title: Hepatoprotective effect of Geranium schiedeanum against ethanol toxicity during liver regeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of an extract of Geranium schiedeanum (Gs) as a hepatoprotective agent against ethanol (EtOH)-induced toxicity in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats weighing 200-230 g were subjected to a 70% partial hepatectomy (PH); they were then divided into three groups (groups 1-3). During the experiment, animals in group 1 drank only water. The other two groups (2-3) drank an aqueous solution of EtOH (40%, v/v). Additionally, rats in group 3 received a Gs extract daily at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight intragastically. Subsequently, to identify markers of liver damage in serum, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin and bilirubin were measured by colorimetric methods. Glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were also determined. In addition, oxidative damage was estimated by measuring lipid peroxidation [using thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances (TBARS)] in both plasma and the liver and by measuring the total concentration of antioxidants in serum and the total antioxidant capacity in the liver. In addition, a liver mass gain assessment, total DNA analysis and a morpho-histological analysis of the liver from animals in all three groups were performed and compared. Finally, the number of deaths observed in the three groups was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of the Geranium shiedeanum extract significantly reduced the unfavorable effect of ethanol on liver regeneration (restitution liver mass: PH-EtOH group 60.68% vs PH-Gs-EtOH group 69.22%). This finding was congruent with the reduced levels of hepatic enzymes and the sustained or increased levels of albumin and decreased bilirubin in serum. The extract also modified the metabolic processes that regulate glucose and lipid levels, as observed from the serum measurements. Lower antioxidant levels and the liver damage induced by EtOH administration appeared to be mitigated by the extract, as observed from the TBARs (PH-EtOH group 200.14 mmol/mg vs PH-Gs-EtOH group 54.20 mmol/mg; P < 0.05), total status of antioxidants (PH-EtOH group 1.43 mmol/L vs PH-Gs-EtOH group 1.99 mmol/L; P < 0.05), total antioxidant capacity values, liver mass gain and total DNA determination (PH-EtOH group 4.80 mg/g vs PH-Gs-EtOH 9.10 mg/g; P < 0.05). Overall, these processes could be related to decreased mortality in these treated animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The administered extract showed a hepatoprotective effect, limiting the EtOH-induced hepatotoxic effects. This effect can be related to modulating oxido-reduction processes.
authors.affiliation: Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán, Yadira Reyes-Rosales, Araceli Posadas-Mondragón, Jazmín García-Machorro, José A Morales-González, Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, México DF 11340, México.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Madrigal-Santillán
authors.affiliation: Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán, Yadira Reyes-Rosales, Araceli Posadas-Mondragón, Jazmín García-Machorro, José A Morales-González, Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, México DF 11340, México.
authors.forename: Mirandeli
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bautista
authors.affiliation: Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán, Yadira Reyes-Rosales, Araceli Posadas-Mondragón, Jazmín García-Machorro, José A Morales-González, Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, México DF 11340, México.
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gayosso-De-Lucio
authors.affiliation: Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán, Yadira Reyes-Rosales, Araceli Posadas-Mondragón, Jazmín García-Machorro, José A Morales-González, Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, México DF 11340, México.
authors.forename: Yadira
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Reyes-Rosales
authors.affiliation: Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán, Yadira Reyes-Rosales, Araceli Posadas-Mondragón, Jazmín García-Machorro, José A Morales-González, Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, México DF 11340, México.
authors.forename: Araceli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Posadas-Mondragón
authors.affiliation: Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán, Yadira Reyes-Rosales, Araceli Posadas-Mondragón, Jazmín García-Machorro, José A Morales-González, Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, México DF 11340, México.
authors.forename: Ángel
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Morales-González
authors.affiliation: Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán, Yadira Reyes-Rosales, Araceli Posadas-Mondragón, Jazmín García-Machorro, José A Morales-González, Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, México DF 11340, México.
authors.forename: Marvin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Soriano-Ursúa
authors.affiliation: Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán, Yadira Reyes-Rosales, Araceli Posadas-Mondragón, Jazmín García-Machorro, José A Morales-González, Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, México DF 11340, México.
authors.forename: Jazmín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: García-Machorro
authors.affiliation: Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán, Yadira Reyes-Rosales, Araceli Posadas-Mondragón, Jazmín García-Machorro, José A Morales-González, Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, México DF 11340, México.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Madrigal-Bujaidar
authors.affiliation: Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán, Yadira Reyes-Rosales, Araceli Posadas-Mondragón, Jazmín García-Machorro, José A Morales-González, Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, México DF 11340, México.
authors.forename: Isela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Álvarez-González
authors.affiliation: Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán, Yadira Reyes-Rosales, Araceli Posadas-Mondragón, Jazmín García-Machorro, José A Morales-González, Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, México DF 11340, México.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Morales-González
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000431:Ethanol; D031315:Geranium / Q000737:chemistry; D006498:Hepatectomy; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008108:Liver Diseases, Alcoholic / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008115:Liver Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Ethanol; Free radicals; Geranium schiedeanum; Liver regeneration; Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2