title: Food Insecurity Mediates the Effect of a Poverty-Alleviation Program on Psychosocial Health among the Ultra-Poor in Bangladesh.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poor psychosocial health is a major global burden. A challenge to improving psychosocial health is that its associations with risk factors are complicated, inadequately understood, and difficult to modify, and/or require action outside the health sector.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We capitalized on the quasi-experimental assignment of a poverty-alleviation program for the ultra-poor in Bangladesh to investigate how this program affected 2 aspects of psychosocial health; distress, (i.e., the negative cognitive appraisal of stress) and subjective well-being (i.e., satisfaction with domains of life), and the importance of food insecurity as a mediator relative to other stressors and economic status.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in 3 northern districts of Bangladesh where the program operated. The ultra-poor households were selected through a multistage selection process. The economically better-off households were excluded during the process and included as study controls. The program supported women by providing income-earning opportunities, strengthening sociopolitical livelihood, and building self-awareness and self-confidence. Data were collected in 2006 from 209 women on demography, psychosocial health, and stressors (i.e., domestic violence, food insecurity, economic status, perceived economy, and emotional social constraints). Data collected in 2002 from the same individuals were used to control for the baseline differences between groups. By using path analysis we showed the direct and indirect effects of the program on distress and well-being.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The program positively affected psychosocial health by alleviating stressors. The indirect effect of the program contributed 74% in reducing distress and 30% in improving well-being. Food insecurity was by far the most important mediator, explaining 50% of indirect effect on distress and 66% of the indirect effect on well-being.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Food insecurity is modifiable and an appropriate target for poverty-alleviation and agricultural programs. These findings suggest programmatic and policy attention to the social dimensions of poor psychosocial health, particularly to food insecurity as a central cause.
authors.affiliation: Research and Evaluation Unit, Micronutrient Initiative, Ottawa, Canada; and cjalal@micronutrient.org.
authors.forename: Chowdhury S B
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Jalal
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Frongillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Warren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001459:Bangladesh; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011584:Psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: food insecurity; mediation; poverty alleviation; psychosocial health; ultra-poor