title: Needle Thoracostomy for Patients with Prolonged Transport Times: A Case-control Study.
abstract: Introduction The use of prehospital needle thoracostomy (NT) is controversial. Some studies support its use; however, concerns exist regarding misplacement, inappropriate patient selection, and iatrogenic injury. Even less is known about its efficacy in situations where there is a delay to definitive care. Hypothesis/Aim To determine any differences in survival of patients who underwent NT in the setting of prolonged versus short transport times, and to describe differences in mechanisms and complications between the two groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective, matched, case-control study of trauma patients in a four county Emergency Medical Service (EMS) system from April 1, 2007 through April 1, 2013. This system serves an urban, rural, and wilderness catchment area. A prehospital database was queried for all patients in whom NT was performed, identifying 182 patients. When these calls were limited to those with prolonged transport times, the search was narrowed to 32 cases. A matched control group, based on age and gender, with short transport times was then created as a comparison. Data collected from prehospital and hospital records included: demographics; mechanism of injury; call status; response to NT; and final outcome. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted, as appropriate, to assess the primary outcome of survival and to further elucidate the descriptive data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in survival between the case and control groups, either when evaluated with univariate (34% vs 25%; P=.41) or multivariate (odds ratio=0.99; 95% CI, 0.96-1.02; P=.57) analyses. Blunt trauma was the most common mechanism in both groups, but penetrating trauma was more common in the control group (30% vs 9%; P=.003). Patients in the control group were also more likely to have no vital signs on initial assessment (62% vs 31%; P=.003). More patients in the case group were described as having clinical improvement after NT (34% vs 19%; P=.03). No complications of NT were reported in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no significant difference in survival between patients with prolonged versus short transport times who underwent NT. Patients with prolonged transport times were more likely to have sustained blunt trauma, have vital signs on EMS arrival, and to have clinical improvement after NT.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Emergency Medicine,University of California San Francisco Fresno,Fresno,California USA.
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weichenthal
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Emergency Medicine,University of California San Francisco Fresno,Fresno,California USA.
authors.forename: Desiree Hansen
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.affiliation: 2Kingman Regional Medical Center,Kingman,Arizona USA.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rond
authors.affiliation: 3University of Cincinnati,Cincinnati,Ohio USA.
authors.forename: Conal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roche
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000552:Ambulances; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013907:Thoracostomy; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: CCEMSA Central California Emergency Medical Service Agency; EMS Emergency Medical Services; NT needle thoracostomy; PCR patient care report; needle thoracostomy; tension pneumothorax; trauma