title: Post-traumatic osteonecrosis of the proximal humerus.
abstract: Post-traumatic osteonecrosis of the proximal humerus represents a challenging problem to the surgeon. It is commonly seen following multi-fragmentary fractures of the proximal humerus which may affect the long-term functional recovery after such injuries. This review summarises the current evidence on risk factors, reasons why estimating its epidemiology is difficult, the vascular supply of the humeral head, classification, and management options.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Orthopaedics, University College London Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom. Electronic address: shelain.patel@doctors.org.uk.
authors.forename: Shelain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Shoulder Unit, St. George's Hospital, Blackshaw Road, London SW17 0QT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Henry B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Colaco
authors.affiliation: Dept of Orthopaedics, University College London Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Elvey
authors.affiliation: Dept of Orthopaedics, University College London Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marcus H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001860:Bone Plates; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D058430:Humeral Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006811:Humerus / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000293:injuries; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012307:Risk Factors; D012784:Shoulder Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Osteonecrosis; Shoulder fractures