title: Fullerenes(nC60) affect the growth and development of the sediment-dwelling invertebrate Chironomus riparius larvae.
abstract: The possible toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) to aquatic organisms needs to be investigated for chronic effects at low concentrations. Chronic effects of carbon NPs, fullerenesC60, on the midges of Chironomus riparius at different life stages on larvae and adult midges were investigated. Sediment associated fullerenesC60 were studied by 10-day growth and 42-day emergence tests with artificial sediment at nominal concentration ranges 0.0004-80 mg/kg dry weight. The body length decreased in the lower tested concentrations (0.0025-20 mg/kg), but the effect vanished with higher concentrations. Delayed emergence rate observed at 0.5 mg/kg. The observed effects correlated with analyzed sediment particle sizes indicating that small agglomerates of fullerene have more significant effects on C. riparius than larger agglomerates observed with higher C60 doses. The results reveal that fullerene may pose risks to benthic organisms, emerging as changes in the ecotoxic parameters studied here which inflects by the survival of the population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland. Electronic address: greta.waissi-leinonen@uef.fi.
authors.forename: Greta C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Waissi-Leinonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland.
authors.forename: Inna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nybom
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland.
authors.forename: Kukka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pakarinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland.
authors.forename: Jarkko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Akkanen
authors.affiliation: Finnish Environment Institute, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Matti T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Leppänen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Jussi V K
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Kukkonen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002683:Chironomidae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D037741:Fullerenes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Carbon nanoparticle; Nanoecotoxicology; Nanotoxicity