title: Evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant and anti-coagulant properties of Lactuca sativa (CV. Grand Rapids) plant tissues and cell suspension in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lactuca sativa (lettuce) has been traditionally used for relieving pain, inflammation, stomach problems including indigestion and lack of appetite. Moreover, the therapeutic significance of L. sativa includes its anticonvulsant, sedative-hypnotic and antioxidant properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, the MC (methanol and chloroform; 1:1) and aqueous extracts of seed and leaf along with cell suspension exudate were prepared. These extracts were explored for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant and anticoagulant effects by hot plate analgesic assay; carrageenan induced hind paw edema test, forced swimming test and capillary method for blood clotting respectively in a rat model. The results were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Turkey multiple comparison test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interestingly, the extracts and the cell suspension exudate showed dual inhibition by reducing pain and inflammation. The results indicated that the aqueous extracts of leaf exhibited highest analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities followed by leaf MC, cell suspension exudate, seed aqueous and seed MC extracts. The current findings show that aqueous and MC extracts of seed have the least immobility time in the forced swimming test, which could act as an anti-depressant on the central nervous system. The leaf extracts and cell suspension exudate also expressed moderate anti-depressant activities. In anticoagulant assay, the coagulation time of aspirin (positive control) and MC extract of leaf was comparable, suggesting strong anti-coagulant effect. Additionally, no abnormal behavior or lethality was observed in any animal tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, L. sativa can potentially act as a strong herbal drug due to its multiple pharmaceutical effects and is therefore of interest in drug discovery and development of formulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan. hammadismail5@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hammad
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan. bushramirza@qau.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Bushra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mirza
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D018545:Lactuca / Q000737:chemistry*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000925:Anticoagulants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts