title: Triple Therapy with Scopolamine, Ondansetron, and Dexamethasone for Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Moderate to High-Risk Patients Undergoing Craniotomy Under General Anesthesia: A Pilot Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is one of the most common complaints from patients and clinicians after a surgical procedure. According to the current Society of Ambulatory Anesthesia Consensus Guidelines, the general incidence of vomiting and nausea is around 30 and 50%, respectively; and up to 80% in high-risk patients. In previous studies, the reported incidence of PONV at 24 h after craniotomy was 43-70%. The transdermal scopolamine (TDS) delivery system contains a 1.5-mg drug reservoir, which is designed to deliver a continuous slow release of scopolamine through intact skin during the first 72 h of patch application. Therefore, we designed this single arm, non-randomized, pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of triple therapy with scopolamine, ondansetron, and dexamethasone to prevent PONV.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the preoperative area, subjects received an active TDS 1.5 mg that was applied to a hairless patch of skin in the mastoid area approximately 2 h prior to the operation. Immediately after anesthesia induction, all patients received a single 4 mg dose of ondansetron IV and a single 10 mg dose of dexamethasone IV. Patients who experienced nausea and/or vomiting received ondansetron 4 mg IV as the initial rescue medication. Postoperative nausea and vomiting assessments were performed for up to 120 h after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 36 subjects were analyzed. The overall incidence of PONV during the first 24 h after neurological surgery was 33% (n = 12). The incidence of nausea and emesis during the first 24 h after surgery was recorded as 33% (n = 12) and 16% (n = 6), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data showed that this triple therapy regimen may be an efficient alternative regimen for PONV prophylaxis in patients undergoing neurological surgery with general anesthesia. Further studies using regimens affecting different receptor pathways should be performed to better prove the efficacy and safety in the prevention or delay of PONV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH , USA ; Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH , USA.
authors.forename: Sergio D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Bergese
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami , Miami, FL , USA.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Antor
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH , USA.
authors.forename: Alberto A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Uribe
authors.affiliation: Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA.
authors.forename: Vedat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yildiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH , USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Werner
keywords: nausea; ondansetron; postoperative care; scopolamine; vomiting