title: Does Tramadol Increase the Severity of Nicotine Dependence? A Study in an Egyptian Sample.
abstract: In Egypt, tramadol abuse is increasing, especially among youths and the middle- aged. Tobacco smoking is a worldwide health problem responsible for more deaths and disease than any other noninfectious cause. To investigate if there is a relationship between tramadol and nicotine dependence. 48 tramadol addicts completed a demographic sheet, drug use questionnaire, and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Numbers of cigarettes smoked were recorded every week or two weeks at follow-up or by phone calls, and the FTND was completed again five weeks after abstinence. All participants underwent full psychiatric assessment, plus a urine toxicology screening at first visit, and once again during follow-ups. All subjects of the study were cigarette smokers. The mean numbers of cigarettes smoked per day were 13, 31.8, 20.2, and 14.3 during the phase before tramadol taking, addiction phase, two weeks and five weeks after stopping tramadol. The mean FTND score dropped from 6.67 during the tramadol addiction phase to 4.31 only five weeks after stopping tramadol. Tramadol increases the severity of nicotine dependence. The relation seems to be bi-directional, so increased cigarette smoking also increases tramadol intake.
authors.affiliation: a Neuropsychiatry Department , Menoufia University , Shibin el-kom , Egypt.
authors.forename: Amr Said
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Shalaby
authors.forename: Ola Abd
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: El-Hady Sweilum
authors.forename: Mahmoud Khalid
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ads
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D014147:Tramadol
keywords: Egypt; nicotine; tramadol