title: The influence of HOPE VI neighborhood revitalization on neighborhood-based physical activity: A mixed-methods approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study uses a mixed methods approach to 1) identify surrounding residents' perceived expectations for Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere (HOPE VI) policy on physical activity outcomes and to 2) quantitatively examine the odds of neighborhood-based physical activity pre-/post-HOPE VI in a low socioeconomic status, predominantly African American community in Birmingham, Alabama.
  
  
  METHODS
  To address aim one, we used group concept mapping which is a structured approach for data collection and analyses that produces pictures/maps of ideas. Fifty-eight residents developed statements about potential influences of HOPE VI on neighborhood-based physical activity. In the quantitative study, we examined whether these potential influences increased the odds of neighborhood walking/jogging. We computed block entry logistic regression models with a larger cohort of residents at baseline (n = 184) and six-months (n = 142, 77% retention; n = 120 for all informative variables). We examined perceived neighborhood disorder (perceived neighborhood disorder scale), walkability and aesthetics (Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale) and HOPE VI-related community safety and safety for physical activity as predictors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During concept mapping, residents generated statements that clustered into three distinct concepts, "Increased Leisure Physical Activity," "Safe Play Areas," and "Generating Health Promoting Resources." The quantitative analyses indicated that changes in neighborhood walkability increased the odds of neighborhood-based physical activity (p = 0.04). When HOPE VI-related safety for physical activity was entered into the model, it was associated with increased odds of physical activity (p = 0.04). Walkability was no longer statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that housing policies that create walkable neighborhoods and that improve perceptions of safety for physical activity may increase neighborhood-based physical activity. However, the longer term impacts of neighborhood-level policies on physical activity require more longitudinal evidence to determine whether increased participation in physical activity is sustained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. Electronic address: akilah_keita@brown.edu.
authors.forename: Akilah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dulin-Keita
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. Electronic address: oclay@uab.edu.
authors.forename: Olivio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Clay
authors.affiliation: Institute for Community Health Promotion, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Box G-S121-2, Providence, RI 02912, USA. Electronic address: Shannon_Whittaker@brown.edu.
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Whittaker
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA. Electronic address: lhannon@mytu.tuskegee.edu.
authors.forename: Lonnie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hannon
authors.affiliation: School of Human Environmental Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA. Electronic address: Ingrid.adams@uky.edu.
authors.forename: Ingrid K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: College of Computing and Informatics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: mrogers@drexel.edu.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Center for Health, Intervention and Prevention, Department of Human Development & Family Studies, 348 Mansfield Road, Unit 1058 Room 330, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. Electronic address: kim.gans@chip.uconn.edu.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gans
mesh_terms: D004779:Environment Design / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception; D011638:Public Housing / Q000639:trends*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: African American; Concept mapping; Environment; Health behavior; Housing policy; Neighborhood; Physical activity; Revitalization