title: Effects of pharmaceutical cost containment policies on doctors' prescribing behavior: Focus on antibiotics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We analyzed the effect of the outpatient prescription incentive program and price cuts of listed medicines in South Korea on prescription drug expenditures and prescription behaviors, focusing on antibiotics for the most common infectious diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the National Health Insurance claims data from January 1, 2009 through December 31, 2012. For 1625 primary clinics randomly sampled, we included all claims with principal diagnoses of acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs, J00-J06), acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs, J20-J22), or otitis media (H65, H66). An interrupted time-series analysis was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pharmaceutical spending per claim dropped immediately after the outpatient prescription incentive program only for otitis media (adults), but the secular trend shifted downward after the incentive program for all target diseases. The incentive program lowered the trend of antibiotic prescribing rate in otitis media (adults). The program was associated with an increase of the number of antibiotics prescribed in URTI (adults) and LRTI (children) and decrease in otitis media (adults). The broad markdown of drug prices reduced pharmaceutical expenditures immediately for all diseases, but without lasting effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The direct financial incentives to physicians to reduce in prescription spending had the intended effect over time and can be an important tool to improve pharmaceutical spending management.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Euna
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Su-Mi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Nam-Soon
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: spark@kihasa.re.kr.
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003363:Cost Control / Q000379:methods; D016527:Drug Costs; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012052:Reimbursement, Incentive; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Across-the-board price cut; Antibiotics; Outpatient prescription incentive program; Prescription behaviors; Prescription drug expenditures; South Korea