title: Personalized 3D printed model of kidney and tumor anatomy: a useful tool for patient education.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of 3D printed models of renal tumor on patient's understanding of their conditions. Patient understanding of their medical condition and treatment satisfaction has gained increasing attention in medicine. Novel technologies such as additive manufacturing [also termed three-dimensional (3D) printing] may play a role in patient education.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective pilot study was conducted, and seven patients with a primary diagnosis of kidney tumor who were being considered for partial nephrectomy were included after informed consent. All patients underwent four-phase multi-detector computerized tomography (MDCT) scanning from which renal volume data were extracted to create life-size patient-specific 3D printed models. Patient knowledge and understanding were evaluated before and after 3D model presentation. Patients' satisfaction with their specific 3D printed model was also assessed through a visual scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After viewing their personal 3D kidney model, patients demonstrated an improvement in understanding of basic kidney physiology by 16.7 % (p = 0.018), kidney anatomy by 50 % (p = 0.026), tumor characteristics by 39.3 % (p = 0.068) and the planned surgical procedure by 44.6 % (p = 0.026).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presented herein is the initial clinical experience with 3D printing to facilitate patient's pre-surgical understanding of their kidney tumor and surgery.
authors.affiliation: The Glenn & Wendy Miller/Inderbir Gill Kidney Cancer Program, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. jcb31000@hotmail.com.|Department of Urology, CHU of Bordeaux - University of Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France. jcb31000@hotmail.com.|French Research network on Kidney Cancer (UroCCR), Bordeaux, France. jcb31000@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bernhard
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isotani
authors.affiliation: The Glenn & Wendy Miller/Inderbir Gill Kidney Cancer Program, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsugasumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Vinay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Duddalwar
authors.affiliation: The Glenn & Wendy Miller/Inderbir Gill Kidney Cancer Program, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: The Glenn & Wendy Miller/Inderbir Gill Kidney Cancer Program, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Evren
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Suer
authors.affiliation: The Glenn & Wendy Miller/Inderbir Gill Kidney Cancer Program, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baco
authors.affiliation: The Glenn & Wendy Miller/Inderbir Gill Kidney Cancer Program, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Satkunasivam
authors.affiliation: The Glenn & Wendy Miller/Inderbir Gill Kidney Cancer Program, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Hooman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Djaladat
authors.affiliation: The Glenn & Wendy Miller/Inderbir Gill Kidney Cancer Program, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.affiliation: The Glenn & Wendy Miller/Inderbir Gill Kidney Cancer Program, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: The Glenn & Wendy Miller/Inderbir Gill Kidney Cancer Program, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kelvin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: The Glenn & Wendy Miller/Inderbir Gill Kidney Cancer Program, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: The Glenn & Wendy Miller/Inderbir Gill Kidney Cancer Program, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Darryl
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: The Glenn & Wendy Miller/Inderbir Gill Kidney Cancer Program, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Soroush T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Bazargani
authors.affiliation: The Glenn & Wendy Miller/Inderbir Gill Kidney Cancer Program, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Andre Luis
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: de Castro Abreu
authors.affiliation: The Glenn & Wendy Miller/Inderbir Gill Kidney Cancer Program, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Monish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aron
authors.affiliation: The Glenn & Wendy Miller/Inderbir Gill Kidney Cancer Program, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ukimura
authors.affiliation: The Glenn & Wendy Miller/Inderbir Gill Kidney Cancer Program, USC Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Inderbir S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Gill
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: 3D printing; Education; Kidney tumors; Partial nephrectomy; Renal cancer