title: Dissociable Effects of Serotonin and Dopamine on the Valuation of Harm in Moral Decision Making.
abstract: An aversion to harming others is a core component of human morality and is disturbed in antisocial behavior. Deficient harm aversion may underlie instrumental and reactive aggression, which both feature in psychopathy. Past work has highlighted monoaminergic influences on aggression, but a mechanistic account of how monoamines regulate antisocial motives remains elusive. We previously observed that most people show a greater aversion to inflicting pain on others than themselves. Here, we investigated whether this hyperaltruistic disposition is susceptible to monoaminergic control. We observed dissociable effects of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram and the dopamine precursor levodopa on decisions to inflict pain on oneself and others for financial gain. Computational models of choice behavior showed that citalopram increased harm aversion for both self and others, while levodopa reduced hyperaltruism. The effects of citalopram were stronger than those of levodopa. Crucially, neither drug influenced the physical perception of pain or other components of choice such as motor impulsivity or loss aversion, suggesting a direct and specific influence of serotonin and dopamine on the valuation of harm. We also found evidence for dose dependency of these effects. Finally, the drugs had dissociable effects on response times, with citalopram enhancing behavioral inhibition and levodopa reducing slowing related to being responsible for another's fate. These distinct roles of serotonin and dopamine in modulating moral behavior have implications for potential treatments of social dysfunction that is a common feature as well as a risk factor for many psychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, 9 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. Electronic address: molly.crockett@psy.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Molly J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Crockett
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, 9 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK.
authors.forename: Jenifer Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Max Planck-UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
authors.forename: Zeb
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kurth-Nelson
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Olga T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Ousdal
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
authors.forename: Giles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Story
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frieband
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
authors.forename: Johanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Grosse-Rueskamp
authors.affiliation: Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dayan
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Max Planck-UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
authors.forename: Raymond J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Dolan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects*; D000533:Altruism; D015283:Citalopram / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003657:Decision Making / Q000187:drug effects; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009014:Morals; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015283:Citalopram; D004298:Dopamine; D015259:Dopamine Agents; D007980:Levodopa; D012701:Serotonin; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors