title: Disruptive environmental chemicals and cellular mechanisms that confer resistance to cell death.
abstract: Cell death is a process of dying within biological cells that are ceasing to function. This process is essential in regulating organism development, tissue homeostasis, and to eliminate cells in the body that are irreparably damaged. In general, dysfunction in normal cellular death is tightly linked to cancer progression. Specifically, the up-regulation of pro-survival factors, including oncogenic factors and antiapoptotic signaling pathways, and the down-regulation of pro-apoptotic factors, including tumor suppressive factors, confers resistance to cell death in tumor cells, which supports the emergence of a fully immortalized cellular phenotype. This review considers the potential relevance of ubiquitous environmental chemical exposures that have been shown to disrupt key pathways and mechanisms associated with this sort of dysfunction. Specifically, bisphenol A, chlorothalonil, dibutyl phthalate, dichlorvos, lindane, linuron, methoxychlor and oxyfluorfen are discussed as prototypical chemical disruptors; as their effects relate to resistance to cell death, as constituents within environmental mixtures and as potential contributors to environmental carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia, Plant Biotechnologies Inc, St. Albert AB, Canada, Computer Science Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA, Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Public Health, Nutrition Program, San Juan Puerto Rico 00936-5067, USA, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea, School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA, Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM 180, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50134, Italy, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Se
authors.forename: Kannan Badri
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Narayanan
authors.affiliation: Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Manaf
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Plant Biotechnologies Inc, St. Albert AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Barry J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Barclay
authors.affiliation: Computer Science Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
authors.forename: Qiang Shawn
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Leandro
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: D'Abronzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dornetshuber-Fleiss
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Paramita M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Public Health, Nutrition Program, San Juan Puerto Rico 00936-5067, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gonzalez Guzman
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Jin
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Po Sing
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Suidjit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luanpitpong
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ratovitski
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
authors.forename: Yon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rojanasakul
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Fiammetta
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM 180, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Ranjeet K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
authors.forename: Clement
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yedjou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Fahd
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Mulla
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Rabeah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al-Temaimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50134, Italy.
authors.forename: Amedeo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amedei
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA.
authors.forename: Dustin G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colacci
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Roslida A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mondello
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A0K9, Canada.
authors.forename: Jayadev
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo, 12515, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hosni K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA.
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woodrick
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
authors.forename: A Ivana
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Scovassi
authors.affiliation: Advenced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India.
authors.forename: Neetu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaccari
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA.
authors.forename: Rabindra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande, 95029, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Forte
authors.affiliation: Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande, 95029, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Memeo
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul 139-706, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seo Yun
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA and.
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Bisson
authors.affiliation: Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Leroy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia, Plant Biotechnologies Inc, St. Albert AB, Canada, Computer Science Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA, Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Public Health, Nutrition Program, San Juan Puerto Rico 00936-5067, USA, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea, School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA, Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM 180, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50134, Italy, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Se
authors.forename: Hyun Ho
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D015386:Hazardous Substances