title: Early Practice: External Sinus Surgery and Procedures and Complications.
abstract: External approaches to the paranasal sinuses are rarely used in the endoscopic era. However, their indications for use have not changed, and in every surgeon's career those indications may present themselves. For residents training in the endoscopic era, these procedures are also very rarely seen. In this article, the external approaches to the maxillary, ethmoid, and frontal sinuses are described: their original descriptions, modern use, and potential complications. It is hoped that this article will serve to instruct residents and practitioners alike in these techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8115, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: SchneiderJ@ent.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8115, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Day
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University, 2201, West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clavenna
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University, 2201, West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University, 2201, West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duncavage
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009078:Mucocele / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D066231:Surgeons / Q000193:education
keywords: Caldwell-Luc approach; External ethmoidectomy; Frontal trephine; Osteoplastic flap