title: Developing a Commercial Air Ultrasonic Ceramic Transducer to Transdermal Insulin Delivery.
abstract: The application of low-frequency ultrasound for transdermal delivery of insulin is of particular public interest due to the increasing problem of diabetes. The purpose of this research was to develop an air ultrasonic ceramic transducer for transdermal insulin delivery and evaluate the possibility of applying a new portable and low-cost device for transdermal insulin delivery. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups with six rats in each group: one control group and three experimental groups. Control group (C) did not receive any ultrasound exposure or insulin (untreated group). The second group (T1) was treated with subcutaneous insulin (Humulin(®) R, rDNA U-100, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN) injection (0.25 U/Kg). The third group (T2) topically received insulin, and the fourth group (T3) received insulin with ultrasound waves. All the rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamin hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride. Blood samples were collected after anesthesia to obtain a baseline glucose level. Additional blood samples were taken every 15 min in the whole 90 min experiment. In order for comparison the changes in blood glucose levels" to " In order to compare the changes in blood glucose levels. The statistical multiple comparison (two-sided Tukey) test showed a significant difference between transdermal insulin delivery group (T2) and subcutaneous insulin injection group (T1) during 90 min experiment (P = 0.018). In addition, the difference between transdermal insulin delivery group (T2) and ultrasonic transdermal insulin delivery group (T3) was significant (P = 0.001). Results of this study demonstrated that the produced low-frequency ultrasound from this device enhanced the transdermal delivery of insulin across hairless rat skin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics and Imaging, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Nasrollah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jabbari
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Asghari
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmadian
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Peyman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mikaili
keywords: Insulin; rat; sonophoresis; transdermal drug delivery; ultrasonic transducer