title: The unsolved chapter of vocal fold scars and how tissue engineering could help us solve the problem.
abstract: Vocal fold scarring is a relatively small field in scar research with prerequisites found nowhere else. The deterioration of the delicate tri-layered micro-structure of the epithelium of the vocal folds leads to impaired vibration characteristics resulting in a permanent hoarse and breathy voice. Tissue engineering approaches could help to restore the pre-injury status. Despite a considerable progress in this field during the last years, routine clinical applications are not available so far. One reason might be that vocal fold fibroblasts, as the responsible cell type for fibrogenesis, have very particular properties that are only poorly characterized. Moreover, in vivo trials are costly and time consuming and a representative in vitro model does not exist so far. These particular circumstances lead to innovative in vitro strategies and concepts such as macro-molecular crowding that can also be applied in adjacent fields.
authors.affiliation: ENT University Hospital Graz, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 26, 8036, Graz, Austria. Matthias.graupp@klinikum-graz.at.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graupp
authors.affiliation: ENT University Hospital Graz, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 26, 8036, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bachna-Rotter
authors.affiliation: ENT University Hospital Graz, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 26, 8036, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gerstenberger
authors.affiliation: ENT University Hospital Graz, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 26, 8036, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.affiliation: ENT University Hospital Graz, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 26, 8036, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fröhlich-Sorger
authors.affiliation: ENT University Hospital Graz, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 26, 8036, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kiesler
authors.affiliation: ENT University Hospital Graz, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 26, 8036, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gugatschka
mesh_terms: D002921:Cicatrix / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005347:Fibroblasts; D006685:Hoarseness / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Laryngeal tissue engineering; Macro-molecular crowding; Vocal fold scar