title: Heterogeneity of microsphere distribution in resected liver and tumour tissue following selective intrahepatic radiotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Selective arterial radioembolisation of liver tumours has increased, because of encouraging efficacy reports; however, therapeutic parameters used in external beam therapy are not applicable for understanding and predicting potential toxicity and efficacy, necessitating further studies of the physical and biological characteristics of radioembolisation. The aim was to characterise heterogeneity in the distribution of microspheres on a therapeutically relevant geometric scale considering the range of yttrium-90 ((90)Y) β-particles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, marginally resectable, were treated by selective arterial embolisation with (90)Y resin microspheres (SIRTEX®), followed 9 days post-infusion by resection, including macroscopic tumour tissue and surrounding normal liver parenchyma. Formalin-fixed, sectioned resected tissues were exposed to autoradiographic films, or tissue biopsies of various dimensions were punched out for activity measurements and microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Autoradiography and activity measurements revealed a higher activity in tumour tissue compared to normal liver parenchyma. Heterogeneity in activity distribution was evident in both normal liver and tumour tissue. Activity measurements were analysed in relation to the sample mass (5 to 422 mg), and heterogeneities were detected by statistical means; the larger the tissue biopsies, the smaller was the coefficient of variation. The skewness of the activity distributions increased with decreasing biopsy mass.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tissue activity distributions in normal tissue were heterogeneous on a relevant geometric scale considering the range of the ionising electrons. Given the similar and repetitive structure of the liver parenchyma, this finding could partly explain the tolerance of a relatively high mean absorbed dose to the liver parenchyma from β-particles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346, Gothenburg, Sweden, jonas.hogberg@radfys.gu.se.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Högberg
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizell
authors.forename: Ragnar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hultborn
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Olof
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Henrikson
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mölne
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gjertsson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bernhardt