title: Partial axillary lymph node dissection inferior to the intercostobrachial nerves complements sentinel node biopsy in patients with clinically node-negative breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The practice of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment in China varies to that in western developed countries. With the unavailability of radioactive tracer technique for sentinel lymph nodes biopsy (SLNB), using blue dye alone has been the only option in China. Also, the diagnosis of breast malignant tumor in most Chinese centres heavily relies on intraoperative instant frozen histology which is normally followed by sentinel lymph nodes mapping, SLNB and the potential breast and axillary operations in one consecutive session. This practice appears to cause a high false negative rate (FNR) for SLNB. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of the current practice in China on the accuracy of SLNB, and whether partial axillary lymph node dissection (PALND), dissection of lymph nodes inferior to the intercostobrachial nerve (ICBN), was a good complementary procedure following SLNB using blue dye.
  
  
  METHODS
  289 patients with clinically node-negative breast cancer were identified and recruited. Tumorectomy, intraoperative instant frozen histological diagnosis, SLNB using methylene blue dye, and PALND or complete axillary node dissection (ALND) were performed in one consecutive operative session. The choice of SLNB only, SLNB followed by PALND or by ALND was based on the pre-determined protocol and preoperative choice by the patient. Clinical parameters were analyzed and survival analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  37% patients with clinically negative nodes were found nodes positive. 59 patients with positive SLN underwent ALND, including 47 patients with up to two positive nodes which were all located inferior to the ICBN. 9 patients had failed SLNB and underwent PALND. Among them, 3 (33.3%) patients were found to have one metastatic node. 149 patients showed negative SLNB but chose PALND. Among them, 30 (20.1%), 14 (9.4) and 1 (0.7%) patients were found to have one, two and three metastatic node(s), respectively. PALND detected 48 (30.4%) patients who had either failed SLNB or negative SLNB to have additional positive nodes. All the patients with up to two positive nodes had their nodes located inferior to the ICBN. The FNR of SLNB was 43%. The accuracy rate was 58%. The follow-up ranged 12-33 months. The incidence of lymphedema for SLNB, PALND, and ALND was 0%, 0%, and 25.4%, respectively (P < 0.005). The disease-free survivals for SLNB, PALND, and ALND groups were 95.8%, 96.8%, and 94.9%, respectively (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under the circumstances of current practice in China, PALND is a good complementary procedure following SLNB in clinically node-negative breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Breast Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
authors.forename: Jianyi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Breast Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Breast Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China. sjbreast@sina.com.
authors.forename: Wenhai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Breast Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Breast Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Breast Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Breast Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
authors.forename: Jinqi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xue
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla; D001917:Brachial Plexus; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018275:Carcinoma, Lobular / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007367:Intercostal Nerves; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome