title: Density and length in the neighborhood: Explaining cross-linguistic differences in learning to read in English and Dutch.
abstract: Two experiments examined underlying cognitive processes that may explain why it is harder to learn to read in English than in more transparent orthographies such as German and Dutch. Participants were English and Dutch readers from Grades 3 and 4. Experiment 1 probed the transition from serial to more parallel processing, as measured by the word length effect for words and pseudowords. English children took longer to make the transition to more parallel reading strategies for words than Dutch children. In contrast, Dutch children continued to use more serial reading strategies for pseudowords. Experiment 2 investigated children's sensitivity to the orthographic overlap between words, as measured by the size of orthographic neighborhood effects for words and pseudowords. Children reading Dutch showed greater sensitivity to the overlap between both words and pseudowords than English children. Cross-linguistic differences in the transition from serial to parallel reading strategies are discussed within the framework offered by the self-teaching hypothesis and the orthographic depth hypothesis. Finally, it is argued that differences between the two languages in the effect of orthographic neighborhood size are a result of cross-linguistic differences in orthographic density and not cross-linguistic differences in orthographic transparency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Science, ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders (CCD), Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Electronic address: eva.marinus@mq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marinus
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nation
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, 1018 VZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: de Jong
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008037:Linguistics; D008085:Lipreading; D008297:Male; D011932:Reading
keywords: Cross-linguistic; Length effects; Orthographic density; Orthographic depth; Orthographic neighborhood size effects; Reading development