title: Periodontal disease and bone pathogenesis: the crosstalk between cytokines and porphyromonas gingivalis
abstract: Periodontal disease is the most frequent cause of tooth loss among adults. It is defined as a plaque-induced inflammation of the periodontal tissues that results in a loss of support of the affected teeth. This process is characterized by destruction of the periodontal attachment apparatus, increased bone resorption with loss of crestal alveolar bone, apical migration of the epithelial attachment, and formation of periodontal pockets. Although the presence of periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis is a prerequisite, the progression of periodontal disease is dependent on the host response to pathogenic bacteria that colonize the tooth surface. Nowadays, a growing body of literature has accumulated to investigate the association between bone diseases, periodontal pathogens and periodontal diseases. The integration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns from microorganisms with their surface receptors in the immune cells, induces the production of several cytokines and chemokines that present either a pro- and/or anti-inflammatory role and the activation of mechanisms of controlling this and the related disease, such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. This review focuses on the evidence and significance of bone host cell invasion by Porphyromonas gingivalis in the pathogenesis of bone disorders, as well as the different lines of evidence supporting the role of cytokines in bone diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Base Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ballini
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cantore
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphologic and Surgical Sciences, Insubria University, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farronato
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cirulli
authors.affiliation: Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Inchingolo
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Papa
authors.affiliation: Department of Base Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malcangi
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Inchingolo
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dipalma
authors.affiliation: Department of Base Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sardaro
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes  National Council Research, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lippolis
authors.affiliation: Jonian Department, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santacroce
authors.affiliation: Department of Base Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Coscia
authors.affiliation: Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pettini
authors.affiliation: Department of Base Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Vito
authors.affiliation: Department of Base Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scacco
mesh_terms: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology; D001119:Arginase / Q000378:metabolism; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D018441:Biofilms; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002956:Citrulline / Q000378:metabolism; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000502:physiology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D000080867:Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010519:Periodontium / Q000378:metabolism; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D012463:Saliva / Q000201:enzymology; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D001323:Autoantibodies; D001324:Autoantigens; D016207:Cytokines; D000080867:Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053245:RANK Ligand; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; C505688:TNFSF11 protein, human; D002956:Citrulline; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D001119:Arginase