title: Delimiting Allelic Imbalance of TYMS by Allele-Specific Analysis.
abstract: Allelic imbalance of thymidylate synthase (TYMS) is attributed to polymorphisms in the 5'- and 3'-untranslated region (UTR). These polymorphisms have been related to the risk of suffering different cancers, for example leukemia, breast or gastric cancer, and response to different drugs, among which are methotrexate glutamates, stavudine, and specifically 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), as TYMS is its direct target. A vast literature has been published in relation to 5-FU, even suggesting the sole use of these polymorphisms to effectively manage 5-FU dosage. Estimates of the extent to which these polymorphisms influence in TYMS expression have in the past been based on functional analysis by luciferase assays and quantification of TYMS mRNA, but both these studies, as the association studies with cancer risk or with toxicity or response to 5-FU, are very contradictory. Regarding functional assays, the artificial genetic environment created in luciferase assay and the problems derived from quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs), for example the use of a reference gene, may have distorted the results. To avoid these sources of interference, we have analyzed the allelic imbalance of TYMS by allelic-specific analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients.Allelic imbalance in PBMCs, taken from 40 patients with suspected myeloproliferative haematological diseases, was determined by fluorescent fragment analysis (for the 3'-UTR polymorphism), Sanger sequencing and allelic-specific qPCR in multiplex (for the 5'-UTR polymorphisms).For neither the 3'- nor the 5'-UTR polymorphisms did the observed allelic imbalance exceed 1.5 fold. None of the TYMS polymorphisms is statistically associated with allelic imbalance.The results acquired allow us to deny the previously established assertion of an influence of 2 to 4 fold of the rs45445694 and rs2853542 polymorphisms in the expression of TYMS and narrow its allelic imbalance to 1.5 fold, in our population. These data circumscribe the influence of these polymorphisms in the clinical outcome of 5-FU and question their use for establishing 5-FU dosage, above all when additional genetic factors are not considered.
authors.affiliation: From the Grupo de Medicina Xenómica (EB-B, RC, AC), CIBERER, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (AC, FB), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR) (AC), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA.
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Balboa-Beltrán
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carracedo
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barros
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000483:Alleles; D022981:Allelic Imbalance; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; D005472:Fluorouracil