title: Comprehensive molecular characterization of the α/β-gliadin multigene family in hexaploid wheat.
abstract: To characterize the structure and expression of a large multigene family of α/β-gliadin genes, 90 individual α/β-gliadin genes harboring a promoter region were identified in the wheat cultivar Chinese Spring. These genes were classified into eleven groups by phylogenetic analysis, and the chromosomes they were derived from were determined. Of these genes, 50 had the basic α/β-gliadin domains and six conserved cysteine residues and 16, 16 and 18 of them were, respectively, located on chromosome 6A, 6B and 6D. Six genes had an additional cysteine residue, suggesting that these α/β-gliadins acquired the property of binding other proteins through intermolecular disulphide bands. Expression of α/β-gliadin genes in developing seeds was measured by quantitative RT-PCR using group-specific primers over 3 years. Expression patterns of these genes on the basis of accumulated temperature were similar among gene groups, whereas expression levels differed for the 3 years. The expression of most α/β-gliadin and other prolamin genes was correlated with the sunshine duration. On the other hand, although all α/β-gliadin genes had a common E-box within the -300 promoter region, some genes showed a particular expression pattern with respect to the sunshine duration, similarly to gene encoding high-molecular weight glutenin subunits and endosperm enzymes. These observations suggested that expression of each α/β-gliadin gene is differentially regulated by multiple regulatory factors.
authors.affiliation: Cereal Science Research Center of Tsukuba, Nisshin Flour Milling Inc., 13, Ohkubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2611, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noma
authors.affiliation: Kihara Institute for Biological Research and Department of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 641-12, Maioka-cho, Yokohama, 244-0813, Japan. kawaura@yokohama-cu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawaura
authors.affiliation: Cereal Science Research Center of Tsukuba, Nisshin Flour Milling Inc., 13, Ohkubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2611, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.affiliation: Cereal Science Research Center of Tsukuba, Nisshin Flour Milling Inc., 13, Ohkubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2611, Japan.
authors.forename: Chikako
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Cereal Science Research Center of Tsukuba, Nisshin Flour Milling Inc., 13, Ohkubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2611, Japan.
authors.forename: Noritaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsuge
authors.affiliation: Kihara Institute for Biological Research and Department of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 641-12, Maioka-cho, Yokohama, 244-0813, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasunari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogihara
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D056625:Endosperm / Q000235:genetics; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D005903:Gliadin / Q000235:genetics*; D005983:Glutens / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005983:Glutens; D005903:Gliadin; C037302:glutenin
keywords: Gene expression; Multigene family; Seed storage protein; Triticum aestivum; α/β-gliadin