title: Effects of light on retinal pigment epithelial cells, neurosensory retinal cells and Müller cells treated with Brilliant Blue G.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety profile of Brilliant Blue G (BBG) with and without exposure to light (L) on three different retinal cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  ARPE-19, R28 and MIO-M1 cells were treated with BBG: 0.125 mg/mL (0.5x clinical concentration), 0.25 mg/mL (1x) or 0.5 mg/mL (2x) with or without surgical illumination of halogen light exposure for 10 min, 15 min or 30 min. Cells were further cultured after 24 h and then analysed for cell viability, late stages of apoptosis and mitochondrial damage associated with early apoptosis using assays that measure trypan blue dye exclusion, increases in caspase-3/7 activity or changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three cell lines that were exposed to BBG in the presence or absence of light exposure for 30 min were found to have cell viability and caspase-3/7 activity levels similar to the untreated cultures. The mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was decreased significantly at the 2x + L dose and 2x dose in all three retinal cell lines compared to their respective untreated control cells. At the lower doses of BBG, with or without exposure to light, the ΔΨm values were similar to the untreated control cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to BBG dye concentrations that are used clinically (0.125 mg/mL and 0.25 mg/mL) in the presence up to 30 min of surgically equivalent light intensity is safe for retinal cells.
authors.affiliation: Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
authors.forename: Saffar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mansoor
authors.affiliation: Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.|Department of Ophthalmology, Lotus Eye Care Hospital, Coimbatore, TN, India.
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cáceres-Del-Carpio
authors.affiliation: Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.|Serviço de Oftalmologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leandro C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Zacharias
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust, Kendal, LA9 5JE, UK.
authors.forename: A Jayaprakash
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
authors.forename: Navin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust, Kendal, LA9 5JE, UK.
authors.forename: G Astrid
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Limb
authors.affiliation: Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.|Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust, Kendal, LA9 5JE, UK.
authors.forename: M Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kenney
authors.affiliation: Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
authors.forename: Baruch D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Kuppermann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053471:Caspases, Initiator / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D063928:Ependymoglial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008027:Light; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; C093516:CASP4 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D053471:Caspases, Initiator; C004692:coomassie Brilliant Blue
keywords: retina; retinal light toxicity; surgery