title: Effect of Stay-Green Wheat, a Novel Variety of Wheat in China, on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in High-Fat Diet Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats.
abstract: The use of natural hypoglycemic compounds is important in preventing and managing Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150-180 g were divided into four groups to investigate the effects of the compounds in stay-green wheat (SGW), a novel variety of wheat in China, on T2DM rats. The control group (NDC) was fed with a standard diet, while T2DM was induced in the rats belonging to the other three groups by a high-fat diet followed by a streptozotocin (STZ) injection. The T2DM rats were further divided into a T2DM control group (DC), which was fed with the normal diet containing 50% common wheat flour, a high dose SGW group (HGW) fed with a diet containing 50% SGW flour, and a low dose SGW group (LGW) fed with a diet containing 25% SGW flour and 25% common wheat flour. Our results showed that SGW contained cereal antioxidants, particularly high in flavonoids and anthocyanins (46.14 ± 1.80 mg GAE/100 g DW and 1.73 ± 0.14 mg CGE/100 g DW, respectively). Furthermore, SGW exhibited a strong antioxidant activity in vitro (30.33 ± 2.66 μg TE/g DW, p < 0.01). Administration of the SGW at a high and low dose showed significant down-regulatory effects on fasting blood glucose (decreasing by 11.3% and 7.0%, respectively), insulin levels (decreasing by 12.3% and 9.7%, respectively), and lipid status (decreasing by 9.1% and 7.5%, respectively) in T2DM rats (p < 0.01). In addition, the T2DM groups treated with SGW at a high and low dose showed a significant increase in the blood superoxide dismutase (1.17 fold and 1.15 fold, respectively) and glutathione peroxidase activities (1.37 fold and 1.30 fold, respectively) compared with the DC group (p < 0.01). The normalized impaired antioxidant status of the pancreatic islet and of the liver compared with the DC group was also significantly increased. Our results indicated that SGW components exerting a glycemic control and a serum lipid regulation effect may be due to their free radical scavenging capacities to reduce the risk of T2DM in experimental diabetic rats.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Food Safety Engineering Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. yadxjjs@163.com.|Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. yadxjjs@163.com.|Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China. yadxjjs@163.com.
authors.forename: Jinshan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Food Safety Engineering Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. yyyyyy_214@163.com.|Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. yyyyyy_214@163.com.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Food Safety Engineering Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. miniqiao@126.com.|Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. miniqiao@126.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoqin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China. yadxwl0209@163.com.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Food Safety Engineering Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. zhangrj@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ruijuan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Food Safety Engineering Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. zlwd@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhenlin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shaanxi Key laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China. fandaidi@nwu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Daidi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Food Safety Engineering Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. yanghx@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.|Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. yanghx@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Haixia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Shaanxi Key laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China. dengjianjun@nwu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002681:China; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005433:Flour; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013311:Streptozocin; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005419:Flavonoids; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D013311:Streptozocin; C000606292:Sod1 protein, rat; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1
keywords: antioxidant activities; high-fat diet; stay-green wheat; type 2 diabetic mellitus