title: Nurse Level of Education, Quality of Care and Patient Safety in the Medical and Surgical Wards in Malaysian Private Hospitals: A Cross-sectional Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nursing knowledge and skills are required to sustain quality of care and patient safety. The numbers of nurses with Bachelor degrees in Malaysia are very limited. This study aims to predict the impact of nurse level of education on quality of care and patient safety in the medical and surgical wards in Malaysian private hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey by questionnaire was conducted. A total 652 nurses working in the medical and surgical wards in 12 private hospitals were participated in the study. Multistage stratified simple random sampling performed to invite nurses working in small size (less than 100 beds), medium size (100-199 beds) and large size (over than 200) hospitals to participate in the study. This allowed nurses from all shifts to participate in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nurses with higher education were not significantly associated with both quality of care and patient safety. However, a total 355 (60.9%) of respondents participated in this study were working in teaching hospitals. Teaching hospitals offer training for all newly appointed staff. They also provide general orientation programs and training to outline the policies, procedures of the nurses' roles and responsibilities. This made the variances between the Bachelor and Diploma nurses not significantly associated with the outcomes of care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nursing educational level was not associated with the outcomes of care in Malaysian private hospitals. However, training programs and the general nursing orientation programs for nurses in Malaysia can help to upgrade the Diploma-level nurses. Training programs can increase their self confidence, knowledge, critical thinking ability and improve their interpersonal skills. So, it can be concluded that better education and training for a medical and surgical wards' nurses is required for satisfying client expectations and sustaining the outcomes of patient care.
authors.forename: Hamzah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdul Rahman
authors.affiliation: . mutaman.jarrar@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mu'taman
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jarrar
authors.forename: Mohammad Sobri
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Don
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D016304:Hospitals, Private; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000592:standards*; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D061214:Patient Safety; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires