title: Relation of maternal vitamin D status with gestational diabetes mellitus and perinatal outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between maternal vitamin D status and glucose intolerance, and its impact on pregnant women and their newborns.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of pregnant women were divided into three groups: women with gestational diabetes mellitus, ones with normal results both after the 50 gr and 100 gr OGTT (CG-1) and ones having a positive result after the 50 gr OGTT screening but negative results for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) after the 100 gr OGTT (CG-2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The newborn length in CG-1 was greater than in GDM and CG-2 (p= 0.002 and p= 0.02). Fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance (IR) were negatively correlated with length of the newborns (r=-0.3, p=0.03 and r=-0.3, p=0.01). The newborns of women with GDM had lower APGAR-1 and 5 scores than those of CG-1 and CG-2 (APGAR-1 p= 0.001 and p= 0.004, APGAR-5 p=0.005 and p=0.007, respectively). APGAR scores were correlated negatively with IR (APGAR-1 r=-0.32, p=0.01, APGAR-5 r=-0.3, p=0.03) and positively with 25OHD levels (APGAR-1 r=0.3, p=0.01, APGAR-5 r=0.3, p=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D deficiency, gestational diabetes and insulin resistance are interrelated. Severe vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is associated with poor pregnancy and neonatal outcome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Niyazoglu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mutlu
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hatipoglu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Esra
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aydogan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Begum
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ministry of Health's Ankara Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Dellal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fatma
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ministry of Health's Kocaeli Derince Education and Research Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yavuz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Arzu
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Ministry of Health's Istanbul Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hacioglu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yalcin
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Ministry of Health's Istanbul Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kaya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fatih
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ministry of Health's Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kumru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Selahattin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001034:Apgar Score; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000517:prevention & control; D014815:Vitamins / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: Vitamin D deficiency; gestational diabetes; insulin resistance; pregnancy and neonatal outcome