title: Maternally derived trypsin may have multiple functions in the early development of turbot (Scopthalmus maximus).
abstract: Trypsin is an important serine protease that is considered to be involved in digestion of protein in teleost fish. Nevertheless, studies on trypsin/trypsinogen in fish embryos are very limited. In this study, the trypsinogen of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) (tTG) was identified and the expression patterns and activity of trypsinogen/trypsin were investigated. The results showed that the tTG mRNA was evenly distributed in the oocytes and was also expressed along the yolk periphery in early embryos. At later embryo stages and 1 days after hatching (dph), the tTG mRNA concentrated at the alimentary tract and head. Quantitative expression analysis showed that the tTG transcripts decreased after fertilization until the gastrula stage, then increased with the embryo and larvae development. This result was also confirmed by the specific activity analysis of trypsin and in-situ-hybridization (ISH). All of the results indicated that tTG in early embryo stages was maternally derived and expressed by itself after gastrula stages. Additionally, location of tTG mRNA in embryos and larvae was investigated; we considered that trypsin may have multiple functions during the embryo development process. Based on our results regarding trypsinogen in embryos and early development, we concluded that the trypsin/trypsinogen in turbot embryos was inherited from a maternal source and we suggested that trypsin in early development has multiple functions in the process of development.
authors.affiliation: Center of Biotechnology R&D, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: Center of Biotechnology R&D, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China. Electronic address: qinghualiu@qdio.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Center of Biotechnology R&D, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
authors.forename: Shihong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Center of Biotechnology R&D, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhizhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Center of Biotechnology R&D, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
authors.forename: Daoyuan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Center of Biotechnology R&D, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China. Electronic address: junli@qdio.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005412:Flatfishes / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007814:Larva / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009865:Oocytes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D014357:Trypsin / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014362:Trypsinogen / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D014362:Trypsinogen; D014357:Trypsin
keywords: Development; Maternal; Trypsinogen/trypsin; Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)