title: Pharmacological effects of a C-phycocyanin-based multicomponent nutraceutical in an in-vitro canine chondrocyte model of osteoarthritis.
abstract: Multicomponent nutraceuticals are becoming increasingly popular treatments or adjunctive therapies for osteoarthritis in veterinary medicine despite lack of evidence of efficacy for many products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of a commercially available C-phycocyanin-based nutraceutical and select constituent ingredients in an in-vitro model of canine osteoarthritis. Normal canine articular chondrocytes were used in an in-vitro model of osteoarthritis. Inflammatory conditions were induced using interleukin-1β. The nutraceutical preparation as a whole, its individual constituents, as well as carprofen were evaluated at concentrations of 0 to 250 μg/mL for reduction of the following inflammatory mediators and indicators of catabolism of the extracellular matrix: prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TFN-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), nitric oxide, and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs). Validated, commercially available assay kits were used for quantitation of inflammatory mediators. The antioxidant capacities, as well as cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory activities of the whole nutraceutical preparation and select constituents, were also assessed using validated commercially available assay kits. The antioxidant capacity of the nutraceutical and constituents was concentration-dependent. The nutraceutical and constituents appear to display anti-inflammatory activity primarily through the inhibition of COX-2. The nutraceutical displayed similar strength to carprofen in reducing TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-3, nitric oxide, and sGAGs at select concentration ranges. The C-phycocyanin (CPC)-based nutraceutical and constituents may be able to mediate 3 primary pathogenic mechanisms of osteoarthritis: inflammation, chondral degeneration, and oxidative stress in vitro. The nutraceutical may be clinically useful in veterinary medicine and its efficacy should be further investigated in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5 (Martinez SE, Chen, Ho, Davies); Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6619, USA (Martinez SA).
authors.forename: Stephanie E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5 (Martinez SE, Chen, Ho, Davies); Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6619, USA (Martinez SA).
authors.forename: Yufei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5 (Martinez SE, Chen, Ho, Davies); Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6619, USA (Martinez SA).
authors.forename: Emmanuel A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5 (Martinez SE, Chen, Ho, Davies); Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6619, USA (Martinez SA).
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5 (Martinez SE, Chen, Ho, Davies); Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6619, USA (Martinez SA).
authors.forename: Neal M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004285:Dogs; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000662:veterinary*; D010798:Phycocyanin / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D010798:Phycocyanin; D009569:Nitric Oxide