title: Predictors of surgical site infection after hospital discharge in patients undergoing major vascular surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common postoperative complications after vascular reconstruction, producing significant morbidity and hospital readmission. In contrast to SSI that develops while patients are still hospitalized, little is known about the cohort of patients who develop SSI after discharge. In this study, we explore the factors that lead to postdischarge SSI, investigate the differences between risk factors for in-hospital vs postdischarge SSI, and develop a scoring system to identify patients who might benefit from postdischarge monitoring of their wounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who underwent major vascular surgery from 2005 to 2012 for aneurysm and lower extremity occlusive disease were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Participant Use Files. Patients were categorized as having no SSI, in-hospital SSI, or SSI after hospital discharge. Predictors of postdischarge SSI were determined by multivariable logistic regression and internally validated by bootstrap resampling. Risk scores were assigned to all significant variables in the model. Summative risk scores were collapsed into quartile-based ordinal categories and defined as low, low/moderate, moderate/high, and high risk. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine predictors of in-hospital SSI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 49,817 patients who underwent major vascular surgery, 4449 (8.9%) were diagnosed with SSI (2.1% in-hospital SSI; 6.9% postdischarge SSI). By multivariable analysis, factors significantly associated with increased odds of postdischarge SSI include female gender, obesity, diabetes, smoking, hypertension, coronary artery disease, critical limb ischemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dyspnea, neurologic disease, prolonged operative time >4 hours, American Society of Anesthesiology class 4 or 5, lower extremity revascularization or aortoiliac procedure, and groin anastomosis. The model exhibited moderate discrimination (bias-corrected C statistic, 0.691) and excellent internal calibration. The postdischarge SSI rate was 2.1% for low-risk patients, 5.1% for low/moderate-risk patients, 7.8% for moderate/high-risk patients, and 14% for high-risk patients. In a comparative analysis, comorbidities were the primary driver of postdischarge SSI, whereas in-hospital factors (operative time, emergency case status) and complications predicted in-hospital SSI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of SSIs after major vascular surgery develop following hospital discharge. We have created a scoring system that can select a cohort of patients at high risk for SSI after discharge. These patients can be targeted for transitional care efforts focused on early detection and treatment with the goal of reducing morbidity and preventing readmission secondary to SSI.
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Surgical Outcomes Research Program (WiSOR), Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc.
authors.forename: Jason T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wiseman
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Surgical Outcomes Research Program (WiSOR), Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fernandes-Taylor
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Surgical Outcomes Research Program (WiSOR), Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc.
authors.forename: Maggie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Surgical Outcomes Research Program (WiSOR), Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc.
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Surgical Outcomes Research Program (WiSOR), Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Havlena
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rathouz
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Surgical Outcomes Research Program (WiSOR), Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc. Electronic address: kent@surgery.wisc.edu.
authors.forename: K Craig
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Kent
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000783:Aneurysm / Q000601:surgery; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010351:Patient Discharge; D012307:Risk Factors; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures