title: Olive oil consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in US women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Olive oil has been shown to improve various cardiometabolic risk factors. However, to our knowledge, the association between olive oil intake and type 2 diabetes (T2D) has never been evaluated in the US population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to examine the association between olive oil intake and incident T2D.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed 59,930 women aged 37-65 y from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and 85,157 women aged 26-45 y from the NHS II who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline. Diet was assessed by validated food-frequency questionnaires, and data were updated every 4 y. Incident cases of T2D were identified through self-report and confirmed by supplementary questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 22 y of follow-up, we documented 5738 and 3914 incident cases of T2D in the NHS and NHS II, respectively. With the use of Cox regression models with repeated measurements of diet and multivariate adjustment for major lifestyle and dietary factors, the pooled HR (95% CI) of T2D in those who consumed >1 tablespoon (>8 g) of total olive oil per day compared with those who never consumed olive oil was 0.90 (0.82, 0.99). The corresponding HRs (95% CIs) were 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) for salad dressing olive oil and 0.85 (0.74, 0.98) for olive oil added to food or bread. We estimated that substituting olive oil (8 g/d) for stick margarine, butter, or mayonnaise was associated with 5%, 8%, and 15% lower risk of T2D, respectively, in the pooled analysis of both cohorts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that higher olive oil intake is associated with modestly lower risk of T2D in women and that hypothetically substituting other types of fats and salad dressings (stick margarine, butter, and mayonnaise) with olive oil is inversely associated with T2D.
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain; Departments of Nutrition and.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guasch-Ferré
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition and.
authors.forename: Adela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hruby
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain;
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salas-Salvadó
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; and.
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martínez-González
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA nhbfh@channing.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002079:Butter / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003212:Condiments / Q000009:adverse effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008383:Margarine / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D002079:Butter; D008383:Margarine
keywords: Nurses’ Health Study; diet; dietary fat; olive oil; salad dressing; type 2 diabetes