title: Predictors of Spinal Cord Stimulation Success.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As many as 30% of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) patients fail to obtain long-term pain coverage, even with the strictest parameters of a successful trial, unremarkable psychological assessment, and ideal placement of the permanent device. Why these patients either never receive adequate benefit or lose benefit remains elusive.
  
  
  METHODS
  We perform a retrospective review of our prospective database of SCS patients undergoing surgery for routine indications. Six-month postoperative follow-up data were available for 57 patients. Two providers who routinely saw the patients were asked to independently grade the patient's outcome in a blinded fashion on a Global Outcome Ratings scale of 1 to 10, with 5 being 50% improvement at 6 months postoperation. A score of less than 5 was deemed a failure. The impact of body mass index (BMI), random drug screen results, workers' compensation status, depression, and smoking were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report a phi correlation of 0.350 between smoking and failure (p = 0.017). Smoking status is correlated with both lead migration revisions (phi = 0.269) (p = 0.044) and with revision due to new pain symptoms (phi = 0.241) (p = 0.072). Further, there is a trend of correlation (phi = 0.289) between drug use and patients (N = 3) who underwent device removal (p = 0.045). In this cohort, worker's compensation status, BMI, and depression did not impact outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tobacco use correlates with less success with SCS at 6-month follow-up. Whether that is because of issues with healing and our transmission of signals to the periphery warrants further exploration. These data provide further evidence that tobacco cessation is important to surgical results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Priscilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De La Cruz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fama
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haller
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Meghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilock
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA.|Center for Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pilitsis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking; D062187:Spinal Cord Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014942:Workers' Compensation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Illegal drug use; spinal cord stimulation; tobacco