title: Glucose metabolism alterations in patients with bipolar disorder.
abstract: Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) are more frequently affected by metabolic syndrome (MetS) than the general population, but the neurobiological correlates underlying such association are still not clarified and few studies in BD have evaluated the role of regulators of lipid and glucose metabolism. The present study was aimed to investigate putative alterations in markers linked to metabolic dysfunctions as C-peptide, Ghrelin, GIP, GLP-1, Glucagon, Insulin, Leptin, PAI-1 (total), Resistin and Visfatin in a sample of BD patients compared to controls. Furthermore, associations between changes of metabolic markers and relevant clinical features, such as severity of symptomatology, number and type of past mood episodes, drug treatments and presence/absence of metabolic alterations (MetS, diabetes and cardiovascular disease) were analyzed. A total of 57 patients with BD and 49 healthy controls were recruited. The main results showed lower serum levels of Glucagon, GLP-1, Ghrelin, and higher levels of GIP in BD patients as compared to controls (p = 0.018 for Ghrelin; p < 0.0001 for Glucagon; p < 0.0001 for GLP-1; p < 0.0001 for GIP). Further, Glucagon and GLP-1 levels were significantly associated with the number of past mood episodes. These findings support the hypothesis that alterations in Glucagon, GLP-1, GIP and Ghrelin might be involved in BD pathogenesis and might represent useful biomarkers for the development of preventive and personalized therapies in this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Clinic, 'San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital' of Orbassano - Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosso
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cattaneo
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zanardini
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gennarelli
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Clinic, 'San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital' of Orbassano - Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maina
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Como, Italy. Electronic address: lbocchio@fatebenefratelli.eu.
authors.forename: Luisella
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bocchio-Chiavetto
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000097:blood; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D052243:Resistin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D052243:Resistin; C051321:SERPINE1 protein, human; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Ghrelin; Glucagon; Incretins; Metabolic syndrome; Serum