title: How Close Are We to Achieving Energy and Nutrient Goals for Very Low Birth Weight Infants in the First Week?
abstract: Emerging evidence suggests intakes of protein and energy as early as the first week of life in preterm very low birth weight (VLBW) infants are associated with improved neurodevelopment. In response, many neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) have launched new, more aggressive early feeding guidelines. The aim of this study was to evaluate enteral and parenteral energy and macronutrient intakes during the first postnatal week in VLBW infants admitted to NICUs that have introduced more aggressive early feeding guidelines.
  
  
  
  Estimated energy and macronutrient intakes were prospectively collected from VLBW infants fed exclusively mother's own milk and/or parenteral nutrition and compared with expert recommendations. Days to reach full enteral feeds (150 mL/kg/d) and discharge anthropometrics were examined.
  
  
  
  By days 6 and 7, median protein and lipid intakes, respectively, reached recommended values (3.5 and 3.0 g/kg/d). However, by day 8, many infants remained below recommended intakes for protein (34%), lipid (34%), carbohydrate (68%), and energy (71%). Late-onset sepsis was associated with a decreased likelihood of reaching full enteral feeds on any given day (hazard ratio, 0.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.5; P ≤ .0009). There was no significant relationship between week 1 nutrient intakes and anthropometrics at discharge.
  
  
  
  Despite the introduction of more aggressive early feeding guidelines and improved energy and nutrient intakes compared with literature values, many VLBW infants remain below recommended nutrition goals in the first week.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|2 The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Dawn V Y
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Clinical Dietetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brennan-Donnan
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|5 Department of Neonatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|6 Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.affiliation: 2 The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bando
authors.affiliation: 7 Department of Professional Practice, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sharyn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gibbins
authors.affiliation: 8 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.affiliation: 9 Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation (IHPME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|10 Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|2 The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: O'Connor
mesh_terms: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight / Q000254:growth & development*; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins
keywords: energy; enteral nutrition; lipids; macronutrients; parenteral nutrition; protein