title: HIV prevalence is strongly associated with geographical variations in male circumcision and foreskin cutting in Papua New Guinea: an ecological study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the correlation between HIV prevalence and male circumcision and other foreskin cutting practices across the four regions of Papua New Guinea (PNG).
  
  
  METHODS
  An ecological substudy using unique data from an interdisciplinary research programme to evaluate the acceptability, sociocultural context and public health impact of male circumcision for HIV prevention in PNG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published data describing (a) self-reported circumcision status by region from the 'Acceptability and Feasibility of Male Circumcision for HIV prevention in PNG' study and (b) HIV prevalence by region from PNG National Department of Health were used to correlate male circumcision and other foreskin cutting practices and HIV prevalence. Maps were constructed to visually represent variations across the four regions of PNG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regions of PNG with the highest HIV prevalence had the lowest prevalence of male circumcision and other forms of foreskin cutting and vice versa. Male circumcision and dorsal longitudinal cuts were strongly associated with HIV prevalence and able to explain 99% of the observed geographical variability in HIV prevalence in PNG (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The regional prevalence of HIV infection in PNG appears to be closely correlated with the regional distribution of male circumcision and dorsal longitudinal foreskin cuts. Further research is warranted to investigate causality of this correlation as well as the potential of dorsal longitudinal cuts to confer protection against HIV acquisition in heterosexual men.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: MacLaren
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: W John H
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Gerard C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Tropical Health Solutions Pty Ltd, Cairns, Queensland, Australia College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.affiliation: School of Health Science, Pacific Adventist University, Port Moresby, NCD, Papua New Guinea.
authors.forename: Rachael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tommbe
authors.affiliation: Public Health Intervention Research Group, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kaldor
authors.affiliation: Public Health Intervention Research Group, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Sexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Vallely
mesh_terms: D002944:Circumcision, Male; D052816:Foreskin / Q000293:injuries*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010219:Papua New Guinea / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D019371:Topography, Medical
keywords: CIRCUMCISION; EPIDEMIOLOGY (GENERAL); HIV; PUBLIC HEALTH