title: Mean centering helps alleviate "micro" but not "macro" multicollinearity.
abstract: There seems to be confusion among researchers regarding whether it is good practice to center variables at their means prior to calculating a product term to estimate an interaction in a multiple regression model. Many researchers use mean centered variables because they believe it's the thing to do or because reviewers ask them to, without quite understanding why. Adding to the confusion is the fact that there is also a perspective in the literature that mean centering does not reduce multicollinearity. In this article, we clarify the issues and reconcile the discrepancy. We distinguish between "micro" and "macro" definitions of multicollinearity and show how both sides of such a debate can be correct. To do so, we use proofs, an illustrative dataset, and a Monte Carlo simulation to show the precise effects of mean centering on both individual correlation coefficients as well as overall model indices. We hope to contribute to the literature by clarifying the issues, reconciling the two perspectives, and quelling the current confusion regarding whether and how mean centering can be a useful practice.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, 401 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA. Dawn.Iacobucci@owen.vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Iacobucci
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Deidre L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Popovich
authors.affiliation: Stetson University, DeLand, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Georgios A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bakamitsos
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D015999:Multivariate Analysis
keywords: Interactions in regression; Mean centering; Moderated multiple regressions; Multicollinearity