title: Inactivation of Primate Prefrontal Cortex Impairs Auditory and Audiovisual Working Memory.
abstract: The prefrontal cortex is associated with cognitive functions that include planning, reasoning, decision-making, working memory, and communication. Neurophysiology and neuropsychology studies have established that dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is essential in spatial working memory while the ventral frontal lobe processes language and communication signals. Single-unit recordings in nonhuman primates has shown that ventral prefrontal (VLPFC) neurons integrate face and vocal information and are active during audiovisual working memory. However, whether VLPFC is essential in remembering face and voice information is unknown. We therefore trained nonhuman primates in an audiovisual working memory paradigm using naturalistic face-vocalization movies as memoranda. We inactivated VLPFC, with reversible cortical cooling, and examined performance when faces, vocalizations or both faces and vocalization had to be remembered. We found that VLPFC inactivation impaired subjects' performance in audiovisual and auditory-alone versions of the task. In contrast, VLPFC inactivation did not disrupt visual working memory. Our studies demonstrate the importance of VLPFC in auditory and audiovisual working memory for social stimuli but suggest a different role for VLPFC in unimodal visual processing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ventral frontal lobe, or inferior frontal gyrus, plays an important role in audiovisual communication in the human brain. Studies with nonhuman primates have found that neurons within ventral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) encode both faces and vocalizations and that VLPFC is active when animals need to remember these social stimuli. In the present study, we temporarily inactivated VLPFC by cooling the cortex while nonhuman primates performed a working memory task. This impaired the ability of subjects to remember a face and vocalization pair or just the vocalization alone. Our work highlights the importance of the primate VLPFC in the processing of faces and vocalizations in a manner that is similar to the inferior frontal gyrus in the human brain.
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Rochester, New York 14642 Bethany_plakke@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Bethany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Plakke
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Rochester, New York 14642.
authors.forename: Jaewon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Rochester, New York 14642.
authors.forename: Lizabeth M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Romanski
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: monkey; multisensory; visual working memory; vocalization