title: Pesticides Exposure and Cardiovascular Hemodynamic Parameters Among Male Workers Involved in Mosquito Control in East Coast of Malaysia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research findings have linked exposure to pesticides to an increased risk of cardiovascular (CVS) diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of chronic mix-pesticides exposure on CVS hemodynamic parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 198 male Malay pesticide-exposed and 195 male Malay nonexposed workers were examined. Data were collected through exposure-matrix assessment, questionnaire, blood analyses, and CVS assessment. Explanatory variables comprised of lipid profiles, paraoxonase 1 (PON1), and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Outcome measures comprised of brachial and aortic diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and systolic BP (SBP), heart rate, and pulse wave velocity (PWV). Linear regressions identified the B coefficient showing how many units of CVS parameters are associated with each unit of covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diazoxonase was significantly lower and ox-LDL was higher among pesticide-exposed workers than the comparison group. The final multivariate linear regression model revealed that age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and pesticide exposure were independent predictors of brachial and aortic DBP and SBP. Pesticide exposure was also associated with heart rate, but not with PWV. Lipid profiles, PON1 enzymes, and ox-LDL showed no association with any of the CVS parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic mix-pesticide exposure among workers involved in mosquito control has possible association with depression of diazoxonase and the increase in ox-LDL, brachial and aortic DBP and SBP, and heart rate. This study raises concerns that those using pesticides may be exposed to hitherto unrecognized CVS risks among others. If this is confirmed by further studies, greater efforts will be needed to protect these workers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; drniza69@gmail.com.my.
authors.forename: Niza
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Samsuddin
authors.affiliation: Perdana University Graduate School of Medicine, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
authors.forename: Krishna Gopal
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Rampal
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Malaysia National University, Medical Faculty, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
authors.forename: Noor Hassim
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia;
authors.forename: Nor Zamzila
authors.initials: NZ
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hashima E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Nasreen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009032:Mosquito Control; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D010575:Pesticides; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; C468406:PON1 protein, human
keywords: diastolic blood pressure; hypertension; oxidized low-density lipoprotein; paraoxonase 1; pesticides; systolic blood pressure.