title: The Painful Legacy of Childhood Violence: Migraine Headaches Among Adult Survivors of Adverse Childhood Experiences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Childhood adversities have been associated with adult migraine in the general population. However, most research has focused on only a few types of maltreatment and has not always controlled for factors correlated with early adversities and migraine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between early adversities and migraine, while controlling for a range of potential explanatory factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey - Mental Health. Using a representative sample of 10,358 men and 12,638 women, we undertook gender-specific logistic regression analyses to determine the association between number and type of self-reported childhood adversities (physical abuse, sexual abuse, and witnessing parental domestic violence) and migraine, while controlling for sociodemographics, comorbid adversities, health behaviors, depression, and anxiety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 6.5% of men and 14.2% of women reported migraines. All three adversities were significantly associated with migraine for both genders, even after controlling for a range of variables. The fully adjusted odds of migraine associated with physical abuse, parental domestic violence, and sexual abuse were 1.61 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.42-1.83), 1.64 (95% CI = 1.39-1.93), and 1.32 (95% CI = 1.11-1.57), respectively, for women, and 1.50 (95% CI = 1.25-1.80), 1.52 (95% CI = 1.16-1.98), and 1.70 (95% CI = 1.22-2.36) for men. Greater number of adversities was also associated with increasing odds of migraine. Men reporting all three adversities had over three times (odds ratio = 3.26; 95% CI = 2.09-5.07) and women over two times (OR = 2.85; 95% CI = 2.25-3.60) the odds of migraine compared with those without childhood adversities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Number and type of early adversities are associated with migraine among Canadian men and women.
authors.affiliation: Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brennenstuhl
authors.affiliation: Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Esme
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fuller-Thomson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010290:Parents; D000066550:Physical Abuse; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*
keywords: Canadian Community Health Survey - Mental Health 2012; child abuse; intimate partner violence; parental domestic violence; physical abuse; sexual abuse