title: DYSMICROBISM, INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE AND THYROIDITIS: ANALYSIS OF THE LITERATURE.
abstract: The human body is colonized by a large number of microbes that are collectively referred to as the microbiota. They interact with the hosting organism and some do contribute to the physiological maintenance of the general good health thru regulation of some metabolic processes while some others are essential for the synthesis of vitamins and short-chain fatty acids. The abnormal variation, in the quality and/or quantity of individual bacterial species residing in the gastro-intestinal tract, is called dysmicrobism. The immune system of the host will respond to these changes at the intestinal mucosa level which could lead to Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). This inflammatory immune response could subsequently extend to other organs and systems outside the digestive tract such as the thyroid, culminating in thyroiditis. The goal of the present study is to review and analyze data reported in the literature about thyroiditis associated with inflammatory bowel diseases such as Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohns Disease (CD). It was reported that similarities of some molecular bacterial components with molecular components of the host are considered among the factors causing IBD through an autoimmune reaction which could involve other non-immune cell types. The axis dysmicrobism-IBD-autoimmune reaction will be investigated as a possible etiopathogenic mechanism to Autoimmune Thyroiditis. If such is the case, then the employment of specific probiotic strains may represent a useful approach to moderate the immune system.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tomasello
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, Tumor Immunology Laboratory, School of Medicine and Surgery, Palermo University, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tralongo
authors.affiliation: Student School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amoroso
authors.affiliation: Geriatric School of Medicine, University of Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Damiani
authors.affiliation: IEMEST, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sinagra
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noto
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Arculeo
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jurjus Zein
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jurjus
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine and Surgery, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gerbino
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine and Surgery, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018988:Bacterial Translocation / Q000276:immunology; D005285:Fermentation; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D005856:Germ-Free Life; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D064307:Microbiota / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D018716:Molecular Mimicry / Q000276:immunology; D019936:Probiotics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013559:Symbiosis; D013832:Thiamine Deficiency / Q000209:etiology; D013967:Thyroiditis, Autoimmune / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy