title: Outbreaks of Illness Associated with Recreational Water--United States, 2011-2012.
abstract: Outbreaks of illness associated with recreational water use result from exposure to chemicals or infectious pathogens in recreational water venues that are treated (e.g., pools and hot tubs or spas) or untreated (e.g., lakes and oceans). For 2011-2012, the most recent years for which finalized data were available, public health officials from 32 states and Puerto Rico reported 90 recreational water-associated outbreaks to CDC's Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System (WBDOSS) via the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS). The 90 outbreaks resulted in at least 1,788 cases, 95 hospitalizations, and one death. Among 69 (77%) outbreaks associated with treated recreational water, 36 (52%) were caused by Cryptosporidium. Among 21 (23%) outbreaks associated with untreated recreational water, seven (33%) were caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli O157:H7 or E. coli O111). Guidance, such as the Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC), for preventing and controlling recreational water-associated outbreaks can be optimized when informed by national outbreak and laboratory (e.g., molecular typing of Cryptosporidium) data.
authors.forename: Michele C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hlavsa
authors.forename: Virginia A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kahler
authors.forename: Elizabeth D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Hilborn
authors.forename: Taryn R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Mecher
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Beach
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yoder
mesh_terms: D001494:Baths / Q000009:adverse effects; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006294:Health Resorts; D006801:Humans; D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011998:Recreation; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D013551:Swimming Pools; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014876:Water Pollution; D018508:Water Purification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data