title: Risk factors for cervical lymph node metastasis in superficial head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The necessity of transoral surgery for head and neck carcinoma is increasing, but its indications for the treatment of superficial head and neck carcinomas have not yet been established. This study was intended to help establish the standard indications for transoral surgery and additional therapy in patients with superficial head and neck carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-two patients with 83 superficial head and neck carcinoma underwent transoral tumor resection at the Cancer Institute Hospital between June 2006 and September 2011. We measured the tumor size and thickness, examined the gross appearance, permeation of vessels, and droplet infiltration, and analyzed the correlations between each parameter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sessile type of tumor on gross appearance showed a significantly higher incidence of thickness≥1000 µm than the other types. Tumor thickness≥1000 µm was associated with higher incidences of permeation of vessels, droplet infiltration, and cervical lymph node metastasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In superficial head and neck carcinoma, if the endoscopic gross appearance is the sessile type, tumor thickness is likely to be ≥1000 µm and risk of cervical lymph node metastasis is increased.
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kishimoto
authors.affiliation: Division of Head and Neck, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation of Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawabata
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation of Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Division of Endoscopy, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation of Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuchida
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D057605:Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery; D010610:Pharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012307:Risk Factors; D000077195:Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck