title: Botulinum Toxin as a Pain Killer: Players and Actions in Antinociception.
abstract: Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been widely used to treat a variety of clinical ailments associated with pain. The inhibitory action of BoNTs on synaptic vesicle fusion blocks the releases of various pain-modulating neurotransmitters, including glutamate, substance P (SP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), as well as the addition of pain-sensing transmembrane receptors such as transient receptor potential (TRP) to neuronal plasma membrane. In addition, growing evidence suggests that the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of BoNTs are mediated through various molecular pathways. Recent studies have revealed that the detailed structural bases of BoNTs interact with their cellular receptors and SNAREs. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms related to the efficacy of BoNTs in alleviating human pain and insights on engineering the toxins to extend therapeutic interventions related to nociception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, School of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea. wizardbook@hanmail.net.|BK21 PLUS Life Science for BioDefense Research (BDR) Team, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea. wizardbook@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Dong-Wan
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, School of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea. sunkyungl@hanyang.ac.kr.|BK21 PLUS Life Science for BioDefense Research (BDR) Team, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea. sunkyungl@hanyang.ac.kr.|The Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea. sunkyungl@hanyang.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sun-Kyung
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, School of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea. joohong@hanyang.ac.kr.|BK21 PLUS Life Science for BioDefense Research (BDR) Team, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea. joohong@hanyang.ac.kr.|The Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea. joohong@hanyang.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Joohong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahnn
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001370:Axonal Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D065569:Gastrointestinal Absorption; D006801:Humans; D009411:Nerve Endings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D015202:Protein Engineering; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; C494482:TRPV1 protein, human; D001905:Botulinum Toxins
keywords: TRP; botulinum neurotoxin; neuropeptide; neurotransmitter; nociception; pain