title: Passive movement and active exercise for very young infants with congenital heart disease: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delayed motor development is reported in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Exercise is widely used to facilitate motor development and improve motor ability. Exercise for adolescents and adults with CHD has been extensively studied. However, the evidence of exercise for infants with CHD is sparse. This study aims to identify the effect of passive movement and active exercise on motor development within very young CHD infants with cardiac catheterization.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective and randomized controlled trial will be conducted in very young CHD infants with cardiac catheterization. A total of 147 infants with CHD will be randomized by a 1:1:1 allocation ratio by computer to an exercise intervention group, a home-based intervention group and a control group. The exercise intervention group will receive passive movement and active exercise from experienced physiotherapists in pediatrics three times a week for 12 weeks. The home-based intervention group will receive passive movement and active exercise from their parents or caregivers at home three times a week for 12 weeks. The control group will receive follow up only. The follow-up duration is 20 months. The primary outcome measures are the motor quotient measured by the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-II. The secondary outcome measures are the Ross score, ventricular function, bone quality, body length, weight, head circumference, upper arm circumference, and adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has several important features, including the randomization process, the long follow-up duration, the control group, and the large sample size. The aim of this study is to determine whether 12-week passive movement and active exercise promotes motor development and produces other beneficial effects for very young CHD infants with cardiac catheterization. Therefore, this study will contribute new knowledge regarding the rehabilitation program in very young CHD infants with cardiac catheterization.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials ChiCTR-IOR-15005909 (January 31, 2015).
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. duqing810@126.com.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. zhouxuanxh@163.com.
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation Centre, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China. qiang897@163.com.
authors.forename: Xueqiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, China. chengsun@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Sun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. whitesnow1998@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. chennanreha@126.com.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China. liangjuping1990@163.com.
authors.forename: Juping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. js-dengweiwei@163.com.
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, China. sunkunxh@126.com.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D002657:Child Development; D002681:China; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009043:Motor Activity; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012107:Research Design; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome