title: Exposure to traffic and lung function in adults: a general population cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between living near dense traffic and lung function in a cohort of adults from a single urban region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional results from a cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The adult-onset asthma and exhaled nitric oxide (ADONIX) cohort, sampled during 2001-2008 in Gothenburg, Sweden. Exposure was expressed as the distance from participants' residential address to the nearest road with dense traffic (>10,000 vehicles per day) or very dense traffic (>30,000 vehicles per day). The exposure categories were: low (>500 m; reference), medium (75-500 m) or high (<75 m).
  
  
  METHODS
  The source population was a population-based cohort of adults (n=6153). The study population included 5441 participants of European descent with good quality spirometry and information about all outcomes and covariates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) were measured at a clinical examination. The association with exposure was examined using linear regression adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, smoking status and education in all participants and stratified by sex, smoking status and respiratory health status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified a significant dose-response trend between exposure category and FEV1 (p=0.03) and borderline significant trend for FVC (p=0.06) after adjusting for covariates. High exposure was associated with lower FEV1 (-1.0%, 95% CI -2.5% to 0.5%) and lower FVC (-0.9%, 95% CI -2.2% to 0.4%). The effect appeared to be stronger in women. In highly exposed individuals with current asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, FVC was lower (-4.5%, 95% CI -8.8% to -0.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High traffic exposure at the residential address was associated with lower than predicted FEV1 and FVC lung function compared with living further away in a large general population cohort. There were particular effects on women and individuals with obstructive disease.
authors.affiliation: Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hanne Krage
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1656-9624
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Carlsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Umea, Umea, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Modig
authors.affiliation: Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levinsson
authors.affiliation: Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jeong-Lim
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Section of Occupational Medicine, Respiratory Diseases and Toxicology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toren
authors.affiliation: Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nyberg
authors.affiliation: Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna-Carin
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Olin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001249:Asthma / Q000503:physiopathology; D001944:Breath Tests; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013548:Sweden; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D014797:Vital Capacity
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY