title: Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation influences biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in overweight and vitamin D-deficient women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to determine the effects of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory factors and biomarkers of oxidative stress among overweight vitamin D-deficient women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed among 104 overweight vitamin D-deficient women diagnosed with PCOS aged 18-40 years. Participants were randomly divided into four groups. Group A received 1000 mg calcium daily and vitamin D placebo weekly (N = 26), group B 50000 IU vitamin D weekly and calcium placebo daily (N = 26), group C 1000 mg calcium daily plus 50000 IU vitamin D weekly (N = 26) and group D calcium placebo daily plus vitamin D placebo weekly (N = 26) for 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and 8 weeks after intervention to measure inflammatory factors and biomarkers of oxidative stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 8 weeks, individuals taking calcium plus vitamin D supplements had greater decreases in homoeostatic model assessment beta-cell function (HOMA-B) score (-11·1 vs -8·6, -3·4 and 13·7, respectively, P = 0·03), serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (-948·3 vs 802·3, -383·8 and 618·2 ng/ml, respectively, P = 0·04) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (-0·6 vs -0·5, -0·1 and 0·6 μmol/l, respectively, P = 0·009), and significant increases in plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (35·2 vs 21·1, 22·5 and -153·8 mmol/l, respectively, P = 0·006) and glutathione (GSH) levels (216·0 vs 3·9, -47·5 and -160·8 μmol/l, respectively, P = 0·001) compared with calcium alone, vitamin D alone and placebo groups. Calcium plus vitamin D cosupplementation did not influence plasma NO and catalase levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that calcium plus vitamin D cosupplementation for 8 weeks among overweight and vitamin D-deficient women with PCOS had beneficial effects on inflammatory factor and biomarkers of oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Foroozanfard
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jamilian
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
authors.forename: Fereshteh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bahmani
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
authors.forename: Rezvan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Talaee
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
authors.forename: Naeeme
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Talaee
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
authors.forename: Teibeh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
authors.forename: Khadijeh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nasri
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
authors.forename: Zatollah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Asemi
authors.affiliation: Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.|Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esmaillzadeh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D014807:Vitamin D; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D005978:Glutathione; D002118:Calcium