title: A Cross-sectional Study of Prevalence and Etiology of Childhood Visual Impairment in Auckland, New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Childhood visual impairment has significant individual and socioeconomic costs with global differences in etiology and prevalence. This study aimed to determine prevalence, etiology, and avoidable causes of childhood visual impairment in New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective data analysis from a national referral center, the Blind and Low Vision Education Network New Zealand, Auckland.
  
  
  METHODS
  The World Health Organization Program for Prevention of Blindness eye examination records for visually impaired children, 16 years or younger, registered with the Auckland Visual Resource Centre, were included. Data analyzed included demographics, etiology, visual acuity, visual fields, educational setting, and rehabilitation plan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Charts of 340 children were examined, of which 267 children (144 blind, 123 low vision) were included in the analysis, whereas the remaining 73 charts of children with no visual impairment were excluded. The calculated prevalence of blindness and low vision was 0.05% and 0.04%, respectively, in the Auckland region. Principal causes of blindness affecting 91 children (63.9%) were cerebral visual impairment in 61 children (42.4%), optic nerve atrophy in 18 children (12.5%), and retinal dystrophy in 13 children (9.0%). The main potentially avoidable causes of blindness in 27 children (19%) were neonatal trauma, asphyxia in 9 children (33%), and nonaccidental injury 6 children (22%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This first report of prevalence for childhood blindness and low vision in New Zealand is similar to data from Established Market Economy countries. The leading causes of blindness are also comparable to other high-income countries; however, proportions of avoidable causes differ significantly.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, and Department of Ophthalmology, Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland District Health Board, Greenlane, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Chee Foong
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Charles N J
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: McGhee
authors.forename: Shuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dai