title: Collapsed fat navigators for brain 3D rigid body motion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To acquire high-resolution 3D multi-slab echo planar imaging data without motion artifacts, using collapsed fat navigators.
  
  
  METHODS
  A fat navigator module (collapsed FatNav) was added to a diffusion-weighted 3D multi-slab echo planar imaging (DW 3D-MS EPI) sequence, comprising three orthogonal echo planar imaging readouts to track rigid body head motion in the image domain and performing prospective motion correction. The stability, resolution and accuracy of the navigator were investigated on phantoms and healthy volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experiments on phantoms and volunteers show that the navigator, depicting projections of the subcutaneous fat in of the head, is capable of correcting for head motion with insignificant bias compared to motion estimates derived from the water-signaling DWI images. Despite that this projection technique implies a non-sparse image appearance, collapsed FatNav data could be highly accelerated with parallel imaging, allowing three orthogonal 2D EPI readouts in about 6ms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By utilizing signal from the leading fat saturation RF pulse of the diffusion sequence, only the readout portion of the navigator needs to be added, resulting in a scan time penalty of only about 5%. Motion can be detected and corrected for with a 5-10Hz update frequency when combined with a sequence like the DW 3D-MS EPI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; EMEA Research and Collaboration, GE Applies Science Laboratory, GE Healthcare, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: mathias.engstrom@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engström
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; EMEA Research and Collaboration, GE Applies Science Laboratory, GE Healthcare, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mårtensson
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; EMEA Research and Collaboration, GE Applies Science Laboratory, GE Healthcare, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Avventi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; EMEA Research and Collaboration, GE Applies Science Laboratory, GE Healthcare, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Norbeck
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; EMEA Research and Collaboration, GE Applies Science Laboratory, GE Healthcare, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skare
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D009038:Motion; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Chemical saturation; Fat navigator; Motion correction; Prospective correction