title: Partial Reversal of Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance Owing to Anti-Inflammatory Immunomodulatory Potential of Flaxseed Oil.
abstract: The present study was designed to assess the potential of supplementation of diet with Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum, L.) oil (FXO), on obesity-related inflammation and reversal of obesity-induced insulin resistance. Swiss Albino mice, C57bl/6 mice and co-culture of 3T3-L1 adipocytes - RAW 264.7 macrophages to mimick obese adipose tissue environment were used for the study. Oral gavage of FXO at concentrations of 4, 8 or 16 mg/kg body weight (bwt) for 4 weeks or high-fat diet (HFD, 60% energy as fat) supplemented with dietary FXO (4, 8 or 16 mg/kg bwt) was given to the mice. FXO was characterised using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. FXO supplemented HFD-fed mice (4 mg/kg bwt exhibited reduced adiposity index, serum glucose levels and triglycerides (8 and 16 mg/kg bwt) and improvement in insulin sensitisation (4, 8 and 16 mg/kg bwt) when compared with HFD mice. The co-culture showed a dose-dependent shift in cytokines towards anti-inflammatory (IL-4) state, with a decrease in pro-inflammatory TNF-α (p < 0.05). For immunomodulatory studies a dose-dependent increase (p < 0.05) was observed in antigen-specific levels of Th2 (IL-4) cytokine, serum anti-ova IgG1 and IgE levels. Suppression in anti-ova IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 and antigen-specific Th1 cytokines like TNF-α and IFN-γ significantly (p < 0.05) was observed at 16 mg/kg bwt dosage. The results indicate that FXO exhibits an anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory potential and may partially relieve symptoms of obesity-associated insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University , New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Samina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bashir
authors.forename: Shakir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Farah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D050154:Adiposity / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D008055:Lipids; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D008043:Linseed Oil; D010047:Ovalbumin
keywords: Anti-inflammatory; cell-mediated immune response; co-culture; humoral immune response; immunomodulation; obesity