title: Flare frequency, healthcare resource utilisation and costs among patients with gout in a managed care setting: a retrospective medical claims-based analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For most gout patients, excruciatingly painful gout attacks are the major clinical burden of the disease. The goal of this study was to assess the association of frequent gout flares with healthcare burden, and to quantify how much lower gout-related costs and resource use are for those with infrequent flares compared to frequent gout flares.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Administrative claims data from a large US health plan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients aged 18 years or above, and with evidence of gout based on medical and pharmacy claims between January 2009 and April 2012 were eligible for inclusion. Patient characteristics were assessed during a 12-month baseline period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frequency of gout flares, healthcare costs and resource utilisation were assessed in the 12 months following the first qualifying gout claim. Generalised linear models were employed to assess the impact of flare frequency on cost outcomes after adjusting for covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  102,703 patients with gout met study inclusion criteria; 89,201 had 0-1 gout flares, 9714 had 2 flares, and 3788 had 3+ flares. Average counts of gout-related inpatient stays, emergency room visits and ambulatory visits were higher among patients with 2 or 3+ flares, compared to those with 0-1 flares (all p<0.001). Adjusted annual gout-related costs were $1804, $3014 and $4363 in those with 0-1, 2 and 3+ gout flares, respectively (p<0.001 comparing 0-1 flares to 2 or 3+ flares).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gout-related costs and resource use were lower for those with infrequent flares, suggesting significant cost benefit to a gout management plan that has a goal of reducing flare frequency.
authors.affiliation: Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Inc, Deerfield, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Inc, Deerfield, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shiozawa
authors.affiliation: Optum, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Erin K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Buysman
authors.affiliation: Optum, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Aylin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Altan
authors.affiliation: Optum, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korrer
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Hyon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006073:Gout / Q000628:therapy*; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: costs; flares; gout; managed care; resource use