title: High Rates of Depression and Depressive Symptoms among Men Referred for Borderline Testosterone Levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Men referred for borderline testosterone levels represent an increasingly common clinical scenario, yet there is little literature on this population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that men referred for borderline testosterone levels would have higher rates of depression and depressive symptoms than the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects included 200 adult men (mean age of 48 years old) referred for borderline total testosterone levels between 200 and 350 ng/dL (6.9-12 nmol/L). Collected data included demographic information, medical histories, medication use, signs and symptoms of hypogonadism, and assessments of depressive symptoms and/or a known diagnosis of depression or use of an antidepressant.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcome measure was a combination of known depression, current use of an antidepressant, and/or depressive symptoms according to the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) with scores ≥10 considered positive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depression and/or depressive symptoms were present in 56% of the subjects. This rate was significantly higher than rates of 6-23% (PHQ-9 scores ≥10) seen in general populations. Antidepressant use was 25%. The population was notable for high rates of overweight/obesity and physical inactivity. Common symptoms were erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, fewer AM erections, low energy, and sleep disturbances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While sexual and nonspecific symptoms (i.e., fatigue) likely prompted measurements of testosterone in this selected population, clinicians should recognize the high rates of depression and depressive symptoms in men referred for borderline testosterone levels. Clinicians should consider screening for depression/depressive symptoms and overweight and unhealthy lifestyle risk factors in men referred for tertiary care for potential hypogonadism.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Westley
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty Associates, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Amdur
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty Associates, Washington, DC, USA.|Center for Andrology and Division of Endocrinology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Irwig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D007989:Libido; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010410:Penile Erection / Q000523:psychology*; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone
keywords: Depression; Erectile Dysfunction; Libido; Obesity; Testosterone