title: Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations.
abstract: Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders, and Darwin was one of the first to recognize that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness that is common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power. Here we use runs of homozygosity to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts, and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in one second, general cognitive ability and educational attainment (P < 1 × 10(-300), 2.1 × 10(-6), 2.5 × 10(-10) and 1.8 × 10(-10), respectively). In each case, increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months' less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing evidence that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been.
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authors.affiliation: Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.|Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. NK, Greifswald, 17475, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dörr
authors.affiliation: McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA.|Cardiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 4, Genève 14, 1211, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ehret
authors.affiliation: The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark.
authors.forename: Bjarke
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Feenstra
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Mary F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Feitosa
authors.affiliation: Robertson Centre, University of Glasgow, Boyd Orr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA.|Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , 75 Francis St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Caroline S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Frayling
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. NK, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Nele
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
authors.forename: Generation
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scotland
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gillham-Nasenya
authors.affiliation: The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Omri
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gottesman
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E Franklin St., Suite 306, USA.
authors.forename: Misa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graff
authors.affiliation: Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grodstein
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, 660 S Euclid, St Louis, 63110, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK.|Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haley
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.|Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Tamara B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Hastie
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA.|Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Heard-Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Kauko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heikkilä
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
authors.forename: Lynne J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hocking
authors.affiliation: Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15A, Greifswald, 17475, Germany.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Homuth
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jouke-Jan
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hottenga
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.
authors.forename: Jinyan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Huffman
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: Pirro G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Hysi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands.|Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M Arfan
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ikram
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.|Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ingelsson
authors.affiliation: Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland.|Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Anni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joensuu
authors.affiliation: Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 815, Uppsala, SE-751 08, Sweden.|Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75237, Sweden.
authors.forename: Åsa
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland.
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jousilahti
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology C5-P , Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: J Wouter
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jukema
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, Tampere, 33521, Finland.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kähönen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamatani
authors.affiliation: William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
authors.forename: Stavroula
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanoni
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Shona M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.affiliation: Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India.
authors.forename: Nazir M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3000 DR, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koellinger
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O.Box 340, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland.|Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland.
authors.forename: Heikki A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Koistinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK.
authors.forename: Manraj K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kooner
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Genotyping Development RCfIMS, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuusisto
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|Folkhälsan Reasearch Centre, PB 63, Helsinki, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lahti
authors.affiliation: National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Lenore J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Launer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Rodney A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lea
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lehne
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland.
authors.forename: Terho
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lehtimäki
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
authors.forename: David C M
authors.initials: DCM
authors.lastname: Liewald
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, 75185, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.affiliation: Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Marja-Liisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lokki
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, RTP, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: London
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 243 Charles St, Boston, 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Loomis
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loukola
authors.affiliation: The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA.|The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Yingchang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, 303.325 Science Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lumley
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland.
authors.forename: Annamari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lundqvist
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland.
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Männistö
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Route du Bugnon 44, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marques-Vidal
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy.
authors.forename: Corrado
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Masciullo
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matchan
authors.affiliation: The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA.|Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Rasika A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mathias
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , 50 Staniford St, Boston, 02114, MA, USA.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Meigs
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany.
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meisinger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764 Germany.|Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, München, 81675, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meitinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Menni
authors.affiliation: Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Frank D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Mentch
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Evelin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mihailov
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Milani
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA.
authors.forename: May E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Montasser
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia.
authors.forename: Grant W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler St., Suite 453E, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Alanna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.affiliation: Genome Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, E-304, Boston, 2118, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.affiliation: The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nadukuru
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Pau
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nelis
authors.affiliation: HUCH Heart and Lung center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland.
authors.forename: Markku S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nieminen
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ilja M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Nolte
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA.|Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA.
authors.forename: George T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Adesola
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ogunniyi
authors.affiliation: ICAMS, University of Glasgow, 126 University Way, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
authors.forename: Sandosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Padmanabhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street, New York, 10032, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Walter R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Palmas
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health , University of Minnesota , 1300 S 2nd Street, Minneapolis, 55454, USA.
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Pankow
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health and Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Patarcic
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pavani
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Peyser
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.|Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O.Box 340, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland.|Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pietilainen
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1LA, UK.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Poulter
authors.affiliation: Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Prokopenko
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Cardio thoracic Surgery Hero DMC Heart Institute, Civil Lines, 141001, Ludhiana, India.
authors.forename: Sarju
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ralhan
authors.affiliation: Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Redmond
authors.affiliation: Department Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 3232 West Complex, Charlottesville, 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland.
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rissanen
authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonietta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Robino
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Lynda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy.
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sala
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Babatunde
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salako
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland.
authors.forename: Veikko
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Salomaa
authors.affiliation: Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland.|Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Antti-Pekka
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Sarin
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Genetic Research , 55 Fruit Street, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2114, USA.
authors.forename: Richa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, A-8010, Austria.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.|Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden.|Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sennblad
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA.|Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seshadri
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1LA, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sever
authors.affiliation: Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC) Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habshiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
authors.forename: Smeeta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.affiliation: University of Dundee, Kirsty Semple Way, Dundee, DD2 4DB, UK.
authors.forename: Blair H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soranzo
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Nona
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sotoodehnia
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.|Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK.
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Southam
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Alice V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.affiliation: UMR INSERM U1122; IGE-PCV "Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire", INSERM, University of Lorraine, 30 Rue Lionnois, Nancy, 54000, France.
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Stathopoulou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany.|Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strauch
authors.affiliation: Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden.
authors.forename: Rona J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Strawbridge
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Suderman
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, 110029, India.
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
authors.forename: Sian-Tsun
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA.|Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA.
authors.forename: Kent D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, USA.
authors.forename: Bamidele O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Tayo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, A-8010, Austria.
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Töglhofer
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK.|NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomaszewski
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.|Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu, 51010 Estonia.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tšernikova
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.|Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria.|Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomilehto
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands.|Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andre G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Uitterlinden
authors.affiliation: The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Dhananjay
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vaidya
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Hylckama Vlieg
authors.affiliation: Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Setten
authors.affiliation: Finnish Lung Health Association, Sibeliuksenkatu 11 A 1, Helsinki, FI-00250, Finland.
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vasankari
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA.|Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA.|Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Sailaja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vedantam
authors.affiliation: Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Efthymia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vlachopoulou
authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vozzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vuoksimaa
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany.|Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waldenberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Erin B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Ware
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wentworth-Shields
authors.affiliation: Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia.
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Whitfield
authors.affiliation: Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gonneke
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Willemsen
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Unit, KEM Hospital and Research Centre, Rasta Peth, Pune, 411011, India.
authors.forename: Chittaranjan S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yajnik
authors.affiliation: Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, Verona, 37124, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zaza
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: The BioBank Japan
authors.initials: TBJ
authors.lastname: Project
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA.|Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA.|Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Rany M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark.|Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mads
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melbye
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bisgaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK.|NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK.
authors.forename: Nilesh J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Samani
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cusi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun St, Perth, 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mackey
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, USA.
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille 2 University, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France.|Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Froguel
authors.affiliation: Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pasterkamp
authors.affiliation: Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.|Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Struan F A
authors.initials: SFA
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.|Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Hakon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hakonarson
authors.affiliation: Translational Gerontology Branch, National institute on Aging, Baltimore, 21225, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrucci
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Medical Research Insitute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland.
authors.forename: Colin N A
authors.initials: CNA
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70, El. Venizelou Ave, Athens, 17671, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dedoussis
authors.affiliation: William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.|Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Panos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deloukas
authors.affiliation: Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 72, Berlin, 14195, Germany.|Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus - St Dunstan's Road, London, W6 8RP, UK.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bertram
authors.affiliation: Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulman
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lindenberger
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Sonja I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Berndt
authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA.|Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
authors.forename: Cecilia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lindgren
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Timpson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tönjes
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.|NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
authors.forename: Patricia B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Munroe
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.|Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital , The Capital Region, Copenhagen, 2000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thorkild I A
authors.initials: TIA
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A/Room 4047, 12 South Dr., Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Charles N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Rotimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, 35294, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Donna K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Arnett
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albertine J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Oldehinkel
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon L R
authors.initials: SLR
authors.lastname: Kardia
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology of diabetes, obesity and chronic kidney disease over the lifecourse, Inserm, CESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health U1018, 16 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif, 94807, France.
