title: Association of measles and mumps with cardiovascular disease: The Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although it has been suggested that exposure to infections during childhood could decrease risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), the evidence is scarce. We investigated the association of measles and mumps with CVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  43,689 men and 60,147 women aged 40-79 years at baseline (1988-1990) completed a lifestyle questionnaire, including their history of measles and mumps, and were followed until 2009. Histories of infections were categorized as having no infection (reference), measles only, mumps only, or both infections. Hazard ratios (HR) for mortality from CVD across histories of infections were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men with measles only had multivariable HR (95% confidence interval) of 0.92 (0.85-0.99) for total CVD, those with mumps only had 0.52 (0.28-0.94) for total stroke and 0.21 (0.05-0.86) for hemorrhagic stroke, and those with both infections had 0.80 (0.71-0.90) for total CVD, 0.71 (0.53-0.93) for myocardial infarction, and 0.83 (0.69-0.98) for total stroke. Women with both infections had 0.83 (0.74-0.92) for total CVD and 0.84 (0.71-0.99) for total stroke. We also compared subjects with measles only or mumps only (reference) and those with both infections. Men with both infections had 0.88 (0.78-0.99) for total CVD. Women with both infections had 0.85 (0.76-0.94) for total CVD, 0.79 (0.67-0.93) for total stroke, 0.78 (0.62-0.98) for ischemic stroke and 0.78 (0.62-0.98) for hemorrhagic stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measles and mumps, especially in case of both infections, were associated with lower risks of mortality from atherosclerotic CVD.
authors.affiliation: Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.affiliation: Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan. Electronic address: iso@pbhel.med.osaka-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iso
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamakoshi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008457:Measles / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009107:Mumps / Q000150:complications*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Immune system; Measles; Mortality; Mumps; Myocardial infarction; Stroke