title: Chromosomal Copy Number Variation in Saccharomyces pastorianus Is Evidence for Extensive Genome Dynamics in Industrial Lager Brewing Strains.
abstract: Lager brewing strains of Saccharomyces pastorianus are natural interspecific hybrids originating from the spontaneous hybridization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces eubayanus. Over the past 500 years, S. pastorianus has been domesticated to become one of the most important industrial microorganisms. Production of lager-type beers requires a set of essential phenotypes, including the ability to ferment maltose and maltotriose at low temperature, the production of flavors and aromas, and the ability to flocculate. Understanding of the molecular basis of complex brewing-related phenotypic traits is a prerequisite for rational strain improvement. While genome sequences have been reported, the variability and dynamics of S. pastorianus genomes have not been investigated in detail. Here, using deep sequencing and chromosome copy number analysis, we showed that S. pastorianus strain CBS1483 exhibited extensive aneuploidy. This was confirmed by quantitative PCR and by flow cytometry. As a direct consequence of this aneuploidy, a massive number of sequence variants was identified, leading to at least 1,800 additional protein variants in S. pastorianus CBS1483. Analysis of eight additional S. pastorianus strains revealed that the previously defined group I strains showed comparable karyotypes, while group II strains showed large interstrain karyotypic variability. Comparison of three strains with nearly identical genome sequences revealed substantial chromosome copy number variation, which may contribute to strain-specific phenotypic traits. The observed variability of lager yeast genomes demonstrates that systematic linking of genotype to phenotype requires a three-dimensional genome analysis encompassing physical chromosomal structures, the copy number of individual chromosomes or chromosomal regions, and the allelic variation of copies of individual genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van den Broek
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bolat
authors.affiliation: The Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Nijkamp
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M A H
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Luttik
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Koopman
authors.affiliation: Heineken Supply Chain, Global Research & Development, Zoeterwoude, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Geertman
authors.affiliation: The Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Ridder
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Pronk
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands j.g.daran@tudelft.nl.
authors.forename: J-M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3136-8193
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Daran
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000782:Aneuploidy; D001515:Beer / Q000382:microbiology*; D015825:Chromosomes, Fungal; D005285:Fermentation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D007218:Industrial Microbiology; D059785:Karyotype; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012440:Saccharomyces / Q000235:genetics*