title: "Nothing About Me Without Me": An Interpretative Review of Patient Accessible Electronic Health Records.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patient accessible electronic health records (PAEHRs) enable patients to access and manage personal clinical information that is made available to them by their health care providers (HCPs). It is thought that the shared management nature of medical record access improves patient outcomes and improves patient satisfaction. However, recent reviews have found that this is not the case. Furthermore, little research has focused on PAEHRs from the HCP viewpoint. HCPs include physicians, nurses, and service providers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We provide a systematic review of reviews of the impact of giving patients record access from both a patient and HCP point of view. The review covers a broad range of outcome measures, including patient safety, patient satisfaction, privacy and security, self-efficacy, and health outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search was conducted using Web of Science to identify review articles on the impact of PAEHRs. Our search was limited to English-language reviews published between January 2002 and November 2014. A total of 73 citations were retrieved from a series of Boolean search terms including "review*" with "patient access to records". These reviews went through a novel scoring system analysis whereby we calculated how many positive outcomes were reported per every outcome measure investigated. This provided a way to quantify the impact of PAEHRs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten reviews covering chronic patients (eg, diabetes and hypertension) and primary care patients, as well as HCPs were found but eight were included for the analysis of outcome measures. We found mixed outcomes across both patient and HCP groups, with approximately half of the reviews showing positive changes with record access. Patients believe that record access increases their perception of control; however, outcome measures thought to create psychological concerns (such as patient anxiety as a result of seeing their medical record) are still unanswered. Nurses are more likely than physicians to gain time efficiencies by using a PAEHR system with the main concern from physicians being the security of the PAEHRs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review implements a novel scoring system, which shows there is a lack of rigorous empirical testing that separates the effect of record access from other existing disease management programs. Current research is too targeted within certain clinical groups' needs, and although there are positive signs for the adoption of PAEHRs, there is currently insufficient evidence about the effect of PAEHRs on health outcomes for patients or HCPs.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Policy, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom. sagarjilka@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sagar Ramesh
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1578-9350
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Jilka
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0710-6436
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Callahan
authors.forename: Nick
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7560-8924
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sevdalis
authors.forename: Erik K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5509-4580
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Ara
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7815-7989
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darzi
mesh_terms: D022126:Access to Information; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D016494:Computer Security; D019468:Disease Management; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D020377:Self Efficacy
keywords: online record access; patient accessible electronic health records