title: Glycemia, Diabetes Status, and Cognition in Hispanic Adults Aged 55-64 Years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of glycemia and diabetes status with cognition among 600 Hispanics aged 55 to 64 years from Northern Manhattan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was ascertained by history or hemoglobin A1c. Normal glucose tolerance and prediabetes were ascertained with hemoglobin A1c. Memory was assessed with the Selective Reminding Test. Executive abilities were assessed using the Color Trails 1 and 2 and verbal fluency test. The cross-sectional association of glycemia and diabetes status with cognitive performance was examined using linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants had a mean age of 59.2 (2.9) years, 76.7% were women, and more than 65% had prediabetes or diabetes. HbA1C (β = -0.97, p < .001) and diabetes (β = -2.06, p = .001) were related with lower Selective Reminding Test total recall after adjustment for demographics, education, and vascular risk factors. Prediabetes was associated with worse performance in Color Trail 2 (β = -6.45 p = .022) after full adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher glycemia and diabetes are related to worse memory and executive abilities in late middle age, whereas prediabetes is related only to worse executive abilities. Longitudinal follow-up is needed to understand the order and progression of these deficits.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Medicine (Luchsinger, Cabral) and Epidemiology (Luchsinger, Teresi) and Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center (Manly), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and Research Division (Eimicke), Hebrew Home for the Aged in Riverdale, Bronx, New York.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Luchsinger
authors.forename: Rafi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cabral
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Eimicke
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Manly
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Teresi
mesh_terms: D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000208:ethnology; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human