title: Metabolomic profiling of the phytomedicinal constituents of Carica papaya L. leaves and seeds by 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis.
abstract: Extracts from the Carica papaya L. plant are widely reported to contain metabolites with antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activity. This study aims to analyze the metabolic profiles of papaya leaves and seeds in order to gain insights into their phytomedicinal constituents. We performed metabolite fingerprinting using 1D and 2D 1H NMR experiments and used multivariate statistical analysis to identify those plant parts that contain the most concentrations of metabolites of phytomedicinal value. Secondary metabolites such as phenyl propanoids, including flavonoids, were found in greater concentrations in the leaves as compared to the seeds. UPLC-ESI-MS verified the presence of significant metabolites in the papaya extracts suggested by the NMR analysis. Interestingly, the concentration of eleven secondary metabolites namely caffeic, cinnamic, chlorogenic, quinic, coumaric, vanillic, and protocatechuic acids, naringenin, hesperidin, rutin, and kaempferol, were higher in young as compared to old papaya leaves. The results of the NMR analysis were corroborated by estimating the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extracts. Estimation of antioxidant activity in leaves and seed extracts by DPPH and ABTS in-vitro assays and antioxidant capacity in C2C12 cell line also showed that papaya extracts exhibit high antioxidant activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Manauli PO, 140306 Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Navdeep
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gogna
authors.affiliation: Sardar Bhagwan Singh Post Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences & Research, Balawala, Dehradun 248161 Uttarakhand, India.
authors.forename: Neda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Manauli PO, 140306 Punjab, India. Electronic address: kavita@iisermohali.ac.in.
authors.forename: Kavita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dorai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D029441:Carica / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D055442:Metabolome; D051379:Mice; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
keywords: Carica papaya L.; Metabolite fingerprinting; Multivariate statistical analysis; NMR spectroscopy; Phytomedicinal properties