title: The impact of early life stress on risk of tobacco smoking initiation by adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our study aimed to examine the association between early life stress and early initiation of alcohol and tobacco use.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective cohort study of women and children belongs to the Ukrainian component of the European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dniprodzerzhynsk, a city of some 250,000 inhabitants in south central Ukraine.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 4398 women who visited antenatal clinics between December 25, 1992 and July 23, 1994, planned to continue their pregnancy, and were permanent residents of the city were invited to participate. Of the 4398 invitees, 2148 agreed and 1020 of the mother-child pairs were available for complete follow-up until the children were 16 years old.
  
  
  METHODS
  When study children reached ages 3 and 7, their mothers completed questionnaires about their children's exposure to and impact from a standard list of recent stressful life events. From the data on event prevalence and severity, we assigned each child to low, medium, or high early life stress. When the children became age 16, they completed questionnaires about their history of smoking and drinking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariate analysis that controlled for current level of family income, current family type, current school type, year of child's birth, lifetime smoking and current drinking by mother, and education of mother and father, girls with high stress at age 3 had 2.2 times (95% confidence interval: 1.23-4.08) higher odds than girls with low stress to start smoking early.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study may be the first to use a longitudinal study design to examine early life stress as a risk factor for early smoking initiation in adolescence.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, National University of "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy", 2 Skovorodi, Kyiv 04655, Ukraine. Electronic address: olenauak@ukr.net.
authors.forename: Olena P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Iakunchykova
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, National University of "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy", 2 Skovorodi, Kyiv 04655, Ukraine. Electronic address: tatianandreeva@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tatiana I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Andreeva
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Safety and Health, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Hyland Hall, 809 W. Starin Road, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA. Electronic address: dlnordstrom@gmail.com.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Nordstrom
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Gynecology, 8 Platona Maiborodi, Kyiv 04050, Ukraine. Electronic address: zoreslava7@ukr.net.
authors.forename: Zoreslava A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Shkiryak-Nizhnyk
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Gynecology, 8 Platona Maiborodi, Kyiv 04050, Ukraine. Electronic address: vpz10@ukr.net.
authors.forename: Yuri G
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Antipkin
authors.affiliation: Center for Global Health, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 1940 W. Taylor M/C 584, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Electronic address: dhryhorc@uic.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Hryhorczuk
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Gynecology, 8 Platona Maiborodi, Kyiv 04050, Ukraine. Electronic address: sasha@uiccntr.kiev.ua.
authors.forename: Alexander V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Zvinchuk
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Gynecology, 8 Platona Maiborodi, Kyiv 04050, Ukraine. Electronic address: chislovska@ukr.net.
authors.forename: Natalia V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Chislovska
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014455:Ukraine / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Alcohol drinking; Female adolescents; Male adolescents; Prevention and control; Sex differences; Tobacco use