title: The relationship between intensity and duration of physical activity and subjective well-being.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous research documented a positive effect of physical activity on subjective well-being (SWB). Yet, mainly broad activity measures (e.g. resulting from yes-no questions) were used and the effect of different participation intensities and durations has been largely neglected. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of physical activity on SWB by focusing on participation intensity and duration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey data from 28 European countries are used for the analysis (n = 22 971). Two regression models (Generalized Method of Moments) are estimated which analyze the effect of participation intensity and duration on SWB (measured by life satisfaction). Given the endogeneity of the participation measures, instrumental variables are used (sport opportunities, club membership, time spent sitting). The models also control for other factors that could affect SWB (e.g. age, occupation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results for participation intensity show that the number of days people practised at moderate intensity in the week prior to the interview have a significant and positive effect on SWB, while the number of days with vigorous-intensity activity has a significant and negative impact. Similarly, the models for duration indicate that the minutes spent on moderate-intensity activity significantly add to SWB, while the minutes spent on vigorous-intensity activity significantly reduce the level of SWB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings challenge the World Health Organization's recommendation in the sense that activity at moderate and vigorous intensity is not interchangeable if the aim is to also improve SWB (and not only physical health).
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Sport Economics and Sport Management, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany p.wicker@dshs-koeln.de.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wicker
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Management, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frick
mesh_terms: D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors