title: Enhanced red upconversion emission, magnetoluminescent behavior, and bioimaging application of NaSc0.75Er0.02Yb0.18Gd0.05F4@AuNPs nanoparticles.
abstract: The present study reports significant enhancement in the red upconversion emission of Er(3+) in NaSc0.8Er0.02Yb0.18F4 upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), via a two step process, (i) codoping of Gd(3+) ion at Sc(3+) site and (ii) attaching gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) at the surface of these codoped nanostructures, and further probes the use of these Gd:UCNPs@AuNPs for bioimaging application. The Gd(3+) codoping tailors the particle size (reduces) of UCNPs and bring out Er(3+)-Yb(3+) ion pair in close proximity, which promotes the cross relaxation mechanism and boosts the population in red emitting level (4)F9/2. Further, attachment of AuNPs on the surface of UCNPs gives 2-fold advantages, that is, reduction in green band (through resonance energy transfer with efficiency 31.54%) and enhancement in red band (through plasmonic effect). It gives red to green (R/G) ratio nearly 20:1 (almost single band red UC), which is quite promising for imaging application. In addition to this, codoping of Gd(3+) enhances the magnetic moment appreciably and the obtained magnetic moment for NaSc0.75Er0.02Yb0.18Gd0.05F4 UCNPs (∼1.7 emu/g) is close to the reported values for bioseparation in case of NPs. This shows the potential of the material for multimodal (optical and magnetic both) imaging application. These magnetoluminescence particles were found safe up to 1 mg/mL dose as assessed by cytotoxicity measurement in human cervical cancer (HeLa) and lung cancer (A549) cells. Ultrafine nanoparticles, transparent, and stable colloidal solution and the unique red UC emission endow these NPs as optical probe for imaging applications.
authors.affiliation: †Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: ‡Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sunil Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: §Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, México.
authors.forename: Akhilesh Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: ⊥Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Ritika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.affiliation: ⊥Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Biplob
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.affiliation: †Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Kavita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: †Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Shyam Bahadur
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Rai
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000737:chemistry*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D049449:Luminescence; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D015018:Ytterbium / Q000737:chemistry*; D015019:Yttrium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015019:Yttrium; D006046:Gold; D005682:Gadolinium; D015018:Ytterbium
keywords: lanthanide; nanoparticles; optical imaging; paramagnetism; upconversion