title: OS010. Use of retinal imaging to characterise physiological vascularchanges throughout pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Visualisation of the microcirculation through retinal imaging can provide information on the health of systemic vasculature. Characterisation of the retinal vasculature throughout pregnancy using retinal imaging is a novel approach to examine physiological changes to the cardiovascular system, and may be useful to predict early pathophysiological signs of adverse maternal outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterise the retinal vascular and blood pressure (BP) changes that occur throughout a healthy pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was collected from women recruited at 13±2 weeks of gestation from Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, a major tertiary referral hospital in Sydney, Australia. Retinal images centred on the optic disc and BP readings were collected throughout pregnancy. Postnatal data was collected from medical records, and women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus were excluded. This left a final group of 19 women. Retinal images from 13±2, 19±2, 29±2 and 38±2 weeks gestation were graded using semi-automated retinal vascular calibre measurement (IVAN) software and the central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE), and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE). BP data was collected at the same time points as the retinal images. Analysis of data was performed using paired t-tests and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Women with missing data points were excluded from the analysis at the relevant time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the course of pregnancy, there was a significant dilatation of retinal arterioles between 13±2 and 19±2weeks (from 166.4 to 172.7μm, SE: 3.7μm, n=19, p=0.01), corresponding to a significant fall in diastolic BP during this time (from 64.6 to 60.2mmHg, SE: 1.5mmHg, p=0.01). No significant changes in venular diameter or systolic BP were noted. Between 19±2 and 29±2weeks (n=4), no significant changes to retinal arteriolar or venular diameter were seen although there were significant increases in both systolic and diastolic BP (SBP: from 100.3 to 109.9mmHg, SE: 1.9mmHg, p=0.01; DBP: from 59.3 to 64.6mmHg, SE: 6.9mmHg, p=0.01). Between 29±2 and 38±2weeks (n=3), no significant changes in retinal arteriolar, and venular diameter or BP were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increase in retinal arteriolar diameter between 13±2 and 19±2 weeks gestation was observed, which corresponded to a decrease in both systolic and diastolic BP. However, between 19±2 and 29±2 weeks there was no change in vasculature, even though there was a significant increase in BP. By characterising the changes to retinal vessels that occur throughout a healthy pregnancy, we can further our understanding of the response of the systemic vasculature to pregnancy, which may provide clues to early vascular disease of pregnancies.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, Australia.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lupton
authors.affiliation: Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tooher
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lujic
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, Australia.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ogle
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Singapore Eye Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hennessy
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, Australia.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lind