title: Genotoxicity evaluation of metformin and glimepiride by micronucleus assay in exfoliated urothelial cells of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
abstract: Micronucleus (MN) assay was performed on the exfoliated urothelial cells to detect the genotoxic effects of the anti-hyperglycemic drugs, metformin and glimepiride in T2DM patients and to use it as a biomarker for DNA damage by assessing the frequency of micronuclei in the exfoliated urothelial cells. A total of 201 subjects (147 T2DM patients & 54 Normal cases) were selected from diverse age groups (25-75 years) and the mean MN frequency was examined per 1000 cells in all the subjects. Relative to the control group (5.02 ± 1.01), an increased MN frequency was observed in females (26.15 ± 2.15) when compared to males (23.08 ± 2.09) in T2DM patients. Further analysis showed that there was a profound increase in the number of MN in the patients using metformin alone (23.02 ± 4.44), or combination of metformin & glimepiride (24.98 ± 2.87) than to the subjects using glimepiride alone (17.52 ± 3.28). It has been proven by this simple, reliable and non-invasive method that metformin has a potential role in causing genotoxicity and that the MN observed in exfoliated urothelial cells could be used as a reliable biomarker in monitoring the genotoxic risk of the anti-hyperglycemic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Harishankar
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Logeshwaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sujeevan
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Aruljothi
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dannie
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: adevipradeep@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Devi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004249:DNA Damage; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D009153:Mutagens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012306:Risk; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin; D009153:Mutagens; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human; C057619:glimepiride
keywords: Genotoxicity; Glimepiride; Metformin; Micronuclei; Urothelial cells