title: Occurrence of classes I and II integrons in Enterobacteriaceae collected from Zagazig University Hospitals, Egypt.
abstract: Integrons are genetic units characterized by the ability to capture and incorporate gene cassettes, thus can contribute to the emergence and transfer of antibiotic resistance. The objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate the presence and distribution of class I and class II integrons and the characteristics of the gene cassettes they carry in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from nosocomial infections at Zagzig University Hospital in Egypt, (2) to determine their impact on resistance, and (3) to identify risk factors for the existence of integrons. Relevant samples and full clinical history were collected from 118 inpatients. Samples were processed; isolated microbes were identified and tested for antibiotic susceptibilities. Integrons were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and were characterized into class I or II by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Integron-positive isolates were subjected to another PCR to detect gene cassette, followed by gene cassette sequencing. Risk factors were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. Seventy-six Enterobacteriaceae isolates were recognized, 41 of them (53.9%) were integron-positive; 39 strains carried class I and 2 strains carried class II integrons. Integrons had gene cassettes encoding different combinations and types of resistance determinants. Interestingly, blaOXA129 gene was found and ereA gene was carried on class I integrons. The same determinants were carried within isolates of the same species as well as isolates of different species. The presence of integrons was significantly associated with multidrug resistance (MDR). No risk factors were associated for integron carriage. We conclude that integrons carrying gene cassettes encoding antibiotic resistance are significantly present among Enterobacteriaceae causing nosocomial infection in our hospital. Risk factors for acquisition remain to be identified.
authors.affiliation: Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mai M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Malek
authors.affiliation: Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Fatma A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Amer
authors.affiliation: Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ayman A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Allam
authors.affiliation: Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Rehab H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: El-Sokkary
authors.affiliation: Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Tarek
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gheith
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Zagazig, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Arafa
keywords: Enterobacteriaceae; MDR; integron; risk factors; sequencing