title: Female Autism Phenotypes Investigated at Different Levels of Language and Developmental Abilities.
abstract: This study investigated the differences in clinical symptoms between females and males with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) across three verbal ability groups (nonverbal, phrase and fluent speech), based on which Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule module was administered to 5723 individuals in four research datasets. In the Simons Simplex Collection and Autism Treatment Network, females with ASD and phrase or fluent speech had lower cognitive, adaptive, and social abilities than males. In the Autism Genetics Resource Exchange and the Autism Consortium, females with phrase or fluent speech had similar or better adaptive and social abilities than males. Females who were nonverbal had similar cognitive, adaptive, and social abilities as males. Population-based longitudinal studies of verbally fluent females with ASD are needed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Hasbro Children's/Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.|Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Lexington, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Yamini J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.affiliation: Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Lexington, MA, USA.|Laboratory of Computer Science, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Julia A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: O'Rourke
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Hasbro Children's/Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Yvette
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yatchmink
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Community Health/Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.|Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Emma W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Viscidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, USA. Eric_Morrow@Brown.edu.|Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry and Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. Eric_Morrow@Brown.edu.|Developmental Disorders Genetics Research Program, Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, Providence, RI, USA. Eric_Morrow@Brown.edu.
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Morrow
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D066107:Social Skills; D014705:Verbal Behavior
keywords: Autism spectrum disorder; Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder; Sex differences