title: The Cooperative Landscape of Multinational Clinical Trials.
abstract: The scale and nature of cooperative efforts spanning geopolitical borders in clinical research have not been elucidated to date. In a cross-sectional study of 110,428 interventional trials registered in Clinicaltrials.gov, we characterized the evolution, trial demographics, and network properties of multinational clinical research. We reveal that the relative growth of international collaboratives has remained stagnant in the last two decades, although clinical trials have evolved to become much larger in scale. Multinational clinical trials are also characterized by higher patient enrollments, industry funding, and specific clinical disciplines including oncology and infectious disease. Network analyses demonstrate temporal shifts in collaboration patterns between countries and world regions, with developing nations now collaborating more within themselves, although Europe remains the dominant contributor to multinational clinical trials worldwide. Performances in network centrality measures also highlight the differential contribution of nations in the global research network. A city-level clinical trial network analysis further demonstrates how collaborative ties decline with physical distance. This study clarifies evolving themes and highlights potential growth mechanisms and barriers in multinational clinical trials, which may be useful in evaluating the role of national and local policies in organizing transborder efforts in clinical endeavors.
authors.affiliation: Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States of America.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hsiehchen
authors.affiliation: Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States of America.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.affiliation: Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States of America.
authors.forename: Antony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hsieh
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D019049:Developed Countries; D003906:Developing Countries; D005843:Geography; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic / Q000379:methods; D018579:Patient Selection; D012108:Research Personnel; D066252:Sociological Factors