title: Prostatitis, other genitourinary infections and prostate cancer: results from a population-based case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We relied on a population-based case-control study (PROtEuS) to examine a potential association between the presence of histologically confirmed prostate cancer (PCa) and history of genitourinary infections, e.g., prostatitis, urethritis, orchitis and epididymitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases were 1933 men with incident PCa, diagnosed across Montreal hospitals between 2005 and 2009. Population controls were 1994 men from the same residential area and age distribution. In-person interviews collected information about socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle and medical history, e.g., self-reported history of several genitourinary infections, as well as on PCa screening. Logistic regression analyses tested overall and grade-specific associations, including subgroup analyses with frequent PSA testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After multivariable adjustment, prostatitis was associated with an increased risk of any PCa (OR 1.81 [1.44-2.27]), but not urethritis (OR 1.05 [0.84-1.30]), orchitis (OR 1.28 [0.92-1.78]) or epididymitis (OR 0.98 [0.57-1.68]). The association between prostatitis and PCa was more pronounced for low-grade PCa (Gleason ≤ 6: OR 2.11 [1.61-2.77]; Gleason ≥ 7: OR 1.59 [1.22-2.07]). Adjusting for frequency of physician visits, PSA testing frequency or restricting analyses to frequently screened subjects did not affect these results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prostatitis was associated with an increased probability for detecting PCa even after adjustment for frequency of PSA testing and physician visits, but not urethritis, orchitis or epididymitis. These considerations may be helpful in clinical risk stratification of individuals in whom the risk of PCa is pertinent.
authors.affiliation: Martini-Klinik am Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. boehm@martini-klinik.de.|Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada. boehm@martini-klinik.de.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada.|Department of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valdivieso
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada.|Department of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Malek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meskawi
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada.|Unit of Urology, Division of Oncology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larcher
authors.affiliation: Martini-Klinik am Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schiffmann
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Maxine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Martini-Klinik am Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graefen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.affiliation: INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Université du Québec, Laval, Canada.|Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Marie-Élise
authors.initials: MÉ
authors.lastname: Parent
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada.|Department of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Pierre I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Karakiewicz
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D004823:Epididymitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009920:Orchitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011472:Prostatitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014526:Urethritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: Case–control study; Diagnosis; Genitourinary infections; Prostate cancer; Prostatitis