title: Physiological linkage in couples and its implications for individual and interpersonal functioning: A literature review.
abstract: Do partners' levels of physiological arousal become linked in close relationships? The term physiological linkage describes covariation between people in their moment-to-moment physiological states. The current review presents a conceptual framework to guide research on linkage in romantic relationships and discusses the potential implications of being linked. Evidence of linkage was found across a broad range of physiological indices and in a variety of contexts, including during laboratory-based conflict and in daily life. Four hypotheses regarding how linkage relates to individual and interpersonal functioning are evaluated: (a) coactivation of the sympathetic nervous system or the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis is "bad," (b) moderate physiological linkage is "just right," (c) physiological linkage is problematic if the individual or couple is overloaded, and (d) the implications of physiological linkage depend on the emotional context. We found partial support for the first hypothesis and determined that more research is needed to evaluate the remaining hypotheses. Linkage in cortisol was negatively associated with relationship satisfaction; but, at the same time, linkage in multiple systems was positively associated with indices of relationship connectedness, such as the amount of time spent together and the ability to identify the emotions of one's partner. These results suggest that linkage may confer benefits but also may put couples at risk if they become entrenched in patterns of conflict or stress. With research in this area burgeoning in recent years, this review indicates that linkage is a promising construct with applications for interventions targeting individual health and couple functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern California.
authors.forename: Adela C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Timmons
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern California.
authors.forename: Gayla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Margolin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern California.
authors.forename: Darby E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Saxbe
mesh_terms: D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D004645:Empathy; D005190:Family; D005191:Family Characteristics; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism; D012747:Sexual Partners / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood*; D013598:Systems Theory
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone