title: Cyclic Di-GMP Regulates Type IV Pilus-Dependent Motility in Myxococcus xanthus.
abstract: The nucleotide-based second messenger bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) is involved in regulating a plethora of processes in bacteria that are typically associated with lifestyle changes. Myxococcus xanthus undergoes major lifestyle changes in response to nutrient availability, with the formation of spreading colonies in the presence of nutrients and spore-filled fruiting bodies in the absence of nutrients. Here, we investigated the function of c-di-GMP in M. xanthus and show that this bacterium synthesizes c-di-GMP during growth. Manipulation of the c-di-GMP level by expression of either an active, heterologous diguanylate cyclase or an active, heterologous phosphodiesterase correlated with defects in type IV pilus (T4P)-dependent motility, whereas gliding motility was unaffected. An increased level of c-di-GMP correlated with reduced transcription of the pilA gene (which encodes the major pilin of T4P), reduced the assembly of T4P, and altered cell agglutination, whereas a decreased c-di-GMP level correlated with altered cell agglutination. The systematic inactivation of the 24 genes in M. xanthus encoding proteins containing GGDEF, EAL, or HD-GYP domains, which are associated with c-di-GMP synthesis, degradation, or binding, identified three genes encoding proteins important for T4P-dependent motility, whereas all mutants had normal gliding motility. Purified DmxA had diguanylate cyclase activity, whereas the hybrid histidine protein kinases TmoK and SgmT, each of which contains a GGDEF domain, did not have diguanylate cyclase activity. These results demonstrate that c-di-GMP is important for T4P-dependent motility in M. xanthus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We provide the first direct evidence that M. xanthus synthesizes c-di-GMP and demonstrate that c-di-GMP is important for T4P-dependent motility, whereas we did not obtain evidence that c-di-GMP regulates gliding motility. The data presented uncovered a novel mechanism for regulation of T4P-dependent motility, in which increased levels of c-di-GMP inhibit transcription of the pilA gene (which encodes the major pilin of T4P), ultimately resulting in the reduced assembly of T4P. Moreover, we identified an enzymatically active diguanylate cyclase that is important for T4P-dependent motility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Skotnicka
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Petters
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heering
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology & Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoppert
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Volkhard
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kaever
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany sogaard@mpi-marburg.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Lotte
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Søgaard-Andersen
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D058947:Bacterial Secretion Systems; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010861:Fimbriae, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement; D016941:Myxococcus xanthus / Q000502:physiology*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D058947:Bacterial Secretion Systems; C062025:bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid; D006152:Cyclic GMP