title: New dosimetry for childhood skin hemangioma treatments with (226)Ra needles or tubes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Stockholm Hemangioma Cohort is important for evaluation of late effects after exposure to ionizing radiation during childhood. Dose estimates in this cohort were based on both measurements and calculations using an old treatment planning system.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compare previously published and calculated dose estimates with new ones, obtained by Monte Carlo simulations, which mimic the hemangioma treatments with (226)Ra needles and tubes. The distances between the (226)Ra sources and the thyroid and breasts, respectively, were reassessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Monte Carlo calculations showed significantly lower dose values than those obtained earlier. The differences depended both on the modeling of the sources and on further individualized distances from the sources. The mean value of the new calculated doses was 25% of the old breast doses and 46% of the old thyroid doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New dosimetry for hemangioma treatments gives significantly lower organ doses for the few cases receiving the highest absorbed dose values. This implies that radiation risk estimates will increase and have to be recalculated. For retrospective studies it is now possible to calculate organ doses from radium treatments using modern treatment planning systems by modeling the source geometry carefully and apply the TG-43 formalism. It is important to be aware of the large uncertainties in calculated absorbed dose values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics and Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: marie.lundell@ki.se.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lundell
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiological Sciences, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Medical Physics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiological Sciences, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Medical Physics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Åsa
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Carlsson Tedgren
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006391:Hemangioma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009339:Needles; D011874:Radiometry; D011883:Radium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D011883:Radium
keywords: Children; Dosimetry; Hemangioma; Organ doses; Radium treatment