title: Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Differently Modulate Colonic Goblet Cells In Vitro and in Rat Pups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-fat diets induce intestinal barrier alterations and promote intestinal diseases. Little is known about the effects of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) on mucin 2 (MUC2) production by goblet cells, which are crucial for intestinal protection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effects of LCFAs on the differentiation of colonic goblet cells, MUC2 expression, and colonic barrier function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Upon reaching confluence, human colonic mucus-secreting HT29-MTX cells were stimulated (21 d) with a saturated LCFA (palmitic or stearic acid), a monounsaturated LCFA (oleic acid), or a polyunsaturated LCFA (linoleic, γ-linolenic, α-linolenic, or eicosapentaenoic acid). In addition, rat pups underwent oral administration of oil (palm, rapeseed, or sunflower oil) or water (10 μL/g body weight, postnatal days 10-15). Subsequently, colon goblet cells were studied by Western blotting, reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry and colonic transmucosal electrical resistance was measured by using Ussing chambers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, palmitic acid enhanced MUC2 production (140% of control) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α expression, whereas oleic, linoleic, γ-linolenic, α-linolenic, and eicosapentaenoic acids reduced MUC2 expression (at least -50% of control). All unsaturated LCFAs decreased the expression of human atonal homolog 1, a transcription factor controlling goblet cell differentiation (at least -31% vs. control). In vivo, rats fed palm oil had higher palmitic acid concentrations (3-fold) in their colonic contents and increased mucus granule surfaces in their goblet cells (>2-fold) than did all other groups. Palm oil also increased colonic transmucosal electrical resistance (245% of control), yet had no effect on occludin and zonula occludens-1 expression. In contrast, sunflower and rapeseed oils decreased goblet cell number when compared with control (at least -10%) and palm oil (at least -14%) groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Palm oil in rat pups and palmitic acid in HT29-MTX cells increase the production of MUC2 and strengthen the intestinal barrier. In contrast, unsaturated LCFAs decrease MUC2 expression. These data should be taken into account in the context of preventive or therapeutic nutritional programs.
authors.affiliation: Lyon University, Villeurbanne, France; National Institute of Applied Sciences-Lyon, Pluridisciplinary Institute of Lipid Biochemistry, Villeurbanne, France;
authors.forename: Bérengère
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Benoit
authors.affiliation: Lyon University, Villeurbanne, France; National Institute of Applied Sciences-Lyon, Pluridisciplinary Institute of Lipid Biochemistry, Villeurbanne, France;
authors.forename: Jérémie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.affiliation: Lyon University, Villeurbanne, France; National Institute of Applied Sciences-Lyon, Pluridisciplinary Institute of Lipid Biochemistry, Villeurbanne, France;
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kayal
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Applied Sciences-Lyon, Pluridisciplinary Institute of Lipid Biochemistry, Villeurbanne, France; National Institute of Agronomic Research, Research Unit 1397, French Institute of Health and Medical Research U1060, Cardiovascular, Metabolism, Diabetology and Nutrition Laboratory, Villeurbanne, France;
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Estienne
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Agronomic Research, Research Unit 1397, French Institute of Health and Medical Research U1060, Cardiovascular, Metabolism, Diabetology and Nutrition Laboratory, Villeurbanne, France; French Institute of Health and Medical Research U1060, Cardiovascular, Metabolism, Diabetology and Nutrition Laboratory, Oullins, France; and.
authors.forename: Cyrille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Debard
authors.affiliation: French Institute of Health and Medical Research U773, Bichat Beaujon Biomedical Research Centre, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ducroc
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Applied Sciences-Lyon, Pluridisciplinary Institute of Lipid Biochemistry, Villeurbanne, France; National Institute of Agronomic Research, Research Unit 1397, French Institute of Health and Medical Research U1060, Cardiovascular, Metabolism, Diabetology and Nutrition Laboratory, Villeurbanne, France; pascale.plaisancie@inserm.fr.
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Plaisancié
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000166:cytology*; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020397:Goblet Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D055271:Mucin 5AC / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055262:Mucin-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; C524625:MUC2 protein, human; C524678:MUC5AC protein, human; D055271:Mucin 5AC; D055262:Mucin-2; D010938:Plant Oils
keywords: HNF4α; MUC2; MUC5AC; dietary lipids; intestinal mucus; palm oil; rapeseed oil; sunflower oil