title: Olfactory performance segregates effects of anhedonia and anxiety on social function in patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Social dysfunction is common among individuals with schizophrenia. While often attributed to anhedonia, social dysfunction could also result from unrecognized anxiety. We examined the contributions of anhedonia and anxiety to social function using olfactory function to examine whether the domains had separate underpinnings.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed anhedonia, anxiety and social function as well as olfactory function in well-characterized patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 56 patients and 37 controls in our study. Patients exhibited significantly higher levels of anhedonia and anxiety than controls, and the domains were highly correlated in patients. The combination of anhedonia and anxiety more strongly predicted social dysfunction than either measure alone. Smell identification was differentially related to the symptoms, with better performance predicting less anhedonia but more social fear in male patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of self-report measures precludes differentiation between recollected or recounted experience. Aside from smell identification and odour threshold, additional measures of olfaction may be considered for future studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anhedonia and anxiety were strongly correlated and both negatively impacted social function. The olfactory biomarker results support the conclusion that these domains are separate. Social function in patients with schizophrenia may improve with interventions for anxiety, even in the presence of marked negative symptoms.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Social, and Psychiatric Initiative (InSPIRES), New York, NY (Cieslak, Walsh-Messinger, Stanford, Vaez-Azizi, Antonius, D. Goetz, R. Goetz, Malaspina); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Walsh-Messinger); the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Antonius); the American Society for Suicide Prevention, New York, NY (Harkavy-Friedman); and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY (R. Goetz).
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cieslak
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Social, and Psychiatric Initiative (InSPIRES), New York, NY (Cieslak, Walsh-Messinger, Stanford, Vaez-Azizi, Antonius, D. Goetz, R. Goetz, Malaspina); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Walsh-Messinger); the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Antonius); the American Society for Suicide Prevention, New York, NY (Harkavy-Friedman); and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY (R. Goetz).
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walsh-Messinger
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Social, and Psychiatric Initiative (InSPIRES), New York, NY (Cieslak, Walsh-Messinger, Stanford, Vaez-Azizi, Antonius, D. Goetz, R. Goetz, Malaspina); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Walsh-Messinger); the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Antonius); the American Society for Suicide Prevention, New York, NY (Harkavy-Friedman); and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY (R. Goetz).
authors.forename: Arielle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stanford
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Social, and Psychiatric Initiative (InSPIRES), New York, NY (Cieslak, Walsh-Messinger, Stanford, Vaez-Azizi, Antonius, D. Goetz, R. Goetz, Malaspina); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Walsh-Messinger); the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Antonius); the American Society for Suicide Prevention, New York, NY (Harkavy-Friedman); and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY (R. Goetz).
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vaez-Azizi
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Social, and Psychiatric Initiative (InSPIRES), New York, NY (Cieslak, Walsh-Messinger, Stanford, Vaez-Azizi, Antonius, D. Goetz, R. Goetz, Malaspina); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Walsh-Messinger); the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Antonius); the American Society for Suicide Prevention, New York, NY (Harkavy-Friedman); and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY (R. Goetz).
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Antonius
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Social, and Psychiatric Initiative (InSPIRES), New York, NY (Cieslak, Walsh-Messinger, Stanford, Vaez-Azizi, Antonius, D. Goetz, R. Goetz, Malaspina); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Walsh-Messinger); the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Antonius); the American Society for Suicide Prevention, New York, NY (Harkavy-Friedman); and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY (R. Goetz).
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harkavy-Friedman
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Social, and Psychiatric Initiative (InSPIRES), New York, NY (Cieslak, Walsh-Messinger, Stanford, Vaez-Azizi, Antonius, D. Goetz, R. Goetz, Malaspina); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Walsh-Messinger); the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Antonius); the American Society for Suicide Prevention, New York, NY (Harkavy-Friedman); and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY (R. Goetz).
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Social, and Psychiatric Initiative (InSPIRES), New York, NY (Cieslak, Walsh-Messinger, Stanford, Vaez-Azizi, Antonius, D. Goetz, R. Goetz, Malaspina); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Walsh-Messinger); the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Antonius); the American Society for Suicide Prevention, New York, NY (Harkavy-Friedman); and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY (R. Goetz).
authors.forename: Raymond R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Social, and Psychiatric Initiative (InSPIRES), New York, NY (Cieslak, Walsh-Messinger, Stanford, Vaez-Azizi, Antonius, D. Goetz, R. Goetz, Malaspina); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Walsh-Messinger); the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Antonius); the American Society for Suicide Prevention, New York, NY (Harkavy-Friedman); and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY (R. Goetz).
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malaspina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059445:Anhedonia / Q000502:physiology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009812:Odorants; D055696:Olfactory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000145:classification* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012919:Social Behavior