title: Study of the risk factors related to acquisition of urinary tract infections in patients submitted to renal transplant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinary tract infections (UTI) among transplant recipients are usually caused by gram-negative microorganisms and can provoke a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with the acquisition of UTIs during the first year after renal transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we report a single-center retrospective cohort study of 99 renal transplant patients followed for the first year after surgery. The definition of a UTI episode was a urine culture showing bacterial growth and leucocyturia when patients presented with urinary symptoms. The absence of infection (asymptomatic bacteriuria) was defined as an absence of symptoms with negative urine culture or bacterial growth with any number of colonies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-nine patients were included in the study. During the study, 1,847 urine cultures were collected, and 320 (17.3%) tested positive for bacterial growth. Twenty-six (26.2%) patients developed a UTI. The most frequent microorganisms isolated from patients with UTIs were Klebsiella pneumoniae (36%), with 33% of the strains resistant to carbapenems, followed by Escherichia coli (20%). There were no deaths or graft losses associated with UTI episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among the UTI risk factors studied, the only one that was associated with a higher incidence of infection was female sex. Moreover, the identification of drug-resistant strains is worrisome, as these infections have become widespread globally and represent a challenge in the control and management of infections, especially in solid organ transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Comissão de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mayra Gonçalves
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Menegueti
authors.affiliation: Divisão de Nefrologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Fernando
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bellissimo-Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Divisão de Nefrologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tania Marisa Pisi
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Divisão de Nefrologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana Tanajura Santamaria
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Saber
authors.affiliation: Divisão de Nefrologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Estela Papini
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Nardim
authors.affiliation: Divisão de Nefrologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valmir Aparecido
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Muglia
authors.affiliation: Divisão de Nefrologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Miguel Moyses
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Neto
authors.affiliation: Divisão de Nefrologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elen Almeida
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Romão
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D055815:Young Adult