title: The evaluation of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers on coffee-diabetes association: results from the 10-year follow-up of the ATTICA Study (2002-2012).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to investigate the association between coffee drinking and diabetes development and potential mediation by oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2001-2002, a random sample of 1514 men (18-87 years old) and 1528 women (18-89 years old) were selected to participate in the ATTICA study (Athens metropolitan area, Greece). A validated food-frequency questionnaire was used to assess coffee drinking (abstention, casual, habitual) and other lifestyle and dietary factors. Evaluation of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers was also performed. During 2011-2012, the 10-year follow-up of the ATTICA study was carried out. The outcome of interest in this work was incidence of type 2 diabetes, defined according to American Diabetes Association criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During follow-up, 191 incident cases of diabetes were documented (incidence 13.4% in men and 12.4% in women). After various adjustments, individuals who consumed ⩾250 ml of coffee (≈1.5cup) had 54% lower odds of developing diabetes (95% confidence interval: 0.24, 0.90), as compared with abstainers. A dose-response linear trend between coffee drinking and diabetes incidence was also observed (P for trend=0.017). When controlling for several oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers, the inverse association between habitual coffee drinking and diabetes was found to be mediated by serum amyloid-A levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work highlights the significance of long-term habitual coffee drinking against diabetes onset. The anti-inflammatory effect of several coffee components may be responsible for this protection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Koloverou
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Panagiotakos
authors.affiliation: First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pitsavos
authors.affiliation: First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chrysohoou
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Georgousopoulou
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laskaris
authors.affiliation: First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stefanadis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003069:Coffee; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein