title: The bladder carcinoma secondary to schistosoma mansoni infection: A case report with review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schistosomiasis is a rare condition in Turkey but remains second most prevelant parasitic infestation worldwide.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 67-years old male patient admitted to a hospital with macroscopic hematuria. Bladder tumor was diagnosed and referred to our department for the treatment. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor was performed and pathological examination revealed high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma and Schistosoma mansoni eggs. The patient used praziquantel 40mg orally for the treatment of Schistosomiasis and intravesical immunotherapy was applied 6 weeks along per week. Neither recurrence of tumor nor S. mansoni eggs in the urine were detected at the 18th month.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In spite of well-known etiological relationships between Schistosoma haematobium and bladder cancer, there is very limited number of cases of bladder carcinoma secondary to S. mansoni infestation in the literature. All of the reported 5 cases were from the rural regions of Brazil. On the other hand, it was noticed that pathological examination had been reported in only one of these cases, and the diagnosis was leiomyoma. Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, there is no data in the literature regarding the clinical course of the transitional cell carcinoma secondary to S. mansoni.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regarding the increasing travels all around the world, clinicians should remember that Schistosoma infection is certainly a part of the differential diagnosis of bladder carcinoma, even if the patients are not from endemic regions.
authors.affiliation: Medipol University, Department of Urology, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: mckiremit@medipol.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Murat Can
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kiremit
authors.affiliation: Medipol University, Department of Pathology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Asli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cakir
authors.affiliation: Medipol University, Department of Infectious Disease, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ferhat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.affiliation: Medipol University, Department of Radiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tugrul
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ormeci
authors.affiliation: Medipol University, Department of Urology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Erkurt
authors.affiliation: Medipol University, Department of Urology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Selami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Albayrak
keywords: Bladder cancer; Infestation; Schistosoma mansoni; Trematode