title: Predicting Scheduling and Attending for an Oral Cancer Examination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral and pharyngeal cancer is highly treatable if diagnosed early, yet late diagnosis is commonplace apparently because of delays in undergoing an oral cancer examination.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We explored predictors of scheduling and attending an oral cancer examination among a sample of Black and White men who were at high risk for oral cancer because they smoked.
  
  
  METHODS
  During an in-person interview, participants (N = 315) from rural Florida learned about oral and pharyngeal cancer, completed survey measures, and were offered a free examination in the next week. Later, participants received a follow-up phone call to explore why they did or did not attend their examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with the notion that scheduling and attending an oral cancer exam represent distinct decisions, we found that the two outcomes had different predictors. Defensive avoidance and exam efficacy predicted scheduling an examination; exam efficacy and having coping resources, time, and transportation predicted attending the examination. Open-ended responses revealed that the dominant reasons participants offered for missing a scheduled examination were conflicting obligations, forgetting, and confusion or misunderstanding about the examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest interventions to increase scheduling and attending an oral cancer examination.
authors.affiliation: Southeast Center for Research on Disparities in Oral Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. shepperd@ufl.edu.|Department of Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 112250, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2250, USA. shepperd@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shepperd
authors.affiliation: Southeast Center for Research on Disparities in Oral Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Amber S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Emanuel
authors.affiliation: Southeast Center for Research on Disparities in Oral Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.affiliation: Southeast Center for Research on Disparities in Oral Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Henrietta L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Logan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010808:Physical Examination; D012907:Smoking
keywords: Barriers to screening; Coping resources; Defensive avoidance; Examination; Oral and pharyngeal cancer; Screening