title: A computational approach to calculate personalized pennation angle based on MRI: effect on motion analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Muscles are the primary component responsible for the locomotion and change of posture of the human body. The physiologic basis of muscle force production and movement is determined by the muscle architecture (maximum muscle force, [Formula: see text], optimal muscle fiber length, [Formula: see text], tendon slack length, [Formula: see text], and pennation angle at optimal muscle fiber length, [Formula: see text]). The pennation angle is related to the maximum force production and to the range of motion. The aim of this study was to investigate a computational approach to calculate subject-specific pennation angle from magnetic resonance images (MRI)-based 3D anatomical model and to determine the impact of this approach on the motion analysis with personalized musculoskeletal models.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3D method that calculates the pennation angle using MRI was developed. The fiber orientations were automatically computed, while the muscle line of action was determined using approaches based on anatomical landmarks and on centroids of image segmentation. Three healthy male volunteers were recruited for MRI scanning and motion capture acquisition. This work evaluates the effect of subject-specific pennation angle as musculoskeletal parameter in the lower limb, focusing on the quadriceps group. A comparison was made for assessing the contribution of personalized models on motion analysis. Gait and deep squat were analyzed using neuromuscular simulations (OpenSim).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed variation of the pennation angle between the generic and subject-specific models, demonstrating important interindividual differences, especially for the vastus intermedius and vastus medialis muscles. The pennation angle variation between personalized and generic musculoskeletal models generated significant variation in muscle moments and forces during dynamic motion analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A MRI-based approach to define subject-specific pennation angle was proposed and evaluated in motion analysis models. The significant differences obtained for the moments and muscle forces in quadriceps muscles indicate that a personalized approach in modeling the pennation angle can provide more individual details when investigating motion behaviors in specific subjects.
authors.affiliation: MIRALab, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. chincisan@miralab.ch.
authors.forename: Andra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chincisan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Orthopaedic Department, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Karelia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tecante
authors.affiliation: MIRALab, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: MIRALab, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Magnenat-Thalmann
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Orthopaedic Department, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hurschler
authors.affiliation: MIRALab, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hon Fai
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D066230:Patient-Specific Modeling; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular
keywords: Fascicle orientation; MRI; Muscle; Muscle line; Pennation angle; Quadriceps