title: Children and youth with 'unspecified injury to the head': implications for traumatic brain injury research and surveillance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The case definition for traumatic brain injury (TBI) often includes 'unspecified injury to the head' diagnostic codes. However, research has shown that the inclusion of these codes leads to false positives. As such, it is important to determine the degree to which inclusion of these codes affect the overall numbers and profiles of the TBI population. The objective of this paper was to profile and compare the demographic and clinical characteristics, intention and mechanism of injury, and discharge disposition of hospitalized children and youth aged 19 years and under using (1) an inclusive TBI case definition that included 'unspecified injury to the head' diagnostic codes, (2) a restricted TBI case definition that excluded 'unspecified injury to the head 'diagnostic codes, and (3) the 'unspecified injury to the head' only case definition.
  
  
  METHODS
  The National Ambulatory Care Reporting System and the Discharge Abstract Database from Ontario, Canada, were used to identify cases between fiscal years 2003/04 and 2009/10.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of TBI episodes of care using the inclusive case definition for TBI (2,667.2 per 100,000) was 1.65 times higher than that of the restricted case definition (1,613.3 per 100,000). 'Unspecified injury to the head' diagnostic codes made up of 39.5 % of all cases identified with the inclusive case definition. Exclusion of 'unspecified injury to the head' diagnostic code in the TBI case definition resulted in a significantly higher proportion of patients in the intensive care units (p < .0001; 18.5 % vs. 22.2 %) and discharged to a non-home setting (p < .0001; 9.9 % vs. 11.6 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inclusion of 'unspecified injury to the head' diagnostic codes resulted in significant changes in numbers, healthcare use, and causes of TBI. Careful consideration of the inclusion of 'unspecified injury to the head' diagnostic codes in the case definition of TBI for the children and youth population is important, as it has implications for the numbers used for policy, resource allocation, prevention, and planning of healthcare services. This paper can inform future work on reaching consensus on the diagnostic codes for defining TBI in children and youth.
authors.affiliation: Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ; Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario, Toronto, ON Canada.
authors.forename: Vincy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario, Toronto, ON Canada ; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada.
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pole
authors.affiliation: Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colantonio
keywords: International classification of diseases version 10; Pediatrics; Traumatic brain injury