title: Chronic Pain in HIV-Infected Patients: Relationship to Depression, Substance Use, and Mental Health and Pain Treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV has become a chronic disease for most individuals in developed countries. Chronic pain is a common occurrence for HIV-infected patients and has an impact on quality of life and antiretroviral adherence. The objective of this study was to examine relationships between chronic pain and depression, substance use, mental health treatment, and pain treatment in HIV-infected patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three primary care sites where HIV+ patients receive treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and thirty eight HIV-infected primary care patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected self-report and chart-review information on demographics, HIV clinical status, chronic pain, depression, substance use, mental health treatment, and pain treatment. We collected data between October 2012 and November 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the patients enrolled in this study, 107 reported no chronic pain, 24 reported mild chronic pain, and 107 reported moderate-severe chronic pain. Participants in the moderate-severe pain group were more likely to have high levels of depressive symptoms than those in the no chronic pain group. Similarly, there was a significant relationship between chronic pain status and interference with life activities due to pain. Participants with moderate-severe chronic pain were more likely to be taking an antidepressant medication than those with mild chronic pain, and more likely to be taking a prescription opioid than the other two groups. We did not find a significant relationship between problematic substance use and chronic pain status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite pharmacologic treatment, moderate-severe chronic pain and elevated depression symptoms are common among HIV-infected patients and frequently co-occur.
authors.affiliation: Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island.|Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Uebelacker
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.|Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Risa B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Weisberg
authors.affiliation: Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island.|Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Debra S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.|Stanley Street Treatment and Resources, Fall River, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Genie L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.|The Immunology Center, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Pinkston-Camp
authors.affiliation: Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island.|Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.|The Immunology Center, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009511:New England / Q000453:epidemiology; D059408:Pain Management / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Chronic Pain; Depression; HIV