title: Quantification of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and corresponding resistance genes in a sewage treatment plant.
abstract: This study aimed to analyze vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and their resistance genes, vanA and vanB, to examine their presence in sewage treatment systems. Water samples were collected from primary sedimentation tank inlet, aeration tank, final sedimentation tank overflow outlet, and disinfection tank. Enterococcal strains were determined their vancomycin susceptibility by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. Vancomycin-resistance genes (vanA and vanB) were quantified by real-time PCR. The sewage treatment process indeed decreased the number of most enterococci contained in the entering sewage, with a removal rate of ≥ 5 log. The MIC test showed that two enterococcal strains resistant to a high concentration of vancomycin (>128 μg mL(-1)). However, most of the enterococcal strains exhibited sensitivity to vancomycin, indicating that VRE were virtually absent in the sewage treatment systems. On the other hand, vancomycin-resistance genes were detected in all the sewage samples, including those collected from the chlorination disinfection tank. The highest copy numbers of vanA (1.5 × 10(3) copies mL(-1)) and vanB (1.0 × 10(3) copies mL(-1)) were detected from the water sample of effluent water and chlorinated water, respectively. Therefore, antibiotic resistance genes remain in the sewage treatment plant and might discharged into water environments such as rivers and coastal areas.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Oita National College of Technology , Oita , Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.forename: Reina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mekata
mesh_terms: D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D045483:Rivers; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D065507:Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012722:Sewage; D014640:Vancomycin
keywords: Antibiotics; fecal bacteria; minimum inhibitory concentration; quantitative PCR; resistance gene; sewage treatment system; vancomycin-resistant enterococci