title: The Association Between Bullous Pemphigoid and Neurological Disorders in A Selected Malaysian Population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An association of bullous pemphigoid with neurological disorders has been reported. The objectives of this study were to review the clinical characteristics of patients with bullous pemphigoid and compare the association between bullous pemphigoid and various neurological disorders and comorbidities.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective case-control study involving 43 patients with bullous pemphigoid and 43 age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a statistically significant association between bullous pemphigoid and neurological disorders [Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.5, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.3 to 9.2, p=0.011 and adjusted OR=3.5, 95% CI 1.2-10.3, p=0.026], in particular for dementia (p=0.002). Although stroke was more common among patients with bullous pemphigoid, this association was not statistically significant with OR of 1.9 (95% CI 0.7 to 5.2) and adjusted OR of 2.1 (95% CI 0.6 to 7.2). Similarly both ischaemic stroke (OR 1.5, 95% CI 0.5 to 4.2) and haemorrhagic stroke (OR 1.5, 95% CI 0.2 to 9.7) were more common. Other neurological disorders more common among patients with bullous pemphigoid were Parkinson's disease and epilepsy. Dyslipidaemia was significantly less common among patients with bullous pemphigoid (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.9, p=0.033).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of an inflammatory process, prothrombotic state and endothelial activation leads to an increased frequency of neurological disorders among patients with bullous pemphigoid. Thus, a holistic approach to patient care, including screening for dementia and control of comorbidities, should be practised as bullous pemphigoid affects more than just the skin.
authors.affiliation: University Malaya Medical Centre, Department of Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Lembah Pantai 59100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. zhenli@ummc.edu.my.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.affiliation: University Malaya, Faculty of Medicine, Lembah Pantai 59100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Y N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: University Malaya Medical Centre, Department of Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Lembah Pantai 59100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ch'ng
authors.affiliation: University Malaya, Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Lembah Pantai 59100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: University Malaya Medical Centre, Department of Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Lembah Pantai 59100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: University Malaya Medical Centre, Department of Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Lembah Pantai 59100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: University Malaya Medical Centre, Department of Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Lembah Pantai 59100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rokiah