title: Nonopioid medication for the relief of refractory breathlessness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an overview of recent evidence relating to nonopioid medication for the treatment of refractory breathlessness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A search of publications since 2013 found systematic reviews on phenothiazines and nebulized medications, together with one study examining the use of benzodiazepines and another nebulized furosemide. However, all provided limited data and concluded that further clinical trials are required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this review, there is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of nonopioid medication in the treatment of refractory breathlessness.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Palliative Care, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust bDivision of Cancer and Stem cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Awan
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilcock
mesh_terms: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005665:Furosemide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D010166:Palliative Care; D010640:Phenothiazines / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D002186:Cannabinoids; D010640:Phenothiazines; D005665:Furosemide