title: A Dual Role for the Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase Pyk2 during the Intracellular Trafficking of Human Papillomavirus 16.
abstract: The infectious process of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) has been studied considerably, and many cellular components required for viral entry and trafficking continue to be revealed. In this study, we investigated the role of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Pyk2 during HPV16 pseudovirion infection of human keratinocytes. We found that Pyk2 is necessary for infection and appears to be involved in the intracellular trafficking of the virus. Small interfering RNA-mediated reduction of Pyk2 resulted in a significant decrease in infection but did not prevent viral entry at the plasma membrane. Pyk2 depletion resulted in altered endolysosomal trafficking of HPV16 and accelerated unfolding of the viral capsid. Furthermore, we observed retention of the HPV16 pseudogenome in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) in Pyk2-depleted cells, suggesting that the kinase could be required for the viral DNA to exit the TGN. While Pyk2 has previously been shown to function during the entry of enveloped viruses at the plasma membrane, the kinase has not yet been implicated in the intracellular trafficking of a nonenveloped virus such as HPV. Additionally, these data enrich the current literature on Pyk2's function in human keratinocytes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we investigated the role of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Pyk2 during human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of human skin cells. Infections with high-risk types of HPV such as HPV16 are the leading cause of cervical cancer and a major cause of genital and oropharyngeal cancer. As a nonenveloped virus, HPV enters cells by interacting with cellular receptors and established cellular trafficking routes to ensure that the viral DNA reaches the nucleus for productive infection. This study identified Pyk2 as a cellular component required for the intracellular trafficking of HPV16 during infection. Understanding the infectious pathways of HPVs is critical for developing additional preventive therapies. Furthermore, this study advances our knowledge of intracellular trafficking processes in keratinocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Elinor Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Gottschalk
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, USA pmeneses@fordham.edu.
authors.forename: Patricio I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Meneses
mesh_terms: D002213:Capsid / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D051418:Focal Adhesion Kinase 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D058767:Protein Unfolding; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000821:virology*; D053586:Virus Internalization; D021601:trans-Golgi Network / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051418:Focal Adhesion Kinase 2