title: Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dust and human exposure estimates from Makurdi, Nigeria.
abstract: Information on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor environment in developing countries is still relatively scarce. In this study, house (n=10) and office (n=11) dusts samples collected from Makurdi, Benue State Nigeria were extracted and analysed for most abundant PBDEs congeners in the environment. Soxhlet extraction followed by GC-EIMS was employed for the measurement of PBDEs (BDE-47, -100, -99, -154, -153, -183 and -209). The mean concentration of ∑7 PBDEs ranged from 57ngg(-1) to 80ngg(-1) and a median value of 45ngg(-1)and 63ngg(-1) were obtained for house and office dust respectively. The daily exposure and ingestion dose estimates were calculated based on the assumption that 30mg and 60mgday(-1) dust represent the ingestion rate. In addition, the corresponding time spent indoors was assumed to be 87.5% (adult) and 69% (children) in homes and 22% in offices and day care. The average value exposure rate of ∑7PBDEs for children and adults were 2ngday(-1) and 0.84ngday(-1) respectively. The results in the present study, showed higher exposure estimates for both children and adults' in house dust from Nigeria compared to South Africa.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: O I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Olukunle
authors.affiliation: Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa. Electronic address: okonkwoOJ@tut.ac.za.
authors.forename: O J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Okonkwo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, PMB 102373 Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sha'ato
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, PMB 102373 Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Wase
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D003631:Day Care, Medical; D003906:Developing Countries; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D009549:Nigeria; D013019:South Africa
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers
keywords: Human exposure; Indoor dust; Nigeria; PBDEs