title: Administration of Bifidobacterium breve Decreases the Production of TNF-α in Children with Celiac Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing evidence suggests that not only genetics, but also environmental factors like gut microbiota dysbiosis play an important role in the pathogenesis of celiac disease (CD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of two probiotic strains Bifidobacterium breve BR03 and B. breve B632 on serum production of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) and pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in children with CD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial that included 49 children with CD on gluten-free diet (GFD) randomized into two groups and 18 healthy children in the control group. The first group (24 children with CD) daily received B. breve BR03 and B632 (2 × 10(9) colony-forming units) and the second group (25 children with CD) received placebo for 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF-α levels were significantly decreased in the first group after receiving B. breve for 3 months. On follow-up, 3 months after receiving probiotics, TNF-α levels increased again. Children with CD who were on GFD for less than 1 year showed similar baseline TNF-α levels as children who were on GFD for more than 1 year. IL-10 levels were in all groups of patients below detection level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Probiotic intervention with B. breve strains has shown a positive effect on decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in children with CD on GFD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University Clinical Center Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia. martina.klemenak@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klemenak
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University Clinical Center Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia. jernej_dolinsek@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jernej
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dolinšek
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311, Hoče, Slovenia. tomaz.langerholc@um.si.
authors.forename: Tomaž
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Langerholc
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127, Bologna, Italy. diana.digioia@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Di Gioia
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia. dusanka.micetic@um.si.
authors.forename: Dušanka
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mičetić-Turk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000502:physiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D019936:Probiotics; D017524:Slovenia; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C508609:IL10 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: Bifidobacterium breve; Celiac disease; Children; Cytokines; TNF-α