title: An in vitro Comparison of Endodontic Medicaments Propolis and Calcium Hydroxide alone and in Combination with Ciprofloxacin and Moxifloxacin against Enterococcus Faecalis.
abstract: To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial properties of propolis and calcium hydroxide alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin against Enterococcus faecalis (E. Faecalis).
  
  
  
  The laboratory study was carried out to test the effectiveness of propolis and calcium hydroxidealone as well as in combination with the established endodontic medicaments (moxifloxacin and ciprofloxacin). The various combinations were-group 1: propolis, group 2: calcium hydroxide, group 3: moxifloxacin, group 4: ciprofoxacin, group 5: propolis + moxifloxacin, group 6: propolis + Ciprofloxacin, group 7: calcium hydroxide + ciprofloxacin, group 8: calcium hydroxide + moxifloxacin. The efficacy of these medicaments was tested by checking for the zone of inhibition for the specific strain (ATCC 29212) of E. faecalis at different time intervals, i.e. 24, 48 and 72 hours.
  
  
  
  Mean zone of inhibition was maximum in group V (21.94 ± 4.26) followed by group VI (18.80 ± 1.93), group I (18.71 ± 4.26), group VIII (15.88 ± 2.59), group III (14.91 ± 1.00), group VII (14.57 ± 2.17), group IV (13.91 ± 1.00) and minimum in group II (12.89 ± 2.14). Mean zone of inhibition was found to be maximum at 72 hours and minimum at 24 hours. At all time intervals, the combination of Propalis with Moxifocacin showed the maximum antimicrobial efficacy.
  
  
  
  On the basis of the results of the present study, it can be concluded that propolis and calcium hydroxide show synergistic effect with moxifloxacin and ciprofloxacin against E. Faecalis. Propolis in combination with antibiotics and alone is more effective than calcium hydroxide.
  
  
  
  Since propolis alone and in combination with antibiotics was observed to be more effective than calcium hydroxide, propolis can be considered as an intracanal medicament when compared to traditional calcium hydroxide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shrivastava
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Vivek Kumar
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Aina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sonal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Prerna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Khushboo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Phone:01452425650, e-mail: sumit1sabharwal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabharwal
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004357:Drug Synergism; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D011429:Propolis / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D011429:Propolis; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D000077266:Moxifloxacin
keywords: Calcium hydroxide; Ciprofloxacin, E. faecalis; Intracanal medicaments; Laboratory research; Moxifloxacin; Propolis.