title: Spectrophotometric Evaluation of Potassium Nitrate Penetration Into the Pulp Cavity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the penetration level of potassium nitrate-containing desensitizers or whitening materials into the pulp cavity with regard to the concentration and viscosity of the formulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty extracted human molar teeth were prepared and randomized into five groups of 10 specimens each. The control received a 30-minute treatment without any treatment material; the other four groups corresponded to treatment with DayWhite, a 14% hydrogen peroxide whitening material containing potassium nitrate; PreviDent 5000 Sensitive, a desensitizing toothpaste; Relief ACP, a desensitizing gel; or UltraEZ, a desensitizing gel. Potassium nitrate penetration levels were measured spectrophotometrically based on the Griess assay method. Treatment materials were measured for viscosity as a function of shear rate through the use of a cone-and-plate rheometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nitrate penetration levels were significantly different among the five groups (p<0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis test). After adjustment for multiple comparisons using an overall 0.05 level of type I error, the distribution of nitrate penetration values was found to differ significantly among all groups with the exception of DayWhite (median: 10.72 μM) and UltraEZ (median: 9.22 μM), which differed significantly from other groups but not from each other. The highest levels of nitrate penetration value were observed for PreviDent (median: 27.61 μM) followed by Relief ACP (median: 19.64 μM). The lowest penetration level was observed for the control group (median: 3.41 μM). Stable end-point viscosities of 11.43 ± 0.67 Pa/s, 1.33 ± 0.06 Pa/s, 0.85 ± 0.09 Pa/s, and 0.40 ± 0.01 Pa/s were observed for UltraEZ, ReliefACP, DayWhite, and PreviDent, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Potassium nitrate included in different formulations can penetrate the enamel and dentin within 30 minutes. The level of potassium nitrate penetration is influenced by concentration and may also be partly affected by the viscosity of the material as well as other constituents of proprietary preparations.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Schenck
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fiegel
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Wertz
mesh_terms: D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity; D057133:Dentin Desensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D009566:Nitrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000379:methods*; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D057133:Dentin Desensitizing Agents; D009566:Nitrates; D017680:Potassium Compounds; C023844:potassium nitrate