title: Considerations in the Radiologic Evaluation of the Pregnant Orthopaedic Patient.
abstract: Radiographic imaging of the pregnant patient represents a diagnostic and management dilemma for the orthopaedic surgeon. Imaging is often necessary in the setting of trauma; however, in utero radiation exposure can result in deleterious developmental effects in the embryo and fetus. The likelihood of a negative effect is proportional to the radiation dose and the gestational age of the embryo or fetus at the time of exposure. Ionizing radiation doses >100 mGy in the first trimester of pregnancy may lead to spontaneous abortion, malformation, and mental retardation. Whereas plain radiographs of the extremities and cervical spine expose the fetus to minimal doses of radiation of <10 mGy, other commonly performed orthopaedic diagnostic studies, such as CT of the pelvis, emit significantly higher exposure doses of approximately 35 mGy. Non-emitting modalities, such as ultrasonography and MRI, are alternatives for evaluation in the clinical setting.
authors.forename: Jonas L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Matzon
authors.forename: Kevin F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Lutsky
authors.forename: Emily K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: Pedro K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Beredjiklian
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000517:prevention & control; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D000069079:Radiation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011859:Radiography / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: fetus; ionizing radiation exposure; pregnancy