title: The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus.
abstract: Dengue and chikungunya are increasing global public health concerns due to their rapid geographical spread and increasing disease burden. Knowledge of the contemporary distribution of their shared vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus remains incomplete and is complicated by an ongoing range expansion fuelled by increased global trade and travel. Mapping the global distribution of these vectors and the geographical determinants of their ranges is essential for public health planning. Here we compile the largest contemporary database for both species and pair it with relevant environmental variables predicting their global distribution. We show Aedes distributions to be the widest ever recorded; now extensive in all continents, including North America and Europe. These maps will help define the spatial limits of current autochthonous transmission of dengue and chikungunya viruses. It is only with this kind of rigorous entomological baseline that we can hope to project future health impacts of these viruses.
authors.affiliation: Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Moritz U G
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.affiliation: Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marianne E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sinka
authors.affiliation: Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kirsten A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Duda
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Adrian Q N
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Mylne
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Freya M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Shearer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7941-346X
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States.
authors.forename: Chester G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: National Dengue Control Program, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberta G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: National Dengue Control Program, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giovanini E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.affiliation: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Van Bortel
authors.affiliation: Avia-GIS, Zoersel, Belgium.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hendrickx
authors.affiliation: Avia-GIS, Zoersel, Belgium.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9166-7617
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schaffner
authors.affiliation: Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Iqbal R F
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Elyazar
authors.affiliation: Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hwa-Jen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Oliver J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.affiliation: Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jane P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.affiliation: Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6731-4034
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Pigott
authors.affiliation: Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4367-3849
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Environmental Research Group Oxford, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: G R William
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Wint
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8916-5570
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Golding
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Simon I
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-7272
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Hay
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000254:growth & development*; D000818:Animals; D001102:Arbovirus Infections / Q000635:transmission; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors; D058974:Phylogeography
keywords: Ae. aegypti; Ae. albopictus; Aedes; ecology; epidemiology; global health