title: Alteration of brain regional homogeneity of monkeys with spinal cord injury: A longitudinal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the longitudinal brain regional homogeneity (ReHo) changes in nonhuman primate after spinal cord injury (SCI) by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three adult female rhesus monkeys underwent unilateral thoracic cord injury. A resting-state fMRI examination was performed in the healthy stage and 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the injury. The ReHo value of each voxel in the monkey brain was calculated and compared between pre- and post-SCI monkeys with paired t test. The regions of interest (ROIs) in the significantly changed ReHo regions were set. The correlations between the ReHo change and the time after injury were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with those in healthy period, the ReHo values of the left premotor cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in post-SCI rhesus monkeys significantly increased in 4-week follow-up examinations. The ReHo values of posterior cingulate cortex, left precuneus, left temporal parietooccipital area, and bilateral superior parietal lobules decreased at 8-week follow-up examinations. In 12-week follow-up examinations, the ReHo values of the left postcentral gyrus, right caudate nucleus, and superior temporal gyrus increased. Correlation analysis showed positive correlations between left ACC and the postoperative time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SCI can change the regional synchronism of brain activity in sensorimotor system and the default mode network. These findings may help us to understand the potential pathophysiological changes in the central nervous system after SCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Sheng
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Manxiu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Can
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Zuxiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Institutes for Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
authors.forename: Zhao-Yang
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Institutes for Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China. Electronic address: lxgchina@sina.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-Guang
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005260:Female; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D012146:Rest; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Nonhuman primate; Regional homogeneity; Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging; Thoracic spinal cord injury