title: Ankaferd blood stopper decreases postoperative bleeding and number of transfusions in patients treated with clopidogrel: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk of reoperation due to bleeding after open heart surgery is 2.2%-4.2%. Patients who undergo reoperation have a two to six times greater mortality rate. Risk factors for reoperation include: older age, low body mass index, time on extracorporeal circulation, and emergency operations. In coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients who are treated preoperatively with antiplatelets, including clopidogrel, the source of postoperative bleeding may be difficult to detect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of local Ankaferd blood stopper (ABS) to prevent mediastinal bleeding in CABG patients who were treated with clopidogrel and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) preoperatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five emergency CABG patients premedicated with clopidogrel and ASA as antiplatelet drugs were included in the study (Group 1). An additional twenty-five patients who were premedicated with the same antiplatelet agents were selected as a control group (Group 2). Preoperative clinical characteristics of the two groups were comparable. At the end of the surgery, 4-10 mL of ABS solution was sprayed on the mediastinal and epicardial tissue following protamine administration in Group1. We compared postoperative total mediastinal bleeding, reoperation rate and total blood and blood products transfused between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no mortality in either of the two groups. Mean postoperative bleeding was 430 mL in the ABS group, and 690 mL in the CG group (P = .044). In the ICU, bleeding in groups 1 and 2 was 610 mL and 980 mL, respectively (P = .025); total bleeding from the mediastinum was 830 mL and 1490 mL, respectively (P = .001) and the amount of autotransfusion was 210 mL and 400 mL (P = .003). Total transfusion of PRBCs in the operating room in groups 1 and 2 was 0.3 and 0.8, respectively (P = .003). No patients in the ABS group needed surgical revision due to severe bleeding or cardiac tamponade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of local ABS reduces bleeding, transfusion requirements of packed red blood cells, platelets and total blood units in patients premedicated with clopidogrel and ASA undergoing emergent CABG .
authors.affiliation: Izmir Sifa University Medical Faculty, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Izmir,. ofdogan@hacettepe.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Mehmet Besir
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Akpinar
authors.forename: Atakan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atalay
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Atalay
authors.forename: Omer Faruk
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Dogan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D011292:Premedication; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D006490:Hemostatics; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; C539751:ankaferd blood stopper; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin