title: Molecular evolution of haemagglutinin (H) gene in measles virus.
abstract: We studied the molecular evolution of the haemagglutinin (H) gene (full length) in all genotypes (24 genotypes, 297 strains) of measles virus (MeV). The gene's evolutionary timescale was estimated by the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. We also analysed positive selection sites. The MCMC tree indicated that the MeV H gene diverged from the rinderpest virus (same genus) about 250 years ago and that 24 MeV genotypes formed 3 lineages dating back to a 1915 ancestor (95% highest posterior density [HPD] 1882-1941) with relatively rapid evolution (mean rate: 9.02 × 10(-4) substitutions/site/year). The 3 lineages diverged in 1915 (lineage 1, 95% HPD 1882-1941), 1954 (lineage 2, 95% HPD 1937-1969), and 1940 (lineage 3, 95% HPD 1927-1952). These 24 genotypes may have diverged and emerged between the 1940s and 1990 s. Selective pressure analysis identified many negative selection sites on the H protein but only a few positive selection sites, suggesting strongly operated structural and/or functional constraint of changes on the H protein. Based on the molecular evolution of H gene, an ancestor MeV of the 24 genotypes emerged about 100 years ago and the structure of H protein has been well conserved.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.|Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.affiliation: Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-0004, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-0004, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saraya
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-0004, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kurai
authors.affiliation: Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsukagoshi
authors.affiliation: Yamaguchi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi 753-0821, Japan.
authors.forename: Komei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shirabe
authors.affiliation: College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsuyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nishina
authors.affiliation: Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan.
authors.forename: Kunihisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kozawa
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sekizuka
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisanori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minakami
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihide
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ryo
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeda
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005814:Genes, Viral; D005838:Genotype; D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008390:Markov Chains; D008459:Measles virus / Q000235:genetics*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral; C032397:hemagglutinin protein G, measles virus