title: Discrimination and Depression among Urban Hispanics with Poorly Controlled Diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We had three objectives for our study: 1) to describe the prevalence and burden of experiences of discrimination among Hispanics with poorly controlled diabetes; 2) to evaluate associations among discrimination experiences and their burden with comorbid depression among Hispanics with poorly controlled diabetes; and 3) to evaluate whether discrimination encountered in the health care context itself was associated with comorbid depression for Hispanic adults with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data of a randomized controlled trial (RCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected data in the context of an RCT in a clinical setting in New York City.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our sample comprised 221 urban-dwelling Hispanics, largely of Caribbean origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcome measure was major depression, measured by the Euro-D (score > 3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 221 participants, 58.8% reported at least one experience of everyday discrimination, and 42.5% reported at least one major experience of discrimination. Depression was associated significantly with counts of experiences of major discrimination (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.09 - 1.94, P = .01), aggregate counts of everyday and major discrimination (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26, P = .02), and the experience of discrimination in getting care for physical health (OR = 6.30, 95% CI= 1.10-36.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Discrimination may pose a barrier to getting health care and may be associated with depression among Hispanics with diabetes. Clinicians treating Caribbean-born Hispanics should be aware that disadvantage and discrimination likely complicate a presentation of diabetes.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: March
authors.forename: Jasmine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Shayla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Eimicke
authors.forename: Jeanne A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Teresi
authors.forename: Casandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Almonte
authors.forename: Bruce G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: Sally E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Findley
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Palmas
authors.forename: Olveen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Carrasquillo
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Luchsinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000208:ethnology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City; D015995:Prevalence; D063505:Racism / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014504:Urban Health / Q000208:ethnology