title: Three-dimensional modeling of an individualized functional masticatory system and bite force analysis with an orthodontic bite plate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Orthodontic tooth movement is affected by bite forces generated from the masticatory system. This study aims to study three-dimensional (3D) modeling of the individualized functional masticatory system and explore its application in orthodontics.
  
  
  METHODS
  An individualized masticatory system model containing the craniomaxilla, mandible, 4 pairs of primary masticatory muscles and complete dentition, including roots and precise dental crowns, was developed using 3D images from spiral computed tomography and digital casts. By registering global coordinates and using data transformation, individual movement data for mandibular opening, lateral excursion and protrusion were recorded with an Arcus Digma system and applied to this model to simulate the functional movements of the mandible. Using the finite element method, deformations and displacement of the masticatory muscles were simulated along with the mandibular movements. Under individualized muscle loading, the bite forces of the lower incisors with the orthodontic bite plate were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individualized mandibular movements were simulated, and the performance of the masticatory muscles along with the mandibular movements was measured. The bite force generated on the lower incisors with different thicknesses and the orientations of the orthodontic bite plate were acquired.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An individualized 3D masticatory system model was constructed using advanced 3D data processing software that integrated 3D images from different sources. Individualized mandibular movement and masticatory muscle performance were simulated using this model. The analysis of the bite force generated on the lower incisors with the orthodontic bite plate suggested that a thickness of 3 mm may be appropriate for clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.
authors.forename: Fanfan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Beihang University School of Astronautics, Beijing, 100081, China.
authors.forename: Longfang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.
authors.forename: Gui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China. elisa02chen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Si
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China. tmxuortho@163.com.
authors.forename: Tianmin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D001732:Bite Force; D003766:Dental Occlusion; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D013284:Stomatognathic System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bite force; Finite element; Mandibular movement; Masticatory system; Three-dimensional model