title: Anti-tumour Necrosis Factor Treatment with Adalimumab Induces Changes in the Microbiota of Crohn's Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The composition of the intestinal microbiota is altered in Crohn's disease [CD] patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative changes in the microbiota of CD patients in 3 months of treatment with adalimumab [ADA], and determine whether or not these changes are produced towards the recovery of the normal, healthy-like microbiota.
  
  
  METHODS
  The microbiota composition, and the Faecalibacterium prausnitzii / Escherichia coli quantitative relationship as dysbiosis indicator, were studied at baseline [T0], one month [T1], and 3 months [T3] after starting treatment using a polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis [PCR-DGGE] of 16S rRNA gene fragments and quantitative PCR, respectively, in rectal mucosal biopsies from 15 CD patients and four healthy subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T0 and T3 fingerprints were different in all patients; whereas T1 and T3 presented similar patterns. Recovered phylogroups were Firmicutes [79.1%], Bacteroides [12.5%], and Actinobacteria [6.25%]. The prevalence of E. coli decreased during treatment. Relative E. coli loads in CD samples were significantly reduced at every analysed step [T1 and T3] [p < 0.005] whereas no significant changes were observed in relative F. prausnitzii counts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with ADA induces short-term changes in the microbiota composition which seem to parallel the partial recovery of the gut bacterial ecology, with recovery parameters tending to eubiosis recovery. The quantitative determination of dysbiosis-representative bacteria, such as E. coli, may provide a fast and reliable indicator of the healing state of the intestinal mucosa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Catalonia, Spain dbusquets.girona.ics@gencat.cat.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Busquets
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mas-de-Xaxars
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Mireia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: López-Siles
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Medina
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bahí
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Santa Caterina, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sàbat
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Louvriex
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep Oriol
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Miquel-Cusachs
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesus L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Garcia-Gil
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Aldeguer
mesh_terms: D000068879:Adalimumab / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000068879:Adalimumab
keywords: Adalimumab;; Crohn’s disease; anti-TNF agents; gut microbiota