title: Effects of Centralizing Acute Stroke Services on Stroke Care Provision in Two Large Metropolitan Areas in England.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 2010, Greater Manchester and London centralized acute stroke care into hyperacute units (Greater Manchester=3, London=8), with additional units providing ongoing specialist stroke care nearer patients' homes. Greater Manchester patients presenting within 4 hours of symptom onset were eligible for hyperacute unit admission; all London patients were eligible. Research indicates that postcentralization, only London's stroke mortality fell significantly more than elsewhere in England. This article attempts to explain this difference by analyzing how centralization affects provision of evidence-based clinical interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled before and after analysis was conducted, using national audit data covering Greater Manchester, London, and a noncentralized urban comparator (38 623 adult stroke patients, April 2008 to December 2012). Likelihood of receiving all interventions measured reliably in pre- and postcentralization audits (brain scan; stroke unit admission; receiving antiplatelet; physiotherapist, nutrition, and swallow assessments) was calculated, adjusting for age, sex, stroke-type, consciousness, and whether stroke occurred in-hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postcentralization, likelihood of receiving interventions increased in all areas. London patients were overall significantly more likely to receive interventions, for example, brain scan within 3 hours: Greater Manchester=65.2% (95% confidence interval=64.3-66.2); London=72.1% (71.4-72.8); comparator=55.5% (54.8-56.3). Hyperacute units were significantly more likely to provide interventions, but fewer Greater Manchester patients were admitted to these (Greater Manchester=39%; London=93%). Differences resulted from contrasting hyperacute unit referral criteria and how reliably they were followed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Centralized systems admitting all stroke patients to hyperacute units, as in London, are significantly more likely to provide evidence-based clinical interventions. This may help explain previous research showing better outcomes associated with fully centralized models.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK (A.I.G.R, S.M., S.J.T., N.J.F.); Clinical Standards Department, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (A.H., A.G.R.); Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK (R.M.H.); Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (R.B., C.P.); Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R., C.D.A.W.); King's College London Stroke Research Patients and Family Group, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., N.P., A.G.R.); National Institute of Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R, C.D.A.W.); National Institute of Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) South London, London, UK (C.D.A.W.); Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK (A.G.R.); and Stroke & Vascular Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK (P.J.T.). angus.ramsay@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Angus I G
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK (A.I.G.R, S.M., S.J.T., N.J.F.); Clinical Standards Department, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (A.H., A.G.R.); Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK (R.M.H.); Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (R.B., C.P.); Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R., C.D.A.W.); King's College London Stroke Research Patients and Family Group, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., N.P., A.G.R.); National Institute of Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R, C.D.A.W.); National Institute of Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) South London, London, UK (C.D.A.W.); Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK (A.G.R.); and Stroke & Vascular Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK (P.J.T.).
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK (A.I.G.R, S.M., S.J.T., N.J.F.); Clinical Standards Department, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (A.H., A.G.R.); Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK (R.M.H.); Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (R.B., C.P.); Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R., C.D.A.W.); King's College London Stroke Research Patients and Family Group, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., N.P., A.G.R.); National Institute of Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R, C.D.A.W.); National Institute of Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) South London, London, UK (C.D.A.W.); Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK (A.G.R.); and Stroke & Vascular Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK (P.J.T.).
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK (A.I.G.R, S.M., S.J.T., N.J.F.); Clinical Standards Department, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (A.H., A.G.R.); Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK (R.M.H.); Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (R.B., C.P.); Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R., C.D.A.W.); King's College London Stroke Research Patients and Family Group, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., N.P., A.G.R.); National Institute of Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R, C.D.A.W.); National Institute of Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) South London, London, UK (C.D.A.W.); Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK (A.G.R.); and Stroke & Vascular Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK (P.J.T.).
authors.forename: Rachael M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK (A.I.G.R, S.M., S.J.T., N.J.F.); Clinical Standards Department, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (A.H., A.G.R.); Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK (R.M.H.); Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (R.B., C.P.); Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R., C.D.A.W.); King's College London Stroke Research Patients and Family Group, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., N.P., A.G.R.); National Institute of Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R, C.D.A.W.); National Institute of Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) South London, London, UK (C.D.A.W.); Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK (A.G.R.); and Stroke & Vascular Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK (P.J.T.).
