title: Apical extrusion of sodium hypochlorite activated with two laser systems and ultrasonics: a spectrophotometric analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of ultrasonically or laser (Nd:YAG or diode) activated irrigation on the irrigating solution extrusion compared to non-activated syringe irrigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extracted mandibular premolar teeth (n = 48) with single canals were instrumented. The teeth were secured through the lid of an Eppendorf tube filled with 1.0 mL distilled water to collect the apically extruded irrigating solution. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups: non-activated syringe irrigation, diode laser, Nd:YAG laser and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) using 2% NaOCl. The irrigating solution extruded through the apical foramen was collected in the Eppendorf tube and evaluated by a chemical reaction with using a spectrophotometer. The data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (α = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the groups showed apically extruded irrigating solution. There were significant differences among the groups (p < 0.05). Nd:YAG laser activated irrigation showed greater extrusion (p < 0.05), while the non-activated syringe irrigation showed less extrusion (p < 0.05). Only the difference between diode laser and PUI was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the researchers concluded that non-activated syringe irrigation caused less apically extruded irrigating solution than PUI and LAI using Nd:YAG or diode lasers.
authors.affiliation: Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Endodontics, 8. Cadde 82. Sokak, 06510, Emek-Ankara, Turkey. bagdagulkivanc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bağdagül
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç
authors.affiliation: Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey. hacerdenizarisu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hacer
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Deniz Arısu
authors.affiliation: Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Endodontics, 8. Cadde 82. Sokak, 06510, Emek-Ankara, Turkey. ozgeyanar@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Nazlı Özge
authors.initials: NÖ
authors.lastname: Yanar
authors.affiliation: Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Faculty of Art & Science Department of Chemistry, Bilecik, Turkey. hulya.mercan@bilecik.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Hülya Mercan
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Silah
authors.affiliation: Gazi University Faculty of Art & Science Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey. rinam@gazi.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Recai
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: İnam
authors.affiliation: Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Endodontics, 8. Cadde 82. Sokak, 06510, Emek-Ankara, Turkey. guliz@gazi.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Güliz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Görgül
mesh_terms: D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009339:Needles; D010486:Periapical Tissue / Q000187:drug effects*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods; D013594:Syringes; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000473:pathology; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite