title: Oxidative stress and inflammatory response biomarkers in dogs with mammary carcinoma.
abstract: Mammary carcinoma is the most common cancer that affects dogs, and in many cases it leads to death. Thus, given the importance of this disease, to clarify its pathogenesis is an important measure. In this sense, the aim of this study was to investigate the levels of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO), oxidative and antioxidant status, as well as the activity of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in dogs diagnosed with mammary carcinoma. With this purpose, thirty-three (33) serum samples from female dogs with histopathological diagnosis of mammary carcinoma, without evidence of metastasis, were used (group B). The material was classified based on the degree of malignancy, as follows: subgroup B1 (low-grade malignancy; n=26) and subgroup B2 (high grade of malignancy; n=7). Serum samples from healthy females (group A; n=10) were used as negative control. Our results showed that levels of cytokines (TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-1, and IL-6), NOx (nitrite/nitrate), AOPP (protein oxidation), and FRAP (antioxidant power) were significantly (P<0.05) increased in dogs with mammary carcinoma (group B), when compared with group A. On the other hand, ADA activity was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in both subgroups B1 and B2, when compared with group A. BChE activity, however, was reduced (P<0.05) only in subgroup B2 when compared with group A and subgroup B1. Unlike other variables, NO, AOPP, and IFN-γ were influenced by the degree of tumor malignancy, i.e., their levels were even higher in subgroup B2. Therefore, based on these results, we can conclude that all variables investigated are related to the pathogenesis of this disease, since they were altered in dogs with mammary tumor. Additionally, we suggest that ADA activity had an anti-inflammatory effect on these tumor samples, probably in order to modulate the inflammatory response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Franca University (UNIFRAN), Franca, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leandro Z
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Crivellenti
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nathieli B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Bottari
authors.affiliation: Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Xanxerê, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Tonin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luana P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Pelinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borin-Crivellenti
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aureo E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Santana
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Torbitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Moresco
authors.affiliation: Department of Farmacology, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marta M M F
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Rosa C
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Schetinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vera M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Morsch
authors.affiliation: Laboraroty of General Biochemistry and Microorganisms, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jeandre A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jaques
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil. Electronic address: mirelatc@fcav.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Mirela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tinucci-Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil; Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil. Electronic address: aleksandro_ss@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Aleksandro S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Da Silva
mesh_terms: D000243:Adenosine Deaminase / Q000097:blood; D062107:Advanced Oxidation Protein Products / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009566:Nitrates / Q000097:blood; D009573:Nitrites / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress
chemical_list: D062107:Advanced Oxidation Protein Products; D000975:Antioxidants; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase
keywords: Breast cancer; Immune response; Oxidative stress; Pathogenesis