title: Recovery from prolonged deep rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade: A randomized comparison of sugammadex reversal with spontaneous recovery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deep neuromuscular blockade (NMB) may not always be maintained to the end of surgery and the depth of block may be allowed to gradually diminish over time, particularly if reversal of NMB is not routinely performed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study aimed to assess recovery from deep rocuronium-induced NMB with sugammadex compared with placebo, provide data regarding the extent of residual blockade after deep rocuronium-induced NMB (placebo group), and to determine whether complete and reliable recovery could be provided by sugammadex (sugammadex group).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, safety-assessor-blinded study in adult patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists Class I to III. Patients with clinically relevant kidney or liver insufficiency were excluded. Anesthesia was administered as routinely practiced at each study site. Rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg was administered for intubation, with maintenance doses of 0.1-0.2 mg/kg as needed. After the last rocuronium dose, at deep NMB (target depth 1-2 post-tetanic counts), patients received a single dose of sugammadex 4.0 mg/kg or placebo as randomized. The primary endpoint was time from sugammadex or placebo administration to recovery of the train-of-four (TOF) ratio to 0.9. Safety was assessed through monitoring of adverse events, vital signs and physical examination. Patients were also assessed for evidence of residual or recurrence of NMB. With this design, the study will provide data regarding the extent of residual blockade under these conditions (placebo group), and determine whether complete and reliable recovery could be provided by sugammadex (sugammadex group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recovery to a TOF ratio of ≥ 0.9 with sugammadex was significantly faster (~ 40 times) than spontaneous recovery: geometric mean (95 % confidence interval) times were 2.2 (1.9-2.5) and 89.8 (80.1-100.7) min, respectively (p < 0.0001, N = 134); maximum spontaneous recovery was 289.8 min. Safety was comparable between groups, with no recurrence of blockade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms a prolonged residual blockade in patients who did not receive sugammadex, with median time to recovery > 1.5 h in the placebo group and one patient taking 4.8 h to achieve a safe level of neuromuscular function recovery following deep NMB. In contrast, sugammadex provided complete and reliable recovery of neuromuscular function (median time to recovery of 2.0 min). Thus, deep NMB with rocuronium until the end of the operation may be possible in combination with sugammadex reversal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Franziskus Hospital, Kiskerstr. 26, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany, Niels.Rahe-Meyer@Franziskus.de.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rahe-Meyer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wittmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: E A M
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Abels
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rietbergen
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Reuter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000732:Androstanols / Q000009:adverse effects; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019148:Neuromuscular Blockade / Q000379:methods*; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D000077123:Rocuronium; D000077122:Sugammadex; D055815:Young Adult; D047408:gamma-Cyclodextrins
chemical_list: D000732:Androstanols; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D047408:gamma-Cyclodextrins; D000077122:Sugammadex; D000077123:Rocuronium