title: Protein sequence conservation and stable molecular evolution reveals influenza virus nucleoprotein as a universal druggable target.
abstract: The high mutation rate in influenza virus genome and appearance of drug resistance calls for a constant effort to identify alternate drug targets and develop new antiviral strategies. The internal proteins of the virus can be exploited as a potential target for therapeutic interventions. Among these, the nucleoprotein (NP) is the most abundant protein that provides structural and functional support to the viral replication machinery. The current study aims at analysis of protein sequence polymorphism patterns, degree of molecular evolution and sequence conservation as a function of potential druggability of nucleoprotein. We analyzed a universal set of amino acid sequences, (n=22,000) and, in order to identify and correlate the functionally conserved, druggable regions across different parameters, classified them on the basis of host organism, strain type and continental region of sample isolation. The results indicated that around 95% of the sequence length was conserved, with at least 7 regions conserved across the protein among various classes. Moreover, the highly variable regions, though very limited in number, were found to be positively selected indicating, thereby, the high degree of protein stability against various hosts and spatio-temporal references. Furthermore, on mapping the conserved regions on the protein, 7 drug binding pockets in the functionally important regions of the protein were revealed. The results, therefore, collectively indicate that nucleoprotein is a highly conserved and stable viral protein that can potentially be exploited for development of broadly effective antiviral strategies.
authors.affiliation: Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Kashmir Highway, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mustafeez Mujtaba
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Babar
authors.affiliation: Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Kashmir Highway, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan. Electronic address: zaidi.sahar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Najam-us-Sahar Sadaf
authors.initials: NU
authors.lastname: Zaidi
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000821:virology*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009698:Nucleoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D009698:Nucleoproteins; D014764:Viral Proteins
keywords: Drug target; Influenza; Molecular evolution; Nucleoprotein; Sequence conservation