title: Integrated reactive nitrogen budgets and future trends in China.
abstract: Reactive nitrogen (Nr) plays a central role in food production, and at the same time it can be an important pollutant with substantial effects on air and water quality, biological diversity, and human health. China now creates far more Nr than any other country. We developed a budget for Nr in China in 1980 and 2010, in which we evaluated the natural and anthropogenic creation of Nr, losses of Nr, and transfers among 14 subsystems within China. Our analyses demonstrated that a tripling of anthropogenic Nr creation was associated with an even more rapid increase in Nr fluxes to the atmosphere and hydrosphere, contributing to intense and increasing threats to human health, the sustainability of croplands, and the environment of China and its environs. Under a business as usual scenario, anthropogenic Nr creation in 2050 would more than double compared with 2010 levels, whereas a scenario that combined reasonable changes in diet, N use efficiency, and N recycling could reduce N losses and anthropogenic Nr creation in 2050 to 52% and 64% of 2010 levels, respectively. Achieving reductions in Nr creation (while simultaneously increasing food production and offsetting imports of animal feed) will require much more in addition to good science, but it is useful to know that there are pathways by which both food security and health/environmental protection could be enhanced simultaneously.
authors.affiliation: Policy Simulation Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China;
authors.forename: Baojing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; juxt@cau.edu.cn vitousek@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Xiaotang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China;
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China;
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 juxt@cau.edu.cn vitousek@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Vitousek
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: food production; human health; industrial nitrogen; national budget; reactive nitrogen