title: Risk Factors for Urinary Tract Infections in Cardiac Surgical Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Risk factors for catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgical procedures have been well documented. However, the variables associated with CAUTIs in the cardiac surgical population have not been clearly defined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate risk factors associated with CAUTIs in patients undergoing cardiac procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients undergoing cardiac surgery at a single institution from 2006 through 2012 (4,883 patients) were reviewed. Patients with U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) criteria for CAUTI were identified from the hospital's Quality Assessment database. Pre-operative, operative, and post-operative patient factors were evaluated. Univariate and multivariable analyses were used to identify significant correlations between perioperative characteristics and CAUTIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 55 (1.1%) documented CAUTIs in the study population. On univariate analysis, older age, female gender, diabetes mellitus, cardiogenic shock, urgent or emergent operation, packed red blood cell (PRBC) units transfused, and intensive care unit length of stay (ICU LOS) were all significantly associated with CAUTI [p<0.05]. On multivariable logistic regression, older age, female gender, diabetes mellitus, and ICU LOS remained significantly associated with CAUTI. Additionally, there was a significant association between CAUTI and 30-d mortality on univariate analysis. However, when controlling for common predictors of operative mortality on multivariable analysis, CAUTI was no longer associated with mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are several identifiable risk factors for CAUTI in patients undergoing cardiac procedures. CAUTI is not independently associated with increased mortality, but it does serve as a marker of sicker patients more likely to die from other comorbidities or complications. Therefore, awareness of the high-risk nature of these patients should lead to increased diligence and may help to improve peri-operative outcomes. Recognizing patients at high risk for CAUTI may lead to improved measures to decrease CAUTI rates within this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System , Charlottesville, Virginia.
authors.forename: Jacob R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gillen
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System , Charlottesville, Virginia.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Isbell
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System , Charlottesville, Virginia.
authors.forename: Alex D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Michaels
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System , Charlottesville, Virginia.
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System , Charlottesville, Virginia.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Sawyer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013903:Thoracic Surgery; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*