title: Work and Sleep--A Prospective Study of Psychosocial Work Factors, Physical Work Factors, and Work Scheduling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is limited knowledge about the prospective relationship between major work characteristics (psychosocial, physical, scheduling) and disturbed sleep. The current study sought to provide such knowledge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort, with measurements on two occasions (T1 and T2) separated by two years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Naturalistic study, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 4,827 participants forming a representative sample of the working population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Questionnaire data on work factors obtained on two occasions were analyzed with structural equation modeling. Competing models were compared in order to investigate temporal relationships. A reciprocal model was found to fit the data best. Sleep disturbances at T2 were predicted by higher work demands at T1 and by lower perceived stress at T1. In addition, sleep disturbances at T1 predicted subsequent higher perception of stress, higher work demands, lower degree of control, and less social support at work at T2. A cross-sectional mediation analysis showed that (higher) perceived stress mediated the relationship between (higher) work demands and sleep disturbances; however, no such association was found longitudinally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher work demands predicted disturbed sleep, whereas physical work characteristics, shift work, and overtime did not. In addition, disturbed sleep predicted subsequent higher work demands, perceived stress, less social support, and lower degree of control. The results suggest that remedial interventions against sleep disturbances should focus on psychosocial factors, and that such remedial interventions may improve the psychosocial work situation in the long run.
authors.affiliation: Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.|Clinical neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Torbjörn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Åkerstedt
authors.affiliation: Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garefelt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Medical Management Centre (MMC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.affiliation: Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Westerlund
authors.affiliation: Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Magnusson Hanson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.|WorkWell: Research Unit for Economic and Management Sciences, North-West University, South Africa.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sverke
authors.affiliation: Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.|Clinical neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kecklund
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: control; cross-lagged; demand; long hours; longitudinal; physical work factors; shift work; sleep; stress; support