title: Can Handheld Thermal Imaging Technology Improve Detection of Poachers in African Bushveldt?
abstract: Illegal hunting (poaching) is a global threat to wildlife. Anti-poaching initiatives are making increasing use of technology, such as infrared thermography (IRT), to support traditional foot and vehicle patrols. To date, the effectiveness of IRT for poacher location has not been tested under field conditions, where thermal signatures are often complex. Here, we test the hypothesis that IRT will increase the distance over which a poacher hiding in African scrub bushveldt can be detected relative to a conventional flashlight. We also test whether any increase in effectiveness is related to the cost and complexity of the equipment by comparing comparatively expensive (22,000 USD) and relatively inexpensive (2000 USD) IRT devices. To test these hypotheses we employ a controlled, fully randomised, double-blind procedure to find a poacher in nocturnal field conditions in African bushveldt. Each of our 27 volunteer observers walked three times along a pathway using one detection technology on each pass in randomised order. They searched a prescribed search area of bushveldt within which the target was hiding. Hiding locations were pre-determined, randomised, and changed with each pass. Distances of first detection and positive detection were noted. All technologies could be used to detect the target. Average first detection distance for flashlight was 37.3 m, improving by 19.8 m to 57.1 m using LIRT and by a further 11.2m to 68.3m using HIRT. Although detection distances were significantly greater for both IRTs compared to flashlight, there was no significant difference between LIRT and HIRT. False detection rates were low and there was no significant association between technology and accuracy of detection. Although IRT technology should ideally be tested in the specific environment intended before significant investment is made, we conclude that IRT technology is promising for anti-poaching patrols and that for this purpose low cost IRT units are as effective as units ten times more expensive.
authors.affiliation: School of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Adam G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: School of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Rolfe
authors.affiliation: School of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Shantelle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dandy
authors.affiliation: School of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stubbs
authors.affiliation: Mankwe Wildlife Reserve, Rustenburg, Northwest Province, South Africa.
authors.forename: Dougal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: MacTavish
authors.affiliation: Mankwe Wildlife Reserve, Rustenburg, Northwest Province, South Africa.
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: MacTavish
authors.affiliation: School of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Goodenough
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D034201:Computers, Handheld / Q000191:economics; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D000066479:Criminal Behavior; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D056727:Endangered Species; D005389:Firearms; D065948:Grassland; D006802:Human Activities; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008297:Male; D063731:Mobile Applications / Q000191:economics; D000068316:Parks, Recreational; D011897:Random Allocation; D013019:South Africa; D013817:Thermography / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods