title: The Association between High-Deductible Health Plan Transition and Contraception and Birth Rates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between employer-mandated enrollment into high-deductible health plans (HDHPs) and contraception and birth rates among reproductive-age women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from 2002 to 2008, we examined 1,559 women continuously enrolled in a Massachusetts health plan for 1 year before and after an employer-mandated switch from an HMO to a HDHP, compared with 2,793 matched women contemporaneously enrolled in an HMO.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used an individual-level interrupted time series with comparison series design to examine level and trend changes in clinician-provided contraceptives and a differences-in-differences design to assess annual birth rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Employer, plan, and member characteristics were obtained from enrollment files. Contraception and childbirth information were extracted from pharmacy and medical claims.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monthly contraception rates were 19.0-24.0 percent at baseline. Level and trend changes did not differ between groups (p = .92 and p = .36, respectively). Annual birth rates declined from 57.1/1,000 to 32.7/1,000 among HDHP members and from 61.9/1,000 to 56.2/1,000 among HMO controls, a 40 percent relative reduction in odds of childbirth (odds ratio = 0.60; p = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women who switched to HDHPs experienced a lower birth rate, which might reflect strategies to avoid childbirth-related out-of-pocket costs under HDHPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Katy B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Kozhimannil
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Ken P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: J Frank
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wharam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001723:Birth Rate; D003267:Contraception / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003669:Deductibles and Coinsurance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006264:Health Benefit Plans, Employee / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review; D008404:Massachusetts; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: High-deductible; childbirth; contraception; managed care