title: Relationship of three different types of low-carbohydrate diet to cardiometabolic risk factors in a Japanese population: the INTERMAP/INTERLIPID Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) are a popular dietary strategy for weight reduction. The effects of LCD on long-term outcome vary depending on type of LCD, possibly due to the fact that effects on cardiometabolic risk factors may vary with different types of LCD. Accordingly, we studied these relations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin, and uric acid, and nutrient intakes by standardized methods in men and women ages 40-59 years from four population samples of Japanese in Japan (553 men and 544 women, combined). For people consuming usual, animal-based, and plant-based LCDs, we calculated LCD scores, based on relative level of fat, protein, and carbohydrate, by modifying the methods of Halton et al. Instead of calculating scores based on animal or vegetable fat, we used saturated fatty acids (SFA) or monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) + polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariate regression analyses with adjustment for site, age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, and years of education, all three LCD scores were significantly positively related to HDLc (all P < 0.001), but not to LDLc. The plant-based LCD score was significantly inversely related to log CRP (coefficient = -0.010, P = 0.018).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All three LCD scores were significantly positively related to HDLc. The plant-based LCD score was significantly inversely related to CRP. Carbohydrate intake below 50 % of total energy with higher intakes of vegetable protein and MUFA + PUFA, and lower intakes of SFA may be favorable for reducing cardiometabolic risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, 520-2194, Japan. nakamury@agr.ryukoku.ac.jp.|Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan. nakamury@agr.ryukoku.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotsugu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueshima
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Nagako
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.affiliation: Tsuruga City University of Nursing, Tsuruga, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshikuni
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshita
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyomi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Lifestyle-Related Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Research, National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Sohel R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Choudhry
authors.affiliation: John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA.
authors.forename: Kamal H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Masaki
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Queenie
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.affiliation: Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stamler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D006454:Hemoglobins; D014280:Triglycerides; D014527:Uric Acid; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: C-reactive protein; Cardiometabolic risk factors; High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Low-carbohydrate diet