title: Assessment of Movement Patterns during Intubation between Novice and Experienced Providers Using Mobile Sensors: A Preliminary, Proof of Concept Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are likely marked differences in endotracheal intubation (ETI) techniques between novice and experienced providers. We performed a proof of concept study to determine if portable motion technology could identify the motion components of ETI between novice and experienced providers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited a sample of novice and experienced providers to perform ETIs on a cadaver. Their movements during ETI were recorded with inertial measurement units (IMUs) on the left wrist. The signals were assessed visually between novice and experienced providers to identify areas of differences at key steps during ETI. We then calculated spectral smoothness (SS), a quantitative measure inversely related to movement variability, for all ETI attempts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled five novice and five experienced providers. When visually inspecting the data, we noted maximum variability when inserting the blade of the laryngoscope into the mouth and while visualizing the glottic opening. Novice providers also had greater overall variability in their movement patterns (SS novice 6.4 versus SS experienced 26.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Portable IMUs can be used to detect differences in movement patterns between novice and experienced providers in cadavers. Future ETI educational efforts may utilize portable IMUs to help accelerate the learning curve of novice providers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Erie, PA 16544, USA.
authors.forename: Jestin N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.affiliation: The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Samarjit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Erie, PA 16544, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spring
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frisch
authors.affiliation: The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De la Torre
authors.affiliation: The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hodgins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002102:Cadaver; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology