title: Induction of Mitochondrial Dependent Apoptosis in Human Leukemia K562 Cells by Meconopsis integrifolia: A Species from Traditional Tibetan Medicine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Meconopsis integrifolia (M. integrifolia) is one of the most popular members in Traditional Tibetan Medicine. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer effect of M. integrifolia and to detect the underlying mechanisms of these effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and trypan blue assay were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of M. integrifolia. Changes in cell nuclear morphology and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level were observed by fluorescent microscopy. Apoptosis ratio, DNA damage and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss were analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blotting assay was adopted to detect the proteins related to apoptosis. Immunoﬂuorescence was used to observe the release of cytochrome C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The obtained data revealed that M. integrifolia could significantly inhibit K562 cell viability, mainly by targeting apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. Collapse in cell morphology, chromatin condensation, DNA damage and ROS accumulation were observed. Further mechanism detection revealed that mitochondrion might be a key factor in M. integrifolia-induced apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  M. integrifolia could induce mitochondria mediated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase with little damage to normal cells, suggesting that M. integrifolia might be a potential and efficient anticancer agent that deserves further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, 710119 Xi'an, China. qhfanjianping@126.com.|College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, No.38, West Wusi Road, 810008 Xining, China. qhfanjianping@126.com.
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, 710119 Xi'an, China. wangpan@snnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Pan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, 710119 Xi'an, China. wangxiaobing@snnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaobing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, 710119 Xi'an, China. tangwei@snnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, 710119 Xi'an, China. 41208166@snnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Chunliang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, 710119 Xi'an, China. wangyaqinjilin@snnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yaqin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, 710119 Xi'an, China. yuanwenjuan@snnu.edu.dn.
authors.forename: Wenjuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, 710119 Xi'an, China. konglulu@snnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Lulu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, 710119 Xi'an, China. lshaof@snnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Quanhong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D007938:Leukemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D018609:Tibet
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: G2/M phase arrest; K562 cells; M. integrifolia ethanol extract; apoptosis; mitochondria