title: Strong Association Between Human and Animal Brucella Seropositivity in a Linked Study in Kenya, 2012-2013.
abstract: Brucellosis is a common bacterial zoonotic infection but data on the prevalence among humans and animals is limited in Kenya. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in three counties practicing different livestock production systems to simultaneously assess the seroprevalence of, and risk factors for brucellosis among humans and their livestock (cattle, sheep, camels, and goats). A two-stage cluster sampling method with random selection of sublocations and households was conducted. Blood samples were collected from humans and animals and tested for Brucella immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. Human and animal individual seroprevalence was 16% and 8%, respectively. Household and herd seroprevalence ranged from 5% to 73% and 6% to 68%, respectively. There was a 6-fold odds of human seropositivity in households with a seropositive animal compared with those without. Risk factors for human seropositivity included regular ingestion of raw milk (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.8-4.4), exposure to goats (herding, milking, and feeding) (aOR = 3.1, 95% CI = 2.5-3.8), and handling of animal hides (aOR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.5-2.2). Attaining at least high school education and above was a protective factor for human seropositivity (aOR = 0.3, 95% CI = 0.3-0.4). This linked study provides evidence of a strong association between human and animal seropositivity at the household level.
authors.forename: Eric Mogaka
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Osoro
authors.forename: Peninah
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Munyua
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Omulo
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ogola
authors.forename: Fredrick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ade
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mbatha
authors.forename: Murithi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mbabu
authors.forename: Zipporah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ng'ang'a
authors.forename: Salome
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kairu
authors.forename: Marybeth
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maritim
authors.forename: Samuel M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Thumbi
authors.forename: Austine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bitek
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaichugi
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Kariuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Njenga
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guerra
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D002002:Brucella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002006:Brucellosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000662:veterinary*; D002162:Camelus / Q000382:microbiology; D002417:Cattle / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012756:Sheep / Q000382:microbiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G