title: Molecular Identification of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus, Scombridae) Larvae and Development of a DNA Character-Based Identification Key for Mediterranean Scombrids.
abstract: The Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, is a commercially important species that has been severely over-exploited in the recent past. Although the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean stock is now showing signs of recovery, its current status remains very uncertain and as a consequence their recovery is dependent upon severe management informed by rigorous scientific research. Monitoring of early life history stages can inform decision makers about the health of the species based upon recruitment and survival rates. Misidentification of fish larvae and eggs can lead to inaccurate estimates of stock biomass and productivity which can trigger demands for increased quotas and unsound management conclusions. Herein we used a molecular approach employing mitochondrial and nuclear genes (CO1 and ITS1, respectively) to identify larvae (n = 188) collected from three spawning areas in the Mediterranean Sea by different institutions working with a regional fisheries management organization. Several techniques were used to analyze the genetic sequences (sequence alignments using search algorithms, neighbour joining trees, and a genetic character-based identification key) and an extensive comparison of the results is presented. During this process various inaccuracies in related publications and online databases were uncovered. Our results reveal important differences in the accuracy of the taxonomic identifications carried out by different ichthyoplanktologists following morphology-based methods. While less than half of larvae provided were bluefin tuna, other dominant taxa were bullet tuna (Auxis rochei), albacore (Thunnus alalunga) and little tunny (Euthynnus alletteratus). We advocate an expansion of expertise for a new generation of morphology-based taxonomists, increased dialogue between morphology-based and molecular taxonomists and increased scrutiny of public sequence databases.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences / Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics of Marine Resources and Environment (GenoDREAM), University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy.
authors.forename: Gregory Neils
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Puncher
authors.affiliation: AZTI Tecnalia, Marine Research Division, Herrera Kaia, Pasaia, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
authors.forename: Haritz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arrizabalaga
authors.affiliation: Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Palma, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alemany
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences / Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics of Marine Resources and Environment (GenoDREAM), University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cariani
authors.affiliation: Istanbul University, Faculty of Fisheries, Laleli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Isik K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Oray
authors.affiliation: Istanbul University, Faculty of Fisheries, Laleli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: F Saadet
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Karakulak
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Trapani, Italy.
authors.forename: Gualtiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Basilone
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Trapani, Italy.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuttitta
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Trapani, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazzola
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences / Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics of Marine Resources and Environment (GenoDREAM), University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy.
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tinti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D004531:Eggs; D005398:Fisheries / Q000379:methods; D007814:Larva / Q000235:genetics*; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014413:Tuna / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial