title: Comparing the effects of Osteoporosis Prevention Exercise Protocol (OPEP) versus walking in the prevention of osteoporosis in younger females.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of Osteoporosis Prevention Exercise Protocol (OPEP) in younger females.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred young female volunteers aged 20-30 were selected from IPM&R Dow University of Health Sciences. This was a comparative study in which 64 females participants were randomly assigned into two groups (32 in OPEP exercise group and 32 in walking group). The exercise session had three components 1) stretching 2) strengthening 3) high impact weight bearing exercises. Both interventional programs consisted of 3 sessions per week for twelve weeks under the supervision of physiotherapist. Pre and post intervention bone mass density (BMD) was measured on the lumbar spine (L1-L4), hip, femur, and distal forearm by using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) scan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After twelve weeks of intervention BMD was found to be statistically insignificant at hip, femur, lumbar spine and wrist (p > 0.05) comparing the post results in the OPEP and exercise group. Moreover BMD at hip, femur, lumbar spine and wrist was unaltered in both groups comparing the results of pre and post intervention. Though significant changes were observed in BMI in the OPEP exercise group (p value =0.010) mean ± standard deviation pre and post found to be 20.2578 ± 3.11123 and 21.0942 ± 3.64203 but no variations in anthropometrics in walking group were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study highlights the burden of osteopenia in younger females. The Osteoporosis Prevention Exercise Protocol formulated by author was not useful to bring any significant changes in BMD moreover it had no significant effects in comparison to walking group. However additional studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of Osteoporosis Prevention Exercise Protocol on bone quality with long term effects.
authors.affiliation: Rabail Rani Soomro, MSPT, Institute of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Rabail Rani
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Soomro
authors.affiliation: Dr. Syed Imran Ahmed, FCPS, Institute of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Syed Imran
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Muhammad Khan, MSc.PT, Institute of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Syed Shahzad Ali, MSPT, Institute of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Syed Shahzad
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ali
keywords: Bone mineral density; Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry; Exercise; Osteoporosis; Prevention; Younger females