title: The human cardiac and skeletal muscle proteomes defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To understand cardiac and skeletal muscle function, it is important to define and explore their molecular constituents and also to identify similarities and differences in the gene expression in these two different striated muscle tissues. Here, we have investigated the genes and proteins with elevated expression in cardiac and skeletal muscle in relation to all other major human tissues and organs using a global transcriptomics analysis complemented with antibody-based profiling to localize the corresponding proteins on a single cell level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study identified a comprehensive list of genes expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The genes with elevated expression were further stratified according to their global expression pattern across the human body as well as their precise localization in the muscle tissues. The functions of the proteins encoded by the elevated genes are well in line with the physiological functions of cardiac and skeletal muscle, such as contraction, ion transport, regulation of membrane potential and actomyosin structure organization. A large fraction of the transcripts in both cardiac and skeletal muscle correspond to mitochondrial proteins involved in energy metabolism, which demonstrates the extreme specialization of these muscle tissues to provide energy for contraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide a comprehensive list of genes and proteins elevated in striated muscles. A number of proteins not previously characterized in cardiac and skeletal muscle were identified and localized to specific cellular subcompartments. These proteins represent an interesting starting point for further functional analysis of their role in muscle biology and disease.
authors.affiliation: Science for Life Laboratory, Dept of Immunology Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden. cecilia.lindskog@igp.uu.se.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lindskog
authors.affiliation: Science for Life Laboratory, Dept of Immunology Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden. jerker.linne@igp.uu.se.
authors.forename: Jerker
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Linné
authors.affiliation: Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-171 21, Stockholm, Sweden. linn.fagerberg@scilifelab.se.
authors.forename: Linn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fagerberg
authors.affiliation: Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-171 21, Stockholm, Sweden. bjorn.hallstrom@scilifelab.se.
authors.forename: Björn M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hallström
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. carl.j.sundberg@ki.se.
authors.forename: Carl Johan
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Sundberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. Malene.Lindholm@ki.se.
authors.forename: Malene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.affiliation: Science for Life Laboratory, Dept of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Box 1031, SE-17121, Solna, Sweden. mikael.huss@scilifelab.se.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huss
authors.affiliation: Science for Life Laboratory, Dept of Immunology Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden. caroline.kampf@igp.uu.se.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kampf
authors.affiliation: NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. cjh9595@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. dliemmd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Liem
authors.affiliation: NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. pping@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Peipei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ping
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 58, Gothenburg, Sweden. leif.varemo@chalmers.se.
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Väremo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 58, Gothenburg, Sweden. adilm@chalmers.se.
authors.forename: Adil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mardinoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 58, Gothenburg, Sweden. nielsenj@chalmers.se.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden. erik.larsson@igp.uu.se.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.affiliation: Science for Life Laboratory, Dept of Immunology Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden. fredrik.ponten@igp.uu.se.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pontén
authors.affiliation: Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-171 21, Stockholm, Sweden. mathias.uhlen@scilifelab.se.|NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. mathias.uhlen@scilifelab.se.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uhlén
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D020543:Proteome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D020543:Proteome