title: Paraneoplastic neurologic disorders in small cell lung carcinoma: A prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency and range of paraneoplastic neurologic disorders (PNDs) and neuronal antibodies in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred sixty-four consecutive patients with biopsy-proven SCLC were recruited at the time of tumor diagnosis. All patients underwent full neurologic examination. Serum samples were taken prior to chemotherapy and analyzed for 15 neuronal antibodies. Thirty-eight healthy controls were analyzed in parallel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PNDs were quite prevalent (n = 24, 9.4%), most frequently Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (3.8%), sensory neuronopathy (1.9%), and limbic encephalitis (1.5%). Eighty-seven percent of all patients with PNDs had antibodies to SOX2 (62.5%), HuD (41.7%), or P/Q VGCC (50%), irrespective of their syndrome. Other neuronal antibodies were found at lower frequencies (GABAb receptor [12.5%] and N-type VGCC [20.8%]) or very rarely (GAD65, amphiphysin, Ri, CRMP5, Ma2, Yo, VGKC complex, CASPR2, LGI1, and NMDA receptor [all <5%]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The spectrum of PNDs is broader and the frequency is higher than previously appreciated, and selected antibody tests (SOX2, HuD, VGCC) can help determine the presence of an SCLC.
authors.affiliation: From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.G., M.W., A.N., P.W., A.V., B.L.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine (C.C.), University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom; and Division of Neurology (P.M.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom. p.gozzard@nhs.net.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gozzard
authors.affiliation: From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.G., M.W., A.N., P.W., A.V., B.L.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine (C.C.), University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom; and Division of Neurology (P.M.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Woodhall
authors.affiliation: From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.G., M.W., A.N., P.W., A.V., B.L.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine (C.C.), University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom; and Division of Neurology (P.M.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.affiliation: From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.G., M.W., A.N., P.W., A.V., B.L.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine (C.C.), University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom; and Division of Neurology (P.M.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nibber
authors.affiliation: From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.G., M.W., A.N., P.W., A.V., B.L.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine (C.C.), University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom; and Division of Neurology (P.M.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.affiliation: From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.G., M.W., A.N., P.W., A.V., B.L.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine (C.C.), University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom; and Division of Neurology (P.M.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.affiliation: From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.G., M.W., A.N., P.W., A.V., B.L.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine (C.C.), University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom; and Division of Neurology (P.M.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Bethan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.affiliation: From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.G., M.W., A.N., P.W., A.V., B.L.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine (C.C.), University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom; and Division of Neurology (P.M.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maddison
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020361:Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous System / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055752:Small Cell Lung Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*