title: Characterization of linkage disequilibrium, consistency of gametic phase and admixture in Australian and Canadian goats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Basic understanding of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and population structure, as well as the consistency of gametic phase across breeds is crucial for genome-wide association studies and successful implementation of genomic selection. However, it is still limited in goats. Therefore, the objectives of this research were: (i) to estimate genome-wide levels of LD in goat breeds using data generated with the Illumina Goat SNP50 BeadChip; (ii) to study the consistency of gametic phase across breeds in order to evaluate the possible use of a multi-breed training population for genomic selection and (iii) develop insights concerning the population history of goat breeds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average r(2) between adjacent SNP pairs ranged from 0.28 to 0.11 for Boer and Rangeland populations. At the average distance between adjacent SNPs in the current 50 k SNP panel (~0.06 Mb), the breeds LaMancha, Nubian, Toggenburg and Boer exceeded or approached the level of linkage disequilibrium that is useful (r(2) > 0.2) for genomic predictions. In all breeds LD decayed rapidly with increasing inter-marker distance. The estimated correlations for all the breed pairs, except Canadian and Australian Boer populations, were lower than 0.70 for all marker distances greater than 0.02 Mb. These results are not high enough to encourage the pooling of breeds in a single training population for genomic selection. The admixture analysis shows that some breeds have distinct genotypes based on SNP50 genotypes, such as the Boer, Cashmere and Nubian populations. The other groups share higher genome proportions with each other, indicating higher admixture and a more diverse genetic composition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work presents results of a diverse collection of breeds, which are of great interest for the implementation of genomic selection in goats. The LD results indicate that, with a large enough training population, genomic selection could potentially be implemented within breed with the current 50 k panel, but some breeds might benefit from a denser panel. For multi-breed genomic evaluation, a denser SNP panel also seems to be required.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada. lbrito@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: Luiz F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada. mohsen@ccsi.ca.|Canadian Centre for Swine Improvement Inc, Ottawa, ON, Canada. mohsen@ccsi.ca.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jafarikia
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada. d_agrossi@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Daniela A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Grossi
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. James.Kijas@csiro.au.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kijas
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. Laercio.Portoneto@csiro.au.
authors.forename: Laercio R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Porto-Neto
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada. rventura@uoguelph.ca.|Beef Improvement Opportunities, Guelph, ON, Canada. rventura@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: Ricardo V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada. msargol@uoguelph.ca.|The Semex Alliance, Guelph, ON, Canada. msargol@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salgorzaei
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada. schenkel@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: Flavio S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Schenkel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001947:Breeding; D002170:Canada; D005787:Gene Frequency; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D023281:Genomics; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D006041:Goats / Q000235:genetics*; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011156:Population Density