title: Cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of a new generation of nanoparticle-based consolidants for restoration and contribution to the safe-by-design implementation.
abstract: Works of art are constantly under physical, chemical and biological degradation, so constant restoration is required. Consolidation is an important step in restoration, and traditional approaches and materials have already shown their limitations. To solve these problems, new nanoparticle-based consolidants were developed. No information on their toxicity is yet available. In this work, we focused our attention on potential risks posed by three commercially available nanoparticle-based consolidants: silica (SiO2 NPs), silanized silica (silanized SiO2 NPs) and calcium hydroxide (nanolime) nanoparticle dispersions. Occupational exposure impact was tested on three in vitro models mimicking inhalation, dermal contact and systemic routes. While no toxic effects were observed for nanolime and silanized SiO2 NPs, bare SiO2 NPs showed a dose- and time-dependent damage in all considered models. Corrosion test on EpiSkin® revealed no viability reduction. Works of art degradation is partially due to microorganism activity. Consolidant antibacterial activity was evaluated on three representative bacterial strains. Silica NPs-based consolidants showed effect on specific bacterial groups, while no specificity was observed with nanolime. In conclusion, silanized SiO2 NPs-based consolidant emerged as the safest and bacteriologically active product. The different biological impact of bare and silanized SiO2 NPs highlights the importance of safe-by-design approach in developing nanoparticle-containing products.
authors.affiliation: ECSIN-European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A., Viale Porta Adige 45, I-45100 Rovigo, Italy.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tedesco
authors.affiliation: ECSIN-European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A., Viale Porta Adige 45, I-45100 Rovigo, Italy.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mičetić
authors.affiliation: ECSIN-European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A., Viale Porta Adige 45, I-45100 Rovigo, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia Gabriella
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Ciappellano
authors.affiliation: ECSIN-European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A., Viale Porta Adige 45, I-45100 Rovigo, Italy.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Micheletti
authors.affiliation: ECSIN-European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A., Viale Porta Adige 45, I-45100 Rovigo, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Venturini
authors.affiliation: ECSIN-European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A., Viale Porta Adige 45, I-45100 Rovigo, Italy. Electronic address: federico.benetti@venetonanotech.it.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Benetti
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide
keywords: Consolidant; Cytotoxicity; Nanolime; Restoration; Safe-by-design; Silica nanoparticles