title: Quantitative analysis of 3-dimensional facial soft tissue photographic images: technical methods and clinical application.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recent advent of 3D photography has created the potential for comprehensive facial evaluation. However, lack of practical true 3D analysis of the information collected from 3D images has been the factor limiting widespread utilization in orthodontics. Current evaluation of 3D facial soft tissue images relies on subjective visual evaluation and 2D distances to assess facial disharmony. The objectives of this project strive to map the surface and define boundaries of 3D facial soft tissue, modify mathematical functions to average multiple 3D facial images, and mathematically average 3D facial images allowing generation of color-coded surface deviation relative to a true average.
  
  
  METHODS
  Collaboration headed by UCLA Orthodontics with UCLA Neuroimaging was initiated to modify advanced brain mapping technology to accurately map the facial surface in 3D. 10 subjects were selected as a sample for development of the technical protocol. 3dMD photographic images were segmented, corrected using a series of topology correcting algorithms, and process to create close meshes. Shapes were mapped to a sphere using conformal and area preserving maps, and were then registered using a spherical patch mapping approach. Finally an average was created using 7-parameter procrustes alignment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Size-standardized average facial images were generated for the sample population. A single patient was then superimposed on the average and color-coded displacement maps were generated to demonstrate the clinical applicability of this protocol. Further confirmation of the methods through 3D superimposition of the initial (T0) average to the 4 week (T4) average was completed and analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this investigation suggest that it is possible to average multiple facial images of highly variable topology. The immediate application of this research will be rapid and detailed diagnostic imaging analysis for orthodontic and surgical treatment planning. There is great potential for application to anthropometrics and genomics. This investigation resulted in establishment of a protocol for mapping the surface of the human face in three dimensions.
authors.affiliation: UCLA, California, USA, Vikrum.nanda@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vikrum
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gutman
authors.forename: Ehab
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bar
authors.forename: Suha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alghamdi
authors.forename: Sotirios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tetradis
authors.forename: Aldons J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lusis
authors.forename: Eleazar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eskin
authors.forename: Won
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Moon
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000465:Algorithms; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D066230:Patient-Specific Modeling; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods*; D044469:Racial Groups; D012737:Sex Factors; D012984:Software; D013674:Technology, Dental