title: Cancer stem cells in glioblastoma.
abstract: Tissues with defined cellular hierarchies in development and homeostasis give rise to tumors with cellular hierarchies, suggesting that tumors recapitulate specific tissues and mimic their origins. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent and malignant primary brain tumor and contains self-renewing, tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) that contribute to tumor initiation and therapeutic resistance. As normal stem and progenitor cells participate in tissue development and repair, these developmental programs re-emerge in CSCs to support the development and progressive growth of tumors. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that govern CSCs has informed the development of novel targeted therapeutics for GBM and other brain cancers. CSCs are not self-autonomous units; rather, they function within an ecological system, both actively remodeling the microenvironment and receiving critical maintenance cues from their niches. To fulfill the future goal of developing novel therapies to collapse CSC dynamics, drawing parallels to other normal and pathological states that are highly interactive with their microenvironments and that use developmental signaling pathways will be beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA;
authors.forename: Justin D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lathia
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA;
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Mulkearns-Hubert
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Claudia L L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Valentim
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Rich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: brain tumor; cancer stem cell; glioblastoma; glioma; stem cell; tumor-initiating cell