title: Minimum toe clearance events in divided attention treadmill walking in older and young adults: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Falls in older adults during walking frequently occur while performing a concurrent task; that is, dividing attention to respond to other demands in the environment. A particularly hazardous fall-related event is tripping due to toe-ground contact during the swing phase of the gait cycle. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of divided attention on tripping risk by investigating the gait cycle event Minimum Toe Clearance (MTC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen older adults (mean 73.1 years) and 15 young controls (mean 26.1 years) performed three walking tasks on motorized treadmill: (i) at preferred walking speed (preferred walking), (ii) while carrying a glass of water at a comfortable walking speed (dual task walking), and (iii) speed-matched control walking without the glass of water (control walking). Position-time coordinates of the toe were acquired using a 3 dimensional motion capture system (Optotrak NDI, Canada). When MTC was present, toe height at MTC (MTC_Height) and MTC timing (MTC_Time) were calculated. The proportion of non-MTC gait cycles was computed and for non-MTC gait cycles, toe-height was extracted at the mean MTC_Time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups maintained mean MTC_Height across all three conditions. Despite greater MTC_Height SD in preferred gait, the older group reduced their variability to match the young group in dual task walking. Compared to preferred speed walking, both groups attained MTC earlier in dual task and control conditions. The older group's MTC_Time SD was greater across all conditions; in dual task walking, however, they approximated the young group's SD. Non-MTC gait cycles were more frequent in the older group across walking conditions (for example, in preferred walking: young - 2.9 %; older - 18.7 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In response to increased attention demands older adults preserve MTC_Height but exercise greater control of the critical MTC event by reducing variability in both MTC_Height and MTC_Time. A further adaptive locomotor control strategy to reduce the likelihood of toe-ground contacts is to attain higher mid-swing clearance by eliminating the MTC event, i.e. demonstrating non-MTC gaits cycles.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia. braveena.santhiranayagam@live.vu.edu.au.|College of Sport & Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia. braveena.santhiranayagam@live.vu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Braveena K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Santhiranayagam
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia. daniel.lai@vu.edu.au.|College of Engineering & Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia. daniel.lai@vu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Daniel T H
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia. tony.sparrow@vu.edu.au.|College of Sport & Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia. tony.sparrow@vu.edu.au.
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Sparrow
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia. rezaul.begg@vu.edu.au.|College of Sport & Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia. rezaul.begg@vu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Rezaul K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Begg
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D014034:Toes / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult