title: Human sporotrichosis beyond the epidemic front reveals classical transmission types in Espírito Santo, Brazil.
abstract: Sporotrichosis has emerged as the main subcutaneous mycosis of humans and animals around the world. With particular differences in frequency, the major species includes Sporothrix brasiliensis, S. schenckii, S. globosa and S. luriei. In Brazil, the main aspect of this epidemic is based on the zoonotic transmission through the scratches and bites of diseased cats contaminated with S. brasiliensis. Areas free of feline sporotrichosis are poorly characterised in Brazil. We investigated by molecular tools the epidemiology of human sporotrichosis in the Espírito Santo (ES) state, an area adjacent to Rio de Janeiro where is the epicentre of the long-lasting outbreak of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis. The human cases in the ES state reveal the prevalence of classical transmission types where subjects are mainly infected by accidental traumatic inoculation during manipulation of contaminated plant material. In agreement with an environmental source, Sporothrix schenckii was the major aetiological agent in the classical transmission. Unlike Rio de Janeiro, this study shows that cat-transmitted epidemic in Espírito Santo is still scanty, although the geographic proximity and similar climatic features. Sporothrix brasiliensis was the agent in the feline-transmitted cases. Sporothrix globosa was isolated from a patient with fixed cutaneous lesions that did not report any contact with diseased animals. In conclusion, beyond the borders of Rio de Janeiro epidemic, agents of sporotrichosis in Espírito Santo show a scattered occurrence with high species diversity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariceli L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: de Araujo
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cell Biology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anderson M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0891-4563
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cell Biology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Geisa F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cell Biology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Zoilo P
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: de Camargo
authors.affiliation: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G Sybren
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: de Hoog
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000635:transmission; D002415:Cats; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D058872:Epidemics; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013175:Sporothrix / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013174:Sporotrichosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000662:veterinary; D061350:Sympatry; D015047:Zoonoses
keywords: Sporothrix brasiliensis; Sporothrix schenckii; Sporotrichosis; epidemics; sympatric evolution