title: Evaluation of a dentoalveolar model for testing mouthguards: stress and strain analyses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Custom-fitted mouthguards are devices used to decrease the likelihood of dental trauma. The aim of this study was to develop an experimental bovine dentoalveolar model with periodontal ligament to evaluate mouthguard shock absorption, and impact strain and stress behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pendulum impact device was developed to perform the impact tests with two different impact materials (steel ball and baseball). Five bovine jaws were selected with standard age and dimensions. Six-mm mouthguards were made for the impact tests. The jaws were fixed in a pendulum device and impacts were performed from 90, 60, and 45° angles, with and without mouthguard. Strain gauges were attached at the palatal surface of the impacted tooth. The strain and shock absorption of the mouthguards was calculated and data were analyzed with 3-way anova and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Two-dimensional finite element models were created based on the cross-section of the bovine dentoalveolar model used in the experiment. A nonlinear dynamic impact analysis was performed to evaluate the strain and stress distributions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Without mouthguards, the increase in impact angulation significantly increased strains and stresses. Mouthguards reduced strain and stress values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impact velocity, impact object (steel ball or baseball), and mouthguard presence affected the impact stresses and strains in a bovine dentoalveolar model. Experimental strain measurements and finite element models predicted similar behavior; therefore, both methodologies are suitable for evaluating the biomechanical performance of mouthguards.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Crisnicaw
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Verissimo
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Victor Moura
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo César Freitas
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Santos-Filho
authors.affiliation: Department Fixed Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alfredo Júlio
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fernandes-Neto
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Daranee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tantbirojn
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Antheunis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Versluis
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos José
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Soares
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002417:Cattle; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004867:Equipment Design; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D003765:Models, Dental; D009064:Mouth Protectors
keywords: impact absorption ability; mathematical modeling; mouthguard; strain gauge; stress