title: Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) under realistic seasonal temperature variations: Characteristics of biogranules and process performance.
abstract: In this study, the effects of realistic seasonal temperatures on the nitrogen removal performance of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and the properties of the anammox granules were comparatively investigated for 330 days. The results demonstrated that the nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE), nitrogen loading rate (NLR) and nitrogen removal rate (NRR) were decreased dramatically, as the temperature decreased from 31.2 to 2.5 °C. However, the nitrogen removal performance recovered andante as the temperature increased gradually. After low temperature exposure, the settleability tended to worsen, and granules appeared to be more irregular with a smaller average granule diameter, and the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content increased slightly, while the specific anammox activity (SAA) decreased obviously. This realistic seasonal temperatures based research was an illation of the actual operation, and could be potentially implemented to maintain stability for the application of anammox technology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
authors.forename: Bao-Shan
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Li
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
authors.forename: Chen-Chen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China. Electronic address: jrczju@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Ren-Cun
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization / Q000502:physiology; D064751:Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010316:Particle Size; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Anammox; Granular sludge; Nitrogen removal; Seasonal temperature change