title: Application of gold nanoparticles for gastrointestinal cancer theranostics: A systematic review.
abstract: Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are readily synthesised structures that absorb light strongly to generate thermal energy which induces photothermal destruction of malignant tissue. This review examines the efficacy, potential challenges and toxicity from in vitro and in vivo applications of GNPs in oesophageal, gastric and colon cancers. A systematic literature search of Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane databases was performed using PRISMA guidelines. Two hundred and eighty-four papers were reviewed with sixteen studies meeting the inclusion criteria. The application of GNPs in eleven in vivo rodent studies with GI adenocarcinoma demonstrated excellent therapeutic outcomes but poor corroboration in terms of the cancer cells used, photothermal irradiation regimes, fluorophores and types of nanoparticles. There is compelling evidence of the translational potential of GNPs to be complimentary to surgery and feasible in the photothermal therapy of GI cancer but reproducibility and standardisation require development prior to GI cancer clinical trials.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Gold nanoparticles are one of the most potentially useful nanoparticles. This is especially true in cancer therapeutics because of their photothermal properties. In this comprehensive article, the authors reviewed the application and efficacy of gold nanoparticles in both the diagnosis and treatment of GI cancers. This review should provide a stimulus for researchers to further develop and translate these nanoparticles into future clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: David C C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Harris-Birtill
authors.affiliation: Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sheraz R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Markar
authors.affiliation: Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: George B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.affiliation: Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK. Electronic address: daniel.elson@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Elson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000473:pathology; D006046:Gold / Q000032:analysis* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010789:Phototherapy / Q000379:methods; D000068936:Theranostic Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006046:Gold
keywords: Colon; Gastric; Gastrointestinal cancer; Gold nanoparticles; Oesophageal; Photothermal therapy