title: Saline-induced changes of epicuticular waxy layer on the Puccinellia tenuiflora and Oryza sativa leave surfaces.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The epicuticular waxy layer of plant leaves enhances the extreme environmental stress tolerance. However, the relationship between waxy layer and saline tolerance was not established well. The epicuticular waxy layer of rice (Oryza sativa L.) was studied under the NaHCO3 stresses. In addition, strong saline tolerance Puccinellia tenuiflora was chosen for comparative studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that there were significant changes in waxy morphologies of the rice epicuticular surfaces, while no remarkable changes in those of P. tenuiflora epicuticular surfaces. The NaHCO3-induced morphological changes of the rice epicuticular surfaces appeared as enlarged silica cells, swollen corns-shapes and leaked salt columns under high stress. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopic profiles supported that the changes were caused by significant increment and localization of [Na(+)] and [Cl(-)] in the shoot. Atomic absorption spectra showed that [Na(+)]shoot/[Na(+)]root for P. tenuiflora maintained stable as the saline stress increased, but that for rice increased significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In rice, NaHCO3 stress induced localization and accumulation of [Na(+)] and [Cl(-)] appeared as the enlarged silica cells (MSC), the swollen corns (S-C), and the leaked columns (C), while no significant changes in P. tenuiflora.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China. senxiu99@163.com.
authors.forename: Chunxue
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China. msrbsc@163.com.
authors.forename: Shurong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China. ilee@nankai.edu.cn.|Institute of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 130071, China. ilee@nankai.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Imshik
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Deparment of Packaging Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Kangwon-do, 220-710, South Korea. kimjn@yonsei.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jaineung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China. shenkuiliu@nefu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shenkui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012275:Oryza / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D055049:Salt Tolerance; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014885:Waxes / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014885:Waxes; D012965:Sodium Chloride