title: Cross-linking of sodium caseinate-structured emulsion with transglutaminase alters postprandial metabolic and appetite responses in healthy young individuals.
abstract: The physico-chemical and interfacial properties of fat emulsions influence lipid digestion and may affect postprandial responses. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of the modification of the interfacial layer of a fat emulsion by cross-linking on postprandial metabolic and appetite responses. A total of fifteen healthy individuals (26.5 (sem 6.9) years and BMI 21.9 (sem 2.0) kg/m2) participated in a cross-over design experiment in which they consumed two isoenergetic (1924 kJ (460 kcal)) and isovolumic (250 g) emulsions stabilised with either sodium caseinate (Cas) or transglutaminase-cross-linked sodium caseinate (Cas-TG) in a randomised order. Blood samples were collected from the individuals at baseline and for 6 h postprandially for the determination of serum TAG and plasma NEFA, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose and insulin responses. Appetite was assessed using visual analogue scales. Postprandial TAG and NEFA responses and gastric emptying (GE) rates were comparable between the emulsions. CCK increased more after the ingestion of Cas-TG than after the ingestion of Cas (P< 0.05), while GLP-1 responses did not differ between the two test emulsions. Glucose and insulin profiles were lower after consuming Cas-TG than after consuming Cas (P< 0.05). The overall insulin, glucose and CCK responses, expressed as areas above/under the curve, did not differ significantly between the Cas and Cas-TG meal conditions. Satiety ratings were reduced and hunger, desire to eat and thirst ratings increased more after the ingestion of Cas-TG than after the ingestion of Cas (P< 0.05). The present results suggest that even a subtle structural modification of the interfacial layer of a fat emulsion can alter the early postprandial profiles of glucose, insulin, CCK, appetite and satiety through decreased protein digestion without affecting significantly on GE or overall lipid digestion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland,P.O. Box 1627,70211Kuopio,Finland.
authors.forename: Kristiina R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Juvonen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research,NorwichNR4 7UA,UK.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macierzanka
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,02150Espoo,Finland.
authors.forename: Martina E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lille
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine,Kuopio University Hospital,70211Kuopio,Finland.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Laaksonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland,P.O. Box 1627,70211Kuopio,Finland.
authors.forename: Hannu M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Mykkänen
authors.affiliation: Finnish Medicines Agency Fimea,Helsinki00280,Finland.
authors.forename: Leo K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Niskanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland,P.O. Box 1627,70211Kuopio,Finland.
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pihlajamäki
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology and Biocenter of Oulu, Institute of Biomedicine, Oulu University,90014Oulu,Finland.
authors.forename: Kari A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research,NorwichNR4 7UA,UK.
authors.forename: Clare E N
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research,NorwichNR4 7UA,UK.
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mackie
authors.affiliation: Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane,Norwich,UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malcolm
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology and Biocenter of Oulu, Institute of Biomedicine, Oulu University,90014Oulu,Finland.
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Herzig
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland,P.O. Box 1627,70211Kuopio,Finland.
authors.forename: Kaisa S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Poutanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland,P.O. Box 1627,70211Kuopio,Finland.
authors.forename: Leila J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Karhunen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002364:Caseins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D004063:Digestion; D004655:Emulsions / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012527:Satiation / Q000187:drug effects; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000378:metabolism*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002364:Caseins; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D004655:Emulsions; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D002766:Cholecystokinin; D011503:Transglutaminases
keywords: Cross-linking; Digestion; Emulsion; Gastric emptying; Gastrointestinal hormones; Satiety; Transglutaminase