title: Photothermal confocal multicolor microscopy of nanoparticles and nanodrugs in live cells.
abstract: Growing biomedical applications of non-fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) for molecular imaging, disease diagnosis, drug delivery, and theranostics require new tools for real-time detection of nanomaterials, drug nano-carriers, and NP-drug conjugates (nanodrugs) in complex biological environments without additional labeling. Photothermal (PT) microscopy (PTM) has enormous potential for absorption-based identification and quantification of non-fluorescent molecules and NPs at a single molecule and 1.4 nm gold NP level. Recently, we have developed confocal PTM providing three-dimensional (3D) mapping and spectral identification of multiple chromophores and fluorophores in live cells. Here, we summarize recent advances in the application of confocal multicolor PTM for 3D visualization of single and clustered NPs, alone and in individual cells. In particular, we demonstrate identification of functionalized magnetic and gold-silver NPs, as well as graphene and carbon nanotubes in cancer cells and among blood cells. The potential to use PTM for super-resolution imaging (down to 50 nm), real-time NP tracking, guidance of PT nanotherapy, and multiplex cancer markers targeting, as well as analysis of non-linear PT phenomena and amplification of nanodrug efficacy through NP clustering and nano-bubble formation are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: a Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA and.
authors.forename: Dmitry A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Nedosekin
authors.affiliation: a Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA and.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.affiliation: b Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock , Little Rock , AR , USA.
authors.forename: Zeid A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Nima
authors.affiliation: b Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock , Little Rock , AR , USA.
authors.forename: Alexandru S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Biris
authors.affiliation: a Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA and.
authors.forename: Ekaterina I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Galanzha
authors.affiliation: a Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA and.
authors.forename: Vladimir P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Zharov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004339:Drug Compounding; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D053758:Nanoparticles; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D057188:Workflow
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: Blood cells; cancer cells; gold nanorods; graphene; magnetic beads; nanoparticles; photothermal microscopy; toxicity