title: From mechanical stimulus to bone formation: A review.
abstract: Bone is a remarkable tissue that can respond to external stimuli. The importance of mechanical forces on the mass and structural development of bone has long been accepted. This adaptation behaviour is very complex and involves multidisciplinary concepts, and significant progress has recently been made in understanding this process. In this review, we describe the state of the art studies in this area and highlight current insights while simultaneously clarifying some basic yet essential topics related to the origin of mechanical stimulus in bone, the biomechanisms associated with mechanotransduction, the nature of physiological bone stimuli and the test systems most commonly used to study the mechanical stimulation of bone.
authors.affiliation: DEMec, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: natacharosa22@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Natacha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.affiliation: Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, School of Technology, Campus do IPCA, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal; Institute for Polymers and Composites IPC/I3N, University of Minho, Campus de Azurem, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simoes
authors.affiliation: LEPABE - Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fernão D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.affiliation: DEMec, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Antonio Torres
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Marques
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D010011:Osteocytes / Q000502:physiology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
keywords: Bone; Mechanical stimulus; Mechanotransduction; Muscles; Osteocyte; Test model