title: Oxysophocarpine Ameliorates Carrageenan-induced Inflammatory Pain via Inhibiting Expressions of Prostaglandin E2 and Cytokines in Mice.
abstract: Oxysophocarpine is an alkaloid extracted from Sophora alopecuroides. We investigated the analgesic effect of oxysophocarpine on carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain in mice, in order to explore its possible mechanisms. Mouse ear swelling tests and carrageenan-induced paw edema tests were used to investigate the effects of oxysophocarpine on inflammatory pain in mice. Morphological changes on inflamed paw sections were measured by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The mRNA and protein expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2 were investigated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, western-blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In our results, oxysophocarpine shows a significant anti-inflammatory effect in the mouse ear swelling test. Oxysophocarpine also significantly reduced the paw edema volume and improved mechanical allodynia threshold value on carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain, as well as relieved paw tissues inflammatory damage and reduced the numbers of neutrophils in mice. Oxysophocarpine significantly suppressed over-expression of cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2, and inhibited the over-phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Based on these findings we propose that oxysophocarpine attenuates inflammatory pain by suppressing the levels of phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Xiang
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Luohe Medical College, Luohe, China.
authors.forename: Shao-Ju
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
authors.forename: Ru
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Qi
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Animal Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
authors.forename: Cheng-Jun
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Chinese Ministry of Education at Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Ningxia Key Lab of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Qiang
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000633:toxicity; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000093842:Matrines
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002351:Carrageenan; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D016207:Cytokines; D015232:Dinoprostone; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; C046246:oxysophocarpine; D000093842:Matrines; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; C535148:Mapk1 protein, mouse