title: Molecular aspects of renal senescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aging kidney undergoes profound changes that lead to a reduction in stress resistance and impaired repair capacity. In order to improve the outcome of acute and chronic kidney damage, it is instrumental to understand the mechanisms that cause these changes. Cellular senescence has emerged as an important cellular process that contributes to age-associated kidney changes and chronic kidney disease progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  New mechanistic insights into excessive intracellular glucose, advanced glycation end products and endoplasmatic reticulum stress further support the importance of cellular senescence in the development of diabetic nephropathy. As telomere length of leukocytic DNA is increasingly used as a biomarker to estimate senescence in clinical cohort studies, this review also summarizes the literature on telomere length with respect to the kidney and evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of this methodology. Furthermore, novel findings on the relationships among telomeres, senescence and autophagy are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cellular senescence contributes to the decline in renal function during aging and defective regeneration in kidney diseases. Further insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of senescence will establish a basis for preventive strategies that improve renal stress resistance and regenerative capacity.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School bDepartment of Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Susnik
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Melk
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D016922:Cellular Senescence; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases; D012038:Regeneration / Q000235:genetics; D016615:Telomere / Q000378:metabolism