title: IGFBP-5 Promotes Fibrosis Independently of Its Translocation to the Nucleus and Its Interaction with Nucleolin and IGF.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-5 levels are increased in systemic sclerosis (SSc) skin and lung. We previously reported that IGFBP-5 is a pro-fibrotic factor that induces extracellular matrix (ECM) production and deposition. Since IGFBP-5 contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS) that facilitates its nuclear translocation, we sought to examine the role of nuclear translocation on the fibrotic activity of IGFBP-5 and identify IGFBP-5 binding partners relevant for its nuclear compartmentalization.
  
  
  METHODS
  We generated functional wild type IGFBP-5 and IGFBP-5 with a mutated NLS or a mutated IGF binding site. Abrogation of nuclear translocation in the NLS mutant was confirmed using immunofluorescence and immunoblotting of nuclear and cytoplasmic cellular extracts. Abrogation of IGF binding was confirmed using western ligand blot. The fibrotic activity of wild type and mutant IGFBP-5 was examined in vitro in primary human fibroblasts and ex vivo in human skin. We identified IGFBP-5 binding partners using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. We examined the effect of nucleolin on IGFBP-5 localization and function via sequence-specific silencing in primary human fibroblasts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show that IGFBP-5-induced ECM production in vitro in primary human fibroblasts is independent of its nuclear translocation. The NLS-mutant also induced fibrosis ex vivo in human skin, thus confirming and extending the in vitro findings. Similar findings were obtained with the IGF-binding mutant. Nucleolin, a nucleolar protein that can serve as a nuclear receptor, was identified as an IGFBP-5 binding partner. Silencing nucleolin reduced IGFBP-5 translocation to the nucleus but did not block the ability of IGFBP-5 to induce ECM production and a fibrotic phenotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IGFBP-5 transport to the nucleus requires an intact NLS and nucleolin. However, nuclear translocation is not necessary for IGFBP-5 fibrotic activity; neither is IGF binding. Our data provide further insights into the role of cellular compartmentalization in IGFBP-5-induced fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yunyun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feghali-Bostwick
mesh_terms: D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D018975:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D021381:Protein Transport; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000097796:Nucleolin
chemical_list: D018975:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D013002:Somatomedins; D000097796:Nucleolin