title: Is it Feasible to Use Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis Assessment Tools in Routine Clinical Practice in the Long-term Care Setting?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the feasibility of using incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) tools in routine clinical practice by asking nursing home staff (RNs and non-RN caregivers) and tissue viability specialty (TVS) nurses to evaluate 3 instruments and a 4-point severity scoring system for describing and grading IAD examples captured in photographs of skin underneath absorptive pads in nursing home patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Feasibility study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve female nursing home residents whose incontinence was managed with pads and who had previously been identified as experiencing IAD were recruited, along with 16 nursing home staff (6 RNs and 10 non-RNs) and 10 TVS nurses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Weekly high-quality photographs were taken of the skin beneath absorptive pads of nursing home residents for 8 weeks yielding a library of 78 photographs. A subset of 10 representative photographs was chosen. The 16 nursing home staff and 10 TVS nurses were then asked to describe and grade the IAD in the 10 photographs using 3 IAD instruments and simple severity scoring system (SSS) developed for this study. Particular attention was paid to identifying any practical challenges staff encountered in conducting their task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TVS nurses were able to use all 3 IAD instruments and the SSS and reported that they could incorporate them into their clinical practice with relative ease. Although the RNs were able to use the 3 instruments adequately with some initial assistance, they generally felt that they were too busy to complete them. By contrast, they reported that they found the SSS simple and quick enough to incorporate into their routine practice. The caregivers had difficulty with the text-based instruments, especially if English was not their first language, and they were only able to use the SSS. The caregivers' SSS scores for a given photograph varied more than TVS nurse scores, but the correlation between the mean TVS scores, which were operationally defined as the gold standard for purposes of this study, and the mean RN and caregiver scores (R = 0.811) were fairly high.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Existing IAD instruments are too time-consuming and linguistically complex for use in routine clinical practice in nursing homes. We found that staff generally found the SSS easy to judge IAD severity based on pictures used in the study. This finding suggests that the SSS could be improved by adding reference photographs of skin illustrating each of the 4 points on the scale. Such an instrument could be designed and validated with an emphasis on integration into current clinical practice pathways.
authors.affiliation: Sinead Clarke-O'Neill, MSc, RN, Continence and Skin Technology Group, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, England. Anne Farbrot, PhD, Standardization Development Manager, SCA Hygiene Products AB, Gothenberg, Sweden. Marie-Louise Lagerstedt Eidrup, Licentiate of Chemical Engineering, Research Manager Skin Health & Comfort, SCA Hygiene Products AB, Gothenberg, Sweden. Alan Cottenden, PhD, Continence and Skin Technology Group, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, England. Mandy Fader, PhD, RN, Continence Technology and Skin Health Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, Hants, UK.
authors.forename: Sinead
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clarke-OʼNeill
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farbrot
authors.forename: Marie-Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lagerstedt Eidrup
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cottenden
authors.forename: Mandy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fader
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003872:Dermatitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010781:Photography; D012107:Research Design; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000150:complications* / Q000451:nursing