title: Role of Heart and its Diseases in the Etiology of Depression According to Avicenna's Point of View and its Comparison with Views of Classic Medicine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is one of the most important medical problems in today's world; despite its high prevalence, its causes unfortunately remain not fully known. Among important issues regarding this is its relation with heart diseases. Based on studies this comorbidity increase morbidity and mortality and leads to worst prognosis. However the cause of such high rate of comorbidity is unclear and instead of efforts to understand this correlation has prompted the medical world to consult other medicinal disciplines, not only to find the answer but also to increase the effectiveness of treatment and decrease its cost.
  
  
  METHODS
  We first reviewed the most important ancient causes for depression mentioned by Avicenna and considered those as the key words for our next step. Then, we made a literature search (PubMed and Scopus) with those key words to find out new scientific findings in modern medicine about the Avicenna's suggestions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Avicenna does not regard depression as only a mental ailment, but as a disorder resulted by the involvement of brain, heart and blood. He believed that the main causes of depressive events are rooted in heart diseases; in most cases brain is only affected secondary to the heart. Thus he declared that for the treatment of depressive disorders, the underlying cardiovascular diseases should be considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is worthwhile to consider the Avicenna's recommended causes of depression and to design future scientific studies based on his suggestions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Traditional Iranian Medicine, Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yousofpour
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamalinejad
authors.affiliation: Department of Iranian Traditional Medicine, School of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Research Center of Quran, Hadith and Medicine, Tehran, Iran. University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Mahdi
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Esfahani
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Science Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Jamal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shams
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan Hoshdar
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Tehrani
authors.affiliation: Department of Iranian Traditional Medicine, School of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bahrami
keywords: Avicenna; cardiovascular diseases; depression; heart diseases; treatment