title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion deletion (ACE I/D) polymorphism in Saudi children with congenital heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are the leading cause of infant deaths worldwide. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene I/D polymorphism is associated with many cardiovascular diseases. The precise relationship between this polymorphism and CHDs is not clear. The aim of this work is to determine the normal distribution of I/D polymorphism in Saudi citizens and to test for any association between this polymorphism and CHDs in Saudi children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-six CHD cases and 145 controls were included in this study. DNA was isolated from their peripheral blood, and then ACE I/D gene polymorphism was assayed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference among the frequencies of the DD, DI and II genotypes in patients and controls [39 (41%), 64 (44%), 48 (51%) and 62 (43%), 7 (7%), 19 (13%)] respectively (p-value = 0.3 and OR (95% CI) = 0.3). There was no significant difference between D allele (DD+DI) and II genotype distribution among patients and controls [p-value = 0.2 & OR (95% CI) = 1.9 (0.8-4.7)]. Moreover, there was no difference between I allele (II+DI) and DD frequency [p-value = 0.8 & OR = 0.9, CI = 0.5-1.5].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ACE I/D gene polymorphism is not associated with CHDs in Saudi children. Further large-scale studies are necessary to establish our findings.
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia. nevin_elazhary@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Alazhary
authors.forename: M M F
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Morsy
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Al-Harbi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004247:DNA; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D054643:INDEL Mutation; D008297:Male; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; C488034:ACE protein, human; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A