title: Investigating integument alterations in cubicle housed dairy cows: which types and locations can be combined?
abstract: In this study, a data set of 2922 lactating dairy cows in a sample of 64 conventional and organic dairy farms with Holstein Friesian cows in Germany and 31 conventional dairy farms with the dual purpose breed Fleckvieh in Austria was used to screen for correlations between the occurrences of different integument alterations. All cows were housed in cubicle systems. Alterations were classified as hairless areas (H), scabs or wounds (W) or swellings (S) and assessed at 15 locations of the cows' body. Highest median farm prevalences were found at the joints of the legs, which are already commonly included in studies on integumentary alterations: median farm prevalence was 83% for S and 48% for H at the carpal joints, followed by H (38%) and S (20%) at the lateral tarsal joints and H at the lateral calcanei (20%). Additional body parts with notable median prevalences for H were the hip bones (13%), pin bones (12%) and sacrum (11%). Three cluster models, with 2, 5 and 14 clusters, were built by hierarchical clustering of prevalences of the 30 most relevant alteration location combinations. Clustering revealed that location overruled type of lesion in most cases. Occasionally, clusters represented body segments significantly distant from each other, for example the carpal joints and lateral and dorsal calcanei. However, some neighbouring areas such as the medial and lateral hock area should be analysed separately from each other for causal analysis as they formed distinct clusters.
authors.affiliation: 1Farm Animal Behaviour and Husbandry Section,University of Kassel,Nordbahnhofstraße 1a,37213 Witzenhausen,Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brenninkmeyer
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems,Division of Livestock Sciences,University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,Gregor-Mendel Straße 33,1180 Vienna,Austria.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dippel
authors.affiliation: 3Thuenen-Institute of Organic Farming,Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries,Trenthorst 32,23847 Westerau,Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brinkmann
authors.affiliation: 3Thuenen-Institute of Organic Farming,Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries,Trenthorst 32,23847 Westerau,Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: March
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems,Division of Livestock Sciences,University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,Gregor-Mendel Straße 33,1180 Vienna,Austria.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Winckler
authors.affiliation: 1Farm Animal Behaviour and Husbandry Section,University of Kassel,Nordbahnhofstraße 1a,37213 Witzenhausen,Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Knierim
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001317:Austria; D001947:Breeding; D002350:Carpus, Animal / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D002417:Cattle / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003612:Dairying; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000145:classification* / Q000592:standards; D007774:Lactation; D015995:Prevalence; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D013643:Tarsus, Animal / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: dairy cattle; epidemiology; free-stalls; injury; swelling