title: Reducing low-value care in endometriosis between limited evidence and unresolved issues: a proposal.
abstract: Quantification of benefits and harms of medical interventions should be based on high-quality evidence, which is not always the case in the endometriosis field. In many clinical circumstances, healthcare decisions in women with endometriosis are taken based on suboptimal evidence or on evidence of coexistence of benefits and harms that must be balanced. In these conditions, it is important to avoid or reduce the use of low-value care, i.e. interventions with defined harms and uncertain benefits, or whose effectiveness is comparable with less expensive alternatives. In particular, we suggest that: (i) non-surgical diagnosis based on symptoms, physical findings and transvaginal ultrasonography is possible in most women with symptomatic endometriosis. Thus, except in doubtful cases, laparoscopy should be intended for surgical treatment, not for diagnostic purposes: early diagnosis and diagnostic laparoscopy are not synonymous; (ii) future trials on new drugs for endometriosis should address those outcomes that are most important to patients, should be designed as superiority trials and should include a progestin or an estrogen-progestin as a comparator. Moreover, limitation of repetitive surgery for recurrent endometriosis is among the objectives of long-term medical treatment; (iii) indications for surgery should be the result of a balance between demonstrated benefits in terms of fertility enhancement and pain relief, specific risks associated with excision of different types of endometriotic lesions, cost-effectiveness and patient preference after detailed information; (iv) physicians, health professionals and policy makers should discriminate between screening for and diagnosis of endometriosis. Limited peritoneal foci, which are frequently observed also in asymptomatic women, regress or remain stable in about two thirds of cases. Therefore, the theoretical premises for a screening campaign are currently unclear; (v) physicians should develop the ability to effectively communicate quantitative information based on international guidelines and systematic literature reviews. This will assist a woman's understanding of the interaction between the evidence and her priorities, facilitating the transition towards value-based medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Istituto Ostetrico e Ginecologico 'Luigi Mangiagalli', Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 12, Milano 20122, Italy paolo.vercellini@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vercellini
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Giudice
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Fertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannes L H
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Evers
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauricio S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Abrao
mesh_terms: D004715:Endometriosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards*
keywords: endometriosis; infertility; low-value care; patient-centred medicine; pelvic pain