title: Maternal Mild Thyroid Hormone Insufficiency in Early Pregnancy and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maternal thyroid hormone insufficiency during pregnancy can affect children's cognitive development. Nevertheless, the behavioral outcomes of children exposed prenatally to mild thyroid hormone insufficiency are understudied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether exposure to maternal mild thyroid hormone insufficiency in early pregnancy was related to symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children at 8 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was embedded within the Generation R, a population-based birth cohort in the Netherlands. Children in the Generation R Study are followed up from birth (April 1, 2002, through January 31, 2006) until young adulthood. Of the 4997 eligible mother-child pairs with data on maternal thyroid levels (excluding twins), 3873 pairs of children and caregivers (77.5%) visited the Generation R research center for in-depth assessments and were included in the main analyses. Data collection in Generation R started December 1, 2001 (enrollment of pregnant women), and is ongoing. For this study, we used the data that were collected until January 1, 2014. Data analyses started on January 31 and finished June 30, 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal hypothyroxinemia, characterized by low levels of free thyroxine coexisting with reference thyrotropin levels, and children's symptoms of ADHD. Maternal thyroid hormone levels (thyrotropin, free thyroxine, thyroid peroxidase antibodies) were measured at a mean (SD) of 13.6 (1.9) weeks of gestation. Children's ADHD symptoms were assessed at 8 years of age using the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised Short Form; higher scores indicate more ADHD symptoms (possible range, 0-36).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal hypothyroxinemia (n = 127) in early pregnancy was associated with higher scores for ADHD symptoms in children at 8 years of age after adjustments for child and maternal factors (ie, sex, ethnicity, maternal age, maternal educational level, and income) (increase in ADHD scores, 7% [95% CI, 0.3%-15%]). The results remained essentially unchanged when women with elevated levels of thyroid peroxidase antibodies were excluded from the analyses (increase in ADHD scores, 8% [95% CI, 1%-16%]). Additional adjustment for children's IQ or comorbid autistic symptoms attenuated the association (increase in ADHD scores adjusted for autistic symptoms, 7% [95% CI, 1%-15%]; increase in ADHD scores adjusted for IQ, 6% [95% CI, 1%-14%]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children exposed to maternal hypothyroxinemia in early pregnancy had more ADHD symptoms, independent of confounders. This finding suggests that intrauterine exposure to insufficient thyroid hormone levels influences neurodevelopment in offspring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands2The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Thiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Modesto
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands3Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands4Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medica.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tiemeier
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands6Rotterdam Thyroid Centre, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robin P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands4Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands7Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Net.
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands2The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Akhgar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghassabian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D013972:Thyrotropin; D013974:Thyroxine