title: The effect of alcohol priming on neural markers of alcohol cue-reactivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Priming doses of alcohol are associated with increased desire to drink and disinhibitory effects on subsequent control over drinking. Despite the importance of alcohol priming in the cue-reactivity literature, the effects of priming on brain responses to alcohol cues remains unclear. Furthermore, evidence suggests this relationship may be moderated by OPRM1 genotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty individuals with alcohol dependence (six females; 90% Caucasian; mean age = 29.4) who were prospectively genotyped on the OPRM1 gene underwent two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions, before and after a priming dose of alcohol, each including a gustatory alcohol cue reactivity paradigm and self-reported craving measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-reported alcohol craving generally increased and remained higher for alcohol versus water cue presentations across pre- and post-priming scans. Compared to alcohol cues delivered during the post-priming scan, alcohol cues delivered pre-priming were associated with greater activation in regions including the hippocampus, amygdala, inferior frontal gyrus, temporal cortex, and occipital cortex. Controlling for alcoholism severity increased statistical significance of activation in these regions. Follow-up analyses revealed a positive correlation between alcoholism severity and pre- versus post-priming alcohol cue-reactivity primarily in frontal regions. OPRM1 genotype was also found to moderate alcohol cue-reactivity across scans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides initial evidence of alcohol cue-elicited habituation in fronto-temporal regions, despite continued craving, following a priming dose of alcohol. Further, it provides preliminary evidence for moderating roles of alcoholism severity and OPRM1 genotype on priming-related changes in cue-reactivity, adding to our understanding of the function of alcohol priming in alcohol dependence.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychology and.
authors.forename: Kelly E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Courtney
authors.forename: Dara G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Ghahremani
authors.forename: Lara A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ray
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D003463:Cues; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000235:genetics; D060865:Repetition Priming / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C485764:OPRM1 protein, human; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Alcohol; alcoholism; cue-reactivity; fMRI; priming