title: The impact of elevated carbon dioxide on the phosphorus nutrition of plants: a review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing attention is being focused on the influence of rapid increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration on nutrient cycling in ecosystems. An understanding of how elevated CO2 affects plant utilization and acquisition of phosphorus (P) will be critical for P management to maintain ecosystem sustainability in P-deficient regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review focuses on the impact of elevated CO2 on plant P demand, utilization in plants and P acquisition from soil. Several knowledge gaps on elevated CO2-P associations are highlighted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant increases in P demand by plants are likely to happen under elevated CO2 due to the stimulation of photosynthesis, and subsequent growth responses. Elevated CO2 alters P acquisition through changes in root morphology and increases in rooting depth. Moreover, the quantity and composition of root exudates are likely to change under elevated CO2, due to the changes in carbon fluxes along the glycolytic pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. As a consequence, these root exudates may lead to P mobilization by the chelation of P from sparingly soluble P complexes, by the alteration of the biochemical environment and by changes to microbial activity in the rhizosphere. Future research on chemical, molecular, microbiological and physiological aspects is needed to improve understanding of how elevated CO2 might affect the use and acquisition of P by plants.
authors.affiliation: Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia and Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia and C.Tang@latrobe.edu.au.
authors.forename: Caixian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia and.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sale
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism*; D010788:Photosynthesis; D053147:Plant Exudates; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010944:Plants / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D053147:Plant Exudates; D012987:Soil; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010758:Phosphorus
keywords: Elevated CO2; P transformation; P-use efficiency; climate change; microbial community.; phosphorous uptake; plant nutrition; root exudates; root morphology