title: Concentrations of Persistent Organic Pollutants in California Children's Whole Blood and Residential Dust.
abstract: We evaluated relationships between persistent organic pollutant (POP) levels in the blood of children with leukemia and POP levels in dust from their household vacuum cleaners. Blood and dust were collected from participants of the California Childhood Leukemia Study at various intervals from 1999 to 2007 and analyzed for two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), two polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and two organochlorine pesticides using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Due to small blood sample volumes (100 μL), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and BDE-153 were the only analytes with detection frequencies above 70%. For each analyte, depending on its detection frequency, a multivariable linear or logistic regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between POP levels in blood and dust, adjusting for child's age, ethnicity, and breastfeeding duration; mother's country of origin; household annual income; and blood sampling date. In linear regression, concentrations of BDE-153 in blood and dust were positively associated; whereas, DDE concentrations in blood were positively associated with breastfeeding, maternal birth outside the U.S., and Hispanic ethnicity, but not with corresponding dust-DDE concentrations. The probability of PCB-153 detection in a child's blood was marginally associated with dust-PCB-153 concentrations (p = 0.08) in logistic regression and significantly associated with breastfeeding. Our findings suggest that dust ingestion is a source of children's exposure to certain POPs.
authors.affiliation: †School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
authors.forename: Todd P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.affiliation: ‡Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, California 94710-2721, United States.|§Sequoia Foundation, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crispo Smith
authors.affiliation: ‡Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, California 94710-2721, United States.
authors.forename: June-Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: ‡Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, California 94710-2721, United States.
authors.forename: Myrto X
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Petreas
authors.affiliation: †School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rappaport
authors.affiliation: †School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Metayer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002140:California; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene / Q000097:blood; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000097:blood; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000097:blood; D007938:Leukemia / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000097:blood*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000097:blood; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000097:blood; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D010575:Pesticides; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; C517828:hexabrominated diphenyl ether 153; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; C014024:2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl