title: A Simple Technique for Closing Multiple Muscular and Apical Ventricular Septal Defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are difficult to close. In this report, we describe a simple and safe technique of closing multiple muscular and apical VSDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2010 and December 2013, 52 patients with a muscular VSD either in isolation or in association with other congenital heart disease underwent surgery using this technique in which a black silk thread was passed through the suspected VSD opening into the left ventricle and brought out through the mitral valve and the interatrial septum. Sutures were placed around the silk thread to close the VSD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 52 patients, 34 were male; age ranged from 45 days to 5.5 years. In addition to the large subaortic/lage muscular VSD, three additional VSDs were present in 34 patients, two additional VSDs were present in 13 patients, and five patients had "Swiss Cheese septum." The VSDs were mid-muscular in 35 patients and were apical in 17 patients. Eleven patients had associated complex lesions. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiograms did not reveal any significant residual shunt in any of these patients. There was no step-up on oximetry. There was one hospital death due to sepsis. Follow-up was available in 48 patients; three patients were lost to follow-up. At follow-up, no patient had a residual VSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The biventricular approach through trans-right atrial, trans-interatrial septum using a thread through the hole method for closing multiple muscular VSD is effective with no persistent residual defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sachin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Talwar
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Amolkumar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhoje
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Balram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Airan
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D047011:Silk; D013536:Suture Techniques
chemical_list: D047011:Silk