title: The characteristic of Indonesia's pre-eclampsia: From obstetric intensive care with ventilator until epidemiologic and its molecular biology profile of pulmonary edema in severe pre-eclampsia.
abstract: Pulmonary edema is among the least frequently diagnosed criteria for severe pre-eclampsia. A higher incidence of pulmonary edema was noted in older patients, multigravidas, and patients with underlying chronic hypertension that developed prior to delivery. The development of pulmonary edema was also associated with the administration of excess colloid or crystaloid infusion. Two hundreds and thirty millions people occupying Indonesia as tropical and coastal country gave rise the problem of highly maternal mortality rate of 225/100,000 deliveries where pre-eclampsia and eclampsia as most possible cause. Over 5years from the year 2005 through 2009 our 160 eclampsia study observed about significantly correlation between typical estafet referred case and maternal mortality (Odds ratio 19.1 and P=0.065). Specifically those referred eclampsia cases arriving lately to our tertiary hospital, complication of pulmonary edema also apparently became determinant factor to uphold the increased maternal mortality (Odds ratio 6.1 and P=0.083) We found at our teaching hospital Dr. Soetomo Surabaya as referral center along the year 2012, 477 pre-eclampsia-eclampsia cases which complicated by 27 cases of pulmonary from which we apply obstetric intensive care unit for tightly monitoring treatment. The majority use of ventilator were applied on 22 cases (81.4%), that most approximately 16 cases (72%) need 48h under ventilator use and the remaining 6 cases was not untill 5days of extubation. The etiology of pulmonary edema in preeclamptic patients involves multi-factors; abnormal COP-PWCP gradient, increased pulmonary capillary permeability, and left ventricular failure were identified causes. It has been well known that the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema in severe pre-eclampsia-eclampsia initiated by capillary alveolar leakage that leading increased capillary permeability and extravascular fluid oncotic as well as decreased plasma oncotic pressure. In severe pre-eclampsia appear that another circumstance directing its worst state of inhibited angiogenesis related pulmonary edema. The study confirmed that the decreased serum albumin of ⩽3g% and its content of amino acid essentiale acitvate endoplasmic reticulum stress response in which indicated by increasingly produced GRP (Glucose Related-Protein) 78. It may affect the decreased VEGFR and may also be inhibiting angiogenesis and hypoxia as well. At such moment apparently pulmonary edema patient get worsening clinical sign.
authors.affiliation: Division of Fetomaternal, Airlangga University Medical Faculty, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.lastname: Hermanto
authors.affiliation: Division of Fetomaternal, Airlangga University Medical Faculty, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.lastname: Adityawarman
authors.affiliation: Division of Fetomaternal, Airlangga University Medical Faculty, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.lastname: Sulistyono
authors.affiliation: Division of Fetomaternal, Airlangga University Medical Faculty, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ardian
authors.affiliation: Division of Fetomaternal, Airlangga University Medical Faculty, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Dachlan
keywords: ERS; GRP 78; Late refferal cases; Obstetric intensive care of ventilator; Pulmonary edema; VEGF