title: Adequacy of Infant Formula With Protein Content of 1.6 g/100 kcal for Infants Between 3 and 12 Months.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infant formulas provide more protein than breast milk. High protein intakes may place infants at risk of later obesity. The present study tested whether a formula with protein content below the regulatory level supports normal growth from age 3 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized double-blind trial enrolled healthy infants less than age 3 months. At 3 months, formula-fed infants were assigned to experimental (EXPL, 1.61 g protein/100 kcal; modified bovine whey proteins with caseinoglycomacropeptide removed) or control (CTRL 2.15 g protein/100 kcal; unmodified bovine milk protein with a whey/casein ratio of 60/40) formula; breast-fed (BF) infants were enrolled in a reference group. Complementary foods were allowed in small amounts from 4 to 6 months and unrestricted after 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Weight gain (g/day) from 3 to 6 months was similar in the EXPL and CTRL groups (EXPL-CTRL -0.84 g/day; 95% confidence interval -2.25 to 0.57) and faster in the EXPL and CTRL groups than in the BF group. Weight analyzed longitudinally from 4 to 12 months was lower in the EXPL group than in the CTRL group (P = 0.031) but higher than in the BF group (P < 0.0001). Longitudinal analysis of odds ratios from 4 to 12 months indicated fewer infants with weight >85th percentile in the EXPL group than in the CTRL group (P = 0.015). Length z scores were lower than, and body mass index z scores were similar to, World Health Organization Standards in all of the groups. Serum biochemical parameters in the EXPL group reflected lower protein intake and were closer to parameters in the BF infants than in the CTRL group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A formula with 1.61 g of protein/100 kcal supports normal growth of infants after age 3 months. This protein content is adequate if provided from a high-quality source.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City †Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City ‡Clinical Development Unit, Nestec Ltd, Vevey, Switzerland §Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Ekhard E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Chernausek
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Steenhout
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grathwohl
authors.forename: Janice M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jeter
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Ferdinand
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haschke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001827:Body Height / Q000187:drug effects; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006128:Growth / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000067816:Whey Proteins