title: Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding.
abstract: Although the incidence of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) has been decreasing worldwide, nonvariceal UGIB continues to be a significant problem. Even with the advent of advanced endoscopic procedures and potent medications to suppress acid production, UGIB carries significant morbidity and mortality. Some of the most common risk factors for nonvariceal UGIB include Helicobacter pylori infection, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and other antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications. In patients with cardiovascular disease and kidney disease, UGIB tends to be more severe and has greater morbidity. Many of the newer NSAIDs have been removed from the market.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tielleman
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bujanda
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Medical Service, Gastroenterology Section 111B1, Dallas VA Medical Center, 4500 S Lancaster Road, Dallas, TX 75216, USA. Electronic address: byron.cryer@utsouthwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Byron
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cryer
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014943:Global Health; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000925:Anticoagulants
keywords: Aspirin; Clopidogrel; Epidemiology; Helicobacter pylori; Incidence; Mortality; NSAIDs; Risk factors