title: Crossmodal deficit in dyslexic children: practice affects the neural timing of letter-speech sound integration.
abstract: A failure to build solid letter-speech sound associations may contribute to reading impairments in developmental dyslexia. Whether this reduced neural integration of letters and speech sounds changes over time within individual children and how this relates to behavioral gains in reading skills remains unknown. In this research, we examined changes in event-related potential (ERP) measures of letter-speech sound integration over a 6-month period during which 9-year-old dyslexic readers (n = 17) followed a training in letter-speech sound coupling next to their regular reading curriculum. We presented the Dutch spoken vowels /a/ and /o/ as standard and deviant stimuli in one auditory and two audiovisual oddball conditions. In one audiovisual condition (AV0), the letter "a" was presented simultaneously with the vowels, while in the other (AV200) it was preceding vowel onset for 200 ms. Prior to the training (T1), dyslexic readers showed the expected pattern of typical auditory mismatch responses, together with the absence of letter-speech sound effects in a late negativity (LN) window. After the training (T2), our results showed earlier (and enhanced) crossmodal effects in the LN window. Most interestingly, earlier LN latency at T2 was significantly related to higher behavioral accuracy in letter-speech sound coupling. On a more general level, the timing of the earlier mismatch negativity (MMN) in the simultaneous condition (AV0) measured at T1, significantly related to reading fluency at both T1 and T2 as well as with reading gains. Our findings suggest that the reduced neural integration of letters and speech sounds in dyslexic children may show moderate improvement with reading instruction and training and that behavioral improvements relate especially to individual differences in the timing of this neural integration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands ; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC) Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gojko
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Žarić
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Rudolf Berlin Center Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gorka
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fraga González
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; IWAL Institute Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jurgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tijms
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maurits W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: van der Molen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands ; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC) Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blomert
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands ; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC) Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Milene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonte
keywords: ERP; cross-modal integration; developmental dyslexia; mismatch negativity; training effects