title: Clinical color vision testing and correlation with visual function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if Hardy-Rand-Rittler (H-R-R) and Ishihara testing are accurate estimates of color vision in subjects with acquired visual dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessment of diagnostic tools.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two subjects with optic neuropathy (aged 18-65) and 18 control subjects were recruited prospectively from an outpatient clinic. Individuals with visual acuity (VA) <20/200 or with congenital color blindness were excluded. All subjects underwent a comprehensive eye examination including VA, color vision, and contrast sensitivity testing. Color vision was assessed using H-R-R and Ishihara plates and Farnsworth D-15 (D-15) discs. D-15 is the accepted standard for detecting and classifying color vision deficits. Contrast sensitivity was measured using Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity charts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No relationship was found between H-R-R and D-15 scores (P = .477). H-R-R score and contrast sensitivity were positively correlated (P = .003). On multivariate analysis, contrast sensitivity (β = 8.61, P < .001) and VA (β = 2.01, P = .022) both showed association with H-R-R scores. Similar to H-R-R, Ishihara score did not correlate with D-15 score (P = .973), but on multivariate analysis was related to contrast sensitivity (β = 8.69, P < .001). H-R-R and Ishihara scores had an equivalent relationship with contrast sensitivity (P = .069).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither H-R-R nor Ishihara testing appears to assess color identification in patients with optic neuropathy. Both H-R-R and Ishihara testing are correlated with contrast sensitivity, and these tests may be useful clinical surrogates for contrast sensitivity testing.
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Jiawei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Sarita B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Davé
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Jiangxia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Electronic address: prem.subramanian@ucdenver.edu.
authors.forename: Prem S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Subramanian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003119:Color Perception Tests; D055253:Color Vision / Q000502:physiology*; D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult