title: Ethanol-wet bonding technique: Clinical versus laboratory findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) of dentin bonded interfaces produced with ethanol-wet and water-wet bonding protocols under clinical and laboratory conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample was composed of forty primary second molars in advanced exfoliation process. Occlusal cavities were prepared leaving a flat dentin surface on the pulpal floor. In half of the teeth, the water-wet protocol was followed using a three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive. In the other half, dentin was dehydrated with ascending ethanol solutions (50%, 70%, 80%, 95% and 3×100%), 15s each for the ethanol-bonding protocol. An experimental hydrophobic primer was used, followed by the neat adhesive application. Resin build-ups were prepared, stored for 24h, sectioned into sticks and tested in tensile mode (0.5mm/min). NL was performed for all groups. The μTBS and NL data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Kruskall-Wallis tests, respectively (α=0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under clinical conditions, the highest μTBS was observed for the water-wet bonding while under the laboratory setting, the highest μTBS was obtained for the ethanol-wet bonding. Increased NL was observed in the water-wet bonding groups irrespective of the bonding condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The immediate benefits of the ethanol-bonding observed in the laboratory setting was not confirmed when the same protocol was performed in vivo. However, as reduced nanoleakage was seen in adhesive interfaces produced with the ethanol-wet bonding technique, suggests that the hybrid layer may be more resistant to degradation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Bloco M, Sala 64A - Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eunice
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, CESCAGE (Cenro de Ensino Superior dos Campos Gerais), Rua Tomazina S.N - Olarias, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Farhat
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, CESCAGE (Cenro de Ensino Superior dos Campos Gerais), Rua Tomazina S.N - Olarias, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Teitelbaum
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universidad de las Americas, Av. de los Granados E12-41, Pichincha, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mena-Serrano
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Bloco M, Sala 64A - Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alessandro D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Loguercio
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Bloco M, Sala 64A - Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil. Electronic address: reis_ale@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Medical College of Georgia, School of Dentistry, 1120 15th Street, CL2112, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pashley
mesh_terms: D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D003804:Dentin / Q000737:chemistry; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008963:Molar / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Ethanol-wet bonding; In vitro; In vivo; Microtensile bond strength; Nanoleakage