title: Effects of desloratadine citrate disodium injection on rat models of ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis: involvement of T-cell responses modulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a very common worldwide problem; patients display a number of symptoms, such as sneezing, nasal itching, and rhinorrhea, and their lifestyle is affected. Desloratadine is a novel, long-acting inhibitor of histamine. However, very little is known about the effect of desloratadine citrate disodium injection (DLC injection) on AR, and the underlying mechanisms are yet unexplored. Herein, we sought to explore the effects and mechanisms of actions of DLC injection in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced immune responses in a rat model of AR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty rats were subjected to immunization with OVA (intraperitoneal [i.p.]), followed by a nasal challenge with OVA. Drugs or saline were given daily for treatment. Nasal symptoms and histology of the nasal mucosa were examined. Cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-γ, adhesion molecules such as soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Nitric oxide (NO) concentration was also measured by NO assay kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DLC treatment (intravenous [i.v.]) significantly decreased the frequency of sneezing and nasal scratching and alleviated nasal inflammation by increasing the serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-12, while lowering the expression of IL-4. Thus, DLC (i.v.) treatment led to a marked elevation in T-helper 1/T-helper 2 (Th1/Th2) ratio when administered in the AR rats. The expression of sVCAM-1, iNOS, and NO were also reversed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DLC (i.v.), given after an allergen challenge, improved Th1 cytokines level and restrained Th2 responses alleviating the symptoms of AR. Our results indicate that DLC injection may exhibit such effects through the modulation of T-cell responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Arijit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jie
authors.affiliation: Hefei Industrial Pharmaceutical Institute Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, China.
authors.forename: Guangwei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Yulin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002951:Citrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006633:Histamine Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation; D017336:Loratadine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats; D065631:Rhinitis, Allergic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D058408:Th1-Th2 Balance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D002951:Citrates; D016207:Cytokines; D006633:Histamine Antagonists; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D017336:Loratadine; D010047:Ovalbumin; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C121345:desloratadine
keywords: T-cell balance; allergic rhinitis; desloratadine citrate disodium injection; iNOS; nasal symptoms