title: Cytoplasmic genome types of European potatoes and their effects on complex agronomic traits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various wild species germplasm has been used in European potato breeding since the first introduction of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to Europe. As the plant cytoplasmic genome including chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes is transmitted only through the maternal parent, cytoplasmic markers are useful tools in breeding programs to determine cytoplasmic genome types and to trace maternal ancestors. The potato cytoplasmic genome can be distinguished into six distinct types (M, P, A, W, T, and D). Male sterility was found in genotypes with S. demissum-derived D-type cytoplasm and S. stoloniferum-derived W/γ-type cytoplasm. These wild species were frequently used to incorporate superior pathogen resistance genes. As a result, the percentage of these two types is increasing unintentionally in the European germplasm pool. Other than cytoplasmic male sterility, little is known about effects of the cytoplasmic genome on complex agronomic traits in potato.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cytoplasm types of 1,217 European potato cultivars and breeding clones were determined with type specific DNA markers. Most frequent were T- (59.4 %), D- (27.4 %), and W- (12.2 %) type cytoplasm, while A- (0.7 %) and M-type cytoplasm (0.3 %) was rare and P-type cytoplasm was absent. When comparing varieties with breeding clones, the former showed a relatively higher frequency of T-type and lower frequency of D- and W-type cytoplasm. Correlation analysis of cytoplasm types and agronomic data showed that W/γ-type cytoplasm was correlated with increased tuber starch content and later plant maturity. Correlation with quantitative resistance to late blight was observed for D-type and M-type cytoplasm. Both cytoplasm types had a positive effect on resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed and quantified the cytoplasmic diversity in the European potato germplasm pool. Knowledge of cytoplasm type is important for maintaining genetic diversity and managing the male sterility problem in breeding programs. This is the first comprehensive study to show correlations of distinct cytoplasmic genomes with complex agronomic traits in potato. Correlations particularly with tuber starch content and resistance to late blight provided new knowledge on cytoplasmic effects on these important traits, which can be exploited for genetic improvement of potato.
authors.affiliation: Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Potato Germplasm Enhancement Laboratory, West 2-11, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan. sanetomo@obihiro.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Rena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sanetomo
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany. gebhardt@mpipz.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gebhardt
mesh_terms: D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005060:Europe; D005819:Genetic Markers; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D000069600:Plant Breeding; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D057891:Tetraploidy
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers