title: Effects of Pistacia Atlantica Extract on Erythrocyte Membrane Rigidity, Oxidative Stress, and Hepatotoxicity Induced by CCl4 in Rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous findings have suggested that antioxidants may reduce the levels of free radicals, which induce oxidative damage and play a key role in various diseases. Thus, we evaluated the protective activity of a Pistacia atlantica extract on erythrocyte membrane rigidity, oxidative stress, and hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fresh leaves of P.atlantica were collected from the mountains in Yasuj, Iran. Acute oral toxicity (LD50) was evaluated in Wistar rats (200-230 g). Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups, out of which the negative and plant control groups received distilled water and P. atlantica extracts (500 mg/kg), respectively. The toxic rat group received CCl4, while the treatment group received CCl4+P. atlantica extract. Blood plasma was utilized for the estimation of enzyme markers and lipid peroxidation, whereas hemolysate was applied for the determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities. The levels of cholesterol and phospholipids in erythrocyte membranes were also determined. Rats were killed under anesthesia by cervical dislocation; liver was isolated from each rat and tissues homogenization was prepared for biochemical parameters such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LD50 values were determined for doses>3000 mg/kg (p.o.). The activities of glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GSH in the protected group were significantly (p<0.001) reduced compared with those of toxic rats. In addition, we observed a decrease in the cholesterol level and an increase in red blood cell membrane phospholipids, SOD, and catalase activities (p<0.001) in the protected group, as compared with toxic rats. Administration of Pistacia atlantica extract normalized liver tissue MDA level (p<0.01) when compared to CCl4 treated group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The P. atlantica extract was able to normalize the levels of biochemical markers, including liver enzyme markers, first-line defense enzymes, and lipid peroxidation markers.
authors.affiliation: . mirzaee3a2003@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tolooei
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mirzaei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D007492:Iran; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D027927:Pistacia; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013481:Superoxides; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D002374:Catalase; D005978:Glutathione