title: Segmentation of white blood cells and comparison of cell morphology by linear and naïve Bayes classifiers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood smear microscopic images are routinely investigated by haematologists to diagnose most blood diseases. However, the task is quite tedious and time consuming. An automatic detection and classification of white blood cells within such images can accelerate the process tremendously. In this paper we propose a system to locate white blood cells within microscopic blood smear images, segment them into nucleus and cytoplasm regions, extract suitable features and finally, classify them into five types: basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two sets of blood smear images were used in this study's experiments. Dataset 1, collected from Rangsit University, were normal peripheral blood slides under light microscope with 100× magnification; 555 images with 601 white blood cells were captured by a Nikon DS-Fi2 high-definition color camera and saved in JPG format of size 960 × 1,280 pixels at 15 pixels per 1 μm resolution. In dataset 2, 477 cropped white blood cell images were downloaded from CellaVision.com. They are in JPG format of size 360 × 363 pixels. The resolution is estimated to be 10 pixels per 1 μm.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proposed system comprises a pre-processing step, nucleus segmentation, cell segmentation, feature extraction, feature selection and classification. The main concept of the segmentation algorithm employed uses white blood cell's morphological properties and the calibrated size of a real cell relative to image resolution. The segmentation process combined thresholding, morphological operation and ellipse curve fitting. Consequently, several features were extracted from the segmented nucleus and cytoplasm regions. Prominent features were then chosen by a greedy search algorithm called sequential forward selection. Finally, with a set of selected prominent features, both linear and naïve Bayes classifiers were applied for performance comparison. This system was tested on normal peripheral blood smear slide images from two datasets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two sets of comparison were performed: segmentation and classification. The automatically segmented results were compared to the ones obtained manually by a haematologist. It was found that the proposed method is consistent and coherent in both datasets, with dice similarity of 98.9 and 91.6% for average segmented nucleus and cell regions, respectively. Furthermore, the overall correction rate in the classification phase is about 98 and 94% for linear and naïve Bayes models, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed system, based on normal white blood cell morphology and its characteristics, was applied to two different datasets. The results of the calibrated segmentation process on both datasets are fast, robust, efficient and coherent. Meanwhile, the classification of normal white blood cells into five types shows high sensitivity in both linear and naïve Bayes models, with slightly better results in the linear classifier.
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. jaroonrut.p@rsu.ac.th.
authors.forename: Jaroonrut
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prinyakupt
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. charnchai.p@chula.ac.th.
authors.forename: Charnchai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pluempitiwiriyawej
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008853:Microscopy