title: Evaluation the effect of thiamin deficiency on intestinal immunity of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).
abstract: Our study explored the effect of dietary thiamin on growth and immunity (intestine, head kidney, spleen and liver) of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were fed diets containing six graded levels of thiamin at 0.12-2.04 mg/kg diet for 8 weeks. The percentage weight gain (PWG), feed intake and feed efficiency were lower in fish fed the 0.12 mg/kg diet. Thiamin deficiency decreased complement 3 content, lysozyme (LA) and acid phosphatase activities, mRNA levels of hepcidin and interleukin (IL) 10, elevated mRNA levels of interferon γ2, tumor necrosis factor α, IL-1β and IL-8 in intestine, head kidney, spleen and liver. The mRNA levels of inhibitor protein-κBα, target of rapamycin (TOR) and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the activities and mRNA levels of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase were down-regulated, mRNA levels of myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK), IκB kinases (IKKβ and IKKγ), nuclear factor κB P65 (NF-κB P65) and Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1a (Keap1a) were up-regulated in the intestine of fish fed the thiamin-deficient diet. Additionally, thiamin deficiency decreased claudin b, c and 3, ZO-1 and occludin mRNA levels in each intestinal segment, increased claudin 12 and claudin 15a mRNA levels in distal intestine. In conclusion, thiamin deficiency decreased fish growth and immunity of intestine, head kidney, spleen and liver. The dietary thiamin requirement of young grass carp (242-742 g) based on intestinal LA activity or PWG were determined to be 1.15 or 0.90 mg/kg diet, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
authors.forename: Ling-Mei
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Dan
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China.
authors.forename: Sheng-Yao
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China.
authors.forename: Wu-Neng
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
authors.forename: Yong-An
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China. Electronic address: zhouxq@sicau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiao-Qiu
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China. Electronic address: fenglin@sicau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D060226:Head Kidney / Q000276:immunology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology*; D008099:Liver / Q000276:immunology; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D013832:Thiamine Deficiency / Q000276:immunology*; D062725:Tight Junction Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D029941:Fish Proteins; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D062725:Tight Junction Proteins; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
keywords: Antioxidant capacity; Grass carp; Immune response; Thiamin deficiency; Tight junction