title: Nanopaper as an Optical Sensing Platform.
abstract: Bacterial cellulose nanopaper (BC) is a multifunctional material known for numerous desirable properties: sustainability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, optical transparency, thermal properties, flexibility, high mechanical strength, hydrophilicity, high porosity, broad chemical-modification capabilities and high surface area. Herein, we report various nanopaper-based optical sensing platforms and describe how they can be tuned, using nanomaterials, to exhibit plasmonic or photoluminescent properties that can be exploited for sensing applications. We also describe several nanopaper configurations, including cuvettes, plates and spots that we printed or punched on BC. The platforms include a colorimetric-based sensor based on nanopaper containing embedded silver and gold nanoparticles; a photoluminescent-based sensor, comprising CdSe@ZnS quantum dots conjugated to nanopaper; and a potential up-conversion sensing platform constructed from nanopaper functionalized with NaYF4:Yb(3+)@Er(3+)&SiO2 nanoparticles. We have explored modulation of the plasmonic or photoluminescent properties of these platforms using various model biologically relevant analytes. Moreover, we prove that BC is and advantageous preconcentration platform that facilitates the analysis of small volumes of optically active materials (∼4 μL). We are confident that these platforms will pave the way to optical (bio)sensors or theranostic devices that are simple, transparent, flexible, disposable, lightweight, miniaturized and perhaps wearable.
authors.forename: Eden
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morales-Narváez
authors.affiliation: ‡Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz 6135743337, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Golmohammadi
authors.affiliation: ‡Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz 6135743337, Iran.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naghdi
authors.affiliation: §Department of Wood Engineering and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 4913815739, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yousefi
authors.affiliation: ⊥Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského Sq. 2, Prague 6 162 06, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Uliana
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kostiv
authors.affiliation: ⊥Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského Sq. 2, Prague 6 162 06, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Horák
authors.affiliation: ‡Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz 6135743337, Iran.
authors.forename: Nahid
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pourreza
authors.affiliation: ∥ICREA - Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona 08010, Spain.
authors.forename: Arben
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Merkoçi
mesh_terms: D065638:Absorption, Radiation; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D055096:Optical Devices; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D010209:Paper; D045663:Quantum Dots / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002482:Cellulose
keywords: biosensing; composite; nanocellulose; optical sensors; photoluminescent devices; plasmonic devices