title: Mirror exposure to increase body satisfaction: Should we guide the focus of attention towards positively or negatively evaluated body parts?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Though there is some evidence that body exposure increases body satisfaction, it is still unclear why exposure works and how attention should be guided during exposure. This pilot study manipulates the focus of attention during body exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female participants high in body dissatisfaction were randomly assigned to an exposure intervention that exclusively focused on self-defined attractive (n = 11) or self-defined unattractive (n = 11) body parts. Both interventions consisted of five exposure sessions and homework. Outcome and process of change were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both types of exposure were equally effective and led to significant improvements in body satisfaction, body checking, body concerns, body avoidance and mood at post-test. Improvements for body satisfaction and mood were maintained at follow-up while body shape concerns and body checking still improved between post-test and follow-up. Body avoidance improvements were maintained for the positive exposure while the negative exposure tended to further decrease long-term body avoidance at follow-up.. The 'positive' exposure induced positive feelings during all exposure sessions while the 'negative' exposure initially induced a worsening of feelings but feelings started to improve after some sessions. The most unattractive body part was rated increasingly attractive in both conditions though this increase was significantly larger in the negative compared to the positive exposure condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sample size was small and non-clinical.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both types of exposure might be effective and clinically useful. Negative exposure is emotionally hard but might be significantly more effective in increasing the perceived attractiveness of loathed body parts and in decreasing avoidance behavior.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. Electronic address: a.jansen@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.affiliation: Health & Social Psychology Master, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Voorwinde
authors.affiliation: Health & Social Psychology Master, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yvette
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hoebink
authors.affiliation: Maatschap De Praktijk, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marlies
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rekkers
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carolien
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martijn
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; Virenze Riagg Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mulkens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007171:Implosive Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Attention; Body dissatisfaction; Body exposure; Body image; Cognitive behaviour therapy; Eating disorders; Mirror exposure