title: Chromosomal copy number variation reveals differential levels of genomic plasticity in distinct Trypanosoma cruzi strains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, is currently divided into six discrete typing units (DTUs), named TcI-TcVI. CL Brener, the reference strain of the T. cruzi genome project, is a hybrid with a genome assembled into 41 putative chromosomes. Gene copy number variation (CNV) is well documented as an important mechanism to enhance gene expression and variability in T. cruzi. Chromosomal CNV (CCNV) is another level of gene CNV in which whole blocks of genes are expanded simultaneously. Although the T. cruzi karyotype is not well defined, several studies have demonstrated a significant variation in the size and content of chromosomes between different T. cruzi strains. Despite these studies, the extent of diversity in CCNV among T. cruzi strains based on a read depth coverage analysis has not been determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identify the CCNV in T. cruzi strains from the TcI, TcII and TcIII DTUs, by analyzing the depth coverage of short reads from these strains using the 41 CL Brener chromosomes as reference. This study led to the identification of a broader extent of CCNV in T. cruzi than was previously speculated. The TcI DTU strains have very few aneuploidies, while the strains from TcII and TcIII DTUs present a high degree of chromosomal expansions. Chromosome 31, which is the only chromosome that is supernumerary in all six T. cruzi samples evaluated in this study, is enriched with genes related to glycosylation pathways, highlighting the importance of glycosylation to parasite survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased gene copy number due to chromosome amplification may contribute to alterations in gene expression, which represents a strategy that may be crucial for parasites that mainly depend on post-transcriptional mechanisms to control gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento deParasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. jaumlrc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: João Luís
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Reis-Cunha
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento deParasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. gab.luiz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gabriela F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Rodrigues-Luiz
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento deParasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. hugovalrod@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hugo O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Valdivia
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento deParasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. rodrigopbaptista@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rodrigo P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Baptista
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento deParasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. tiagomgmendes@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Tiago A O
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. guilherme.loss@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Guilherme Loss
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: de Morais
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. rmguedes@lncc.br.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guedes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. andrea.mara.macedo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.affiliation: University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Caryn.Bern2@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Caryn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bern
authors.affiliation: Universidad Cayetano Heredia, Lima, MD, Peru. gilmanbob@gmail.com.|Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. gilmanbob@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gilman
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. carlos.talavera.lopez@ki.se.
authors.forename: Carlos Talavera
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. bjorn.andersson@ki.se.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. atrv@lncc.br.
authors.forename: Ana Tereza
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento deParasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. daniella@icb.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: Daniella C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Bartholomeu
mesh_terms: D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations / Q000235:genetics*; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D018503:Genome, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics*; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D006031:Glycosylation; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan