title: Confronting inequities: A scoping review of the literature on pharmacist practice and health-related disparities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An expanding body of literature is exploring the presence and impact of health and health care disparities among marginalized populations. This research challenges policy makers, health professionals, and scholars to examine how unjust and avoidable inequities are created at the societal, institutional, and individual level, and explore strategies for mitigating challenges.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Recognizing the significance of this broader conversation, this scoping review provides an overview of pharmacy-specific research attentive to health-related disparities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following Arksey and O'Malley's framework, a rigorous screening process yielded 93 peer-reviewed and 23 grey literature articles, each analyzed for core themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lending critical insight to how pharmacy practice researchers are conceptualizing and measuring health inequities, this review highlights three paths of inquiry evident across this literature, including research focused on what pharmacists know about marginalized groups, how pharmacists perceive these groups, and how they provide services. Striving to drive research and practice forward, this review details research gaps and opportunities, including a need to expand the scope of research and integrate knowledge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As pharmacists endeavor to provide equitable and impactful patient care, it is essential to understand challenges, and build strong evidence for meaningful action.
authors.affiliation: Ontario Pharmacy Research Collaboration (OPEN), School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10 Victoria St S, Kitchener, ON N2G1C5, Canada. Electronic address: lisawenger@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Meagen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.affiliation: Ontario Pharmacy Research Collaboration (OPEN), School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10 Victoria St S, Kitchener, ON N2G1C5, Canada.
authors.forename: Jane Pearson
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sharpe
authors.affiliation: Ontario Pharmacy Research Collaboration (OPEN), School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10 Victoria St S, Kitchener, ON N2G1C5, Canada.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Waite
mesh_terms: D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D010465:Perception; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services; D010595:Pharmacists
keywords: Bias; Health care disparities; Health disparities; Marginalized groups; Pharmacy practice; Stigma