title: Laryngomalacia and swallowing function in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  1) To determine the prevalence of dysphagia in children with laryngomalacia, 2) To ascertain whether severity of laryngomalacia influences the presence of swallowing dysfunction, and 3) To examine whether patients with medical comorbidities and laryngomalacia have a higher prevalence of swallowing dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients seen in the aerodigestive center at our institution between January 2007 and December 2012 with the diagnosis of laryngomalacia were included. Swallowing function was assessed by symptoms, clinical swallowing evaluations (CSE) performed by speech pathologists, modified barium swallow (MBS) studies, and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluations of swallowing (FEES).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 324 patients with laryngomalacia identified (41.4% female, 58.6% male). Severity of laryngomalacia was categorized in 279 patients, with 62.7% mild, 28.7% moderate, and 8.6% severe. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was diagnosed in 69.8% of patients. Other medical comorbidities included Down syndrome (3.1%), neurological impairment (6.5%), and congenital heart disease (0.9%). Symptoms of dysphagia or feeding difficulty were present in 163/324 (50.3%), and failure to thrive was present in 31/324 patients (9.6%). At least one abnormal swallowing assessment was present in 97/120 (80.8%) patients presenting with subjective dysphagia and 43/65 (66.2%) patients without subjective dysphagia. A total of 140/185 (75.7%) patients had at least one abnormal baseline swallowing assessment. There was no significant relationship between severity of laryngomalacia and presence of abnormal swallowing function based on symptoms, CSE, MBS, or FEES. However, patients with greater severity were more likely to have failure to thrive. There was not a significant association between the presence of swallowing dysfunction or disease severity and medical comorbidities such as Down syndrome, neurological impairment, or congenital heart disease. However, GERD was more likely to be present in patients with moderate and severe laryngomalacia than in patients with mild disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Swallowing dysfunction is common in children with laryngomalacia regardless of disease severity or other medical comorbidities. Swallowing studies are frequently abnormal in laryngomalacia patients presenting both with and without subjective symptoms of dysphagia. Dysphagia assessment should be considered as part of the evaluation of infants with laryngomalacia.
  
  
  METHODS
  4.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Deepak K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Data Center, Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fabio
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Raymond C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.affiliation: Center for Pediatric ENT-Head and Neck Surgery, Boynton Beach, Florida, U.S.A.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Mandell
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D055092:Laryngomalacia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Laryngomalacia; dysphagia; pediatric; supraglottoplasty; swallowing