title: Adverse Drug Reaction Identification and Extraction in Social Media: A Scoping Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The underreporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) through traditional reporting channels is a limitation in the efficiency of the current pharmacovigilance system. Patients' experiences with drugs that they report on social media represent a new source of data that may have some value in postmarketing safety surveillance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A scoping review was undertaken to explore the breadth of evidence about the use of social media as a new source of knowledge for pharmacovigilance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daubt et al's recommendations for scoping reviews were followed. The research questions were as follows: How can social media be used as a data source for postmarketing drug surveillance? What are the available methods for extracting data? What are the different ways to use these data? We queried PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar to extract relevant articles that were published before June 2014 and with no lower date limit. Two pairs of reviewers independently screened the selected studies and proposed two themes of review: manual ADR identification (theme 1) and automated ADR extraction from social media (theme 2). Descriptive characteristics were collected from the publications to create a database for themes 1 and 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1032 citations from PubMed and Embase, 11 were relevant to the research question. An additional 13 citations were added after further research on the Internet and in reference lists. Themes 1 and 2 explored 11 and 13 articles, respectively. Ways of approaching the use of social media as a pharmacovigilance data source were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This scoping review noted multiple methods for identifying target data, extracting them, and evaluating the quality of medical information from social media. It also showed some remaining gaps in the field. Studies related to the identification theme usually failed to accurately assess the completeness, quality, and reliability of the data that were analyzed from social media. Regarding extraction, no study proposed a generic approach to easily adding a new site or data source. Additional studies are required to precisely determine the role of social media in the pharmacovigilance system.
authors.affiliation: Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Informatique Médicale et d'Ingénieurie des Connaissances en e-Santé (LIMICS), (Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé, UMR_S 1142), F-93430, Villetaneuse, France, Sorbonne Universités, University of Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC) Université Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMR_S) 1142, Laboratoire d'Informatique Médicale et d'Ingénieurie des Connaissances en e-Santé (LIMICS), F-75006, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1142, Laboratoire d'Informatique Médicale et d'Ingénieurie des Connaissances en e-Santé (LIMICS), F-75006, Paris, France. jeremy.lardon@chu-st-etienne.fr.
authors.forename: Jérémy
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1914-1685
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lardon
authors.forename: Redhouane
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2938-7478
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abdellaoui
authors.forename: Florelle
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0400-2586
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bellet
authors.forename: Hadyl
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2540-7400
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Asfari
authors.forename: Julien
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7278-4148
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Souvignet
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3749-254X
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Texier
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4445-7494
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Jaulent
authors.forename: Marie-Noëlle
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5831-8957
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Beyens
authors.forename: Anita
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6855-4366
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burgun
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9775-2476
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bousquet
mesh_terms: D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D060735:Pharmacovigilance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D061108:Social Media / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Internet; Web 2.0; adverse drug reaction; adverse event; pharmacovigilance; scoping review; social media; text mining