title: New Nordic Diet-Induced Weight Loss Is Accompanied by Changes in Metabolism and AMPK Signaling in Adipose Tissue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The molecular mechanisms behind diet-induced metabolic improvements remain to be studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to investigate whether expression of proteins in skeletal muscle or adipose tissue could explain improvements in glucose and lipid homeostasis after weight loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volunteers consumed a New Nordic Diet (NND) or an Average Danish Diet for 26 weeks in a controlled, free-living setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty four moderately obese women and men (44 ± 2 y; body mass index, 31 ± 1 kg/m(2)).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasting blood samples and biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAT) were obtained at week 0 and 26.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gene and protein expressions were analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Improved homeostasis homeostatic model of assessment-insulin resistance index and lowered plasma triacylglycerol concentration after NND coincided with molecular adaptations in SCAT but not in skeletal muscle. NND induced greater reduction in fat mass than ADD (-6 ± 1 kg and -2 ± 1 kg; P < .01). In SCAT this was associated with increased AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation (P < .05). Concomitantly, NND induced up-regulation of Akt2 and Akt substrate of 160 kDa (P < .05) as well as fatty acid transport protein 4 and membrane associated fatty acid binding protein (P < .05). Indices of increased oxidative capacity were observed, as carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 mRNA (P = .08) as well as citrate synthase (P = .1) and cytochrome c (P = .05) protein tended to increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NND-induced metabolic improvements were accompanied by increased AMPK signaling in SCAT, suggesting a role of AMPK in these adaptations. The concomitant up-regulation of key glucose and lipid-handling proteins suggests an improved metabolic capacity in adipose tissue after weight loss.
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Andreas Mæchel
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fritzen
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lundsgaard
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Andreas Børsting
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Jordy
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sanne Kellebjerg
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Steen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stender
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Henriette
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pilegaard
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astrup
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas Meinert
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jørgen F P
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wojtaszewski
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Erik A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Bente
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kiens
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004038:Diet, Reducing / Q000379:methods*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases