title: Influence of study design in receiver operating characteristics studies: sequential versus independent reading.
abstract: Observer studies to assess new image processing devices or computer-aided diagnosis techniques are often performed, but little is known about the effect of the study design on observer performance results. We investigated the effect of the sequential and independent reading design on observer study results with respect to reader performance and their statistical power. For this we performed an observer study for the detection of lung nodules with bone-suppressed images (BSIs) compared with original chest radiographs. In a fully crossed observer study, eight observers assessed a series of 300 radiographs four times, including one assessment of the original radiograph with sequential BSI and two independent reading sessions with BSI. Observer performance was compared using multireader multicase receiver operating characteristics. No significant difference between the effect of BSI in the sequential and the independent reading sessions could be found ([Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text]). Compared with the original radiographs, increased performance with BSI was significant in the sequential and one of the independent reading sessions ([Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text]), and nonsignificant in the other independent reading session ([Formula: see text]). A strong increase of uncorrelated variance components was found in the independent reading sessions, masking the ability to demonstrate differences in observer performance across modalities. Therefore, the sequential reading design is the preferred design because it is less burdensome and has more statistical power.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University , Nijmegen, Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schalekamp
authors.affiliation: Radboud University , Nijmegen, Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Ginneken
authors.affiliation: Radboud University , Nijmegen, Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Meander Medical Center , Department of Radiology, Postbus 1502, 3800 BM Amersfoort, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schaefer-Prokop
authors.affiliation: Radboud University , Nijmegen, Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karssemeijer
keywords: bone-suppressed images; chest radiography; observer performance; observer study design; reader variability; receiver operating characteristics