title: The first 100 infant thoracoscopic lobectomies: Observations through the learning curve and comparison to open lobectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study is to describe our initial 100 attempted infant thoracoscopic lobectomies for asymptomatic, prenatally diagnosed lung lesions, and compare the results to contemporaneous age-matched patients undergoing open lobectomy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Infant thoracoscopic lobectomy is a technically challenging procedure, which has only gained acceptance worldwide in recent years.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective review of all patients undergoing thoracoscopic or open lung lobectomy between March 2005 and January 2014. Included were all asymptomatic infants younger than 4months. Excluded were patients undergoing emergent lobectomy and patients with isolated extralobar bronchopulmonary sequestrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 100 attempted thoracoscopic lobectomies were compared with 188 open lobectomies. In the thoracoscopic group, mean age and weight at surgery were 7.3weeks and 4.8kg, mean operative time was 185minutes, and mean hospital stay was 3days. Twelve cases were converted to open (12%). Ten conversions occurred within the first third of the series and none in the last third. There were no mortalities. There were no differences between the thoracoscopic and open groups in perioperative complications or hospital stay. There was a significant difference in the operative time: 111minutes vs. 185minutes (open vs. thoracoscopic; p<0.001). There was a higher mean end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) and lower mean peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2) in the thoracoscopic group versus the open group (51.7 versus 38.6mmHg and 97.5 versus 99.1%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In high volume centers, the learning curve of thoracoscopic lobectomy can be overcome and the procedure can be performed with equivalent outcomes and, in our opinion, superior cosmetic results to open lobectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laje
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Erik G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Allan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Simpao
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Holly L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Hedrick
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: N Scott
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Adzick
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: flake@email.chop.edu.
authors.forename: Alan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Flake
mesh_terms: D061887:Conversion to Open Surgery / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D059032:Learning Curve; D007902:Length of Stay; D008168:Lung / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D061646:Operative Time; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Lung lobectomy; Neonates; Thoracoscopy; Thoracotomy