title: Antiseptic Resistance in Methicillin Sensitive and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Some Major Hospitals, Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extensive use of antibiotics and biocide in treatment of patients and cleaning of surfaces and medical equipment has led to the emergence of resistant microorganisms. The current research goals to determine the antiseptics Minimum Inhibitory Concentration value in Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin -resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus) isolates from some major hospitals in Iran and to detect qacA/B, norA , smr and blaZ genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred isolates of S. aureus including 100 MRSA and 100 MSSA clinical isolates were collected from 4 hospitals in the west of Iran during period 2012 to 2013. Detection of disinfectant resistant genes (qac A/B, smr and norA), antimicrobial resistance genes (mecA and blaZ) and SCCmec typing of MRSA isolates was performed by PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MIC of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) in 70% of MRSA and 30% of MSSA strains was 8-16 µg/ml. High level of MIC of citrimide (>2 µg/ml) in MRSA and MSSA isolates was 20% and 5% , respectively. MIC of benzalkonium chloride (BC) in 80% of MRSA and 83% of MSSA isolates was less than 2 µg/ml; only 9% of MRSA had MIC higher than 2 µg/ml. Frequency of antiseptic and antibiotic resistance genes norA, blaZ and qacA/B in MRSA isolates were 83%, 98% and 9%, respectively; while this value for MSSA isolates were 62%, 8% and 0%, respectively. The smr gene was not detected in both MRSA and MSSA isolates. In all biocides high MIC were observed in SCCmec type III and IVc. High frequency of qacA/B gene was found in SCCmec type III,Vc and IVb, which were 66.6% ,22% and 11.1% respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found SCCmec types III, Vc was related to high MIC of biocide in MRSA isolates.
authors.forename: Azar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hasanvand
authors.forename: Sobhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghafourian
authors.forename: Morovat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taherikalani
authors.forename: Farid A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Jalilian
authors.forename: Nourkhoda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sadeghifard
authors.affiliation: Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam/ Iran, I.R. pakzad_i2006@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Iraj
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pakzad
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017920:Antiporters / Q000235:genetics; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D006761:Hospitals; D007492:Iran; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D046915:Penicillin-Binding Proteins; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D017920:Antiporters; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D046915:Penicillin-Binding Proteins; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C099272:QacB protein, Staphylococcus aureus; C487789:mecA protein, Staphylococcus aureus; C521590:small multidrug-resistance pump, Staphylococcus aureus; C075040:NorA protein, Staphylococcus; C068498:qacA protein, Staphylococcus aureus