title: Synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and carbon dioxide by using organocatalysts.
abstract: The synthesis of cyclic carbonates through coupling of carbon dioxide with epoxides is 100 % atom economical and is already performed on an industrial scale. Its impact regarding the use of carbon dioxide as a renewable carbon source is expected to grow significantly in the near future, so that the development of efficient catalysts is of high interest in academia and industry. To improve the carbon footprint and sustainability of the cycloaddition reaction, the use of organocatalytic methods is a promising approach. Herein, available metal-free catalysts for the preparation of cyclic carbonates are described and elaborated concerning the overall sustainability of the process. Therefore, the required reaction conditions, as well as the activity of the catalysts and their reusability, are compared and evaluated. In addition to ammonium-, phosphonium-, or imidazolium-based single-component catalysts and their supported analogues, the growing field of research concerning dual catalysts are also discussed in detail.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Inorganic Chemistry/Molecular Catalysis, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München (Germany). mirza.cokoja@tum.de.
authors.forename: Mirza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cokoja
authors.affiliation: Chair of Inorganic Chemistry/Molecular Catalysis, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München (Germany).
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.affiliation: Chair of Inorganic Chemistry/Molecular Catalysis, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München (Germany).
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Anthofer
authors.affiliation: Chair of Inorganic Chemistry/Molecular Catalysis, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München (Germany).
authors.forename: Wolfgang A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.affiliation: Chair of Inorganic Chemistry/Molecular Catalysis, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München (Germany).
authors.forename: Fritz E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Kühn
mesh_terms: D064751:Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D002254:Carbonates / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D002384:Catalysis; D003500:Cyclization; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D002254:Carbonates; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D007093:Imidazoles; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: carbon dioxide; cyclic carbonates; epoxides; organocatalysis; sustainable chemistry