title: Could Histoplasma capsulatum Be Related to Healthcare-Associated Infections?
abstract: Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) are described in diverse settings. The main etiologic agents of HAI are bacteria (85%) and fungi (13%). Some factors increase the risk for HAI, particularly the use of medical devices; patients with severe cuts, wounds, and burns; stays in the intensive care unit, surgery, and hospital reconstruction works. Several fungal HAI are caused by Candida spp., usually from an endogenous source; however, cross-transmission via the hands of healthcare workers or contaminated devices can occur. Although other medically important fungi, such as Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and Histoplasma capsulatum, have never been considered nosocomial pathogens, there are some factors that point out the pros and cons for this possibility. Among these fungi, H. capsulatum infection has been linked to different medical devices and surgery implants. The filamentous form of H. capsulatum may be present in hospital settings, as this fungus adapts to different types of climates and has great dispersion ability. Although conventional pathogen identification techniques have never identified H. capsulatum in the hospital environment, molecular biology procedures could be useful in this setting. More research on H. capsulatum as a HAI etiologic agent is needed, since it causes a severe and often fatal disease in immunocompromised patients.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología-Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Laura Elena
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Carreto-Binaghi
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lisandra Serra
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Damasceno
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nayla de Souza
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3248-5180
authors.initials: Nde S
authors.lastname: Pitangui
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Marisa
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2115-8988
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fusco-Almeida
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria José Soares
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mendes-Giannini
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosely Maria
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Zancopé-Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología-Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Maria Lucia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D001758:Blastomyces / Q000472:pathogenicity; D002175:Candida / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D004864:Equipment and Supplies / Q000382:microbiology*; D006658:Histoplasma / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D010228:Paracoccidioides / Q000472:pathogenicity