title: Contribution of Aggregate States and Energetic Disorder to a Squaraine System Targeted for Organic Photovoltaic Devices.
abstract: Squaraine dyes have significant potential for use in organic photovoltaic devices because their chemical and packing structure tunability leads to a broad solid state panchromaticity. Nevertheless, broadening of the spectrum does not always give rise to increasing power conversion efficiencies. Furthermore, the same processing strategy used to make devices from different squaraines does not lead to the same optimized performance. In this work, by varying the environmental conditions of a set of anilinic squaraines, we demonstrate that spin-cast thin films are made up of a complex set of states, with each state contributing differently to the overall device efficiency. We demonstrate crystallochromy in that small changes in the packing structure give rise to dramatically different absorption spectra. Through a remarkable comparison between squaraines in poly(methyl methacrylate) solid solution and squaraine:PC60BM blends, we also show long-range and orientational disorder broadening, which distorts the ability to correlate qualitative spectroscopic assessment with an understanding of the device mechanism. We conclude that a full quantitative assessment of the populations of each excited state must be carried out in order to make progress toward an improved understanding of each state's contribution to charge transfer at the bulk heterojunction interface.
authors.affiliation: †School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States.|‡Nanopower Research Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States.|§Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States.
authors.forename: Chenyu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: †School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States.
authors.forename: Anirudh Raju
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Penmetcha
authors.affiliation: †School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States.
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cona
authors.affiliation: §Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States.
authors.forename: Susan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.affiliation: †School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States.
authors.forename: Bi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: †School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heaphy
authors.affiliation: †School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States.
authors.forename: Jeremy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cody
authors.affiliation: †School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States.|‡Nanopower Research Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States.|§Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Collison