title: 4(α-L-RHAMNOSYLOXY)-BENZYL ISOTHIOCYANATE, A BIOACTIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL THAT DEFENDS CEREBRAL TISSUE AND PREVENTS SEVERE DAMAGE INDUCED BY FOCAL ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION.
abstract: Natural compounds are a promising source to treat several pathologies. The present study shows the in vivo pharmacological beneficial effect of 4(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl isothiocyanate (glucomoringin isothiocyanate; GMG-ITC) obtained from glucomoringin (GMG; 4(α;-L-rhamnosyloxy)- benzyl glucosinolate), purified from Moringa oleifera seeds and hydrolyzed by myrosinase enzyme (&#946;-thioglucoside glucohydrolase; E.C. 3.2.1.147). Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CIR) was induced in rats according to a classic model of carotid artery occlusion for a time period of 1 h and the reperfusion time was prolonged for seven days. GMG-ITC (3.5 mg GMG/ml plus 30 μl enzyme/rat; one ml i.p./rat) was administered 15 min after the beginning of ischemia and daily. The results clearly show that GMG-ITC possesses the capability to counteract the CIR-induced damage reducing TNF-alpha release, IκB-alpha cytosolic degradation/NFκBp65 nuclear translocation, as well as several other direct or indirect markers of inflammation (phospho-ERK p42/44, p-selectin) and oxidative stress (inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), MMP-9). GMG-ITC was shown to exert neuroprotective properties in preventing CIR-induced damage and the related cascade of inflammatory and oxidative mediators that exacerbate the progression of this disease in an experimental rat model. Our results clearly show that the tested phytochemical GMG-ITC possesses the capability to counteract CIR-induced damage.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Neurology Laboratory, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galuppo
authors.affiliation: Experimental Neurology Laboratory, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giacoppo
authors.affiliation: Council for Agricultural Research and Analysis of Agricultural Economy, Research Centre for Industrial Cultivation (CRA-CIN), Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iori
authors.affiliation: Council for Agricultural Research and Analysis of Agricultural Economy, Research Centre for Industrial Cultivation (CRA-CIN), Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: De Nicola
authors.affiliation: Experimental Neurology Laboratory, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Milardi
authors.affiliation: Experimental Neurology Laboratory, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bramanti
authors.affiliation: Experimental Neurology Laboratory, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mazzon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002339:Carotid Arteries; D003250:Constriction; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis; D015394:Molecular Structure; D029588:Moringa oleifera / Q000737:chemistry*; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000032:analysis; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000032:analysis; D008517:Phytotherapy; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012210:Rhamnose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C000600309:4-((alpha-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl)isothiocyanate; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C000606206:Nfkbia protein, rat; D019007:P-Selectin; D028321:Plant Preparations; C498145:Rela protein, rat; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D012210:Rhamnose