title: Does visualisation during urethrocystoscopy provide pain relief? Results of an observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To measure the effects of real-time visualisation during urethrocystoscopy on pain in patients who underwent ambulatory urethrocystoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study was designed. From June 2012 to June 2013 patients who had ambulatory urethrocystoscopy participated in the study. In order to measure pain perception we used a numeric rating scale (NRS) 0 to 10. Additional data was collected including gender, reason for intervention, use of a rigid or a flexible instrument and whether the patient had had urethrocystoscopy before.
  
  
  RESULTS
  185 patients were evaluated. 125 patients preferred to watch their urethrocystoscopy on a real-time video screen, 60 patients did not. There was no statistically relevant difference in pain perception between those patients who watched their urethrocystoscopy on a real-time video screen and those who did not (p = 0.063). However, men who were allowed to watch their flexible urethrocystoscopy experienced significantly less pain, than those who did not (p = 0.007). No such effects could be measured for rigid urethrocystoscopy (p = 0.317). Furthermore, women experienced significantly higher levels of pain during the urethrocystoscopy than men (p = 0.032).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visualisation during urethrocystoscopy procedures in general does not significantly decrease pain in patients. Nevertheless, men who undergo flexible urethrocystoscopy should be offered to watch their procedure in real-time on a video screen. To make urethrocystoscopy less painful for both genders, especially for women, should be subject to further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University hospital Marburg, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany. Koenigj4@students.uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University hospital Marburg, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany. sevinc@med.uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sevinc
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University hospital Marburg, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany. frohme@med.uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frohme
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University hospital Marburg, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany. heers@med.uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heers
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University hospital Marburg, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany. rainer.hofmann@med.uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University hospital Marburg, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany. hegele@med.uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hegele
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D056228:Feedback, Sensory; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult