title: Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and its soluble form in common biopsy-proven kidney diseases and in staging of diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), derived from membrane bound uPAR, is associated with inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we explored the expression of uPAR/suPAR in common biopsy-proven kidney diseases and the relationship between suPAR and staging of type 2 diabetic nephropathy (DN).
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples for suPAR and renal tissues for uPAR staining were investigated in various common kidney diseases. The levels of serum suPAR were measured and adequate cut-off values of different stage of DN were calculated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our results, the expression of uPAR on renal tissues was pronounced in the majority of kidney diseases. Comparing of expression of uPAR among different kidney diseases, it was strongest in minimal change disease (MCD) and weakest in chronic interstitial nephritis. Serum suPAR in most kidney diseases, except of MCD, was significantly elevated and was highest in DN. As for DN and suPAR, we found that suPAR progressively increased with staging of DN. Moreover, suPAR was linearly and negatively related to estimated glomerular filtration rate and positively related to the amount of proteinuria. By ROC curve, the cut-off values of suPAR in DN for assessing development increased with the progression of the disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that uPAR/suPAR is elevated in most kidney diseases and that suPAR is a useful biomarker for assessing stages of DN.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chung-Ze
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Li-Chien
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yuh-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yi-Jen
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Xindian, Medical School, Catholic Fu Jen University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Dee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.affiliation: Superintendent, Taitung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, ROC; School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Nain-Feng
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: dgschen@ndmctsgh.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Jin-Shuen
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy; D009395:Nephritis, Interstitial / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D009402:Nephrosis, Lipoid / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D012372:ROC Curve; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator
keywords: Diabetic nephropathy; Proteinuria; Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor