title: Increased γ-H2AX and Rad51 DNA Repair Biomarker Expression in Human Cell Lines Resistant to the Chemotherapeutic Agents Nitrogen Mustard and Cisplatin.
abstract: Chemotherapeutic anticancer drugs mediate cytotoxicity by a number of mechanisms. However, alkylating agents which induce DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICL) are amongst the most effective anticancer agents and often form the mainstay of many anticancer therapies. The effectiveness of these drugs can be limited by the development of drug resistance in cancer cells and many studies have demonstrated that alterations in DNA repair kinetics are responsible for drug resistance. In this study we developed two cell lines resistant to the alkylating agents nitrogen mustard (HN2) and cisplatin (Pt). To determine if drug resistance was associated with enhanced ICL DNA repair we used immunocytochemistry and imaging flow cytometry to quantitate the number of γ-H2AX and Rad51 foci in the nuclei of cells after drug exposure. γ-H2AX was used to evaluate DNA strand breaks caused by repair incision nucleases and Rad51 was used to measure the activity of homologous recombination in the repair of ICL. In the drug-resistant derivative cell lines there was overall a significant increase in the number and persistence of both γ-H2AX and Rad51 foci in the nuclei of cells over a 72-hour period, when compared to the non-resistant parental cell lines (ANOVA p < 0.0001). In a Pt-resistant ovarian cancer cell line (A2780cis(R)) a similar enhancement of DNA repair was observed when compared to the non-drug-resistant wild-type ovarian cancer cells (A2780) following exposure to HN2. Our data suggest that using DNA repair biomarkers to evaluate mechanisms of resistance in cancer cell lines and human tumours may be of experimental and clinical benefit. We concede, however, that examination of a larger population of cell lines and tumours is required to fully evaluate the validity of this approach.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK.
authors.forename: Sheba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adam-Zahir
authors.forename: Piers N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Plowman
authors.forename: Emma C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Bourton
authors.forename: Fariha
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sharif
authors.forename: Christopher N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Parris
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006657:Histones / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008466:Mechlorethamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051135:Rad51 Recombinase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C468783:H2AX protein, human; D006657:Histones; D008466:Mechlorethamine; C495153:RAD51 protein, human; D051135:Rad51 Recombinase; D002945:Cisplatin