title: Oxidative stress markers in saliva and periodontal disease status: modulation during pregnancy and postpartum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodontal diseases may affect local and systemic inflammation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. This systemic health burden could compromise the outcome of pregnancy in expectant mothers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate oxidative stress markers, including glutathione peroxidase (GPx), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and total bacterial loads in the saliva of pregnant and postpartum women, and to investigate their association with periodontal disease severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 187 women were originally recruited for this case-control study, assigned to the following groups a) pregnant group, b) postpartum group: the pregnant group re-evaluated 6 months after giving birth, c) control group: systemically healthy and non-pregnant women. The levels of the studied oxidative stress markers in saliva were measured by commercially available kits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of salivary 8-OHdG were significantly elevated in the pregnant, compared with the control group. Although salivary 8-OHdG levels slightly decreased after giving birth (postpartum group), the difference did not reach significance. In contrast, the activity of antioxidant enzyme GPx in saliva was significantly lower in the pregnant than the control group. Although no differences in lipid peroxidation (represented by TBARS) were observed between the pregnant and control groups, after giving birth TBARS levels were significantly lowered. Only in the postpartum and control groups did clinical measurements of periodontal disease severity correlate with oxidative stress markers. Interestingly, there were no such correlations with TBARS in the pregnant and postpartum groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows changes in the oxidant/antioxidant balance in saliva during pregnancy and after birth, which may be affected by periodontal health status in the latter case. Whether this is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, or not, remains to be elucidated. Early identification of ROS markers in saliva may be of clinical value in the periodontal management of pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey. gumuspinar@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Pınar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gümüş
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey. gemingil@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Gülnur
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Emingil
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey. v.ozgenozturk@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Veli-Özgen
authors.initials: VÖ
authors.lastname: Öztürk
authors.affiliation: Section of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zürich, Switzerland. George.belibasakis@zzm.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Georgios N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Belibasakis
authors.affiliation: Section of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zürich, Switzerland. nagihan.bostanci@zzm.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Nagihan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bostanci
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D003849:Deoxyguanosine