title: Effects of basic combat training on iron status in male and female soldiers: a comparative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Iron is an essential micronutrient known to affect physical and cognitive performance. Studies indicate a significant reduction in iron status in female Soldiers immediately following military training, although the comparative effects of military training on iron status between male and female Soldiers have not been examined. The objective of this study was to compare the longitudinal effects of US Army basic combat training (BCT) on iron status indicators in a group of male and female Soldiers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 154 male and female Soldiers (89 and 65, respectively) completed the study. Blood was collected at 4 time-points during BCT (weeks 0, 3, 6, 9) and dietary iron intake was assessed at weeks 0 and 9. Iron status indicators included hemoglobin, serum ferritin (SF), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and transferrin saturation (TS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Iron status was greater in male Soldiers than female Soldiers, as hemoglobin and SF levels were higher (P<.05) and sTfR levels were lower (P<.05) in males as compared to females at each time-point. Despite a mean increase of greater than 25% in iron intake (mg/day) among both male (15±13 to 20.2±14.4) and female Soldiers (12.8±9.7 to 16±6.2) over the course of BCT, iron status declined in both groups. As compared to baseline, SF declined (P<.05) by 21% and 47%, sTfR increased (P<.05) by 17% and 30%, and TS declined (P<.05) by 23% and 54% in male and female Soldiers, respectively, over the course of BCT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that although dietary iron intake improves, iron status declines in both male and female Soldiers during BCT, and the decline in female Soldiers is of a greater magnitude. Future studies should aim to determine the mechanism by which iron status declines during military training, with a focus on functional outcomes affecting Soldier health and performance.
authors.affiliation: Israeli Defense Forces Institute of Military Physiology, The Heller Institute of Medical Research Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yanovich
authors.forename: J Philip
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.forename: Einat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yanovich
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: Kelly W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Sonya J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cable
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Stefan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pasiakos
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: McClung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood*; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019266:Iron, Dietary; D007501:Iron