title: BRAF gene: From human cancers to developmental syndromes.
abstract: The BRAF gene encodes for a serine/threonine protein kinase that participates in the MAPK/ERK signalling pathway and plays a vital role in cancers and developmental syndromes (RASopathies). The current review discusses the clinical significance of the BRAF gene and other members of RAS/RAF cascade in human cancers and RAS/MAPK syndromes, and focuses the molecular basis and clinical genetics of BRAF to better understand its parallel involvement in both tumourigenesis and RAS/MAPK syndromes-Noonan syndrome, cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome and LEOPARD syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Genetic Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ; CAS-Institute of microbiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Muhammad Ramzan Manwar
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh Branch, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mukhtiar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baig
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Sciences (BMS), St. George's University of London (SGUL), London, UK.
authors.forename: Hussein Sheik Ali
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Mohamoud
authors.affiliation: Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Zaheer
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ulhaq
authors.affiliation: Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hoessli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Genomics and Biotechnology Section, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ghaidaa Siraj
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Khogeer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Genomics and Biotechnology Section, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ranem Radwan
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Al-Sayed
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Genetic Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Jumana Yousuf
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Al-Aama
keywords: BRAF gene; Cancers; Developmental syndromes; RAS–RAF overactivation