title: Effects of Newly Designed Hospital Buildings on Staff Perceptions: A Pre-Post Study to Validate Design Decisions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates effects of the newly built nonpatient-related buildings of a large university medical center on staff perceptions and whether the design objectives were achieved.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The medical center is gradually renewing its hospital building area of 200,000 m.(2) This redevelopment is carefully planned and because lessons learned can guide design decisions of the next phase, the medical center is keen to evaluate the performance of the new buildings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pre- and post-study with a control group was conducted. Prior to the move to the new buildings an occupancy evaluation was carried out in the old setting (n = 729) (pre-study). Post occupation of the new buildings another occupancy evaluation (post-study) was carried out in the new setting (intervention group) and again in some old settings (control group) (n = 664). The occupancy evaluation consisted of an online survey that measured the perceived performance of different aspects of the building. Longitudinal multilevel analysis was used to compare the performance of the old buildings with the new buildings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant improvements were found in indoor climate, perceived safety, working environment, well-being, facilities, sustainability, and overall satisfaction. Commitment to the employer, working atmosphere, orientation, work performance, and knowledge sharing did not improve. The results were interpreted by relating them to specific design choices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We showed that it is possible to measure the performance improvements of a complex intervention being a new building design and validate design decisions. A focused design process aiming for a safe, pleasant and sustainable building resulted in actual improvements in some of the related performance measures.
authors.affiliation: TNO Earth, Life and Social Sciences, Soesterberg, the Netherlands eliane.schreuder@tno.nl.
authors.forename: Eliane
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schreuder
authors.affiliation: Directorate of Corporate Real Estate, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Heel
authors.affiliation: Directorate of Corporate Real Estate, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rien
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goedhart
authors.affiliation: TNO Earth, Life and Social Sciences, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dusseldorp
authors.affiliation: TNO Earth, Life and Social Sciences, Soesterberg, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan Maarten
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schraagen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burdorf
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D000328:Adult; D000389:Air Conditioning / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods; D003659:Decision Making, Organizational; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D006749:Hospital Design and Construction; D006801:Humans; D007374:Interior Design and Furnishings / Q000592:standards*; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007755:Laboratories, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008494:Medical Office Buildings / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D009623:Noise, Occupational / Q000517:prevention & control; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000592:standards*; D015279:Organizational Culture; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D000072799:Stair Climbing / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: built environment; longitudinal multilevel analysis; nonpatient-related buildings; pre-post occupancy evaluation; staff satisfaction