title: Second intercostal internal mammary artery perforator (IMAP) fasciocutaneous flap as an alternative choice for the treatment of deep sternal wound infections (DSWI).
abstract: Sternal wound infections after sternotomy are associated with high morbidity, high mortality and escalating treatment costs. Repeated radical debridement - with the removal of any hardware - and wound conditioning are the prerequisites for reconstruction. Muscle and, less frequently, omentum flaps are usually used for reconstruction. However, these flaps are associated with considerable donor-site morbidity, long operation times and aesthetic impairment. Fasciocutaneous flaps seem to be an alternative. This study presents our experience of using the second intercostal mammary artery fasciocutaneous perforator flap for defect closure in nine patients (mean age: 70.2 years). Following a retrospective chart review, we assessed data on patient demographics, the type of cardiac surgery, the prevalence of deep sternal wound infection (DSWI) risk factors, identified pathogens, surgery duration, hospitalization tim patients had undergone coronary artery bypass surgery, and two had valve replacements. The mean duration of surgery (121.4 ± 39 min) was short. The patients had a mean body mass index (BMI) of 32.8 ± 4.9 kg/m(2). An average flap size of 124 ± 22 cm(2) sufficiently covered and obliterated each defect. One mediastinal haematoma required revision surgery. One wound dehiscence at the flap and two at the donor site were managed conservatively. Our experience reveals that a fasciocutaneous flap based on the second intercostal perforator of the internal mammary artery can be an alternative, quick-to-prepare flap for covering sternal defects. In adipose patients, it has sufficient bulk, and it is large enough to cover common sternal wounds. It also has low complication and morbidity rates, and it achieves an aesthetically pleasing result.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany. Electronic address: georgios.koulaxouzidis@uniklinik-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koulaxouzidis
authors.affiliation: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Interdisciplinary Breast Center, Charité - Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Arzu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orhun
authors.affiliation: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Interdisciplinary Breast Center, Charité - Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Themistoklis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stavrakis
authors.affiliation: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Interdisciplinary Breast Center, Charité - Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Witzel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003646:Debridement / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008323:Mammary Arteries / Q000637:transplantation*; D008875:Middle Aged; D064827:Myocutaneous Flap / Q000098:blood supply / Q000637:transplantation; D061525:Perforator Flap / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000637:transplantation; D011379:Prognosis; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D056346:Sternotomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Deep sternal wound infection; Fasciocutaneous flap; IMAP; Internal mammary artery perforator flap; Osteomyelitis; Perforator flap