title: Virchow-Robin Spaces: Correlations with Polysomnography-Derived Sleep Parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that enlarged Virchow-Robin space volumes (VRS) are associated with objective measures of poor quality sleep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients being evaluated for cerebrovascular disease were assessed using polysomnography and high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regionalized VRS were quantified from three-dimensional high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and correlated with measures of polysomnography-derived sleep parameters while controlling for age, stroke volume, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid volume. Sleep efficiency was negatively correlated with total VRS (rho = -0.47, P = 0.03) and basal ganglia VRS (rho = -0.54, P = 0.01), whereas wake after sleep onset was positively correlated with basal ganglia VRS (rho = 0.52, P = 0.02). Furthermore, VRS in the basal ganglia were negatively correlated with duration of N3 (rho = -0.53, P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary results suggest that sleep may play a role in perivascular clearance in ischemic brain disease, and invite future research into the potential relevance of Virchow-Robin spaces as an imaging biomarker for nocturnal metabolite clearance.
authors.affiliation: LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), University of Toronto, Canada.|Heart & Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Site, Toronto, Canada.|Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (HSC), Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berezuk
authors.affiliation: LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), University of Toronto, Canada.|Heart & Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Site, Toronto, Canada.|Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (HSC), Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.affiliation: LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), University of Toronto, Canada.|Heart & Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Site, Toronto, Canada.|Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (HSC), Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Fuqiang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), University of Toronto, Canada.|Heart & Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Site, Toronto, Canada.|Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (HSC), Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Christopher J M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), University of Toronto, Canada.|Heart & Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Site, Toronto, Canada.|Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (HSC), Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Menal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huroy
authors.affiliation: LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), University of Toronto, Canada.|Heart & Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Site, Toronto, Canada.|Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (HSC), Toronto, Canada.|Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, School of Graduate Studies University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.|Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto and Sunnybrook HSC, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Swartz
authors.affiliation: LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), University of Toronto, Canada.|Heart & Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Site, Toronto, Canada.|Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (HSC), Toronto, Canada.|Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto and Sunnybrook HSC, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), University of Toronto, Canada.|Heart & Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Site, Toronto, Canada.|Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (HSC), Toronto, Canada.|Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, School of Graduate Studies University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.|Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto and Sunnybrook HSC, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Sandra E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Black
authors.affiliation: LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), University of Toronto, Canada.|Heart & Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Site, Toronto, Canada.|Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (HSC), Toronto, Canada.|Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto and Sunnybrook HSC, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Mark I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Boulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000378:metabolism; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000378:metabolism*
keywords: MRI; Virchow-Robin; basal ganglia; metabolite clearance; perivascular space; polysomnography; sleep; small vessel disease; stroke; white matter