title: Tool for Rapid & Easy Identification of High Risk Diabetic Foot: Validation & Clinical Pilot of the Simplified 60 Second Diabetic Foot Screening Tool.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most diabetic foot amputations are caused by ulcers on the skin of the foot i.e. diabetic foot ulcers. Early identification of patients at high risk for diabetic foot ulcers is crucial. The 'Simplified 60-Second Diabetic Foot Screening Tool' has been designed to rapidly detect high risk diabetic feet, allowing for timely identification and referral of patients needing treatment. This study aimed to determine the clinical performance and inter-rater reliability of 'Simplified 60 Second Diabetic Foot Screening Tool' in order to evaluate its applicability for routine screening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tool was independently tested by n=12 assessors with n=18 Guyanese patients with diabetes. Inter-rater reliability was assessed by calculating Cronbach's alpha for each of the assessment items. A minimum value of 0.60 was considered acceptable. Reliability scores of the screening tool assessment items were: 'monofilament test' 0.98; 'active ulcer' 0.97; 'previous amputation' 0.97; 'previous ulcer' 0.97; 'fixed ankle' 0.91; 'deformity' 0.87; 'callus' 0.87; 'absent pulses' 0.87; 'fixed toe' 0.80; 'blisters' 0.77; 'ingrown nail' 0.72; and 'fissures' 0.55. The item 'stiffness in the toe or ankle' was removed as it was observed in only 1.3% of patients. The item 'fissures' was also removed due to low inter-rater reliability. Clinical performance was assessed via a pilot study utilizing the screening tool on n=1,266 patients in an acute care setting in Georgetown, Guyana. In total, 48% of patients either had existing diabetic foot ulcers or were found to be at high risk for developing ulcers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians in low and middle income countries such as Guyana can use the Simplified 60-Second Diabetic Screening Tool to facilitate early detection and appropriate treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Implementation of this screening tool has the potential to decrease diabetes related disability and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: M Gail
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Woodbury
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: R Gary
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Sibbald
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ostrow
authors.affiliation: Suddie Hospital, Essequibo, Guyana.
authors.forename: Reneeka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Persaud
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Julia M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lowe
mesh_terms: D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000175:diagnosis*; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006172:Guyana; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D015588:Observer Variation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors