title: Does a short-term increase in testosterone affect the intensity or persistence of territorial aggression? - An approach using an individual's hormonal reactive scope to study hormonal effects on behavior.
abstract: In this study, we describe an approach based on an individual's hormonal reactive scope to study short-term effects of hormones on behavior. The control of territorial aggression has been traditionally linked to testosterone. Males of some vertebrate species show an increase in testosterone during territorial interactions and implantation studies suggest that such an increase in testosterone enhances the intensity and persistence of aggression. Here, we tested whether a short-term maximum release of testosterone - based on an individual's hormonal reactive scope - affects the intensity or persistence of territorial aggression in male black redstarts, a bird species in which testosterone does not increase during territorial encounters. An injection with gonadotropin-releasing-hormone (GnRH) induced a physiological peak in plasma testosterone that was specific for each individual (=individual reactive scope). However, such short-term surges in an individual's testosterone concentration did not affect the intensity or persistence of aggression. In conclusion, this study demonstrated (1) that a species that naturally does not increase testosterone during male-male encounters would not benefit from such an increase in terms of being more aggressive, (2) that behavioral studies using GnRH-injections represent a promising approach to study species differences in androgen responsiveness, and (3) that injections of releasing or tropic hormones in general may be a suitable approach to study short-term influences of hormones on behavior. These injections effectively mimic the potential short-term changes in hormones that can occur in the real life of individuals and enable us to study the effects of hormonal changes on behavior or other traits within an ecological and evolutionary framework.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Verhaltensneurobiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Ornithologie, Eberhard-Gwinner-Straße 6a, D-82319 Seewiesen, Germany. Electronic address: goymann@orn.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Goymann
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Verhaltensneurobiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Ornithologie, Eberhard-Gwinner-Straße 6a, D-82319 Seewiesen, Germany.
authors.forename: Camila P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Villavicencio
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Verhaltensneurobiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Ornithologie, Eberhard-Gwinner-Straße 6a, D-82319 Seewiesen, Germany; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Apfelbeck
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D013731:Territoriality; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D013739:Testosterone
keywords: Androgen responsiveness; Challenge hypothesis; GnRH; Gonadotropin releasing hormone; Hormonal reaction norm; Hormone manipulation; STI; Simulated territorial intrusion; Territorial behavior