title: Unraveling the Rat Intestine, Spleen and Liver Genome-Wide Transcriptome after the Oral Administration of Lavender Oil by a Two-Color Dye-Swap DNA Microarray Approach.
abstract: The use of lavender oil (LO)--a commonly, used oil in aromatherapy, with well-defined volatile components linalool and linalyl acetate--in non-traditional medicine is increasing globally. To understand and demonstrate the potential positive effects of LO on the body, we have established an animal model in this current study, investigating the orally administered LO effects genome wide in the rat small intestine, spleen, and liver. The rats were administered LO at 5 mg/kg (usual therapeutic dose in humans) followed by the screening of differentially expressed genes in the tissues, using a 4×44-K whole-genome rat chip (Agilent microarray platform; Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) in conjunction with a dye-swap approach, a novelty of this study. Fourteen days after LO treatment and compared with a control group (sham), a total of 156 and 154 up (≧ 1.5-fold)- and down (≦ 0.75-fold)-regulated genes, 174 and 66 up- (≧ 1.5-fold)- and down (≦ 0.75-fold)-regulated genes, and 222 and 322 up- (≧ 1.5-fold)- and down (≦ 0.75-fold)-regulated genes showed differential expression at the mRNA level in the small intestine, spleen and liver, respectively. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) validation of highly up- and down-regulated genes confirmed the regulation of the Papd4, Lrp1b, Alb, Cyr61, Cyp2c, and Cxcl1 genes by LO as examples in these tissues. Using bioinformatics, including Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), differentially expressed genes were functionally categorized by their Gene Ontology (GO) and biological function and network analysis, revealing their diverse functions and potential roles in LO-mediated effects in rat. Further IPA analysis in particular unraveled the presence of novel genes, such as Papd4, Or8k5, Gprc5b, Taar5, Trpc6, Pld2 and Onecut3 (up-regulated top molecules) and Tnf, Slc45a4, Slc25a23 and Samt4 (down-regulated top molecules), to be influenced by LO treatment in the small intestine, spleen and liver, respectively. These results are the first such inventory of genes that are affected by lavender essential oil (LO) in an animal model, forming the basis for further in-depth bioinformatics and functional analyses and investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan; Oriental Aromatherapy College, Katsushika, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan; Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Peptide Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shibato
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Physiology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan; Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Peptide Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan; Organization for Educational Initiatives, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences & Tsukuba International Academy for Sport Studies (TIAS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Randeep
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rakwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan; Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Peptide Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shioda
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D016678:Genome / Q000187:drug effects; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D027523:Lavandula; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism*; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils; D004247:DNA; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; C045718:lavender oil