title: Aquatic risk assessment of a novel strobilurin fungicide: A microcosm study compared with the species sensitivity distribution approach.
abstract: The ecotoxicological effects of pyraoxystrobin, a novel strobilurin fungicide, were studied using outdoor freshwater microcosms and the species sensitivity distribution approach. The microcosms were treated with pyraoxystrobin at concentrations of 0, 1.0, 3.0, 10, 30 and 100µg/L. Species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curves were constructed by means of acute toxicity data using the BurrliOZ model for fourteen representatives of sensitive invertebrates, algae and fish and eleven taxa of invertebrates and algae, respectively. The responses of zooplankton, phytoplankton and physical and chemical endpoints in microcosms were studied. Zooplankton, especially Sinodiaptomus sarsi was the most sensitive to pyraoxystrobin exposure in the microcosms. Short-term toxic effects (<8 weeks) on zooplankton occurred in 1µg/L treatment group. The duration of toxic effects on S. sarsi could not be evaluated within the initial 56 days. Significant long-term toxic effects were observed at 10, 30 and 100µg/L (>281 days) for S. sarsi and the zooplankton community. Based on the results obtained from the organisms in the microcosm system, 1µg/L was recommended as the NOEAEC (no observed ecologically adverse effect concentration). Also, 0.33µg/L was derived as the Regulatory Acceptable Concentration based on the ecological recovery option (ERO-RAC) of pyraoxystrobin. For all fourteen tested species, the median HC5 (hazardous concentration affecting 5% of species) was 0.86µg/L, and the lower limit HC5 (LL-HC5) was 0.39µg/L. For the eleven taxa of invertebrates and algae tested, the median HC5 was 1.1µg/L, and the LL-HC5 was 0.26µg/L. The present study positively contributes to the suggestion of adequately using acute L(E)C50-based HC5/ LL-HC5 for deriving protective concentrations for strobilurin fungicides, and it should be valuable for full comprehension of the potential toxicity of pyraoxystrobin in aquatic ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 8 East Shenliao Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
authors.forename: Lang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China. Electronic address: songyufang@iae.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yufang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 8 East Shenliao Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
authors.forename: Baohua
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: College of Environment, Shenyang University, No. 21 Wanghua South Street Dadong District, Shenyang 110044, China.
authors.forename: Xueying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 8 East Shenliao Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
authors.forename: Hairong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 8 East Shenliao Road, Shenyang 110016, China. Electronic address: baiguanqi@163.com.
authors.forename: Baiyu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 8 East Shenliao Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 8 East Shenliao Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
authors.forename: Chengtian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 8 East Shenliao Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 8 East Shenliao Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
authors.forename: Shaoye
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 8 East Shenliao Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
authors.forename: Zhaoli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D033342:Copepoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000378:metabolism; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013045:Species Specificity; D000073739:Strobilurins; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000378:metabolism; D015048:Zooplankton / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C000590225:2-(2-((3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)methyl)phenyl)-3-methoxyacrylate; D000179:Acrylates; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D008689:Methacrylates; D011720:Pyrazoles; D000073739:Strobilurins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C008556:mucidin
keywords: Aquatic ecological risk assessment; Aquatic microcosm; Species sensitivity distribution; Strobilurin fungicides