title: Current status of Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) immunisation in Europe - A ptbnet survey and review of current guidelines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) and the use of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines differ significantly worldwide. Information regarding recent changes in BCG use and immunisation policies is difficult to access. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically collect up-to-date data on the use of BCG in Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  A web-based survey of members of the Paediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials group (ptbnet) and Tuberculosis Network European Trials group (TBnet) was conducted between October 2012 and May 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 89 individuals from 31 European countries participated. Participants from 27/31 (87%) countries reported to have a national BCG immunisation policy/guideline. Reported indications for BCG immunisation were: universally at birth (14/31; 45%), universally at older age (2/31; 6%), at birth for high-risk groups (12/31; 39%), at older age for high-risk groups (6/31; 19%), at older age for Mantoux-negative individuals (6/31;19%), for immigrants (4/31; 13%) and as a travel vaccine (10/31; 32%). Members from 11 (35%) countries reported changes in BCG policies in the previous 5 years: discontinuation of universal immunisation of infants/children (6/11), reintroduction of immunisation of high-risk children (3/11), and change in BCG vaccine strain (2/11). Members from 24/31 (77%) countries reported using BCG Denmark.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunisation policies regarding BCG vaccine exist in the majority of European countries. Indications for BCG immunisation varied considerably, likely reflecting national TB incidence rates, immigration and other factors influencing TB control strategies. Importantly, the considerable number of recent policy changes highlights the need for regular collection of up-to-date information to inform public health planning.
authors.affiliation: University of Basel Children's Hospital, Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alexa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dierig
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton; Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton; National Institute for Health Research Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tebruegge
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmology, University Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Uros
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Krivec
authors.affiliation: University of Basel Children's Hospital, Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Heininger
authors.affiliation: University of Basel Children's Hospital, Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; University of Basel Children's Hospital, Department of Paediatric Pharmacology, Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: nicole.ritz@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ritz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D020407:Internet; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine
keywords: Adverse event; Bacille Calmette-Guérin; Policy; TB; Tuberculosis; Vaccine