title: Incretin manipulation in diabetes management.
abstract: Incretin-based therapies have revolutionized the medical management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the 21(st) century. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) suppresses appetite and gastric motility, and has trophic effects on pancreas, cardio-protective and renal effects. GLP-1 analogues and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors form the incretin-based therapies. Significant reduction of hemoglobin A1c when used as monotherapy and in combination regimens, favorable effects on body weight, and low risk of hypoglycemia are their unique therapeutic benefits. Their safety and tolerability are comparable to other anti-diabetic medications. Concern about elevated risk of pancreatitis has been discarded by two recent meta-analyses. This article discusses the therapeutic manipulation of incretin system for the management of T2DM.
authors.affiliation: Joseph M Pappachan, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, New Cross Hospital, the Royal Wolverhampton Hospital NHS Trust, WV10 0QP Wolverhampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pappachan
authors.affiliation: Joseph M Pappachan, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, New Cross Hospital, the Royal Wolverhampton Hospital NHS Trust, WV10 0QP Wolverhampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Raveendran
authors.affiliation: Joseph M Pappachan, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, New Cross Hospital, the Royal Wolverhampton Hospital NHS Trust, WV10 0QP Wolverhampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Rajagopalan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sriraman
keywords: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues; Incretin hormones; Incretin-based therapies; Pancreatitis