title: Comparison between rapid and mixed maxillary expansion through an assessment of arch changes on dental casts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aim of this retrospective observational study was to compare upper and lower dental changes in patients treated with Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME) and Mixed Maxillary Expansion (MME), assessed by dental cast analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment groups consisted of 42 patients: the RME group (n = 21) consisted of 13 female and 8 male subjects with the mean age of 8.8 years ± 1.37 at T0 and 9.6 years ± 1.45 at T1; the MME group (n = 21) consisted of 12 female and 9 male patients with a mean age of 8.9 years ± 2.34 at T0 and 10.5 years ± 2.08 at T1. The upper and lower arch analysis was performed on four dental bilateral landmarks, on upper and lower casts; also upper and lower arch depths were measured. The groups were compared using independent sample t-test to estimate dental changes in upper and lower arches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before expansion treatment (T0), the groups were similar for all examined variables (p>0.05). In both RME and MME group, significant increments in all the variables for maxillary and mandibular arch widths were observed after treatment. No significant differences in maxillary and mandibular arch depths were observed at the end of treatment in both groups. An evaluation of the changes after RME and MME (T1) showed statistically significant differences in mandibular arch depth (p<0.001) and maxillary intercanine widths (p<0.05). Differences in maxillary arch depth and arch width measurements were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RME and MME can be considered two effective treatment options to improve transverse arch dimensions and gain space in the dental arches. A greater lower arch expansion was observed in the MME group, which might be attributed to the "lip bumper effects" observed in the MME protocol.
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Via Luigi De Crecchio 6, 80138, Napoli, Italy, vincenzo.grassia@unina2.it.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grassia
authors.forename: Fabrizia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: d'Apuzzo
authors.forename: Abdolreza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jamilian
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Femiano
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Favero
authors.forename: Letizia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perillo
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000473:pathology; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D003481:Cuspid / Q000473:pathology; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology*; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology*; D003765:Models, Dental; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique / Q000295:instrumentation; D023861:Photography, Dental / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000473:pathology