title: Perspective of future drugs targeting sterile 20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase for blood pressure control.
abstract: According to a genome-wide association study, intronic SNPs within the human sterile 20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) gene was linked to 20% of the general population and may be associated with elevated blood pressure. As cell volume changes, mammalian SPAK kinases respond to phosphorylate and regulate cation-coupled chloride co-transporter activity. To our knowledge, phosphorylation of upstream with-no-lysine (K) (WNK) kinases would activate SPAK kinases. The activation of WNK-OSR1/SPAK cascade on the kidneys and aortic tissue is related to the development of hypertension. Several regulators of the WNK pathway such as the Kelch kinase protein 3 - Cullin 3 E3 ligase, hyperinsulinemia, and low potassium intake to mediate hypertension have been identified. In addition, the SPAK kinases may affect the action of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on blood pressure as well. In 2010, two SPAK knock-in and knock-out mouse models have clarified the pathogenesis of lowering blood pressure by influencing the receptors on the kidneys and aortic smooth muscle. More recently, two novel SPAK inhibitors for mice, Stock 1S-14279 and Closantel were discovered in 2014. Targeting of SPAK seems to be promising for future antihypertensive therapy. Therefore we raised some viewpoints for the issue for the antihypertensive therapy on the SPAK (gene or kinase).
authors.affiliation: Gen-Min Lin, Department of Medicine, Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien 971, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Gen-Min
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Gen-Min Lin, Department of Medicine, Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien 971, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pang-Yen
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Gen-Min Lin, Department of Medicine, Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien 971, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Fen
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Gen-Min Lin, Department of Medicine, Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien 971, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Been
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Gen-Min Lin, Department of Medicine, Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien 971, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Lu
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Han
keywords: Hypertension; Na+-K+-2Cl(-) cotransporter; Na-Cl co-transporter; Oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase kinase; With-no-lysine (K) kinase