title: Effect of Epidural Electrical Stimulation and Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Rats With Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of epidural electrical stimulation (EES) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on motor recovery and brain activity in a rat model of diffuse traumatic brain injury (TBI) compared to the control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty rats weighing 270-285 g with diffuse TBI with 45 kg/cm(2) using a weight-drop model were assigned to one of three groups: the EES group (ES) (anodal electrical stimulation at 50 Hz), the rTMS group (MS) (magnetic stimulation at 10 Hz, 3-second stimulation with 6-second intervals, 4,000 total stimulations per day), and the sham-treated control group (sham) (no stimulation). They were pre-trained to perform a single-pellet reaching task (SPRT) and a rotarod test (RRT) for 14 days. Diffuse TBI was then induced and an electrode was implanted over the dominant motor cortex. The changes in SPRT success rate, RRT performance time rate and the expression of c-Fos after two weeks of EES or rTMS were tracked.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SPRT improved significantly from day 8 to day 12 in the ES group and from day 4 to day 14 in the MS group (p<0.05) compared to the sham group. RRT improved significantly from day 6 to day 11 in ES and from day 4 to day 9 in MS compared to the sham group. The ES and MS groups showed increased expression of c-Fos in the cerebral cortex compared to the sham group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ES or MS in a rat model of diffuse TBI can be used to enhance motor recovery and brain activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, Seonam University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea. ; Department of Medical Device Clinical Trial Center, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Soon
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Kang Hee
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, Seonam University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Sil
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Presbyterian Medical Center, Seonam University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Mi-Sook
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, Seonam University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea. ; Department of Medical Device Clinical Trial Center, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang Jae
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Brain injuries; Electric stimulation; Transcranial magnetic stimulation