title: Biological effect of food additive titanium dioxide nanoparticles on intestine: an in vitro study.
abstract: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely found in food-related consumer products. Understanding the effect of TiO2 NPs on the intestinal barrier and absorption is essential and vital for the safety assessment of orally administrated TiO2 NPs. In this study, the cytotoxicity and translocation of two native TiO2 NPs, and these two TiO2 NPs pretreated with the digestion simulation fluid or bovine serum albumin were investigated in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells, differentiated Caco-2 cells and Caco-2 monolayer. TiO2 NPs with a concentration less than 200 µg ml(-1) did not induce any toxicity in differentiated cells and Caco-2 monolayer after 24 h exposure. However, TiO2 NPs pretreated with digestion simulation fluids at 200 µg ml(-1) inhibited the growth of undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. Undifferentiated Caco-2 cells swallowed native TiO2 NPs easily, but not pretreated NPs, implying the protein coating on NPs impeded the cellular uptake. Compared with undifferentiated cells, differentiated ones possessed much lower uptake ability of these TiO2 NPs. Similarly, the traverse of TiO2 NPs through the Caco-2 monolayer was also negligible. Therefore, we infer the possibility of TiO2 NPs traversing through the intestine of animal or human after oral intake is quite low. This study provides valuable information for the risk assessment of TiO2 NPs in food.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zheng-Mei
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ni
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Hui
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Song
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Aoneng
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.|Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yuanfang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Haifang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005503:Food Additives / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: cytotoxicity; digestion; intestinal cell; titanium dioxide nanoparticles; traverse