title: Ginsenoside Rd attenuates Aβ25-35-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in primary cultured hippocampal neurons.
abstract: One of the most common pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain is the large number of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides accumulating in lesion areas. Ginsenosides are the most active components extracted from ginseng. Ginsenoside Rd (GRd) is a newly discovered saponin that has a stronger pharmacological activity than other ginsenosides, especially in neuroprotection. Here we examined the neuroprotective effects of GRd against neuronal insults induced by Aβ25-35 in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. A 10μM GRd treatment significantly prevented the loss of hippocampal neurons induced by Aβ25-35. In addition, GRd significantly ameliorated Aβ25-35-induced oxidative stress by decreasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and increasing the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); which is similar in treatments with 10μM of probucol (PB) and 100μM of edaravone (EDA). Moreover, our present study demonstrated that GRd significantly enhanced the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA, and decreased the expressions of Bax mRNA and Cyt c mRNA. GRd also downregulated the protein level of cleaved Caspase-3 compared to controls. These results highlighted the neuroprotective effects of GRd against Aβ25-35-induced oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis, suggesting that this may be a promising therapeutics against AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Juan-fang
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Lin-song
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Shaanxi Provincial TCM Hospital, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Geng-yao
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China. Electronic address: zhaogang@fmmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; C494828:Bax protein, rat; D036145:Ginsenosides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C074636:amyloid beta-protein (25-35); D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D045304:Cytochromes c; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; C049863:ginsenoside Rd
keywords: Amyloid β peptide; Apoptosis; Ginsenoside Rd; Hippocampal neurons; Oxidative stress