title: Microgrooves on titanium surface affect peri-implant cell adhesion and soft tissue sealing; an in vitro and in vivo study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With the significance of stable adhesion of alveolar bone and peri-implant soft tissue on the surface of titanium for successful dental implantation procedure, the purpose of this study was to apply microgrooves on the titanium surface and investigate their effects on peri-implant cells and tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three types of commercially pure titanium discs were prepared; machined-surface discs (A), sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA)-treated discs (B), SLA and microgroove-formed discs (C). After surface topography of the discs was examined by confocal laser scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle and surface energy were measured. Human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) and murine osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) were seeded onto the titanium discs for immunofluorescence assay of adhesion proteins. Commercially pure titanium implants with microgrooves on the coronal microthreads design were inserted into the edentulous mandible of beagle dogs. After 2 weeks and 6 weeks of implant insertion, the animal subjects were euthanized to confirm peri-implant tissue healing pattern in histologic specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group C presented the lowest water contact angle (62.89±5.66 θ), highest surface energy (45±1.2 mN/m), and highest surface roughness (Ra=22.351±2.766 µm). The expression of adhesion molecules of hGFs and MC3T30E1 cells was prominent in group C. Titanium implants with microgrooves on the coronal portion showed firm adhesion to peri-implant soft tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microgrooves on the titanium surface promoted the adhesion of gingival fibroblasts and osteoblastic cells, as well as favorable peri-implant soft tissue sealing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo-Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina College of Dental Medicine, Charleston, SC, USA. ; Department of Periodontology, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jaden
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea. ; Department of Periodontics, Dankook University College of Dentistry Jukjeon Dental Hospital, Yongin, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Tae
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea. ; Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Biomaterials, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea. ; Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Bum-Soon
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of General Dentistry, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Young-Kwang
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea. ; Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Il
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Cell adhesion; Dental implants; Titanium; Wound healing