title: Deletion of nfnAB in Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum and Its Effect on Metabolism.
abstract: NfnAB catalyzes the reversible transfer of electrons from reduced ferredoxin and NADH to 2 NADP(+). The NfnAB complex has been hypothesized to be the main enzyme for ferredoxin oxidization in strains of Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum engineered for increased ethanol production. NfnAB complex activity was detectable in crude cell extracts of T. saccharolyticum. Activity was also detected using activity staining of native PAGE gels. The nfnAB gene was deleted in different strains of T. saccharolyticum to determine its effect on end product formation. In wild-type T. saccharolyticum, deletion of nfnAB resulted in a 46% increase in H2 formation but otherwise little change in other fermentation products. In two engineered strains with 80% theoretical ethanol yield, loss of nfnAB caused two different responses: in one strain, ethanol yield decreased to about 30% of the theoretical value, while another strain had no change in ethanol yield. Biochemical analysis of cell extracts showed that the ΔnfnAB strain with decreased ethanol yield had NADPH-linked alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity, while the ΔnfnAB strain with unchanged ethanol yield had NADH-linked ADH activity. Deletion of nfnAB caused loss of NADPH-linked ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity in all cell extracts. Significant NADH-linked ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity was seen in all cell extracts, including those that had lost nfnAB. This suggests that there is an unidentified NADH:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (distinct from nfnAB) playing a role in ethanol formation. The NfnAB complex plays a key role in generating NADPH in a strain that had become reliant on NADPH-ADH activity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Thermophilic anaerobes that can convert biomass-derived sugars into ethanol have been investigated as candidates for biofuel formation. Many anaerobes have been genetically engineered to increase biofuel formation; however, key aspects of metabolism remain unknown and poorly understood. One example is the mechanism for ferredoxin oxidation and transfer of electrons to NAD(P)(+). The electron-bifurcating enzyme complex NfnAB is known to catalyze the reversible transfer of electrons from reduced ferredoxin and NADH to 2 NADP(+) and is thought to play key roles linking NAD(P)(H) metabolism with ferredoxin metabolism. We report the first deletion of nfnAB and demonstrate a role for NfnAB in metabolism and ethanol formation in Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum and show that this may be an important feature among other thermophilic ethanologenic anaerobes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Tianyong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.affiliation: Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ruppertsberger
authors.affiliation: Total New Energies USA, Inc., Emeryville, California, USA.
authors.forename: Shital A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Guss
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA Lee.R.Lynd@Dartmouth.edu.
authors.forename: Lee R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Lynd
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D004579:Electron Transport; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism; D005288:Ferredoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology*; D009243:NAD; D009249:NADP; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D046950:Thermoanaerobacterium / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D005288:Ferredoxins; D009243:NAD; D000431:Ethanol; D009249:NADP