title: Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Chitosans Extracted from Three Different Marine Sources.
abstract: Chitins in the α and β isomorphs were extracted from three Tunisian marine sources shrimp (Penaeus kerathurus) waste, crab (Carcinus mediterraneus) shells and cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) bones. The obtained chitins were transformed into chitosans, the acid-soluble form of chitin. Chitosans were characterized and their biological activities were compared. Chitosan samples were then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that all chitosans presented identical spectra. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor activities of the extracted chitosans were investigated. In fact, cuttlefish chitosan showed the highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity (83 %, 5 mg/ml), whereas it was 79 % and 76 % for shrimp and crab chitosans, respectively. However, in linoleate-β-carotene system, cuttlefish and crab chitosans exerted higher antioxidant activity (82 % and 70 %, respectively), than shrimp chitosan (49 %). Chitosans were tested for their antimicrobial activities against three Gram-negative and four Gram-positive bacteria and five fungi. Chitosans markedly inhibited growth of most bacteria and fungi tested, although the antimicrobial activity depends on the type of microorganism and on the source of chitin. In addition, chitosans showed high antitumor activity which seemed to be dependent on the chitosan characteristics such as acetylation degree and especially the molecular weight.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, National School of Engineering of Sfax, University of Sfax, B.P. 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia, hajjisawssen@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Sawssen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hajji
authors.forename: Islem
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Younes
authors.forename: Marguerite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rinaudo
authors.forename: Kemel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jellouli
authors.forename: Moncef
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000737:chemistry*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002686:Chitin / Q000494:pharmacology; D048271:Chitosan / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D010851:Picrates; D019207:beta Carotene; D002686:Chitin; D048271:Chitosan; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl