title: Proallergic cytokines and group 2 innate lymphoid cells in allergic nasal diseases.
abstract: Recent advances in our understanding of proallergic cytokines and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) indicate their critical roles in type 2 immunity-mediated disorders. Proallergic cytokines, interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, are released from epithelial cells in inflamed tissues and drive type 2 inflammation by acting on innate and acquired immune systems. ILC2s are an innate immune population that responds to proallergic cytokines by producing type 2 cytokines. In line with allergic disorders in the lung, skin, and intestine, emerging evidence suggests the involvement of proallergic cytokines and ILC2s in allergic nasal diseases such as chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps (CRSwNP), allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, and allergic rhinitis (AR). In CRSwNP patients, both proallergic cytokine levels and ILC2s frequency are increased in the nasal mucosa. Increased proallergic cytokine levels correlate with poorer disease outcomes in CRSwNP. Levels of nasal proallergic cytokines are also elevated in AR patients. In addition, animal studies demonstrate that cytokines are essential for the development of AR. It is becoming clear that the proallergic cytokine/ILC2s axis participates in allergic diseases by multiple mechanisms dependent upon the inflammatory context. Thus, a thorough understanding of these cytokines and ILC2s including their tissue- and disease-specific roles is essential for targeting the pathways to achieve therapeutic applications.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazufumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akasaki
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan; Department of Immunology and Medical Zoology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan. Electronic address: tomo@hyo-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshimoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000276:immunology*; D065631:Rhinitis, Allergic / Q000276:immunology*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Allergic rhinitis; Chronic rhinosinusitis; Group 2 innate lymphoid cells; Proallergic cytokines; Upper airway