title: Therapeutic and nutraceutical potential of rosmarinic acid-Cytoprotective properties and pharmacokinetic profile.
abstract: Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural polyphenolic antioxidant derived from many common herbal plants. This compound displays several important biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antidepressant, anticarcionogenic, and chemopreventive properties. The importance of its activities and its possible application in processed foods as a natural antioxidant has reached a new interest levels in recent years. The health effects of this polyphenol depend greatly on both its intakes and bioavailability. This review focuses on the importance of RA as a dietary supplement, and summarizes its pharmacokinetics and metabolism, including the factors that limit its oral bioavailability which leads to a lower therapeutic action. Further experimental investigations are needed to optimize and enhance the oral bioavailability of this natural compound which consequently will help increasing therapeutic efficacy of RA in vivo.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: b CBQF/Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Raquel
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Madureira
authors.affiliation: b CBQF/Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Débora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: c i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto , Portugal.|d INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, New Therapies Group, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.|e CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde , Gandra , Portugal.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarmento
authors.affiliation: b CBQF/Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: b CBQF/Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pintado
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.|f Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI) Research Consortium, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.
authors.forename: Flávio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D001682:Biological Availability; D028082:Boraginaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects*; D053630:Depsides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D000097123:Rosmarinic Acid
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002934:Cinnamates; D053630:Depsides; D000097123:Rosmarinic Acid
keywords: Rosmarinic acid; cytoprotective properties; in vivo models; nutraceutical; pharmacokinetic profile; therapeutic