title: Hysterosalpingographic features of cervical abnormalities: acquired structural anomalies.
abstract: Cervical abnormalities may be congenital or acquired. Congenital cervical structural anomalies are relatively uncommon, whereas acquired cervical abnormalities are commonly seen in gynaecology clinics. Acquired abnormalities of the cervix can cause cervical factor infertility and recurrent spontaneous abortion. Various imaging tools have been used for evaluation of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is a quick and minimally invasive tool for evaluation of infertility that facilitates visualization of the inner surfaces of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes, as well as the cervical canal and isthmus. The lesions of the uterine cervix show various imaging manifestations on HSG such as narrowing, dilatation, filling defects, irregularities and diverticular projections. This pictorial review describes and illustrates the hysterosalpingographic appearances of normal variants and acquired structural abnormalities of the cervix. Accurate diagnosis of such cases is considered essential for optimal treatment. The pathological findings and radiopathological correlation will be briefly discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Imaging at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zafarani
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Imaging at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Imaging at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shahrzad
mesh_terms: D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004240:Diverticulum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005402:Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007047:Hysterosalpingography / Q000379:methods; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014384:Tuberculosis, Female Genital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002577:Uterine Cervical Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002575:Uterine Cervicitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging