title: A Role for the X Chromosome in Sex Differences in Variability in General Intelligence?
abstract: There is substantial evidence that males are more variable than females in general intelligence. In recent years, researchers have presented this as a reason that, although there is little, if any, mean sex difference in general intelligence, males tend to be overrepresented at both ends of its overall distribution. Part of the explanation could be the presence of genes on the X chromosome related both to syndromal disorders involving mental retardation and to population variation in general intelligence occurring normally. Genes on the X chromosome appear overrepresented among genes with known involvement in mental retardation, which is consistent with a model we developed of the population distribution of general intelligence as a mixture of two normal distributions. Using this model, we explored the expected ratios of males to females at various points in the distribution and estimated the proportion of variance in general intelligence potentially due to genes on the X chromosome. These estimates provide clues to the extent to which biologically based sex differences could be manifested in the environment as sex differences in displayed intellectual abilities. We discuss these observations in the context of sex differences in specific cognitive abilities and evolutionary theories of sexual selection.
authors.affiliation: University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, and wendy.johnson@ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carothers
authors.affiliation: University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Deary