title: Orofacial Granulomatosis.
abstract: Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) is an uncommon chronic inflammatory disorder of the orofacial region. It is characterized by subepithelial noncaseating granulomas and has a spectrum of possible clinical manifestations ranging from subtle oral mucosal swelling to permanent disfiguring fibrous swelling of the lips and face. Etiopathogenesis is unknown. A range of systemic granulomatous disorders, including Crohn disease and sarcoidosis, may cause orofacial manifestations that cannot be distinguished from those of OFG. Treatment of OFG has proven difficult and unsatisfactory, with no single therapeutic model showing consistent efficacy in reducing orofacial swelling and mucosal inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Oral Medicine Unit, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK; Dental Services, Ministry of National Guard, King Abdulaziz Medical City-Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Arwa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Hamad
authors.affiliation: Oral Medicine Unit, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.affiliation: Oral Medicine Unit, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Maple House, Suite A, 1st floor, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7DN, UK; Oral Medicine Unit, Eastman Dental Hospital, University College London Hospitals Trust, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK. Electronic address: s.fedele@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fedele
mesh_terms: D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000150:complications; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D051261:Granulomatosis, Orofacial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000150:complications
keywords: Crohn's disease; Granulomas; Granulomatous cheilitis; Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome; Orofacial granulomatosis