title: Central serous chorioretinopathy: what we have learnt so far.
abstract: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a common retinal cause of visual loss. The mainstays of management are observation, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and laser procedures. Over the past decade, there has been rapid development in the existing and novel imaging techniques, functional testing and management of CSCR. However, there is no convincing treatment designed for CSCR yet. In recent years, the advances in PDT, with various adjustments in fluence and verteporfin dosage, and the comparisons between different types of PDT for acute and chronic CSCR in recent studies have provided greater insights into the role of PDT in treating CSCR. Novel laser procedures, such as the diode micropulse laser, have shown comparable efficacy to conventional lasers without laser-induced damage. Antivascular endothelial growth factor, which was originally developed for treating cancers, has emerged to be a potentially effective treatment for CSCR. The potential role of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in treating CSCR has provided greater understanding of the pathogenesis. Based on the relevant studies, mainly from the past decade, we discuss updates to the management of CSCR according to the risk factor modifications, pharmacological interventions, PDT and laser procedures and concluded that PDT is the current best option for CSCR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Kah Hie
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Kin Pong
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Smt. Kanuri Santhamma Retina Vitreous Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chhablani
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Ian Y
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D056833:Central Serous Chorioretinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D006801:Humans; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
keywords: antivascular endothelial growth factor; central serous chorioretinopathy; laser photocoagulation; mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; photodynamic therapy