title: Natural phenolics greatly increase flax (Linum usitatissimum) oil stability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Flaxseed oil is characterized by high content of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) promoted as a human dietary supplement protecting against atherosclerosis. The disadvantage of the high PUFA content in flax oil is high susceptibility to oxidation, which can result in carcinogenic compound formation. Linola flax cultivar is characterized by high linoleic acid content in comparison to traditional flax cultivars rich in linolenic acid. The changes in fatty acid proportions increase oxidative stability of Linola oil and broaden its use as an edible oil for cooking. However one of investigated transgenic lines has high ALA content making it suitable as omega-3 source. Protection of PUFA oxidation is a critical factor in oil quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of phenylpropanoid contents on the oil properties important during the whole technological process from seed storage to grinding and oil pressing, which may influence health benefits as well as shelf-life, and to establish guidelines for the selection of new cultivars.
  
  
  METHODS
  The composition of oils was determined by chromatographic (GS-FID and LC-PDA-MS) methods. Antioxidant properties of secondary metabolites were analyzed by DPPH method. The stability of oils was investigated: a) during regular storage by measuring acid value peroxide value p-anisidine value malondialdehyde, conjugated dienes and trienes; b) by using accelerated rancidity tests by TBARS reaction; c) by thermoanalytical - differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In one approach, in order to increase oil stability, exogenous substances added are mainly lipid soluble antioxidants from the isoprenoid pathway, such as tocopherol and carotene. The other approach is based on transgenic plant generation that accumulates water soluble compounds. Increased accumulation of phenolic compounds in flax seeds was achieved by three different strategies that modify genes coding for enzymes from the phenylpropanoid pathway. The three types of transgenic flax had different phenylpropanoid profiles detected in oil, highly increasing its stability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that hydrophilic phenylpropanoids more than lipophilic isoprenoid compounds determine oil stability however they can work synergistically. Among phenolics the caffeic acid was most effective in increasing oil stability.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland. haska3@vp.pl.
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hasiewicz-Derkacz
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland. kulma@ibmb.uni.wroc.pl.|Linum Foundation, Plac Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wroclaw, Poland. kulma@ibmb.uni.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kulma
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland. thadeus@ibmb.uni.wroc.pl.|Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, The Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 53-363, Wrocław, Poland. thadeus@ibmb.uni.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Czuj
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Dietetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland. aprescha@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prescha
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland. mzuk@ibmb.uni.wroc.pl.|Linum Foundation, Plac Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wroclaw, Poland. mzuk@ibmb.uni.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Żuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Dietetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland. magdalena.grajzer@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grajzer
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Fryderyka Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland. marcin.lukaszewicz@uni.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Łukaszewicz
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland. szopa@ibmb.uni.wroc.pl.|Linum Foundation, Plac Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wroclaw, Poland. szopa@ibmb.uni.wroc.pl.|Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, The Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 53-363, Wrocław, Poland. szopa@ibmb.uni.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szopa
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D019597:Flax / Q000737:chemistry*; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010545:Peroxides / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D000975:Antioxidants; D010545:Peroxides; D010636:Phenols; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C013813:4-anisidine; D008043:Linseed Oil; D019787:Linoleic Acid