title: Nasal vaccination of young rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against infectious hematopoietic necrosis and enteric red mouth disease.
abstract: Determining the earliest age at which farmed fish can be successfully vaccinated is a very important question for fish farmers. Nasal vaccines are novel mucosal vaccines that prevent aquatic infectious diseases of finfish. The present study investigates the ontogeny of the olfactory organ of rainbow trout by histology and aims to establish the earliest age for vaccination against infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) and enteric red mouth (ERM) disease using the nasal route. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were vaccinated intranasally (I.N) at three different ages: 1050° days (DD) (group A); 450 DD (group B); and 360 DD (group C), or 70, 30 and 24 days post-hatch (dph), respectively. The mean weights of groups A, B and C were 4.69 g, 2.9 g and 2.37 g, respectively. Fish received either a live attenuated IHN virus vaccine, ERM formalin killed bacterin or saline (mock vaccinated). Fish were challenged to the corresponding live pathogen 28 days post-vaccination. IHN vaccine delivery at 360 DD resulted in 40% mortality likely due to residual virulence of the vaccine. No mortality was observed in the ERM nasal delivery groups. Following challenge, very high protection rates against IHN virus were recorded in all three age groups with survivals of 95%, 100% and 97.5% in groups A, B and C, respectively. Survival against ERM was 82.5%, 87.5% and 77.5% in groups A, B and C, respectively. Survival rates did not differ among ages for either vaccine. Our results indicate the feasibility and effectiveness of nasal vaccination as early as 360 DD and vaccination-related mortalities when a live attenuated viral vaccine was used in the youngest fish.
authors.affiliation: Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Electronic address: isalinas@unm.edu.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salinas
authors.affiliation: Clear Springs Foods Inc., Buhl, ID, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: LaPatra
authors.affiliation: Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Erhardt
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D029142:Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus / Q000276:immunology*; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D018353:Rhabdoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000276:immunology; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000276:immunology; D015009:Yersinia Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D044124:Yersinia ruckeri / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated
keywords: Development; NALT; Nasal vaccines; Rainbow trout