title: Energy-dense snacks can have the same expected satiation as sugar-containing beverages.
abstract: Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are thought to be problematic for weight management because energy delivered in liquid form may be less effective at suppressing appetite than solid foods. However, little is known about the relative 'expected satiation' (anticipated fullness) of SSBs and solid foods. This is relevant because expected satiation is an important determinant of portion selection and energy intake. Here, we used a method of constant stimuli to assess the expected satiation of test meals that were presented in combination with different caloric and non-caloric beverages (500 ml) (Experiment 1 and 2), as well as with high-energy solid snack foods (Experiment 2). All energy-containing beverages and snack foods were presented in 210 kcal portions. Both experiments found that expected satiation was greater for meals containing caloric versus non-caloric beverages (201.3 ± 17.3 vs. 185.4 ± 14.1 kcal in Experiment 2; p < 0.05). Further, Experiment 2 showed that this difference was greater in participants who were familiar with our test beverages, indicating a role for learning. Notably, we failed to observe a significant difference in expected satiation between any of the caloric beverages and snack foods in Experiment 2 (range: 192.5-205.2 kcal; p = 0.87). This finding suggests that it may be more appropriate to consider beverages and solid foods on the same continuum, recognizing that the expected satiation of some solid foods is as weak as some beverages.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol UK. Electronic address: ashley.martin@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ashley A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol UK.
authors.forename: Liam R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Hamill
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol UK.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol UK.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol UK.
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brunstrom
mesh_terms: D001066:Appetite; D001628:Beverages; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals / Q000523:psychology*; D012527:Satiation; D062410:Snacks / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose
keywords: Expected satiation; Learning; Low energy sweetener; Portion size; Satiety; Sugar sweetened beverages; Texture; Viscosity