title: Rhinovirus-induced VP1-specific Antibodies are Group-specific and Associated With Severity of Respiratory Symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rhinoviruses (RVs) are a major cause of common colds and induce exacerbations of asthma and chronic inflammatory lung diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We expressed and purified recombinant RV coat proteins VP1-4, non-structural proteins as well as N-terminal fragments of VP1 from four RV strains (RV14, 16, 89, C) covering the three known RV groups (RV-A, RV-B and RV-C) and measured specific IgG-subclass-, IgA- and IgM-responses by ELISA in subjects with different severities of asthma or without asthma before and after experimental infection with RV16.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before infection subjects showed IgG1 > IgA > IgM > IgG3 cross-reactivity with N-terminal fragments from the representative VP1 proteins of the three RV groups. Antibody levels were higher in the asthmatic group as compared to the non-asthmatic subjects. Six weeks after infection with RV16, IgG1 antibodies showed a group-specific increase towards the N-terminal VP1 fragment, but not towards other capsid and non-structural proteins, which was highest in subjects with severe upper and lower respiratory symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that increases of antibodies towards the VP1 N-terminus are group-specific and associated with severity of respiratory symptoms and suggest that it may be possible to develop serological tests for identifying causative RV groups.
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niespodziana
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Clarissa R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cabauatan
authors.affiliation: Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK ; MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gallerano
authors.affiliation: Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK ; MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK.
authors.forename: Belen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Trujillo-Torralbo
authors.affiliation: Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK ; MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ajerico
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Rosario
authors.affiliation: Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK ; MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mallia
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valenta
authors.affiliation: Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK ; MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sebastian L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003429:Cross Reactions / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; C074995:viral protein 1, rhinovirus
keywords: Antibody response; Asthma; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HRP, Horseradish peroxidase; HSA, Human serum albumin; ICAM-1, Intercellular adhesion molecule 1; ICS, Inhaled corticosteroids; LDL-R, Low density lipoprotein receptor; MALDI–TOF, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry; MBP, Maltose binding protein; O.D, Optical density; PEF, Peak expiratory flow; RV, Rhinovirus; Recombinant rhinovirus coat protein; Rhinovirus; SABA, Short-acting β2 agonists; Serological test; TCID50, Tissue culture 50% infective dose