title: Review of Intermediate Uveitis.
abstract: The purpose of this article is to highlight evidence about the medical and surgical management of intermediate uveitis (IU). Updated understandings of the immunopathology of IU were reviewed in this retrospective literature review. Literature selection for this review was based on the PubMed database (National Library of Medicine) and OVID database (Wolters Kluwer). Articles deemed relevant were selected and highlighted. Intermediate uveitis is most often a benign form of uveitis. Since intermediate uveitis has been described in association with different systemic disorders, the initial diagnostic evaluation should serve to exclude masquerade syndromes and infectious diseases in which immunosuppression may be ineffective or contraindicated. Although the pathogenesis of intermediate uveitis is not fully understood, identification of proinflammatory molecules involved in the IU has contributed to the development and implementation of new therapies. Studies about the use of various immunosuppressants, biological agents and surgical treatment on IU have provided more evidence for managing IU. Nevertheless, corticosteroids remain the mainstay of treatment. The treatment options of intermediate uveitis are evolving, with the development of various immunosuppressants and biological agents. The management of intermediate uveitis should be tailored individually, based on specific causes of the disease and associated complications.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Frank H P
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: David T L
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Dennis S C
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lam