title: A standards-based approach to quality improvement for HIV services at Zambia Defence Force facilities: results and lessons learned.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Zambia Defence Force adopted the Standards-Based Management and Recognition approach to improve the quality of the HIV-related services at its health facilities. This quality improvement intervention relies on comprehensive, detailed assessment tools to communicate and verify adherence to national standards of care, and to test and implement changes to improve performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A quasi-experimental evaluation of the intervention was conducted at eight Zambia Defence Force primary health facilities (four facilities implemented the intervention and four did not). Data from three previous analyses are combined to assess the effect of Standards-Based Management and Recognition on three domains: facility readiness to provide services; observed provider performance during antiretroviral therapy (ART) and antenatal care consultations; and provider perceptions of the work environment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Facility readiness scores for ART improved on four of the eight standards at intervention sites, and one standard at comparison sites. Facility readiness scores for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV increased by 15 percentage points at intervention sites and 7 percentage points at comparison sites. Provider performance improved significantly at intervention sites for both ART services (from 58 to 84%; P < 0.01) and PMTCT services (from 58 to 73%; P = 0.003); there was no significant change at comparison sites. Providers' perceptions of the work environment generally improved at intervention sites and declined at comparison sites; differences in trends between study groups were significant for eight items.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A standards-based approach to quality improvement proved effective in supporting healthcare managers and providers to deliver ART and PMTCT services in accordance with evidence-based standards in a health system suffering from staff shortages.
authors.affiliation: aJhpiego/USA, an affiliate of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA bJhpiego/Zambia, an affiliate of Johns Hopkins University, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kols
authors.forename: Young-Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bazant
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Necochea
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Banda
authors.forename: Stacie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stender
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D006078:Government Programs / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D058749:Military Facilities; D015397:Program Evaluation; D058996:Quality Improvement / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D059039:Standard of Care; D000078329:Workforce; D016526:Workload; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents