title: Robot guidance of an ultrasound probe toward a 3D region of interest detected through X-ray mammography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This research is situated in the context of breast cancer detection where the standard procedure is the succession of an initial mammography (MX) examination and a supplementary ultrasound (US) scan. One major difficulty of this procedure results from the fact that breast geometry changes between both examinations due to different patient's positions. The proposed system facilitates this combined examination by keeping the breast geometry and by adding a US probe guidance robot to the mammography system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comanipulation system is set up where the robot and user simultaneously manipulate the probe toward the target previously localized in MX images. Calibration procedures and robot control are detailed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A test protocol was presented to conduct two tests that are both related to the medical application. The first tests aim at evaluating robot guidance for localizing a lesion which was previously defined in the X-ray images. The second tests aim at quantifying robot influence when scanning a target lesion. The studied task consists of a pointing/scanning exercise, where the US beam intersects a breast lesion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experiments show a significant increase in examination quality when using robot guidance as compared to the nonassisted examination.
authors.affiliation: UMR 7222, ISIR, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Paris, France. marie-aude.vitrani@upmc.fr.|INSERM, U1150, Agathe-ISIR, 75005, Paris, France. marie-aude.vitrani@upmc.fr.|CNRS, UMR 7222, ISIR, 75005, Paris, France. marie-aude.vitrani@upmc.fr.
authors.forename: Marie-Aude
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vitrani
authors.affiliation: UMR 7222, ISIR, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Paris, France. marx@isir.upmc.fr.|INSERM, U1150, Agathe-ISIR, 75005, Paris, France. marx@isir.upmc.fr.|CNRS, UMR 7222, ISIR, 75005, Paris, France. marx@isir.upmc.fr.|GE Healthcare, Buc, France. marx@isir.upmc.fr.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.affiliation: GE Healthcare, Buc, France.
authors.forename: R Zvan
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Iordache
authors.affiliation: GE Healthcare, Buc, France.
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.affiliation: UMR 7222, ISIR, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Paris, France. morel@isir.upmc.fr.|INSERM, U1150, Agathe-ISIR, 75005, Paris, France. morel@isir.upmc.fr.|CNRS, UMR 7222, ISIR, 75005, Paris, France. morel@isir.upmc.fr.
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morel
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002138:Calibration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: Assisted gesture; Breast cancer detection; Comanipulation; Human–robot collaboration