title: Immunologic Characterization of Cytokine Responses to Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16 Infection in Children.
abstract: Viral encephalitis is a serious complication of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), but characteristics of cytokines response in enterovirus 71 (EV-71) and/or coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) associated HFMD with or without viral encephalitis remained unclear.We performed a multigroup retrospective study and compared the serum cytokines concentrations among 16 encephalitis patients infected with EV-71 and CV-A16, 24 encephalitis patients with single EV-71 infection, 34 mild HFMD patients with EV-71 infection, 18 mild HFMD patients with CV-A16 infection, and 39 healthy control subjects.Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-22, and IL-23 were significantly higher in encephalitis patients than in HFMD-alone patients when adjusting for age and sex; IL-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-4, IL-22, and IL-1β were significantly higher in HFMD-alone patients of EV-71 infection than in CV-A16 infected HFMD patients; cerebrospinal fluid level of IL-6 was lower in the EV-71/CV-A16 associated encephalitis than that in the EV-71 alone associated encephalitis patients.Over or low expression of the cytokines cascade in HFMD patients appears to play an important role in the elicitation of the immune response to EV-71 and CV-A16. These data will be used to define a cytokine profile, which might help to recognize HFMD patients with the high risk of developing encephalitis.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital of Beijing Military Region (S-YZ); Department of Nutrition, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing (M-YX); Chongqing Children's hospital, Chongqing (H-MX, T-YL); School of Public health College, Shandong University (X-JL); Department of Viral Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan (S-JD, X-JW); and School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China (Q-BL).
authors.forename: Shu-Yan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Mei-Yan
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Hong-Mei
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xiu-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shu-Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Xian-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ting-Yu
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Qing-Bin
authors.initials: QB
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000276:immunology*; D029821:Enterovirus A, Human / Q000276:immunology; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006232:Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007378:Interleukins / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007378:Interleukins