title: Real-Time Monitoring of Cellular Bioenergetics with a Multianalyte Screen-Printed Electrode.
abstract: Real-time monitoring of changes to cellular bioenergetics can provide new insights into mechanisms of action for disease and toxicity. This work describes the development of a multianalyte screen-printed electrode for the detection of analytes central to cellular bioenergetics: glucose, lactate, oxygen, and pH. Platinum screen-printed electrodes were designed in-house and printed by Pine Research Instrumentation. Electrochemical plating techniques were used to form quasi-reference and pH electrodes. A Dimatix materials inkjet printer was used to deposit enzyme and polymer films to form sensors for glucose, lactate, and oxygen. These sensors were evaluated in bulk solution and microfluidic environments, and they were found to behave reproducibly and possess a lifetime of up to 6 weeks. Linear ranges and limits of detection for enzyme-based sensors were found to have an inverse relationship with enzyme loading, and iridium oxide pH sensors were found to have super-Nernstian responses. Preliminary measurements where the sensor was enclosed within a microfluidic channel with RAW 264.7 macrophages were performed to demonstrate the sensors' capabilities for performing real-time microphysiometry measurements.
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.|‡Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Cognata
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.
authors.forename: Anna N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: ‡Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.|§Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Biomedical Engineering, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wikswo
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.|‡Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Cliffel
mesh_terms: D004566:Electrodes; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid; D005947:Glucose; D010100:Oxygen