title: Modulation of oxidative and inflammatory cardiac response by nonselective 1- and 2-cyclooxygenase inhibitor and benznidazole in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the combined effects of benznidazole (BZ) and ibuprofen (IB) on the oxidative and inflammatory status of the cardiac tissue in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swiss mice were randomized in groups receiving BZ (100 mg/kg) and IB (400 mg/kg) alone or combined (BZ + IB 200 or 400 mg/kg). Control animals were concurrently treated with 1% carboxymethyl cellulose. All treatments were administered orally for 7 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BZ treatment increased cardiac production of nitrogen/oxygen-reactive species, malondialdeyde, carbonyl proteins, prostaglandins as well as the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. These parameters were attenuated by IB, with the best results at higher dose. Individually, BZ and IB significantly reduced the tissue levels of chemokine ligand 2, tumour necrosis factor-α and IL-10, but no reduction was observed when the treatments were combined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BZ triggers an oxidative and nitrosative route, which is associated with increased prostaglandin synthesis and marked damages to the lipids and proteins of the cardiac tissue. IB treatment attenuated reactive stresses triggered by BZ, which was an independent effects of this drug on the endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Individually, but not together, BZ and IB reduced the cardiac inflammatory status, indicating a beneficial and complex drug interaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eliziária C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rômulo D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Novaes
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniel S S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bastos
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jerusa M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Arlete R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Penitente
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wagner G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Nursing, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvia A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Talvani
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leandro L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009593:Nitroimidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011897:Random Allocation; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009593:Nitroimidazoles; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D007052:Ibuprofen; C009999:benzonidazole
keywords: Chagas disease; cardiovascular pathology; chemotherapy; oxidative stress