title: Charles Richard de Beauregard and the treatment of blennorrhagic urethral stenosis in Madrid in the 18th century: Advertising, secrecy and deception.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Describe the introduction of the treatment for blennorrhagic urethral stenosis in the city of Madrid in the 18th century by the French surgeon Charles de Beauregard, the formulations employed in the preparation of his personal «bougies», the advertising in the press, their marketing and distribution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonsystematic review of the Madrid newspaper Gaceta de Madrid y Diario curioso, erudito, económico y comercial (Madrid Gazette, curious, erudite, financial and commercial) between 1759 and 1790. Review of the medical literature of the 18th century preserved in the Fondo Antiguo of the Biblioteca Histórica of Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Historical Resource of the Historical Library of the Complutense University of Madrid). A Google search of «Charles Richard de Beauregard».
  
  
  RESULTS
  Charles de Beauregard focused his professional work mainly on the treatment of the urethral sequela of blennorrhagia, phimosis and paraphimosis. He introduced to 18th century Spanish society (with purported originality and clear commercial interests) therapeutic methods based on lead acetate that had already been developed in France by Thomas Goulard.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The urethral sequela of diseases such as blennorrhagic urethritis, stenotic phimosis and paraphimosis were highly prevalent in 18th century Madrid and required complex solutions for the practice of urology of that era. Charles de Beauregard introduced innovative but not original treatments that were invasive but not bloody and that provided him with fame and social prestige. He advertised his professional activity and marketed his therapeutic products through advertisements submitted to the daily press (Madrid Gazette, Gaceta de Madrid).
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gómiz
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España. Electronic address: isabel.galindo17@gmail.com.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Galindo
mesh_terms: D000329:Advertising; D003219:Confidentiality; D008192:Deception; D005602:France; D049671:History, 18th Century; D013030:Spain; D014504:Urban Health; D014525:Urethral Stricture / Q000266:history* / Q000628:therapy
keywords: 18th century; Beauregard; Bougies; Candelillas; Impostores; Impostors; Siglo XVIII