title: Default mode network maturation and psychopathology in children and adolescents.
abstract: The human default mode (DMN) is involved in a wide array of mental disorders. Current knowledge suggests that mental health disorders may reflect deviant trajectories of brain maturation.
  
  
  
  We studied 654 children using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans under a resting-state protocol. A machine-learning method was used to obtain age predictions of children based on the average coefficient of fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFFs) of the DMN, a measure of spontaneous local activity. The chronological ages of the children and fALFF measures from regions of this network, the response and predictor variables were considered respectively in a Gaussian Process Regression. Subsequently, we computed a network maturation status index for each subject (actual age minus predicted). We then evaluated the association between this maturation index and psychopathology scores on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).
  
  
  
  Our hypothesis was that the maturation status of the DMN would be negatively associated with psychopathology. Consistent with previous studies, fALFF significantly predicted the age of participants (p < .001). Furthermore, as expected, we found an association between the DMN maturation status (precocious vs. delayed) and general psychopathology scores (p = .011).
  
  
  
  Our findings suggest that child psychopathology seems to be associated with delayed maturation of the DMN. This delay in the neurodevelopmental trajectory may offer interesting insights into the pathophysiology of mental health disorders.
authors.affiliation: Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil.|Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.|National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Ricardo
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giovanni Abrahão
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Salum
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.|National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ary
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gadelha
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.|Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Faculties of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, P. Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Crossley
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.|Bioinformatics Program, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gilson
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gisele Gus
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Manfro
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.|National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zugman
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Felipe Almeida
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Picon
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.|National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro Mario
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.|National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo Queiroz
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Hoexter
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anés
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.|National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana Monteiro
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Moura
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.|National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco Antonio Gomes
authors.initials: MAG
authors.lastname: Del'Aquilla
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amaro
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.|National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Acioly Luiz Tavares
authors.initials: ALT
authors.lastname: Lacerda
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis Augusto
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Euripedes Constantino
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Miguel
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.|National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andrea Parolin
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Jackowski
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.|National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Affonseca
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bressan
keywords: 
  MVPA
  ; Neurodevelopment; default mode network; neuroimaging; psychopathology