title: Real-time Imaging of Rabies Virus Entry into Living Vero cells.
abstract: Understanding the mechanism of rabies virus (RABV) infection is vital for prevention and therapy of virulent rabies. However, the infection mechanism remains largely uncharacterized due to the limited methods and viral models. Herein, we utilized a powerful single-virus tracking technique to dynamically and globally visualize the infection process of the live attenuated rabies vaccine strain-SRV9 in living Vero cells. Firstly, it was found that the actin-enriched filopodia is in favor of virus reaching to the cell body. Furthermore, by carrying out drug perturbation experiments, we confirmed that RABV internalization into Vero cells proceeds via classical dynamin-dependent clathrin-mediated endocytosis with requirement for intact actin, but caveolae-dependent endocytosis is not involved. Then, our real-time imaging results unambiguously uncover the characteristics of viral internalization and cellular transport dynamics. In addition, our results directly and quantitatively reveal that the intracellular motility of internalized RABV particles is largely microtubule-dependent. Collectively, our work is crucial for understanding the initial steps of RABV infection, and elucidating the mechanisms of post-infection. Significantly, the results provide profound insight into development of novel and effective antiviral targets.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Haijiao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: 1] Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Shaowen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Mingjun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Junguang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: 1] Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qiwei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin Universiy, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Maolin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 1] State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hongda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002232:Carbocyanines / Q000737:chemistry; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D002966:Clathrin / Q000378:metabolism; D004705:Endocytosis; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism; D011554:Pseudopodia / Q000502:physiology; D011820:Rabies virus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D059008:Time-Lapse Imaging; D014709:Vero Cells; D014771:Virion / Q000502:physiology; D053586:Virus Internalization
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D002232:Carbocyanines; D002966:Clathrin; C085321:cyanine dye 5