title: Suicidal drowning deaths in northern Sweden 1992-2009 - The role of mental disorder and intoxication.
abstract: Suicides by drowning have received limited attention by researchers. A recent finding that almost one-third of all drowning deaths in Sweden were classified as suicide instigated this study. We identified 129 cases of suicide by drowning in Northern Sweden and analyzed the circumstances and the psychiatric history prior to the suicide. Information was obtained from autopsy, police and medical records, as well as from the National Inpatient Register. One-third of the suicide victims had previously attempted suicide and half of the victims had been hospitalized due to mental health problems. One-third of these had left the hospital less than one week before the suicide. Alcohol and psychoactive drugs were present in 16% and 62% of the cases, respectively. A history of mental disorder and previous suicide attempt (s), especially by drowning, is an ominous combination necessitating efficient clinical identification, treatment and follow-up if a complete suicide is to be prevented.
authors.affiliation: Section of Forensic Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. Electronic address: kristin.ahlm@formed.umu.se.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ahlm
authors.affiliation: Division of Social and Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Science, School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden. Electronic address: per.lindqvist@ki.se.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindqvist
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. Electronic address: britt-inger.saveman@umu.se.
authors.forename: Britt-Inger
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Saveman
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. Electronic address: ulf.bjornstig@vll.se.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Björnstig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004332:Drowning / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000097:blood; D017678:Sex Distribution; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
keywords: Drowning; Intoxication; Mental disorder; Suicide