title: Impact of sludge stabilization processes and sludge origin (urban or hospital) on the mobility of pharmaceutical compounds following sludge landspreading in laboratory soil-column experiments.
abstract: This study aimed to determine the effect of sludge stabilization treatments (liming and anaerobic digestion) on the mobility of different pharmaceutical compounds in soil amended by landspreading of treated sludge from different sources (urban and hospital). The sorption and desorption potential of the following pharmaceutical compounds: carbamazepine (CBZ), ciprofloxacin (CIP), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), salicylic acid (SAL), ibuprofen (IBU), paracetamol (PAR), diclofenac (DIC), ketoprofen (KTP), econazole (ECZ), atenolol (ATN), and their solid-liquid distribution during sludge treatment (from thickening to stabilization) were investigated in the course of batch testing. The different sludge samples were then landspread at laboratory scale and leached with an artificial rain simulating 1 year of precipitation adapted to the surface area of the soil column used. The quality of the resulting leachate was investigated. Results showed that ibuprofen had the highest desorption potential for limed and digested urban and hospital sludge. Ibuprofen, salicylic acid, diclofenac, and paracetamol were the only compounds found in amended soil leachates. Moreover, the leaching potential of these compounds and therefore the risk of groundwater contamination depend mainly on the origin of the sludge because ibuprofen and diclofenac were present in the leachates of soils amended with urban sludge, whereas paracetamol and salicylic acid were found only in the leachates of soils amended with hospital sludge. Although carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, ketoprofen, econazole, and atenolol were detected in some sludge, they were not present in any leachate. This reflects either an accumulation and/or (bio)degradation of these compounds (CBZ, CIP, SMX, KTP, ECZ, and ATN ), thus resulting in very low mobility in soil. Ecotoxicological risk assessment, evaluated by calculating the risk quotients for each studied pharmaceutical compound, revealed no high risk due to the application on the soil of sludge stabilized by liming or anaerobic digestion.
authors.affiliation: GRESE, EA4330, ENSIL, Parc ESTER Technopôle, Université de Limoges, 16 rue Atlantis, 87068, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lachassagne
authors.affiliation: GRESE, EA4330, Université de Limoges, 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060, Limoges, France. marilyne.soubrand@unilim.fr.
authors.forename: Marilyne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soubrand
authors.affiliation: GRESE, EA4330, ENSIL, Parc ESTER Technopôle, Université de Limoges, 16 rue Atlantis, 87068, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Magali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casellas
authors.affiliation: Degrémont SA, Suez-Environnement, 183 avenue du 18 juin 1940, 92500, Rueil Malmaison, France.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Ospina
authors.affiliation: GRESE, EA4330, ENSIL, Parc ESTER Technopôle, Université de Limoges, 16 rue Atlantis, 87068, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dagot
mesh_terms: D054750:Ecotoxicology; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Anaerobic digestion; Desorption; Leachate; Liming; Pharmaceutical compounds; Sludge stabilization; Soil column