title: Comparison of Existing Response Criteria in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Transarterial Chemoembolization Using a 3D Quantitative Approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare currently available non-three-dimensional methods (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [RECIST], European Association for Study of the Liver [EASL], modified RECIST [mRECIST[) with three-dimensional (3D) quantitative methods of the index tumor as early response markers in predicting patient survival after initial transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective single-institution HIPAA-compliant and institutional review board-approved study. From November 2001 to November 2008, 491 consecutive patients underwent intraarterial therapy for liver cancer with either conventional TACE or TACE with drug-eluting beads. A diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was made in 290 of these patients. The response of the index tumor on pre- and post-TACE magnetic resonance images was assessed retrospectively in 78 treatment-naïve patients with HCC (63 male; mean age, 63 years ± 11 [standard deviation]). Each response assessment method (RECIST, mRECIST, EASL, and 3D methods of volumetric RECIST [vRECIST] and quantitative EASL [qEASL]) was used to classify patients as responders or nonresponders by following standard guidelines for the uni- and bidimensional measurements and by using the formula for a sphere for the 3D measurements. The Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test was performed for each method to evaluate its ability to help predict survival of responders and nonresponders. Uni- and multivariate Cox proportional hazard ratio models were used to identify covariates that had significant association with survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The uni- and bidimensional measurements of RECIST (hazard ratio, 0.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.3, 1.0; P = .09), mRECIST (hazard ratio, 0.6; 95% CI: 0.6, 1.0; P = .05), and EASL (hazard ratio, 1.1; 95% CI: 0.6, 2.2; P = .75) did not show a significant difference in survival between responders and nonresponders, whereas vRECIST (hazard ratio, 0.6; 95% CI: 0.3, 1.0; P = .04), qEASL (Vol) (hazard ratio, 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3, 0.9; P = .02), and qEASL (%) (hazard ratio, 0.3; 95% CI: 0.15, 0.60; P < .001) did show a significant difference between these groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 3D-based imaging biomarkers qEASL and vRECIST were tumor response criteria that could be used to predict patient survival early after initial TACE and enabled clear identification of nonresponders.
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (V.T., R.D., H.Y., H.L., J.C., M.C., Z.W., J.H.S., J.F.G.), and Department of Surgery (T.P.), Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287; Department of U/S Imaging and Interventions, Philips Research North America, Briarcliff Manor, NY (M.L.); Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md (C.F.); and The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pa (M.G.M.).
authors.forename: Vania
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tacher
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (V.T., R.D., H.Y., H.L., J.C., M.C., Z.W., J.H.S., J.F.G.), and Department of Surgery (T.P.), Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287; Department of U/S Imaging and Interventions, Philips Research North America, Briarcliff Manor, NY (M.L.); Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md (C.F.); and The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pa (M.G.M.).
authors.forename: MingDe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (V.T., R.D., H.Y., H.L., J.C., M.C., Z.W., J.H.S., J.F.G.), and Department of Surgery (T.P.), Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287; Department of U/S Imaging and Interventions, Philips Research North America, Briarcliff Manor, NY (M.L.); Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md (C.F.); and The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pa (M.G.M.).
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Duran
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (V.T., R.D., H.Y., H.L., J.C., M.C., Z.W., J.H.S., J.F.G.), and Department of Surgery (T.P.), Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287; Department of U/S Imaging and Interventions, Philips Research North America, Briarcliff Manor, NY (M.L.); Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md (C.F.); and The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pa (M.G.M.).
authors.forename: Hooman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yarmohammadi
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (V.T., R.D., H.Y., H.L., J.C., M.C., Z.W., J.H.S., J.F.G.), and Department of Surgery (T.P.), Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287; Department of U/S Imaging and Interventions, Philips Research North America, Briarcliff Manor, NY (M.L.); Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md (C.F.); and The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pa (M.G.M.).
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (V.T., R.D., H.Y., H.L., J.C., M.C., Z.W., J.H.S., J.F.G.), and Department of Surgery (T.P.), Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287; Department of U/S Imaging and Interventions, Philips Research North America, Briarcliff Manor, NY (M.L.); Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md (C.F.); and The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pa (M.G.M.).
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chapiro
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (V.T., R.D., H.Y., H.L., J.C., M.C., Z.W., J.H.S., J.F.G.), and Department of Surgery (T.P.), Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287; Department of U/S Imaging and Interventions, Philips Research North America, Briarcliff Manor, NY (M.L.); Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md (C.F.); and The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pa (M.G.M.).
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (V.T., R.D., H.Y., H.L., J.C., M.C., Z.W., J.H.S., J.F.G.), and Department of Surgery (T.P.), Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287; Department of U/S Imaging and Interventions, Philips Research North America, Briarcliff Manor, NY (M.L.); Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md (C.F.); and The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pa (M.G.M.).
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (V.T., R.D., H.Y., H.L., J.C., M.C., Z.W., J.H.S., J.F.G.), and Department of Surgery (T.P.), Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287; Department of U/S Imaging and Interventions, Philips Research North America, Briarcliff Manor, NY (M.L.); Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md (C.F.); and The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pa (M.G.M.).
authors.forename: Constantine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frangakis
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (V.T., R.D., H.Y., H.L., J.C., M.C., Z.W., J.H.S., J.F.G.), and Department of Surgery (T.P.), Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287; Department of U/S Imaging and Interventions, Philips Research North America, Briarcliff Manor, NY (M.L.); Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md (C.F.); and The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pa (M.G.M.).
authors.forename: Jae Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (V.T., R.D., H.Y., H.L., J.C., M.C., Z.W., J.H.S., J.F.G.), and Department of Surgery (T.P.), Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287; Department of U/S Imaging and Interventions, Philips Research North America, Briarcliff Manor, NY (M.L.); Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md (C.F.); and The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pa (M.G.M.).
authors.forename: Mitchell Gil
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Maltenfort
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (V.T., R.D., H.Y., H.L., J.C., M.C., Z.W., J.H.S., J.F.G.), and Department of Surgery (T.P.), Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287; Department of U/S Imaging and Interventions, Philips Research North America, Briarcliff Manor, NY (M.L.); Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md (C.F.); and The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pa (M.G.M.).
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pawlik
authors.affiliation: From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (V.T., R.D., H.Y., H.L., J.C., M.C., Z.W., J.H.S., J.F.G.), and Department of Surgery (T.P.), Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287; Department of U/S Imaging and Interventions, Philips Research North America, Briarcliff Manor, NY (M.L.); Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md (C.F.); and The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pa (M.G.M.).
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Geschwind
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D004317:Doxorubicin; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA