title: Medial and lateral foot loading and its effect on knee joint loading.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The medial knee contact force may be lowered by modified foot loading to prevent the progression of unilateral gonarthrosis but the real effects of such gait modifications are unknown. This study investigates how walking with a more medial or lateral rollover of the foot influences the in vivo measured knee contact forces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five subjects with telemeterized knee implants walked on a treadmill with pronounced lateral or medial foot loading. Acoustic feedback of peak foot pressure was used to facilitate the weight bearing shift. The resultant contact force, Fres, the medial contact force, Fmed, and the force distribution Fmed/Fres across the tibial plateau were computed from the measured joint contact loads.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During lateral foot loading, the two maxima of Fres during the stance phase, Peak 1 and Peak 2, increased by an average of 20% and 12%, respectively. The force distribution was changed by only -3%/+2%. As a result, Fmed increased by +16%/+17%. Medial foot loading, on the other hand, changed Fres only slightly, but decreased the distribution by -18%/-11%. This led to average reductions of Fmed by -18%/-18%. The reductions were realized by kinematic adaptations, such as increases of ankle eversion, step width and foot progression angle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medial foot loading consistently reduced the medial knee compartment, and may be a helpful gait modification for patients with pronounced medial gonarthrosis. The increase of Fmed during lateral foot loading was most likely caused by muscular co-contractions. Long-term training may lead to more efficient gait and reduce co-contractions.
authors.affiliation: Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: verena.schwachmeyer@charite.de.
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schwachmeyer
authors.affiliation: Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kutzner
authors.affiliation: Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bornschein
authors.affiliation: Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Alwina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.affiliation: Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dymke
authors.affiliation: Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bergmann
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000368:Aged; D000843:Ankle Joint; D000886:Anthropometry; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005528:Foot; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007720:Knee Prosthesis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011312:Pressure; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013686:Telemetry; D016138:Walking; D016474:Weight-Bearing
keywords: External adduction moment; Gait analysis; In vivo; Instrumented implants; Knee joint; Loading