title: Metabolomic signature of arterial stiffness in male patients with peripheral arterial disease.
abstract: Arterial stiffness is an independent determinant of cardiovascular risk and a marker of subclinical organ damage. Metabolomics may facilitate identification of novel low-molecular cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of the present study was to compare metabolic signatures and functional-biochemical characteristics of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and clinically healthy subjects. We studied 42 men with symptomatic PAD (aged 66±7 years) and 46 healthy men (aged 66±8 years). Aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) was assessed by applanation tonometry using the Sphygmocor device. Metabolic profiling was performed with high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Serum oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The aPWV as well as serum levels of lactate, free carnitine and 11 amino acids including tyrosine were higher among the patients with PAD. In contrast, serum levels of pyruvate, citrate, α-ketoglutarate, aconitate and cysteine were higher in the control group. In multiple regression models, aPWV was independently determined by log-tyrosine and log-oxLDL in the patients (R(2)=0.61; P<0.001) and by age, log-pyruvate and log-oxLDL in the controls (R(2)=0.52; P<0.001). Our study describes for the first time significant differences in metabolomic signature of patients with advanced atherosclerosis compared with clinically healthy controls. The aPWV is independently associated with serum levels of tyrosine and oxLDL in the patients with PAD and is related to pyruvate and oxLDL levels in the control group. The measurement of low-molecular metabolites, which are related to changes in vascular phenotypes, may lead to identification of novel vascular risk markers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Endothelial Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Department of Cardiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Maksim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zagura
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Endothelial Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Department of Vascular Surgery, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Jaak
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kals
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Kalle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kilk
authors.affiliation: Endothelial Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Department of Cardiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serg
authors.affiliation: Endothelial Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Department of Cardiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Priit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kampus
authors.affiliation: Endothelial Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Department of Cardiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Jaan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eha
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Ursel
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Soomets
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Endothelial Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Mihkel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zilmer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics; D008875:Middle Aged; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000097:blood; D059289:Vascular Stiffness
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D019289:Pyruvic Acid