title: CT attenuation features of individual calcified coronary plaque: differences among asymptomatic, stable angina pectoris, and acute coronary syndrome groups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronary artery calcium (CAC) assessed by non-contrast cardiac CT has been shown to be an independent factor from the Framingham risk factors in predicting cardiovascular events. However, many patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have low CAC score. A recent study that re-analyzed the previous CAC CT scan of MESA cohort showed that in subjects with global lower density, CAC was associated with higher risk of ACS. We aimed to further evaluate the characteristics of CAC attenuation features in ACS subjects, in comparison to asymptomatic and stable angina pectoris (SAP) groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a period of 18 months, 524 consecutive subjects received standard CAC CT scans in our department; 278 of 524 subjects with presence of CAC (225 men, age = 60.6±9.5 years; ACS = 41, SAP = 78, asymptomatic = 159) were enrolled. Agatston score, number of plaques (NP) per subject and mean (HMEAN) and standard deviation (HSD) of attenuation of each calcified plaque were measured. Three regression models to distinguish the groups were built: model 1, conventional risk factors only; model 2, Agatston score plus model 1; model 3, plaque attenuation features plus model 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Agatston score in ACS group (median = 112.9) was higher than in the asymptomatic group (median = 54.4, P = 0.028) and similar to the SAP group (median = 237.8, P = 0.428). Calcified plaques in the ACS group showed lower (HMEAN = 180.5) and more homogenous (HSD = 31.2) attenuation than those of the asymptomatic group (HMEAN = 205.9, P = 0.002; HSD = 52.4, P = 0.006) and the SAP group (HMEAN = 204.1, P = 0.016; HSD = 54.4, P = 0.011). Model 3 significantly improved the distinction between ACS and asymptomatic groups (area under curve [AUC] = 0.93) as compared to model 2 (AUC = 0.83, P = 0.003) and model 1 (AUC = 0.79, P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcified plaques in the ACS group were characteristically of low and homogenous CT attenuation. With validation in a large cohort, analysis of CT attenuation features may improve risk stratification of ACS using CAC CT scan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Luan
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Huey-Shyan
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Carol C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Fu-Zong
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical & Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chinson
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuan-Ran
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Guang-Yuan
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Mar
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Ting
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000368:Aged; D060050:Angina, Stable / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016477:Artifacts; D002114:Calcinosis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012372:ROC Curve; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed