title: A time estimation task as a possible measure of emotions: difference depending on the nature of the stimulus used.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Time perception is fundamental for human experience. A topic which has attracted the attention of researchers for long time is how the stimulus sensory modality (e.g., images vs. sounds) affects time judgments. However, so far, no study has directly compared the effect of two sensory modalities using emotional stimuli on time judgments.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present two studies, healthy participants were asked to estimate the duration of a pure sound preceded by the presentation of odors vs. emotional videos as priming stimuli (implicit emotion-eliciting task). During the task, skin conductance (SC) was measured as an index of arousal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Olfactory stimuli resulted in an increase in SC and in a constant time overestimation. Video stimuli resulted in an increase in SC (emotional arousal), which decreased linearly overtime. Critically, video stimuli resulted in an initial time underestimation, which shifted progressively towards a time overestimation. These results suggest that video stimuli recruited both arousal-related and attention-related mechanisms, and that the role played by these mechanisms changed overtime.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These pilot studies highlight the importance of comparing the effect of different kinds on temporal estimation tasks, and suggests that odors are well suited to investigate arousal-related temporal distortions, while videos are ideal to investigate both arousal-related and attention-related mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon and EA4184 of the University of Burgundy Dijon, France ; CoBTek (Cognition-Behaviour-Technologie), Nice Sofia-Antipolis University, Institut Claude Pompidou Nice, France.
authors.forename: Auriane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gros
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon and EA4184 of the University of Burgundy Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giroud
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon and EA4184 of the University of Burgundy Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Yannick
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bejot
authors.affiliation: Resource and Research Memory Center, Hospital of Dijon Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rouaud
authors.affiliation: Resource and Research Memory Center, Hospital of Dijon Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guillemin
authors.affiliation: Dijon Stroke Registry, EA4184, University Hospital and Medical School of Dijon, University of Burgundy Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Corine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aboa Eboulé
authors.affiliation: CoBTek (Cognition-Behaviour-Technologie), Nice Sofia-Antipolis University, Institut Claude Pompidou Nice, France.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Manera
authors.affiliation: Dijon Stroke Registry, EA4184, University Hospital and Medical School of Dijon, University of Burgundy Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Anaïs
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daumas
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Dijon Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lemesle Martin
keywords: emotional disorders; priming effect; skin conductance; test; time estimation