title: Effect of (minor or major) maternal trauma on fetal motility: A prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fetal motility represents the spontaneous activity of the central nervous system and as such can be used to evaluate its functional integrity. Maternal mechanical trauma in pregnancy is a risk factor for hypoxic ischemic brain injury and can potentially affect the CNS and fetal motility.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study motility in fetuses after maternal trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study; 1-h sonographic observations at 2-8h (T1), 24-72h (T2) and >72h (T3) after trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetuses exposed to trauma after 20weeks gestational age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Motor aspects; differentiation into specific movement patterns, quality and quantity of general movements were compared to a normal population. Obstetrical outcome; neurological outcome at term and 1year of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen fetuses were examined between 2012 and 2014. Median gestational age at time of trauma was 25+6 (range 20-38) weeks. Most traumas were traffic accidents or falls, injuries were mainly minor. Motility assessment showed abnormal differentiation in 2/16; 2/14 and 0/16; abnormal quality in 2/16; 3/14 and 6/16; and abnormal quantity in 6/16, 9/14 and 9/16 at T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Preterm delivery occurred once. Neurological development was normal in 13/14 infants at term and 14/14 at one year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that maternal trauma affected fetal motility in the majority of the fetuses. The changes in motility support the concern that even minor mechanical trauma may have influence on the functional integrity of the central nervous system, although no neurological sequelae were present at 1year.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: b.vanderknoop@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Bloeme J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: van der Knoop
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Therapy, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: pem.vanschie@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Petra E M
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: van Schie
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: jeroen.vermeulen@mumc.nl.
authors.forename: Roland J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: lou@maternalfetal.co.za.
authors.forename: Lourens R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Pistorius
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.vanweissenbruch@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Mirjam M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: van Weissenbruch
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Research Institute MOVE, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: jip.devries@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Johanna I P
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000328:Adult; D002657:Child Development; D005260:Female; D005324:Fetal Movement; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Fetal motility; Neurological development; Pregnancy; Trauma