title: The impact of luteinizing hormone and testosterone on beta amyloid (Aβ) accumulation: Animal and human clinical studies.
abstract: This article is part of a Special Issue "SBN 2014". Hormonal changes associated with ageing have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. Reductions in serum testosterone and increases in luteinizing hormone (LH) are established AD risk factors for dementia in men and have important roles in modulating AD pathogenesis. One of the defining features of AD is the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the brain, which has a key role in the neurodegenerative cascade. Both testosterone and LH have been shown to modulate CNS Aβ accumulation in animal studies, and associations with cerebral amyloid load in human studies have supported this. The underlying mechanisms by which these hormones modulate Aβ accumulation and contribute to neurodegeneration are not completely understood, however they have been shown to regulate Aβ metabolism, enhance its clearance and alter the processing of its parent molecule, the amyloid precursor protein. This review will discuss underlying mechanisms by which testosterone and LH modulate Aβ and provide an update on therapeutic approaches targeting these hormones.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's disease Research Unit, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia. Electronic address: Giuseppe.verdile@curtin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Verdile
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia; Dementia Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Prita R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Asih
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Barron
authors.affiliation: Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's disease Research Unit, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Medical Faculty, Pelita Harapan University - Neuroscience Centre, Siloam Hospital, Lippo Karawaci, Tangerang, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Eka J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Wahjoepramono
authors.affiliation: Dementia Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2036, Australia.
authors.forename: Lars M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ittner
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's disease Research Unit, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
authors.forename: Ralph N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D013739:Testosterone; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Amyloid precursor protein beta amyloid; Luteinizing hormone; Testosterone