title: Analysis of autophagic flux in response to sulforaphane in metastatic prostate cancer cells.
abstract: METHODS
  The phytochemical sulforaphane (SF) has been shown to decrease prostate cancer metastases in a genetic mouse model of prostate carcinogenesis, though the mechanism of action is not fully known. SF has been reported to stimulate autophagy, and modulation of autophagy has been proposed to influence SF cytotoxicity; however, no conclusions about autophagy can be drawn without assessing autophagic flux, which has not been characterized in prostate cancer cells following SF treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted an investigation to assess the impact of SF on autophagic flux in two metastatic prostate cancer cell lines at a concentration shown to decrease metastasis in vivo. Autophagic flux was assessed by multiple autophagy related proteins and substrates. We found that SF can stimulate autophagic flux and cell death only at high concentrations, above what has been observed in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that SF does not directly stimulate autophagy or cell death in metastatic prostate cancer cells under physiologically relevant conditions, but instead supports the involvement of in vivo factors as important effectors of SF-mediated prostate cancer suppression.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.|Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Samanthi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wickramasekara
authors.affiliation: Genetics, Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Zoraya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Palomera-Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Claudia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.|Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Center for Epigenetics and Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.|Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.|Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.|Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Roderick H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Dashwood
authors.affiliation: Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.|Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Viviana I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.affiliation: Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.|Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D013454:Sulfoxides
chemical_list: D017879:Isothiocyanates; D013454:Sulfoxides; C016766:sulforaphane
keywords: Autophagy; Cancer; Flux; Prostate; Sulforaphane