title: Environmental CO2 inhibits Caenorhabditis elegans egg-laying by modulating olfactory neurons and evokes widespread changes in neural activity.
abstract: Carbon dioxide (CO2) gradients are ubiquitous and provide animals with information about their environment, such as the potential presence of prey or predators. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans avoids elevated CO2, and previous work identified three neuron pairs called "BAG," "AFD," and "ASE" that respond to CO2 stimuli. Using in vivo Ca(2+) imaging and behavioral analysis, we show that C. elegans can detect CO2 independently of these sensory pathways. Many of the C. elegans sensory neurons we examined, including the AWC olfactory neurons, the ASJ and ASK gustatory neurons, and the ASH and ADL nociceptors, respond to a rise in CO2 with a rise in Ca(2+). In contrast, glial sheath cells harboring the sensory endings of C. elegans' major chemosensory neurons exhibit strong and sustained decreases in Ca(2+) in response to high CO2. Some of these CO2 responses appear to be cell intrinsic. Worms therefore may couple detection of CO2 to that of other cues at the earliest stages of sensory processing. We show that C. elegans persistently suppresses oviposition at high CO2. Hermaphrodite-specific neurons (HSNs), the executive neurons driving egg-laying, are tonically inhibited when CO2 is elevated. CO2 modulates the egg-laying system partly through the AWC olfactory neurons: High CO2 tonically activates AWC by a cGMP-dependent mechanism, and AWC output inhibits the HSNs. Our work shows that CO2 is a more complex sensory cue for C. elegans than previously thought, both in terms of behavior and neural circuitry.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lorenz A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Fenk
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom debono@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Bono
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D009154:Mutation; D009832:Olfactory Nerve / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D010058:Oviposition / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C484960:Unc-122 protein, C elegans; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D002118:Calcium
keywords: behavioral choice; glia; neural circuit; olfactory system; oviposition