title: Diagnostic use of facial image analysis software in endocrine and genetic disorders: review, current results and future perspectives.
abstract: Cushing's syndrome (CS) and acromegaly are endocrine diseases that are currently diagnosed with a delay of several years from disease onset. Novel diagnostic approaches and increased awareness among physicians are needed. Face classification technology has recently been introduced as a promising diagnostic tool for CS and acromegaly in pilot studies. It has also been used to classify various genetic syndromes using regular facial photographs. The authors provide a basic explanation of the technology, review available literature regarding its use in a medical setting, and discuss possible future developments. The method the authors have employed in previous studies uses standardized frontal and profile facial photographs for classification. Image analysis is based on applying mathematical functions evaluating geometry and image texture to a grid of nodes semi-automatically placed on relevant facial structures, yielding a binary classification result. Ongoing research focuses on improving diagnostic algorithms of this method and bringing it closer to clinical use. Regarding future perspectives, the authors propose an online interface that facilitates submission of patient data for analysis and retrieval of results as a possible model for clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, GermanyInstitute for Neural ComputationRuhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kosilek
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, GermanyInstitute for Neural ComputationRuhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frohner
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, GermanyInstitute for Neural ComputationRuhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Würtz
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, GermanyInstitute for Neural ComputationRuhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Berr
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, GermanyInstitute for Neural ComputationRuhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schopohl
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, GermanyInstitute for Neural ComputationRuhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reincke
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, GermanyInstitute for Neural ComputationRuhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany harald.schneider@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000172:Acromegaly / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005145:Face; D019066:Facies; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D010781:Photography; D012984:Software