title: Impact of trees on pollutant dispersion in street canyons: A numerical study of the annual average effects in Antwerp, Belgium.
abstract: Effects of vegetation on pollutant dispersion receive increased attention in attempts to reduce air pollutant concentration levels in the urban environment. In this study, we examine the influence of vegetation on the concentrations of traffic pollutants in urban street canyons using numerical simulations with the CFD code OpenFOAM. This CFD approach is validated against literature wind tunnel data of traffic pollutant dispersion in street canyons. The impact of trees is simulated for a variety of vegetation types and the full range of approaching wind directions at 15° interval. All these results are combined using meteo statistics, including effects of seasonal leaf loss, to determine the annual average effect of trees in street canyons. This analysis is performed for two pollutants, elemental carbon (EC) and PM10, using background concentrations and emission strengths for the city of Antwerp, Belgium. The results show that due to the presence of trees the annual average pollutant concentrations increase with about 8% (range of 1% to 13%) for EC and with about 1.4% (range of 0.2 to 2.6%) for PM10. The study indicates that this annual effect is considerably smaller than earlier estimates which are generally based on a specific set of governing conditions (1 wind direction, full leafed trees and peak hour traffic emissions).
authors.affiliation: VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium. Electronic address: stijn.vranckx@vito.be.
authors.forename: Stijn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vranckx
authors.affiliation: VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium. Electronic address: vospeter@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.affiliation: VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium. Electronic address: bino.maiheu@vito.be.
authors.forename: Bino
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maiheu
authors.affiliation: VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium. Electronic address: stijn.janssen@vito.be.
authors.forename: Stijn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Janssen
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001530:Belgium; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D014197:Trees; D014919:Wind
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants
keywords: Antwerp, Belgium; Computational Fluid Dynamics; Pollutant dispersion; Street canyons; Urban vegetation