title: Engineering pH responsive fibronectin domains for biomedical applications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Engineered antibodies with pH responsive cell surface target antigen-binding affinities that decrease at the acidic pH (5.5-5.8) within the endosomes have been found to have reduced susceptibility to degradation within the lysosomes and increased serum half-life. Such pH responsive recombinant antibodies have been developed for the treatment of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Engineered tenth type III human fibronectin (Fn3) domains are emerging as a class of target antigen-binding biopharmaceuticals that could complement or be superior to recombinant antibodies in a number of biomedical contexts. As such, there is strong motivation for demonstrating the feasibility of engineering Fn3s with pH responsive antigen binding behavior that could lead to improved Fn3 pharmacokinetics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A yeast surface-displayed Fn3 histidine (His) mutant library screening approach yielded epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-binding Fn3 domains with EGFR binding affinities that markedly decrease at endosomal pH; the first reported case of engineering Fn3s with pH responsive antigen binding. Yeast surface-displayed His mutant Fn3s, which contain either one or two His mutations, have equilibrium binding dissociation constants (KDs) that increase up to four-fold relative to wild type when pH is decreased from 7.4 to 5.5. Assays in which Fn3-displaying yeast were incubated with soluble EGFR after ligand-free incubation in respective neutral and acidic buffers showed that His mutant Fn3 pH responsiveness is due to reversible changes in Fn3 conformation and/or EGFR binding interface properties rather than irreversible unfolding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have established a generalizable method for efficiently constructing and screening Fn3 His mutant libraries that could enable both our laboratory and others to develop pH responsive Fn3s for use in a wide range of biomedical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological & Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 East Boyd Street, Room T-301, 73019 Norman, OK USA.
authors.forename: Pete
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heinzelman
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological & Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 East Boyd Street, Room T-301, 73019 Norman, OK USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krais
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 73019 Norman, OK USA.
authors.forename: Eliza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruben
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California-Santa Barbara, 93106 Santa Barbara, CA USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pantazes
keywords: Biopharmaceutical engineering; Cancer therapy; Epidermal growth factor receptor; Fibronectin; Histidine mutation; Yeast surface display