title: Sinonasal Carcinoma: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Survival--A Review of 4714 Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether or not patient race and ethnicity affect sinonasal cancer survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective database analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database, 1988-2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sinonasal carcinoma cases were extracted according to site codes and histology recode-broad groupings. The cohort was used to calculate disease-specific survival in regard to race and ethnicity. Extracted data were further analyzed through direct comparisons and multivariable Cox regression models controlling for patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unadjusted survival curves for all sinonasal carcinomas showed poorer disease-specific survival for black versus white patients (P = .02), which was eliminated after controlling for tumor characteristics (hazard ratio: 1.02, P = .86). Specifically for sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma, significantly poorer disease-specific survival was found for both black (P = .01) and Hispanic (P = .01) patients as compared with white patients. Similarly, when controlling for tumor characteristics, the disease-specific survival disparity was eliminated for black (hazard ratio: 0.93, P = .59) and Hispanic patients (hazard ratio: 1.01, P = .94).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Black race is a risk factor for poorer disease-specific survival when all sinonasal histologic subtypes are examined together. Specifically for sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma, both black race and Hispanic ethnicity are risk factors for poorer disease-specific survival. When tumor characteristics are controlled for in this cohort, the survival disparity is eliminated, demonstrating that the disparity can be accounted for exclusively by more advanced disease at presentation, opposed to the more complex effect seen in other subsites of the head and neck.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UTMB Health, Galveston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UTMB Health, Galveston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Core, Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, UTMB Health, Galveston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Nai-Wei
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Core, Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, UTMB Health, Galveston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Yong-Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UTMB Health, Galveston, Texas, USA varesto@utmb.edu.
authors.forename: Vicente A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Resto
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality*; D002296:Carcinosarcoma / Q000401:mortality; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D000077195:Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; D013724:Teratoma / Q000401:mortality; D044465:White People
keywords: cancer; disparity; ethnicity; race; sinonasal; survival