title: Genome-wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the CDPK Gene Family in Grape, Vitis spp.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) play vital roles in plant growth and development, biotic and abiotic stress responses, and hormone signaling. Little is known about the CDPK gene family in grapevine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the 12X grape genome (Vitis vinifera) and identified nineteen CDPK genes. Comparison of the structures of grape CDPK genes allowed us to examine their functional conservation and differentiation. Segmentally duplicated grape CDPK genes showed high structural conservation and contributed to gene family expansion. Additional comparisons between grape and Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrated that several grape CDPK genes occured in the corresponding syntenic blocks of Arabidopsis, suggesting that these genes arose before the divergence of grapevine and Arabidopsis. Phylogenetic analysis divided the grape CDPK genes into four groups. Furthermore, we examined the expression of the corresponding nineteen homologous CDPK genes in the Chinese wild grape (Vitis pseudoreticulata) under various conditions, including biotic stress, abiotic stress, and hormone treatments. The expression profiles derived from reverse transcription and quantitative PCR suggested that a large number of VpCDPKs responded to various stimuli on the transcriptional level, indicating their versatile roles in the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, we examined the subcellular localization of VpCDPKs by transiently expressing six VpCDPK-GFP fusion proteins in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts; this revealed high variability consistent with potential functional differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken as a whole, our data provide significant insights into the evolution and function of grape CDPKs and a framework for future investigation of grape CDPK genes.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. zhk3314@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. zhk3314@163.com.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. hanyongtao515@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. hanyongtao515@163.com.
authors.forename: Yong-Tao
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. fenglizhao1990@126.com.|Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. fenglizhao1990@126.com.
authors.forename: Feng-Li
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. huyang.nwsuaf@foxmail.com.|Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. huyang.nwsuaf@foxmail.com.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. gaoyr212@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. gaoyr212@163.com.
authors.forename: Yu-Rong
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. 1058974046@qq.com.|Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. 1058974046@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yan-Fei
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. yz357@cornell.edu.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. wangyj@nwsuaf.edu.cn.|Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. wangyj@nwsuaf.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yue-Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. wenyq@nwsuaf.edu.cn.|Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. wenyq@nwsuaf.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ying-Qiang
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Wen
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D027843:Vitis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases