title: Abnormal brain activation in excoriation (skin-picking) disorder: evidence from an executive planning fMRI study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder (SPD) is a relatively common psychiatric condition whose neurobiological basis is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To probe the function of fronto-striatal circuitry in SPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen participants with SPD and 15 matched healthy controls undertook an executive planning task (Tower of London) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Activation during planning was compared between groups using region of interest and whole-brain permutation cluster approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SPD group exhibited significant functional underactivation in a cluster encompassing bilateral dorsal striatum (maximal in right caudate), bilateral anterior cingulate and right medial frontal regions. These abnormalities were, for the most part, outside the dorsal planning network typically activated by executive planning tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormalities of neural regions involved in habit formation, action monitoring and inhibition appear involved in the pathophysiology of SPD. Implications exist for understanding the basis of excessive grooming and the relationship of SPD with putative obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders.
authors.affiliation: Brian L. Odlaug, MPH, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark and Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Adam Hampshire, PhD, The Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Samuel R. Chamberlain, MB/BChir, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry & MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge and Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge, UK; Jon E. Grant, JD, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA brod@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Odlaug
authors.affiliation: Brian L. Odlaug, MPH, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark and Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Adam Hampshire, PhD, The Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Samuel R. Chamberlain, MB/BChir, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry & MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge and Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge, UK; Jon E. Grant, JD, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hampshire
authors.affiliation: Brian L. Odlaug, MPH, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark and Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Adam Hampshire, PhD, The Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Samuel R. Chamberlain, MB/BChir, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry & MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge and Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge, UK; Jon E. Grant, JD, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
authors.affiliation: Brian L. Odlaug, MPH, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark and Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Adam Hampshire, PhD, The Computational, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Samuel R. Chamberlain, MB/BChir, PhD, MRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry & MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge and Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge, UK; Jon E. Grant, JD, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Jon E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries; D055815:Young Adult