title: Planning and self-efficacy interventions encouraging replacing energy-dense foods intake with fruit and vegetable: A longitudinal experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This longitudinal experimental study compared effects of self-efficacy, planning and education-based conditions, encouraging adolescents to eat fruit and vegetable in place of energy-dense foods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected among 506 adolescents (13-18 years old) who were randomly assigned to control (n = 181), planning (n = 153) or self-efficacy (n = 172) conditions. Measurements were taken at baseline (T1), at a 2-month follow-up (T2), and at a 14-month follow-up (T3). Interventions/control group procedures were delivered at T1 and T2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reports of fruit and vegetable intake (FVI) and energy-dense foods intake were collected at three times. Cognitive mediators (self-efficacy and planning) were assessed at T1 and T2. Body weight and height were objectively measured at T1 and T3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar significant increases of FVI were found for planning and self-efficacy interventions (T3). The planning intervention did not influence energy-dense food intake (T3), but the self-efficacy intervention tended to result in stabilising intake (compared to an increase found in the control group). There were no effects on body weight. Similar patterns were found for the total sample and for a subsample of adolescents with overweight/obesity. The effects of interventions on FVI were mediated by respective cognitions.
authors.affiliation: a Department in Wroclaw , University of Social Sciences and Humanities , Wroclaw , Poland.|b Trauma, Health, & Hazards Center , University of Colorado at Colorado Springs , Colorado Springs , CO , USA.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luszczynska
authors.affiliation: a Department in Wroclaw , University of Social Sciences and Humanities , Wroclaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horodyska
authors.affiliation: a Department in Wroclaw , University of Social Sciences and Humanities , Wroclaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zarychta
authors.affiliation: a Department in Wroclaw , University of Social Sciences and Humanities , Wroclaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liszewska
authors.affiliation: c Department of Education and Psychology , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Knoll
authors.affiliation: d Department of Psychology , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Urte
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Scholz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control; D050177:Overweight / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D057566:Self Report; D014675:Vegetables
keywords: body mass index; fruit and vegetable; implementation intentions; planning; self-efficacy; snack