title: OS016. Retinal vascular changes in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are characterised by vascular dysfunction. Retinal vascular imaging is a novel, non-invasive way to characterise early microvascular changes in pregnancy, and as a result has the potential to be used to predict the onset of HDP.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterise retinal vascular changes that occur in HDP, and compare these changes to those in healthy pregnancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women were recruited at 13±2 weeks of gestation from Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, a major metropolitan tertiary referral hospital in Sydney, Australia. Retinal images centred on the optic disc and blood pressure (BP) readings were collected at 13±2, 19±2, 29±2 and 38±2 weeks gestation. Retinal images were graded using semi-automated retinal vascular calibre measurement software (IVAN) and the central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) were calculated. Within and between subject repeat measures analysis was performed on images from each trimester, using paired t-tests and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Multiple linear regressions were used to model the average arteriole diameter adjusted for age, tobacco consumption and body mass index (BMI). All tests were two-sided using a 5% level of significance. A clinical diagnosis of HDP was obtained from postnatal medical record data. Women with missing data points were excluded from the analysis at that time point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 39 women included in the study, 6 (15%) were diagnosed with HDP. In the HDP cohort, repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant changes in arteriolar or venular diameter measurements throughout pregnancy. Paired t-tests indicated no significant differences in any of the outcome measures between HDP and healthy pregnancies at 13±2 (n=36) and 19±2 (n=39)weeks. At 29±2weeks (n=39), there was a significantly smaller venular diameter in HDP pregnancies (220.4±6.9μm vs 239.1± 5.4μm in healthy pregnancies, p=0.03). At 38±2weeks (n=39), arteriolar diameter was significantly smaller in HDP pregnancies (148.6±6.0μm vs 164.1±4.6μm in healthy pregnancies, p=0.04). Similar results persisted following adjustments for cardiovascular risk factors (age, tobacco use and BMI).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant differences in the retinal vasculature develop in HDP as compared to healthy pregnancies. These differences appear at29±2weeks gestation and persist throughout the rest of the pregnancy. Retinal vascular imaging is a promising tool for the detection of the early microvascular changes in HDP, prior to diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, Australia.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lupton
authors.affiliation: Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tooher
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lujic
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, Australia.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ogle
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Singapore Eye Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hennessy
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, Australia.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lind