title: Vitamin D Levels Decline with Rising Number of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Healthy Adults: Association with Adipokines, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Advanced Glycation Markers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypovitaminosis D associates with obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipoproteinemia. We asked whether the presence of multiple cardiometabolic risk factors, and which particular combination, exerts additive negative effects on 25(OH)D3 levels; and whether 25(OH)D3 levels associate with markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  In non-diabetic medication-free adults central obesity (waist-to-height ratio > 0.5); elevated blood pressure (systolic BP≥130 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥85 mm Hg); increased atherogenic risk (log(TAG/HDL) ≥ 0.11); and insulin resistance (QUICKI < 0.322) were considered as cardiometabolic risk factors. 25(OH)D3 status was classified as deficiency (25(OH)D3 ≤20 ng/ml); insufficiency (levels between 20-to-30 ng/ml), or as satisfactory (>30 ng/ml). Plasma adipokines, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, advanced glycation end-products, and their soluble receptor were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  162 subjects were cardiometabolic risk factors-free, 162 presented increased (i.e. 1 or 2), and 87 high number (i.e. 3 or 4) of cardiometabolic risk factors. Mean 25(OH)D3 decreased with rising number of manifested risk factors (36 ± 14 ng/ml, 33 ± 14 ng/ml, and 31 ± 15 ng/ml, respectively; pANOVA: 0.010), while prevalence of hypovitaminosis D did not differ significantly. Elevated blood pressure and insulin resistance appeared as significant determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Subjects presenting these risk factors concurrently displayed the lowest 25(OH)D3 levels (29 ± 15 ng/ml). Plasma adipokines, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, advanced glycation end-products, and their soluble receptor generally differed significantly between the groups, but only advanced oxidation protein products and advanced glycation end-products associated fluorescence of plasma showed significant independent association with 25(OH)D3 levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In apparently healthy adults increasing number of cardiometabolic risk factors associates with poorer 25(OH)D3 status, while the association between 25(OH)D3 status and inflammatory or oxidative stress markers remains equivocal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacotherapy, Medical Faculty, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Zora
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Krivošíková
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacotherapy, Medical Faculty, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gajdoš
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular BioMedicine, Medical Faculty, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Katarína
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Šebeková
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003663:Decision Trees; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood*; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D015415:Biomarkers; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D014807:Vitamin D; D002112:Calcifediol