title: Sociodemographics, Comorbidities, Healthcare Utilization and Work Productivity in Japanese Patients with Adult ADHD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, healthcare resource utilization, and work productivity among Japanese adults who reported being diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to those of a non-ADHD control population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for this study were captured from an online survey of adults in Japan conducted by Kantar Health using consumer panels. A total of 84 survey participants reported they had received a diagnosis of ADHD from a physician. Survey responses pertaining to functional status and resource utilization from this ADHD group were compared to those from a non-ADHD control group of 100 participants. Comparisons between the ADHD and non-ADHD groups were made using chi-square tests for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants in the ADHD group were on average slightly younger with a higher proportion of males. ADHD respondents reported significantly more comorbid depression, sleep difficulties, headaches, and anxiety than non-ADHD controls. Over the previous 6 months, the ADHD group made more visits to healthcare providers and the emergency room, and had more hospitalizations than non-ADHD controls. The ADHD group also rated their overall health status lower than the non-ADHD control group. Respondents with ADHD reported a significantly higher degree of health-related work impairment compared to non-ADHD, with greater absenteeism and decreased work productivity. The ADHD group indicated their symptoms negatively impacted relationships, self-esteem, and regular daily activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Japanese adults with ADHD face a substantial burden of illness, including lower overall health status, increased number of comorbidities, greater healthcare utilization, and significant health-related occupational impairment compared to those without ADHD. Additional research is needed to develop a better understanding of both the consequences and treatment approaches for Japanese adults with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Izunokunishi City, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kirino
authors.affiliation: Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Chuo-ku, Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imagawa
authors.affiliation: Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Chuo-ku, Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Eli Lilly Australia Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Montgomery
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D004526:Efficiency; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011788:Quality of Life; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications