title: Examination of Substance Use, Risk Factors, and Protective Factors on Student Academic Test Score Performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  School administrators and teachers face difficult decisions about how best to use school resources to meet academic achievement goals. Many are hesitant to adopt prevention curricula that are not focused directly on academic achievement. Yet, some have hypothesized that prevention curricula can remove barriers to learning and, thus, promote achievement. We examined relationships among school levels of student substance use and risk and protective factors that predict adolescent problem behaviors and achievement test performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hierarchical generalized linear models were used to predict associations involving school-averaged levels of substance use and risk and protective factors and students' likelihood of meeting achievement test standards on the Washington Assessment of Student Learning, statistically controlling for demographic and economic factors known to be associated with achievement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of substance use and risk/protective factors predicted the academic test score performance of students. Many of these effects remained significant even after controlling for model covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementing prevention programs that target empirically identified risk and protective factors has the potential to have a favorable effect on students' academic achievement.
authors.affiliation: Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Avenue NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115. marthur@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Arthur
authors.affiliation: Division of Prevention Science and Community Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th Street, Suite 1014, Miami, FL 33136. ricbrown@miami.edu.
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Avenue NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115. jsbriney@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Briney
authors.affiliation: Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Avenue NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115. jdh@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.affiliation: Educational Psychology, University of Washington, PO Box 353600, Seattle, WA 98195-353600. abbottr@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.affiliation: Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Avenue NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115. catalano@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.affiliation: Division of Alcohol and Substance Abuse, Washington State Department of Social and Health Services, MS 45330, Olympia, WA 98504-5330. beckelg@dshs.wa.gov.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Office of Behavioral Health and Prevention, Division of Behavioral Health and Recovery, Washington State Department of Social and Health Services, MS 45330, Olympia, WA 98504-5330. langeme@dshs.wa.gov.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.affiliation: Health Systems Quality Assurance, Washington State Department of Health, Office of the Assistant Secretary, PO Box 47850, Olympia, WA 98504-7850. martin.mueller@doh.wa.gov.
authors.forename: Martin T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Mueller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000523:psychology; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000600:supply & distribution; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D015995:Prevalence; D065840:Protective Factors; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs
keywords: academic achievement; protective factor; risk factor; test scores, prevention