title: Selenium Supplementation of Amaranth Sprouts Influences Betacyanin Content and Improves Anti-Inflammatory Properties via NFκB in Murine RAW 264.7 Macrophages.
abstract: Sprouts contain potent compounds which while influencing crucial transduction pathways in cell reveal anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. In this study, we report the biological activity for seeds and colourful sprouts of four types of edible amaranth, as amaranth has recently attracted interest due to its appreciable nutritional value. MTT assay conducted for the amaranth seeds and sprouts did not show any adverse effect on the viability of murine RAW 264.7 cells. As amaranth accumulates selenium, the sprouts were supplemented with this trace element (10 mg/L; 15 mg/L Se as sodium selenite) while growing. Selenium concentration in sprouts was observed to be significantly correlated with betacyanins content of the tested species. The amounts of Se and betacyanins in sprouts varied for various Amaranth species. In the present study, Amaranthus cruentus sprouts with the highest betacyanins (19.30 ± 0.57-28.85 ± 2.23 mg of amaranthin/100 g of fresh weight) and high total selenium (22.51 ± 1.57-1044.75 ± 73.08 μg/L in methanol extracts) content prevented NFκB translocation to the cell nucleus and subsequently exerted an anti-inflammatory effect by significant decreasing inflammatory interleukin 6 production (587.3 ± 34.2-710.0 ± 88.1 pg/mL) in the cell culture of activated RAW 264.7 macrophages (vs LPS control 1520 ± 114 pg/mL).
authors.affiliation: Department of Radioligands, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tyszka-Czochara
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland. paskopaw@poczta.fm.|Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland. paskopaw@poczta.fm.
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pasko
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland.|Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zagrodzki
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewelina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gajdzik
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wietecha-Posluszny
authors.affiliation: The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Shela
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gorinstein
mesh_terms: D027721:Amaranthus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050859:Betacyanins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D021381:Protein Transport; D036226:Seedlings / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D012643:Selenium / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D050859:Betacyanins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012643:Selenium
keywords: Betacyanin; Interleukin 6; Murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7); NFκB translocation; Selenium-enriched amaranth sprouts