title: Extent and Location of the Excitatory and Inhibitory Cortical Hand Representation Maps: A Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study.
abstract: Voluntary muscle action and control are modulated by the primary motor cortex, which is characterized by a well-defined somatotopy. Muscle action and control depend on a sensitive balance between excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms in the cortex and in the corticospinal tract. The cortical locations evoking excitatory and inhibitory responses in brain stimulation can be mapped, for example, as a pre-surgical procedure. The purpose of this study was to find the differences between excitatory and inhibitory motor representations mapped using navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS). The representations of small hand muscles were mapped to determine the areas and the center of gravities (CoGs) in both hemispheres of healthy right-handed volunteers. The excitatory representations were obtained via resting motor evoked potential (MEP) mapping, with and without a stimulation grid. The inhibitory representations were mapped using the grid and measuring corticospinal silent periods (SPs) during voluntary muscle contraction. The excitatory representations were larger on the dominant hemisphere compared with the non-dominant (p < 0.05). The excitatory CoGs were more medial (p < 0.001) and anterior (p < 0.001) than the inhibitory CoGs. The use of the grid did not influence the areas or the CoGs. The results support the common hypothesis that the MEP and SP representations are located at adjacent sites. Furthermore, the dominant hemisphere seems to be better organized for controlling excitatory motor functions with respect to TMS. In addition, the inhibitory representations could provide further information about motor reorganization and aid in surgery planning when the functional cortical representations are located in abnormal cortical regions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, POB 100, 70029, KYS, Finland. minna.pitkanen@alumni.aalto.fi.|Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, POB 12200, 00076, Aalto, Finland. minna.pitkanen@alumni.aalto.fi.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pitkänen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, POB 100, 70029, KYS, Finland.|Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kallioniemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, POB 100, 70029, KYS, Finland.|Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Petro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Julkunen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D053444:Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*