title: Comparing Happiness and Hypomania Risk: A Study of Extraversion and Neuroticism Aspects.
abstract: Positive affect has long been considered a hallmark of subjective happiness. Yet, high levels of positive affect have also been linked with hypomania risk: a set of cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics that constitute a dispositional risk for future episodes of hypomania and mania. At a personality level, two powerful predictors of affective experience are extraversion and neuroticism: extraversion has been linked to positive affect, and neuroticism to negative affect. As such, a single personality trait--extraversion--has been linked to both beneficial and harmful outcomes associated with positivity. It is clear that positive affect, in different forms, has divergent consequences for well-being, but previous research has struggled to articulate the nature of these differences. We suggest that the relationship between affect and well-being needs to be situated within the psychological context of the individual--both in terms of more specific forms of extraversion and neuroticism, but also in terms of interactions among personality aspects. Consistent with this idea, we found that two aspects of extraversion (enthusiasm and assertiveness) differentially predicted subjective happiness from hypomania risk and two aspects of neuroticism (volatility and withdrawal) interacted to predict hypomania risk: the highest levels of hypomania risk were associated with the combination of high volatility and low withdrawal. These findings underscore the importance of examining personality at the right level of resolution to understand well-being and dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Bellevue College, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America; Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tabitha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kirkland
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: June
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Marketing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Cunningham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005120:Extraversion, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000075384:Neuroticism; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult