title: Conjunctival and intraocular swabs for the microbiological assessment of donor corneas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we investigated the associations between conjunctival (co) and intraocular (io) swabs and their implications for the contamination rates of organ-cultured corneas.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 4177 swabs from 1054 corneas of 527 donors were acquired from the conjunctiva, after disinfection with 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine solution, and also from the anterior chamber after corneoscleral trepanation (io). Samples were incubated at 22.5 ± 2.5°C and 32.5 ± 2.5°C in thioglycollate broth for 14 days. Donor corneas were cultured in a closed system at 31°C. Microbial differentiation was performed for positive cultures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher temperature (32.5°C) and the intraocular swab retrieving localization led to significantly higher swab positive rates (32.5°C versus 22.5°C, odds 1.65, p < 0.0001; io versus co, odds 1,53, p < 0.0001). Death-to-collection time and laterality (left or right eye) had no significant influence on swab positivity. The cause of death significantly influenced the positive rates (p < 0.0001). Detection at 32.5°C occurred significantly earlier than at 22.5°C (p < 0.0001). The overall comparison of detected species showed no significant differences in the variety between intraocular and conjunctival swabs. During the study period, six contaminations of organ-cultured corneas occurred: four times Pseudomonas aeruginosa and once each Candida albicans and Staphylococcus hominis were found. Swap results and cornea contaminations were not significantly correlated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Co and io swabs show high microbial colonization rates, even after standard disinfection. Io swabs generally reproduce the co microbial range, most likely due to a mobilization and diversion of microorganisms during the trepanation procedure. Swab results do not yield a valuable tool to predict contaminations of organ-cultured corneas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fuest
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Plum
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salla
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hermel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000867:Anterior Chamber / Q000382:microbiology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000382:microbiology*; D003315:Cornea / Q000382:microbiology*; D016039:Corneal Transplantation; D003470:Culture Media; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D014019:Tissue Donors; D014021:Tissue Preservation
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media
keywords: conjunctiva; cornea; infection; treatment surgery