title: Surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in the United States from 1997 to 2012: an analysis of 20,346 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) can cause substantial morbidity and may require surgical intervention. In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate US trends in operative AIS as well as patient comorbidities, operative approach, in-hospital complications, hospital length of stay (LOS), and hospital charges in the US for the period from 1997 to 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with AIS (ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes 737.30) who had undergone spinal fusion (ICD-9-CM procedure codes 81.xx) from 1997 to 2012 were identified from the Kids' Inpatient Database. Parameters of interest included patient comorbidities, operative approach (posterior, anterior, or combined anteroposterior), in-hospital complications, hospital LOS, and hospital charges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors identified 20, 346 patients in the age range of 0-21 years who had been admitted for AIS surgery in the defined study period. Posterior fusions composed 63.4% of procedures in 1997 and 94.1% in 2012 (r = 0.95, p < 0.01). The mean number of comorbidities among all fusion groups increased from 3.0 in 1997 to 4.2 in 2012 (r = 0.92, p = 0.01). The percentage of patients with complications increased from 15.6% in 1997 to 22.3% in 2012 (r = 0.78, p = 0.07). The average hospital LOS decreased from 6.5 days in 1997 to 5.6 days in 2012 (r = -0.86, p = 0.03). From 1997 to 2012, the mean hospital charges (adjusted to 2012 US dollars) for surgical treatment of AIS more than tripled from $55,495 in 1997 to $177,176 in 2012 (r = 0.99, p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over the 15-year period considered in this study, there was an increasing trend toward using posterior-based techniques for AIS corrective surgery. The number of comorbid conditions per patient and thus the medical complexity of patients treated for AIS have increased. The mean charges for the treatment of AIS have increased, with a national bill over $1.1 billion per year in 2012.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Hari T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Vigneswaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Zachary J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Grabel
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Craig P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Eberson
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Palumbo
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Alan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Daniels
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D017722:Hospital Charges; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D007348:Insurance, Health; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D007902:Length of Stay; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: AHRQ = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; AIS = adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; HCUP = Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project; KID = Kids’ Inpatient Database; LOS = length of stay; complications; hospital charge; pediatric spinal surgery; pedicle screw; scoliosis; spine