title: Rapid Naming and Phonemic Awareness in Children With Reading Disabilities and/or Specific Language Impairment: Differentiating Processes?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to assess and compare the predictive values of group membership for rapid automatized naming (RAN) and phonemic awareness (PA) in Dutch school children with and without reading disabilities (RD) or specific language impairment (SLI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A composite word reading index and a formal SLI diagnosis were used to classify a total of 1,267 children aged 8 to 13 years old either as RD-only (n = 126), SLI-only (n = 21), comorbid (RD+SLI; n = 30), or typically developing (n = 1,090). RAN and PA were assessed with 4 standardized subtests. The clinical subgroups were compared to each other and contrasted with the control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For each subgroup, results indicate substantial effect sizes of RAN and PA. However, the RD-only group seems to be more affected by poor RAN than the SLI-only group, whereas the 2 groups perform equally poorly on PA. The comorbid group was revealed as most severely impaired on all measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In studying RD and SLI, this research indicates that it is important to distinguish between RD-only, SLI-only, and comorbid groups. The comorbid group shows additive effects of both disorders.
authors.forename: Bartholomeus J A
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: De Groot
authors.forename: Kees P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Van den Bos
authors.forename: Bieuwe F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Van der Meulen
authors.forename: Alexander E M G
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Minnaert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007807:Language Tests; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology; D009275:Names; D010700:Phonetics