title: Cannabinoids for Medical Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cannabis and cannabinoid drugs are widely used to treat disease or alleviate symptoms, but their efficacy for specific indications is not clear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a systematic review of the benefits and adverse events (AEs) of cannabinoids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight databases from inception to April 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized clinical trials of cannabinoids for the following indications: nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, appetite stimulation in HIV/AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity due to multiple sclerosis or paraplegia, depression, anxiety disorder, sleep disorder, psychosis, glaucoma, or Tourette syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. All review stages were conducted independently by 2 reviewers. Where possible, data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient-relevant/disease-specific outcomes, activities of daily living, quality of life, global impression of change, and AEs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 79 trials (6462 participants) were included; 4 were judged at low risk of bias. Most trials showed improvement in symptoms associated with cannabinoids but these associations did not reach statistical significance in all trials. Compared with placebo, cannabinoids were associated with a greater average number of patients showing a complete nausea and vomiting response (47% vs 20%; odds ratio [OR], 3.82 [95% CI, 1.55-9.42]; 3 trials), reduction in pain (37% vs 31%; OR, 1.41 [95% CI, 0.99-2.00]; 8 trials), a greater average reduction in numerical rating scale pain assessment (on a 0-10-point scale; weighted mean difference [WMD], -0.46 [95% CI, -0.80 to -0.11]; 6 trials), and average reduction in the Ashworth spasticity scale (WMD, -0.36 [95% CI, -0.69 to -0.05]; 7 trials). There was an increased risk of short-term AEs with cannabinoids, including serious AEs. Common AEs included dizziness, dry mouth, nausea, fatigue, somnolence, euphoria, vomiting, disorientation, drowsiness, confusion, loss of balance, and hallucination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was moderate-quality evidence to support the use of cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic pain and spasticity. There was low-quality evidence suggesting that cannabinoids were associated with improvements in nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, weight gain in HIV infection, sleep disorders, and Tourette syndrome. Cannabinoids were associated with an increased risk of short-term AEs.
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom2The National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West at University Hospitals, Bristol NHS Foundation Trust.
authors.forename: Penny F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Whiting
authors.affiliation: Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd, Escrick, York, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.affiliation: Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd, Escrick, York, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sohan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy5Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Nisio
authors.affiliation: Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd, Escrick, York, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.affiliation: Medical School, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru7Health Outcomes and Clinical Epidemiology Section, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Adrian V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: J Christiaan
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Keurentjes
authors.affiliation: Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd, Escrick, York, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Shona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.affiliation: Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd, Escrick, York, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Misso
authors.affiliation: Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd, Escrick, York, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ryder
authors.affiliation: Institut für Epidemiologie und kongenitale Erkrankungen, Cepicon GmbH, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmidlkofer
authors.affiliation: Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd, Escrick, York, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Westwood
authors.affiliation: Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd, Escrick, York, United Kingdom10School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kleijnen
mesh_terms: D000855:Anorexia / Q000188:drug therapy; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D064086:Medical Marijuana / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009325:Nausea / Q000188:drug therapy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids; D064086:Medical Marijuana