title: Genetic purgatory and the cardiac channelopathies: Exposing the variants of uncertain/unknown significance issue.
abstract: Merriam-Webster's online dictionary defines purgatory as "an intermediate state after death for expiatory purification" or more specifically as "a place or state of punishment wherein according to Roman Catholic doctrine the souls of those who die in God׳s grace may make satisfaction for past sins and so become fit for heaven." Alternatively, it is defined as "a place or state of temporary suffering or misery." Either way, purgatory is a place where you are stuck, and you don't want to be stuck there. It is in this context that the term genetic purgatory is introduced. Genetic purgatory is a place where the genetic test-ordering physician and patients and their families are stuck when a variant of uncertain/unknown significance (VUS) has been elucidated. It is in this dark place where suffering and misery are occurring because of unenlightened handling of a VUS, which includes using the VUS for predictive genetic testing and making radical treatment recommendations based on the presence or absence of a so-called maybe mutation. Before one can escape from this miserable place, one must first recognize that one is stuck there. Hence, the purpose of this review article is to fully expose the VUS issue as it relates to the cardiac channelopathies and make the cardiologists/geneticists/genetic counselors who order such genetic tests believers in genetic purgatory. Only then can one meaningfully attempt to get out of that place and seek to promote a VUS to disease-causative mutation status or demote it to an utterly innocuous and irrelevant variant.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pediatric Cardiology, and the Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Electronic address: ackerman.michael@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ackerman
mesh_terms: D053840:Brugada Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D053447:Channelopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Brugada syndrome; channelopathies; genetic purgatory; genetic testing; ion channels; long QT syndrome