title: The potential of selected Australian medicinal plants with anti-Proteus activity for the treatment and prevention of rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A wide variety of herbal medicines are used in indigenous Australian traditional medicinal systems to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammation. The current study was undertaken to test the ability of a panel of Australian plants with a history of the ethnobotanical usage in the treatment of inflammation for the ability to block the microbial trigger of RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and six extracts from 40 plant species were investigated for the ability to inhibit the growth of the bacterial trigger of RA (Proteus mirabilis). The extracts were tested for toxicity in the Artemia nauplii bioassay. The most potent inhibitor of P. mirabilis growth was further analyzed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled to high accuracy time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-five of the 106 extracts tested (61.3%) inhibited the growth of P. The Aleurites moluccanus, Datura leichardtii, Eucalyptus major, Leptospermum bracteata, L. juniperium, Macadamia integriflora nut, Melaleuca alternifolia, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Petalostigma pubescens, P. triloculorae, P. augustifolium, Scaevola spinescens, Syzygium australe, and Tasmannia lanceolata extracts were determined to be the most effective inhibitors of P. mirabilis growth, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values generally significantly below 1000 μg/ml. T. lanceolata fruit extracts were the most effective P. mirabilis growth inhibitors, with a MIC values of 11 and 126 μg/ml for the methanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. Subsequent analysis of the T. lanceolata fruit extracts by RP-HPLC coupled to high-resolution TOF mass spectroscopy failed to detect resveratrol in either T. lanceolata fruit extract. However, the resveratrol glycoside piceid and 2 combretastatin stilbenes (A-1 and A-4) were detected in both T. lanceolata fruit extracts. With the exception of the Eucalyptus and Syzygium extracts, all extracts exhibiting Proteus inhibitory activity were also shown to be nontoxic, or of low toxicity in the Artemia nauplii bioassay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low toxicity of these extracts and their inhibitory bioactivity against Proteus spp. indicate their potential in blocking the onset of rheumatoid arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia ; School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
authors.forename: I E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Cock
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Winnett
authors.affiliation: Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia ; School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sirdaarta
authors.affiliation: Smartwaters Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Matthews
keywords: Australian plants; Piceid; Proteus mirabilis; combretastatin; inflammation; resveratrol; rheumatoid arthritis; stilbene