title: Effects of Food Intake on the Relative Bioavailability of Amifampridine Phosphate Salt in Healthy Adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Amifampridine (3,4-diaminopyridine) has been approved in the European Union for the treatment of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Amifampridine has a narrow therapeutic index, and supratherapeutic exposure has been associated with dose-dependent adverse events, including an increased risk for seizure. This study assessed the effect of food on the relative bioavailability of amifampridine in healthy subjects and informed on conditions that can alter exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized, open-labeled, 2-treatment, 2-period crossover study enrolled 47 healthy male and female subjects. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive 2 single oral doses of amifampridine phosphate salt (20 mg base equivalents per dose) under fed or fasted conditions separated by a washout period. Blood and urine samples for pharmacokinetic analyses were taken before and after dosing. Plasma concentrations of amifampridine and an inactive 3-N-acetyl metabolite were determined. The relative bioavailability values of amifampridine and metabolite were assessed based on the plasma PK parameters AUC0-∞, AUC0-t, and Cmax in the fed and fasted states using noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Parent drug and metabolite excretion were calculated from urinary concentrations. A food effect on bioavailability would be established if the 90% CI of the ratio of population geometric mean value of AUC0-∞, AUC0-t, or Cmax between fed and fasted administration was not within the bioequivalence range of 80% to 125%. Tolerability was assessed based on adverse-event reporting, clinical laboratory assessments, physical examination including vital sign measurements, 12-lead ECG, and concurrent medication use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Food slowed and somewhat decreased the absorption of amifampridine. There was a decrease in exposure (Cmax, 44%; AUC, 20%) after oral administration of amifampridine phosphate salt in the presence of food, and mean Tmax was 2-fold longer in the fed state. The extent of exposure and plasma elimination half-life of the major metabolite was greater than those of amifampridine in the fed and fasted conditions. Mean AUCs in the fed and fasted states were slightly greater in women than men, with no difference in mean Cmax. Orally administered amifampridine was renally eliminated (>93%) as the parent compound and metabolite within 24 hours. Single oral doses of 20 mg of amifampridine phosphate salt were considered well tolerated in both the fed and fasted conditions. High intersubject variability (%CVs, >30%) in amifampridine pharmacokinetic parameter values was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the intended dose under fasting conditions, amifampridine exposure may be increased. European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials identifier: 2011-000596-13.
authors.affiliation: BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc, Novato, California. Electronic address: PHaroldsen@bmrn.com.
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Haroldsen
authors.affiliation: BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc, Novato, California.
authors.forename: Donald G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Musson
authors.affiliation: BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc, Novato, California.
authors.forename: Boyd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.affiliation: BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc, Novato, California.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quartel
authors.affiliation: BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc, Novato, California.
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: O'Neill
mesh_terms: D015761:4-Aminopyridine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000077770:Amifampridine; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D005215:Fasting / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D018565:Food-Drug Interactions / Q000502:physiology*; D006207:Half-Life; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010710:Phosphates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D015761:4-Aminopyridine; D000077770:Amifampridine
keywords: 3,4-DAP; 3,4-diaminopyridine; Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome; amifampridine; food effects; pharmacokinetics