title: Environmental and occupational exposures as a cause of male infertility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between environmental and occupational exposures, semen parameters and lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) levels in seminal plasma of men investigated for infertility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 300 men investigated for infertility using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Seminal fluid analysis and classification was done according to WHO guidelines. Positive exposure was defined as environmental or occupational exposure to agro or industrial chemicals, heavy metals and living in areas within 50 m of potential sources of pollution for three months or more. Seminal plasma lead and cadmium levels were estimated by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry after digestion with nitric acid. The means of sperm parameters, Pb and Cd concentrations between exposed and non exposed groups were compared using t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 34.8 (95% CI 34.2-35.4) years BMI was 24.3 (95% CI 23.8-24.7) kg/m2 and duration of the infertility was 45.7 (41.7-49.6) months. In this study, 54.6% were exposed to toxins through environmental or occupational sources. All sperm parameters were lower in the exposed group when compared to the non exposed. Lead and cadmium were detected in 38.3% and 23% of men respectively. The distance from the source of possible environmental or occupational exposure was negatively correlated to seminal plasma Pb (r=0.06, p>0.05) and Cd (r=0.26, p<0.05) concentrations. In the exposed, mean lead concentration was 17.7 (95% CI 15.0-20.4) μg/dl and 13.5 (95% CI 11.2-15.7) μg/dl in non exposed and cadmium concentration in exposed was 1.2 (95% CI 1.1-1.4) μg/dl and 1.1 (0.9-1.3) μg/dl in non-exposed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Environmental and occupational exposures were associated with reduced sperm count motility, viability, normal forms and detectable levels of lead and cadmium in seminal plasma.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Health Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: G U S
authors.initials: GU
authors.lastname: Wijesekara
authors.forename: D M S
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fernando
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wijerathna
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bandara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D012661:Semen / Q000737:chemistry; D055101:Semen Analysis; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead