title: Testicular perfusion after standing laparoscopic peritoneal flap hernioplasty in stallions.
abstract: Acquired inguinal herniation is a very common condition in stallions, usually leading to unilateral or bilateral castration to prevent future recurrence. Recently, several surgical techniques such as the standing laparoscopic peritoneal flap hernioplasty (SLPFH) have been developed to avoid herniation recurrence and also preserve the breeding activity of high economic value stallions. However, studies on SLPFH lack more comprehensive and systematic data about reproductive-related adverse effects and outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether SLPFH of the internal inguinal rings produces changes in the testicular blood flow in a 1-year follow-up. For that purpose, six healthy stallions were used and testicular blood flow was assessed before, 3, 6, and 12 months (T0, T3, T6, and T12) after the procedure. Blood flow was evaluated ultrasonographically, using the pulsed-wave color Doppler mode. Peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, the time-averaged maximum velocity, and the derived indexes (resistive index) and pulsatility index) of the testicular artery were measured in two localizations: in the spermatic cord and on the caudal epididymal edge of the testicle. On the spermatic cord, the peak systolic velocity of the testicular artery increased significantly at T12. However, on the epididymal edge location of the artery, the pulsatility and resistive indexes were decreased at T12 (P < 0.05). This pattern of blood flow was related to a hyperemic process. Furthermore, SLPFH might have compressed the spermatic cord, causing a slight occlusion of the testicular artery and triggering a compensatory hyperemia to compensate the deficit of blood flow that supplies the testes. The SLPFH of the internal inguinal ring affected the testicular perfusion in stallions in a 1 year follow-up, although there was no effect on sperm production during this time. The spectral Doppler ultrasound is a useful tool to asses the testicular perfusion after reproductive surgical procedure and provides information which anticipates vascular supply compromise of the stallion testicles.
authors.affiliation: Private hospital, Hyvinkää Hevossairaala, Hyvinkää, Finland.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Gracia-Calvo
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duque
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balao da Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ezquerra
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain. Electronic address: cristinaof@unex.es.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ortega-Ferrusola
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059685:Herniorrhaphy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000601:surgery; D011187:Posture; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Color Doppler; Inguinal hernia; Pulsed Doppler ultrasound; Stallion; Testicular blood flow