title: Effect of Crocus sativus extracts and its active constituent safranal on the harmaline-induced tremor in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Due to unsatisfactory response or intolerable side effects of current drugs, treatment of essential tremor remains inadequate. Thus, we aimed to investigate the protective and therapeutic effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Crocus sativus (saffron), and its active consistent, safranal, on the harmaline-induced tremor in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  To induce tremor, harmaline (30 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally. Test groups were also given the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of saffron (40, 80, and 160 mg/kg) as well as safranal (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 ml/kg), intraperitoneally, 10 min before harmaline administration (prophylactic study) or 10 min after the onset of tremors (curative study). The latency of onset, duration, and intensity of tremor were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extracts (80 and160 mg/kg) dose dependently attenuated duration of harmaline-induced tremors as did reference drug, propranolol (2 and 5 mg/kg). Only the highest dose of extracts (160 mg/kg) attenuated intensity of harmaline-induced tremors throughout the study. Safranal at the doses of (0.1 and 0.3 ml/kg) but not 0.5 ml/kg attenuated duration and intensity of tremor. Onset of tremor increased with the extracts (80 and 160 mg/kg) in prophylactic study, as the effect observed with propranolol at the dose of 5 mg/kg. Safranal did not affect the latency of tremor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of saffron and with a less effect, low doses of safranal, have relatively protective and suppressive effects on the harmaline-induced tremor and different constituents of extracts seem to participate in the protective effects against harmaline induced tremor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
authors.forename: Bahareh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research center, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahshad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malekzadeh
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Research center, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoud Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Heidari
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hosseinzadeh
keywords: Crocus sativus; Essential tremor; Harmaline; Safranal