title: Biomarkers for Refractory Lupus Nephritis: A Microarray Study of Kidney Tissue.
abstract: The prognosis of severe lupus nephritis (LN) is very different among individual patients. None of the current biomarkers can be used to predict the development of refractory LN. Because kidney histology is the gold standard for diagnosing LN, the authors hypothesize that molecular signatures detected in kidney biopsy tissue may have predictive value in determining the therapeutic response. Sixty-seven patients with biopsy-proven severely active LN by International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS) classification III/IV were recruited. Twenty-three kidney tissue samples were used for RNA microarray analysis, while the remaining 44 samples were used for validation by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) gene expression analysis. From hundreds of differential gene expressions in refractory LN, 12 candidates were selected for validation based on gene expression levels as well as relevant functions. The candidate biomarkers were members of the innate immune response molecules, adhesion molecules, calcium-binding receptors, and paracellular tight junction proteins. S100A8, ANXA13, CLDN19 and FAM46B were identified as the best kidney biomarkers for refractory LN, and COL8A1 was identified as the best marker for early loss of kidney function. These new molecular markers can be used to predict refractory LN and may eventually lead to novel molecular targets for therapy.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Science, Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. tbenjachat@gmail.com.|Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. tbenjachat@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Thitima
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Benjachat
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Science, Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. ptongyoo@gmail.com.|Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. ptongyoo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pumipat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tongyoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. phornpen_071@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Pornpen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tantivitayakul
authors.affiliation: Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. pook_bio@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Poorichaya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Somparn
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. nattiyap@gmail.com.|Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. nattiyap@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nattiya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hirankarn
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand. san.promon@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Santitham
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prom-On
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. beepisitkun@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Prapaporn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pisitkun
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. a_leelahavanit@yahoo.com.|Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. a_leelahavanit@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Asada
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leelahavanichkul
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. yingyos.a@gmail.com.|Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. yingyos.a@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yingyos
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Avihingsanon
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. ntownamchai@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Natavudh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Townamchai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D001706:Biopsy; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D046228:Microarray Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: biomarker; chronic kidney disease; gene expression; lupus nephritis; microarrays