title: Numerical investigation of inspiratory airflow in a realistic model of the human tracheobronchial airways and a comparison with experimental results.
abstract: In this article, the results of numerical simulations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and a comparison with experiments performed with phase Doppler anemometry are presented. The simulations and experiments were conducted in a realistic model of the human airways, which comprised the throat, trachea and tracheobronchial tree up to the fourth generation. A full inspiration/expiration breathing cycle was used with tidal volumes 0.5 and 1 L, which correspond to a sedentary regime and deep breath, respectively. The length of the entire breathing cycle was 4 s, with inspiration and expiration each lasting 2 s. As a boundary condition for the CFD simulations, experimentally obtained flow rate distribution in 10 terminal airways was used with zero pressure resistance at the throat inlet. CCM+ CFD code (Adapco) was used with an SST k-ω low-Reynolds Number RANS model. The total number of polyhedral control volumes was 2.6 million with a time step of 0.001 s. Comparisons were made at several points in eight cross sections selected according to experiments in the trachea and the left and right bronchi. The results agree well with experiments involving the oscillation (temporal relocation) of flow structures in the majority of the cross sections and individual local positions. Velocity field simulation in several cross sections shows a very unstable flow field, which originates in the tracheal laryngeal jet and propagates far downstream with the formation of separation zones in both left and right airways. The RANS simulation agrees with the experiments in almost all the cross sections and shows unstable local flow structures and a quantitatively acceptable solution for the time-averaged flow field.
authors.affiliation: Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2896/2, 61669, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elcner
authors.affiliation: Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2896/2, 61669, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Frantisek
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lizal
authors.affiliation: Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2896/2, 61669, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jedelsky
authors.affiliation: Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2896/2, 61669, Brno, Czech Republic. jicha@fme.vutbr.cz.
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jicha
authors.affiliation: Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2896/2, 61669, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chovancova
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001980:Bronchi / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration; D013997:Time Factors; D014132:Trachea / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Airway model; Human lungs; Numerical simulations; Oscillatory flow; Phase Doppler anemometry; Realistic tracheobronchial airways; Tracheobronchial tree; Upper airways; Waveform inspiration