title: Nausea and vomiting in Iranian Traditional Medicine based on Avicenna's viewpoint.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nausea and vomiting decrease one's quality of life significantly, and, despite various treatments, they are still uncontrollable, especially in acute illness. Perhaps it would be useful to search for new concepts and therapies for dealing with these issues at other medical schools. The aim of this research was to elucidate the causes of nausea and vomiting in Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) based on Avicenna's viewpoint in The Book of "Canon of medicine".
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the Canon of Medicine and other reference textbooks of ITM to get the experts' viewpoints, such as Kamel-al-Sanaeh, Al-Havi, and Zakhireh-kharazmshahi, and we searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ISI and Science Iranian Database (SID) in November and December 2014 using keywords.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Basic terms associated with nausea and vomiting in ITM are Gha'y (vomiting), Tahavo'a (retching), Gathayan (nausea), and Taghallob-al-nafs (continuous nausea). Different factors can induce these problems with direct or indirect change in the quantity/quality of humors in the body's systems or the stomach. Treatments are based on the correction of humors and modifications of lifestyle. ITM has recommended medicinal herbs for severe nausea and vomiting. For example, they may be effective in treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ITM suggests that almost the nausea and vomiting associated with almost all major diseases originate from abnormalities in either the quantity/quality of humors. The gold standard for managing nausea and vomiting is lifestyle modifications with attention to responsible humors. Some therapeutic protocols in ITM may be applicable today. Perhaps redefining the diseases and updating the expression of these concepts and approaches can lead to the development of complementary and alternative treatments for nausea and vomiting.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Ph.D. in Iranian Traditional Medicine, School of Iranian Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nazari
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taghizadeh
authors.affiliation: Professor in Industrial Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Orafaei
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rakhshandeh
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mojtaba Mousavi
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bazzaz
authors.affiliation: Master of Theology, Ahwaz Judiciary office, Ahwaz, Iran.
authors.forename: Jafar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shokri
authors.affiliation: Ph.D. Candidate, School of Iranian Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Sadegh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shokri
keywords: Avicenna; humor; nausea; temperament; traditional medicine; vomiting