title: Molecular epidemiological survey and genetic analysis of vector-borne infections of cattle in Luzon Island, the Philippines.
abstract: In the Philippines, vector-borne disease is one of the important problems in the livestock industry. To elucidate the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in cattle on Luzon Island, the Philippines, the prevalence of five protozoan agents was assessed by polymerase chain reaction. Out of the 339 samples, 324 (95.5%), 154 (45.4%), 209 (61.6%), 140 (41.3%), and 2 (0.6%) were positive for Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis, Theileria spp., and Trypanosoma evansi infections, respectively. Mixed infections were detected in 290 (85.5%) samples, of which 115 (33.9%) had two pathogens, 144 (42.5%) had three pathogens, and 31 (9.1%) had four kinds of pathogens. 16S rRNA gene was 100% identical in A. marginale compared with the same lineage across the world. B. bovis RAP-1 and B. bigemina AMA-1 genes were identical with 92.27%-100% and 97.07%-100% sequences, respectively, in the database (Asian isolates). MPSP genes of Theileria spp. were 83.51%-100% identical with the one another. Phylogenetic analysis showed that they belong to the groups of T. sergenti and T. buffeli. Positive rates of the tick-borne pathogens were extremely high in this area. These findings provide vital information that can be used for the planning and execution of effective control measures for vector-borne diseases in the Philippine cattle industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku-Kita 18 Nishi 9 chome, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
authors.forename: Nyamsuren
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ochirkhuu
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku-Kita 18 Nishi 9 chome, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konnai
authors.affiliation: Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Genepool, Science City of Munoz, 3120 Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
authors.forename: Claro N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Mingala
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku-Kita 18 Nishi 9 chome, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okagawa
authors.affiliation: Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Genepool, Science City of Munoz, 3120 Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
authors.forename: Marvin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.affiliation: Hacienda Macalauan Brgy. Mabacan, Calauan 4012, Laguna Philippines.
authors.forename: Flor Marie Immanuelle R
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Pilapil
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku-Kita 18 Nishi 9 chome, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku-Kita 18 Nishi 9 chome, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001403:Babesia / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D001404:Babesiosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000635:transmission; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000635:transmission; D014644:Genetic Variation; D010679:Philippines / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D016794:Theileria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D013801:Theileriasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000635:transmission; D017282:Tick-Borne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: Amarginale; B. bigemina; B. bovis; Philippines; T. evansi; Theileria