title: Vitamin E reduces adipose tissue fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress and improves metabolic profile in obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether enhancing the capability of adipose tissue to store lipids using antioxidant supplementation may prevent the lipotoxic effects and improve the metabolic profile of long-term obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6J mice were randomized into three experimental groups for 28 weeks: control group (n = 10) fed chow diet (10% kcal from fat), obese group (O, n = 12) fed high-fat (HF) diet (45% kcal from fat), and obese group fed HF diet and supplemented twice a week with 150 mg of α-tocopherol (vitamin E) by oral gavage (OE, n = 12).
  
  
  RESULTS
  HF diet resulted in an obese phenotype with a marked insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis in O mice. Histological analysis of obese visceral adipose tissue (VAT) revealed smaller adipocytes surrounded by a fibrotic extracellular matrix and an increased macrophage infiltration, with the consequent release of proinflammatory cytokines. Vitamin E supplementation decreased oxidative stress and reduced collagen deposition in the VAT of OE mice, allowing a further expansion of the adipocytes and increasing the storage capability. As a result, circulating cytokines were reduced and hepatic steasosis, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin sensitivity were improved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that oxidative stress is implicated in extracellular matrix remodeling and may play an important role in metabolic regulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Martín
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alcalá
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Vera
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sevillano
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat De Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Herrero
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat De Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Dolors
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M Pilar
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viana
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014810:Vitamin E