title: Recent developments in dystonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The dystonias are a family of related disorders with many different clinical manifestations and causes. This review summarizes recent developments regarding these disorders, focusing mainly on advances with direct clinical relevance from the past 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dystonias are generally defined by their clinical characteristics, rather than by their underlying genetic or neuropathological defects. The many varied clinical manifestations and causes contribute to the fact that they are one of the most poorly recognized of all movement disorders. A series of recent publications has addressed these issues, offering a revised definition and more logical means for classifying the many subtypes. Our understanding of the genetic and neurobiological mechanisms responsible for different types of dystonias also has grown rapidly, creating new opportunities and challenges for diagnosis, and identifying increasing numbers of rare subtypes for which specific treatments are available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent advances in describing the clinical phenotypes and determining associated causes have pointed to the need for new strategies for diagnosis, classification, and treatment of the dystonias.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Neurology, Human Genetics & Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia bDystonia Medical Research Foundation, Chicago, Illinois cNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Hyder A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Jinnah
authors.forename: Jan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Teller
authors.forename: Wendy R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Galpern
mesh_terms: D004421:Dystonia / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype