title: Vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids independently attenuate plasma concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E3 in Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-challenged growing-finishing pigs.
abstract: This study tested the hypothesis that vitamin E (Vit E) and omega-3 fatty acids will additively attenuate the production of proinflammatory cytokines and PGE2 in immune system–stimulated growing–finishing pigs. A total of 80 mixed sex pigs weighing 50.7 ± 0.76 kg (mean ± SE) were blocked and stratified based on sex and BW to a 2 × 2 factorial design with the respective factors being 1) without and with 300 IU Vit E and 2) without and with 25% replacement of tallow to linseed oil as a source of n-3 fatty acids. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicate pens with 5 pigs (3 barrows and 2 gilts) per pen. All pigs were challenged with an intramuscular injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS; O111:B4) twice weekly over the 6-wk experiment. After LPS challenge, pigs fed a diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids had fewer (P < 0.05) white blood cells and tended to show both a reduced (P < 0.10) proportion of lymphocytes and IgG concentration compared with pigs fed a diet without any supplements. Supplementation of n-3 fatty acids reduced (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05) serum concentrations of cortisol and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), respectively. The serum concentration of PGE2 was decreased (P < 0.05) with supplementation of both Vit E and n-3 fatty acids; however, the extent of the reduction was greater (P < 0.001) in pigs fed an n-3 fatty acid–supplemented diet. However, there were no additive effects of the combined supplementation of Vit E and n-3 fatty acids on serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and PGE2. The results suggest that n-3 fatty acids independently attenuate production of TNF-α and PGE2 in immune system–stimulated growing–finishing pigs.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Upadhaya
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Mullan
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pluske
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000527:Alprostadil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D005223:Fats; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D013552:Swine / Q000097:blood*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005223:Fats; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014810:Vitamin E; C033246:prostaglandin E3; C013698:tallow; D000527:Alprostadil