title: Thermal treatment of bentonite reduces aflatoxin b1 adsorption and affects stem cell death.
abstract: Bentonites are clays that highly adsorb aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and, therefore, protect human and animal cells from damage. We have recently demonstrated that bentonite protects the neural crest (NC) stem cells from the toxicity of AFB1. Its protective effects are due to the physico-chemical properties and chemical composition altered by heat treatment. The aim of this study is to prepare and characterize the natural and thermal treatments (125 to 1000 °C) of bentonite from Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil and to investigate their effects in the AFB1 adsorption and in NC cell viability after challenging with AFB1. The displacement of water and mineralogical phases transformations were observed after the thermal treatments. Kaolinite disappeared at 500 °C and muscovite and montmorillonite at 1000 °C. Slight changes in morphology, chemical composition, and density of bentonite were observed. The adsorptive capacity of the bentonite particles progressively reduced with the increase in temperature. The observed alterations in the structure of bentonite suggest that the heat treatments influence its interlayer distance and also its adsorptive capacity. Therefore, bentonite, even after the thermal treatment (125 to 1000 °C), is able to increase the viability of NC stem cells previously treated with AFB1. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of bentonite in preventing the toxic effects of AFB1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. Electronic address: janaina.nones@posgrad.ufsc.br.
authors.forename: Janaína
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nones
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jader
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nones
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Humberto Gracher
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Riella
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anicleto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poli
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andrea Gonçalves
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Trentin
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nivaldo Cabral
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Kuhnen
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001546:Bentonite / Q000737:chemistry*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011784:Quail; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001546:Bentonite; D016604:Aflatoxin B1
keywords: Adsorption; Aflatoxin B(1); Bentonite; Cellular survival; Thermally modified