title: The additive effects of GS3 and qGL3 on rice grain length regulation revealed by genetic and transcriptome comparisons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Grain length, as a critical trait for rice grain size and shape, has a great effect on grain yield and appearance quality. Although several grain size/shape genes have been cloned, the genetic interaction among these genes and the molecular mechanisms of grain size/shape architecture have not yet to be explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To investigate the genetic interaction between two major grain length loci of rice, GS3 and qGL3, we developed two near-isogenic lines (NILs), NIL-GS3 (GS3/qGL3) and NIL-qgl3 (gs3/qgl3), in the genetic background of 93-11 (gs3/qGL3) by conventional backcrossing and marker-assisted selection (MAS). Another NIL-GS3/qgl3 (GS3/qgl3) was developed by crossing NIL-GS3 with NIL-qgl3 and using MAS. By comparing the grain lengths of 93-11, NIL-GS3, NIL-qgl3 and NIL-GS3/qgl3, we investigated the effects of GS3, qGL3 and GS3 × qGL3 interaction on grain length based on two-way ANOVA. We found that GS3 and qGL3 had additive effects on rice grain length regulation. Comparative analysis of primary panicle transcriptomes in the four NILs revealed that the genes affected by GS3 and qGL3 partially overlapped, and both loci might be involved in brassinosteroid signaling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data provide new information to better understand the rice grain length regulation mechanism and help rice breeders improve rice yield and appearance quality by molecular design breeding.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. xygao7@126.com.
authors.forename: Xiuying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. zhangxj@qau.edu.cn.|College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China. zhangxj@qau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaojun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. ishongxia@126.com.
authors.forename: Hongxia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. huangji@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. wangjf@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jianfei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. hszhang@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hongsheng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D004843:Epistasis, Genetic; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D063990:Gene Ontology; D017343:Genes, Plant; D056426:Genetic Loci; D005838:Genotype; D007178:Inbreeding; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D012275:Oryza / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012639:Seeds / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics*; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000235:genetics*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics