title: Recent evolution of learnability in American English from 1800 to 2000.
abstract: Concreteness-the psycholinguistic property of referring to a perceptible entity-enhances processing speed, comprehension, and memory. These represent selective filters for cognition likely to influence language evolution in competitive language environments. Taking a culturomics approach, we use multiple language corpora representing more than 350 billion words combined with concreteness norms for over 40,000 English words and demonstrate a systematic rise in concrete language in American English over the last 200years, both within and across word classes (nouns, verbs, and prepositions). Comparisons between new and old concreteness norms indicate this is not explained by semantic bleaching, but we find some evidence that the rise is related to changes in population demographics and may be associated with increasing numbers of second language learners or attention economics in response to crowding in the language market. We also examine the influence of gender and literacy. In sum, we demonstrate evolution in the psycholinguistic structure of American English, with a well-established impact on cognitive processing, which is likely to permeate modern language use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. Electronic address: t.t.hills@warwick.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Thomas T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Hills
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Adelman
mesh_terms: D032882:Comprehension / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D011578:Psycholinguistics; D014481:United States; D014825:Vocabulary
keywords: Concreteness; Culturomics; Historical linguistics; Language evolution; Semantic bleaching