title: Estimating bisphenol A exposure levels using a questionnaire targeting known sources of exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a BPA Exposure Assessment Module (BEAM) for use in large observational studies and to evaluate the ability of the BEAM to estimate bisphenol A (BPA) exposure levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The BEAM was designed by modifying an FFQ with questions targeting known sources of BPA exposure. Frequency of intake of known dietary sources of BPA was assessed using the BEAM and three 24 h food records as a reference diet measurement tool. Urinary BPA (uBPA) levels were measured as the criterion tool in a pooled urine sample (nine spot samples per participant). Spearman correlations, linear regression and weighted kappa analysis were used to evaluate the ability of the BEAM and food records to estimate BPA exposure levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Minneapolis/Saint Paul, MN, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-eight healthy adult (20-59 years) volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary BPA intake assessed by the BEAM was not associated with uBPA levels and was unable to predict participants' rank by uBPA levels. BEAM models with all a priori predictors explained 25 % of the variability in uBPA levels. Canned food intake assessed by food records was associated with uBPA levels, but was unable to rank participants by uBPA levels. Multivariable-adjusted food record models with a priori predictors explained 41 % of the variability in uBPA levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Known dietary sources of BPA exposure explained less than half the variability in uBPA levels, regardless of diet assessment method. Findings suggest that a questionnaire approach may be insufficient for ranking BPA exposure level and additional important sources of BPA exposure likely exist.
authors.affiliation: 1Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities,Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center,Georgetown University,1000 New Jersey Ave. SE,Washington,DC 20003,USA.
authors.forename: Sarah Oppeneer
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.affiliation: 2Division of Epidemiology and Community Health,School of Public Health,University of Minnesota,Minneapolis,MN,USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Harnack
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences,Milken Institute School of Public Health,George Washington University,Washington,DC,USA.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Robien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D057141:Food, Preserved; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Bisphenol A; Bisphenol A exposure assessment; Diet; Questionnaire