title: Intra-regional and inter-regional abnormalities and cognitive control deficits in young adult smokers.
abstract: Tobacco use during later adolescence and young adulthood may cause serious neurophysiological changes; rationally, it is extremely important to study the relationship between brain dysfunction and behavioral performances in young adult smokers. Previous resting state studies investigated the neural mechanisms in smokers. Unfortunately, few studies focused on spontaneous activity differences between young adult smokers and nonsmokers from both intra-regional and inter-regional levels, less is known about the association between resting state abnormalities and behavioral deficits. Therefore, we used fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) to investigate the resting state spontaneous activity differences between young adult smokers and nonsmokers. A correlation analysis was carried out to assess the relationship between neuroimaging findings and clinical information (pack-years, cigarette dependence, age of onset and craving score) as well as cognitive control deficits measured by the Stroop task. Consistent with previous addiction findings, our results revealed the resting state abnormalities within frontostriatal circuits, i.e., enhanced spontaneous activity of the caudate and reduced functional strength between the caudate and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in young adult smokers. Moreover, the fALFF values of the caudate were correlated with craving and RSFC strength between the caudate and ACC was associated with the cognitive control impairments in young adult smokers. Our findings could lead to a better understanding of intrinsic functional architecture of baseline brain activity in young smokers by providing regional and brain circuit spontaneous neuronal activity properties as well as their association with cognitive control impairments.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China. 119829640@qq.com.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China. 119829640@qq.com.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yangding
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chenxi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Junsen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yanzhi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jiadong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yanyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Sha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010, People's Republic of China. fmydh@imust.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Dahua
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chenwang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoqi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.|Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002681:China; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D059906:Neuroimaging; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anterior cingulate cortex; Caudate; Cognitive control; Fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation; Resting state functional connectivity; Young adult smokers