title: The Risk of Opioid Intoxications or Related Events and the Effect of Alcohol-Related Disorders: A Retrospective Cohort Study in German Patients Treated with High-Potency Opioid Analgesics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intoxications involving prescription opioids are a major public health problem in many countries. When taken with opioids, alcohol can enhance the effects of opioids, particularly in the central nervous system. However, data quantifying the impact of alcohol involvement in opioid-related intoxications are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using claims data from the German Pharmacoepidemiological Research Database (GePaRD), we conducted a retrospective cohort study based on users of high-potency opioid (HPO) analgesics during the years 2005-2009. HPO use was classified as extended-release, immediate-release or both. We calculated incidence rates (IRs) for opioid intoxications or related events as well as adjusted IR ratios (aIRR) comparing HPO-treated patients with alcohol-related disorders (ARDs) to those without ARDs overall and within each HPO category.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 308,268 HPO users were identified with an overall IR of 340.4 per 100,000 person-years [95 % confidence interval (CI) 325.5-355.7]. The risk was highest when patients received concomitant treatment with extended- and immediate-release HPOs (IR 1093.8; 95 % CI 904.6-1310.9). ARDs increased the risk during HPO use by a factor of 1.7 and the highest aIRR was seen when comparing patients simultaneously exposed to extended- and immediate-release HPOs with ARDs to those without ARD also after excluding patients with potential improper/non-medical HPO use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians should be aware of these elevated risks in HPO patients with ARDs. Active patient education by healthcare providers regarding the risk of opioid intoxications or related events due to alcohol in conjunction with HPOs is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS GmbH, Achter Str. 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jobski
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kollhorst
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schink
authors.forename: Edeltraut
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garbe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000506:poisoning*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations