title: Detection of indoxyl sulfate levels in dogs and cats suffering from naturally occurring kidney diseases.
abstract: Indoxyl sulfate (IS), a protein-bound uraemic toxin, has been found to accumulate in the serum of people with renal diseases and is associated with free radical induction, nephrotoxicity cardiovascular toxicity, and osteoblast cytotoxicity. Although IS has been studied in humans and in experimental models, the role of IS in dogs and cats with kidney disease has not been investigated. A high performance liquid chromatography system was applied to detect plasma IS concentrations in non-azotaemic animals (63 dogs, 16 cats) and in animals with renal azotaemia (66 dogs, 69 cats). The IS levels of azotaemic animals were significantly higher (P <0.01) than those of non-azotaemic animals (median [IQR] 20.4 (9.5) mg/L vs. 7.2 (8.8) mg/L for dogs; median [IQR] 21 (18.9) mg/L vs. 14.8 (12.3) mg/L for cats). The IS level was significantly correlated with blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and phosphate concentrations. Dogs with acute kidney injury had significantly higher IS levels (P <0.01) than those with chronic kidney diseases (CKD) (median [IQR] 57.7 (40.8) mg/L vs. 17.7 (25.1) mg/L). When CKD was graded using the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) staging system, IS levels were correlated with CKD severity in both dogs and cats. The IS concentration is directly related to loss of renal function. Further studies are necessary to determine whether measurement of IS provides any additional diagnostic or prognostic information in dogs and cats with kidney disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, No. 153, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, No. 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, No. 153, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Electronic address: yajanelee@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002415:Cats; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000662:veterinary; D004285:Dogs; D007200:Indican / Q000097:blood*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007200:Indican
keywords: Acute kidney injury; Chronic kidney disease; High-performance liquid chromatography; Indoxyl sulfate; Uraemic toxin