title: Antiherpes Activity and Skin/Mucosa Distribution of Flavonoids from Achyrocline satureioides Extract Incorporated into Topical Nanoemulsions.
abstract: This study investigated the inhibitory effects of Achyrocline satureioides extract (ASE) incorporated into a topical nanoemulsion on Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1/KOS strain) replication, as well as the distribution of the main ASE flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin, and 3-O-methylquercetin) in porcine skin and mucosa. The ASE-loaded nanoemulsion showed more pronounced effects against HSV-1 replication when compared to the ASE or pure quercetin, as determined by the viral plaque number reduction assay. All flavonoids were detected in the skin epidermis (2.2 µg/cm(2)) and the mucosa upper layers (3.0 µg/cm(2)) from ASE-loaded nanoemulsion until 8 h after topical application. A higher amount of flavonoids was detected when these tissues were impaired, especially in deeper mucosa layers (up to 7-fold). Flavonoids were detected in the receptor fluid only when the mucosa was injured. Such results were supported by confocal microscopy images. Overall, these findings suggest that the tested ASE-loaded nanoemulsion has potential to be used topically for herpes infections.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bidone
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Débora Fretes
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Argenta
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rua Delfino Conti s/n, 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jadel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kratz
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Bioquímica) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Letícia Ferreira
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Pettenuzzo
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas: Fisiologia Animal Comparada da Universidade Federal de Rio Grande (FURG), Avenida Itália Km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Letícia Scherer
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Koester
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valquíria Linck
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Bassani
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rua Delfino Conti s/n, 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia Maria Oliveira
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Simões
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Helder Ferreira
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Teixeira
mesh_terms: D036921:Achyrocline / Q000737:chemistry; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D004655:Emulsions / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts