title: Resistance to bio-insecticides or how to enhance their sustainability: a review.
abstract: After more than 70 years of chemical pesticide use, modern agriculture is increasingly using biological control products. Resistances to conventional insecticides are wide spread, while those to bio-insecticides have raised less attention, and resistance management is frequently neglected. However, a good knowledge of the limitations of a new technique often provides greater sustainability. In this review, we compile cases of resistance to widely used bio-insecticides and describe the associated resistance mechanisms. This overview shows that all widely used bio-insecticides ultimately select resistant individuals. For example, at least 27 species of insects have been described as resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. The resistance mechanisms are at least as diverse as those that are involved in resistance to chemical insecticides, some of them being common to bio-insecticides and chemical insecticides. This analysis highlights the specific properties of bio-insecticides that the scientific community should use to provide a better sustainability of these products.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR1115, Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles Unit Avignon, France.
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siegwart
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Génie de l'Environnement Industriel, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Institut Mines-Telecom et Université de Montpellier Sud de France Alès, France ; Natural Plant Protection, Arysta LifeScience Group Pau, France.
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Graillot
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Alès, France.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blachere Lopez
authors.affiliation: Natural Plant Protection, Arysta LifeScience Group Pau, France.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Besse
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR407, Plant Pathology Unit Montfavet, France.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bardin
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR407, Plant Pathology Unit Montfavet, France.
authors.forename: Philippe C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Nicot
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Génie de l'Environnement Industriel, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Institut Mines-Telecom et Université de Montpellier Sud de France Alès, France.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopez-Ferber
keywords: Bt; CpGV; detoxification enzymes; efficacy; mechanism of resistance; mode of action; molecular target mutation; sustainability