title: Non-Invasive Optical Sensor Based Approaches for Monitoring Virus Culture to Minimize BSL3 Laboratory Entry.
abstract: High titers of infectious viruses for vaccine and diagnostic reference panel development are made by infecting susceptible mammalian cells. Laboratory procedures are strictly performed in a Bio-Safety Level-3 (BSL3) laboratory and each entry and exit involves the use of  disposable Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) to observe cell culture conditions. Routine PPE use involves significant recurring costs. Alternative non-invasive optical sensor based approaches to remotely monitor cell culture may provide a promising and cost effective approach to monitor infectious virus cultures resulting in lower disruption and costs. We report here the monitoring of high titer cultures of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) and Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) remotely with the use of optical oxygen sensors aseptically placed inside the cell culture vessel. The replacement of culture media for cell and virus propagation and virus load monitoring was effectively performed using this fluorescent sensor and resulted in half the number of visits to the BSL3 lab (five versus ten).
authors.affiliation: LMV/DETTD/OBRR/CBER/FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA. viswanath.ragupathy@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Viswanath
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ragupathy
authors.affiliation: LMV/DETTD/OBRR/CBER/FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA. Mohan.Haleyurgirisetty@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Mohan Kumar Hayuri Giri
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Setty
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Sensor Technology and Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA. kostov@umbc.edu.
authors.forename: Yordan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kostov
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Sensor Technology and Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA. xge1@umbc.edu.
authors.forename: Xudong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Sensor Technology and Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA. shaunak1@umbc.edu.
authors.forename: Shaunak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uplekar
authors.affiliation: LMV/DETTD/OBRR/CBER/FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA. Indira.Hewlett@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Indira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hewlett
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Sensor Technology and Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA. grao@umbc.edu.
authors.forename: Govind
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods; D015497:HIV-1; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D014776:Virus Cultivation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: BSL3 use; monitoring; optical sensor; virus cell culture