title: Biological Impact of Recent Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition in Preterm Infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent guidelines for preterm neonates recommend early initiation of parenteral nutrition (PN) with high protein and relatively high caloric intake. This review considers whether these changes could influence homeostasis in very preterm infants during the first few postnatal weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  This systematic review of relevant literature from searches of PubMed and recent guidelines was reviewed by investigators from several perinatal centers in France.
  
  
  RESULTS
  New recommendations for PN could be associated with metabolic acidosis via the increase in the amino acid ion gap, hyperchloremic acidosis, and ammonia acidosis. The introduction of high-intake amino acids soon after birth could induce hypophosphatemia and hypercalcemia, simulating a "repeat feeding-like syndrome" and could be prevented by the early intake of phosphorus, especially in preterm infants born after fetal growth restriction. Early high-dose amino acid infusions are relatively well tolerated in the preterm infant with regard to renal function. Additional studies, however, are warranted to determine markers of protein intolerance and to specify the optimal composition and amount of amino acid solutions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimal PN following new guidelines in very preterm infants, despite their demonstrated benefits on growth, may induce adverse effects on ionic homeostasis. Clinicians should implement appropriate monitoring to prevent and/or correct them.
authors.affiliation: *Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, CHU Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris †Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, CHU Angers, Angers ‡Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Pôle Médico-Chirurgical de Pédiatrie et de Génétique Clinique, CHU Rennes, Rennes §Division of Neonatology, AP-HM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille ||Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Pôle Femme Couple Enfant, CHU Amiens, Amiens ¶Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, CHU Félix Guyon, La Réunion #Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Port-Royal, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin-Broca-Hôtel Dieu, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris **Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Groupe Hospitalier Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Guellec
authors.forename: Géraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gascoin
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beuchee
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boubred
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tourneux
authors.forename: Duksha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramful
authors.forename: Elodie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zana-Taieb
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Baud
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D010758:Phosphorus