title: Endoscopic Endonasal Repair of Spontaneous and Traumatic Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea: A Review and Local Experience.
abstract: This article presents an overview of endoscopic endonasal repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea. In recent years, endoscopic repair has become the standard of care for managing this condition, because it gradually replaces the traditional open transcranial approach. Discussion includes the etiologic classification of CSF rhinorrhea, management paradigm for each category, diagnosis algorithm, comprehensive description of the surgical technique, and an updated review of the literature regarding the safety and efficacy of this procedure. In addition, the authors present their experience, including 2 surgical videos demonstrating endoscopic repair of CSF rhinorrhea in 2 distinct clinical scenarios.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.
authors.forename: Lior
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Klironomos
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
authors.forename: Yazeed
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Alghonaim
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vescan
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.
authors.forename: Gelareh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zadeh
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada. Electronic address: Fred.Gentili@uhn.ca.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gentili
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002559:Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005004:Ethmoid Bone / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000601:surgery; D057605:Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D009666:Nose; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D011559:Pseudotumor Cerebri / Q000150:complications; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cerebrospinal fluid; Endoscopic endonasal approach; Paranasal sinuses; Rhinorrhea