title: Previous Ingestion of Lactococcus lactis by Ethanol-Treated Mice Preserves Antigen Presentation Hierarchy in the Gut and Oral Tolerance Susceptibility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ethanol (EtOH) consumption is able to disturb the ovalbumin (OVA)-oral tolerance induction by interfering on the function of antigen presenting cells (APC), down-regulating dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages and up-regulating B-lymphocytes and their function, which results in an overall allergic-type immune status. In this study, the potential of a priori administration of Lactococcus lactis (LL) in avoiding loss of oral tolerance in EtOH-treated mice was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female C57BL/6 mice received, by oral route, ad libitum wild-type (WT) LL or heat-shock protein producer (Hsp65) LL for 4 consecutive days. Seven days later, mice were submitted to short-term high-dose EtOH treatment. After 24 hours, stomach, intestine, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) specimens were collected for biomarkers analysis. Following EtOH-treatment protocol, a group of animals underwent single-gavage OVA-tolerance protocol and sera samples collected for antibody analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ingestion of WT LL or Hsp65 LL is able to restore oral tolerance to OVA in EtOH-treated mice, by reducing local and systemic allergic outcomes such as gastric mast cells and gut-interleukin-4, as well as serum IgE. WT LL treatment prevents the decrease of mLN regulatory T cells induced by the EtOH treatment. Moreover, LL treatment preserves APC hierarchy and antigen presentation commitment in EtOH-treated mice, with conserved DC and macrophage activity over B lymphocytes in mLN and preserved macrophage activity over DC and B-cell subsets in the spleen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest that a priori ingestion of LL preserves essential mechanisms associated with oral tolerance induction that are disturbed by EtOH ingestion. Maintenance of mucosal homeostasis by preserving APC hierarchy and antigen presentation commitment could be associated with T-regulatory subset activities in the gastrointestinal tract.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Débora M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Alvarenga
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gomes-Santos
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anderson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyoshi
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vasco
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jordana G A
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Coelho-Dos-Reis
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Olindo A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Martins-Filho
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Maria C
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Cara
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marileia C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Andrade
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D013294:Lactococcus lactis; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Antigen Presentation; Ethanol; Intestine; Lactococcus lactis; Oral Tolerance