title: Accurately decoding visual information from fMRI data obtained in a realistic virtual environment.
abstract: Three-dimensional interactive virtual environments (VEs) are a powerful tool for brain-imaging based cognitive neuroscience that are presently under-utilized. This paper presents machine-learning based methods for identifying brain states induced by realistic VEs with improved accuracy as well as the capability for mapping their spatial topography on the neocortex. VEs provide the ability to study the brain under conditions closer to the environment in which humans evolved, and thus to probe deeper into the complexities of human cognition. As a test case, we designed a stimulus to reflect a military combat situation in the Middle East, motivated by the potential of using real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Each subject experienced moving through the virtual town where they encountered 1-6 animated combatants at different locations, while fMRI data was collected. To analyze the data from what is, compared to most studies, more complex and less controlled stimuli, we employed statistical machine learning in the form of Multi-Voxel Pattern Analysis (MVPA) with special attention given to artificial Neural Networks (NN). Extensions to NN that exploit the block structure of the stimulus were developed to improve the accuracy of the classification, achieving performances from 58 to 93% (chance was 16.7%) with six subjects. This demonstrates that MVPA can decode a complex cognitive state, viewing a number of characters, in a dynamic virtual environment. To better understand the source of this information in the brain, a novel form of sensitivity analysis was developed to use NN to quantify the degree to which each voxel contributed to classification. Compared with maps produced by general linear models and the searchlight approach, these sensitivity maps revealed a more diverse pattern of information relevant to the classification of cognitive state.
authors.affiliation: Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Floren
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Naylor
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miikkulainen
authors.affiliation: Human Neuroimaging Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ress
keywords: fMRI BOLD; human vision; machine learning; natural stimuli; virtual environments