title: Phytochemical uptake following human consumption of Montmorency tart cherry (L. Prunus cerasus) and influence of phenolic acids on vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the phytochemical uptake following human consumption of Montmorency tart cherry (L. Prunus cerasus) and influence of selected phenolic acids on vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomised, double-blinded, crossover design, 12 healthy males consumed either 30 or 60 mL of Montmorency tart cherry concentrate. Following analysis of the juice composition, venous blood samples were taken before and 1, 2, 3, 5 and 8 h post-consumption of the beverage. In addition to examining some aspects of the concentrate contents, plasma concentrations of protocatechuic acid (PCA), vanillic acid (VA) and chlorogenic (CHL) acid were analysed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array for quantitation and mass spectrometry detection (LCMS) for qualitative purposes. Vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation were also assessed in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the 30 and 60 mL doses of Montmorency cherry concentrate contained high amounts of total phenolics (71.37 ± 0.11; 142.73 ± 0.22 mg/L) and total anthocyanins (62.47 ± 0.31; 31.24 ± 0.16 mg/L), as well as large quantities of CHL (0.205 ± 0.24; 0.410 ± 0.48 mg/L) and VA (0.253 ± 0.84; 0.506 ± 1.68 mg/L). HPLC/LCMS identified two dihydroxybenzoic acids (PCA and VA) in plasma following MC concentrate consumption. Both compounds were most abundant 1-2 h post-initial ingestion with traces detectable at 8 h post-ingestion. Cell migration was significantly influenced by the combination of PCA and VA, but not in isolation. There was no effect of the compounds on cell proliferation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show new information that phenolic compounds thought to exert vasoactive properties are bioavailable in vivo following MC consumption and subsequently can influence cell behaviour. These data may be useful for the design and interpretation of intervention studies investigating the health effects of Montmorency cherries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Phillip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lodge
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Costas L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Constantinou
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Jenkinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. glyn.howatson@northumbria.ac.uk.|Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. glyn.howatson@northumbria.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Glyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Howatson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000097:blood; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010636:Phenols / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000068220:Prunus avium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014641:Vanillic Acid / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D010636:Phenols; D064209:Phytochemicals; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; C009091:protocatechuic acid; D014641:Vanillic Acid; C017616:phenolic acid
keywords: Bioavailability; Cell behaviour; Montmorency; Phenolic acids; Recovery