title: The Role of Markers of Low-Grade Inflammation for the Early Time Course of Glycemic Control, Glucose Disappearance Rate, and β-Cell Function in Recently Diagnosed Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammatory processes are involved in the progression of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction in individuals with prediabetes and contribute to the development of diabetes. We hypothesized that higher levels of biomarkers of low-grade inflammation are associated with the early progression of recently diagnosed diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within the prospective German Diabetes Study, patients with recently diagnosed type 1 (n = 42) and type 2 (n = 94) diabetes underwent detailed metabolic characterization within the first year after diagnosis and 2 years thereafter. Associations between changes in markers of low-grade inflammation with changes in glycemic control, β-cell function, and glucose disappearance rate were assessed using multivariable linear regression analysis. Associations were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, and 2-year changes in BMI, smoking status, and glucose-lowering medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes exhibited good glucometabolic control at baseline (mean HbA1c 7.08 ± 1.58% [54 ± 17 mmol/mol] and 6.43 ± 0.98% [47 ± 11 mmol/mol], respectively) and 2 years thereafter (mean HbA1c 7.03 ± 1.20% [53 ± 13 mmol/mol] and 6.62 ± 1.14% [49 ± 13], respectively). Two-year increases of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in type 2 diabetes and of IL-18 in type 1 diabetes were associated with 2-year increases of HbA1c. Additionally, 2-year increases of sE-selectin were associated with 2-year decreases of prehepatic β-cell function in type 2 diabetes (all P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that with the clinical onset of diabetes, low-grade inflammation relates to worsening of glycemia and that endothelial activation may contribute to decreasing β-cell function.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center at Heinrich Heine University, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center at Heinrich Heine University, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nowotny
authors.affiliation: German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center at Heinrich Heine University, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strassburger
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Unit, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Research Council, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pacini
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center at Heinrich Heine University, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Müssig
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center at Heinrich Heine University, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szendroedi
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center at Heinrich Heine University, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herder
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center at Heinrich Heine University, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany michael.roden@ddz.uni-duesseldorf.de.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D019040:E-Selectin; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1