title: Audiogenic kindling and secondary subcortico-cortical epileptogenesis: Behavioral correlates and electrographic features.
abstract: Human epilepsy is usually considered to result from cortical pathology, but animal studies show that the cortex may be secondarily involved in epileptogenesis, and cortical seizures may be triggered by extracortical mechanisms. In the audiogenic kindling model, recurrent subcortical (brainstem-driven) seizures induce secondary epileptic activation of the cortex. The present review focuses on behavioral and electrographic features of the subcortico-cortical epileptogenesis: (1) behavioral expressions of traditional and mild paradigms of audiogenic kindling produced by full-blown (generalized) and minimal (focal) audiogenic seizures, respectively; (2) electrographic manifestations of secondary epileptic activation of the cortex - cortical epileptic discharge and cortical spreading depression; and (3) persistent individual asymmetry of minimal audiogenic seizures and secondary cortical events produced by their repetition. The characteristics of audiogenic kindling suggest that this model represents a unique experimental approach to studying cortical epileptogenesis and network aspects of epilepsy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Genetic and Reflex Epilepsies, Audiogenic Seizures and Strains: From Experimental Models to the Clinic".
authors.affiliation: Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. Electronic address: lvinogradova@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lyudmila V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Vinogradova
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000503:physiopathology; D013181:Cortical Spreading Depression / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D020195:Epilepsy, Reflex / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007696:Kindling, Neurologic / Q000502:physiology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012640:Seizures / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Audiogenic seizures; Kindling; Lateralization; Migraine; Reflex epilepsy; Secondary epileptogenesis; Spreading depression