title: Venous thromboembolism and preoperative steroid use: analysis of the NSQIP database to evaluate risk in surgical patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite several prophylactic strategies, postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the search for modifiable preoperative risk factors is crucial. Few reports have explored this issue but the direct relationship between preoperative steroid use and postoperative VTE in surgical patients remains unexplored.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used The American College of Surgeons' National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database in our study. After analyzing patient characteristics, we used multivariate logistic regression to assess the crude and adjusted effect of steroids on VTE, our primary outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data was obtained for 1,921,901 patients, 58,667 of whom were on glucocorticoids for at least 30days preoperatively. VTE was higher in patients on steroids with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45-1.64. The adjusted odds ratio for the secondary outcomes: mortality, urinary tract occurrences, wound occurrences, sepsis, cardiac and respiratory adverse events were 1.42 (CI 1.35-1.49), 1.40 (CI 1.30-1.50), 1.58 (CI 1.51-1.66), 1.51 (CI 1.42-1.60), 1.19 (CI 1.11-1.29) and 1.302 (CI 1.301-1.303) respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that surgical patients with prolonged preoperative glucocorticoid intake are at a higher risk of developing postoperative VTE as well as other secondary outcomes including: all-cause mortality, urinary tract occurrences, sepsis, wound occurrences, cardiac and respiratory adverse events. These are important findings since preoperative glucocorticoid use is a modifiable factor.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: Rami S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kantar
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Hani
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tamim
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Faek
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jamali
authors.affiliation: Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA. Electronic address: ataher@aub.edu.lb.
authors.forename: Ali T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Taher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D057234:Preoperative Period; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids
keywords: Glucocorticoids; NSQIP; Surgery; Venous thromboembolism