title: Coffee and beverages are the major contributors to polyphenol consumption from food and beverages in Japanese middle-aged women.
abstract: Food and beverages rich in polyphenols have been shown to reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases. The present study estimated polyphenol levels and consumption from food and beverages in Japanese women. Randomly recruited housewives living in the area around Tokyo (n 109; aged 21-56 years; Group 1) recorded all beverages and foods they ingested for 7 d, and the total polyphenol (TP) consumption was estimated based on the TP content of each item measured with a modified Folin-Ciocalteu method. For Group 1, TP was consumed at 841 (sd 403) mg/d (range 113-1759 mg/d), and beverages were a larger source of TP (79 %) than food (21 %). The largest single source of TP was coffee at 47 %, followed by green tea, black tea, chocolate, beer and soya sauce, at 16, 5·7, 3·3, 3·2 and 3·1 %, respectively. In terms of food groups, cereals/noodles, vegetables, fruits, beans and seeds, and seasonings (except for soya sauce) contributed 5·0, 4·0, 1·4, 1·8 and 2·4 %, respectively. Another group of housewives who consumed at least one cup of coffee per d were separately recruited (n 100; Group 2) in the same area. Their consumption of TP was higher at 1187 (sd 371) mg/d (range 440-2435 mg/d) than Group 1 (P < 0·001), and the difference mostly came from the coffee consumption. We conclude that not food but beverages, especially coffee, may be the major contributor to TP consumption in Japanese women.
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Japan Ltd , NYK Tennoz Bldg. , 2-2-20 Higashi-Shinagawa , Shinagawa-ku , Tokyo 140-0002 , Japan.
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Japan Ltd , NYK Tennoz Bldg. , 2-2-20 Higashi-Shinagawa , Shinagawa-ku , Tokyo 140-0002 , Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tashiro
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Japan Ltd , NYK Tennoz Bldg. , 2-2-20 Higashi-Shinagawa , Shinagawa-ku , Tokyo 140-0002 , Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Japan Ltd , NYK Tennoz Bldg. , 2-2-20 Higashi-Shinagawa , Shinagawa-ku , Tokyo 140-0002 , Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohyanagi
authors.affiliation: Japan Frozen Foods Inspection Corp. , 2-4-6 Shiba-daimon , Minato-ku , Tokyo 105-0012 , Japan.
authors.forename: Takumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horiuchi
authors.affiliation: Japan Frozen Foods Inspection Corp. , 2-4-6 Shiba-daimon , Minato-ku , Tokyo 105-0012 , Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takizawa
authors.affiliation: Ochanomizu University , 2-1-1 Ohtsuka , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 112-8610 , Japan.
authors.forename: Norie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sugihara
authors.affiliation: Ochanomizu University , 2-1-1 Ohtsuka , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 112-8610 , Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshimi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kishimoto
authors.affiliation: Ochanomizu University , 2-1-1 Ohtsuka , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 112-8610 , Japan.
authors.forename: Chie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.affiliation: Ochanomizu University , 2-1-1 Ohtsuka , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 112-8610 , Japan.
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tani
authors.affiliation: Ochanomizu University , 2-1-1 Ohtsuka , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 112-8610 , Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kondo
keywords: Beverages; Coffee; Consumption; Food; Polyphenols; TP, total polyphenol