title: Extraction, Isolation, Structural Characterization and Anti-Tumor Properties of an Apigalacturonan-Rich Polysaccharide from the Sea Grass Zostera caespitosa Miki.
abstract: An apigalacturonan (AGA)-rich polysaccharide, ZCMP, was isolated from the sea grass Zostera caespitosa Miki. The depolymerized fragments derived from ZCMP were obtained by either acidic degradation or pectinase degradation, and their structures were characterized by electrospray ionization collision-induced-dissociation mass spectrometry (ESI-CID-MS2) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The average molecular weight of ZCMP was 77.2 kD and it consisted of galacturonic acid (GalA), apiosefuranose (Api), galactose (Gal), rhamnose (Rha), arabinose (Ara), xylose (Xyl), and mannose (Man), at a molar ratio of 51.4꞉15.5꞉6.0꞉11.8꞉4.2꞉4.4꞉4.2. There were two regions of AGA (70%) and rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-Ι, 30%) in ZCMP. AGA was composed of an α-1,4-D-galactopyranosyluronan backbone mainly substituted at the O-3 position by single Api residues. RG-Ι possessed a backbone of repeating disaccharide units of →4GalAα1,2Rhaα1→, with a few α-L-arabinose and β-D-galactose residues as side chains. The anti-angiogenesis assay showed that ZCMP inhibited the migratory activity of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVECs), with no influence on endothelial cells growth. ZCMP also promoted macrophage phagocytosis. These findings of the present study demonstrated the potential anti-tumor activity of ZCMP through anti-angiogenic and immunoregulatory pathways.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. lvyoujing1988@163.com.
authors.forename: Youjing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. shanxindi@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Xindi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. zhaoxia@ouc.edu.cn.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. zhaoxia@ouc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. caic@ouc.edu.cn.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. caic@ouc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. zhaoxia@ouc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaoliang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. lvyoujing1988@163.com.
authors.forename: Yinzhi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. elden0203@foxmail.com.
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. glyu@ouc.edu.cn.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. glyu@ouc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guangli
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D051379:Mice; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D035962:Zosteraceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011134:Polysaccharides
keywords: ESI-CID-MS2; Zostera caespitosa Miki; anti-angiogenesis; apigalacturonan; immunoregulation; oligosaccharides