title: Clinical features and survival outcome of locally advanced extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about clinical features and survival outcome in locally advanced unresectable extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHC). The aim was to investigate the clinical features and the survival outcome in these patients, and to evaluate the role of palliative resections in locally advanced unresectable EHC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1995 and 2007, 280 patients with locally advanced unresectable EHC were identified. Clinical, pathologic, and survival data were investigated. A comparative analysis was done between those who received palliative resection (PR) and those who were not operated on (NR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall median survival of the study population was 10±1 months, and the 3- and 5-year survival rates (YSR) were 8.5% and 2.5%, respectively. The median survival, 3- and 5-YSR of PR were 23 months, 32.1% and 13.1%, respectively. For NR, they were 9 months, 3.9% and 0%, which were significantly worse than PR (p<0.001). In univariate analysis, T classification, N classification, tumor location, palliative resection, adjuvant treatment, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy were factors that showed survival difference between PR and NR. Regional lymph node metastasis (RR, 2.084; 95% CI, 1.491-2.914; p<0.001), non-resections (RR, 2.270; 95% CI, 1.497-3.443; p<0.001), and no chemotherapy (RR, 1.604; 95% CI, 1.095-2.349; p=0.015) were identified as risk factors for poor outcome on multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Without evidence of systemic disease, palliative resection may provide some survival benefit in selected locally advanced unresectable EHCs and adjuvant treatment may further improve survival outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Jae
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Wooil
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Mee Joo
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ye Rim
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Woohyun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Whe
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Adjuvant therapy; Cholangiocarcinoma; Extrahepatic; Palliative surgery; Survival