title: Autoantibodies in the sera of breast cancer patients: Antinuclear and anti-double stranded DNA antibodies as example.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation and cell necrosis are one of the consequences that accompany breast cancer. However, inflammation and cell necrosis are well known to be involved in stimulation of cellular and humeral immunity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to investigate the immune response to the inflammation that accompanies cancer through measuring plasma concentration of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) and anti-double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid antibodies (ADSDAs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five newly diagnosed breast cancer patients were involved in this study from the Radiation Isotopes Center Khartoum (RICK) compared to 18 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Intravenous blood sample was obtained from each study subject and Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) technique was used to determine the concentration of the two antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding the ANA concentration in the patients; the range was 0.7-1.8 IU/ml, mean was 0.96, and the standard deviation (SD) was 0.25; while the range of the concentration in the control subjects was 0.3-0.6 IU/ml, mean was 0.47, and SD was 0.07. However, when the means of patients and controls were compared, the difference was significant (P < 0.000). Concerning the result anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA), its concentration range in the patients was 2.6-151.9 IU/ml, the mean was 55.2, and SD was 25.6, while in healthy people concentration range was 26.1-97.3 IU/ml, the mean was 50.3, and SD was 16.9. There was no significant change between the patients and controls (P = 0.46).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ANA concentration in the patients was significantly increased, while there was no significant difference between the results of ADSDAs in the patients and the control subjects.
authors.affiliation: Scientific Services and Laboratories Unit, Nuclear Applications in Biological Sciences Institute (NABSI), Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia, .
authors.forename: Mohammed Elimam Ahamed
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abdelhafiz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging
chemical_list: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; D001323:Autoantibodies