title: Heterotopic Ossification: Basic-Science Principles and Clinical Correlates.
abstract: ➤ Heterotopic ossification occurs most commonly after joint arthroplasty, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, blast trauma, elbow and acetabular fractures, and thermal injury.➤ The conversion of progenitor cells to osteogenic precursor cells as a result of cell-mediated interactions with the local tissue environment is affected by oxygen tension, pH, availability of micronutrients, and mechanical stimuli, and leads to heterotopic ossification.➤ Radiation and certain nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications are important methods of prophylaxis against heterotopic ossification.➤ Well-planned surgical excision can improve patient outcomes regardless of the joint involved or the initial cause of injury.➤ Future therapeutic strategies are focused on targeted inhibition of local factors and signaling pathways that catalyze ectopic bone formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health Systems, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Taubman Center, XPC 5340, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0219. E-mail address for B. Levi: blevi@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Kavitha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ranganathan
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health Systems, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Taubman Center, XPC 5340, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0219. E-mail address for B. Levi: blevi@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Shawn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loder
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health Systems, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Taubman Center, XPC 5340, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0219. E-mail address for B. Levi: blevi@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Shailesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 4924 Campbell Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21236.
authors.forename: Victor W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 4924 Campbell Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21236.
authors.forename: Victor C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Medicine, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Forsberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Medicine, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health Systems, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Taubman Center, XPC 5340, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0219. E-mail address for B. Levi: blevi@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Stewart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, DGSOM, 200 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
authors.forename: Aaron W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: James
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health Systems, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Taubman Center, XPC 5340, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0219. E-mail address for B. Levi: blevi@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Levi
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001178:Arthroplasty / Q000009:adverse effects; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents