title: Effects of prehospital epinephrine administration on neurological outcomes in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine if the effects of epinephrine administration on the outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), patients are associated with the duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performed by Emergency Medical Service (EMS) personnel.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective, nonrandomized, observational analysis used the All-Japan Utstein Registry, a prospective, nationwide population-based registry of all OHCA patients transported to the hospital by EMS staff as the data source. We stratified all OHCA patients for quartile of EMSs' CPR duration. Group 1 consisted of patients who fell under the 25th percentile of EMSs' CPR duration (under 15 min); group 2, patients who fell into the 25th to 50th percentile (between 15 and 19 min); group 3, patients who fell into the 50th to 75th percentile (between 20 and 26 min); and group 4, patients who fell at or above the 75th percentile (over 26 min). The primary endpoint was a favorable neurological outcome 1 month after cardiac arrest. The secondary endpoints were ROSC before arrival at the hospital and 1-month survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 383,811 patients aged over 18 years who had experienced OHCA between 2006 and 2010 in Japan, when stratified for quartile of EMSs' CPR duration, the epinephrine administration increased the rate of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) approximately tenfold in all groups. However, the beneficial effects of epinephrine administration on 1-month survival disappeared in patients on whom EMSs' CPR had been performed for more than 26 min, and the beneficial effects of epinephrine administration on neurological outcomes were observed only in patients on whom EMSs' CPR had been performed between 15 and 19 min (odds ratio, 1.327, 95 % confidence intervals, 1.017-1.733 P = 0.037).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epinephrine administration is associated with an increase of ROSC and with improvement in the neurological outcome on which EMSs' CPR duration is performed between 15 and 19 min.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita 8, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8648 Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita 8, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8648 Japan.
authors.forename: Mineji
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita 8, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8648 Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita 8, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8648 Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sawamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita 8, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8648 Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gando
keywords: Epinephrine; Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; Prehospital; Resuscitation