title: Molecular analysis of cyenopyrafen resistance in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyenopyrafen is a recently developed acaricide with a new mode of action as a complex II inhibitor. However, it was recently shown that cross-resistance to cyenopyrafen can occur in resistant field strains of Tetranychus urticae, which might be linked to the previous use of classical METI acaricides. Here, we selected for cyenopyrafen resistance and studied the molecular mechanisms that underlie resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Selection for cyenopyrafen resistance confers cross-resistance to the complex II inhibitor cyflumetofen, but also to pyridaben, a frequently used complex I inhibitor. Cyenopyrafen resistance is highly synergised by piperonyl butoxide, and a 15-fold higher P450 activity was detected in the resistant strain. Target-site resistance was not detected. Genome-wide gene expression data, followed by a meta-analysis of previously obtained gene expression data, revealed the overexpression specifically of CYP392A11 and CYP392A12.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyenopyrafen resistance is strongly linked to the overexpression of two P450s, which probably explains the observed cross-resistance. This information is highly valuable, as the novel complex II inhibitors cyenopyrafen and cyflumetofen are in the process of worldwide registration. The role of both CYP392A11 and CYP392A12 should be further supported by functional expression, but they are very promising candidates as molecular diagnostic markers for monitoring cyenopyrafen susceptibility in the field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bio-science Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mousaalreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khalighi
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bio-science Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Wannes
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dermauw
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicky
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wybouw
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bajda
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osakabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bio-science Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tirry
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bio-science Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.|Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Leeuwen
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000181:Acrylonitrile / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D060829:Arthropod Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011422:Propionates / Q000494:pharmacology; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D040102:Tetranychidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D060829:Arthropod Proteins; D011422:Propionates; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011724:Pyridazines; C000591892:cyenopyrafen; C428725:pyridaben; D000181:Acrylonitrile; C572153:cyflumetofen
keywords: CYP; ketonitriles; succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase; thiapronil