title: Intensification of ammonia removal from waste water in biologically active zeolitic ion exchange columns.
abstract: The use of nitrification filters for the removal of ammonium ion from waste-water is an established technology deployed extensively in municipal water treatment, in industrial water treatment and in applications such as fish farming. The process involves the development of immobilized bacterial films on a solid packing support, which is designed to provide a suitable host for the film, and allow supply of oxygen to promote aerobic action. Removal of ammonia and nitrite is increasingly necessary to meet drinking water and discharge standards being applied in the US, Europe and other places. Ion-exchange techniques are also effective for removal of ammonia (as the ammonium ion) from waste water and have the advantage of fast start-up times compared to biological filtration which in some cases may take several weeks to be fully operational. Here we explore the performance of ion exchange columns in which nitrifying bacteria are cultivated, with the goal of a "combined" process involving simultaneous ion-exchange and nitrification, intensified by in-situ aeration with a novel membrane module. There were three experimental goals. Firstly, ion exchange zeolites were characterized and prepared for comparative column breakthrough studies for ammonia removal. Secondly effective in-situ aeration for promotion of nitrifying bacterial growth was studied using a number of different membranes including polyethersulfone (PES), polypropylene (PP), nylon, and polytetra-fluoroethylene (PTFE). Thirdly the breakthrough performance of ion exchange columns filled with zeolite in the presence of aeration and in the presence of nitrifying bacteria was determined to establish the influence of biomass, and aeration upon breakthrough during ammonium ion uptake. The methodology adopted included screening of two types of the naturally occuring zeolite clinoptilolite for effective ammonia removal in continuous ion-exchange columns. Next, the performance of fixed beds of clinoptilolite in the presence of nitrifying bacteria is compared to that in columns in which only ion exchange is occurring. The aeration performance of each of the chosen membranes was compared experimentally using a newly developed membrane support module which is also described. Comparison of ammonia removal in columns equipped with in-situ aeration using each membrane was undertaken and the breakthrough characteristics determined. The results showed that ammonia removal in the presence of the nitrifiers was significantly intensified. Column operation with membrane aeration showed further enhancement of ammonia removal. The greatest enhancement was observed in the case of the polyethersulfone membrane (PES). It is concluded that combined nitrification and ion-exchange is significantly intensified in packed columns by in-situ aeration using a novel membrane module. There is significant potential for extending the ion-exchange cycle time and thus potential cost reduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Electronic address: azelalmutairi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Azel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Almutairi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Electronic address: lweather@ku.edu.
authors.forename: Laurence R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Weatherley
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000737:chemistry*; D001419:Bacteria; D018533:Biomass; D005060:Europe; D005374:Filtration; D007474:Ion Exchange; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D017641:Zeolites
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D017641:Zeolites; C083175:clinoptilolite
keywords: Intensification; Ion-exchange; Membrane aeration; Nitrification; Water treatment