title: The deal with diel: Temperature fluctuations, asymmetrical warming, and ubiquitous metals contaminants.
abstract: Climate projections over the next century include disproportionately warmer nighttime temperatures ("asymmetrical warming"). Cool nighttime temperatures lower metabolic rates of aquatic ectotherms. In contaminated waters, areas with cool nights may provide thermal refugia from high rates of daytime contaminant uptake. We exposed Cope's gray tree frogs (Hyla chrysoscelis), southern leopard frogs (Lithobates sphenocephalus), and spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) to five concentrations of a mixture of cadmium, copper, and lead under three to four temperature regimes, representing asymmetrical warming. At concentrations with intermediate toxicosis at test termination (96 h), temperature effects on acute toxicity or escape distance were evident in all study species. Asymmetrical warming (day:night, 22:20 °C; 22:22 °C) doubled or tripled mortality relative to overall cooler temperatures (20:20 °C) or cool nights (22:18 °C). Escape distances were 40-70% shorter under asymmetrical warming. Results suggest potentially grave ecological impacts from unexpected toxicosis under climate change.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Dr, Carbondale, IL 62901-6501, USA. Electronic address: tyler.hallman@oregonstate.edu.
authors.forename: Tyler A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hallman
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Dr, Carbondale, IL 62901-6501, USA. Electronic address: mlbrooks@siu.edu.
authors.forename: Marjorie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Brooks
mesh_terms: D000557:Ambystoma / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D002980:Climate; D057231:Climate Change; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity*; D011898:Ranidae / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper
keywords: Asymmetrical warming; Climate change; Climate-induced toxicant sensitivity (CITS); Compounding stressors; Multiple stressors; Toxicant-induced climate susceptibility (TICS)