title: Neurofeedback reduces overeating episodes in female restrained eaters: a randomized controlled pilot-study.
abstract: Overeating episodes, despite of intentions to control weight, are a common problem among women. Recurring episodes of overeating and dietary failure have been reported to result in higher Body Mass Indexes and to induce severe distress even in non-clinical groups. Based on findings from physiological research on eating behavior and craving, as well as previous biofeedback studies, we derived a cue exposure based EEG neurofeedback protocol to target overeating episodes. The treatment was evaluated in a randomized controlled trial, comparing a neurofeedback group (NFG; n = 14) with a waiting list control group (WLG; n = 13) in a sub-clinical sample of female restrained eaters. At post-treatment, the number of weekly overeating episodes and subsequent distress were significantly reduced in the NFG compared to the WLG (p < .01; r > .50). In a 3 month follow-up, effects in the NFG remained stable. As secondary outcomes, perceived dieting success was enhanced after the treatment. At follow-up, additional beneficial effects on trait food craving were observed. Altogether, we found preliminary evidence for the cue exposure neurofeedback against overeating episodes in female restrained eaters, although specific effects and underlying mechanisms still have to be explored in future research.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Max-Horkheimer-Str. 20, 42097, Wuppertal, Germany. jennifer.schmidt@uni-wuppertal.de.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Max-Horkheimer-Str. 20, 42097, Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006963:Hyperphagia / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D058765:Neurofeedback / Q000379:methods*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010865:Pilot Projects
keywords: Food craving; Neurofeedback; Overeating; Randomized controlled trial; Restrained eating