title: Comprehensive analysis of patient and caregiver predictors for caregiver burden, anxiety and depression in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary aim of this study was to examine the correlations between patient and caregiver characteristics with caregiver burden, anxiety and depression in Alzheimer's Disease. Secondary aim was to determine which behavioural and psychological symptoms had the greatest impact on caregiver burden, anxiety and depression in Alzheimer's Disease.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's Disease experience high levels of burden, both psychologically and physically. Previous studies have examined caregiver burden, anxiety and depression separately. However, no paper has examined these three psychological conditions simultaneously.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional design.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 310 patients with probable Alzheimer's Disease and their primary caregivers were assessed. Cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric symptoms were assessed with the Mini Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Clock Drawing Test and Neuropsychiatric Inventory, respectively. Caregiver burden, anxiety and depression were assessed with the ZBI, Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire-9, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 12 neuropsychiatric symptoms in the Neuropsychiatric Inventory were significantly correlated with caregiver burden, anxiety and depression, with the top three neuropsychiatric predictors being depression, apathy and anxiety. Furthermore, higher levels of caregiver anxiety were associated with a longer duration of being a caregiver. Within caregivers, higher levels of depression were independently associated with higher numbers of additional caregivers, lower educational background and being the spouse of the patient. Higher levels of burden were associated with a longer duration of being a caregiver and being the spouse of the patient. Caregiver burden, anxiety or depression were not significantly correlated with hours/day of caring for the patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caregiver burden, anxiety and depression were significantly correlated with different neuropsychiatric symptoms in the Neuropsychiatric Inventory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Practitioners are able to identify caregivers at risk for burden, anxiety and depression. Understanding which Neuropsychiatric Inventory symptom is more closely associated with distress in caregivers will help practitioners to be more specific and effective in detecting caregiver distress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.|Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.|Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Shuling
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Ya Ruth
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Mengyuan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.|Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; China; caregiver burden; neuropsychiatric