title: Ectopic expression of snapdragon transcription factors facilitates the identification of genes encoding enzymes of anthocyanin decoration in tomato.
abstract: Given the potential health benefits of polyphenolic compounds in the diet, there is a growing interest in the generation of food crops enriched with health-protective flavonoids. We undertook a series of metabolite analyses of tomatoes ectopically expressing the Delila and Rosea1 transcription factor genes from snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), paying particular attention to changes in phenylpropanoids compared to controls. These analyses revealed multiple changes, including depletion of rutin and naringenin chalcone, and enhanced levels of anthocyanins and phenylacylated flavonol derivatives. We isolated and characterized the chemical structures of the two most abundant anthocyanins, which were shown by NMR spectroscopy to be delphinidin-3-(4'''-O-trans-p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-O-glucoside and petunidin-3-(4'''-O-trans-p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-O-glucoside. By performing RNA sequencing on both purple fruit and wild-type fruit, we obtained important information concerning the relative expression of both structural and transcription factor genes. Integrative analysis of the transcript and metabolite datasets provided compelling evidence of the nature of all anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, including those encoding species-specific anthocyanin decoration enzymes. One gene, SlFdAT1 (Solyc12g088170), predicted to encode a flavonoid-3-O-rutinoside-4'''-phenylacyltransferase, was characterized by assays of recombinant protein and over-expression assays in tobacco. The combined data are discussed in the context of both our current understanding of phenylpropanoid metabolism in Solanaceous species, and evolution of flavonoid decorating enzymes and their transcriptional networks in various plant species.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tohge
authors.affiliation: John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peterek
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matros
authors.affiliation: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, UK NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Ghanasyam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rallapalli
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
authors.forename: Yudelsy A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Tandrón
authors.affiliation: John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Butelli
authors.affiliation: John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
authors.forename: Kalyani
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kallam
authors.affiliation: German Research Center for Environment and Health, GmbH, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hertkorn
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Mock
authors.affiliation: John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
authors.forename: Cathie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors.forename: Alisdair R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fernie
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: RNA-seq; Solanaceous species; acyltransferase; anthocyanin metabolism; glycosyltransferase; tomato