title: Formation and speciation of disinfection byproducts during chlor(am)ination of aquarium seawater.
abstract: The chemistry associated with the disinfection of aquarium seawater is more complicated than that of freshwater, therefore limited information is available on the formation and speciation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in marine aquaria. In this study, the effects of organic precursors, bromide (Br-) and pre-ozonation on the formation and speciation of several typical classes of DBPs, including trihalomethanes (THM4), haloacetic acids (HAAs), iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs), and haloacetamides (HAcAms), were investigated during the chlorination/chloramination of aquarium seawater. Results indicate that with an increase in dissolved organic carbon concentration from 4.5 to 9.4 mg/L, the concentrations of THM4 and HAAs increased by 3.2-7.8 times under chlorination and by 1.1-2.3 times under chloramination. An increase in Br- concentration from 3 to 68 mg/L generally enhanced the formation of THM4, I-THMs and HAcAms and increased the bromine substitution factors of all studied DBPs as well, whereas it impacted insignificantly on the yield of HAAs. Pre-ozonation with 1 mg/L O3 dose substantially reduced the formation of all studied DBPs in the subsequent chlorination and I-THMs in the subsequent chloramination. Because chloramination produces much lower amounts of DBPs than chlorination, it tends to be more suitable for disinfection of aquarium seawater.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. Electronic address: zhanghaiting7@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Haiting
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Huiyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, US.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. Electronic address: qiangz@rcees.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Zhimin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qiang
authors.affiliation: Water Quality Analysis and Control Center, Department of Life Support Equipments for Aquatic Animals, Beijing Aquarium, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luan
authors.affiliation: Water Quality Analysis and Control Center, Department of Life Support Equipments for Aquatic Animals, Beijing Aquarium, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002700:Chloramines / Q000737:chemistry; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D010126:Ozone; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; D004202:Disinfectants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002713:Chlorine; D010126:Ozone
keywords: Aquarium seawater; Bromine substitution factor; Chloramination; Chlorination; Disinfection byproducts; Pre-ozonation