title: Association between resting heart rate and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents.
abstract: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2011 and included 4619 Brazilian adolescents (14-19 years old) to analyze the association between elevated resting heart rate (RHR) and cardiovascular risk factors in boys and girls. RHR and blood pressure were measured using an oscillometric monitor. Overweight was assessed by body mass index and abdominal obesity by waist circumference. Physical activity levels and sedentary behaviors were obtained using a questionnaire. The effect of clustering of cardiovascular risk factors on RHR was analyzed. For boys, abdominal obesity (b = 0.106, p = 0.003), high sedentary behavior (b = 0.099, b < 0.001), physical inactivity (b = 0.049, p = 0.034), and high blood pressure (b = 0.160, p < 0.001) were associated with RHR, whereas for girls, only high blood pressure was associated with RHR (b = 0.259, p < 0.001), after adjustment for age, period of the day, and other cardiovascular risk factors. Boys with five risk factors presented significantly higher (p < 0.05) RHR values (82.5 ± 13.4 beats min(-1)) than those for boys without any cardiovascular risk factors (68.8 ± 10.4 beats min(-1)). The girls with five risk factors presented a mean RHR value of 89.8 ± 9.9 beats min(-1) that was higher (p < 0.05) than that for girls who had no risk factors (79.6 ± 10.9 beats min(-1)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrated that while RHR was associated with cardiovascular risk factors in both sexes, the clustering of risk factors amplified the elevation of RHR in a gender-dependent fashion.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  • Resting heart rate is a marker of cardiovascular disease and mortality in adults and associated with risk factor such as higher levels of blood pressure, triglycerides, glucose, and obesity in children and adolescents.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  • The data from the current study suggest that the risk factor clustering is associated with elevated resting heart rate in adolescents and that the clustering of risk factors amplifies the elevation of resting heart rate in a gender-dependent fashion.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil. brenofarah@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Breno Quintella
authors.initials: BQ
authors.lastname: Farah
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise - LIVE, Department of Physical Education, University of Paulista State (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. ddcleite@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Diego Giulliano Destro
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Christofaro
authors.affiliation: Nemours Children's Clinic and Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA. BBalagop@nemours.org.
authors.forename: P Babu
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Balagopal
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil. br_13remigio@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Bruno Remigio
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Cavalcante
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil. maurovgb@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mauro Virgílio Gomes
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: de Barros
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil. raphaelritti@gmail.com.|Albert Einstein Hospital, Albert Einstein Avenue, 627, 05652-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. raphaelritti@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Raphael Mendes
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ritti-Dias
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001938:Brazil; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescent health; Cardiovascular disease; Heart rate; Risk factor