very fast linear energy transfer and neutron dose estimates on the GPU.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wan Chan Tseung
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beltran
mesh_terms: D003196:Computer Graphics; D004548:Elasticity; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009038:Motion; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011522:Protons; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D011522:Protons