title: Tinnitus reported by children aged 7 and 12 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess prevalence and risk factors of tinnitus reported by 7- and 12-year-old children from primary schools in Warsaw. A secondary objective was to test the relationship between hearing loss and tinnitus prevalence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational cross-sectional study of 15,199 students aged 7 and 12 years (66.9% of the students of those ages) from all 173 public primary schools in Warsaw in the school year 2012/13. Audiometric hearing threshold levels were determined for the right and left ear of each student at frequencies of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8kHz. Normal hearing was defined as air threshold values of 20dB HL or less for all tested frequencies. Unilateral and bilateral hearing loss cases were included into the analysis. Tinnitus experience was assessed with an audiological questionnaire administered verbally to the children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall 6.0% of the 7- and 12-year-old students reported tinnitus lasting for 5min or more. The prevalence of tinnitus was significantly related to the hearing loss and age. Children with the unilateral high-frequency hearing loss reported tinnitus significantly less often compared to other children from the unilateral loss group. Children with bilateral moderate hearing loss reported tinnitus significantly more often than other children from the bilateral hearing loss group. Frequency of tinnitus reported by children was equal between the sexes and also between the children with unilateral and bilateral hearing loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results obtained in this study with a large sample suggest that hearing loss and young age can be considered potential risk factors for tinnitus in school-age children. A consensus on how to define tinnitus is needed in order to enable direct comparison between data from different studies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mochnackiego 10, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: a.piotrowska@ifps.org.pl.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piotrowska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mochnackiego 10, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raj-Koziak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mochnackiego 10, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lorens
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mochnackiego 10, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Henryk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Skarżyński
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Hearing loss; Normal hearing; School children; Tinnitus