title: Individual olfactory perception reveals meaningful nonolfactory genetic information.
abstract: Each person expresses a potentially unique subset of ∼ 400 different olfactory receptor subtypes. Given that the receptors we express partially determine the odors we smell, it follows that each person may have a unique nose; to capture this, we devised a sensitive test of olfactory perception we termed the "olfactory fingerprint." Olfactory fingerprints relied on matrices of perceived odorant similarity derived from descriptors applied to the odorants. We initially fingerprinted 89 individuals using 28 odors and 54 descriptors. We found that each person had a unique olfactory fingerprint (P < 10(-10)), which was odor specific but descriptor independent. We could identify individuals from this pool using randomly selected sets of 7 odors and 11 descriptors alone. Extrapolating from this data, we determined that using 34 odors and 35 descriptors we could individually identify each of the 7 billion people on earth. Olfactory perception, however, fluctuates over time, calling into question our proposed perceptual readout of presumably stable genetic makeup. To test whether fingerprints remain informative despite this temporal fluctuation, building on the linkage between olfactory receptors and HLA, we hypothesized that olfactory perception may relate to HLA. We obtained olfactory fingerprints and HLA typing for 130 individuals, and found that olfactory fingerprint matching using only four odorants was significantly related to HLA matching (P < 10(-4)), such that olfactory fingerprints can save 32% of HLA tests in a population screen (P < 10(-6)). In conclusion, a precise measure of olfactory perception reveals meaningful nonolfactory genetic information.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; noam.sobel@weizmann.ac.il lavisec@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lavi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Secundo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
authors.forename: Kobi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Snitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
authors.forename: Kineret
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weissler
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
authors.forename: Liron
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pinchover
authors.affiliation: Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 5265601, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
authors.forename: Yehuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shoenfeld
authors.affiliation: Tissue Typing Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 5265601, Israel.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Loewenthal
authors.affiliation: Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 5265601, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Agmon-Levin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
authors.forename: Idan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6293-1586
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Frumin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bar-Zvi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
authors.forename: Sagit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shushan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; noam.sobel@weizmann.ac.il lavisec@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Noam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sobel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009812:Odorants; D055696:Olfactory Perception / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens
keywords: HLA; MHC; autoimmunity; olfactory genetics; olfactory perception