title: Testing Penetration of Epoxy Resin and Diamine Hardeners through Protective Glove and Clothing Materials.
abstract: Efficient, comfortable, yet affordable personal protective equipment (PPE) is needed to decrease the high incidence of allergic contact dermatitis arising from epoxy resin systems (ERSs) in industrial countries. The aim of this study was to find affordable, user-friendly glove and clothing materials that provide adequate skin protection against splashes and during the short contact with ERS that often occurs before full cure. We studied the penetration of epoxy resin and diamine hardeners through 12 glove or clothing materials using a newly developed test method. The tests were carried out with two ERS test mixtures that had a high content of epoxy resin and frequently used diamine hardeners of different molar masses. A drop (50 µl) of test mixture was placed on the outer surface of the glove/clothing material, which had a piece of Fixomull tape or Harmony protection sheet attached to the inner surface as the collection medium. The test times were 10 and 30 min. The collecting material was removed after the test was finished and immersed into acetone. The amounts of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), isophorone diamine (IPDA), and m-xylylenediamine (XDA) in the acetone solution were determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The limit for acceptable penetration of XDA, IPDA, and DGEBA through glove materials was set at 2 µg cm(-2). Penetration through the glove materials was 1.4 µg cm(-2) or less. The three tested chemical protective gloves showed no detectable penetration (<0.5 µg cm(-2)). Several affordable glove and clothing materials were found to provide adequate protection during short contact with ERS, in the form of, for example, disposable gloves or clothing materials suitable for aprons and as additional protective layers on the most exposed parts of clothing, such as the front of the legs and thighs and under the forearms. Every ERS combination in use should be tested separately to find the best skin protection material, and this can be done by using this simple test method.
authors.affiliation: Work Environment Department, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Lemminkäisenkatu 14-18 B, FI-20520 Turku, Finland maj-len.henriks-eckerman@ttl.fi.
authors.forename: Maj-Len
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Henriks-Eckerman
authors.affiliation: Work Environment Department, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, PB 40, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Erja A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
authors.affiliation: Health and Work Ability, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, PB 40, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suuronen
mesh_terms: D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000517:prevention & control; D003959:Diamines / Q000009:adverse effects; D004853:Epoxy Resins; D017575:Gloves, Protective / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010539:Permeability
chemical_list: D003959:Diamines; D004853:Epoxy Resins
keywords: clothing; diamine hardeners; epoxy resin; gloves; penetration testing; protective materials; sensitizer