title: Cannabinoid and nitric oxide signaling interplay in the modulation of hippocampal hyperexcitability: Study on electrophysiological and behavioral models of temporal lobe epilepsy in the rat.
abstract: A growing bulk of evidence suggests that cannabinoid system plays a pivotal role in the control of hyperexcitability phenomena. Notwithstanding, the anticonvulsant action of cannabinoids has not been fully addressed, in particular the involvement of potential cellular neuromodulators, for instance nitric oxide. In the current study, we focused on two distinct rat models of temporal lobe epilepsy, the Maximal Dentate Activation and the pilocarpine-induced acute seizures, providing both electrophysiological and behavioral data on cannabinoid and nitrergic system interplay. We evaluated the antiepileptic effects of WIN 55,212-2, (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl) pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-Yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone (WIN), a CB agonist, and of 7-Nitroindazole (7NI), a preferential neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, at different doses, alone and in combination. MDA study showed that these drugs protected animals in a dose-dependent manner from electrically induced epileptiform discharges. In pilocarpine model, a dose-related activity of 7NI and WIN: a) decreased the behavioral scoring, used to describe the severity of chemically induced acute seizures; b) affected latency of the onset of acute convulsions; c) dampened mortality rate. Interestingly, the combination of the treatments brought to light that individually ineffective doses of WIN turn into effective when nNOS activity is pharmacologically inhibited in both experimental conditions. This effect is mediated by CB1 receptor since the co-administration of N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (AM251), a CB1 receptor specific antagonist, thwarted the 7NI-WIN convergent action. In the light of this, our findings suggest a putative antagonism between CBr-activated pathway and NO signaling in the context of neuronal hyperexcitability and contribute to elucidate possible synaptic processes underlying neuroprotective properties of cannabinoids, with a view to better integrate antiepileptic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of "Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche" (Bio.Ne.C.), "Sezione di Fisiologia umana G. Pagano", University of Palermo, Corso Tukory, 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy. Electronic address: fabio.carletti@unipa.it.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carletti
authors.affiliation: Department of "Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche" (Bio.Ne.C.), "Sezione di Fisiologia umana G. Pagano", University of Palermo, Corso Tukory, 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy. Electronic address: giuditta.gambino@unipa.it.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gambino
authors.affiliation: Department of "Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche" (Bio.Ne.C.), "Sezione di Fisiologia umana G. Pagano", University of Palermo, Corso Tukory, 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy. Electronic address: valerio.rizzo@unipa.it.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.affiliation: Department of "Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche" (Bio.Ne.C.), "Sezione di Fisiologia umana G. Pagano", University of Palermo, Corso Tukory, 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy. Electronic address: giuseppe.ferraro@unipa.it.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferraro
authors.affiliation: Department of "Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche" (Bio.Ne.C.), "Sezione di Fisiologia umana G. Pagano", University of Palermo, Corso Tukory, 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy. Electronic address: pierangelo.sardo@unipa.it.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sardo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D063386:Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010862:Pilocarpine; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D048588:Benzoxazines; D063386:Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; D002186:Cannabinoids; D007191:Indazoles; D009025:Morpholines; D009281:Naphthalenes; D010880:Piperidines; D011720:Pyrazoles; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D010862:Pilocarpine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C103505:AM 251; C070417:(3R)-((2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-((4-morpholinyl)methyl)pyrrolo-(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)(1-naphthalenyl))methanone; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; C080122:7-nitroindazole
keywords: behavior; cannabinoids; electrophysiology; hippocampus; percentage of protection; temporal lobe epilepsy