title: A Novel Injectable Magnesium/Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate Composite Cement for Bone Regeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  . A novel injectable magnesium/calcium sulfate hemihydrate (Mg/CSH) composite with improved properties was reported here.
  
  
  METHODS
  Composition, setting time, injectability, compressive strength, and bioactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF) of the Mg/CSH composite were evaluated. Furthermore, the cellular responses of canine bone marrow stromal cells (cBMSCs) and bone formation capacity after the implantation of Mg/CSH in tibia defects of canine were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mg/CSH possessed a prolonged setting time and markedly improved injectability and mechanical property (p < 0.05). Mg/CSH samples showed better degradability than CSH in SBF after 21 days of soaking (p < 0.05). Moreover, the degrees of cell attachment, proliferation, and capability of osteogenic differentiation on the Mg/CSH specimens were higher than those on CSH, without significant cytotoxicity and with the increased proliferation index, ALP activity, and expression levels of integrin β1 and Coll I in cBMSCs (p < 0.05). Mg/CSH enhanced the efficiency of new bone formation at the tibia defect area, including the significantly elevated bone mineral density, bone area fraction, and Coll I expression level (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results implied that this new injectable bone scaffold exhibited promising prospects for bone repair and had a great potential in bone tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Center of Stomatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China ; Institute of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China.
authors.forename: Shanchuan
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4267-3134
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Specialized Materials and Devices Division, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9961-5483
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Laboratory, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Fuzhai
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9422-570X
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Dentistry, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0840-0706
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China.
authors.forename: Lingling
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8864-1018
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: E
authors.affiliation: Center of Stomatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Baohua
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0157-1705
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China.
authors.forename: Hongchen
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2734-8846
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D023822:Tissue Engineering
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D008274:Magnesium; D002133:Calcium Sulfate