title: Phylogeny of frogs from the genus Physalaemus (Anura, Leptodactylidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences.
abstract: Although some species groups have been recognized in the leiuperine genus Physalaemus, no phylogenetic analysis has previously been performed. Here, we provide a phylogenetic study based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences from 41 of the 46 species of Physalaemus. We employed the parsimony criterion using the software TNT and POY and the Bayesian criterion using the software MrBayes. Two major clades were recovered inside the monophyletic Physalaemus: (i) the highly supported Physalaemus signifer Clade, which included P. nattereri and the species previously placed in the P. deimaticus and P. signifer Groups; and (ii) the Physalaemus cuvieri Clade, which included the remaining species of Physalaemus. Five species groups were recognized in the P. cuvieri Clade: the P. biligonigerus Group, the P. cuvieri Group, the P. henselii Group, the P. gracilis Group and the P. olfersii Group. The P. gracilis Species Group was the same as that previously proposed by Nascimento et al. (2005). The P. henselii Group includes P. fernandezae and P. henselii, and was the sister group of a clade that comprised the remaining species of the P. cuvieri Clade. The P. olfersii Group included P. olfersii, P. soaresi, P. maximus, P. feioi and P. lateristriga. The P. biligonigerus Species Group was composed of P. biligonigerus, P. marmoratus, P. santafecinus and P. riograndensis. The P. cuvieri Group inferred here differed from that recognized by Nascimento et al. (2005) only by the inclusion of P. albifrons and the exclusion of P. cicada. The paraphyly of P. cuvieri with respect to P. ephippifer was inferred in all the analyses. Distinct genetic lineages were recognized among individuals currently identified as P. cuvieri and they were congruent with cytogenetic differences reported previously, supporting the hypothesis of occurrence of formally unnamed species.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-863 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: bolsoni@unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Luciana B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Lourenço
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-863 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cíntia P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Targueta
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Félix de Azara 1552, CPA N3300LQF, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baldo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-863 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo C A
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão-UFMA, 65080-040 São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gilda V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, C.P. 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Célio F B
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-863 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Shirlei M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Recco-Pimentel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D007621:Karyotyping; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: Anura; Phylogeny; Physalaemus; Systematics