title: Organic Solvent-Free, One-Step Engineering of Graphene-Based Magnetic-Responsive Hybrids Using Design of Experiment-Driven Mechanochemistry.
abstract: In this study, we propose an organic solvent-free, one-step mechanochemistry approach to engineer water-dispersible graphene oxide/superparamagnetic iron oxide (GO/SPIOs) hybrids, for biomedical applications. Although mechanochemistry has been proposed in the graphene field for applications such as drug loading, exfoliation or polymer-composite formation, this is the first study to report mechanochemistry for preparation of GO/SPIOs hybrids. The statistical design of experiment (DoE) was employed to control the process parameters. DoE has been used to control formulation processes of other types of nanomaterials. The implementation of DoE for controlling the formulation processes of graphene-based nanomaterials is, however, novel. DoE approach could be of advantage as one can tailor GO-based hybrids of predicted yields and compositions. Hybrids were characterized by TEM, AFM FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, and TGA. The dose-response magnetic resonance (MR) properties were confirmed by MR imaging of phantoms. The biocompatibility of the hybrids with A549 and J774 cell lines was confirmed by the modified LDH assay.
authors.affiliation: †Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kuo-Ching
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.affiliation: †Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Yukuang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: †Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: †Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Pedro M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: †Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Houmam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kafa
authors.affiliation: ‡Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Protti
authors.affiliation: †Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hider
authors.affiliation: †Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Khuloud T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Al-Jamal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D051379:Mice; D050997:Nanomedicine
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004337:Drug Carriers; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D006108:Graphite
keywords: DoE; SPIO; drug delivery; formulation; graphene; mechanochemistry; nanomedicine; toxicity