title: Xanthones from the Leaves of Garcinia cowa Induce Cell Cycle Arrest, Apoptosis, and Autophagy in Cancer Cells.
abstract: Two new xanthones, cowaxanthones G (1) and H (2), and 23 known analogues were isolated from an acetone extract of the leaves of Garcinia cowa. The isolated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines and immortalized HL7702 normal liver cells, whereby compounds 1, 5, 8, and 15-17 exhibited significant cytotoxicity. Cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry showed that 5 induced cell cycle arrest at the S phase in a dose-dependent manner, 1 and 16 at the G2/M phase, and 17 at the G1 phase, while 16 and 17 induced apoptosis. Moreover, autophagy analysis by GFP-LC3 puncta formation and western blotting suggested that 17 induced autophagy. Taken together, our results suggest that these xanthones possess anticancer activities targeting cell cycle, apoptosis, and autophagy signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. xzx5380537@163.com.|Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China. xzx5380537@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhengxiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. zhnjau19851010@163.com.|Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China. zhnjau19851010@163.com.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. xdq726@126.com.|Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China. xdq726@126.com.
authors.forename: Danqing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. laurence_ylao@163.com.|Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China. laurence_ylao@163.com.
authors.forename: Yuanzhi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lao
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. fu_wenwei@163.com.|Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China. fu_wenwei@163.com.
authors.forename: Wenwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. ths97029@163.com.|Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China. ths97029@163.com.
authors.forename: Hongsheng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100 Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing 210028, China. njpcao@126.com.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Resource Discovery, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhong-shan Road, Dalian 116023, China. yling@dicp.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. xuhongxi88@gmail.com.|Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China. xuhongxi88@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hongxi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D029760:Garcinia / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D044004:Xanthones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D044004:Xanthones
keywords: Garcinia cowa; apoptosis; autophagy; cell cycle arrest; cytotoxicity; xanthone