title: A Swarm Optimization approach for clinical knowledge mining.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rule-based classification is a typical data mining task that is being used in several medical diagnosis and decision support systems. The rules stored in the rule base have an impact on classification efficiency. Rule sets that are extracted with data mining tools and techniques are optimized using heuristic or meta-heuristic approaches in order to improve the quality of the rule base. In this work, a meta-heuristic approach called Wind-driven Swarm Optimization (WSO) is used. The uniqueness of this work lies in the biological inspiration that underlies the algorithm.
  
  
  METHODS
  WSO uses Jval, a new metric, to evaluate the efficiency of a rule-based classifier. Rules are extracted from decision trees. WSO is used to obtain different permutations and combinations of rules whereby the optimal ruleset that satisfies the requirement of the developer is used for predicting the test data. The performance of various extensions of decision trees, namely, RIPPER, PART, FURIA and Decision Tables are analyzed. The efficiency of WSO is also compared with the traditional Particle Swarm Optimization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experiments were carried out with six benchmark medical datasets. The traditional C4.5 algorithm yields 62.89% accuracy with 43 rules for liver disorders dataset where as WSO yields 64.60% with 19 rules. For Heart disease dataset, C4.5 is 68.64% accurate with 98 rules where as WSO is 77.8% accurate with 34 rules. The normalized standard deviation for accuracy of PSO and WSO are 0.5921 and 0.5846 respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WSO provides accurate and concise rulesets. PSO yields results similar to that of WSO but the novelty of WSO lies in its biological motivation and it is customization for rule base optimization. The trade-off between the prediction accuracy and the size of the rule base is optimized during the design and development of rule-based clinical decision support system. The efficiency of a decision support system relies on the content of the rule base and classification accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Ramanujan Computing Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: J Jabez
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Christopher
authors.affiliation: Ramanujan Computing Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: nehemiah@annauniv.edu.
authors.forename: H Khanna
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Nehemiah
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Science and Technology, Anna University, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kannan
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D057225:Data Mining; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D003933:Diagnosis; D006801:Humans
keywords: Bio-inspired computing; Clinical decision making; Medical decision support systems; Rule-based classification; Swarm intelligence