title: Symptom Experience and Quality of Life in Children after Sport-Related Head Injuries: A Cross-Sectional Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sports are a major cause of concussions, and little is known about the symptom experience and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in children who remain symptomatic for over 3 months following such head injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of children aged 10-18 years was performed who were referred to the Neurosurgery Clinic at our centre following a head injury. Symptom experience was measured using the modified Concussion Symptom Scale, and HRQL was measured using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). The Immediate Postconcussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT) was administered to assess neurocognitive and neurobehavioural sequelae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptoms with the highest mean symptom scores on a Likert scale of 0-6 in 35 children at the time of assessment included headaches (3.1), poor concentration (2.7), memory problems (2.1), fatigue (2.1) and sensitivity to noise (2.0). Compared with normative data, children in this study had ImPACT summary scores between the 28th and 38th percentiles and a comparably low Cognitive Efficiency Index score. Mean scores for females were consistently statistically significantly lower (p < 0.05) than for males across all of the HRQL domains. Trouble falling asleep and memory problems explained 62% of the variance in the PedsQL total scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children continue to experience many symptoms at least 3 months following sport-related head injuries that significantly impact their HRQL and neurocognitive abilities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vassilyadi
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Macartney
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Barrowman
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dube
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D013177:Sports / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors