title: Tree Nut consumption is associated with better adiposity measures and cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome health risk factors in U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005-2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research has shown inconsistencies in the association of tree nut consumption with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association of tree nut consumption with risk factors for CVD and for MetS in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  NHANES 2005-2010 data were used to examine the associations of tree nut consumption with health risks in adults 19+ years (n = 14,386; 51% males). Tree nuts were: almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, filberts [hazelnuts], macadamias, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios, and walnuts. Group definitions were non-consumers < ¼ ounce/day and consumers of ≥ ¼ ounce/day tree nuts using data from 24-h dietary recalls. Means and ANOVA (covariate adjusted) were determined using appropriate sample weights. Using logistic regression, odds ratios of being overweight (OW)/obese (OB) (body mass index [BMI] >25/<30 and ≥30, respectively) and having CVRF or MetS, were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tree nut consumption was associated with lower BMI (p = 0.004), waist circumference (WC) (p = 0.008), systolic blood pressure (BP) (p = 0.001), Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (p = 0.043), and higher high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (p = 0.022), compared with no consumption, and a lower likelihood of OB (-25%), OW/OB (-23%), and elevated WC (-21%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tree nut consumption was associated with better weight status and some CVRF and MetS components.
authors.affiliation: Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 261 Knapp Hall, 110 LSU Union Square, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA. coneil1@lsu.edu.
authors.forename: Carol E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: O'Neil
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Impact, LLC, 9725 D Drive North, Battle Creek, MI, 49014, USA. VIC3rd@aol.com.
authors.forename: Victor L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Fulgoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. tnicklas@bcm.edu.
authors.forename: Theresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Nicklas
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009754:Nuts; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides