title: The contribution of on-call, volunteer first responders to mass-casualty terrorist attacks in Israel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the contributions of on-call, volunteer first responders to mass-casualty terrorist attacks in Israel during the Second Intifada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive study evaluating data obtained from postevent debriefings after 15 terrorist attacks in Israel between 2001 and 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An average of 7.9 deaths (median 7.0, interquartile range [IQR] 2.5-12.5) and 53.8 injuries (median 50.0, IQR 34.0-62.0) occurred in each of these attacks. The average number of volunteers responding to each event was 50.3 (median 43.0, IQR 27.5-55.5). The volunteers were involved in extricating victims from imminent danger, and performing emergent tasks such as bag-valve ventilation, tourniquet application, and intravenous line insertion. They were also integral to the rapid evacuation of casualties from the scene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On-call, volunteer first responders are an integral part of Israel's emergency medical response to mass-casualty terrorist attacks. This system may be used as a model for the development of similar services worldwide.
authors.affiliation: Senior Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Evan Avraham
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Alpert
authors.affiliation: Senior Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Ari M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lipsky
authors.affiliation: Volunteer Research Assistant, Department of Emergency Medicine, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Navid Daniel
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Elie
authors.affiliation: Director - PR, Training & FR Division, Magen David Adom, Israel.
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jaffe
mesh_terms: D054042:Bombs; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D060731:Emergency Responders; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D054527:Mass Casualty Incidents / Q000401:mortality; D018635:Rescue Work; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014838:Volunteers; D054044:Weapons of Mass Destruction