title: Detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk, cheese and sour cream samples from Costa Rica using enzyme-assisted extraction and HPLC.
abstract: Aflatoxins are toxic fungal metabolites, which can be found in feed. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is excreted into milk when ruminants ingest aflatoxin B1 contaminated feedstuffs. Due to its carcinogenic potential, contamination of milk and dairy products with AFM1 may pose a risk for consumers. Hence, it is considered a public health concern. In this survey, the level of AFM1 contamination of dairy products marketed in Costa Rica was determined by enzyme-assisted extraction, immunoaffinity clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a fluorescent detector (HPLC-FLD) in fluid milk (n = 70), fresh cheese (n = 70) and sour cream (n = 70) collected at local convenience stores and supermarkets. AFM1 concentrations in milk and fresh cheese ranged from 19 to 629 ng/L and from 31 to 276 ng/L, with mean values of 136 ng/L and 74 ng/L, respectively, whereas none of the sour cream samples analysed tested positive for this aflatoxin. In 30 milk samples, and 10 cheese samples, AFM1 concentrations surpassed threshold concentrations as established by the European Commission. Thus, sour cream and - to a lesser extent - cheese manufacturing seems to reduce the amount of AFM1 present in milk, possibly due to fraction redistribution or microbiological degradation. The survey results reveal improper quality control procedures in the Costa Rican dairy industry. Therefore, a surveillance programme for dairy products in our country is recommended.
authors.affiliation: a Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA) , Universidad de Costa Rica , San José , Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chavarría
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Granados-Chinchilla
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alfaro-Cascante
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molina
mesh_terms: D016607:Aflatoxin M1 / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003364:Costa Rica; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D016607:Aflatoxin M1
keywords: aflatoxin M1; cheese; enzymatic extraction; milk; sour cream