title: Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Insecticides Used on Citrus, on the Ectoparasitoid Tamarixia radiata.
abstract: Huanglongbing (HLB) is a disease associated with the bacteria "Candidatus Liberibacter spp." and has been devastating citrus orchards around the world. Its management involves control of the insect vector, the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. However, the indiscriminate use of chemicals has caused pest outbreaks and eliminated the natural enemies of the vector, such as the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston), the main agent for biological control of D. citri. This study assessed the lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides recommended for integrated production of citrus on the parasitoid T. radiata. When adult parasitoids were exposed to residues of 25 insecticides, 20% of them, i.e., gamma-cyhalothrin, etofenprox, azadirachtin, tebufenozide and pyriproxyfen, were considered as harmless (Class 1), 12% as slightly harmful (Class 2), 12% as moderately harmful (Class 3) and 56% as harmful (Class 4), according to the classification proposed by the IOBC/WPRS. Afterward, 14 insecticides (5 harmless and 9 harmful) were sprayed on the parasitoid pupae. Of the 14 insecticides tested, only the organophosphates dimethoate and chlorpyrifos affected the parasitoid emergence. The effects of insecticides on the parasitism capacity of adults exposed to residues of azadirachtin, etofenprox, gamma-cyhalothrin, pyriproxyfen and tebufenozide (harmless) were also evaluated. Tebufenozide and gamma-cyhalothrin affected the parasitism of the F0 generation, but did not affect the emergence of the F1 and F2 generations. Therefore, for an effective IPM program, selective insecticides or harmful pesticides to adult parasitoids could be used in the field, provided that the adults do not occur naturally and the chemical applications do not coincide with parasitoid releases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vitor Hugo
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Beloti
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo Rodrigues
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto/University of São Paulo (FFCLRP/USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diogo Feliciano Dias
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mateus Manara
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Picoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Statistics and Experimentation, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael de Andrade
authors.initials: Rde A
authors.lastname: Moral
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Statistics and Experimentation, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clarice Garcia Borges
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Demétrio
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro Takao
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002957:Citrus / Q000382:microbiology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D010058:Oviposition / Q000187:drug effects; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011679:Pupa / Q000187:drug effects; D012230:Rhizobiaceae; D014863:Wasps / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides