title: Memantine Attenuates Delayed Vasospasm after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage via Modulating Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase.
abstract: Delayed cerebral vasospasm is an important pathological feature of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The cause of vasospasm is multifactorial. Impairs nitric oxide availability and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) dysfunction has been reported to underlie vasospasm. Memantine, a low-affinity uncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) blocker has been proven to reduce early brain injury after SAH. This study investigated the effect of memantine on attenuation of vasospasm and restoring eNOS functionality. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 350-450 g were randomly divided into three weight-matched groups, sham surgery, SAH + vehicle, and SAH + memantine groups. The effects of memantine on SAH were evaluated by assessing the severity of vasospasm and the expression of eNOS. Memantine effectively ameliorated cerebral vasospasm by restoring eNOS functionality. Memantine can prevent vasospasm in experimental SAH. Treatment strategies may help combat SAH-induced vasospasm in the future.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan. gordon168999@yahoo.com.tw.|Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan. gordon168999@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Chih-Yuan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan. liangcha@mail.ncku.edu.tw.|Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan. liangcha@mail.ncku.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Liang-Chao
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan. ysshan@mail.ncku.edu.tw.|Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan. ysshan@mail.ncku.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yan-Shen
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan. proie628@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Chia-Hsin
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan. kjtsai@mail.ncku.edu.tw.|Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan. kjtsai@mail.ncku.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Kuen-Jer
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008559:Memantine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D008559:Memantine
keywords: memantine; nitric oxide synthase; subarachnoid hemorrhage; vasospasm