title: Increasing signal intensity within the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus on unenhanced T1W magnetic resonance images in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: correlation with cumulative dose of a macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent, gadobutrol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate correlation between cumulative dose of gadobutrol and signal intensity (SI) within dentate nucleus and globus pallidus on unenhanced T1-weighted images in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Dentate nucleus-to-pons and globus pallidus-to-thalamus SI ratios, and renal and liver functions, were evaluated after multiple intravenous administrations of 0.1 mmol/kg gadobutrol at 27, 96-98, and 168 weeks. We compared SI ratios based on the number of administrations, total amount of gadobutrol administered, and time between injections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Globus pallidus-to-thalamus (p = 0.025) and dentate nucleus-to-pons (p < 0.001) SI ratios increased after multiple gadobutrol administrations, correlated with the number of administrations (ρ = 0.263, p = 0.046, respectively) and depended on the length of administration (p = 0.017, p = 0.037, respectively). Patients receiving gadobutrol at 27 weeks showed the greatest increase in both SI ratios (p = 0.006; p = 0.014, respectively, versus 96-98 weeks). GGT increased at the end of the study (p = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with RRMS, SI within the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus increased on unenhanced T1-weighted images after multiple gadobutrol injections. Administration of the same total amount of gadobutrol over a shorter period caused greater SI increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gadolinium deposition may occur within the human brain after multiple gadolinium contrast administrations. Increasing T1W signal intensity occurs within the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus. Increasing signal intensity may be a consequence of multiple administrations of gadobutrol. Administration of gadobutrol over a shorter period causes greater signal intensity increase.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia, Bul. Dr. Z. Djindjica 82. drstojanov@gmail.com.|Center for Radiology, Clinical Center Nis, Nis, Serbia, Bul. Dr. Z. Djindjica 48. drstojanov@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dragan A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Stojanov
authors.affiliation: Center for Radiology, Clinical Center Nis, Nis, Serbia, Bul. Dr. Z. Djindjica 48. aaracki@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aracki-Trenkic
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia, Bul. Dr. Z. Djindjica 82. boban2@eunet.rs.|Clinic for Neurology, Clinical Center Nis, Nis, Serbia, Bul. Dr. Z. Djindjica 48. boban2@eunet.rs.
authors.forename: Slobodan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vojinovic
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia, Bul. Dr. Z. Djindjica 82. stojanovd@ptt.rs.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benedeto-Stojanov
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia, Bul. Dr. Z. Djindjica 82. srljub@gmail.com.|Clinic for Neurology, Clinical Center Nis, Nis, Serbia, Bul. Dr. Z. Djindjica 48. srljub@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Srdjan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ljubisavljevic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D002529:Cerebellar Nuclei / Q000473:pathology*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000473:pathology*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013788:Thalamus / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C090600:gadobutrol
keywords: Contrast media; Dentate nucleus; Gadolinium deposition; Globus pallidus; Magnetic resonance imaging