title: Neighborhood socioeconomic conditions and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The evidence linking neighborhood socioeconomic conditions (NSEC) with depression is mixed. We performed a systematic review of this literature, including a rigorous quality assessment that was used to explore if methodological or contextual factors explained heterogeneity across studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search in three databases identified longitudinal studies among adolescents and adults living in high-income countries. Two independent reviewers screened studies for inclusion and performed data abstraction. We conducted a formal quality assessment and investigated sources of study heterogeneity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our database search identified 3711 articles, 84 of which were determined to be potentially relevant, and 14 articles were included in this review. About half of the studies found a significant association between NSEC and depression, and pooled estimates suggest poorer socioeconomic conditions were associated with higher odds of depression (OR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.01, 1.28). Study results varied by follow-up time. Among studies with less than 5 years of follow-up, there was a significant association between NSEC and depression (OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.13, 1.44), although pooling of study results may not be warranted due to heterogeneity across studies. Among studies with at least 5 years of follow-up, which were homogeneous, there was no association (OR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.95, 1.06) between NSEC and depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found inconsistent evidence in support of a longitudinal association between NSEC and depression, and heterogeneity according to the length of follow-up time might partly explain the mixed evidence observed in the literature on NSEC and depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Ave. West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A2, Canada. robin.richardson2@mail.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Ave. West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A2, Canada.
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Westley
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Ave. West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A2, Canada.|Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, 1130 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gariépy
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Ave. West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A2, Canada.
authors.forename: Nichole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Ave. West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A2, Canada.|Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, 1130 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
authors.forename: Arijit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nandi
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Depression; Depressive symptoms; Neighborhood environment; Socioeconomic deprivation; Systematic review