title: Acute and sub-acute toxicity of a lyophilised aqueous extract of the aerial part of Spilanthes africana Delile in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spilanthes africana is a plant used in several countries for the treatment of toothache, malaria, fracture, pneumonia, and dysentery. In order to establish the safety of aerial part of the plant extract, the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of this plant has been evaluated in male and female young rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  In acute toxicity, the effects of a single oral dose (2,000 mg/kg and 5,000 mg/kg) of the lyophilised aqueous extract have been determined. General behaviour, adverse effects and mortality were determined for up to 14 days. In sub-acute treatment, the effects of the extract in daily single oral administration at the doses of 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg during 28 days were evaluated. One group treated at the dose of 1,000 mg/kg for 28 days was let without treatment during 14 days to assess the possible reversibility of the harmful effects of the extract. Body weight, food and water intakes, biochemical and haematological parameters were recorded. Histopathological examination of liver, kidney and lungs were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In acute study, a single administration of the aqueous extract at the doses of 2,000 mg/kg or 5,000 mg/kg did not induce mortality. Thus, the LD50 of the aqueous extract of S. africana has been estimated higher than 5,000 mg/kg. Four hours after administration of the extract, a reduction of the mobility, sensitivity to the noise and to touch has been observed. In sub-acute study, the administration of the extract during 28 days at all doses did not significantly modify the body weight. On the haematological analysis, a decrease of the rate of monocytes and a rise of lymphocytes counts were observed among the male group. In both sexes, it appeared a decrease of the rate of granulocytes two weeks after stopping the treatment. It has also been observed in different groups among the females, an increase of the mean corpuscular content and the mean concentration in haemoglobin as well as an increase of platelets. A significant decrease of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, triglycerides, and a significant increase of total bilirubin compared to the normal group has been observed. There was a significant decrease in renal catalase in both sexes compared with different control groups. Besides, a significant increase of the kidney rates of glutathione and malondialdehyde have also been observed in the female treated at the doses of 1,000 mg/kg. Histopathological analysis has shown vascular congestion and leucocyte infiltrations in the liver of animals treated at the dose of 1,000 mg/kg. This congestion has been marked in satellite group. In the kidney female satellite group, tubular clarifications have been observed and disappear when stopping the treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that the aqueous extract of S. africana given by the oral route is slightly toxic. However in sub-acute treatment, higher doses could provoke functional and structural changes in the organism which could in part reversible. Thus the extract should be used with caution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon. Electronic address: tsngueguim@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Tsofack Florence
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Ngueguim
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Clarice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Djouwoug Noussi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Jean Hubert
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Donfack
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Kamkumo Raceline
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Gounoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Adolphe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mbatchou
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kamtchouing
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Theophile
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dimo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005612:Freeze Drying; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D016488:Medicine, African Traditional; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D059550:Toxicity Tests, Subchronic
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Acute and sub-acute toxicity; Aqueous extract; Rat; Spilanthes africana