title: SPINK1 Promoter Variants Are Associated with Prostate Cancer Predisposing Alterations in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies reported that patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) experienced a 10% increased incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) after the first 5 years of diagnosis. We investigated the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter of Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal Type 1 (SPINK1) and the increased risk of BPH and PCa.
  
  
  METHODS
  We genotyped three SNPs in a cases-control study, including BPH and PCa cases. Multiple logistic regression models were applied to analyze clinical and genotypic data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found an inverse association between SNP rs10035432 and BPH under the log-additive (p=0.007) model. No association was found between these SNPs and PCa risk. However, we observed a possible association between rs1432982 and lower-grade PCa (p=0.05) under the recessive model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SPINK1 promoter variants are likely to be associated with the risk of BPH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Danyelle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Winchester
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Center, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Luisel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ricks-Santi
authors.affiliation: National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Tshela
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.affiliation: National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Muneer
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Desta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beyene
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Emmanuel Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Jingwi
authors.affiliation: National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Cancer Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Georgia M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Dunston
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Cancer Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A. ymkanaan@howard.edu.
authors.forename: Yasmine M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kanaan
mesh_terms: D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000235:genetics; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000235:genetics*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D012306:Risk; D014359:Trypsin Inhibitor, Kazal Pancreatic
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; C486642:SPINK1 protein, human; D014359:Trypsin Inhibitor, Kazal Pancreatic; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: African American; BPH; Gleason; SNPs; SPINK1; prostate cancer