title: High level of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 affects prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the cut-off value of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and assess the correlation of ICAM-1 with clinicopathological features and the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients who underwent surgical resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively collected clinicopathological data from 236 HCC patients who had undergone successful hepatectomy. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to determine the optimal cut-off value of ICAM-1. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the concentration of ICAM-1 in 236 serum samples isolated from HCC patients and the stratified analysis was used to compare the serum level of ICAM-1 in different HCC subgroups. Immunohistochemistry was performed to test the expression level of the ICAM-1 protein in 76 cases of HCC tissues and their adjacent normal liver tissues (ANLT). The survival probability of HCC patients was estimated using Kaplan-Meier plots and differences between the groups were obtained using the log-rank test. Furthermore, independent indicators of the prognosis were acquired using a stepwise Cox proportional hazard model to analyze a series of predictors that were associated with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in HCC patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings suggested that ICAM-1 promotes HCC metastasis and high serum ICAM-1 is significantly associated with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (P = 0.022), clinical tumor-node-metastasis stage (P < 0.001), portal vein tumor thrombus (P = 0.005), distant metastasis (P = 0.016) and recurrence (P = 0.034). We further detected the ICAM-1 protein in HCC specimens and found that 56 of 76 (73.7%) HCC tissues had ICAM-1 positive staining while only 23 of 76 (30.3%) ANLT were positively stained (P < 0.0001). Survival analysis indicated that HCC patients with increased ICAM-1 concentrations had significantly shorter DFS and OS after resection. A multivariate analysis showed that ICAM-1 > 684 ng/mL was an independent factor for DFS (HR = 1.643; 95%CI: 1.125-2.401; P = 0.010) and OS (HR = 1.692; 95%CI: 1.152-2.486; P = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ICAM-1 may be a promising serological biomarker for HCC diagnosis and an independent predictor of DFS and OS after surgical resection and may provide a useful reference for the prediction of intra- and extrahepatic metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Peng-Peng Zhu, Sheng-Guang Yuan, Li-Ling Qin, Wei-Jia Liao, Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Peng-Peng
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Peng-Peng Zhu, Sheng-Guang Yuan, Li-Ling Qin, Wei-Jia Liao, Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Sheng-Guang
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Peng-Peng Zhu, Sheng-Guang Yuan, Li-Ling Qin, Wei-Jia Liao, Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Peng-Peng Zhu, Sheng-Guang Yuan, Li-Ling Qin, Wei-Jia Liao, Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Li-Ling
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Peng-Peng Zhu, Sheng-Guang Yuan, Li-Ling Qin, Wei-Jia Liao, Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Jia
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C573420:ICAM1 protein, human; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1
keywords: Biomarker; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Intercellular adhesion molecule-1; Metastasis; Prognosis