title: [Epidemics on the sea: migrants journeys in the nineteenth century].
abstract: In the nineteenth century travelling by ship became faster due to the introduction of the steam engine. Population growth, economic crises and food shortages forced millions of Italians to consider migration towards the Americas as a real opportunity. Travel conditions on ships and steamers were particularly difficult. People were crammed into dormitories where ventilation was poor, food was insufficient, hygiene was appalling and promiscuity was rife. Under such conditions, epidemics of cholera, typhus and measles were all too likely to develop, but mycobacterium tuberculosis also proliferated. The health authorities attempted to block the spread of epidemics by means of either health licenses - papers certifying good health of the crew and passengers, which had to be exhibited on arrival - or quarantine, involving the ship and all its contents, if infectious diseases were detected or suspicious deaths occurred during the ship's voyage. In this article the particularly unfortunate stories of Italian immigrants, who boarded ships and steamers, are reported. In the second half of the nineteenth century, but also in the first decades of the twentieth, millions of Italians whose aim was to reach the Americas paid a very high price. Italy did not provide acceptable living conditions for millions of farmers and town-dwellers, and migration in search of work was in many cases the only solution. Although many during their sea voyages became ill or died of starvation or infectious diseases, migration, supported by hope, continued.
authors.affiliation: U.O. di Malattie Infettive, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabbatani
mesh_terms: D002771:Cholera / Q000266:history; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000266:history*; D058872:Epidemics / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008457:Measles / Q000266:history; D010151:Paintings / Q000266:history*; D011790:Quarantine / Q000266:history; D012767:Ships / Q000266:history*; D014195:Travel / Q000266:history*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000266:history; D014438:Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne / Q000266:history; D014481:United States