title: Environmental enrichment and abstinence attenuate ketamine-induced cardiac and renal toxicity.
abstract: The current study was designed to investigate the effect of abstinence in combination with environmental enrichment (EE) on cardiac and renal toxicity induced by 2 weeks of ketamine self-administration (SA) in rodents. In Experiment 1, one group of rats underwent ketamine SA for 14 days. In Experiment 2, the animals completed 2 weeks of ketamine SA followed by 2 and 4 weeks of abstinence. In Experiment 3, animals underwent 14 days of ketamine SA and 4 weeks of abstinence in which isolated environment (IE) and EE was introduced. The corresponding control groups were included for each experiment. Two weeks of ketamine SA caused significant increases in organ weight, Apoptosis Stimulating Fragment/Kidney Injury Molecule-1, and apoptotic level of heart and kidney. The extended length of withdrawal from ketamine SA partially reduced toxicity on the heart and kidney. Finally, introduction of EE during the period of abstinence greatly promoted the effect of abstinence on ketamine-induced cardiac and renal toxicity. The interactive effect of EE and abstinence was promising to promote the recovery of cardiac and renal toxicity of ketamine.
authors.affiliation: Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xingxing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Shuangyan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Wenhui
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Kunyu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Tonghe
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Guorong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Kangning Hospital, 1 Zhuangyu Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315731, P.R.China.
authors.forename: Zhongming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Kangning Hospital, 1 Zhuangyu Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315731, P.R.China.
authors.forename: Dongsheng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, 42 Xibei Rd., Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R.China.
authors.forename: Wenwen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: 1] Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China [2] Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, 42 Xibei Rd., Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R.China.
authors.forename: Wenhua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012646:Self Administration; D013997:Time Factors; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D007649:Ketamine; D019014:fas Receptor; C491898:Fas protein, rat; C110936:Havcr1 protein, rat