title: Cumulative Effects of Multiple Forms of Violence and Abuse on Women.
abstract: Little is known about how patterns of workplace bullying contribute to the negative effects of lifetime violence. Analysis of longitudinal data from a study of women's health after separating from an abusive partner revealed that 76% of 229 women had experienced workplace bullying. Workplace bullying was associated with child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, and ongoing partner abuse. Timing was critical, with those experiencing past workplace bullying having poorer health and fewer personal and social resources than those experiencing none, ongoing, or past and ongoing bullying. Lifetime sexual harassment (54%) was associated with higher posttraumatic stress disorder symptomology and greater likelihood of leaving workplaces and physical bullying (16%) with poorer health and personal, social, and economic resources. These findings highlight the importance of including bullying in studying lifetime violence.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: MacIntosh
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wuest
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ford-Gilboe
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Varcoe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018585:Battered Women / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D058445:Bullying / Q000523:psychology*; D015984:Causality; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016387:Women's Health; D017132:Workplace; D055815:Young Adult