title: Sugar and artificially sweetened soda consumption linked to hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The risk of hypertension (HTN) in patients who regularly drink soda is controversial. The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the associations between consumption of sugar and artificially sweetened soda and HTN.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception through January 2015. Studies that reported relative risks, odd ratios or hazard ratios comparing the risk of HTN in patients consuming a significant amount of either sugar or artificially sweetened soda versus those who did not consume soda were included. Pooled risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random-effect, generic inverse variance method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight studies were included in our analysis to assess the association between consumption of sugar-sweetened soda and HTN. The pooled RR of HTN in patients consuming sugar-sweetened soda was 1.12 (95% CI, 1.03-1.23). Four studies were selected to assess the association between consumption of artificially sweetened soda and HTN. The pooled RR of HTN in patients consuming artificially sweetened soda was 1.15 (95% CI, 1.11-1.19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates statistically significant associations between both sugar and artificially sweetened soda consumption and HTN. This finding may impact clinical management and primary prevention of HTN.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA .
authors.forename: Wisit
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cheungpasitporn
authors.affiliation: a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA .
authors.forename: Charat
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thongprayoon
authors.affiliation: b Department of Medicine , SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse , NY , USA .
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Edmonds
authors.affiliation: c Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care , and.
authors.forename: Narat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Srivali
authors.affiliation: d Division of Rheumatology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA.
authors.forename: Patompong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ungprasert
authors.affiliation: a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA .
authors.forename: Wonngarm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kittanamongkolchai
authors.affiliation: a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA .
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Erickson
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D013549:Sweetening Agents
keywords: Carbonated beverages; hypertension; meta-analysis; soda; soft drink