title: Fate of lost gallstones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The fate of gallstones that remain in the peritoneal cavity due to perforation of the gallbladder during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has been studied vigilantly since the early 1990s when this surgical procedure started to be used. But the complication statistics vary with each report. So we reviewed our 47 cases of lost stones that were traceable from 1998 to 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stones entered the peritoneal cavity through the perforation site during dissection of the body or Hartmann's pouch of gallbladder from the liver bed, despite trials of stone removal like irrigation and using a glove finger pouch especially in the case of numerous small stones. There were nine cases of lost stones that were caused by fragments of stone breaking from a large stone during its retrieval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No patient was forced into revision surgery or intervention for the missing stones but only negative suction drains were inserted, and information to the patients was given. Most of the stones (N=42, 89.4%) remained silent during the follow-up period of 10.4±3.6 years, and 5 patients (10.6%) developed inflammatory complications in the peritoneal cavity and abdominal wall. Two intraperitoneal abscesses were found in the right subhepatic area and a cul-de-sac and these were managed by laparotomy. Subhepatic abscess was later associated with intestinal obstruction. Two patients suffered an umbilical portal site fistula and a right flank portal fistula respectively, requiring prolonged wound care. One patient suffered immediate postoperative peritonitis that was cured by antibiotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lost stones should be retrieved or fragmented as much as possible for removal through a drain, and caution should be exercised during dissection of the gallbladder to avoid perforating the gallbladder. Considering the approximately 10% incidence of serious inflammatory complications of lost stones, the complications should be explained to patients to allow for earlier diagnosis of complications later.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Sanbon Hospital, Wonkwang University, Gunpo, Korea.
authors.forename: Whanbong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Sanbon Hospital, Wonkwang University, Gunpo, Korea.
authors.forename: Jungnam
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kwon
keywords: Gallstone; Intraperitoneal stones; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy