title: A Perforating Artery Compressing the Nerve Rootlet and Causing Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A surgical procedure for glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN) was selected from microvascular decompression, glossopharyngeal and upper vagal rhizotomy, or a combination of these procedures based on the presence of arteries compressing the glossopharyngeal and vagal rootlets. The offending artery is usually a main trunk or branch of the cerebellar arteries. A perforating artery is a known but uncommon variation of the offending artery that causes GPN. The appropriate procedure for such cases is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the clinical significance of the perforating artery in GPN, we describe 2 patients with a perforating artery compressing the rootlet, and its mobilization relieved neuralgia. We examined the validity of decompressing a perforating artery as an alternative to rhizotomy in such cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We independently reviewed 12 GPN patients treated with microvascular decompression. The patients' pain severity, medication doses, preoperative imaging studies, intraoperative findings, and outcomes were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven patients had neurovascular compression of the glossopharyngeal nerve. In 2 of the patients, a perforating artery compressed the rootlet, thereby generating an indentation and creating a discoloration of the rootlet. Mobilizing the perforating artery with no additional rhizotomy provided complete pain relief with no significant complications and allowed the discontinuation of medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even a small perforating artery can cause GPN when it compresses the rootlet. In such cases, mobilization of the perforating artery with no additional rhizotomy is an effective surgical option.
authors.affiliation: *Departments of Neurosurgery and ‡Otolaryngology, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute and Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Naokado
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toda
authors.forename: Misaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Shin-Ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanemaru
authors.forename: Masatsune
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D020435:Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D061145:Microvascular Decompression Surgery / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010614:Pharynx / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019051:Rhizotomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome