title: Monocytes of Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Harbour Enterovirus RNA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intracellular enterovirus (EV) RNA was detected in blood of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The presence of EV RNA in subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients, and the in vitro infection of these cells with an EV, was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood was collected from 42 patients with T1D, PBMCs were isolated and monocytes were purified. Interferon alpha (IFNα) mRNA and EV RNA were investigated using RT-PCR. Levels of IFNα in plasma were measured using an immunoassay. Cells were inoculated with Coxsackievirus B4 (CBV4) in vitro, and infection was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence (IFI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interferon alpha mRNA was detected in blood and in monocytes of 12 of 42 patients with T1D, but not in monocyte-depleted PBMCs of the same individuals. Significant plasma levels of IFNα (≥ 5 IU/mL) were found in six patients. EV RNA was detected in whole blood and in monocytes of seven patients and negative-strand EV RNA was found in monocytes of 6 of them. When monocytes of patients with IFNα and/or EV RNA in their blood were inoculated with CVB4, the proportion of cells stained by an anti-VP1 antibody was 8.8 ± 1%, whereas no VP1 was detected in the monocytes of IFNα, EV RNA negative patients. Nevertheless, when CBV4 was mixed with plasma, VP1 was detected in monocytes of all patients with T1D (staining ranging from 12 to 36%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that monocytes of patients with T1D can harbor EV RNA and IFNα mRNA and can be infected with an EV in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de virologie EA3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, France.
authors.forename: Enagnon Kazali
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Alidjinou
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de virologie EA3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, France.
authors.forename: Wassim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chehadeh
authors.affiliation: Unité d'Endocrinologie pédiatrique, CHU Lille, France.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weill
authors.affiliation: Service d'endocrinologie et maladies métaboliques, Inserm U859, CHU Lille, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Vantyghem
authors.affiliation: Unité d'Endocrinologie pédiatrique, CHU Lille, France.
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stuckens
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire, Institut Catholique de Lille, Hôpital St Philibert, Lomme, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Decoster
authors.affiliation: Service de Diabétologie, Centre Hospitalier, Hénin-Beaumont, France.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hober
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de virologie EA3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, France.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hober
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000235:genetics*; D029822:Enterovirus B, Human / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016898:Interferon-alpha; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins
keywords: Enterovirus; Interferon alpha; RNA; autologous plasma; monocytes; type 1 diabetes