title: Non-transferrin-bound iron is associated with biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between circulating non-transferrin-bound iron [NTBI], and markers of oxidative stress, endothelial function and inflammation in subjects with type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic subjects with varying degrees of obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma NTBI was measured by HPLC, together with total iron, iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation and soluble transferrin receptor, together with total and reduced ascorbate, malondialdehyde [MDA], E-selectin and high-sensitivity c-reactive protein [hs-CRP] in groups of 28 subjects with type 2 diabetes, 28 non-obese controls and 17 obese non-diabetic subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of NTBI were higher than controls in the diabetes group, but the total serum iron levels were lower. MDA levels were higher than controls in both the diabetes and obese groups, and this was associated with higher levels of oxidised ascorbate. hs-CRP levels were higher in both the diabetes and obese groups, and E-selectin was significantly higher in the diabetes group. There were strong positive correlations between HbA1c levels and NTBI [P<0.01], HbA1c and E-selectin [P<0.001] and NTBI and E-selectin [P<0.02] in the diabetes group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the hypothesis that iron-mediated oxidative stress may be a mechanism linking poor glycaemic control with vascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science & Environment, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK. Electronic address: husam.aljwaid@plymouth.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Husam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aljwaid
authors.affiliation: School of Health Professions, Faculty of Health & Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Derriford Road, Plymouth, UK. Electronic address: desley.white@plymouth.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Desley L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: School of Health Professions, Faculty of Health & Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Derriford Road, Plymouth, UK. Electronic address: keith.collard@plymouth.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Keith J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Collard
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science & Environment, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK. Electronic address: j.moody@plymouth.ac.uk.
authors.forename: A John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Moody
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Research, Translational and Stratified Medicine, Peninsula Schools of Medicine & Dentistry, Plymouth, UK. Electronic address: jonathan.pinkney@plymouth.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jonathan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Pinkney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D061250:Transferrins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D019040:E-Selectin; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007501:Iron; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D061250:Transferrins
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Endothelial dysfunction; Non-transferrin-bound iron; Obesity; Oxidative stress; Type 2 diabetes