title: Novel nanostructured lipid carrier-based inserts for controlled ocular drug delivery: evaluation of corneal bioavailability and treatment efficacy in bacterial keratitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to develop novel ofloxacin (OFX)-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)-based inserts for ocular application for treatment of bacterial keratitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  NLC loaded with 0.3% OFX was prepared by means of high shear homogenization and 0.75% chitosan oligosaccharide lactate (COL) was added. Glycerin or PEG 400 at the range of 1 - 15% was added to NLCs as plasticizers and inserts were developed by solvent casting evaporation. Characterization, in vitro release, microbiological, ex vivo and in vivo studies were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inserts developed with the addition of glycerin (Ins3OFX) was found as optimal. The kinetic studies revealed that the release of Ins3OFX was a combination of diffusion and swelling. Ins3OFX was more bioadhesive in texture profile analysis studies. In the in vivo studies performed with rabbits, the pre-ocular retention time was enhanced up to 24 h and Cmax was increased almost six times in comparison with commercial. The rabbits were infected with Staphylococcus aureus and keratitis was confirmed. This group was treated with Ins3OFX and they recovered in 7 days with no significant sign of conjunctival redness and corneal opacity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NLC-based inserts developed with COL and glycerin may be offered as appropriate vehicles for ocular delivery.
authors.affiliation: a 1 University of Ege, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey +90 232 311 5132 ; +90 232 388 5258 ; evrenhomangokce@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Neslihan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Üstündağ-Okur
authors.affiliation: a 1 University of Ege, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey +90 232 311 5132 ; +90 232 388 5258 ; evrenhomangokce@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Evren Homan
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Gökçe
authors.affiliation: b 2 Uşak State Hospital, Department of Eye Diseases , Uşak, Turkey.
authors.forename: Duygu İnci
authors.initials: Dİ
authors.lastname: Bozbıyık
authors.affiliation: c 3 University of Ege, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology , 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sait
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eğrilmez
authors.affiliation: a 1 University of Ege, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey +90 232 311 5132 ; +90 232 388 5258 ; evrenhomangokce@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gökhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ertan
authors.affiliation: a 1 University of Ege, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey +90 232 311 5132 ; +90 232 388 5258 ; evrenhomangokce@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Özgen
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Özer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D003315:Cornea / Q000378:metabolism; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007634:Keratitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D049329:Nanostructures; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011817:Rabbits; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D008055:Lipids; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D015242:Ofloxacin
keywords: chitosan oligosaccharide lactate; insert; nanoparticle; nanostructured lipid carrier; ocular; ofloxacin