title: Harnessing the Microbiome to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy.
abstract: The microbiota plays a key role in regulating the innate and adaptive immune system. Herein, we review the immunological aspects of the microbiota in tumor immunity in mice and man, with a focus on toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, vaccines, checkpoint modulators, chemotherapy, and adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) therapies. We propose innovative treatments that may safely harness the microbiota to enhance T cell-based therapies in cancer patients. Finally, we highlight recent developments in tumor immunotherapy, particularly novel ways to modulate the microbiome and memory T cell responses to human malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA ; Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Marshall A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Diven
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA ; Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Logan W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Huff
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA ; Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Chrystal M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Paulos
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000276:immunology; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D056747:Immunomodulation; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D008212:Lymphocyte Depletion; D064307:Microbiota / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D016207:Cytokines; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors