title: Multiple consecutive norovirus infections in the first 2 years of life.
abstract: Studies investigating the magnitude and breath of protective immune responses after primary and subsequent norovirus infections in pediatric populations are limited. We investigated incidence of norovirus infections and serological responses in a child from longitudinal stool and serum samples collected from birth to 2 years of age. Four consecutive infections with distinct genotypes of norovirus were detected. Serum antibodies were genotype-specific offering no protection to reinfection with heterologous virus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study describes norovirus-specific serological responses in a child with four consecutive norovirus infection during the first 2 years of life. The response is type-specific and does not protect from a subsequent infection with a heterologous virus.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  • Correlates of protection to norovirus infection and disease are not yet determined, and most of the presently available data concern adult population.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  • This manuscript describes serological immune responses after primary and subsequent infections in a child during the first 2 years of life.
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School, Biokatu 10, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland. vesna.blazevic@uta.fi.
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Blazevic
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School, Biokatu 10, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland. maria.malm@uta.fi.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malm
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School, Biokatu 10, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland. marjo.t.salminen@uta.fi.
authors.forename: Marjo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salminen
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University of Tampere Medical School, Tampere, Finland. sami.oikarinen@uta.fi.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oikarinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University of Tampere Medical School, Tampere, Finland. heikki.hyoty@uta.fi.|Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland. heikki.hyoty@uta.fi.
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hyöty
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. riitta.veijola@oulu.fi.
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veijola
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School, Biokatu 10, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland. timo.vesikari@uta.fi.
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vesikari
mesh_terms: D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000502:physiology; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D029322:Norovirus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral
keywords: Immunity; Infant; Infections; Norovirus; Serology