title: Full-Genome Sequencing as a Basis for Molecular Epidemiology Studies of Bluetongue Virus in India.
abstract: Since 1998 there have been significant changes in the global distribution of bluetongue virus (BTV). Ten previously exotic BTV serotypes have been detected in Europe, causing severe disease outbreaks in naïve ruminant populations. Previously exotic BTV serotypes were also identified in the USA, Israel, Australia and India. BTV is transmitted by biting midges (Culicoides spp.) and changes in the distribution of vector species, climate change, increased international travel and trade are thought to have contributed to these events. Thirteen BTV serotypes have been isolated in India since first reports of the disease in the country during 1964. Efficient methods for preparation of viral dsRNA and cDNA synthesis, have facilitated full-genome sequencing of BTV strains from the region. These studies introduce a new approach for BTV characterization, based on full-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, facilitating the identification of BTV serotype, topotype and reassortant strains. Phylogenetic analyses show that most of the equivalent genome-segments of Indian BTV strains are closely related, clustering within a major eastern BTV 'topotype'. However, genome-segment 5 (Seg-5) encoding NS1, from multiple post 1982 Indian isolates, originated from a western BTV topotype. All ten genome-segments of BTV-2 isolates (IND2003/01, IND2003/02 and IND2003/03) are closely related (>99% identity) to a South African BTV-2 vaccine-strain (western topotype). Similarly BTV-10 isolates (IND2003/06; IND2005/04) show >99% identity in all genome segments, to the prototype BTV-10 (CA-8) strain from the USA. These data suggest repeated introductions of western BTV field and/or vaccine-strains into India, potentially linked to animal or vector-insect movements, or unauthorised use of 'live' South African or American BTV-vaccines in the country. The data presented will help improve nucleic acid based diagnostics for Indian serotypes/topotypes, as part of control strategies.
authors.affiliation: Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom; College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Sushila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maan
authors.affiliation: Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom; College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Narender S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Maan
authors.affiliation: Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Manjunatha N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Belaganahalli
authors.affiliation: Ella Foundation, Genome Valley Hyderabad, 500 078, T.S, India.
authors.forename: Pavuluri Panduranga
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India.
authors.forename: Karam Pal
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024, K.A, India.
authors.forename: Divakar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hemadri
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Science, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, 500 030, T.S, India.
authors.forename: Kalyani
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Putty
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Aman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Kanisht
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 500028, T.S, India.
authors.forename: Yadlapati
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Krishnajyothi
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Science and AH, S.D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506, B.K., Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Bharat S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Chandel
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 500028, T.S, India.
authors.forename: G Hanmanth
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kyriaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nomikou
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Science, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, 500 030, T.S, India.
authors.forename: Yella Narasimha
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Houssam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Attoui
authors.affiliation: Ella Foundation, Genome Valley Hyderabad, 500 078, T.S, India.
authors.forename: Nagendra R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Hegde
authors.affiliation: Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter P C
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Mertens
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001819:Bluetongue / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D001820:Bluetongue virus / Q000235:genetics*; D002460:Cell Line; D005814:Genes, Viral; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014764:Viral Proteins