title: Unusual Biosynthesis and Structure of Locillomycins from Bacillus subtilis 916.
abstract: Three families of Bacillus cyclic lipopeptides--surfactins, iturins, and fengycins--have well-recognized potential uses in biotechnology and biopharmaceutical applications. This study outlines the isolation and characterization of locillomycins, a novel family of cyclic lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtilis 916. Elucidation of the locillomycin structure revealed several molecular features not observed in other Bacillus lipopeptides, including a unique nonapeptide sequence and macrocyclization. Locillomycins are active against bacteria and viruses. Biochemical analysis and gene deletion studies have supported the assignment of a 38-kb gene cluster as the locillomycin biosynthetic gene cluster. Interestingly, this gene cluster encodes 4 proteins (LocA, LocB, LocC, and LocD) that form a hexamodular nonribosomal peptide synthetase to biosynthesize cyclic nonapeptides. Genome analysis and the chemical structures of the end products indicated that the biosynthetic pathway exhibits two distinct features: (i) a nonlinear hexamodular assembly line, with three modules in the middle utilized twice and the first and last two modules used only once and (ii) several domains that are skipped or optionally selected.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China School of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China.
authors.forename: Chuping
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xuehui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: The National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Junyao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: The National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Truong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Huafei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China lixq2002@126.com chzy84390393@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiangqian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China lixq2002@126.com chzy84390393@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhiyi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic