title: Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract of Annona vepretorum Mart. (Annonaceae) in rodents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Annona vepretorum Mart. (Annonaceae) is a native tree from Caatinga (Brazilian Northeastern savanna biome), popularly known as "araticum" and "pinha da Caatinga". In this study, we investigated the effects of the crude ethanolic extract (Av-EtOH) in models of pain and inflammation in rodents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The evaluation of antinociceptive activity was carried out by the acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin, hot plate and tail flick tests, while paw edema induced by carrageenan or histamine, and leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity were used for anti-inflammatory profile. Histological analyses also were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Av-EtOH (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o) significantly reduced the number of writhing (P < 0.01) and decreased (P < 0.01) the paw licking time in both phases of the formalin test. In the hot plate and tail flick tests, this extract increased the reaction time, consequently reduced painful behavior. The effects in the formalin and hot plate tests were antagonized by naloxone. Av-EtOH inhibited significantly (P < 0.01) the increase in the edema volume after administration of carrageenan and histamine. In the peritonitis test, acute pre-treatment with Av-EtOH inhibited leukocyte migration. Histological analysis showed less inflammation in the groups treated with the extract when the inflammation was induced by carrageenan or histamine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, Av-EtOH has significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties, which are related probably with the activation of opioid receptors and inhibition of release of mediators of the inflammatory process. This specie is a potential target for drug discovery.
authors.affiliation: Center for Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, 56.304-205, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. larbacjuliane@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Juliane C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Center for Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, 56.304-205, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. milasouzaraujo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Camila de S
authors.initials: Cde S
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.affiliation: Center for Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, 56.304-205, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. sarahrgl@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Sarah Raquel G
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: de Lima-Saraiva
authors.affiliation: Center for Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, 56.304-205, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. oliveira.farma.junior@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Raimundo G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: de Oliveira-Junior
authors.affiliation: Center for Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, 56.304-205, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. fisiotam7@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Tâmara C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Diniz
authors.affiliation: Center for Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, 56.304-205, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. carloswagnervet@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Carlos Wagner de S
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Wanderley
authors.affiliation: Center for Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, 56.304-205, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. raimundo.palheta@univasf.edu.br.
authors.forename: Raimundo C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Palheta-Júnior
authors.affiliation: Center for Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, 56.304-205, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. rosemairy.mendes@univasf.edu.br.
authors.forename: Rosemairy L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe (DFS/UFS), 49.100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. adrianagibara@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Adriana G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe (DFS/UFS), 49.100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. lucindojr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lucindo J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Quintans-Júnior
authors.affiliation: Center for Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, 56.304-205, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. jackson.guedes@univasf.edu.br.
authors.forename: Jackson Roberto G da S
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Almeida
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D031041:Annona / Q000737:chemistry*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010146:Pain; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts