title: Valence and agency influence striatal response to feedback in patients with major depressive disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reduced sensitivity to positive feedback is common in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, findings regarding negative feedback are ambiguous, with both exaggerated and blunted responses being reported. The ventral striatum (VS) plays a major role in processing valenced feedback, and previous imaging studies have shown that the locus of controls (self agency v. external agency) over the outcome influences VS response to feedback. We investigated whether attributing the outcome to one's own action or to an external agent influences feedback processing in patients with MDD. We hypothesized that depressed participants would be less sensitive to the feedback attribution reflected by an altered VS response to self-attributed gains and losses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using functional MRI and a motion prediction task, we investigated the neural responses to self-attributed (SA) and externally attributed (EA) monetary gains and losses in unmedicated patients with MDD and healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 21 patients and 25 controls in our study. Consistent with our prediction, healthy controls showed a VS response influenced by feedback valence and attribution, whereas in depressed patients striatal activity was modulated by valence but was insensitive to attribution. This attribution insensitivity led to an altered ventral putamen response for SA - EA losses in patients with MDD compared with healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressed patients with comorbid anxiety disorder were included.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest an altered assignment of motivational salience to SA losses in patients with MDD. Altered striatal response to SA negative events may reinforce the belief of not being in control of negative outcomes contributing to a cycle of learned helplessness.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Späti); the Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Chumbley); the Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Doerig, Grosse Holtforth); the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Brakowski, Seifritz); the Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (Grosse Holtforth); the Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Spinelli); the Neuroscience Center, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ( Spinelli); and the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ( Seifritz, Spinelli).
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Späti
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Späti); the Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Chumbley); the Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Doerig, Grosse Holtforth); the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Brakowski, Seifritz); the Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (Grosse Holtforth); the Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Spinelli); the Neuroscience Center, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ( Spinelli); and the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ( Seifritz, Spinelli).
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chumbley
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Späti); the Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Chumbley); the Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Doerig, Grosse Holtforth); the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Brakowski, Seifritz); the Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (Grosse Holtforth); the Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Spinelli); the Neuroscience Center, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ( Spinelli); and the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ( Seifritz, Spinelli).
authors.forename: Nadja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Doerig
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Späti); the Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Chumbley); the Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Doerig, Grosse Holtforth); the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Brakowski, Seifritz); the Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (Grosse Holtforth); the Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Spinelli); the Neuroscience Center, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ( Spinelli); and the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ( Seifritz, Spinelli).
authors.forename: Janis
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brakowski
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Späti); the Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Chumbley); the Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Doerig, Grosse Holtforth); the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Brakowski, Seifritz); the Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (Grosse Holtforth); the Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Spinelli); the Neuroscience Center, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ( Spinelli); and the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ( Seifritz, Spinelli).
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grosse Holtforth
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Späti); the Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Chumbley); the Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Doerig, Grosse Holtforth); the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Brakowski, Seifritz); the Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (Grosse Holtforth); the Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Spinelli); the Neuroscience Center, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ( Spinelli); and the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ( Seifritz, Spinelli).
authors.forename: Erich
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Seifritz
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Späti); the Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Chumbley); the Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Doerig, Grosse Holtforth); the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Brakowski, Seifritz); the Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (Grosse Holtforth); the Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland (Spinelli); the Neuroscience Center, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ( Spinelli); and the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ( Seifritz, Spinelli).
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spinelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D030141:Feedback, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D066328:Ventral Striatum / Q000503:physiopathology*