title: Haemophilia A and B as a cause for secondary osteoporosis and increased fracture risk.
abstract: Despite the increasing evidence regarding its association with low bone mineral density (BMD) both in adults and children, haemophilia A or B has not yet been considered among the classic causes of secondary osteoporosis. Although the exact mechanisms are not fully elucidated, physical inactivity and vitamin D deficiency seem to play a fundamental role for such an association. Viral infections and arthropathy further compromise bone mass. Except for low BMD, patients with haemophilia seem to be at increased risk for fracture and falls. The FRAX tool may be of value in this population, for the estimation of fracture risk. Regular exercise, prophylactic factor replacement therapy in severe haemophilia, fall prevention strategies and optimization of calcium and vitamin D intake are recommended. In any case, individualized multidisciplinary approach and careful assessment and management of fracture risk are recommended.
authors.affiliation: aFirst Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology bSecond Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Haemophilia Centre of Northern Greece, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anagnostis
authors.forename: Spyridon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karras
authors.forename: Stavroula A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Paschou
authors.forename: Dimitrios G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Goulis
mesh_terms: D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology*; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000150:complications*; D002836:Hemophilia B / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology*; D012306:Risk