title: Performance differences between male and female marines on standardized physical fitness tests and combat proxy tasks: identifying the gap.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For decades women have been restricted from direct assignment to certain military occupational specialties such as infantry. These restrictions can limit the advancement of women through the ranks of military leadership. Thus, the purpose of this effort was to identify those physical requirements most likely to serve as barriers for women wanting to enter closed combat arms positions, and to evaluate the quality of existing physical fitness tests as potential measures of assessment of combat readiness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 3 different sites within the US Marine Corps Training and Education Command. All participants (409 male, 379 femaile) were active-duty Marines who recently completed the Physical Fitness Test (PFT) and Combat Fitness Test (CFT). Participants completed 6 physical tasks: 120-mm tank loading drill, 155-mm artillery round carry, negotiating an obstacle course wall while wearing a fighting load (≈30 lb), pull-ups, deadlift, and clean and press.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, there was a high rate of successful completion on the combat proxy tasks (men, ≈80% to 100%; women, ≈70% to 100%), with the notable exception being the clean and press (men, 80%; women, 9%) and pull-ups (men, 16±4; women, 4±2). The PFT and CFT components tasks were also related, strongly in some cases, with performance on combat-related proxy tasks (Spearman's ρ typically ranged from 0.60 to 0.80). Estimates of fat-free mass and VO2max were also strongly related to an overall measure of combat readiness (Spearman's ρ=0.77 and ρ=0.56, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The primary physical obstacle for women is upper body strength. However, some women could successfully complete all of the proxy tasks and thus are physically capable of meeting the demands of closed combat occupations. The fact that some female Marines could complete the most challenging upper body strength tasks suggests that these barriers are not inherent but may be due to a lack of training specificity.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jameson
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pappa
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: Karen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D053580:Muscle Strength; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult