title: Flattening filter-free accelerators: a report from the AAPM Therapy Emerging Technology Assessment Work Group.
abstract: This report describes the current state of flattening filter-free (FFF) radiotherapy beams implemented on conventional linear accelerators, and is aimed primarily at practicing medical physicists. The Therapy Emerging Technology Assessment Work Group of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) formed a writing group to assess FFF technology. The published literature on FFF technology was reviewed, along with technical specifications provided by vendors. Based on this information, supplemented by the clinical experience of the group members, consensus guidelines and recommendations for implementation of FFF technology were developed. Areas in need of further investigation were identified. Removing the flattening filter increases beam intensity, especially near the central axis. Increased intensity reduces treatment time, especially for high-dose stereotactic radiotherapy/radiosurgery (SRT/SRS). Furthermore, removing the flattening filter reduces out-of-field dose and improves beam modeling accuracy. FFF beams are advantageous for small field (e.g., SRS) treatments and are appropriate for intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). For conventional 3D radiotherapy of large targets, FFF beams may be disadvantageous compared to flattened beams because of the heterogeneity of FFF beam across the target (unless modulation is employed). For any application, the nonflat beam characteristics and substantially higher dose rates require consideration during the commissioning and quality assurance processes relative to flattened beams, and the appropriate clinical use of the technology needs to be identified. Consideration also needs to be given to these unique characteristics when undertaking facility planning. Several areas still warrant further research and development. Recommendations pertinent to FFF technology, including acceptance testing, commissioning, quality assurance, radiation safety, and facility planning, are presented. Examples of clinical applications are provided. Several of the areas in which future research and development are needed are also indicated.
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University Hospital. ying.xiao@jefferson.edu.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Kry
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Popple
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yorke
authors.forename: Niko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Papanikolaou
authors.forename: Sotirios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stathakis
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Saiful
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huq
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bayouth
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galvin
authors.forename: Fang-Fang
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D006283:Health Physics / Q000592:standards; D010315:Particle Accelerators / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical; D014481:United States