title: Environmental behavior and analysis of agricultural sulfur.
abstract: Sulfur has been widely used for centuries as a staple for pest and disease management in agriculture. Presently, it is the largest-volume pesticide in use worldwide. This review describes the sources and recovery methods for sulfur, its allotropic forms and properties and its agricultural uses, including development and potential advantages of nanosulfur as a fungicide. Chemical and microbial reactivity, interactions in soil and water and analytical methods for determination in environmental samples and foodstuffs, including inexpensive analytical methods for sulfur residues in wine, beer and other food/beverage substrates, will be reviewed. The toxicology of sulfur towards humans and agriculturally important fungi is included, with some restrictions on use to promote safety. The review concludes with areas for which more research is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.|Department of Chemistry, Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Corey M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Woodrow
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Seiber
mesh_terms: D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D013455:Sulfur / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013455:Sulfur
keywords: agricultural pesticide; environmental analysis; environmental behavior; nanosulfur; sulfur