title: Induction of bacterial antibiotic resistance by mutagenic halogenated nitrogenous disinfection byproducts.
abstract: Halogenated nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) raise concerns regarding their mutagenicity and carcinogenicity threatening public health. However, environmental consequence of their mutagenicity has received less attention. In this study, the effect of halogenated N-DBPs on bacterial antibiotic resistance (BAR) was investigated. After exposure to bromoacetamide (BAcAm), trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) or tribromonitromethane (TBNM), the resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to both individual and multiple antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, polymyxin B, rifampin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin + gentamicin and ciprofloxacin + tetracycline) was increased, which was predominantly ascribed to the overexpression of efflux pumps. The mechanism of this effect was demonstrated to be mutagenesis through sequencing and analyzing antibiotic resistance genes. The same induction phenomena also appeared in Escherichia coli, suggesting this effect may be universal to waterborne pathogens. Therefore, more attention should be given to halogenated N-DBPs, as they could increase not only genotoxicological risks but also epidemiological risks of drinking water.
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China. Electronic address: xyu@iue.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
authors.forename: Chengsong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D048168:Escherichia coli K12 / Q000187:drug effects; D054879:Halogenation; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D060766:Drinking Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Antibiotic resistance; Drinking water; Halogenated nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs); Mutagenesis