title: Antibiotic use in the care home setting: a retrospective cohort study analysing routine data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Point prevalence studies in care homes show a high use of antibiotics, especially to treat urinary tract infections (UTI). There is a lack of large studies presenting annual antibiotic prescription data in care homes compared to those not in care homes. This study aimed to describe the pattern of antibiotic prescribing in those 75 years and over, with a focus on UTI.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective longitudinal cohort study we used the Hampshire Health Record (HHR) containing routine data from general practices in Hampshire area, UK covering 1.24 million residents. Data were extracted throughout 2011 from the Hampshire Health Record on age, gender, care home status, antibiotic prescriptions, urinary catheters and comorbidity. Prescription pattern expressed as rate per 100 people. Nursing home residence defined by postcode. Logistic regression was used to assess independent risk of one or more antibiotic prescriptions in care home residents adjusting for age, sex and comorbidity, separately by catheter use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  102,020 of 1,244,313 residents in the Hampshire Health Record (8.2 %) were aged ≥75 years of whom 7481 (7.3 %) were resident in care home settings. The annual antibiotic prescriptions increased from 53/100 inhabitants among those <75 years, to 142/100 among those ≥75 years not in a care home and to 199/100 among those ≥75 years in a care home. Care home residents with urinary catheters (4.4 %) had even higher use at 440/100 versus 188/100 if no catheter. UTI antibiotics showed a similar but more rapidly increasing pattern. For those in care homes without a urinary catheter, the odds ratio was 2.2 (2.1-2.3) higher for prescriptions of UTI antibiotics compared to those not in care homes after adjusting for age, gender and comorbidity. For those with a urinary catheter the odds ratio was 1.4 (1.1-1.8) for UTI antibiotics compared to those not in care homes. For all antibiotics the odds ratio was 1.2 (1.2-1.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Residence in a care home setting is associated with high antibiotic consumption; this is especially evident for UTI antibiotics where the odds of prescription is doubled.
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Unit, Primary Health Care in Southern Älvsborg County, Sven Eriksonsplatsen 4, SE-503 38, Borås, Sweden. par-daniel.sundvall@vgregion.se.|Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 100, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. par-daniel.sundvall@vgregion.se.
authors.forename: Pär-Daniel
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Sundvall
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 805, C floor, South Academic Block, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO166YD, UK. bls1@soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 805, C floor, South Academic Block, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO166YD, UK. clever-resource@consultant.com.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 805, C floor, South Academic Block, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO166YD, UK. pjr@soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roderick
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 805, C floor, South Academic Block, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO166YD, UK. mvm198@soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000639:trends; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents