title: Haptoglobin genotype is associated with increased endothelial dysfunction serum markers in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the genotype-driven effect of haptoglobin (Hp) in patients with type 1 diabetes without clinical cardiovascular (CV) disease, considering endothelial dysfunction (ED) and arterial stiffness (AS).
  
  
  METHODS
  About 137 patients with type 1 diabetes (duration ≥ 5 years) and 68 age- and sex-matched controls were evaluated for the following: (i) smoking, alcohol intake, BMI, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c and lipid profile; (ii) microvascular complications; (iii) serum markers of ED (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin); (iv) AS, assessed as aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV); and (v) Hp genotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of the 1/1, 2/1 and 2/2 Hp genotypes was 28.5%, 46.7% and 24.8% in patients with type 1 diabetes and 20.9%, 38.8% and 40.3% in controls, respectively. No differences were found in classical CV risk factors between patients homozygous for allele 2 and the remaining genotypes, both in patients with type 1 diabetes and controls. Patients with type 1 diabetes carrying the Hp2/2 genotype had higher concentrations of ICAM-1 (65.1 (56.7-76.0) ng/mL vs. 59.0 (51.7-69.3) ng/mL; P = 0.033) and sVCAM-1 (1133.1 (884.6-1458.6) ng/mL vs. 956.4 (738.5-1206.1) ng/mL; P = 0.040) than those without it. The Hp2/2 genotype remained independently associated with ED after adjusting for CV risk factors (P = 0.038). No significant differences were found for aPWV between Hp genotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endothelial dysfunction may be influenced by Hp2/2 genotype in patients with type 1 diabetes with independence of classical CV risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Llauradó
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.|Laboratori Clínic ICS Camp de Tarragona-Terres de l'Ebre, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Sabadell, Spain.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Giménez-Palop
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Sabadell, Spain.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cano
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Sabadell, Spain.
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pareja
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, UDIAT, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Sabadell, Spain.
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berlanga Escalera
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Sabadell, Spain.
authors.forename: Montse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Sastre
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vendrell
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.|Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Sabadell, Spain.
authors.forename: José-Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: González-Clemente
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005838:Genotype; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000235:genetics*; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D059289:Vascular Stiffness / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019040:E-Selectin; D006242:Haptoglobins; C546936:SELE protein, human; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1
keywords: Arterial stiffness; endothelial dysfunction; haptoglobin genotype; type 1 diabetes