title: Biological reactivity of zinc oxide nanoparticles with mammalian test systems: an overview.
abstract: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have useful physicochemical advantages, and are used extensively. This has raised concerns regarding their potential toxicity. ZnO NP attributes that contribute to cytotoxicity and immune reactivity, however, seem to vary across literature considerably. Largely, dissolution and generation of reactive oxygen species appear to be the most commonly reported paradigms. Moreover, ZnO NP size and shape may also contribute toward their overall nano-bio interactions. Analysis is further complicated by factors such as adsorption of proteins on the NP surface, which may influence their bioreactivity. The main aim of this review is to give a systematic overview of the postulates explaining cytotoxic, inflammatory and genotoxic effects of ZnO NPs when exposed to different types of cells in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery & Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Shruti R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Saptarshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duschl
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery & Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Andreas L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Lopata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009153:Mutagens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D003603:Cytotoxins; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D009153:Mutagens; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: apoptosis; cytokines; cytotoxicity; genotoxicity; in vivo; inflammation; reactive oxygen species; zinc ions