title: Enamel matrix proteins exhibit growth factor activity: A review of evidence at the cellular and molecular levels.
abstract: Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) is a commercially available protein extract, mainly comprising amelogenins. A number of other polypeptides have been identified in EMD, mostly growth factors, which promote cementogenesis and osteogenesis during the regeneration processes through the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and activity; however, not all of their functions are clear. Enamel extracts have been proposed to have numerous activities such as bone morphogenetic protein- and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-like activity, and activities similar to those of insulin-like growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and epidermal growth factor. These activities have been observed at the molecular and cellular levels and in numerous animal models. Furthermore, it has been suggested that EMD contains an unidentified biologically active factor that acts in combination with TGF-β1, and several studies have reported functional similarities between growth factors and TGF-β in cellular processes. The effects of enamel extracts on the cell cycle and biology are summarized and discussed in this review.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60-820, Poland.
authors.forename: Marzena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wyganowska-Świątkowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60-806, Poland.
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Urbaniak
authors.affiliation: Dundee Dental School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK.
authors.forename: Michał Marek
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Nohawica
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60-806, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kotwicka
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Urology Research Centre, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA ; Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ; Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk 80-211, Poland.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jankun
keywords: bone morphogenetic protein; enamel matrix derivative; growth factors; transforming growth factor-β