title: Genetic basis of hypersensitivity reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  NSAIDs are the main triggers of hypersensitivity reactions to drugs. However, the full genetic and molecular basis of these reactions has yet to be uncovered. In this article, we have summarized research from recent years into the effects of genetic variants on the different clinical entities induced by NSAID hypersensitivity, focusing on prostaglandin and leukotriene-related genes as well as others beyond the arachidonic acid pathway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We introduce recent contributions of high-throughput approaches including genome-wide association studies as well as available information from epigenetics and next-generation sequencing. Finally, we give our thoughts on future directions in this field, including the scope for bioinformatics and systems biology and the need for clear patient phenotyping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The full genetic and molecular basis of clinical entities induced by NSAIDs hypersensitivity has yet to be uncovered, and despite commendable efforts over recent years, no clinically proven genetic markers currently exist for these disorders. It is clear that we will continue to find more about these reactions in the coming years, concurrently with improvements in technology and experimental techniques, and a precise definition of different phenotypes.
authors.affiliation: aAllergy Unit bResearch Laboratory, IBIMA, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, UMA, Malaga cDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres dAllergy Service, Infanta Leonor Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García-Martín
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Canto
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cornejo-García
mesh_terms: D000799:Angioedema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D015289:Leukotrienes / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015289:Leukotrienes; D011453:Prostaglandins