title: A computational fluid-structure interaction model of the blood flow in the healthy and varicose saphenous vein.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Varicose vein has become enlarged and twisted and, consequently, has lost its mechanical strength. As a result of the varicose saphenous vein (SV) mechanical alterations, the hemodynamic parameters of the blood flow, such as blood velocity as well as vein wall stress and strain, would change accordingly. However, little is known about stress and strain and there consequences under experimental conditions on blood flow and velocity within normal and varicose veins. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model of a human healthy and varicose SVs was established to determine the hemodynamic characterization of the blood flow as a function of vein wall mechanical properties, i.e. elastic and hyperelastic.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mechanical properties of the human healthy and varicose SVs were experimentally measured and implemented into the computational model. The fully coupled fluid and structure models were solved using the explicit dynamics finite element code LS-DYNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results revealed that, regardless of healthy and varicose, the elastic walls reach to the ultimate strength of the vein wall, whereas the hyperelastic wall can tolerate more stress. The highest von Mises stress compared to the healthy ones was seen in the elastic and hyperelastic varicose SVs with 1.412 and 1.535 MPa, respectively. In addition, analysis of the resultant displacement in the vein wall indicated that the varicose SVs experienced a higher displacement compared to the healthy ones irrespective of elastic and hyperelastic material models. The highest blood velocity was also observed for the healthy hyperelastic SV wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study may have implications not only for determining the role of the vein wall mechanical properties in the hemodynamic alterations of the blood, but also for employing as a null information in balloon-angioplasty and bypass surgeries.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16887, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Razaghi
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16887, Iran alirezakarimi@mecheng.iust.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karimi
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16887, Iran.
authors.forename: Shahrokh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rahmani
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16887, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navidbakhsh
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004548:Elasticity; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Varicose; elastic; fluid–structure interaction; hyperelastic; saphenous vein