title: Laparoscopic pyeloplasty in infants: single-surgeon experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although laparoscopic pyeloplasty (LP) is popular in children, its role in infants is less well defined. It is presumed that infant LP is technically challenging, with a higher failure rate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To consider the hypothesis that LP can be safely and successfully performed in infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 111 infants that underwent LP from March 2009 to December 2013 with at least 1 year of follow-up, were retrospectively reviewed. The results of pre- and postoperative imaging studies (ultrasound (US) and diuretic renogram (DR)), operative details and complications were noted. Pre- and postoperative parameters were compared using statistical software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The details are given in the Table. Laparoscopic pyleoplasty was successfully completed using three ports in all children without any open conversions. There were complications in 14 children (12%); 13 did not require a second intervention and the final outcome was not affected. One child (1%) had a re-obstruction with worsening hydronephrosis (HDN) 2 months after stent removal; she underwent successful redo LP. Median follow-up was 2 years; LP was successful in relieving the obstruction in 115 kidneys (99%); all had follow-up US, while 76 children had follow-up DR. The tests showed significant reduction in HDN (mean pre-operative anteroposterior diameter (APD) of renal pelvis, 34.4 mm (SD 13.4) versus mean post-operative APD 10.6 mm (SD 5.7), p < 0.001) and improved drainage in all kidneys. In unilateral cases, there was significant improvement in mean split renal function (SRF) of the operated kidneys (pre-operative 22.1% (SD 8.6) versus post-operative 35.6% (SD 11.4), p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over the past 6 years, all pyeloplasties at our unit have been performed by laparoscopy, irrespective of the age or weight of the child. In this large retrospective series, it is demonstrated that infant LP is a safe and successful operation; pyeloplasty in this age group not only resulted in significant reduction of hydronephrosis, but also in significant functional improvement. The results are comparable to published series comparing open pyeloplasty to laparoscopic and robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty, which report success rates ranging from 70 to 96%, and complication rates ranging from 0 to 24% for open pyeloplasty.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Urology & MAS, Rainbow Children's Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Electronic address: vvsssekharam@yahoo.co.in.
authors.forename: V V S
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Chandrasekharam
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007668:Kidney / Q000601:surgery; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012371:Robotics; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Hydronephrosis; Infant; Laparoscopy; Obstruction; Pyeloplasty