title: Advances in imaging for diagnosis and management of cardiac sarcoidosis.
abstract: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder with a high prevalence of cardiac involvement. Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) may be life threatening due to end-stage cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death. The frequent absence of specific symptoms and lack of a diagnostic 'gold standard' pose challenges in the diagnosis of CS. Endomyocardial biopsy, although specific, has an unacceptably low sensitivity. Non-invasive cardiac imaging has a huge role in the assessment of patients with known or suspected CS. This comprehensive review compares the diagnostic accuracy, along with advantages and disadvantages, of established and emerging imaging modalities for CS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Niti R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Snipelisky
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Phillip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Bernard J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Gersh
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA chareonthaitawee.panithaya@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Panithaya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chareonthaitawee
mesh_terms: D057791:Cardiac Imaging Techniques / Q000639:trends*; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D002423:Cause of Death; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
keywords: Cardiac MRI; Cardiac PET imaging; Cardiac sarcoidosis; FDG PET imaging