title: Fish and polyunsaturated fat intake and development of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rhinitis is one of the most common diseases in childhood. Fish, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and vitamin D intakes have been hypothesized to affect the risk of allergic disease; however, it is unclear whether these are linked to the development of rhinitis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to assess potential associations between consumption of fish, dietary n-3 and n-6 PUFAs, and vitamin D at age 8 years and development of allergic rhinitis (AR) and nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) between the ages of 8 and 16 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 1970 participants from a birth cohort. Data on dietary intake was obtained from a food frequency questionnaire at age 8 years. The rhinitis definition was based on questionnaires and IgE measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of rhinitis symptoms at age 8 years was 19% (n = 380). Among the 1590 children without rhinitis symptoms at age 8 years, 21% (n = 337) had AR between ages 8 and 16 years, and 15% (n = 236) had NAR. Regular intake of oily fish and higher long-chain n-3 PUFA intake were associated with a reduced risk of cumulative incidence of NAR (adjusted odds ratio, 0.52 [95% CI, 0.32-0.87] for oily fish; odds ratio, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.30-0.67] for highest vs lowest tertile of long-chain n-3 PUFAs; P trend < .001). The results for rhinitis, irrespective of AR and NAR, were in line with the findings for NAR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular consumption of oily fish and dietary long-chain n-3 PUFAs in childhood might decrease the risk of rhinitis, especially NAR, between the ages of 8 and 16 years.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: Jessica.Magnusson@ki.se.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Education and Clinical Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics, Sachs' Children's Hospital, South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kull
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of ENT diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Westman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Niclas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Håkansson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolk
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics, Sachs' Children's Hospital, South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Melén
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics, Sachs' Children's Hospital, South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wickman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergström
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004435:Eating; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005396:Fish Products; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D065631:Rhinitis, Allergic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D014807:Vitamin D; D007073:Immunoglobulin E
keywords: Adolescent; BAMSE; allergic rhinitis; children; diet; fatty acid; fish; nonallergic rhinitis; prospective studies; vitamin D