title: Association between hypertriglyceridemia and protein oxidation and proinflammatory markers in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although hypercholesterolemia is a well-established risk factor for coronary heart disease, evidence suggests that increased triglyceride (TG) concentrations are also an independent risk factor. TG concentrations >150mg/dl are observed nearly twice as often in subjects with atherosclerosis. We assessed the association between hypertriglyceridemia and protein oxidation and proinflammatory markers in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 127 volunteers enrolled in Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil. The patients were stratified based on total cholesterol and TG concentrations for analysis of associations with inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein - hs-CRP), endothelial dysfunction (nitric oxide - NOx) and oxidative stress (advanced oxidation protein products - AOPPs; ischemia-modified albumin - IMA). Correlations between variables were determined and multiple regression analysis was employed to investigate whether some variables correlate with TG concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypertriglyceridemia was related to oxidative stress and proinflammatory markers in individuals independent of total cholesterol concentrations. Moreover, the results indicate a stronger association of tested biomarkers with TG concentrations than with total cholesterol. The results indicate a positive correlation between oxidative stress and TG concentrations in the sera of hypercholesterolemia subjects. AOPPs and IMA concentrations were associated with the presence of hypertriglyceridemia in a manner that was independent of age, gender, hypertension and diabetes mellitus disease, smoking habits, sedentary lifestyle, BMI, waist circumference, LDL, HDL and total cholesterol concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We speculate that TG concentrations can reflect the enhancement of protein oxidation and proinflammation.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Atenção Integral à Saúde, Universidade de Cruz Alta, 98020-290 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto de Cardiologia de Cruz Alta, 98010-110 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil; Grupo Multidisciplinar de Saúde, Universidade de Cruz Alta, 98020-290 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: jonzeni@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jonatas Zeni
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Klafke
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Atenção Integral à Saúde, Universidade de Cruz Alta, 98020-290 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto de Cardiologia de Cruz Alta, 98010-110 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil; Grupo Multidisciplinar de Saúde, Universidade de Cruz Alta, 98020-290 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando Garcez
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Porto
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto de Cardiologia de Cruz Alta, 98010-110 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil; Grupo Multidisciplinar de Saúde, Universidade de Cruz Alta, 98020-290 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roselaine
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Bioquímica Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme Vargas
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Bochi
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Bioquímica Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael Noal
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Moresco
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Cardiologia-InCor-Hospital da Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-HCFM-USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Protásio Lemos
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: da Luz
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Atenção Integral à Saúde, Universidade de Cruz Alta, 98020-290 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto de Cardiologia de Cruz Alta, 98010-110 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil; Grupo Multidisciplinar de Saúde, Universidade de Cruz Alta, 98020-290 Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Ricardo Nazário
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Viecili
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014280:Triglycerides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Advanced oxidation protein products; High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; Ischemia-modified albumin; Nitric oxide