authors.forename: Beverley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balkau
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Via G. Moscati 31/34, Roma, 00168, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gambaro
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.|Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.|Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Stree, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland.|Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.|Vasa Central Hospital, Sandviksgatan 2-4, Vasa, 65130, Finland.|Folkhälsan Reasearch Centre, PB 63, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.|Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland.
authors.forename: Johan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.affiliation: Neuro-Imaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006 Australia.
authors.forename: Margie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicholas G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Genetics Division, University of Utah, 420 Chipeta Way, Room 1160, Salt Lake City, 84117, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.|Alzheimer Scotland Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Starr
authors.affiliation: Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.|Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Deary
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Lyn R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands.|Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tiemeier
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy.|Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pirastu
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.|Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.|National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O.Box 30, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland.
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaprio
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.affiliation: Department of kinesiology, Laval University, 2300 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pérusse
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, 39216, MS, USA.
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Girotto
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.|NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Caulfield
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland.|Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20521, Finland.
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Raitakari
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dorret I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Boomsma
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany.|Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany.|Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gieger
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands.|Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Catharijnesingel 52, Utrecht, 3501 DG, The Netherlands.|University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van der Harst
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.affiliation: Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.affiliation: HUCH Heart and Lung center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sinisalo
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Knekt
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Box 6501, Stockholm, SE-113 83, Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johannesson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden.
authors.forename: Patrik K E
authors.initials: PKE
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.affiliation: Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamsten
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, Graz, A-8036, Austria.
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Ingrid B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Borecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland.
authors.forename: Erkki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vartiainen
authors.affiliation: The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA.|Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Diane M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India.
authors.forename: Dwaipayan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bharadwaj
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Mohlke
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boehnke
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van Duijn
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, 73104, OK , USA.|Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Oklahoma Health Sceienecs Center, Oklahoma City , 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Dharambir K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Sanghera
authors.affiliation: Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, W.-Rathenau-Str. 48, Greifswald, 17475, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teumer
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK.
authors.forename: Eleftheria
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zeggini
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.|Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu, 51010 Estonia.
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Metspalu
authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gasparini
authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ulivi
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ober
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Toniolo
authors.affiliation: Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rudan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.|Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Porteous
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, Naples, 80131, Italy.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciullo
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: Tim D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hayward
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, 02118, MA, USA.|National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Josée
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dupuis
authors.affiliation: The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA.|The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA.|The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Ruth J F
authors.initials: RJF
authors.lastname: Loos
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Alan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC) Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habshiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India.|Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.
authors.forename: Giriraj R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Chandak
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Route du Bugnon 44, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vollenweider
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA.|Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA.|Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, 685 W Baltimore MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shuldiner
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ridker
authors.affiliation: Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA.|Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA.
authors.forename: Jerome I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Rotter
authors.affiliation: BHF centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland.
authors.forename: Naveed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sattar
authors.affiliation: Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 815, Uppsala, SE-751 08, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gyllensten
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E Franklin St., Suite 306, USA.|Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 137 E. Franklin St., Suite 306, Chapel Hill, USA.
authors.forename: Kari E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: North
authors.affiliation: Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Trav. La Crucca n. 3 - Reg. Baldinca, Sassari, 07100, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pirastu
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA.|Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Psaty
authors.affiliation: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, 48104, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland.
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laakso
authors.affiliation: Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmari 1, 201, Kopavogur, Iceland.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland.
authors.forename: Vilmundur
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gudnason
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.|Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK.|Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK.|National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.|Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK.
authors.forename: Jaspal S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kooner
authors.affiliation: Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.affiliation: Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland.
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA.|Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA.|Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Joel N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Hirschhorn
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.|Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perola
authors.affiliation: Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland.|Centre for Global Health and Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Ozren
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Polašek
authors.affiliation: Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland.|MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000235:genetics; D001827:Body Height / Q000235:genetics*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000235:genetics; D003071:Cognition; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000235:genetics; D015894:Genome, Human / Q000235:genetics; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL