title: The Nonwhite Woman Surgeon: A Rare Species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As of 2012, 39% of medical student graduates were nonwhite, yet very few nonwhite women graduates chose to become surgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  To better understand issues regarding nonwhite women in surgery, an online survey was sent to surgeons across the United States. Results are based on self-reported data. Mean data are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 194 surgeons (42% women) completed the survey; only 12% of responders were nonwhite. Overall, 56% of nonwhite women felt they earned less than what men surgeons earn for equal work. Nonwhite women surgeons earned less than what men surgeons ($224,000 vs. 351,000, p < 0.00002) and white women surgeons ($285,000, p = 0.02) earned. Overall, 96% of nonwhite surgeons believed that racial discrimination currently exists among surgeons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The few nonwhite women surgeons in the United States recognize that they are paid significantly less than what other surgeons are paid. Inequitable remuneration and a discriminatory work environment encountered by nonwhite women surgeons must be addressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. Electronic address: hfrohman@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Frohman
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Thu-Hoai C
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Southeastern Center for Digestive Disorders & Pancreatic Cancer, Florida Hospital, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Franka
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Co
authors.affiliation: Southeastern Center for Digestive Disorders & Pancreatic Cancer, Florida Hospital, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rosemurgy
authors.affiliation: Southeastern Center for Digestive Disorders & Pancreatic Cancer, Florida Hospital, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Sharona B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013043:Specialties, Surgical; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce
keywords: Practice-Based Learning and Improvement; Professionalism; Systems-Based Practice; disparity; race; salary; surgeon; women