title: A Review of Hazard Anticipation Training Programs for Young Drivers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Poor hazard anticipation skills are a risk factor associated with high motor vehicle crash rates of young drivers. A number of programs have been developed to improve these skills. The purpose of this review was to assess the empirical literature on hazard anticipation training for young drivers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were included if they (1) included an assessment of hazard anticipation training outcomes; (2) were published between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 2013 in an English language peer-reviewed journal or conference proceeding; and (3) included at least one group that uniquely comprised a cohort of participants aged <21 years. Nineteen studies met inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies used a variety of training methods including interactive computer programs, videos, simulation, commentary driving, or a combination of approaches. Training effects were predominantly measured through computer-based testing and driving simulation with eye tracking. Four studies included an on-road evaluation. Most studies evaluated short-term outcomes (immediate or few days). In all studies, young drivers showed improvement in selected hazard anticipation outcomes but none investigated crash effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there is promise in existing programs, future research should include long-term follow-up, evaluate crash outcomes, and assess the optimal timing of hazard anticipation training taking into account the age and experience level of young drivers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Electronic address: mcdonalc@nursing.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Catherine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.affiliation: Highway Safety Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Arthur H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Anuj K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering & Engineering Management, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Matthew R E
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Romoser
authors.affiliation: Allan F. Williams, LLC, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Allan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D041923:Adolescent Development; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescent driver; Hazard anticipation; Motor vehicle crashes; Teen driver; Training; Young driver