title: Vaccines for TB: Lessons from the Past Translating into Future Potentials.
abstract: Development of vaccines for infectious diseases has come a long way with recent advancements in adjuvant developments and discovery of new antigens that are capable of eliciting strong immunological responses for sterile eradication of disease. Tuberculosis (TB) that kills nearly 2 million of the population every year is also one of the highlights of the recent developments. The availability or not of diagnostic methods for infection has implications for the control of the disease by the health systems but is not related to the immune surveillance, a phenomenon derived from the interaction between the bacteria and their host. Here, we will review the immunology of TB and current vaccine candidates for TB. Current strategies of developing new vaccines against TB will also be reviewed in order to further discuss new insights into immunotherapeutic approaches involving adjuvant and antigens combinations that might be of potential for the control of TB.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia ; ADAPT Research Cluster, Centre for Research Initiatives, Clinical & Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Gee Jun
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tye
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Min Han
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lew
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia ; ADAPT Research Cluster, Centre for Research Initiatives, Clinical & Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yee Siew
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Choong
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia ; ADAPT Research Cluster, Centre for Research Initiatives, Clinical & Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Theam Soon
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Maria Elena
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sarmiento
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Acosta
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia ; ADAPT Research Cluster, Centre for Research Initiatives, Clinical & Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia ; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Nor
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Norazmi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D032581:Tuberculosis Vaccines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine; D032581:Tuberculosis Vaccines