title: Incidence and characteristics of patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction and non-obstructive coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to characterize the etiologies of patients presenting with myocardial infarction (MI) and found to have non-obstructive coronary artery disease (NOCAD) and compare risk factors and in-hospital mortality to those with obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Patients presenting with an MI are often found to have NOCAD defined as less than 50% luminal diameter reduction by visual estimation on coronary angiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is a retrospective analysis of a total of 2,038 patients that presented to NorthShore University HealthSystem with MI and underwent coronary angiography from 2010 to 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1,822 patients (89%) had CAD and 216 (11%) had NOCAD. Of the NOCAD patients, the most common etiologies were Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (28%), no alternative explanation (26%), demand ischemia (21%), myopericarditis (7%), coronary artery vasospasm (5%), and coronary artery dissection (3%). NOCAD patients were more likely to be younger and female. There was no significant difference between NOCAD and CAD patients in terms of in-hospital mortality (3.7% vs. 4.0% respectively, OR = 1.1, 95% CI 0.5-2.3, P = 0.83 by univariate logistic regression, OR = 1.2, 95% CI 0.5-3.1, P = 0.74 by multivariable analysis).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAD patients were more likely to have traditional risk factors of diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, previous MI, previous revascularization with percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Patients presenting with MI and NOCAD were found to have several different etiologies on coronary angiography with the most common being Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago (NorthShore) Programs, Evanston, Illinois.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Najib
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago (NorthShore) Programs, Evanston, Illinois.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boateng
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago (NorthShore) Programs, Evanston, Illinois.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sangodkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago (NorthShore) Programs, Evanston, Illinois.
authors.forename: Shad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Whitney
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois.
authors.forename: Chihsiung E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Racsa
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois.
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Sanborn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy; acute myocardial infarction; non-obstructive coronary artery disease