title: Cardiovascular disease associated with human immunodeficiency virus: a review.
abstract: The cardiovascular manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have changed significantly following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens. On one hand, HAART has altered the course of HIV disease, with longer survival of HIV-infected patients, and cardiovascular complications of HIV infection such as myocarditis have been reduced. On the other hand, HAART is associated with an increase in the prevalence of both peripheral and coronary arterial disease. As longevity increases in HIV-infected individuals, long-term effects, such as cardiovascular disease, are emerging as leading health issues in this population. In the present review article, we discuss HIV-associated cardiovascular disease, focusing on epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, management and therapy. Cardiovascular involvement in treatment-naive patients is still important in situations such as non-adherence to treatment, late initiation of treatment, and/or limited access to HAART in developing countries. We therefore describe the cardiovascular consequences in treatment-naive patients and the potential effect of antiretroviral treatment on their regression, as well as the metabolic and cardiovascular implications of HAART regimens in HIV-infected individuals.
authors.affiliation: Clínica Universitária de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Hospital de Santa Maria, Cetro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: analuisamado@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Luísa Amado
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Clínica Universitária de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Hospital de Santa Maria, Cetro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Almeida
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans
keywords: Antiretroviral therapy; Cardiovascular disease; Doença cardiovascular; Hipertensão Pulmonar; Human immunodeficiency virus; Lipodistrofia; Lipodystrophy; Pulmonary hypertension; Terapêutica antirretroviral; Vasculopathy; Vasculopatia; Vírus da imunodeficiência humana