title: In vitro characterisation of the fermentation profile and prebiotic capacity of gold-fleshed kiwifruit.
abstract: A new Actinidia chinensis gold-fleshed kiwifruit cultivar 'Zesy002' was tested to investigate whether it could positively modulate the composition of the human colonic microbiota. Digested Zesy002 kiwifruit was added to in vitro pH-controlled anaerobic batch fermenters that were inoculated with representative human faecal microbiota. Alterations to the gut microbial ecology were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolic end products were measured using gas chromatography and liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. Results indicated a substantial shift in the composition of bacteria within the gut models caused by kiwifruit supplementation. Zesy002 supplemented microbiota had a significantly higher abundance of Bacteroides spp., Parabacteroides spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. after 48 h of fermentation compared with the start of the fermentation. Organic acids from kiwifruit were able to endure simulated gastrointestinal digestion and were detectable in the first 10 h of fermentation. The fermentable carbohydrates were converted to beneficial organic acids with a particular predilection for propionate production, corresponding with the rise in Bacteroides spp. and Parabacteroides spp. These results support the claim that Zesy002 kiwifruit non-digestible fractions can effect favourable changes to the human colonic microbial community and primary metabolites, and demonstrate a hitherto unknown effect of Zesy002 on colonic microbiota under in vitro conditions.
authors.affiliation: 1 The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.|2 Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blatchford
authors.affiliation: 1 The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Bentley-Hewitt
authors.affiliation: 1 The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stoklosinski
authors.affiliation: 1 The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McGhie
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Gastroenterology, Christchurch Hospital, Private Bag 4710, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gearry
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.affiliation: 4 Zespri International Limited, 400 Maunganui Road, P.O. Box 4043, Mt Maunganui 3149, New Zealand.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ansell
mesh_terms: D029042:Actinidia / Q000378:metabolism*; D000332:Aerobiosis; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005285:Fermentation; D005638:Fruit / Q000378:metabolism*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D064307:Microbiota / Q000187:drug effects*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D056692:Prebiotics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D056692:Prebiotics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: 16S rRNA; Bacteroides spp.; Bifidobacterium spp.; organic products; prebiotics