title: Synthesis of Unsaturated Polyester Resins from Various Bio-Derived Platform Molecules.
abstract: Utilisation of bio-derived platform molecules in polymer synthesis has advantages which are, broadly, twofold; to digress from crude oil dependence of the polymer industry and secondly to reduce the environmental impact of the polymer synthesis through the inherent functionality of the bio-derived platform molecules. Bulk polymerisation of bio-derived unsaturated di-acids has been employed to produce unsaturated polyester (UPEs) which have been analysed by GPC, TGA, DSC and NMR spectroscopy, advancing on the analysis previously reported. UPEs from the diesters of itaconic, succinic, and fumaric acids were successfully synthesised with various diols and polyols to afford resins of MN 480-477,000 and Tg of -30.1 to -16.6 °C with solubilities differing based on starting monomers. This range of properties allows for many applications and importantly due to the surviving Michael acceptor moieties, solubility and cross-linking can be specifically tailored, post polymerisation, to the desired function. An improved synthesis of itaconate and succinate co-polymers, via the initial formation of an itaconate bis-diol, is also demonstrated for the first time, resulting in significantly improved itaconate incorporation.
authors.affiliation: Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK. thomas.farmer@york.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.affiliation: Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK. rc566@york.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Rachael L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Castle
authors.affiliation: Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK. james.clark@york.ac.uk.
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK. duncan.macquarrie@york.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Duncan J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Macquarrie
mesh_terms: D004951:Esterification; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000379:methods*; D011091:Polyesters / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D058105:Polymerization; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D013386:Succinates / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D011091:Polyesters; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; D013386:Succinates; C005229:itaconic acid
keywords: bio-derived platform molecules; green chemistry; itaconates; michael addition; polymerisation; polymers; renewable resources; transesterification