title: SH2-PLA: a sensitive in-solution approach for quantification of modular domain binding by proximity ligation and real-time PCR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a great interest in studying phosphotyrosine dependent protein-protein interactions in tyrosine kinase pathways that play a critical role in many aspects of cellular function. We previously established SH2 profiling, a phosphoproteomic approach based on membrane binding assays that utilizes purified Src Homology 2 (SH2) domains as a molecular tool to profile the global tyrosine phosphorylation state of cells. However, in order to use this method to investigate SH2 binding sites on a specific target in cell lysate, additional procedures such as pull-down or immunoprecipitation which consume large amounts of sample are required.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have developed PLA-SH2, an alternative in-solution modular domain binding assay that takes advantage of Proximity Ligation Assay and real-time PCR. The SH2-PLA assay utilizes oligonucleotide-conjugated anti-GST and anti-EGFR antibodies recognizing a GST-SH2 probe and cellular EGFR, respectively. If the GST-SH2 and EGFR are in close proximity as a result of SH2-phosphotyrosine interactions, the two oligonucleotides are brought within a suitable distance for ligation to occur, allowing for efficient complex amplification via real-time PCR. The assay detected signal across at least 3 orders of magnitude of lysate input with a linear range spanning 1-2 orders and a low femtomole limit of detection for EGFR phosphotyrosine. SH2 binding kinetics determined by PLA-SH2 showed good agreement with established far-Western analyses for A431 and Cos1 cells stimulated with EGF at various times and doses. Further, we showed that PLA-SH2 can survey lung cancer tissues using 1 μl lysate without requiring phospho-enrichment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We showed for the first time that interactions between SH2 domain probes and EGFR in cell lysate can be determined in a microliter-scale assay using SH2-PLA. The obvious benefit of this method is that the low sample requirement allows detection of SH2 binding in samples which are difficult to analyze using traditional protein interaction assays. This feature along with short assay runtime makes this method a useful platform for the development of high throughput assays to determine modular domain-ligand interactions which could have wide-ranging applications in both basic and translational cancer research.
authors.affiliation: Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 400 Farmington Avenue, 06030, Farmington, CT, USA. thompsc1@mskcc.org.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 400 Farmington Avenue, 06030, Farmington, CT, USA. leebloom1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lee R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.affiliation: Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 400 Farmington Avenue, 06030, Farmington, CT, USA. ikeogi@ybb.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ogiue-Ikeda
authors.affiliation: Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 400 Farmington Avenue, 06030, Farmington, CT, USA. machida@uchc.edu.
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Machida
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000276:immunology; D019000:Phosphotyrosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D054730:Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs / Q000235:genetics*; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D018909:src Homology Domains / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases