title: Modulated Raman Spectroscopy for Enhanced Cancer Diagnosis at the Cellular Level.
abstract: Raman spectroscopy is emerging as a promising and novel biophotonics tool for non-invasive, real-time diagnosis of tissue and cell abnormalities. However, the presence of a strong fluorescence background is a key issue that can detract from the use of Raman spectroscopy in routine clinical care. The review summarizes the state-of-the-art methods to remove the fluorescence background and explores recent achievements to address this issue obtained with modulated Raman spectroscopy. This innovative approach can be used to extract the Raman spectral component from the fluorescence background and improve the quality of the Raman signal. We describe the potential of modulated Raman spectroscopy as a rapid, inexpensive and accurate clinical tool to detect the presence of bladder cancer cells. Finally, in a broader context, we show how this approach can greatly enhance the sensitivity of integrated Raman spectroscopy and microfluidic systems, opening new prospects for portable higher throughput Raman cell sorting.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy. a.deluca@ibp.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Anna Chiara
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.affiliation: SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh KY16 9SS, St Andrews, UK. kd1@st-andrews.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kishan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dholakia
authors.affiliation: SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh KY16 9SS, St Andrews, UK. mm17@st-andrews.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazilu
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002469:Cell Separation; D006801:Humans; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; D057054:Molecular Imaging; D061848:Optical Imaging; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000175:diagnosis*
keywords: Raman spectroscopy; cancer detection; cell sensor; fluorescence background