title: Potential programming of selected cardiometabolic risk factors at childhood by maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid availability in the MEFAB cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing evidence suggests that long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) availability in utero could program later health.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to explore whether prenatal LCPUFA availability could be involved in programming cardiometabolic disease risk at childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data of 242 mother-child pairs from the Maastricht Essential Fatty Acid Birth (MEFAB) cohort were used. Multi-variable linear regression analysis was applied to identify associations between maternal LCPUFA concentrations around weeks 11, 22 and 32 of pregnancy and at time of delivery and cardiometabolic risk factors of their children (glucose metabolism, blood lipids, and blood pressure) at age 7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) at week 11 of pregnancy was negatively associated with children׳s glucose (B=-0.34mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.56, -0.12). Positive associations were found between maternal linoleic acid (18:2n-6) at time of delivery and children׳s proinsulin (B=0.25pmol/L; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.41); maternal 3-docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) at week 11 and children׳s total cholesterol (B=1.23mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.45, 2.01) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (B=1.12mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.42, 1.82); and maternal osbond acid (22:5n-6) at week 22 and tetracosadienoic acid (24:2n-6) at week 32 and children׳s diastolic blood pressure (B=16.86mmHg; 95% CI: 7.63, 26.08 and B=17.75mmHg; 95% CI: 6.37, 29.94, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that maternal omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids may be of particular importance in relation to children׳s glucose metabolism and blood pressure, whereas omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids seem particularly related to blood lipids at childhood. In general, the strength of the associations appeared stronger with fatty acid concentrations in early pregnancy compared to late pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Departments of Complex Genetics, Cluster of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. Electronic address: s.jochems@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Sylvia H J
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jochems
authors.affiliation: NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Departments of Complex Genetics, Cluster of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marij
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gielen
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rump
authors.affiliation: NUTRI-SEARCH, Brikkenoven 14, 6247 BG Gronsveld, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hornstra
authors.affiliation: NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Departments of Complex Genetics, Cluster of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maurice P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Zeegers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential / Q000097:blood*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Cardiometabolic disease risk; Fetal origins; Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Prenatal programming