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boaden
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK (A.I.G.R, S.M., S.J.T., N.J.F.); Clinical Standards Department, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (A.H., A.G.R.); Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK (R.M.H.); Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (R.B., C.P.); Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R., C.D.A.W.); King's College London Stroke Research Patients and Family Group, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., N.P., A.G.R.); National Institute of Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R, C.D.A.W.); National Institute of Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) South London, London, UK (C.D.A.W.); Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK (A.G.R.); and Stroke & Vascular Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK (P.J.T.).
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McKevitt
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK (A.I.G.R, S.M., S.J.T., N.J.F.); Clinical Standards Department, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (A.H., A.G.R.); Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK (R.M.H.); Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (R.B., C.P.); Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R., C.D.A.W.); King's College London Stroke Research Patients and Family Group, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., N.P., A.G.R.); National Institute of Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R, C.D.A.W.); National Institute of Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) South London, London, UK (C.D.A.W.); Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK (A.G.R.); and Stroke & Vascular Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK (P.J.T.).
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK (A.I.G.R, S.M., S.J.T., N.J.F.); Clinical Standards Department, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (A.H., A.G.R.); Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK (R.M.H.); Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (R.B., C.P.); Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R., C.D.A.W.); King's College London Stroke Research Patients and Family Group, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., N.P., A.G.R.); National Institute of Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R, C.D.A.W.); National Institute of Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) South London, London, UK (C.D.A.W.); Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK (A.G.R.); and Stroke & Vascular Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK (P.J.T.).
authors.forename: Nanik
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pursani
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK (A.I.G.R, S.M., S.J.T., N.J.F.); Clinical Standards Department, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (A.H., A.G.R.); Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK (R.M.H.); Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (R.B., C.P.); Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R., C.D.A.W.); King's College London Stroke Research Patients and Family Group, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., N.P., A.G.R.); National Institute of Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R, C.D.A.W.); National Institute of Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) South London, London, UK (C.D.A.W.); Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK (A.G.R.); and Stroke & Vascular Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK (P.J.T.).
authors.forename: Anthony G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Rudd
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK (A.I.G.R, S.M., S.J.T., N.J.F.); Clinical Standards Department, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (A.H., A.G.R.); Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK (R.M.H.); Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (R.B., C.P.); Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R., C.D.A.W.); King's College London Stroke Research Patients and Family Group, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., N.P., A.G.R.); National Institute of Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R, C.D.A.W.); National Institute of Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) South London, London, UK (C.D.A.W.); Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK (A.G.R.); and Stroke & Vascular Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK (P.J.T.).
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK (A.I.G.R, S.M., S.J.T., N.J.F.); Clinical Standards Department, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (A.H., A.G.R.); Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK (R.M.H.); Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (R.B., C.P.); Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R., C.D.A.W.); King's College London Stroke Research Patients and Family Group, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., N.P., A.G.R.); National Institute of Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R, C.D.A.W.); National Institute of Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) South London, London, UK (C.D.A.W.); Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK (A.G.R.); and Stroke & Vascular Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK (P.J.T.).
authors.forename: Pippa J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Tyrrell
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK (A.I.G.R, S.M., S.J.T., N.J.F.); Clinical Standards Department, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (A.H., A.G.R.); Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK (R.M.H.); Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (R.B., C.P.); Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R., C.D.A.W.); King's College London Stroke Research Patients and Family Group, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., N.P., A.G.R.); National Institute of Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R, C.D.A.W.); National Institute of Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) South London, London, UK (C.D.A.W.); Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK (A.G.R.); and Stroke & Vascular Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK (P.J.T.).
authors.forename: Charles D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK (A.I.G.R, S.M., S.J.T., N.J.F.); Clinical Standards Department, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (A.H., A.G.R.); Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK (R.M.H.); Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (R.B., C.P.); Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R., C.D.A.W.); King's College London Stroke Research Patients and Family Group, Division of Health & Social Care Research, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK (C.M., N.P., A.G.R.); National Institute of Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK (C.M., A.G.R, C.D.A.W.); National Institute of Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) South London, London, UK (C.D.A.W.); Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK (A.G.R.); and Stroke & Vascular Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK (P.J.T.).
authors.forename: Naomi J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Fulop
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002497:Centralized Hospital Services / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014505:Urban Population / Q000639:trends
keywords: centralization; evaluation; quality indicators; regional variation; stroke care; stroke units; systems of care