title: Imaging surveillance programs for women at high breast cancer risk in Europe: Are women from ethnic minority groups adequately included? (Review).
abstract: Women from ethnic minority groups, including immigrants and refugees are reported to have low breast cancer (BC) screening rates. Active, culturally-sensitive outreach is vital for increasing participation of these women in BC screening programs. Women at high BC risk and who belong to an ethnic minority group are of special concern. Such women could benefit from ongoing trials aimed at optimizing screening strategies for early BC detection among those at increased BC risk. Considering the marked disparities in BC survival in Europe and its enormous and dynamic ethnic diversity, these issues are extremely timely for Europe. We systematically reviewed the literature concerning European surveillance studies that had imaging in the protocol and that targeted women at high BC risk. The aim of the present review was thereby to assess the likelihood that women at high BC risk from minority ethnic groups were adequately included in these surveillance programs. Twenty-seven research groups in Europe reported on their imaging surveillance programs for women at increased BC risk. The benefit of strategies such as inclusion of magnetic resonance imaging and/or more intensive screening was clearly documented for the participating women at increased BC risk. However, none of the reports indicated that sufficient outreach was performed to ensure that women at increased BC risk from minority ethnic groups were adequately included in these surveillance programs. On the basis of this systematic review, we conclude that the specific screening needs of ethnic minority women at increased BC risk have not yet been met in Europe. Active, culturally-sensitive outreach is needed to identify minority women at increased BC risk and to facilitate their inclusion in on-going surveillance programs. It is anticipated that these efforts would be most effective if coordinated with the development of European-wide, population-based approaches to BC screening.
authors.affiliation: The Karolinska Institute and Hospital, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Women's and Children's Health and of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Belkić
authors.affiliation: University of Haifa, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Miri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Sankt Görans Hospital, Unilabs Department of Mammography, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wilczek
authors.affiliation: The Karolinska Institute and Hospital, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Women's and Children's Health and of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: The Karolinska Institute and Hospital, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Women's and Children's Health and of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anne H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.affiliation: The Karolinska Institute and Hospital, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Women's and Children's Health and of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Márquez
authors.affiliation: The Karolinska Institute and Hospital, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Women's and Children's Health and of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Vladana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vukojević
authors.affiliation: The Karolinska Institute and Hospital, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Women's and Children's Health and of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mints
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods*; D005060:Europe / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D000069576:Health Equity; D006801:Humans; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data