title: Profile of urinary tract infections in paediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care centre in Puducherry, south India, with the aim of finding the profile of the paediatric urinary tract infection (UTI), bacterial pathogens involved, and also to observe vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) and renal scarring in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 524 paediatric patients ≤13 yr, suspected to have UTI, were included in the study. Urine samples were collected, processed for uropathogen isolation and antibiotic susceptibility test was performed as per the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Thirty two culture proven children with UTI underwent micturating cysto-urethrography (MCU) and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scanning was done for 69 children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  o0 f the 524 children, 186 (35.4%) had culture proven UTI with 105 (56.4%) being infants, 50 (27.4%) between 1-5 yr, 30 (16.12%) between 5-13 yr and 129 (69.35%) males. Posterior urethral valve (PUV) was noted in three, hydronephrosis in one, VUR in 18 and renal scarring in 33. VUR as well as renal scarring were more in males >1 yr of age. A significant association (P=0.0054) was noted with a combined sensitivity and specificity of these investigations being 83 and 90 per cent, respectively of the MCU and DMSA scans for detecting VUR. Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen isolated, sensitive to nitrofurantoin, followed by cefoperazone-sulbactam, aminoglycosides and meropenem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that UTI varies with age and gender and extensive evaluation is required in boys over one year of age with UTI. This study also highlights the better efficacy of aminoglycosides, cefoperazone-sulbactam and nitrofurantoin in vitro compared with meropenem in Gram-negative uropathogens.
authors.forename: Palak
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER)), Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Jharna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.forename: Sriram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnamurthy
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barathi
authors.forename: Nandini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pandit
mesh_terms: D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002438:Cefoperazone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D000077731:Meropenem; D009582:Nitrofurantoin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013845:Thienamycins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D013845:Thienamycins; D002438:Cefoperazone; D009582:Nitrofurantoin; D000077731:Meropenem