title: Development of Prediction Models for the Reactivity of Organic Compounds with Ozone in Aqueous Solution by Quantum Chemical Calculations: The Role of Delocalized and Localized Molecular Orbitals.
abstract: Second-order rate constants (kO3) for the reaction of ozone with micropollutants are essential parameters for the assessment of micropollutant elimination efficiency during ozonation in water and wastewater treatment. Prediction models for kO3 were developed for aromatic compounds, olefins, and amines by quantum chemical molecular orbital calculations employing ab initio Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (B3LYP) methods. The kO3 values for aromatic compounds correlated well with the energy of a delocalized molecular orbital first appearing on an aromatic ring (i.e., the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) or HOMO-n (n ≥ 0) when the HOMO is not located on the aromatic ring); the number of compounds tested (N) was 112, and the correlation coefficient (R(2)) values were 0.82-1.00. The kO3 values for olefins and amines correlated well with the energy of a localized molecular orbital (i.e., the natural bond orbital (NBO)) energy of the carbon-carbon π bond of olefins (N = 45, R(2) values of 0.82-0.85) and the NBO energy of the nitrogen lone-pair electrons of amines (N = 59, R(2) values of 0.81-0.83), respectively. Considering the performance of the kO3 prediction model and the computational costs, the HF/6-31G method is recommended for all aromatic groups and olefins investigated herein, whereas the HF/MIDI!, HF/6-31G*, or HF/6-311++G** methods are recommended for amines. Based on their mean absolute errors, the above models could predict kO3 within a factor of 4, on average, relative to the experimentally determined values. Overall, good correlations were also observed (R(2) values of 0.77-0.96) between kO3 predictions by quantum molecular orbital descriptors in this study and by the Hammett (σ) and Taft (σ*) constants from previously developed quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models. Hence, the quantum molecular orbital descriptors are an alternative to σ and σ*-values in QSAR applications and can also be utilized to estimate unknown σ or σ*-values.  .
authors.affiliation: †School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Minju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: †School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Saskia G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Zimmermann-Steffens
authors.affiliation: †School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.|‡Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J Samuel
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Arey
authors.affiliation: ‡Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland.|§Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fenner
authors.affiliation: †School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.|‡Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland.|§Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: von Gunten
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000737:chemistry; D004583:Electrons; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry*; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry*; D021281:Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; D011789:Quantum Theory; D012996:Solutions; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012996:Solutions; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D010126:Ozone