title: Bioavailability-Based In Situ Remediation To Meet Future Lead (Pb) Standards in Urban Soils and Gardens.
abstract: Recently the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lowered the blood Pb reference value to 5 μg/dL. The lower reference value combined with increased repurposing of postindustrial lands are heightening concerns and driving interest in reducing soil Pb exposures. As a result, regulatory decision makers may lower residential soil screening levels (SSLs), used in setting Pb cleanup levels, to levels that may be difficult to achieve, especially in urban areas. This paper discusses challenges in remediation and bioavailability assessments of Pb in urban soils in the context of lower SSLs and identifies research needs to better address those challenges. Although in situ remediation with phosphate amendments is a viable option, the scope of the problem and conditions in urban settings may necessitate that SSLs be based on bioavailable rather than total Pb concentrations. However, variability in soil composition can influence bioavailability testing and soil amendment effectiveness. More data are urgently needed to better understand this variability and increase confidence in using these approaches in risk-based decision making, particularly in urban areas.
authors.affiliation: €Hazardous Substances Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: †MDB, Inc., 2525 Meridian Parkway, Suite 50, Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States.
authors.forename: Marisa F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Naujokas
authors.affiliation: ¶Department of Soil Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Chammi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Attanayake
authors.affiliation: ‡The Ohio State University, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States.
authors.forename: Nicholas T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Basta
authors.affiliation: §Brooklyn College of The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States.
authors.forename: Zhongqi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: ∥Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States.
authors.forename: Ganga M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hettiarachchi
authors.affiliation: ⊥United States Environmental Protection Agency Region 2, New York, New York 10007, United States.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maddaloni
authors.affiliation: ∇Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schadt
authors.affiliation: ●United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45224, United States.
authors.forename: Kirk G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Scheckel
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001682:Biological Availability; D002947:Cities; D003657:Decision Making; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead