title: Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter Isolated from Dressed Beef Carcasses and Raw Milk in Tanzania.
abstract: Campylobacter species are commonly transmitted to humans through consumption of contaminated foods such as milk and meat. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic determinants of resistance of Campylobacter isolated from raw milk and beef carcasses in Tanzania. The antimicrobial resistance genes tested included blaOXA-61 (ampicillin), aph-3-1 (aminoglycoside), tet(O) (tetracycline), and cmeB (multi-drug efflux pump). The prevalence of Campylobacter was 9.5% in beef carcasses and 13.4% in raw milk, respectively. Using multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we identified 58.1% of the isolates as Campylobacter jejuni, 30.7% as Campylobacter coli, and 9.7% as other Campylobacter spp. One isolate (1.6%) was positive for both C. jejuni and C. coli specific PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion assay and the broth microdilution method showed resistance to: ampicillin (63% and 94.1%), ciprofloxacin (9.3% and 11.8%), erythromycin (53.7% and 70.6%), gentamicin (0% and 15.7%), streptomycin (35.2% and 84.3%), and tetracycline (18.5% and 17.7%), respectively. Resistance to azithromycin (42.6%), nalidixic acid (64.8%), and chloramphenicol (13%) was determined using the disk diffusion assay only, while resistance to tylosin (90.2%) was quantified using the broth microdilution method. The blaOXA-61 (52.6% and 28.1%), cmeB (26.3% and 31.3%), tet(O) (26.3% and 31.3%), and aph-3-1 (5.3% and 3.0%) were detected in C. coli and C. jejuni. These findings highlight the extent of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter occurring in important foods in Tanzania. The potential risks to consumers emphasize the need for adequate control approaches, including the prudent use of antimicrobials to minimize the spread of antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter.
authors.affiliation: 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania .|2 VPH-Biotec Global Consortium , Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Isaac P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Kashoma
authors.affiliation: 3 Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University , Wooster, Ohio.
authors.forename: Issmat I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Kassem
authors.affiliation: 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania .|2 VPH-Biotec Global Consortium , Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: John
authors.affiliation: 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania .
authors.forename: Beda M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kessy
authors.affiliation: 2 VPH-Biotec Global Consortium , Columbus, Ohio.|4 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Wondwossen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gebreyes
authors.affiliation: 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania .|2 VPH-Biotec Global Consortium , Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Rudovick R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Kazwala
authors.affiliation: 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania .|2 VPH-Biotec Global Consortium , Columbus, Ohio.|3 Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University , Wooster, Ohio.
authors.forename: Gireesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rajashekara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005516:Food Microbiology / Q000379:methods; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D000069466:Red Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D013636:Tanzania
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents