title: Characteristics and Ophthalmic Manifestations of the Classic Dengue Fever Epidemic in Singapore (2005-2006).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to report the characteristics and ophthalmic manifestations associated with dengue fever (DF) in the 2005-2006 DF epidemic in Singapore.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case series.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven patients (7 males, 4 females) who were 14 to 40 years old (mean age, 27.3 years) with visual complaints occurring 1 to 2 weeks after the onset of DF underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination. The presenting visual acuity (VA) ranged from 6/6 to counting fingers. Five patients had bilateral eye involvement. Ophthalmic findings included retinal hemorrhages (15 eyes), cotton wool spots (15 eyes), retinal pigment epithelium alterations (5 eyes), optic disc swelling (3 eyes), foveolitis (3 eyes), and hyperemia (2 eyes). Impaired color vision was noted in 12 eyes. Visual field defects were noted in 13 eyes; 4 of these eyes were asymptomatic. Fundus fluorescein angiography was done in 9 patients; the findings include choroidal hyperfluorescence (9 eyes), blocked fluorescence (8 eyes), and capillary nonperfusion (1 eye). In 2 eyes, it was normal. Electrophysiology confirmed optic neuropathy in 3 eyes and maculopathy in 1 eye. The follow-up ranged from 12 days to 12 months. The VA at the last follow-up ranged from no light perception to 6/6. Visual field abnormalities were noted in 5 eyes despite a normal VA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dengue fever is associated with a wide spectrum of ophthalmic manifestations. Rarely, ophthalmic complications in DF can result in permanent visual impairment. Further work can be done to elucidate the relationship between systemic and ocular manifestations of DF.
authors.affiliation: From the *National Healthcare Group; †Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital; and ‡Eye Clinic, Jurong Medical Centre, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yan Tong
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Srinivasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanjay