title: Smoking is associated with aggravated kidney injury in Puumala hantavirus-induced haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies indicate that smoking affects the outcome of some infections and is a risk factor for Puumala virus (PUUV) infection. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of smoking on the clinical severity of PUUV infection and the prevalence of smoking in patients with PUUV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire on smoking habits was sent to 494 patients in 2012, who had been treated in Tampere University Hospital, Finland, for serologically confirmed PUUV infection during years 1982-2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of all patients, 357 (72%) participated. Maximum plasma creatinine level measured during acute illness was significantly higher in current smokers than in non-smokers (median: 273 versus 184 µmol/L, P < 0.001). Current smokers had a higher maximum blood leucocyte count than non-smokers (median: 10.8 versus 8.9 × 10(9)/L, P < 0.001) and they were younger than non-smokers (38 versus 45 years, P < 0.001). There were no differences between current smokers and non-smokers in the other variables reflecting the severity of PUUV infection. Altogether 51% were current smokers at the time of onset of the illness, 57% of males and 36% of females. During these years in Finland, smoking among males in the same aged population has decreased from 33 to 22% and among females, smoking has varied between 14 and 20%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking is common in patients with PUUV infection. Current smokers suffer from more severe acute kidney injury (AKI) and they have higher leucocyte count than non-smokers in PUUV infection. Smoking cessation decreases the risk of severe AKI to the same level as observed in never-smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tervo
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Syrjänen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Reetta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huttunen
authors.affiliation: Tampere School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Arja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rimpelä
authors.affiliation: Tampere School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Heini
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huhtala
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Department of Virology and Immunology, HUSLAB, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vapalahti
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Department of Virology and Immunology, HUSLAB, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaheri
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mustonen
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology*; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006480:Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029262:Puumala virus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: Puumala virus; acute kidney injury; acute tubulointerstitial nephritis; hantavirus infection; smoking