title: Case of angina pectoris at rest and during effort due to coronary spasm and myocardial bridging.
abstract: We present a case of a 71-year-old male who had chest symptoms at rest and during effort. He had felt chest oppression during effort for 1 year, and his chest symptoms had recently worsened. One month before admission he felt chest squeezing at rest in the early morning. He presented at our institution to evaluate his chest symptoms. Electrocardiography and echocardiography failed to show any specific changes. Because of the possibility that his chest symptoms were due to myocardial ischemia, he was admitted to our institution for coronary angiography (CAG). An initial CAG showed mild atherosclerotic changes in the proximal segment of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and mid-segment of the left circumflex coronary artery. Subsequent spasm provocation testing using acetylcholine revealed a bilateral coronary vasospasm, which was relieved after the intracoronary infusion of nitroglycerin. Finally, a CAG showed myocardial bridging (MB) of the mid-distal segments of the LAD. Fractional flow reserve using the intravenous administration of adenosine triphosphate was positive at 0.77, which jumped up to 0.90 through the myocardial bridging segments when the pressure wire was pulled back. Thus, coronary vasospasm and MB might have contributed to his chest symptoms at rest and during effort. Interventional cardiologists should consider the presence of MB as a potential cause of myocardial ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Hiroki Teragawa, Yuichi Fujii, Tomohiro Ueda, Daiki Murata, Shuichi Nomura, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima General Hospital of West Japan Railway Company, Higashi-ku, Hiroshima 732-0057, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Teragawa
authors.affiliation: Hiroki Teragawa, Yuichi Fujii, Tomohiro Ueda, Daiki Murata, Shuichi Nomura, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima General Hospital of West Japan Railway Company, Higashi-ku, Hiroshima 732-0057, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.affiliation: Hiroki Teragawa, Yuichi Fujii, Tomohiro Ueda, Daiki Murata, Shuichi Nomura, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima General Hospital of West Japan Railway Company, Higashi-ku, Hiroshima 732-0057, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: Hiroki Teragawa, Yuichi Fujii, Tomohiro Ueda, Daiki Murata, Shuichi Nomura, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima General Hospital of West Japan Railway Company, Higashi-ku, Hiroshima 732-0057, Japan.
authors.forename: Daiki
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.affiliation: Hiroki Teragawa, Yuichi Fujii, Tomohiro Ueda, Daiki Murata, Shuichi Nomura, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima General Hospital of West Japan Railway Company, Higashi-ku, Hiroshima 732-0057, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nomura
keywords: Coronary spasm; Fractional flow reserve; Myocardial bridging; Myocardial squeezing