title: Standard operating procedures for standardized mass rearing of the dengue and chikungunya vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) - II - Egg storage and hatching.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Management of large quantities of eggs will be a crucial aspect of the efficient and sustainable mass production of mosquitoes for programmes with a Sterile Insect Technique component. The efficiency of different hatching media and effectiveness of long term storage methods are presented here.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect on hatch rate of storage duration and three hatching media was analysed: deionized water, boiled deionized water and a bacterial broth, using Two-way ANOVA and Post hoc Tukey tests, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to find the effect on the proportion of collapsed eggs. Two long term storage methods were also tested: conventional storage (egg paper strips stored in zip lock bags within a sealed plastic box), and water storage (egg papers in a covered plastic cup with deionized water). Regression analyses were used to find the effect of water storage and storage duration on hatch rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both species hatched most efficiently in bacterial broth. Few eggs hatched in deionized water, and pre-boiling the water increased the hatch rate of Ae. aegypti, but not Ae. albopictus. A hatch rate greater than 80% was obtained after 10 weeks of conventional storage in Ae. aegypti and 11 weeks in Ae. albopictus. After this period, hatching decreased dramatically; no eggs hatched after 24 weeks. Storing eggs in water produced an 85% hatch rate after 5 months in both species. A small but significant proportion of eggs hatched in the water, probably due to combined effects of natural deoxygenation of the water over time and the natural instalment hatching typical of the species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The demonstrated efficiency of the bacterial broth hatching medium for both Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti facilitates mass production of these two important vector species in the same facility, with use of a common hatching medium reducing cost and operational complexity. Similarly the increased hatch rate of eggs stored in water would allow greater flexibility of egg management in a large programme over the medium term, particularly if oxygenation of the water by bubbling oxygen through the storage tray could be applied to prevent hatching during storage.
authors.affiliation: Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. zmlkk@126.com.|Beneficial Insects Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China. zmlkk@126.com.
authors.forename: Min-Lin
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. d.zhang@iaea.org.
authors.forename: Dong-Jing
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. damiensdavid@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Damiens
authors.affiliation: Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. r.s.lees@iaea.org.
authors.forename: Rosemary Susan
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.affiliation: Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. j.gilles@iaea.org.
authors.forename: Jeremie R L
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gilles
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000821:virology; D000818:Animals; D065632:Chikungunya Fever / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D002646:Chikungunya virus / Q000502:physiology; D003715:Dengue / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000502:physiology; D004772:Entomology / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000821:virology; D010063:Ovum / Q000254:growth & development*; D011309:Preservation, Biological / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*