title: Should we screen for cognitive decline and dementia?
abstract: Due to increased life expectancy, the prevalence of cognitive decline related to neurodegenerative diseases and to non-neurological conditions is increasing in western countries. As with other diseases, the burden might be reduced through personalized interventions delivered at early stages of the disease. Thus, there is an increasing demand, from both social and healthcare systems, for instruments and strategies to recognize cognitive decline, and possibly distinguish the precursor of serious neurodegeneration from "benign senile forgetfulness" or the temporary consequences of illness or trauma. However, this goal faces both technical and ethical issues. In this article we deal with the following: (i) re-definition of cognitive decline and its relationship with frailty definitions, starting from the recent work of international consensus groups for presymptomatic Alzheimer disease recognition; (ii) ethical problems concerning anonymous and personalized cognitive screening and the need for appropriate counselling; (iii) the need for more sensitive and specific tools to detect and distinguish pathological levels of cognitive decline and delineate the contribution of non-pathological decline to accumulated frailty impacts and (iv) the potential of the language domain and spontaneous speech analyses.
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, Italy; Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Italy. Electronic address: laura.calza@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calzà
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beltrami
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gagliardi
authors.affiliation: UOC Neurologia, ASMN-IRRCS Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ghidoni
authors.affiliation: UOC Neurologia, ASMN-IRRCS Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: Norina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marcello
authors.affiliation: Classical Philology and Italian Studies (FICLIT), University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Rema
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rossini-Favretti
authors.affiliation: Classical Philology and Italian Studies (FICLIT), University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tamburini
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence
keywords: Cognitive decline; Cognitive frailty; Older adults; Personalized diagnosis; Screening; Spontaneous speech analysis