title: The "Eyeballing" technique: an emerging and alerting trend of alcohol misuse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alternative methods of alcohol consumption have recently emerged among adolescents and young adults, including the alcohol "eyeballing", which consist in the direct pouring of alcoholic substances on the ocular surface epithelium. In a context of drug and behavioural addictions change, "eyeballing" can be seen as one of the latest and potentially highly risky new trends. We aimed to analyze the existing medical literature as well as online material on this emerging trend of alcohol misuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature on alcohol eyeballing was searched in PsychInfo and Pubmed databases. Results were integrated with a multilingual qualitative assessment of the database provided by The Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN) and of a range of websites, drug fora and other online resources between March 2013 and July 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcohol eyeballing is common among adolescents and young adults; substances with high alcohol content, typically vodka, are used for this practice across the EU and internationally. The need for a rapid/intense effect of alcohol, competitiveness, novelty seeking and avoidance of "alcoholic fetor" are the most frequently reported motivations of "eyeballers". Local effects of alcohol eyeballing include pain, burning, blurred vision, conjunctive injection, corneal ulcers or scarring, permanent vision damage and eventually blindness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol eyeballing represents a phenomenon with potential permanent adverse consequences, deserving the attention of families and healthcare providers. Health and other professionals should be informed about this alerting trend of misuse. Larger observational studies are warranted to estimate the prevalence, characterize the effects, and identify adequate forms of interventions for this emerging phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. bersani.fs@gmail.com.
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Bersani
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Corazza
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Albano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bruschi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minichino
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vicinanza
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bersani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martinotti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schifano
mesh_terms: D060433:Administration, Ophthalmic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000639:trends*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005123:Eye / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D012919:Social Behavior; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol