title: Slow Spatial Recruitment of Neocortex during Secondarily Generalized Seizures and Its Relation to Surgical Outcome.
abstract: Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of brain activity is crucial for inferring the underlying synaptic and nonsynaptic mechanisms of brain dysfunction. Focal seizures with secondary generalization are traditionally considered to begin in a limited spatial region and spread to connected areas, which can include both pathological and normal brain tissue. The mechanisms underlying this spread are important to our understanding of seizures and to improve therapies for surgical intervention. Here we study the properties of seizure recruitment-how electrical brain activity transitions to large voltage fluctuations characteristic of spike-and-wave seizures. We do so using invasive subdural electrode arrays from a population of 16 patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. We find an average delay of ∼30 s for a broad area of cortex (8 × 8 cm) to be recruited into the seizure, at an estimated speed of ∼4 mm/s. The spatiotemporal characteristics of recruitment reveal two categories of patients: one in which seizure recruitment of neighboring cortical regions follows a spatially organized pattern consistent from seizure to seizure, and a second group without consistent spatial organization of activity during recruitment. The consistent, organized recruitment correlates with a more regular, compared with small-world, connectivity pattern in simulation and successful surgical treatment of epilepsy. We propose that an improved understanding of how the seizure recruits brain regions into large amplitude voltage fluctuations provides novel information to improve surgical treatment of epilepsy and highlights the slow spread of massive local activity across a vast extent of cortex during seizure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 and.
authors.forename: Louis-Emmanuel
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2222-4120
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Martinet
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.
authors.forename: Omar J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 and.
authors.forename: Kyle Q
authors.initials: KQ
authors.lastname: Lepage
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.
authors.forename: Sydney S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Cash
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 and mak@bu.edu.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019579:Neocortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D012640:Seizures / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: epilepsy; focal seizure; intracranial EEG; seizure propagation; seizure spread