title: Comparative methane emission by ratites: Differences in food intake and digesta retention level out methane production.
abstract: Ratites differ in the anatomy of their digestive organs and their digesta excretion patterns. Ostriches (Struthio camelus) have large fermentation chambers and long digesta retention, emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) have a short gut and short retention times, and rheas (Rhea americana) are intermediate. A recent study showed that ostriches produce as much methane (CH4) as expected for a similar-sized, non-ruminant mammalian herbivore. We hypothesized that emus and rheas produce less CH4 than ostriches. We individually measured, by chamber respirometry, the amount of O2 consumed as well as CO2 and CH4 emitted from six adult rheas (body mass 23.4±8.3 kg) and two adult emus (33.5 and 32.0 kg) during 23-hour periods on a pelleted lucerne diet. In contrast to previous studies, which classified emus as non-producers, we measured CH4 emissions at 7.39 and 6.25 L/day for emus and 2.87±0.82 L/day for rheas, which is close to values expected for similar-sized non-ruminant mammals for both species. O2 consumption was of a similar magnitude as reported previously. Across ratites, CH4 yield (L/kg dry matter intake) was positively correlated with mean retention time of food particles in the gut, similar to findings within ruminant species. In ratites, this relationship leads to similar body mass-specific CH4 production for a high intake/short retention and a low intake/long retention strategy. Therefore, when investigating CH4 production in herbivorous birds, it is advisable to consider various CH4 measures, not only yield or absolute daily amount alone.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frei
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hatt
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ortmann
authors.affiliation: ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kreuzer
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: mclauss@veclinics.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clauss
mesh_terms: D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D004063:Digestion / Q000502:physiology*; D004064:Digestive System / Q000378:metabolism*; D020312:Dromaiidae / Q000378:metabolism; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008697:Methane / Q000378:metabolism*; D046108:Palaeognathae / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D020311:Rheiformes / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity; D020310:Struthioniformes / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D008697:Methane
keywords: Digestion; Fermentation; Herbivory; Methanogenesis