title: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Cardiovascular Effects of Welding Fumes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Occupational exposure to particulate air pollution has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the risk to welders working today remains unclear. We aimed to elucidate the cardiovascular effects of exposure to welding fumes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study, structured interviews and biological sampling were conducted for 101 welders and 127 controls (all non-smoking males) from southern Sweden. Personal breathing zone sampling of respirable dust was performed. Blood pressure (BP) and endothelial function (using peripheral arterial tonometry) were measured. Plasma and serum samples were collected from peripheral blood for measurement of C-reactive protein, low-density lipoprotein, homocysteine, serum amyloid A, and cytokines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Welders were exposed to 10-fold higher levels of particles than controls. Welders had significantly higher BP compared to controls, an average of 5 mm Hg higher systolic and diastolic BP (P ≤ 0.001). IL-8 was 3.4 ng/L higher in welders (P=0.010). Years working as a welder were significantly associated with increased BP (β=0.35, 95%CI 0.13 - 0.58, P=0.0024 for systolic BP; β=0.32, 95%CI 0.16 - 0.48, P<0.001 for diastolic BP, adjusted for BMI) but exposure to respirable dust was not associated with BP. No clear associations occurred between welding and endothelial function, or other effect markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A modest increase in BP was found among welders compared to controls suggesting that low-to-moderate exposure to welding fumes remains a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Huiqi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hedmer
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kåredal
authors.affiliation: Competence Centre for Clinical Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Björk
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stockfelt
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tinnerberg
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albin
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Unit of Metals & Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Broberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden; D014896:Welding; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D016207:Cytokines; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D002097:C-Reactive Protein