title: Fast kinetics of calcium signaling and sensor design.
abstract: Fast calcium signaling is regulated by numerous calcium channels exhibiting high spatiotemporal profiles which are currently measured by fluorescent calcium sensors. There is still a strong need to improve the kinetics of genetically encoded calcium indicators (sensors) to capture calcium dynamics in the millisecond time frame. In this review, we summarize several major fast calcium signaling pathways and discuss the recent developments and application of genetically encoded calcium indicators to detect these pathways. A new class of genetically encoded calcium indicators designed with site-directed mutagenesis on the surface of beta-barrel fluorescent proteins to form a pentagonal bipyramidal-like calcium binding domain dramatically accelerates calcium binding kinetics. Furthermore, novel genetically encoded calcium indicators with significantly increased fluorescent lifetime change are advantageous in deep-field imaging with high light-scattering and notable morphology change.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
authors.forename: Shen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reddish
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
authors.forename: You
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States. Electronic address: jenny@gsu.edu.
authors.forename: Jenny J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D011487:Protein Conformation; D015202:Protein Engineering
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D002118:Calcium