title: Maternal Cultural Orientation and Child Growth in New Zealand Pacific Families.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In New Zealand (NZ), children of Pacific heritage are generally born heavier and gain weight more quickly than non-Pacific children. Immigrants' health is commonly expected to converge with the host population through acculturation. The aim of this analysis was to examine whether mothers' acculturation is associated with less-rapid weight gain in NZ Pacific children, and whether this differs by mothers' nativity.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a birth cohort of 1249 children followed 2000-2011, birth weight and weight and standing height, measured at years 2, 4, 6, 9, and 11, were quantified as sex- and age-specific weight (weight-for-age; WFA) and BMI z-scores. Maternal acculturation (range, 11-54) was assessed at baseline and years 4, 6, and 11.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In adjusted models using generalized estimating equations to account for repeated measures, maternal acculturation was not significantly associated with children's WFA or BMI z-scores overall. In stratified analyses, change in maternal acculturation score was inversely associated with WFA z-score change among children of NZ-born, but not immigrant, mothers (beta=-0.021; 95% confidence interval, -0.036 to -0.007; p=0.006; interaction, p=0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides the first evidence in a longitudinal sample that changes in maternal acculturation can influence children's growth, suggesting the importance of lifestyle or behavioral factors related to a mother's cultural orientation. Given the high risk of obesity and its related conditions in the NZ Pacific population, critical next steps are to identify mediating factors, as well as to understand the processes influencing growth among children of immigrant mothers.
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Child Health, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland, New Zealand .|2 Kinesiology Department, California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo, CA.
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland, New Zealand .
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: 4 Center for Pacific Health and Development Research, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland, New Zealand .
authors.forename: El-Shadan
authors.initials: el-S
authors.lastname: Tautolo
authors.affiliation: 4 Center for Pacific Health and Development Research, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland, New Zealand .
authors.forename: Faasisila
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Savila
authors.affiliation: 4 Center for Pacific Health and Development Research, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland, New Zealand .|5 School of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies , Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand .
authors.forename: Janis
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Child Health, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland, New Zealand .
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rush
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000208:ethnology*