title: Ilex paraguariensis Pellets from a Spray-Dried Extract: Development, Characterization, and Stability.
abstract: Several studies have shown the potential use of Ilex paraguariensis in developing products with the aim to protect biological systems against oxidative stress-mediated damages. In the same way, technological studies have demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining dry products, by spray-drying process, from aqueous extracts of I. paraguariensis in laboratory. The present work was designed to develop pellets by extrusion/spheronization process, from an I. paraguariensis spray-dried powder. The pellets were characterized with respect to their chemical, physical, and technological properties, and the thermal and the photostability of the main polyphenol constituents were investigated. The pellets exhibited adequate size, shape, and high process yield (78.7%), as well as a good recovery of the total polyphenols (>95%) and a good dissolution in water (89.44 to 100.05%). The polyphenols were stable against light when conditioned in amber glass bottles; unstable against heat when the samples were conditioned either in open glass bottles or in hermetically sealed glass bottles and demonstrated to be hygroscopic and sensible to the temperature, especially when stored in permeable flasks. These findings pointed to the relevance of reducing the residual moisture content of pellets as well as of conditioning them in opaque humidity tight packages under low temperatures. The feasibility of obtaining pellets from an I. paraguariensis spray-dried powder using extrusion/spheronization technique was, for the first time, demonstrated. This finding represents a novelty for the herbal products in both pharmaceutical and food fields.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francini K J
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Yatsu
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Greice S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Borghetti
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fagner
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Humberto G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Ferraz
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, CEP 88040-970, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eloir Paulo
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Schenkel
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. valquiria.bassani@ufrgs.br.
authors.forename: Valquiria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Bassani
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D004343:Drug Implants / Q000737:chemistry*; D004355:Drug Stability; D006813:Humidity; D030019:Ilex paraguariensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry; D011208:Powders / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D004343:Drug Implants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D059808:Polyphenols; D011208:Powders; C012553:spherons
keywords: Ilex paraguariensis; extrusion/spheronization; pellets; spray-dried powder