title: Different roles of capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy in obscure small intestinal diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the roles of capsule endoscopy (CE) and double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) in the diagnosis of obscure small bowel diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  From June 2009 to December 2014, 88 patients were included in this study; the patients had undergone gastroscopy, colonoscopy, radiological small intestinal barium meal, abdominal computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scan and mesenteric angiography, but their diagnoses were still unclear. The patients with gastrointestinal obstructions, fistulas, strictures, or cardiac pacemakers, as well as pregnant women, and individuals who could not accept the capsule-retention or capsule-removal surgery were excluded. Patients with heart, lung and other vital organ failure diseases were also excluded. Everyone involved in this study had undergone CE and DBE. The results were divided into: (1) the definite diagnosis (the diagnosis was confirmed at least by one of the biopsy, surgery, pathology or the drug treatment effects with follow-up for at least 3 mo); (2) the possible diagnosis (a possible diagnosis was suggested by CE or DBE, but not confirmed by the biopsy, surgery or follow-up drug treatment effects); and (3) the unclear diagnosis (no exact causes were provided by CE and DBE for the disease). The detection rate and the diagnostic yield of the two methods were compared. The difference in the etiologies between CE and DBE was estimated, and the different possible etiologies caused by the age groups were also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CE exhibited a better trend than DBE for diagnosing scattered small ulcers (P = 0.242, Fisher's test), and small vascular malformations (χ(2) = 1.810, P = 0.179, Pearson χ(2) test), but with no significant differences, possible due to few cases. However, DBE was better than CE for larger tumors (P = 0.018, Fisher's test) and for diverticular lesions with bleeding ulcers (P = 0.005, Fisher's test). All three hemangioma cases diagnosed by DBE in this study (including sponge hemangioma, venous hemangioma, and hemangioma with hamartoma lesions) were all confirmed by biopsy. Two parasite cases were found by CE, but were negative by DBE. This study revealed no obvious differences in the detection rates (DR) of CE (60.0%, 53/88) and DBE (59.1%, 52/88). However, the etiological diagnostic yield (DY) difference was apparent. The CE diagnostic yield was 42.0% (37/88), and the DBE diagnostic yield was 51.1% (45/88). Furthermore, there were differences among the age groups (χ(2) = 22.146, P = 0.008, Kruskal Wallis Test). Small intestinal cancer (5/6 cases), vascular malformations (22/29 cases), and active bleeding (3/4 cases) appeared more commonly in the patients over 50 years old, but diverticula with bleeding ulcers were usually found in the 15-25-year group (4/7cases). The over-25-year group accounted for the stromal tumors (10/12 cases).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CE and DBE each have their own advantages and disadvantages. The appropriate choice depends on the patient's age, tolerance, and clinical manifestations. Sometimes CE followed by DBE is necessary.
authors.affiliation: Zhi-Hong Zhang, Chun-Hua Qiu, Yi Li, Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Provincial Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Hong
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Zhi-Hong Zhang, Chun-Hua Qiu, Yi Li, Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Provincial Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Zhi-Hong Zhang, Chun-Hua Qiu, Yi Li, Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Provincial Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001706:Biopsy; D053704:Capsule Endoscopy; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D058582:Double-Balloon Enteroscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Capsule endoscopy; Double-balloon enteroscopy; Obscure small intestinal diseases