title: Subcutaneous Midazolam with and without Ketamine for Sedation In Children Undergoing Dental Treatment: A Pilot Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of subcutaneous (SC) sedation using midazolam with and without ketamine in non-cooperative pediatric patients undergoing dental treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover pilot clinical trial was carried out in 13 children, aged between 17-46 months, ASA l, Frankl 1. Two sedation schemes were administered SC: Midazolam alone (M), and a combination of Midazolam-Ketamine (MK). Both regimens were administered to the same patient in two consecutive treatment sessions, in accordance with a random assignment. Overall behavior, movement, and crying were assessed according to the modified Houpt scale. Heart rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, and possible side effects were also monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of non-crying children was always higher in the treatment with MK compared with the treatment with M, but without a significant statistical difference. Regarding variable body movement, the percentage of children without movement was higher in the MK group, although only up to minute 10; no significant differences were found at 20, 30, and 40 minutes, and from minute 40, body movement was lower in the M group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Midazolam alone and the midazolam-ketamine combination administered subcutaneously resulted in a safe and efficient pharmacological method for providing moderate sedation to non-cooperative pediatric patients undergoing dental treatment.
authors.affiliation: From the Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Flores-Castillo
authors.affiliation: From the Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martínez-Rider
authors.affiliation: From the Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: From the Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garrocho-Rangel
authors.affiliation: From the Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lara-Guevara
authors.affiliation: From the Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pozos-Guillén
mesh_terms: D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003448:Crying; D019140:Dental Care for Children; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007223:Infant; D055104:Infusions, Subcutaneous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: dental; ketamine; midazolam; sedation; subcutaneous