title: Using Ecological Momentary Assessment to Study Tobacco Behavior in Urban India: There's an App for That.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) uses real-time data collection to assess participants' behaviors and environments. This paper explores the strengths and limitations of using EMA to examine social and environmental exposure to tobacco in urban India among older adolescents and adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Objectives of this study were (1) to describe the methods used in an EMA study of tobacco use in urban India using a mobile phone app for data collection, (2) to determine the feasibility of using EMA in the chosen setting by drawing on participant completion and compliance rates with the study protocol, and (3) to provide recommendations on implementing mobile phone EMA research in India and other low- and middle-income countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Via mobile phones and the Internet, this study used two EMA surveys: (1) a momentary survey, sent multiple times per day at random to participants, which asked about their real-time tobacco use (smoked and smokeless) and exposure to pro- and antitobacco messaging in their location, and 2) an end-of-day survey sent at the end of each study day. Trained participants, from Hyderabad and Kolkata, India, reported on their social and environmental exposure to tobacco over 10 consecutive days. This feasibility study examined participant compliance, exploring factors related to the successful completion of surveys and the validity of EMA data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample included 205 participants, the majority of whom were male (135/205, 65.9%). Almost half smoked less than daily (56/205, 27.3%) or daily (43/205, 21.0%), and 4.4% (9/205) used smokeless tobacco products. Participants completed and returned 46.87% and 73.02% of momentary and end-of-day surveys, respectively. Significant predictors of momentary survey completion included employment and completion of end-of-day surveys. End-of-day survey completion was only significantly predicted by momentary survey completion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This first study of EMA in India offers promising results, although more research is needed on how to increase compliance. End-of-day survey completion, which has a lower research burden, may be the more appropriate approach to understanding behaviors such as tobacco use within vulnerable populations in challenging locations. Compliance may also be improved by increasing the number of study visits, compliance checks, or opportunities for retraining participants before and during data collection.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States. asoong@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1983-3817
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soong
authors.forename: Julia Cen
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4516-2006
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dina Lg
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6842-2571
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Borzekowski
keywords: cell phones; ecological momentary assessment; mHealth; mobile phones; smoking; telemedicine; tobacco control