title: Psychological Distress in the Hospital Setting: A Comparison between Native Dutch and Immigrant Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prevalence of psychological distress (i.e. depressive and anxiety symptoms) in medically ill patients is high. Research in the general population shows a higher prevalence of psychological distress among immigrants compared to natives. Our aim was to examine the prevalence of psychological distress in the hospital setting comparing immigrant and native Dutch patients and first and second generation immigrant patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of psychological distress was assessed using the extended Kessler-10 (EK-10) in 904 patients in a Dutch general teaching hospital. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios to determine differences between native and immigrant patients and first and second generation immigrants in the prevalence of psychological distress. We adjusted for demographic and social variables, socio-economic status, physical quality of life, history of psychiatric disease and health care use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 904 patients, 585 were native Dutch patients and 319 were immigrant patients. The prevalence of psychological distress in native compared to immigrant patients was 54% and 66% respectively, with especially high prevalences among Turkish and Moroccan immigrant patients. The crude OR for prevalence of psychological distress for immigrant patients versus native patients was 1.7 (95% CI 1.2-2.2) and for first versus second generation immigrant patients 2.1 (95% CI 1.2-3.5). After full adjustment ORs were 1.7 (95% CI 1.2-2.3) and 2.2 (95% CI 1.2-4.1) respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immigrant patients and first generation immigrant patients were more likely to have psychological distress compared to native patients and second generation immigrant patients respectively. We found a particularly high prevalence of psychological distress in Turkish and Moroccan immigrants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Sint Lucas Andreas Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Research department, Sint Lucas Andreas Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gertrud L G
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Haverkamp
authors.affiliation: Research department, Sint Lucas Andreas Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Torensma
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Sint Lucas Andreas Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anton C M
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vergouwen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Sint Lucas Andreas Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of psychiatry, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Adriaan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Honig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009018:Morocco / Q000208:ethnology; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D014421:Turkey / Q000208:ethnology