title: Composition and source apportionment of dust fall around a natural lake.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the source apportionment of dust fall around Lake Chini, Malaysia. Samples were collected monthly between December 2012 and March 2013 at seven sampling stations located around Lake Chini. The samples were filtered to separate the dissolved and undissolved solids. The ionic compositions (NO3-, SO4(2-), Cl- and NH4+) were determined using ion chromatography (IC) while major elements (K, Na, Ca and Mg) and trace metals (Zn, Fe, Al, Ni, Mn, Cr, Pb and Cd) were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed that the average concentration of total solids around Lake Chini was 93.49±16.16 mg/(m2·day). SO4(2-), Na and Zn dominated the dissolved portion of the dust fall. The enrichment factors (EF) revealed that the source of the trace metals and major elements in the rain water was anthropogenic, except for Fe. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis (HACA) classified the seven monitoring stations and 16 variables into five groups and three groups respectively. A coupled receptor model, principal component analysis multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), revealed that the sources of dust fall in Lake Chini were dominated by agricultural and biomass burning (42%), followed by the earth's crust (28%), sea spray (16%) and a mixture of soil dust and vehicle emissions (14%).
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: talib@ukm.my.
authors.forename: Mohd Talib
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Latif
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sofia Aida
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ngah
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: Doreena
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dominick
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Intan Suraya
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Razak
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Xinxin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
authors.forename: Thunwadee
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Srithawirat
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Pusat Penyelidikan Tasik Chini (PPTC), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Idris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mushrifah
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D060106:Lakes; D008296:Malaysia; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry; D011891:Rain / Q000737:chemistry; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D008670:Metals; D014131:Trace Elements
keywords: Anion; Lake Chini; Major element; Malaysia; Source apportionment; Trace metal