title: Resting-state EEG coupling analysis of amnestic mild cognitive impairment with type 2 diabetes mellitus by using permutation conditional mutual information.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was meant to explore whether the coupling strength and direction of resting-state electroencephalogram (rsEEG) could be used as an indicator to distinguish the patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with or without amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Permutation conditional mutual information (PCMI) was used to calculate the coupling strength and direction of rsEEG signals between different brain areas of 19 aMCI and 20 normal control (NC) with T2DM on 7 frequency bands: Delta, Theta, Alpha1, Alpha2, Beta1, Beta2 and Gamma. The difference in coupling strength or direction of rsEEG between two groups was calculated. The correlation between coupling strength or direction of rsEEG and score of different neuropsychology scales were also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have demonstrated that PCMI can calculate effectively the coupling strength and directionality of EEG signals between different brain regions. The significant difference in coupling strength and directionality of EEG signals was found between the patients of aMCI and NC with T2DM on different brain regions. There also existed significant correlation between sex or age and coupling strength or coupling directionality of EEG signals between a few different brain regions from all subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The coupling strength or directionality of EEG signals calculated by PCMI are significantly different between aMCI and NC with T2DM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results showed that the coupling strength or directionality of EEG signals calculated by PCMI might be used as a biomarker in distinguishing the aMCI from NC with T2DM.
authors.affiliation: School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China; The Key Laboratory for Computer Virtual Technology and System Integration of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
authors.forename: Zhijie
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bian
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Second Artillery General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qiuli
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Second Artillery General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China. Electronic address: wencangdong@163.com.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China. Electronic address: johnlu9000@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Chengbiao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. Electronic address: xiaoli@bnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000647:Amnesia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Amnestic mild cognitive impairment; Coupling; Permutation conditional mutual information; Resting-state EEG; T2DM