title: Corneal Shape, Volume, and Interocular Symmetry: Parameters to Optimize the Design of Biosynthetic Corneal Substitutes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the three-dimensional (3D) shape, volume distribution, and mirror symmetry of the right and left corneas at the scale of a large population, based on the integrated analysis of 3D corneal shape average maps and topography parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 7670 Orbscan II corneal topographies from 3835 consenting subjects with no history of ocular disease were studied. Average topography maps were created using the right and left corneal topographies of all subjects. To quantify symmetry, left eye topographies were flipped horizontally into "right eye" topographies and statistics maps were generated, including difference and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) maps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The standard deviation of the anterior and posterior average elevation maps in the 3-mm radius central zone of the right and left corneas ranged within ± 8 μm and ± 44 μm, respectively. The ICC maps showed almost perfect interocular agreement for anterior elevation, posterior elevation, and pachymetry (all ICCs > 0.96). All studied shape parameters also showed excellent agreement (ICCs ≥ 0.80). Mirror symmetry was not affected by age, sex, or spherical equivalent. We also showed that this horizontal reflection (flip) of the right and left corneal shapes could not be replaced by a simple rotation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that in normal eyes, the anterior elevation, posterior elevation, and pachymetry of the right and left corneas show remarkable symmetry. This comprehensive analysis was achieved with the purpose of guiding the development of future biosynthetic corneal substitutes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Georges M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Durr
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Edouard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Auvinet
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 3Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeb
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 2Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meunier
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 4Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brunette
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001699:Biometry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003315:Cornea / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D019781:Corneal Topography / Q000379:methods*; D016039:Corneal Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012016:Reference Values; D055815:Young Adult