title: Puzzle-based versus traditional lecture: comparing the effects of pedagogy on academic performance in an undergraduate human anatomy and physiology II lab.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A traditional lecture-based pedagogy conveys information and content while lacking sufficient development of critical thinking skills and problem solving. A puzzle-based pedagogy creates a broader contextual framework, and fosters critical thinking as well as logical reasoning skills that can then be used to improve a student's performance on content specific assessments. This paper describes a pedagogical comparison of traditional lecture-based teaching and puzzle-based teaching in a Human Anatomy and Physiology II Lab.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a single subject/cross-over design half of the students from seven sections of the course were taught using one type of pedagogy for the first half of the semester, and then taught with a different pedagogy for the second half of the semester. The other half of the students were taught the same material but with the order of the pedagogies reversed. Students' performance on quizzes and exams specific to the course, and in-class assignments specific to this study were assessed for: learning outcomes (the ability to form the correct conclusion or recall specific information), and authentic academic performance as described by (Am J Educ 104:280-312, 1996).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings suggest a significant improvement in students' performance on standard course specific assessments using a puzzle-based pedagogy versus a traditional lecture-based teaching style. Quiz and test scores for students improved by 2.1 and 0.4% respectively in the puzzle-based pedagogy, versus the traditional lecture-based teaching. Additionally, the assessments of authentic academic performance may only effectively measure a broader conceptual understanding in a limited set of contexts, and not in the context of a Human Anatomy and Physiology II Lab.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, a puzzle-based pedagogy, when compared to traditional lecture-based teaching, can effectively enhance the performance of students on standard course specific assessments, even when the assessments only test a limited conceptual understanding of the material.
authors.affiliation: University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA. lstetzik@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stetzik
authors.affiliation: University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA. aed27@zips.uakron.edu.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deeter
authors.affiliation: University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA. jtp718@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA. cyukech@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yukech
mesh_terms: D000715:Anatomy / Q000193:education*; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods; D004521:Educational Measurement; D004522:Educational Status; D006801:Humans; D010827:Physiology / Q000193:education*; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods