title: Quantitative T2 relaxation time and magnetic transfer ratio predict endplate biochemical content of intervertebral disc degeneration in a canine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Direct measurement of disc biochemical content is impossible in vivo. Therefore, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to evaluate disc health. Unfortunately, current clinical imaging techniques do not adequately assess degeneration, especially in the early stage of cartilage endplate, and subchondral bone zone (CEPZ). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the sensitivity of quantitative MRI methods, namely T2 relaxation time and Magnetic Transfer Ratio (MTR), to identify early disc degeneration, especially for the CEPZ, using an experimental canine model of intervertebral disc injury and to investigate their sensitivity in depicting biochemically and histologically controlled degenerative changes in the disc.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen juvenile dogs underwent iatrogenic annular disruption via stab incisions. The animals underwent repeated 3.0 T MR imaging, and were sacrificed 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-operatively. A continuous rectangle drawing method was used to select regions of interest for the intervertebral disc from the cephalic to caudal CEPZ including the vertebrae, nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF), which resembled pixel measurement for imaging analysis. Presence of degenerative changes was controlled by biochemical and histological analyses. The correlations between histological score, biochemical content, and quantitative MRI signal intensities were also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both T2 relaxation time and MTR values changed for CEPZ, NP, and AF tissues within 12 weeks. T2 relaxation time values decreased significantly in the NP, AF, and CEPZ separately at pre-operation, 4, 8, and 12 weeks when compared each time (P < 0.05). MTR values showed no significant differences for the CEPZ between 8 and 4 weeks or 12 weeks, or compared to pre-operative values; there were significant differences for the AF. Biochemical and histological analysis showed changes consistent with quantitative MRI signal intensities for early stage degeneration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early traumatic or degenerative changes are detectable with both T2 and MTR. T2 changes were more sensitive to the differences in disc status, especially for the CEPZ. Since T2 and MTR reflect different disc properties, performing both imaging under the same conditions would be helpful in the evaluation of disc degeneration. The continuous rectangle drawing can be a sensitive method to detect the changes of CEPZ.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital, NO. 6 Fu-cheng Road, 100048, Beijing, People's Republic of China. chenchunkk@163.com.|Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. chenchunkk@163.com.
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital, NO. 6 Fu-cheng Road, 100048, Beijing, People's Republic of China. jiazhiweivip@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhiwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital, NO. 6 Fu-cheng Road, 100048, Beijing, People's Republic of China. hzh209@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhihua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital, NO. 6 Fu-cheng Road, 100048, Beijing, People's Republic of China. gutao0618@163.com.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital, NO. 6 Fu-cheng Road, 100048, Beijing, People's Republic of China. weili_ngh@163.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital, NO. 6 Fu-cheng Road, 100048, Beijing, People's Republic of China. micelh@163.com.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital, NO. 6 Fu-cheng Road, 100048, Beijing, People's Republic of China. tangyongngh@163.com.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital, NO. 6 Fu-cheng Road, 100048, Beijing, People's Republic of China. wijianhongngh@163.com.
authors.forename: Jianhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital, NO. 6 Fu-cheng Road, 100048, Beijing, People's Republic of China. wangdelinavy@163.com.
authors.forename: Deli
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital, NO. 6 Fu-cheng Road, 100048, Beijing, People's Republic of China. heqingngh@163.com.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Navy General Hospital, NO. 6 Fu-cheng Road, 100048, Beijing, People's Republic of China. ruandikengh@163.com.
authors.forename: Dike
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ruan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D005544:Forecasting; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D010865:Pilot Projects