title: Antibacterial Efficacy of a Propolis Toothpaste and Mouthrinse Against a Supragingival Multispecies Biofilm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine in vitro the antibacterial properties of propolis toothpaste and mouthrinse against an in vitro multispecies biofilm model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six-species biofilms grown anaerobically on pellicle-coated hydroxyapatite disks were fed with glucose/sucrose-supplemented medium 3 times daily for 45 min and incubated in 37°C saliva between feedings for up to 64.5 h. At each interval, biofilms were exposed to six different slurries and solutions, including: 1) toothpaste without propolis, 2) toothpaste with propolis, 3) toothpaste with chlorhexidine, 4) mouthrinse with propolis, 5) mouthrinse with chlorhexidine, 6) saline solution (control). Afterwards, biofilms were harvested and the number of colony forming units were determined (CFU). The results were analysed using ANOVA, followed by the Bonferroni test at a 5% significance level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The strongest CFU reduction was shown after treatment with 0.12% chlorhexidine (p<0.0004). When comparing the different toothpastes, there was no statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in CFU reduction. However, they all showed a significant reduction in CFU of more than one log-step vs the saline control group. Nevertheless, the propolis-containing mouthrinse showed no significant reduction in CFU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All toothpastes under investigation displayed some growth inhibition in this supragingival biofilm model, which accounted for an approximately 80%-88% linear reduction. However, the propolis mouthwash had no effect.
authors.forename: Rosmarie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vanni
authors.forename: Nadine Michèle
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Waldner-Tomic
authors.forename: Georgios N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Belibasakis
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Attin
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Schmidlin
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thurnheer
mesh_terms: D000190:Actinomyces / Q000187:drug effects; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000187:drug effects; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D044622:Dental Pellicle / Q000382:microbiology; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011429:Propolis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects; D019533:Streptococcus oralis / Q000187:drug effects; D013696:Temperature; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014678:Veillonella / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D009067:Mouthwashes; D014100:Toothpastes; D011429:Propolis; D017886:Durapatite; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine