title: Ligustrazine monomer against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
abstract: Ligustrazine (2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine) is a major active ingredient of the Szechwan lovage rhizome and is extensively used in treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The mechanism of action of ligustrazine use against ischemic cerebrovascular diseases remains unclear at present. This study summarizes its protective effect, the optimum time window of administration, and the most effective mode of administration for clinical treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. We examine the effects of ligustrazine on suppressing excitatory amino acid release, promoting migration, differentiation and proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells. We also looked at its effects on angiogenesis and how it inhibits thrombosis, the inflammatory response, and apoptosis after cerebral ischemia. We consider that ligustrazine gives noticeable protection from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The time window of ligustrazine administration is limited. The protective effect and time window of a series of derivative monomers of ligustrazine such as 2-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxidoimino]methyl]-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, CXC137 and CXC195 after cerebral ischemia were better than ligustrazine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China ; Department of Neurosurgery, Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Peng-Fei
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Pei-Wen
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Clinical Medical College of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Zhuo-Yan
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Feng-Bo
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Qing-Chun
authors.initials: QC
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Huang
keywords: cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury; ischemia; ligustrazine; nerve regeneration; neural regeneration