title: Anthocyanin-rich Seoritae extract ameliorates renal lipotoxicity via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in diabetic mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anthocyanins are major constituents of food colours and have been reported to possess anti-diabetic activities for potential medicinal use. The precise role of anthocyanins in diabetic nephropathy is poorly understood. We investigated whether anthocyanin-rich Seoritae extract (SE) can potentially prevent oxidative stress and lipotoxicity, which are the main causes of renal damage in diabetic nephropathy, via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the consequent effects on its target molecules.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of male C57BLKS/J db/m and db/db mice were used. Diabetic and non-diabetic mice were orally administered 10 mg/kg body weight SE daily for 12 weeks, starting at 8 weeks of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  db/db mice treated with anthocyanins showed decreased albuminuria. Anthocyanins ameliorated intra-renal lipid concentrations in db/db mice with improvement of glomerular matrix expansion and inflammation, which was related to increased phosphorylation of AMPK and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and PPARγ, and inhibited the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1. Anthocyanins reversed diabetes-induced increases in renal apoptosis and oxidative stress. In cultured human glomerular endothelial cells, anthocyanins prevented high glucose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis through activation of AMPK in the same manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results revealed that anthocyanins ameliorated diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice via phosphorylation of AMPK, the major energy-sensing enzyme, and the consequent effects on its target molecules, which appeared to prevent lipotoxicity-related apoptosis and oxidative stress in the kidney.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, The Catholic University of Korea Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, 10, 63-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, 150-713, Republic of Korea. fiji79@catholic.ac.kr.|Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea. fiji79@catholic.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Eun Sil
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea. didsuai@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Ji Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea. sweetshow@naver.com.
authors.forename: Min Young
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, The Catholic University of Korea Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, 10, 63-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, 150-713, Republic of Korea. chungs@catholic.ac.kr.|Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea. chungs@catholic.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sungjin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea. imkidney@catholic.ac.kr.|Division of Nephrology, The Catholic University of Korea Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, 56, Dongsu-ro, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, 403-720, Republic of Korea. imkidney@catholic.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Seok Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea. sooncb@catholic.ac.kr.|Division of Nephrology, The Catholic University of Korea Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea. sooncb@catholic.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Bum Soon
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Bucheon Saint Mary's Hospital, Sosa-dong, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Geoynggi-do, 420-717, Republic of Korea. hwkim@catholic.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hye Won
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Korea Bio Medical Science Institute, 652, Nonhyeon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-829, Republic of Korea. kbmsi2009@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Seong Yeon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea. ksw1227@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sae Woong
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea. cheolwhee@hanmail.net.|Division of Nephrology, The Catholic University of Korea Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea. cheolwhee@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Cheol Whee
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, The Catholic University of Korea Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, 10, 63-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, 150-713, Republic of Korea. ysc543@catholic.ac.kr.|Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea. ysc543@catholic.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yoon Sik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D024141:Collagen Type IV / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008055:Lipids / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010641:Phenotype; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D024141:Collagen Type IV; D005227:Fatty Acids; D008055:Lipids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014280:Triglycerides; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D002784:Cholesterol; D015237:Dinoprost; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases