title: Folate and Vitamin B12 Status in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Update.
abstract: Background: The current magnitude of folate and vitamin B12 deficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean is uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarize data on plasma or serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations in Latin America and the Caribbean reported since 1990, a period that covers the era before and after the introduction of folic acid fortification.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review was conducted in 2012 and updated in 2014. Studies and surveys using biochemical biomarkers and conducted in apparently healthy individuals were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Folate deficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean appears not to be a public health problem (prevalence < 5%) after the introduction of folic acid fortification. However, there is some indication that high rates of low or marginal vitamin B12 status remain in most locations and across population groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adding vitamin B12 as a fortificant with folic acid may be the best strategy in areas where vitamin B12 deficiency is an established concern.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.forename: Maria F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mujica-Coopman
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: López de Romaña
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cori
authors.forename: Lindsay H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D005494:Folic Acid Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011247:Pregnancy; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood; D014806:Vitamin B 12 Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12