title: A scoping study of cultural interventions to treat addictions in Indigenous populations: methods, strategies and insights from a Two-Eyed Seeing approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper describes the methods, strategies and insights gained from a scoping study using a "Two-Eyed Seeing" approach. An evolving technique, Two-Eyed Seeing respects and integrates the strengths of Indigenous knowledge and Western sciences, often "weaving back and forth" between the two worldviews. The scoping study was used to inform a tool for measuring the impact of culturally based addictions treatment services on wellness in Indigenous populations. It formed part of a three-year study, Honouring Our Strengths: Indigenous Culture as Intervention in Addictions Treatment. The scoping study identified and mapped literature on cultural interventions in addictions treatment, and described the nature, extent and gaps in literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a Two-Eyed Seeing approach, we adapted, applied and enhanced a common framework of scoping studies. In the end stage of the scoping review process, an Ad Hoc Review Group, led by our project Elder, reviewed and interpreted Indigenous and Western understandings within the mapped information. Elements of the scoping study were joined with results from community focus groups with staff at treatment centres.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-Eyed Seeing contributed differently at each stage of the scoping study. In early stages, it clarified team expertise and potential contributions. At the mid-point, it influenced our shift from a systematic to a scoping review. Near the end, it incorporated Western and Indigenous knowledge to interpret and synthesize evidence from multiple sources.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper adds to the collective work on augmenting the methodology of scoping studies. Despite the challenges of a Two-Eyed Seeing approach, it enables researchers using scoping studies to develop knowledge that is better able to translate into meaningful findings for Indigenous communities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Saskatchewan, 1109 - 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, S7N 5A5, SK, Canada. rowankeon@rogers.com.
authors.forename: Margo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rowan
authors.affiliation: British Columbia Centre of Excellence for Women's Health, E311-4500 Oak St, Box 48, Vancouver, V6H 3 N1, BC, Canada. wavelength@telus.net.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.affiliation: Bruyère Research Institute, 85 Primrose Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1R 6 M1, Canada. bevshea@uottawa.ca.
authors.forename: Beverley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education, College of Education, University of Saskatchewan, 28 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, S7N 0X1, SK, Canada. david.mykota@usask.ca.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mykota
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Room 2705, RUH, Saskatoon, S7N 5ES, SK, Canada. marwa.farag@usask.ca.
authors.forename: Marwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farag
authors.affiliation: National Native Addictions Partnership Foundation Inc, Satellite Office 303 East River Road, Muncey, Ontario, N0L 1Y0, Canada. chopkins@nnapf.org.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Saskatchewan, 1109 - 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, S7N 5A5, SK, Canada. ljhall@laurentian.ca.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd., Thunder Bay, P7B 5E1, ON, Canada. chris.mushquash@lakeheadu.ca.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mushquash
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Saskatchewan, 1109 - 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, S7N 5A5, SK, Canada. blf401@mail.usask.ca.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fornssler
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Saskatchewan, 1109 - 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, S7N 5A5, SK, Canada. colleen.dell@usask.ca.
authors.forename: Colleen Anne
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dell
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D054521:Cultural Competency; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy*