title: Extradural Ossification Following Epidural Hematoma in Children: A Rare But Significant Entity.
abstract: There has been a profound increase in the number of patients undergoing head computed tomography after minor injuries and the identification of epidural hematomas has risen concurrently. Although emergent craniotomy and evacuation has been the conventional standard for management, some epidural hematomas can be managed nonoperatively in carefully selected patients. Because of the difficulty in clinically monitoring epidural hematoma absorption and resolution because of the attributed risks of imaging radiation exposure in pediatric patients, the exact incidence of epidural hematoma ossification is unknown. Integrating epidural hematoma calcification into management algorithms is not clearly defined in the literature. The authors report a case of a 2-year-old girl with a calcified epidural hematoma requiring surgical treatment. With the incidence of epidural hematomas rising, providers should be aware of the rare but consequential incidence of epidural hematoma ossification. After literature review and discussion of the pathophysiology, the authors present an algorithmic approach to account for this rare entity. For conservative management of asymptomatic epidural hematomas, providers should consider follow-up magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate resolution in 2 to 3 months. If the magnetic resonance imaging indicates a failure to resolve, a computed tomography scan should then be performed to evaluate ossification and possible need for surgical intervention.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery †Medical Doctorate Program ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Claiborne
authors.forename: Margaret K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hoge
authors.forename: Benjamin C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Couture
authors.forename: Lisa R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: David
mesh_terms: D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003399:Craniotomy; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006407:Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed