title: Inflammation in acute and chronic pancreatitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This report reviews recent animal model and human studies associated with inflammatory responses in acute and chronic pancreatitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animal model and limited human acute and chronic pancreatitis studies unravel the dynamic nature of the inflammatory processes and the ability of the immune cells to sense danger and environmental signals. In acute pancreatitis, such molecules include pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition receptors such as toll-like receptors, and the more recently appreciated damage-associated molecular pattern molecules or 'alarmin' high mobility group box 1 and IL-33. In chronic pancreatitis, a recent understanding of a critical role for macrophage-pancreatic stellate cell interaction offers a potential targetable pathway that can alter fibrogenesis. Microbiome research in pancreatitis is a new field gaining interest but will require further investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immune cell contribution to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic pancreatitis is gaining more appreciation and further understanding in immune signaling presents potential therapeutic targets that can alter disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Aida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Habtezion
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D000069467:Fecal Microbiota Transplantation / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D010179:Pancreas / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D000069452:Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules / Q000378:metabolism*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000069452:Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors