title: Age-dependent levels of 5-methyl-, 5-hydroxymethyl-, and 5-formylcytosine in human and mouse brain tissues.
abstract: The absolute levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) and 5-methylcytosine (mC) in human brain tissues at various ages were determined. Additionally, absolute levels of 5-formylcytosine (fC) in adult individuals and cytosine modification levels in sorted neurons were quantified. These data were compared with age-related fC, hmC, and mC levels in mouse brain samples. For hmC, an initial steady increase is observed, which levels off with age to a final steady-state value of 1.2 % in human brain tissue. This level is nearly twice as high as in mouse cerebral cortex. In contrast, fC declines rapidly with age during early developmental stages, thus suggesting that while hmC is a stable epigenetic mark, fC is more likely an intermediate of active DNA demethylation during early brain development. The trends in global cytosine modification dynamics during the lifespan of an organism are conserved between humans and mice and show similar patterns in different organs.
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich (Germany).
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich (Germany).
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steinbacher
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (ZNP), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 28, 81377 Munich (Germany).
authors.forename: Theo F J
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich (Germany).
authors.forename: Stylianos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Michalakis
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich (Germany).
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hackner
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich (Germany).
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pfaffeneder
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich (Germany).
authors.forename: Arshan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perera
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich (Germany).
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (ZNP), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 28, 81377 Munich (Germany).
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giese
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (ZNP), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 28, 81377 Munich (Germany).
authors.forename: Hans A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Kretzschmar
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich (Germany). Thomas.Carell@lmu.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carell
mesh_terms: D044503:5-Methylcytosine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003596:Cytosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C560973:5-formylcytosine; C011865:5-hydroxymethylcytosine; D044503:5-Methylcytosine; D003596:Cytosine
keywords: 5-formylcytosine; 5-hydroxymethylcytosine; aging; cerebral cortex; epigenetics