title: Inhibition of inflammation may enhance nitric oxide availability in patients undergoing bariatric surgery for weight loss.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Weight loss surgery is the most effective treatment for morbid obesity. The mechanisms underlying the beneficial cardiovascular effects are poorly understood, although inhibition of inflammatory markers has been demonstrated. We hypothesized that anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress reactions are responsible for the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery that have been shown in clinical trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  The inflammatory system was studied by measuring mRNA levels of E-selectin, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and in a cell line (HUVEC-CS) of human umbilical vein endothelial cells that were incubated for 4 h with pools of serum, collected before and 3 months after surgery, from 20 women who underwent bariatric surgery for weight loss. The oxidative stress pathway was examined by mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase (P22(phox) ), paraoxonase (PON2), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase following incubation of the cells for 4 h with serum pools. The nitric oxide (NO) pathway was studied by measuring mRNA levels of inducible NOS and endothelial NOS and by determining nitrite and nitrate levels. To study the functional behaviour of endothelial cells under stress, primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (PECs) were incubated with the serum pools for 48 h, with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for the last 4 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inflammatory system: incubation of HUVEC-CS cells with serum from women who underwent bariatric surgery led to a significant decrease in mRNA expression of E-selectin and IL-6 postsurgery. Stimulation of PECs with LPS in the presence of serum from women who underwent bariatric surgery caused a more significant difference in E-selectin and TNF-α mRNA expression before and after surgery. The antioxidant system: incubation of HUVEC-CS cells with serum from women who underwent bariatric surgery did not lead to any difference in mRNA expression of P22(phox) , PON2, SOD2, GPx or catalase. Stimulation of PECs with LPS showed that obese women had higher levels of P22(phox) , PON2 and the antioxidant enzymes SOD2, GPx and catalase before and after surgery, compared to the control group. The NO pathway: HUVEC-CS cells incubated with serum from women who underwent bariatric surgery secreted higher nitrite/nitrate levels compared to presurgery serum (P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhibition of inflammation and enhanced availability of NO 3 months after bariatric surgery could partly explain the beneficial effects of surgery for weight loss.
authors.affiliation: Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya and Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.affiliation: Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ginat-Maimon
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Health and Nutrition Sciences, MIGAL Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yehuda
authors.affiliation: Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya and Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Geron
authors.affiliation: Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya and Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ben Ami
authors.affiliation: Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.|Laboratory of Human Health and Nutrition Sciences, MIGAL Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamir
mesh_terms: D050110:Bariatric Surgery; D002374:Catalase / Q000032:analysis; D002460:Cell Line; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000032:analysis; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D020335:Paraparesis / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D019040:E-Selectin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D019255:NADPH Oxidases
keywords: bariatric surgery; inflammation; nitric oxide (NO)