title: Development of a Standardized Set of Patient-centered Outcomes for Advanced Prostate Cancer: An International Effort for a Unified Approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are no universally monitored outcomes relevant to men with advanced prostate cancer, making it challenging to compare health outcomes between populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to develop a standard set of outcomes relevant to men with advanced prostate cancer to follow during routine clinical care.
  
  
  METHODS
  The International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement assembled a multidisciplinary working group to develop the set.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a modified Delphi method to achieve consensus regarding the outcomes, measures, and case mix factors included.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 25 members of the multidisciplinary international working group represented academic and nonacademic centers, registries, and patients. Recognizing the heterogeneity of men with advanced prostate cancer, the group defined the scope as men with all stages of incurable prostate cancer (metastatic and biochemical recurrence ineligible for further curative therapy). We defined outcomes important to all men, such as overall survival, and measures specific to subgroups, such as time to metastasis. Measures gathered from clinical data include measures of disease control. We also identified patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), such as degree of urinary, bowel, and erectile dysfunction, mood symptoms, and pain control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The international multidisciplinary group identified clinical data and PROMs that serve as a basis for international health outcome comparisons and quality-of-care assessments. The set will be revised annually.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our international group has recommended a standardized set of patient-centered outcomes to be followed during routine care for all men with advanced prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. Electronic address: alicia.morgans@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Alicia K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Morgans
authors.affiliation: International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement, Cambridge, MA, USA; Dutch Institute for Clinical Auditing, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annelotte C M
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van Bommel
authors.affiliation: International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Caleb
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stowell
authors.affiliation: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Abrahm
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Ethan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Basch
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Justin E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bekelman
authors.affiliation: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Donna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.affiliation: Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bossi
authors.affiliation: Monash University Eastern Health Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Theo M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: de Reijke
authors.affiliation: Oncology Centre Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; US TOO Belgium, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Louis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Denis
authors.affiliation: Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Sue M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Neil E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Fleshner
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: US TOO International, Des Plaines, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kiefert
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Matthew
authors.affiliation: St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.affiliation: University College Hospitals London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.affiliation: Cancer Action Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Ian A G
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.affiliation: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schrag
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steuber
authors.affiliation: Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tombal
authors.affiliation: Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Basten
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacobus J M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van der Hoeven
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; VA Tennessee Valley Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Penson
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D003697:Delphi Technique; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain; D010166:Palliative Care; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D011788:Quality of Life; D014549:Urinary Incontinence
keywords: Health care; Outcome assessment (health care); Palliative care; Patient-centered care; Prostate cancer; Quality indicators