title: A statistical frame based TDMA protocol for human body communication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human body communication (HBC) using the human body as the transmission medium, which has been regarded as one of the most promising short-range communications in wireless body area networks (WBAN). Compared to the traditional wireless networks, two challenges are existed in HBC based WBAN. (1) Its sensor nodes should be energy saving since it is inconvenient to replace or recharge the battery on these sensor nodes; (2) the coordinator should be able to react dynamically and rapidly to the burst traffic triggered by sensing events. Those burst traffic conditions include vital physical signal (electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram etc.) monitoring, human motion detection (fall detection, activity monitoring, gesture recognition, motion sensing etc.) and so on. To cope with aforementioned challenges, a statistical frame based TDMA (S-TDMA) protocol with multi-constrained (energy, delay, transmission efficiency and emergency management) service is proposed in this paper.
  
  
  METHODS
  The scenarios where burst traffic is often triggered rapidly with low power consumption and low delay is handled in our proposed S-TDMA. A beacon frame with the contained synchronous and poll information is designed to reduce the possibility of collisions of request frames. A statistical frame which broadcasts the unified scheduling information is adopted to avoid packet collisions, idle listening and overhearing. Dynamic time slot allocation mechanism is presented to manage the burst traffic and reduce the active period in each beacon period. An emergency mechanism is proposed for vital signals to be transmitted. The theory analysis is proceed and the result is evaluated in the hardware platform.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To verify its feasibility, S-TDMA was fully implemented on our independently-developed HBC platform where four sensor nodes and a coordinator are fastened on a human body. Experiment results show that S-TDMA costs 89.397 mJ every 20 s when the payload size is 122 bytes, 9.51% lower than Lightweight MAC (LMAC); the average data latency of S-TDMA is 6.3 ms, 7.02% lower than Preamble-based TDMA (PB-TDMA); the transmission efficiency of S-TDMA is 93.67%, 4.83% higher than IEEE 802.15.6 carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With respect to the challenges of HBC based WBANs, a novel S-TDMA protocol was proposed in this paper. Compared to the traditional protocols, the results demonstrate that S-TDMA successfully meets the delay and transmission efficiency requirements of HBC while keeping a low energy consumption. We also believe that our S-TDMA protocol will promote development of HBC in wearable applications.
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518005, China. zd.nie@siat.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Zedong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518005, China. lizhao@siat.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518005, China. rw.huang@siat.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Renwei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518005, China. yh.liu2@siat.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yuhang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518005, China. lijz@siat.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Jingzhen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518005, China. wang.lei@siat.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D018594:Human Body; D006801:Humans; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013686:Telemetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D059015:Wireless Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*