title: Does religious coping and spirituality have a moderating role on depression and anxiety in patients with spinal cord injury? A study from Iran.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluate the level of anxiety and depression among patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) in relation with their religious coping and spiritual health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Repair Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of patients with SCI participated in this cross-sectional study. They completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Brief Religious Coping Questionnaire and the Spiritual Well-being Scale. Then, the association between anxiety, depression and independent variables was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 213 patients with SCI were studied. Of these, 64 (30%) have had anxiety and 32 (15%) have had depression. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that gender (odds ratio (OR) for female=3.34, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.31-8.51, P=0.011), employment (OR for unemployed=5.71, 95% CI=1.17-27.78, P=0.031), negative religious coping (OR=1.15, 95% CI=1.04-1.28, P=0.006) and existential spiritual well-being (OR=0.93, 95% CI=0.89-0.97, P=0.003) were significant contributing factors to anxiety (Table 3), whereas negative religious coping (OR=1.21, 95% CI=1.06-1.37, P=0.004) and existential spiritual well-being (OR=0.90, 95% CI=0.84-0.96, P=0.001) were significant contributing factors to depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicated that depression and anxiety are two psychologically important side effects after SCI. The findings also indicated that religion and spiritual well-being have a moderating role on occurrence of depression and anxiety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Midwifery, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rahnama
authors.affiliation: Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center (BASIR), Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Javidan
authors.affiliation: Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center (BASIR), Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saberi
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Research Group, Health Metrics Research Centre, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montazeri
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Payam-e-Noor, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tavakkoli
authors.affiliation: Social Determinants of Health Research Center (SDH), Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Pakpour
authors.affiliation: Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center (BASIR), Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hajiaghababaei
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012067:Religion; D012307:Risk Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult