title: Measurement of Soluble and Total Hexavalent Chromium in the Ambient Airborne Particles in New Jersey.
abstract: Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in ambient airborne particulate matter (PM) is a known pulmonary carcinogen and may have both soluble and insoluble forms. The sum of the two forms is defined as total Cr(VI). Currently, there were no methods suitable for large-scale monitoring of total Cr(VI) in ambient PM. This study developed a method to measure total Cr(VI) in ambient PM. This method includes PM collection using a Teflon filter, microwave extraction with 3% Na2CO3-2% NaOH at 95°C for 60 minutes, and Cr(VI) analysis by 1,5-diphenylcarbazide colorimetry at 540 nm. The recoveries of total Cr(VI) were 119.5 ± 10.4% and 106.3 ± 16.7% for the Cr(VI)-certified reference materials, SQC 012 and SRM 2700, respectively. Total Cr(VI) in the reference urban PM (NIST 1648a) was 26.0 ± 3.1 mg/kg (%CV = 11.9%) determined by this method. The method detection limit was 0.33 ng/m3. This method and the one previously developed to measure ambient Cr(VI), which is soluble in pH ~9.0 aqueous solution, were applied to measure Cr(VI) in ambient PM10collected from three urban areas and one suburban area in New Jersey. The total Cr(VI) concentrations were 1.05-1.41 ng/m3in the winter and 0.99-1.56 ng/m3in the summer. The soluble Cr(VI) concentrations were 0.03-0.19 ng/m3in the winter and 0.12-0.37 ng/m3in the summer. The summer mean ratios of soluble to total Cr(VI) were 14.3-43.7%, significantly higher than 4.2-14.4% in the winter. The winter concentrations of soluble and total Cr(VI) in the suburban area were significantly lower than in the three urban areas. The results suggested that formation of Cr(VI) via atmospheric chemistry may contribute to the higher soluble Cr(VI) concentrations in the summer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China ; Key Laboratory of Eco Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education (Tsinghua University), China.
authors.forename: Lihui
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
authors.forename: Chang Ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Center for Air Resource Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, USA.
authors.forename: Philip K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Hopke
authors.affiliation: Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lioy
authors.affiliation: Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
authors.forename: Brian T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.affiliation: Meadowlands Environmental Research Institute, Lyndhurst, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Jin Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
authors.forename: Zhihua Tina
authors.initials: ZT
authors.lastname: Fan
keywords: Ambient particulate matter; Hexavalent chromium; IC-UV; ICPMS; Microwave extraction