title: Olive Oil Polyphenols Decrease LDL Concentrations and LDL Atherogenicity in Men in a Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Olive oil polyphenols have shown protective effects on cardiovascular risk factors. Their consumption decreased oxidative stress biomarkers and improved some features of the lipid profile. However, their effects on LDL concentrations in plasma and LDL atherogenicity have not yet been elucidated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to assess whether the consumption of olive oil polyphenols could decrease LDL concentrations [measured as apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B-100) concentrations and the total number of LDL particles] and atherogenicity (the number of small LDL particles and LDL oxidizability) in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a randomized, cross-over controlled trial in 25 healthy European men, aged 20-59 y, in the context of the EUROLIVE (Effect of Olive Oil Consumption on Oxidative Damage in European Populations) study. Volunteers ingested 25 mL/d raw low-polyphenol-content olive oil (LPCOO; 366 mg/kg) or high-polyphenol-content olive oil (HPCOO; 2.7 mg/kg) for 3 wk. Interventions were preceded by 2-wk washout periods. Effects of olive oil polyphenols on plasma LDL concentrations and atherogenicity were determined in the sample of 25 men. Effects on lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene expression were assessed in another sample of 18 men from the EUROLIVE study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma apo B-100 concentrations and the number of total and small LDL particles decreased (mean ± SD: by 5.94% ± 16.6%, 11.9% ± 12.0%, and 15.3% ± 35.1%, respectively) from baseline after the HPCOO intervention. These changes differed significantly from those after the LPCOO intervention, which resulted in significant increases of 6.39% ± 16.6%, 4.73% ± 22.0%, and 13.6% ± 36.4% from baseline (P < 0.03). LDL oxidation lag time increased by 5.0% ± 10.3% from baseline after the HPCOO intervention, which was significantly different only relative to preintervention values (P = 0.038). LPL gene expression tended to increase by 26% from baseline after the HPCOO intervention (P = 0.08) and did not change after the LPCOO intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The consumption of olive oil polyphenols decreased plasma LDL concentrations and LDL atherogenicity in healthy young men. This trial was registered at www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN09220811.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Nutrición y la Obesidad (CIBEROBN), Spain; PhD Program in Food Sciences and Nutrition and.
authors.forename: Álvaro
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Hernáez
authors.affiliation: Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD;
authors.forename: Alan T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Remaley
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Nutrición y la Obesidad (CIBEROBN), Spain; PhD Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain;
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farràs
authors.affiliation: Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Reus, Spain;
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fernández-Castillejo
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, and CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain;
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Subirana
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain;
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group.
authors.forename: Mireia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernández-Mampel
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Nutrición y la Obesidad (CIBEROBN), Spain;
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Aguayo
authors.affiliation: Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD;
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Nutrición y la Obesidad (CIBEROBN), Spain;
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Solà
authors.affiliation: Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain;
authors.forename: Magí
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farré
authors.affiliation: Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF) (CEXS-UPF), Barcelona, Spain;
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de la Torre
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Bromatology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;
authors.forename: María-Carmen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: López-Sabater
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, and Eastern Finland Laboratory Center, Kuopio, Finland; and.
authors.forename: Kristiina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nyyssönen
authors.affiliation: German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIFE), Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Joachim F
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Zunft
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Nutrición y la Obesidad (CIBEROBN), Spain;
authors.forename: María-Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Covas
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Nutrición y la Obesidad (CIBEROBN), Spain; mfito@imim.es.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fitó
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D059808:Polyphenols
keywords: LDL oxidation; LDL particle number; apolipoprotein B-100; healthy individuals; lipoprotein lipase; low-density lipoproteins; olive oil polyphenols; randomized clinical trial; small LDL particles