title: Clinical management of negative symptoms of schizophrenia: An update.
abstract: Overwhelming research evidence suggests that the negative symptoms of schizophrenia (NSS) contribute more to impaired quality of life and poor functioning than positive symptoms, and that NSS, including affective flattening, alogia and avolition are present in at least one-fifth of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Despite this, management of NSS continues to be a major clinical unmet need as treatment with current antipsychotic medication seems to reach at best modest efficacy. A critical review of the current pharmacological, non-pharmacological and psychosocial treatments available for NSS is presented here, using data retrieved from the MEDLINE/PUBMED, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the ClinicalTrials.gov databases. An early and accurate diagnosis using selective scales is essential for documentation and monitoring of change in NSS according to treatment response. Typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs, showed modest efficacy in managing NSS. Conflicting results were obtained with the use of glycinergic neuromodulators, anticholinergics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, psychostimulants, modafinil and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Moreover, non-pharmacological therapies including psychological therapies have failed to address NSS effectively. At present, it appears that the best effective approach for clinical management of NSS is achieved by complementing drug therapy with psychosocial therapies. Continuing basic and clinical research for the understanding of the genetic, behavioral and neural basis of NSS should yield novel pharmacotherapies with superior efficacy, tolerability and long-term maintenance for improved treatment of NSS.
authors.affiliation: 'Aghios Charalambos' Mental Health Center, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: emtsapakis@doctors.org.uk.
authors.forename: Evangelia M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Tsapakis
authors.affiliation: 'Aghios Charalambos' Mental Health Center, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Trisevgeni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dimopoulou
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Frank I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Tarazi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011613:Psychotherapy; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
keywords: Negative symptoms; Neurochemistry; Non-pharmacological treatments; Novel pharmacological treatments