title: Ginsenoside Rg1 improves lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting inflammatory responses and modulating infiltration of M2 macrophages.
abstract: Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), the major effective component of ginseng, has been reported to have potent anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice was unknown. The present study was designed to investigate the protective role of Rg1 on LPS-induced ALI and explore the potential mechanisms. The mice were divided randomly into four groups: the sham group, the LPS group and the LPS+Rg1 (40 mg/kg or 200mg/kg) pretreatment groups. All mice received Rg1 or an equivalent volume of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) intraperitoneally 1h before LPS administration. Edema quantification, histology, and apoptosis were detected 6h after LPS administration. The number of inflammatory cells, the percentage of alternative activated (M2) macrophages and the exudate quantification in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were evaluated. The caspase 3 expression, and the levels of phosphorylated IκB-α and p65 were tested. The results showed that the Rg1 pretreatment group markedly improved lung damage, modulated the infiltration of neutrophils and M2 macrophages, prevented the production of protein and proinflammatory cytokines in BALF, and inhibited apoptosis in lung. We also found that Rg1 suppressed NF-κB and caspase 3 activation. These data suggest that Rg1 plays a protective role against LPS-induced ALI by ameliorating inflammatory responses, regulating the infiltration of M2 macrophages, and inhibiting pulmonary cell apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Suhong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Yinjiao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Jiali
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China. Electronic address: 18917762576@163.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China. Electronic address: lijinbaoshanghai@163.com.
authors.forename: Jinbao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D002452:Cell Count; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D036145:Ginsenosides; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; C035054:ginsenoside Rg1
keywords: ALI; Ginsenoside Rg1; Inflammatory cytokines; LPS; M2 macrophage