title: Long-term exposure to high glucose increases the content of several exocytotic proteins and of vesicular GABA transporter in cultured retinal neural cells.
abstract: Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of vision loss and blindness. Increasing evidence has shown that the neuronal components of the retina are affected even before the detection of vascular lesions. Hyperglycemia is considered the main pathogenic factor for the development of diabetic complications. Nevertheless, other factors like neuroinflammation, might also contribute for neural changes. To clarify whether hyperglycemia can be the main trigger of synaptic changes, we evaluated whether prolonged elevated glucose per se, mimicking chronic hyperglycemia, is able to change the content and distribution of several exocytotic proteins and vesicular glutamate and GABA transporters in retinal neurons. Moreover, we also tested the hypothesis that an inflammatory stimulus (interleukin-1β) could exacerbate the effects induced by exposure to elevated glucose, contributing for changes in synaptic proteins in retinal neurons. Rat retinal neural cells were cultured for 9 days. Cells were exposed to elevated D-glucose (30 mM) or D-mannitol (osmotic control), for 7 days, or were exposed to interleukin-1β (10 ng/ml) or LPS (1 μg/ml) for 24 h. The protein content and distribution of SNARE proteins (SNAP-25, syntaxin-1, VAMP-2), synapsin-1, synaptotagmin-1, rabphilin 3a, VGluT-1 and VGAT, were evaluated by western blotting and immunocytochemistry. The protein content and immunoreactivity of syntaxin-1, synapsin-1, rabphilin 3a and VGAT increased in retinal neural cells exposed to high glucose. No changes were detected when cells were exposed to interleukin-1β, LPS or mannitol per se. Particularly, exposure to interleukin-1β for 24 h did not exacerbate the effect of high glucose on the content and immunoreactivity of exocytotic proteins, suggesting the primordial role of hyperglycemia for neuronal changes. In summary, prolonged exposure to elevated glucose alters the total content of several proteins involved in exocytosis, suggesting that hyperglycemia per se is a fundamental factor for neuronal changes caused by diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Filipa I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Baptista
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Áurea F
authors.initials: ÁF
authors.lastname: Castilho
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Joana M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gaspar
authors.affiliation: CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Joana T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Liberal
authors.affiliation: CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Célia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Aveleira
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; AIBILI, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: afambrosio@fmed.uc.pt.
authors.forename: António F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Ambrósio
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D055351:Retinal Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D016704:Synapsins / Q000378:metabolism*; D050827:Syntaxin 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D050495:Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000097624:Rabphilin-3A
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D005947:Glucose; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D016704:Synapsins; D050827:Syntaxin 1; D050495:Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins; D000097624:Rabphilin-3A; C118623:Slc32a1 protein, rat
keywords: Diabetic retinopathy; Exocytosis; Hyperglycemia; Interleukin-1β; Retinal cells; Synaptic proteins