title: Technical Note: Study of the electron transport parameters used in PENELOPE for the Monte Carlo simulation of Linac targets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport in Linac targets using the condensed history technique is known to be problematic owing to a potential dependence of absorbed dose distributions on the electron step length. In the PENELOPE code, the step length is partially determined by the transport parameters C1 and C2. The authors have investigated the effect on the absorbed dose distribution of the values given to these parameters in the target.
  
  
  METHODS
  A monoenergetic 6.26 MeV electron pencil beam from a point source was simulated impinging normally on a cylindrical tungsten target. Electrons leaving the tungsten were discarded. Radial absorbed dose profiles were obtained at 1.5 cm of depth in a water phantom located at 100 cm for values of C1 and C2 in the target both equal to 0.1, 0.01, or 0.001. A detailed simulation case was also considered and taken as the reference. Additionally, lateral dose profiles were estimated and compared with experimental measurements for a 6 MV photon beam of a Varian Clinac 2100 for the cases of C1 and C2 both set to 0.1 or 0.001 in the target.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the central axis, the dose obtained for the case C1 = C2 = 0.1 shows a deviation of (17.2% ± 1.2%) with respect to the detailed simulation. This difference decreases to (3.7% ± 1.2%) for the case C1 = C2 = 0.01. The case C1 = C2 = 0.001 produces a radial dose profile that is equivalent to that of the detailed simulation within the reached statistical uncertainty of 1%. The effect is also appreciable in the crossline dose profiles estimated for the realistic geometry of the Linac. In another simulation, it was shown that the error made by choosing inappropriate transport parameters can be masked by tuning the energy and focal spot size of the initial beam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of large path lengths for the condensed simulation of electrons in a Linac target with PENELOPE conducts to deviations of the dose in the patient or phantom. Based on the results obtained in this work, values of C1 and C2 larger than 0.001 should not be used in Linac targets without further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Tècniques Energètiques, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal 647, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Institut de Tècniques Energètiques, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal 647, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sempau
authors.affiliation: NCTeam, Strahlenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, Essen D-45122, Germany.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brualla
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004579:Electron Transport; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water