title: Combinatorial Sec pathway analysis for improved heterologous protein secretion in Bacillus subtilis: identification of bottlenecks by systematic gene overexpression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Secretory expression of valuable proteins by B. subtilis and its related species has attracted intensive work over the past three decades. Although very high yields can be achieved with homologous proteins, production of heterologous proteins by B. subtilis is unfortunately not the straight forward. The Sec pathway is the major route for protein secretion in B. subtilis. Therefore, the aim of this work was to identify the bottlenecks of the Sec pathway and improve the secretion of heterologous proteins by molecular genetic techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two α-amylases (AmyL and AmyS) both under the control of the P(HpaII) promoter and equipped with their native signal peptides SP(amyl) and SP(amyS) were successfully secreted with significantly different expression levels. To improve the secretion efficiency, 23 main genes or gene operons involved in or closely related to the Sec pathway were overexpressed singly by increasing an additional copy on the chromosome, and the overexpression of prsA enhanced the production of α-amylases (AmyL and AmyS) by 3.2- and 5.5-fold, respectively. With the induction by xylose of different concentrations, prsA overexpression level was optimized and the secretion efficiency of α-amylase was further improved. Moreover, combinatorial overexpression of prsA and nine screened genes or gene operons, respectively, was performed, and the overexpression of prsA combined with partial dnaK operon improved the α-amylase activity of AmyL and AmyS by 160 and 173%, respectively, compared with the overexpression of prsA singly. Finally, the performance of the recombinant B. subtilis 1A237 was evaluated with the fed-batch fermentation in 7.5 L fermentor, and the level of secreted AmyL and AmyS reached 1,352 and 2,300 U/mL with the productivity of 16.1 U/mL h and 27.4 U/mL h, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our systematic gene overexpression approach was designed to investigate the bottleneck of Sec pathway in B. subtilis. The deficiency of PrsA lipoprotein and chaperones of DnaK series was main rate-limiting factors for heterologous proteins secretion. Systematic and deep insight into how components of Sec pathway interact with each other may be the key to improving the yield of heterologous proteins thoroughly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. chen_jq@tib.cas.cn.|Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. chen_jq@tib.cas.cn.|Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. chen_jq@tib.cas.cn.
authors.forename: Jingqi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. fu_g@tib.cas.cn.|National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. fu_g@tib.cas.cn.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. gai_ym@tib.cas.cn.|National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. gai_ym@tib.cas.cn.
authors.forename: Yuanming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gai
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. zheng_p@tib.cas.cn.|Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. zheng_p@tib.cas.cn.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. zhang_dw@tib.cas.cn.|Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. zhang_dw@tib.cas.cn.|National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. zhang_dw@tib.cas.cn.
authors.forename: Dawei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. jpwen@tju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wen
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000235:genetics*