title: Metabolic syndrome is associated with left ventricular dilatation in primary hypertension.
abstract: Metabolic syndrome (MS) has been shown to predict cardiovascular events in hypertension. Recently, a new four-group left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy classification based on both LV dilatation and concentricity was proposed. This classification has been shown to provide a more accurate prediction of cardiovascular events, suggesting that the presence of LV dilatation may add prognostic information. We investigated the relationship between MS and the new classification of LV geometry in patients with primary hypertension. A total of 372 untreated hypertensive patients were studied. Four different patterns of LV hypertrophy (eccentric nondilated, eccentric dilated, concentric nondilated and concentric dilated hypertrophy) were identified by echocardiography. A modified National Cholesterol Education Program definition for MS was used, with body mass index replacing waist circumference. The overall prevalence of MS and LV hypertrophy (LVH) was 29% and 61%, respectively. Patients with MS showed a higher prevalence of LVH (P=0.0281) and dilated LV geometries, namely eccentric dilated and concentric dilated hypertrophy (P=0.0075). Moreover, patients with MS showed higher LV end-diastolic volume (P=0.0005) and prevalence of increased LV end-diastolic volume (P=0.0068). The prevalence of LV chamber dilatation increased progressively with the number of components of MS (P=0.0191). Logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of MS entails a three times higher risk of having LV chamber dilatation even after adjusting for several potential confounding factors. MS is associated with LV dilatation in hypertension. These findings may, in part, explain the unfavourable prognosis observed in patients with MS.
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ratto
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Viazzi
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Verzola
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bonino
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonnella
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Parodi
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Bezante
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leoncini
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pontremoli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged