title: Pulmonoscopy of Snakes.
abstract: Pulmonoscopy is a practical diagnostic tool for investigating respiratory diseases in snakes. Two different approaches exist for pulmonoscopy, tracheal and transcutaneous. The access to the proximal or distal lung is limited by the length and diameter of the endoscope when using the tracheal approach. The transcutaneous approach allows direct evaluation of the lung and distal trachea through the air sac. Both of the methods are safe, and specific contraindications for pulmonoscopy in snakes are not known except for any anesthesia contraindication.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 1-3 Palackeho Street, Brno 612 42, Czech Republic. Electronic address: knotekz@vfu.cz.
authors.forename: Zdenek
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Knotek
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 1-3 Palackeho Street, Brno 612 42, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jekl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003948:Diagnostic Techniques, Respiratory System / Q000662:veterinary*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D012911:Snakes
keywords: Air sac; Endoscopy; Imaging; Pathology; Pulmonoscopy; Reptiles; Respiratory tract; Snakes