title: Trends in cancer incidence in Maputo, Mozambique, 1991-2008.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Very limited information is available regarding the incidence of cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. We analyzed changes in cancer patterns from 1991 to 2008 in Maputo (Mozambique).
  
  
  METHODS
  We calculated the rates of incidence of different cancer sites by sex in the 5-year age-group of the population of Maputo city as well as age-standardized rates (ASRs) and average annual percentage changes (AAPC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 18-year study period a total of 12,674 cases of cancer (56.9% females) were registered with an overall increase in the risk of cancer in both sexes. In males, the most common cancers were those of the prostate, Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and the liver. Prostate cancer showed the most dramatic increase over the whole study period (AAPC +11.3%; 95% CI: 9.7-13.0), with an ASR of 61.7 per 105 in 2003-2008. In females, the most frequent cancers were of the uterine cervix, the breast and KS, with the former increasing along the whole study period (AAPC + 4.7%; 95% CI: 3.4-6) with an ASR of 62.0 per 105 in 2003-2008 as well as breast cancer (AAPC +6.5%; 95%CI: 4.3-8.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the risk of cancer rose in both sexes during the study period, particularly among cancers associated with westernization of lifestyles (prostate, breast), combined with increasingly rising incidences or limited changes in cancers associated with infection and poverty (uterine cervix, liver). Moreover, the burden of AIDS-associated cancers has shown a marked increase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Maputo Central Hospital, Maputo, Mozambique; Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.
authors.forename: Cesaltina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lorenzoni
authors.affiliation: ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Alba
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vilajeliu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Maputo Central Hospital, Maputo, Mozambique; Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carrilho
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Maputo Central Hospital, Maputo, Mozambique; Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.
authors.forename: Mamudo R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.
authors.forename: Orvalho
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Augusto
authors.affiliation: ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique.
authors.forename: Alberto L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: García-Basteiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.
authors.forename: Mohsin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sidat
authors.affiliation: Unit of Infections and Cancer, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Sanjosé
authors.affiliation: ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Menéndez
authors.affiliation: ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ordi
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009073:Mozambique / Q000453:epidemiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D012042:Registries; D012306:Risk; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult