title: Pesticides and Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 Infection in the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas.
abstract: Since 2008, mass mortality outbreaks have been reported in all French regions producing Pacific oysters, and in several Member States of the European Union. These mass mortality events of Pacific oysters are related to OsHV-1 infection. They occur during spring and summer periods leaving suspect the quality of the marine environment and the role of seasonal use of pesticides associated with the arrival of freshwater in oyster rearing areas. Pesticides have been also detected in French coastal waters, especially in areas of oyster production. Using PMA real-time PCR we showed that a mixture of 14 pesticides has no effect on the integrity of virus capsids from viral suspension in the conditions tested. A contact of oysters with this pesticide mixture was related to higher mortality rates among experimentally infected animals in comparison with control ones (no previous pesticide exposure before experimental infection). We therefore suggest that pesticides at realistic concentration can exert adverse effects on Pacific oysters and causes an increased susceptibility to the viral infection in experimental conditions.
authors.affiliation: Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Unité Santé, Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ronce les Bains, 17390, La Tremblade, France; Unité des Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Pierrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.affiliation: Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Unité Santé, Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ronce les Bains, 17390, La Tremblade, France.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Faury
authors.affiliation: Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Ifremer Research Unit of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP, 21105, 44311 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Burgeot
authors.affiliation: Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Unité Santé, Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ronce les Bains, 17390, La Tremblade, France.
authors.forename: Tristan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Renault
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002213:Capsid / Q000187:drug effects; D049896:Crassostrea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D012621:Seasons; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical