title: Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders associated with normal scores in psychological questionnaires: A case control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Functional movement disorders (FMDs) fall within the broader category called functional neurological symptom disorder (FNSD). New DSM-5 criteria for FNSD no longer require the presence of a 'psychological conflict' suggesting that some patients with FMD may not have obvious psychological comorbidity. We studied patients with FMD in comparison to patients with a neurological movement disorder (MD) and healthy controls (HC) to identify whether there is a subgroup of patients with FMD who have normal psychological test scores.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed self-rated measures of depression/anxiety (SCL-90), dissociation and personality disorder (PDQ-4) in patients attending neurological clinics and healthy controls. The proportion of patients scoring within normal ranges was determined, and the levels of somatic and psychological symptoms were compared between the three groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the FMD group, 39% (20/51) scored within the normal range for all measures compared to 38% (13/34) of MD subjects and 89% (47/53) of healthy controls. There were no differences in overall scores in the SCL-90 and PDQ-4 between FMD and MD patients. FMD patients also did not differ from controls on a self-rated measure of personality pathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that a substantial proportion of patients with FMD score within the normal range in psychological questionnaires, lending some support to the new DSM-5 criteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; NeuroImaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. Electronic address: r.m.van.der.hoeven@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Renske M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van der Hoeven
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700 RB, the Netherlands; NeuroImaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Broersma
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe, Assen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerdina H M
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Pijnenborg
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700 RB, the Netherlands; NeuroImaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elouise A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Koops
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700 RB, the Netherlands; NeuroImaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Teus
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Laar
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700 RB, the Netherlands; NeuroImaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; University Center of Psychiatry, Department of Psychotic Disorders and Voices, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marije
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Beilen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D010045:Outpatients; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D057566:Self Report
keywords: Conversion disorder; Functional movement disorder; Functional neurological symptoms; Personality disorder; Psychogenic