title: Contingency management for substance use disorders in Spain: Implications for research and practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We provide a narrative review of published studies evaluating voucher-based contingency management (CM) treatment for cocaine, nicotine and cannabis use disorders in Spain and discuss the concerns and future challenges.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published studies between 2008 and 2015 that evaluated the impact of incentives for SUD in Spain and included an appropriate control or comparison condition were identified and reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adding voucher-based CM to standard treatments obtained better treatment retention and cocaine abstinence than standard care alone. CM also improved psychosocial functioning. Economic status or depressive symptoms did not affect the results of CM treatment for cocaine dependence. The addition of a CM protocol to cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) also improved treatment effectiveness for smoking cessation. Available data on the effect of CM on cannabis use disorders (CUD) with young people did not allow confirmation of its superiority to date.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The research conducted to date in Spain confirms and expands the findings of studies conducted in the US supporting the effectiveness of CM in the context of community settings with cocaine- and nicotine-dependents. However, CM has not yet been readily adopted into general clinical practice in Spain or the rest of Europe. The limited effectiveness of CM for CUD is likely due to the scarcity of data and may change with more studies, taking into account recent research on this topic in the US. Continued efforts are warranted to further develop and disseminate incentive-based treatments for SUD across clinical settings and populations in Spain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain. Electronic address: secades@uniovi.es.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Secades-Villa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: Olaya
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: García-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: José R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fernández-Hermida
mesh_terms: D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D006801:Humans; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000628:therapy; D009042:Motivation; D012107:Research Design; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D013030:Spain; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Contingency management; Effectiveness; Substance use disorders; Vouchers