title: Migration of nonylphenol from food-grade plastic is toxic to the coral reef fish species Pseudochromis fridmani.
abstract: Nonylphenol (NP) is a non-ionic surfactant used extensively in industrial applications, personal care products, and many plastics. We exposed marine orchid dottybacks (Pseudochromis fridmani) for 48h to either glass, Teflon, or two bags labeled as FDA food-grade polyethylene (PE1 and PE2) from different manufacturers. The PE2 bags leached high levels of NP into the contact water, which were taken up by the fish, and decreased short and long-term survival. Concentrations of NP that leached from the bags were consistent with 96h LC50 values determined in this study, indicating NP is the likely toxic agent. Despite being similarly labeled, the NP concentrations that leached from the bags and the resultant toxicity to the fish varied dramatically between manufacturers. This study highlights that some plastics, labeled as food-safe, can be highly toxic to aquatic animals, and could pose a greater threat to humans than previously realized. This study also highlights risks for aquatic animals exposed to increasing quantities of plastic waste.
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Research Institute, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
authors.forename: Heather J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hamlin
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Research Institute, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marciano
authors.affiliation: Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, PO BOX 92, Clifford, VA 24533, USA. Electronic address: cadowns@haereticus-lab.org.
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Downs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057894:Coral Reefs; D005399:Fishes; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D010969:Plastics / Q000737:chemistry*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols; D010969:Plastics; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C025256:nonylphenol
keywords: Marine orchid dottyback; Nonylphenol; Plastic contaminants