title: The longitudinal effects of neighbourhood social and material deprivation change on psychological distress in urban, community-dwelling Canadian adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess how longitudinal changes in neighbourhood material and social deprivation affect distress outcomes in adult Canadians.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used a prospective cohort approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  We paired data from 2745 urban participants of Canada's National Population Health Survey-who completed the Kessler 6-Item psychological distress screening tool at baseline and follow-up-with neighbourhood social and material deprivation data from the census-based Pampalon Deprivation Index. Data were paired using participants' postal code. We conducted multiple linear regression models, which were stratified by baseline deprivation level and controlled for key confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most participants lived in neighbourhoods that did not change drastically in social or material deprivation level during the six years between baseline and follow-up. We found that a worsening of material settings was significantly associated with worsening distress scores at follow-up. This finding is discussed in the context of existing literature, and made relevant for urban health research and policy.
authors.affiliation: University of Montreal, School of Public Health, 7101 Avenue du Parc, Montreal, Quebec, H3N 1X9, Canada; CHUM Research Centre (Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal), 850 Avenue St-Denis, Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada. Electronic address: alexandra.blair@mail.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.affiliation: McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G4, Canada; McGill University Institute for Health and Social Policy, 1130 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A3, Canada.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gariépy
authors.affiliation: McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G4, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schmitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014504:Urban Health; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Deprivation; Distress; Longitudinal; Mental health; Neighbourhood