title: Intra-Genomic Heterogeneity in 16S rRNA Genes in Strictly Anaerobic Clinical Isolates from Periodontal Abscesses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Members of the genera Prevotella, Veillonella and Fusobacterium are the predominant culturable obligate anaerobic bacteria isolated from periodontal abscesses. When determining the cumulative number of clinical anaerobic isolates from periodontal abscesses, ambiguous or overlapping signals were frequently encountered in 16S rRNA gene sequencing chromatograms, resulting in ambiguous identifications. With the exception of the genus Veillonella, the high intra-chromosomal heterogeneity of rrs genes has not been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 16S rRNA genes of 138 clinical, strictly anaerobic isolates and one reference strain were directly sequenced, and the chromatograms were carefully examined. Gene cloning was performed for 22 typical isolates with doublet sequencing signals for the 16S rRNA genes, and four copies of the rrs-ITS genes of 9 Prevotella intermedia isolates were separately amplified by PCR, sequenced and compared. Five conserved housekeeping genes, hsp60, recA, dnaJ, gyrB1 and rpoB from 89 clinical isolates of Prevotella were also amplified by PCR and sequenced for identification and phylogenetic analysis along with 18 Prevotella reference strains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heterogeneity of 16S rRNA genes was apparent in clinical, strictly anaerobic oral bacteria, particularly in the genera Prevotella and Veillonella. One hundred out of 138 anaerobic strains (72%) had intragenomic nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in multiple locations, and 13 strains (9.4%) had intragenomic insertions or deletions in the 16S rRNA gene. In the genera Prevotella and Veillonella, 75% (67/89) and 100% (19/19) of the strains had SNPs in the 16S rRNA gene, respectively. Gene cloning and separate amplifications of four copies of the rrs-ITS genes confirmed that 2 to 4 heterogeneous 16S rRNA copies existed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sequence alignment of five housekeeping genes revealed that intra-species nucleotide similarities were very high in the genera Prevotella, ranging from 94.3-100%. However, the inter-species similarities were relatively low, ranging from 68.7-97.9%. The housekeeping genes rpoB and gyrB1 were demonstrated to be alternative classification markers to the species level based on intra- and inter-species comparisons, whereas based on phylogenetic tree rpoB proved to be reliable phylogenetic marker for the genus Prevotella.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Jiazhen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Junlin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Xingwen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Liying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Wenhong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D006801:Humans; D010508:Periodontal Abscess / Q000378:metabolism*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S