title: Medical School Experiences Associated with Change in Implicit Racial Bias Among 3547 Students: A Medical Student CHANGES Study Report.
abstract: Physician implicit (unconscious, automatic) bias has been shown to contribute to racial disparities in medical care. The impact of medical education on implicit racial bias is unknown.
  
  
  
  To examine the association between change in student implicit racial bias towards African Americans and student reports on their experiences with 1) formal curricula related to disparities in health and health care, cultural competence, and/or minority health; 2) informal curricula including racial climate and role model behavior; and 3) the amount and favorability of interracial contact during school.
  
  
  
  Prospective observational study involving Web-based questionnaires administered during first (2010) and last (2014) semesters of medical school.
  
  
  
  A total of 3547 students from a stratified random sample of 49 U.S. medical schools.
  
  
  
  Change in implicit racial attitudes as assessed by the Black-White Implicit Association Test administered during the first semester and again during the last semester of medical school.
  
  
  
  In multivariable modeling, having completed the Black-White Implicit Association Test during medical school remained a statistically significant predictor of decreased implicit racial bias (-5.34, p ≤ 0.001: mixed effects regression with random intercept across schools). Students' self-assessed skills regarding providing care to African American patients had a borderline association with decreased implicit racial bias (-2.18, p = 0.056). Having heard negative comments from attending physicians or residents about African American patients (3.17, p = 0.026) and having had unfavorable vs. very favorable contact with African American physicians (18.79, p = 0.003) were statistically significant predictors of increased implicit racial bias.
  
  
  
  Medical school experiences in all three domains were independently associated with change in student implicit racial attitudes. These findings are notable given that even small differences in implicit racial attitudes have been shown to affect behavior and that implicit attitudes are developed over a long period of repeated exposure and are difficult to change.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA. vanryn.michelle@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Ryn
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hardeman
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Phelan
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.|Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Diana J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.affiliation: Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dovidio
authors.affiliation: Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Jeph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herrin
authors.affiliation: Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Sara E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.|Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yeazel
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Julia M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Przedworski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003479:Curriculum; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D063505:Racism / Q000523:psychology*; D012577:Schools, Medical; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: attitude of health personnel; disparities; implicit racial bias; medical education; physician–patient relations