title: Three-dimensional observation of Virchow-Robin spaces in the basal ganglia and white matter and their relevance to idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Virchow-Robin spaces (VRS) are brain perivascular spaces containing perforating arteries. Although enlarged VRS are associated with various disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, and head trauma, their functional role remains unclear. Using highly fluid-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences, fine morphological features of VRS and their relevance to idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional constructive interference in steady state (3D-CISS) on 3 Tesla MRI was applied to 29 individuals. The morphology and number of VRS in the basal ganglia and white matter were compared between 20 patients with iNPH and nine age-matched controls. The VRS number per hemisphere was classified into three grades: few, moderate, and abundant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Virchow-Robin spaces in the basal ganglia were curved, irregularly sized and shaped, and communicated with the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space; they contained perforating arteries. VRS in the white matter were straight, smooth, homogeneously sized and shaped, and did not penetrate the cortex. Arteries were not seen in VRS of the white matter. White matter VRS were sparse in patients with iNPH. In contrast, basal ganglia VRS positively correlated with age. Postoperatively after shunt surgery, VRS in the white matter were mildly decreased in diameter, but not in number. No significant changes were noted in basal ganglia VRS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study revealed different morphological features of VRS in the basal ganglia and white matter. VRS in the basal ganglia were seen as genuine perivascular spaces; while neither communication with subarachnoid spaces nor arteries were seen in white matter VRS, even by 3D-CISS sequences and high-resolution magnetic resonance angiography on 3T-MRI. White matter VRS were sparse in patients with iNPH and they were mildly decreased in diameter, but did not change in number after surgery. At present, it remains unclear whether the white matter VRS are dilated interstitial fluid spaces or cerebral amyloid angiopathy, or both. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the functional role of VRS in normal subjects and patients with iNPH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital, 2 Chinji-cho, Otowa, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8062, Japan. rakuwadr1001@rakuwadr.com.|Department of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Center, Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital, 2 Chinji-cho, Otowa, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8062, Japan. rakuwadr1001@rakuwadr.com.
authors.forename: Masatsune
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital, 2 Chinji-cho, Otowa, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8062, Japan. rakuwadr1163@rakuwadr.com.|Department of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Center, Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital, 2 Chinji-cho, Otowa, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8062, Japan. rakuwadr1163@rakuwadr.com.
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital, 2 Chinji-cho, Otowa, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8062, Japan. rakuwadr1070@rakuwadr.com.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006850:Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D013346:Subarachnoid Space; D066127:White Matter / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*