title: Immediate impact of rapid maxillary expansion on upper airway dimensions and on the quality of life of mouth breathers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess short-term tomographic changes in the upper airway dimensions and quality of life of mouth breathers after rapid maxillary expansion (RME).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 25 mouth breathers with maxillary atresia and a mean age of 10.5 years old were assessed by means of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and a standardized quality of life questionnaire answered by patients' parents/legal guardians before and immediately after rapid maxillary expansion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rapid maxillary expansion resulted in similar and significant expansion in the width of anterior (2.8 mm, p < 0.001) and posterior nasal floor (2.8 mm, p < 0.001). Although nasopharynx and nasal cavities airway volumes significantly increased (+1646.1 mm3, p < 0.001), oropharynx volume increase was not statistically significant (+1450.6 mm3, p = 0.066). The results of the quality of life questionnaire indicated that soon after rapid maxillary expansion, patients' respiratory symptoms significantly decreased in relation to their initial respiratory conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is suggested that RME produces significant dimensional increase in the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. Additionally, it also positively impacts the quality of life of mouth-breathing patients with maxillary atresia.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edna Namiko
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Izuka
authors.affiliation: Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Murilo Fernando Neuppmann
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Feres
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Shirley Shizue Nagata
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Pignatari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000002:abnormalities; D009058:Mouth Breathing / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D009929:Organ Size; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique / Q000523:psychology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D012913:Snoring / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology