title: Lower urinary pH is useful for predicting renovascular disorder onset in patients with diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A lower urinary pH (UpH) is closely linked to diabetes. However, its relation to diabetic renovascular damage is unclear. This study aimed to identify the relationship between UpH and the exacerbation of diabetic renovascular disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a 10-year observational study targeting 400 outpatients with diabetes who registered in 2003. We investigated the relationship between UpH in 2003 and renovascular damage from 2003 to 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 350 participants were eligible for the analysis. During their 10-year outpatient treatment, a decrease was seen in glycated hemoglobin levels, blood pressure, and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs), and an increase was seen in their urinary albumin-creatinine ratios (ACRs), uric acid (UA) levels, and intima-media thickness (IMT). UpH negatively correlated with urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), body mass index, UA, and ACR, and positively correlated with eGFR. The results of a multiple regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors for UpH were 8-OHdG, UA, eGFR, and ACR. UpH also negatively correlated with the percent change in IMT (%IMT), the percent change in pulse wave velocity (%PWV), and the change in log ACR (Δlog ACR), and positively correlated with the percent change in eGFR. A multiple regression analysis revealed that UpH was an independent risk factor for the %IMT, %PWV and Δlog ACR. Obese patients with low UpH values frequently suffered from sleep apnea syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that UpH is a useful marker for predicting the onset of renovascular disorder in patients with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine , Tohoku University Hospital , Sendai, Miyagi , Japan ; Division of Research in Student Support , Institute for Excellence in Higher Education, Section of Clinical Medicine, Tohoku University , Sendai, Miyagi , Japan.
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine , Tohoku University Hospital , Sendai, Miyagi , Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nako
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine , Tohoku University Hospital , Sendai, Miyagi , Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine , Tohoku University Hospital , Sendai, Miyagi , Japan.
authors.forename: Sadayoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ito
keywords: Acid Base Disorders; Albumin Excretion Rate; Glomerular Filtration; Intima-Media Thickness