title: A test of phenotypic selection on petal form in the wild carnation, Dianthus inoxianus.
abstract: Floral phenotypes are considered a product of pollinator-mediated selection, which also has the side effect of decreasing floral variation within species. Correlates of flower visibility and function were studied in a carnation species (Dianthus inoxianus), which has crepuscular anthesis and scent-based pollination by the hawkmoth Hyles livornica. We also assessed constancy of flower form in nature and in cultivation and, using fruit set as an estimate of plant relative fitness, tested whether the main pollinator exerted phenotypic selection on floral traits. Petal claw, which is roughly equivalent to the average depth at which an insect's proboscis must be inserted to reach nectar, was remarkably constant among wild plants (coefficient of variation 8%). In contrast, the area of the visible part of the petal, and the intensity of a coloured dot pattern on the petal was very variable (respectively CV = 34% and 102%). Cultivation in a common environment revealed significant variation among genotypes as regards petal area, degree of laciniation and extension of the dot pattern, but not petal claw length, which remained steady. Petal area, shape and colour did not affect relative fitness during the year of study, but plants with intermediate petal claws (i.e. floral tubes) set significantly more fruit. Results are compatible with low response of the main pollinator to variation in visual traits (petal area, laciniation, colour) and high responsiveness to variation in other aspects (tube length). Inconsistent phenotypic selection by pollinators may add to other causes of floral variation in the genus Dianthus, the causes of which are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herrera
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Balao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029749:Dianthus / Q000235:genetics*; D004777:Environment; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005638:Fruit; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D007915:Lepidoptera; D010641:Phenotype; D057048:Plant Nectar; D054817:Pollination / Q000235:genetics*; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D012641:Selection, Genetic
chemical_list: D057048:Plant Nectar
keywords: Evolution; Hawkmoth; fitness; flower; petal size; pollination