title: Comparison between the clot-protecting activity of a mutant plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 with a very long half-life and 6-aminocaproic acid.
abstract: Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is a serpin glycoprotein that can stabilize blood clots by inhibiting fibrinolysis. However, wild-type PAI-1 has the disadvantage of a short half-life of ∼2 h. A very long half-life (VLHL) PAI-1 mutant was developed previously with an active-form half-life of >700 h, making it a possible candidate for use in hemorrhagic therapy. Current treatments for mitigating hemorrhage, other than inducers of blood clotting, are limited to lysine analog antifibrinolytics, including 6-aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid. VLHL PAI-1 has been previously demonstrated to limit bleeding; however, the efficacy of this protein compared with lysine analog antifibrinolytics has not been investigated. The aim of the current study was to compare the clot stabilizing properties of the novel antifibrinolytic VLHL PAI-1 with those of 6-aminocaproic acid in reference plasma. Using thromboelastographic analysis, VLHL PAI-1 exhibited an IC50(half maximal inhibitory concentration) of 8.8×10-8mol/l, while 6-aminocaproic acid showed an IC50of 1.6×10-4mol/l. However, at doses of >9.0×10-7mol/l, VLHL PAI-1 exhibited a delay in the onset of clot formation, which may be attributed to thrombin inhibition by excess PAI-1. The inhibition of tissue plasminogen activator by VLHL PAI-1 demonstrated improved efficacy over 6-aminocaproic acid in mitigating hemorrhage. In addition, patients with a PAI-1 deficiency, which causes blood clots to lyse rapidly resulting in profuse bleeding, may benefit from the application of VLHL PAI-1 as an antihemorrhagic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel Glenn
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kindell
authors.affiliation: Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
authors.forename: Rick Wayne
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Keck
authors.affiliation: Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA ; Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ; Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Pomerania 80-211, Poland.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jankun
keywords: 6-aminocaproic acid; blood clotting; plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; thromboelastography