title: Temperature dependence of acoustic harmonics generated by nonlinear ultrasound beam propagation in ex vivo tissue and tissue-mimicking phantoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyperthermia is a cancer treatment technique that could be delivered as a stand-alone modality or in conjunction with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Noninvasive and real-time temperature monitoring of the heated tissue improves the efficacy and safety of the treatment. A temperature-sensitive acoustic parameter is required for ultrasound-based thermometry. In this paper the amplitude and the energy of the acoustic harmonics of the ultrasound backscattered signal are proposed as suitable parameters for noninvasive ultrasound thermometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  A commercial high frequency ultrasound imaging system was used to generate and detect acoustic harmonics in tissue-mimicking gel phantoms and ex vivo bovine muscle tissues. The pressure amplitude and the energy content of the backscattered fundamental frequency (p1 and E1), the second (p2 and E2) and the third (p3 and E3) harmonics were detected in pulse-echo mode. Temperature was increased from 26° to 46 °C uniformly through both samples. The amplitude and the energy content of the harmonics and their ratio were measured and analysed as a function of temperature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average p1, p2 and p3 increased by 69%, 100% and 283%, respectively as the temperature was elevated from 26° to 46 °C in tissue samples. In the same experiment the average E1, E2 and E3 increased by 163%, 281% and 2257%, respectively. A similar trend was observed in tissue-mimicking gel phantoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that the harmonics generated due to nonlinear ultrasound beam propagation are highly sensitive to temperature and could potentially be used for noninvasive ultrasound tissue thermometry.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physics , Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street , Toronto , Ontario, M5B 2K3 , Canada.
authors.forename: Borna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maraghechi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physics , Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street , Toronto , Ontario, M5B 2K3 , Canada.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kolios
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physics , Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street , Toronto , Ontario, M5B 2K3 , Canada.
authors.forename: Jahan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tavakkoli
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D009132:Muscles; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013696:Temperature; D062125:Thermometry
keywords: Acoustic harmonics; high frequency ultrasound; noninvasive thermometry