title: Quantitative risk assessment of the aggregate dermal exposure to the sensitizing fragrance geraniol in personal care products and household cleaning agents.
abstract: A quantitative risk assessment was performed to establish if consumers are at risk for being dermally sensitized by the fragrance geraniol. Aggregate dermal exposure to geraniol was estimated using the Probabilistic Aggregate Consumer Exposure Model, containing data on the use of personal care products and household cleaning agents. Consumer exposure to geraniol via personal care products appeared to be higher than via household cleaning agents. The hands were the body parts receiving the highest exposure to geraniol. Dermal sensitization studies were assessed to derive the point of departure needed for the estimation of the Acceptable Exposure Level (AEL). Two concentrations were derived, one based on human studies and the other from dose-response analysis of the available murine local lymph node assay data. The aggregate dermal exposure assessment resulted in body part specific median exposures up to 0.041 μg/cm(2) (highest exposure 102 μg/cm(2)) for hands. Comparing the exposure to the lowest AEL (55 μg/cm(2)), shows that a range of 0.02-0.86% of the population may have an aggregated exposure which exceeds the AEL. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that personal care products contribute more to the consumer's geraniol exposure compared to household cleaning agents.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Monique.Nijkamp@rivm.nl.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Nijkamp
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Bas.Bokkers@rivm.nl.
authors.forename: B G H
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Bokkers
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Martine.Bakker@rivm.nl.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Janine.Ezendam@rivm.nl.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ezendam
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Christiaan.Delmaar@rivm.nl.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Delmaar
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000818:Animals; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D023441:Local Lymph Node Assay; D051379:Mice; D010476:Perfume / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects*; D013729:Terpenes / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D010476:Perfume; D013729:Terpenes; C007836:geraniol
keywords: Aggregate exposure assessment; Allergic contact dermatitis; Consumer products; Fragrance; Geraniol; Household cleaning agents; Personal care products; Quantitative risk assessment; Sensitization