title: Secreted trophic factors of Human umbilical cord stromal cells induce differentiation and neurite extension through PI3K and independent of cAMP pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trophic factors (TFs) play important role during development and adult tissue maintenance. In neurodegenerative diseases (ND) TF supplementation provides protection. Stromal cells (HUMS) derived from the human umbilical cord matrix provide neuroprotection in the ND models of mice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Though TF mediated protection is known, the exact mechanism of protection is not clear. So, here the essential TFs (secreted by HUMS cells) and the pathway of induction of neurite extension, differentiation and networking is addressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The HUMS cells from the human umbilical cord matrix were derived and the mouse spinal cord motor neuron cell line, NSC-34 was extensively used. Flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, RT- PCR, western blot, ELISA and antibody/inhibitor treatment were carried out to figure out the TF pathway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HUMS cells secrete six neurotrophic factors (sTFs), namely, NT-3, NGF, BDNF, VEGF, IGF-1 and GDNF (TFs). These TFs are sufficient to induce differentiation, neurite extension and neural networking in a motor neuron cell line, NSC34. All the 5 TFs need to be neutralized simultaneously with their antibodies to abrogate neurite extension. These motor neurons express the concomitant receptors, which are either receptor tyrosine kinase (TrK) coupled or to the receptor followed by the TrKs, for the above trophic factors (except for BDNF). The tyrosine kinase inhibitor, K252a, drastically reduces neurite extension. In NSC34, the TFs are coupled to the PI3K-Akt-pathway and the RAS-MAP kinase signaling through phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2. PI3K inhibitor, Ly 294002, abolishes neural differentiation and neurite extension. Thus, differentiation, neurite extension and networking could be achieved through the PI3K pathway. Intriguingly, the cAMP second messenger system coupling was not required. H89, PKA-inhibitor caused extensive cell death. But, had no effect in the presence of HUMS-secreted-TFs(HSTFs) suggesting a pathway switch for cell survival itself.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HUMS cells and their secreted factors could be of great use in regenerative medicine (RM). The activators of PI3K pathway, the major route of these HUMS-TFs action could be explored in RM and in the neurobiology of neural differentiation and extension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, INDIA.
authors.forename: Ajeet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, INDIA.
authors.forename: Himanshu K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, INDIA.
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, INDIA.
authors.forename: Jamuna R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Subramaniam
keywords: Differentiation; Human umbilical cord; MSC; Motor neurons; Neurotrophic factors; PI3K; Tyrosine kinase