title: The mitochondrial genome of the Saunders's gull Chroicocephalus saundersi (Charadriiformes: Laridae) and a higher phylogeny of shorebirds (Charadriiformes).
abstract: The complete mitogenome of Chroicocephalus saundersi was characterized and compared with the 6 published Charadriiformes mitogenomes. The mitogenome of C. saundersi is a closed circular molecule 16,739 bp in size, and contains 37 genes and a control region. The AT and GC skews are positive and negative, respectively, and in agreement with those of the other Charadriiformes mitogenomes. The mitogenome of C. saundersi contains 3 start codons (ATG, GTG, and ATT), 4 stop codons (TAA, TAG, AGG, and AGA), and an incomplete stop codon (T-) in 13 PCGs. A codon usage analysis of all available Charadriiformes mitogenomes showed that the ATG (78%) and TAA (50.5%) were the most common start codon and stop codon, respectively. An unusual start codon, ATT, is commonly found in the ND3s of Charadriiformes mitogenomes, whereas the more common start codons, ATC and ATA, are rarely found. In all the Laridae species, one extra cytosine was inserted at position 174 in ND3. The control region of C. saundersi is 1180-bp long, with a nucleotide composition of 30.2% A, 28.6% T, 27.3% C, and 14.0% G. Variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs) with nine copies of the 10 bp repeat sequence (AACAACAAAC) are found within the CSB domain of the control region. The ML/BI analyses, based on the amino acids of the 13 mitochondrial PCGs, strongly support the monophyly of the order Charadriiformes, with the suborder Lari considered sister to the Scolopaci, which is in turn a sister group to the suborder Charadrii.
authors.affiliation: Division of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang Bae
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Species Restoration Technology Institute, Korea National Park Service, Inje 252-829, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chea Un
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Division of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: parky@kangwon.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yung Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046091:Charadriiformes / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D018387:Codon, Initiator; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D018387:Codon, Initiator
keywords: Charadriiformes; Chroicocephalus saundersi; Evolution; Lari; Mitogenome; Phylogeny