title: Antibacterial and antibiotic resistance modifying activity of the extracts from Allanblackia gabonensis, Combretum molle and Gladiolus quartinianus against Gram-negative bacteria including multi-drug resistant phenotypes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is becoming a serious problem worldwide. The discovery of new and effective antimicrobials and/or resistance modulators is necessary to tackle the spread of resistance or to reverse the multi-drug resistance. We investigated the antibacterial and antibiotic-resistance modifying activities of the methanol extracts from Allanblackia gabonensis, Gladiolus quartinianus and Combretum molle against 29 Gram-negative bacteria including multi-drug resistant (MDR) phenotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the samples meanwhile the standard phytochemical methods were used for the preliminary phytochemical screening of the plant extracts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and tannins in all studied extracts. Other chemical classes of secondary metabolites were selectively presents. Extracts from A. gabonensis and C. molle displayed a broad spectrum of activity with MICs varying from 16 to 1024 μg/mL against about 72.41% of the tested bacteria. The extract from the fruits of A. gabonensis had the best activity, with MIC values below 100 μg/mL on 37.9% of tested bacteria. Percentages of antibiotic-modulating effects ranging from 67 to 100% were observed against tested MDR bacteria when combining the leaves extract from C. molle (at MIC/2 and MIC/4) with chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin and tetracycline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall results of the present study provide information for the possible use of the studied plant, especially Allanblackia gabonensis and Combretum molle in the control of Gram-negative bacterial infections including MDR species as antibacterials as well as resistance modulators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon. agfankam@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Aimé G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Fankam
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon. jrkuiate@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Jules R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kuiate
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon. kuetevictor@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kuete
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D028084:Clusiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D029765:Combretum / Q000737:chemistry*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D027621:Iridaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts