title: Red-fleshed Apples: Old Autochthonous Fruits as a Novel Source of Anthocyanin Antioxidants.
abstract: In order to promote breeding programs and a full reintroduction into production of two local red-fleshed apple varieties grown in Bekran and Bastam (Iran), the evaluation of their antioxidant properties was of interest. LC-MS(n) based metabolic fingerprinting analyses were applied to investigate the anthocyanin content of both peel and flesh components of the fruits. Cyanidin-3-O-hexoside isomers were present in both 'Bekran' and 'Bastam' apples, whereas 'Bekran' apple was a valuable source of anthocyanin rutinose derivatives. Employing DPPH(•), ABTS(•+), and ORAC methods, the antiradical efficacy was evaluated. The ability of the investigated fruit components to scavenge OH(•), and O(2) (•-) reactive species was also assessed. ID(50) values highlighted the massive antioxidant response of 'Bekran' peel component, able to counteract by 50 % OH(•), and O(2) (•-) at 130.3 and 91.6 μg/mL, respectively. The cytoprotective screening towards HeLa, HepG2, A549, SH-5YSY, and SK-N-BE(2)-C cell lines evidenced that the investigated Iranian red-fleshed apple fruits were able to exert a significant antioxidant response in hydrogen peroxide oxidized cell systems. Data collected suggested that the revaluation of 'Bekran' and 'Bastam' apple cultivars could represent a precious source of antioxidant compounds whose dietary intake could improve the human well-being reducing risks of free radical related chronic and degenerative diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticultural Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Shadab
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faramarzi
authors.forename: Severina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pacifico
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yadollahi
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lettieri
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nocera
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piccolella
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000378:metabolism; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D007492:Iran; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D004187:Disaccharides; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C539209:rutinose; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid; C017154:cyanidin; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl