title: Different tenogenic differentiation capacities of different mesenchymal stem cells in the presence of BMP-12.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are regarded as a promising cell-based therapeutic tool for tendon repair. This study aimed to compare the different tenogenic differentiation capacities of the three types of MSCs in the presence of bone morphogenic protein 12 (BMP-12).
  
  
  METHODS
  MSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow (BM), inguinal adipose tissue (AD), and synovium (SM) from the knee joint. MSCs were characterized by morphology, proliferation, trilineage differentiation, and surface marker analysis. Tenogenic differentiation potential was initially assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in vitro. Histological assessments were also performed after subcutaneous implantation of BMP-12 recombinant adenovirus-infected MSCs in nude mice in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three types of MSCs exhibited similar fibroblast-like morphology and surface markers but different differentiation potentials toward adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineage fates. Bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) showed the most superior in vitro tenogenic differentiation capacity, followed by synovial membrane-derived MSCs (SM-MSCs) and then adipose-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs). After implantation, all three types of MSC masses infected with BMP-12 recombinant adenovirus emerged in the form of fiber-like matrix, especially in 6-week specimens, compared with the control MSCs in vivo. BM-MSCs and SM-MSCs revealed more intense staining for collagen type I (Col I) compared with AD-MSCs. Differences were not observed between BM-MSCs and SM-MSCs. However, SM-MSCs demonstrated higher proliferation capacity than BM-MSCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BM-MSCs exhibited the most superior tenogenic differentiation capacity, followed by SM-MSCs. By contrast, AD-MSCs demonstrated the inferior capacity among the three types of MSCs in the presence of BMP-12 both in vivo and in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China. dlh110@163.com.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China. dlh110@163.com.
authors.forename: Linghui
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China. huxiaoqingbd01@sina.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China. tozhangxin@sina.com.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China. zhujingxian@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jingxian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China. zjychh@163.com.
authors.forename: Jiying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China. fuxinfx@sina.com.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China. hyde5200@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoning
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China. yingfang.ao@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yingfang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ao
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China. chunyanzhou@bjmu.edu.cn.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China. chunyanzhou@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000378:metabolism; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology; D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002449:Cell Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000166:cytology; D013710:Tendons / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; C086559:growth differentiation factor 7