title: In Vitro Assessment of Cadmium Bioavailability in Chinese Cabbage Grown on Different Soils and Its Toxic Effects on Human Health.
abstract: The minimum concentration of cadmium (Cd), by Chinese cabbage grown on Cd contaminated soils that can initiate toxicity in human liver cells using in vitro digestion coupled with Caco-2/HL-7702 cell models was studied. Cadmium bioaccessibility in the gastric phase for yellow soil (YS) cabbage (40.84%) and calcareous soil (CS) cabbage (21.54%) was significantly higher than small intestinal phase with the corresponding values of 21.2% and 11.11%, respectively. Cadmium bioavailability was higher in YS cabbage (5.27%-14.66%) than in CS cabbage (1.12%-9.64%). Cadmium concentrations (>0.74 μg) transported from YS and CS cabbage were able to induce oxidative (MDA, H2O2) stress by inhibiting antioxidant (SOD, GPx) enzyme activities in human liver cells (HL-7702). Additionally the study revealed that the ingestion of Cd contaminated Chinese cabbage grown in acidic soil (yellow soil) weakened the antioxidant defense system under all levels of contamination (2, 6, and 9 mg·kg(-1)) which ultimately escalated the oxidative stress in liver cells; however, in case of CS cabbage, a marked oxidative stress was observed only at 9 mg kg(-1) Cd level of soil. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor Cd concentrations in leafy vegetables grown on acidic soils to minimize human health risk.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Rukhsanda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China ; Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Tariq
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rafiq
authors.affiliation: Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
authors.forename: Zhenli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China.
authors.forename: Kewang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiaoe
mesh_terms: D001937:Brassica / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002104:Cadmium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium