title: Twitch-related and rhythmic activation of the developing cerebellar cortex.
abstract: The cerebellum is a critical sensorimotor structure that exhibits protracted postnatal development in mammals. Many aspects of cerebellar circuit development are activity dependent, but little is known about the nature and sources of the activity. Based on previous findings in 6-day-old rats, we proposed that myoclonic twitches, the spontaneous movements that occur exclusively during active sleep (AS), provide generalized as well as topographically precise activity to the developing cerebellum. Taking advantage of known stages of cerebellar cortical development, we examined the relationship between Purkinje cell activity (including complex and simple spikes), nuchal and hindlimb EMG activity, and behavioral state in unanesthetized 4-, 8-, and 12-day-old rats. AS-dependent increases in complex and simple spike activity peaked at 8 days of age, with 60% of units exhibiting significantly more activity during AS than wakefulness. Also, at all three ages, approximately one-third of complex and simple spikes significantly increased their activity within 100 ms of twitches in one of the two muscles from which we recorded. Finally, we observed rhythmicity of complex and simple spikes that was especially prominent at 8 days of age and was greatly diminished by 12 days of age, likely due to developmental changes in climbing fiber and mossy fiber innervation patterns. All together, these results indicate that the neurophysiological activity of the developing cerebellum can be used to make inferences about changes in its microcircuitry. They also support the hypothesis that sleep-related twitches are a prominent source of discrete climbing and mossy fiber activity that could contribute to the activity-dependent development of this critical sensorimotor structure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; DeLTA Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; greta-sokoloff@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Greta
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3651-1980
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sokoloff
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and.
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Plumeau
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; DeLTA Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;
authors.forename: Didhiti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; DeLTA Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Blumberg
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D055495:Neurogenesis; D010507:Periodicity; D011689:Purkinje Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012894:Sleep Stages
keywords: REM sleep; active sleep; activity-dependent development; myoclonic twitching; rhythmicity; sensitive period