title: Biomarkers of treatment outcome in schizophrenia: Defining a benchmark for clinical significance.
abstract: Emerging data from on imaging and genetic studies have generated interest in "clinically significant" biomarkers to predict response and prognosis. What constitutes "clinical significance" and how a biomarker would reach that threshold are unclear. To develop a benchmark we reviewed different approaches for defining "clinical significance" applied in schizophrenia research and identified that an improvement of 15 points on the PANSS Total is considered meaningful in clinical settings. Using this benchmark and we simulated thousands of schizophrenia trials, using characteristics derived from the NEWMEDS database with over 8000 patients with schizophrenia, to the kind of imaging, genetic, and other biomarkers that could attain clinical significance. We plotted the interaction between frequency-of-occurrence, the effect size of biomarkers and their relationship to the clinical significance threshold. Results show that categorical biomarkers are likely to attain clinical significance when they occur in 20-50% of the clinical population, and can predict at least a 8-10 point PANSS scale difference. Genetic markers are likely to have clinical significance when they occur in 20-50% of the population and can predict 7-9 points on the PANSS scale. A marker with a lower frequency or lesser effect size would find it hard to meet clinical significance thresholds for schizophrenia. The assumptions and limitations of this approach are discussed. Compared with standards in the rest of medicine, biomarkers that can attain this benchmark will be cost-effective and are likely to be adopted by clinical systems.
authors.affiliation: University of Haifa, Department of Community Mental Health, Haifa 3498838, Israel. Electronic address: slevine@univ.haifa.ac.il.
authors.forename: Stephen Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.affiliation: Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rabinowitz
authors.affiliation: Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uher
authors.affiliation: King׳s College London, UK.
authors.forename: Shitij
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapur
mesh_terms: D019985:Benchmarking; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Biological markers; Biological psychiatry; Translational medical research; Treatment response