title: The relative importance of prey-borne and predator-borne chemical cues for inducible antipredator responses in tadpoles.
abstract: Chemical cues that evoke anti-predator developmental changes have received considerable attention, but it is not known to what extent prey use information from the smell of predators and from cues released through digestion. We conducted an experiment to determine the importance of various types of cues for the adjustment of anti-predator defences. We exposed tadpoles (common frog, Rana temporaria) to water originating from predators (caged dragonfly larvae, Aeshna cyanea) that were fed different types and quantities of prey outside of tadpole-rearing containers. Variation among treatments in the magnitude of morphological and behavioural responses was highly consistent. Our results demonstrate that tadpoles can assess the threat posed by predators through digestion-released, prey-borne cues and continually released predator-borne cues. These cues may play an important role in the fine-tuning of anti-predator responses and significantly affect the outcome of interactions between predators and prey in aquatic ecosystems. There has been much confusion regards terminology used in the literature, and therefore we also propose a more precise and consistent binomial nomenclature based on the timing of chemical cue release (stress-, attack-, capture-, digestion- or continually released cues) and the origin of cues (prey-borne or predator-borne cues). We hope that this new nomenclature will improve comparisons among studies on this topic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria. hettyey.attila@agrar.mta.hu.|Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. hettyey.attila@agrar.mta.hu.|Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. hettyey.attila@agrar.mta.hu.
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hettyey
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.|Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tóth
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Kerstin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Thonhauser
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.|Department of Behavioural Ecology, Institute for Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Hinterkappelen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Joachim G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Frommen
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Dustin J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Penn
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Josh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Buskirk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D003463:Cues; D004063:Digestion; D020387:Food Chain; D007814:Larva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D063191:Odonata / Q000737:chemistry*; D009812:Odorants; D010465:Perception; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D011896:Rana temporaria / Q000502:physiology*; D012903:Smell; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Alarm signal; Inducible defence; Kairomone; Phenotypic plasticity; Predator labelling