title: Detection of asymmetric glaucomatous damage using automated pupillography, the swinging flashlight method and the magnified-assisted swinging flashlight method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the sensitivity and specificity of various methods of detecting a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) in patients with glaucoma-related diagnoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients underwent RAPD evaluation using the swinging flashlight method (SFM), the magnifier-assisted SFM, and pupillography using the Konan RAPDx. Main outcome measures were sensitivity and specificity of three methods of RAPD evaluation in detecting visual field mean deviation (MD), cup to disc ratio (CDR), disc damage likelihood scale (DDLS), and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) asymmetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-one consecutive patients from the Wills Eye Hospital glaucoma service were enrolled, 60 with glaucoma and 21 with ocular hypertension or glaucoma suspect. Thirty-one percent of subjects had MD asymmetry>5 dB, 19.7% had CDR asymmetry≥0.20, 26.7% had DDLS asymmetry≥2, and 38.2% had RNFL asymmetry>10 microns. Sensitivity values for pupillography were 93.3% (95% CI, 68.1-99.8) for detecting MD asymmetry, 80.0% (95% CI, 51.9-95.7) for CDR asymmetry, 100.0% (95% CI, 73.5-100.0) for DDLS asymmetry, and 69.2% (95% CI, 38.6-90.9) for RNFL asymmetry. Specificity values were 41.2% (95% CI, 24.7-59.3) for detecting MD asymmetry, 32.8% (95% CI, 21.3-46.0) for CDR asymmetry, 33.3% (95% CI, 18.0-51.8) for DDLS asymmetry, and 42.9% (95% CI, 21.8-66.0) for RNFL asymmetry. Pupillography amplitude score was correlated with MD asymmetry (r2=0.41, P<0.001) and area under the curve was 0.84.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Automated pupillography had higher sensitivity and lower specificity in detecting MD, CDR, DDLS, and RNFL asymmetry. Within the bounds of the cohort tested, this method had limited case-finding ability.
authors.affiliation: Glaucoma Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8730-5426
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waisbourd
authors.affiliation: Glaucoma Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8515-345X
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Glaucoma Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Glaucoma Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Glaucoma Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.affiliation: Glaucoma Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.affiliation: Glaucoma Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Glaucoma Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Moster
authors.affiliation: Glaucoma Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.affiliation: Glaucoma Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Spaeth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000473:pathology; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011681:Pupil Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields; D055815:Young Adult