title: Fatal systemic toxoplasmosis in Valley quail (Callipepla californica).
abstract: An adult, captive raised male Valley quail (Callipepla californica) acquired by a southern Brazilian aviary suddenly showed severe apathy, dyspnea and diarrhea, and died 18 hours after the onset of illness. At necropsy, pale muscles and whitish areas in the heart, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and consolidated red lungs were observed. Histological findings were mainly mononuclear inflammation with necrosis of liver, heart, spleen, bone marrow and lung. There were large numbers of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoitesorganisms in the liver, heart, spleen, bone marrow, lungs, trachea, kidneys, adrenal glands, testes, intestines, and pancreas. These organisms were seen free in the organs' stroma or within macrophages and stained positively with polyclonal antiserum to T. gondii. Genomic DNA was extracted from the tissues and PCR was used to target the B1 gene of T. gondii. The genotypic characterization by PCR-RFLP with 11 markers (SAG1, SAG2 and alt. SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico and CS3) revealed the ToxoDB-PCR-RFLP #87 genotype, the same as previously identified in a backyard chicken (TgCkBr156) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (FaVet/UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Agronomia, Porto Alegre-RS, 91540-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Casagrande
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ/USP), Avenida Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hilda F J
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Pena
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ/USP), Avenida Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Cabral
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (FaVet/UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Agronomia, Porto Alegre-RS, 91540-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Veronica M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Rolim
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (FaVet/UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Agronomia, Porto Alegre-RS, 91540-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz G S
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (FaVet/UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Agronomia, Porto Alegre-RS, 91540-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabiana M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Boabaid
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (FaVet/UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Agronomia, Porto Alegre-RS, 91540-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Angelica T B
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (FaVet/UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Agronomia, Porto Alegre-RS, 91540-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flademir
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (FaVet/UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Agronomia, Porto Alegre-RS, 91540-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cláudio E F
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (FaVet/UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Agronomia, Porto Alegre-RS, 91540-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Driemeier
keywords: Captive bird; Genotyping; Immunohistochemistry; Pathology; Toxoplasma gondii