title: Correlates of dietary behavior in adults: an umbrella review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple studies have been conducted on correlates of dietary behavior in adults, but a clear overview is currently lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  An umbrella review, or review-of-reviews, was conducted to summarize and synthesize the scientific evidence on correlates and determinants of dietary behavior in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible systematic reviews were identified in four databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, The Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Only reviews published between January 1990 and May 2014 were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic reviews of observable food and dietary behavior that describe potential behavioral determinants of dietary behavior in adults were included. After independent selection of potentially relevant reviews by two authors, a total of 14 reviews were considered eligible.
  
  
  METHODS
  For data extraction, the importance of determinants, the strength of the evidence, and the methodological quality of the eligible reviews were evaluated. Multiple observers conducted the data extraction independently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Social-cognitive determinants and environmental determinants (mainly the social-cultural environment) were included most often in the available reviews. Sedentary behavior and habit strength were consistently identified as important correlates of dietary behavior. Other correlates and potential determinants of dietary behavior, such as motivational regulation, shift work, and the political environment, have been studied in relatively few studies, but results are promising.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The multitude of studies conducted on correlates of dietary behavior provides mixed, but sometimes quite convincing, evidence. However, because of the generally weak research design of the studies covered in the available reviews, the evidence for true determinants is suggestive, at best.
authors.affiliation: E.F.C. Sleddens, L.F.M. Kohl, and S.P.J. Kremers are with the Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands. W. Kroeze, L.M. Bolten, and E. Velema are with the Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. P.J. Kaspers is with the Medical Library, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. J. Brug is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Ester.Sleddens@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Ester F C
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Sleddens
authors.affiliation: E.F.C. Sleddens, L.F.M. Kohl, and S.P.J. Kremers are with the Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands. W. Kroeze, L.M. Bolten, and E. Velema are with the Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. P.J. Kaspers is with the Medical Library, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. J. Brug is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willemieke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kroeze
authors.affiliation: E.F.C. Sleddens, L.F.M. Kohl, and S.P.J. Kremers are with the Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands. W. Kroeze, L.M. Bolten, and E. Velema are with the Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. P.J. Kaspers is with the Medical Library, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. J. Brug is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Leonie F M
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Kohl
authors.affiliation: E.F.C. Sleddens, L.F.M. Kohl, and S.P.J. Kremers are with the Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands. W. Kroeze, L.M. Bolten, and E. Velema are with the Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. P.J. Kaspers is with the Medical Library, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. J. Brug is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bolten
authors.affiliation: E.F.C. Sleddens, L.F.M. Kohl, and S.P.J. Kremers are with the Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands. W. Kroeze, L.M. Bolten, and E. Velema are with the Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. P.J. Kaspers is with the Medical Library, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. J. Brug is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Velema
authors.affiliation: E.F.C. Sleddens, L.F.M. Kohl, and S.P.J. Kremers are with the Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands. W. Kroeze, L.M. Bolten, and E. Velema are with the Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. P.J. Kaspers is with the Medical Library, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. J. Brug is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaspers
authors.affiliation: E.F.C. Sleddens, L.F.M. Kohl, and S.P.J. Kremers are with the Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands. W. Kroeze, L.M. Bolten, and E. Velema are with the Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. P.J. Kaspers is with the Medical Library, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. J. Brug is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stef P J
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kremers
authors.affiliation: E.F.C. Sleddens, L.F.M. Kohl, and S.P.J. Kremers are with the Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands. W. Kroeze, L.M. Bolten, and E. Velema are with the Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. P.J. Kaspers is with the Medical Library, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. J. Brug is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brug
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004032:Diet / Q000523:psychology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008960:Models, Psychological; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012931:Social Environment
keywords: adults; correlates; determinants; diet; dietary behavior; umbrella review