title: Beyond single behaviour theory: Adding cross-behaviour cognitions to the health action process approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Commonly, health behaviour theories have been applied to single behaviours, giving insights into specific behaviours but providing little knowledge on how individuals pursue an overall healthy lifestyle. In the context of diet and physical activity, we investigated the extent to which cross-behaviour cognitions, namely transfer cognitions and compensatory health beliefs, contribute to single behaviour theory.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 767 participants from two European regions (i.e., Germany n = 351, southern Europe n = 416) completed online questionnaires on physical activity and healthy dietary behaviour, behaviour-specific cognitions (i.e., self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, risk perception, intention, action planning, action control), as well as cross-behaviour cognitions, namely transfer cognitions and compensatory health beliefs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nested path models were specified to investigate the importance of cross-behaviour cognitions over and above behaviour-specific predictors of physical activity and healthy nutrition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across both health behaviours, transfer cognitions were positively associated with intention and self-regulatory strategies. Compensatory health beliefs were negatively associated with intention. Action planning and action control mediated the effect of intentions on behaviour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cross-behaviour cognitions contribute to single behaviour theory and may explain how individuals regulate more than one health behaviour. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Cross-behaviour cognitions are related to a healthy lifestyle. Compensatory health beliefs hinder the adoption of a healthy lifestyle. Transfer cognitions encourage the engagement in a healthy lifestyle. What does this study add? Transfer cognitions were positively associated with intentions, action planning, and action control over and above behaviour-specific cognitions. Compensatory health beliefs were related to intentions only. Both facilitating and debilitating cross-behaviour cognitions need to be studied within a unified multiple behaviour research framework.
authors.affiliation: Health Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.|Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.|Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fleig
authors.affiliation: ‎Nutrition Research Foundation, Barcelona Science Park, Spain.
authors.forename: Joy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.affiliation: ‎Nutrition Research Foundation, Barcelona Science Park, Spain.|EUSES Sports Science, University of Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Greece.
authors.forename: Evangelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ntzani
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Satta
authors.affiliation: Health Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.affiliation: Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwarzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Brandi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003071:Cognition; D004032:Diet / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012309:Risk-Taking; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Mediterranean diet; compensatory health beliefs; cross-behaviour cognitions; healthy diet; intention; physical activity; self-regulation; transfer cognitions