title: Accurate Dosing of Antiretrovirals at Home Using a Foilized, Polyethylene Pouch to Prevent the Transmission of HIV From Mother to Child.
abstract: Mother-to-child HIV transmission rates remain elevated in countries with high home birth rates. This risk can be dramatically reduced if infants receive antiretroviral (ARV) medication within 24 hours after birth. However, many barriers prevent access to these medications immediately after delivery, for example, there is currently no suitable mechanism to preserve predosed ARVs in the home during the months before birth. In response to this, students of the Duke University developed the Pratt pouch, a foilized polyethylene packet designed to preserve predosed ARVs.This cross-sectional study presents the data from the first clinical trials of the Pratt pouch in Guayaquil, Ecuador.Fourteen HIV-positive mothers and nurses were observed using the pouch to deliver a dose of ARVs to an infant. Weight measurements, time, and notes on spillage were taken at each observation period. Successful usage was quantitatively assessed through the calculation of dosing accuracy based on the volume of liquid medication emptied from the pouch. Additionally, mothers were surveyed after a month of using the device at home to assess their perception of the accuracy, acceptability, and ease of use of the pouch. Used pouches were collected for physical analysis of tearing.Observed users delivered accurate doses (M = 101.1%, standard deviation = 8.2%) in an average time of 2.6 minutes. A total of 2869 used pouches were recovered. No seal failures or failed attempts at opening/delivering the pouches were observed or detected. Forty-three mothers were surveyed. All mothers (100%) reported that they were able to follow their physician's treatment plan, all pouches were received in good condition and the pictorial sheets provided clear instructions.We conclude that the Pratt pouch is a highly accurate and easy-to-use device for delivering liquid oral ARVs to infants and is appropriate for prepackaging ARVs for home use.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (AC, RM), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; and Hospital Gineco-Obstetrico Enrique C Sotamayor (MO), Guayaquil, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Alexa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Choy
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malkin
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004304:Dosage Forms; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006701:Home Nursing; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020959:Polyethylene; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D004304:Dosage Forms; D020959:Polyethylene