title: Factors associated with family resilience during pregnancy among inner-city women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  family resilience refers to the ability of a family group to adapt to challenging circumstances. For families residing in the inner-city, the concept of resilience is of particular salience as these families often encounter multiple stressors. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with low family resilience during pregnancy among inner-city women.
  
  
  METHODS
  secondary analysis of data from a case-control study of factors related to inadequate antenatal care.
  
  
  METHODS
  participants consisted of 603 postpartum women who gave birth to a live infant and resided in one of eight inner-city neighbourhoods in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
  
  
  METHODS
  participants were designated as having low family resilience (n=155) or moderate to high family resilience (n=448) based on scores on the Family Hardiness Index. Univariate analyses were conducted to explore the association between a variety of factors during pregnancy and family resilience, and crude odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Factors significant at p<.10 were then entered into a multivariate logistic regression model, yielding adjusted ORs and 95% CI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  the following factors were significantly associated with low family resilience among pregnant inner-city women in the final model: maternal age <25 years (AOR 1.69), low self-esteem (AOR 2.82), high perceived stress (AOR 3.01), alcohol use during pregnancy (AOR 3.20), and low interpersonal support (AOR 6.24).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  inner-city women who are young or have low self-esteem, high perceived stress, low interpersonal support, or who use alcohol during pregnancy are more likely to report lower levels of family resilience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  midwives have the opportunity to develop ongoing relationships with their clients and families. As such, they are in an excellent position to understand the specific needs and strengths of individual families and foster the abilities of these families to strengthen and support resilience.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 89 Curry Place, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2. Electronic address: Suzanne.Lennon@umanitoba.ca.
authors.forename: Suzanne L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lennon
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 89 Curry Place, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2; Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0W3; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0L8.
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heaman
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008350:Manitoba; D008880:Midwifery / Q000379:methods*; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Family hardiness; Inner-city; Pregnancy; Pregnant women; Resilience