title: The ontogeny of morphological defenses in Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles.
abstract: Marine turtles are large reptiles that compensate for high juvenile mortality by producing hundreds of hatchlings during a long reproductive lifespan. Most hatchlings are taken by predators during their migration to, and while resident in, the open ocean. Their survival depends upon crypticity, minimizing movement to avoid detection, and foraging efficiently to grow to a size too difficult for predators to either handle or swallow. While these behavioral antipredator tactics are known, changes in morphology accompanying growth may also improve survival prospects. These have been only superficially described in the literature. Here, we compare the similarities and differences in presumed morphological defenses of growing loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) posthatchlings, related species that differ in growth rate, timing of habitat shift (the return from oceanic to neritic locations), and size at maturity. In both species, vertebral spination and carapace widening increase disproportionally as small turtles grow, but later in ontogeny, the spines regress, sooner in ridley than in loggerhead turtles. Carapace widening occurs in both species but loggerheads are always longer than they are wide whereas in Kemp's ridley turtles, the carapace becomes as wide as long. Our analysis indicates that these changes are unrelated to when each species shifts habitat but are related to turtle size. We hypothesize that the spines function in small turtles as an early defense against gape-limited predators, but changes in body shape function throughout ontogeny-initially to make small turtles too wide to swallow and later by presenting an almost flat and hardened surface that large predators (such as a sharks) are unable to grasp. The extremely wide carapace of the Kemp's ridley may compensate for its smaller adult size (and presumed greater vulnerability) than the loggerhead.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Galveston, Texas, 77551.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Galveston, Texas, 77551.|2116 NE 18th Avenue, Portland, Oregon, 97212.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431.
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wyneken
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D014426:Turtles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology
keywords: allometric growth; antipredator adaptations; marine turtles; morphological defenses; ontogenetic variation