title: Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG therapy and microbiological programming in infantile colic: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri and reduced allergen load may lessen the daily crying of colic infants, but the role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) has remained obscure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants with colic (n = 30) were enrolled during the first 6 wk of life. All families received behavioral support and allergen avoidance diet: breastfeeding mothers followed cow's milk elimination diet and formula-fed infants received extensively hydrolyzed casein formula. The randomized, double-blind intervention employed of LGG 4.5 × 10(9) cfu/d or placebo for a 4-wk study period. Daily crying was recorded by diaries and parental interviews. Fecal calprotectin and gut microbiota composition by quantitative PCR were evaluated before and after the intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Daily crying time was comparable between the probiotic (173 min) and the placebo group (174 min; P = 0.99) at the end of the intervention according to the parental diary. However, parents reported a decrease of 68% (95% confidence interval (CI): 58-78) in daily crying in the probiotic and 49% (95% CI: 32-66) in the placebo group (P = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LGG in infants treated in tandem with behavioral support and a cow's milk elimination diet did not provide additional treatment effect for diary-verified colic crying although parental report of crying suggested the probiotic intervention effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pärtty
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lehtonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalliomäki
authors.affiliation: Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salminen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Isolauri
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy; D001903:Bottle Feeding; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002364:Caseins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003085:Colic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003448:Crying; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D041943:Infant Formula; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D052201:Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; C475729:casein hydrolysate