title: Analytical methods for determination of anticoagulant rodenticides in biological samples.
abstract: Anticoagulant rodenticides belong to a heterogeneous group of compounds which are used to kill rodents. They bind to enzyme complexes responsible for recycling of vitamin K, thus producing impairment in coagulation process. Rodenticides are among the most common house hold toxicants and exhibit wide variety of toxicities in non-target species especially in human, dogs and cats. This article reviews published analytical methods reported in literature for qualitative and quantitative determination of anticoagulant rodenticides in biological specimens. These techniques include high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet and florescence detectors, liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry, ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, ion chromatography with fluorescence detection, ion chromatography electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry and ion chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
authors.affiliation: Forensic Toxicology Department, Punjab Forensic Science Agency, Lahore 53700, Pakistan. Electronic address: imranfstox@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imran
authors.affiliation: Forensic Toxicology Department, Punjab Forensic Science Agency, Lahore 53700, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Humera
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shafi
authors.affiliation: Forensic Toxicology Department, Punjab Forensic Science Agency, Lahore 53700, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sardar Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wattoo
authors.affiliation: Forensic Toxicology Department, Punjab Forensic Science Agency, Lahore 53700, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Taimoor
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
authors.affiliation: Forensic Toxicology Department, Punjab Forensic Science Agency, Lahore 53700, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hafiz Faisal
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Usman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002845:Chromatography / Q000379:methods; D053593:Forensic Toxicology / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D015394:Molecular Structure; D012378:Rodenticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D012378:Rodenticides
keywords: Analytical methods; Anticoagulant; Biological samples; Rodenticides