title: Relevance of Whitnall's tubercle and auditory meatus in diagnosing exclusions during skull-photo superimposition.
abstract: Video vision mixer based skull-photo superimposition is a popular method for identifying skulls retrieved from unidentified human remains. A report on the reliability of the superimposition method suggested increased failure rates of 17.3 to 32% to exclude and 15 to 20% to include skulls while using related and unrelated face photographs. Such raise in failures prompted an analysis of the methods employed for the research. The protocols adopted for assessing the reliability are seen to vary from those suggested by the practitioners in the field. The former include overlaying the skull- and face-images on the basis of morphology by relying on anthropometric landmarks on the front plane of the face-images and evaluating the goodness of match depending on mix-mode images; the latter consist of orienting the skull considering landmarks on both the eye and ear planes of the face- and skull-images and evaluating the match utilizing images seen in wipe-mode in addition to those in mix-mode. Superimposition of a skull with face-images of five living individuals in two sets of experiments, one following the procedure described for the research on reliability and the other applying the methods suggested by the practitioners has shown that overlaying the images on the basis of morphology depending on the landmarks on the front plane alone and assessing the match in mix-mode fails to exclude the skull. However, orienting the skull relying on the relationship between the anatomical landmarks on the skull- and face-images such as Whitnall's tubercle and exocanthus in the front (eye) plane and the porion and tragus in the rear (ear) plane as well as assessing the match using wipe-mode images enables excluding that skull while superimposing with the same set of face-images.
authors.affiliation: Forensic Science Program, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia. Electronic address: ptjaya@usm.my.
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Jayaprakash
authors.affiliation: Forensic Science, Chemistry Department of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Natassha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.affiliation: Forensic Science, Chemistry Department of Malaysia, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ridzuan Abd Aziz Mohd
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yusop
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D004424:Ear Canal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D010781:Photography; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D055815:Young Adult; D015050:Zygoma / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: Efficiency of exclusion; Forensic anthropology; Forensic anthropology population data; Reliability in identification; Skull-photo superimposition; Whitnall's tubercle and auditory meatus