title: Delay in Arrival to Care in Perpetrator-Identified Nonaccidental Head Trauma: Observations and Outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children who sustained nonaccidental head trauma (NAHT) are at severe risk for mortality within the first 24 hours after presentation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Extent of delay in seeking medical attention may be related to patient outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 10-year, single-institution, retrospective review of 48 cases treated at a large tertiary Children's Hospital reported to the New York State Central Registrar by the child protection team was conducted. The perpetrator was identified in 28 cases on the basis of confession or conviction. The medical and legal records allowed for identification of time of injury and the interval between injury and arrival to the hospital; this information was categorized as follows: <6 hours (without delay); 6-12 hours (moderate delay); and >12 hours (severe delay). The King's Outcome Scale for Childhood Head Injury (KOSCHI) score was recorded for each case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All children were 3 years of age or younger (2.1-34 months) and predominantly male (68%; 19/28). On arrival, 61% of patients (17/28) presented with moderate or severe delay. A low arrival Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (P < 0.0001) and extracranial injuries (P < 0.0061) correlated with worse clinical patient outcomes. Patients with an arrival GCS score <7 predominantly arrived without delay or with moderate delay. Patients presenting without delay or with severe delay were more likely to have a higher KOSCHI outcome score on discharge (P < 0.0426). Four of the 6 patients who died presented after moderate delay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients presenting to medical care 6-12 hours after NAHT (moderate delay) appeared to have worse outcomes than those presenting earlier or later.
authors.affiliation: The Cushing Neuroscience Institutes and the Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine at Cohen Children's Medical Center and the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, USA. Electronic address: sudhakar.vadivelu@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: Sudhakar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vadivelu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida School of Medicine at Shands Children's Hospital, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Esernio-Jenssen
authors.affiliation: The Cushing Neuroscience Institutes and the Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine at Cohen Children's Medical Center and the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Harold L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Rekate
authors.affiliation: The Cushing Neuroscience Institutes and the Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine at Cohen Children's Medical Center and the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Raj K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.affiliation: The Cushing Neuroscience Institutes and the Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine at Cohen Children's Medical Center and the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mittler
authors.affiliation: The Cushing Neuroscience Institutes and the Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine at Cohen Children's Medical Center and the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D056424:Decompressive Craniectomy; D017579:Domestic Violence; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D009104:Multiple Trauma; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D061665:Time-to-Treatment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Child abuse; Decompressive craniectomy; Hypoxic - ischemic stroke; Inflicted head injury; Shaken baby; Traumatic brain injury