title: Emergence of highly virulent pseudorabies virus in southern China.
abstract: Pseudorabies has been controlled efficiently in China for many years by vaccination. However, it suddenly broke out in many pig farms in 2012-2013 in southern China. In this study, a systematic investigation that included virus isolation, genetic and pathological studies, and immunogenicity analysis was carried out with the aim of understanding the pathogenetic and antigenic features of novel isolates of pseudorabies virus (PRV). Of 38 tissue samples collected from pigs with clinical signs of pseudorabies on 13 farms in 4 provinces in southern China in 2012-2013, 29 showed wild-type PRV infection by polymerase chain reaction. Sequence analysis of 5 isolates from the 4 provinces showed that they belonged to a relatively independent cluster that shared 2 insertions of a single amino acid in the gE gene and 1 insertion of 7 amino acids in the gC gene. In experiments, isolate ZJ01 caused death in 100% of pigs that were either 14 or 80 days old. The serum antibodies to the commercial PRV vaccines had significantly lower neutralizing activity against the ZJ01 isolate than against the vaccine strains. The antigenic relatedness between ZJ01 and the vaccine strains was 0.378 to 0.455. These findings indicated that a novel, highly virulent PRV strain with antigenic variance had spread widely in southern China.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (Gu, Hou, Sun, Yang, Dong, Bai, Jiang); Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China (Jiang).
authors.forename: Zhenqing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (Gu, Hou, Sun, Yang, Dong, Bai, Jiang); Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China (Jiang).
authors.forename: Chengcai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (Gu, Hou, Sun, Yang, Dong, Bai, Jiang); Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China (Jiang).
authors.forename: Haifeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (Gu, Hou, Sun, Yang, Dong, Bai, Jiang); Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China (Jiang).
authors.forename: Wenping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (Gu, Hou, Sun, Yang, Dong, Bai, Jiang); Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China (Jiang).
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (Gu, Hou, Sun, Yang, Dong, Bai, Jiang); Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China (Jiang).
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (Gu, Hou, Sun, Yang, Dong, Bai, Jiang); Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China (Jiang).
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D011558:Herpesvirus 1, Suid / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011557:Pseudorabies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013552:Swine; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D014764:Viral Proteins