title: Plasmodium vivax Diversity and Population Structure across Four Continents.
abstract: Plasmodium vivax is the geographically most widespread human malaria parasite. To analyze patterns of microsatellite diversity and population structure across countries of different transmission intensity, genotyping data from 11 microsatellite markers was either generated or compiled from 841 isolates from four continents collected in 1999-2008. Diversity was highest in South-East Asia (mean allelic richness 10.0-12.8), intermediate in the South Pacific (8.1-9.9) Madagascar and Sudan (7.9-8.4), and lowest in South America and Central Asia (5.5-7.2). A reduced panel of only 3 markers was sufficient to identify approx. 90% of all haplotypes in South Pacific, African and SE-Asian populations, but only 60-80% in Latin American populations, suggesting that typing of 2-6 markers, depending on the level of endemicity, is sufficient for epidemiological studies. Clustering analysis showed distinct clusters in Peru and Brazil, but little sub-structuring was observed within Africa, SE-Asia or the South Pacific. Isolates from Uzbekistan were exceptional, as a near-clonal parasite population was observed that was clearly separated from all other populations (FST>0.2). Outside Central Asia FST values were highest (0.11-0.16) between South American and all other populations, and lowest (0.04-0.07) between populations from South-East Asia and the South Pacific. These comparisons between P. vivax populations from four continents indicated that not only transmission intensity, but also geographical isolation affect diversity and population structure. However, the high effective population size results in slow changes of these parameters. This persistency must be taken into account when assessing the impact of control programs on the genetic structure of parasite populations.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koepfli
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Priscila T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Antao
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Orjuela-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van den Eede
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Dionicia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gamboa
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology, and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Nguyen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Hong
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bendezu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erhart
authors.affiliation: Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barnadas
authors.affiliation: Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
authors.forename: Arsène
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ratsimbasoa
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de Cambodge, Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Menard
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Severini
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menegon
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan.
authors.forename: Bakri Y M
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Nour
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Nadira
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karunaweera
authors.affiliation: Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Felger
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D000483:Alleles; D000569:Americas / Q000453:epidemiology; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008270:Madagascar / Q000453:epidemiology; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000635:transmission; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification