title: Modulation of the intestinal microbiota and morphology of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, following the application of a multi-species probiotic.
abstract: The intestinal microbiota and morphology of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were investigated after the application of a multi-species probiotic containing Lactobacillus reuteri, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecium and Pediococcus acidilactici (AquaStar(®) Growout). Tilapia (55.03 ± 0.44 g) were fed either a control diet or a probiotic diet (control diet supplemented with AquaStar(®) Growout at 5 g kg(-1)). After four and eight weeks, culture-dependent analysis showed higher levels of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), enterococci and Bacillus spp. in the mucosa and digesta of fish fed AquaStar(®) Growout. At week four, polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) revealed a higher similarity within the probiotic fed replicates than replicates of the control group; after eight weeks, the compositional dissimilarity of the microbiome profiles between the groups was greater than the dissimilarities within each group (P < 0.05). High-throughput sequencing revealed that the probiotic treatment significantly reduced the number of operational taxonomic units and species richness in the digesta. Significantly higher proportions of reads belonging to Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria were detected in the control group whereas the probiotic-fed fish displayed a significantly higher abundance of reads assigned to the Firmicutes (which accounted for >99 % of reads). Bacillus, Cetobacterium and Mycobacterium were the dominant genera in the digesta of control fish whereas Bacillus, Enterococcus and Pediococcus were the largest constituents in probiotic-fed fish. The addition of AquaStar(®) Growout to tilapia diets led to increased populations of intraepithelial leucocytes, a higher absorptive surface area index and higher microvilli density in the intestine. These data suggest that AquaStar(®) Growout can modulate both the intestinal microbiota and morphology of tilapia.
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture and Fish Nutrition Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK. benedict.standen@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Standen
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture and Fish Nutrition Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodiles
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture and Fish Nutrition Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Peggs
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture and Fish Nutrition Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Biomin Holding GmbH, Industriestrasse 21, 3130, Herzogenburg, Austria.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture and Fish Nutrition Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK. daniel.merrifield@plymouth.ac.uk.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Merrifield
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023681:Cichlids / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*
keywords: High-throughput sequencing; Intestinal microbiota; Intraepithelial leucocyte (IEL); Microscopy; Probiotic; Tilapia