title: Supervisor behaviour and its associations with employees' health in Europe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the magnitude of the associations between different facets of supervisor behaviour and several health-related outcomes, and to assess whether these associations are mediated by known occupational health factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data from the European Working Conditions Survey were analysed by generalised linear mixed models (n = 32,770). Six regression models were estimated. Dependent variables include musculoskeletal (upper body, lower limbs, backache) and psychosomatic symptoms (stress and self-assessed general health). Independent variables correspond to several facets of supervisor behaviours such as supervisor support, feedback on work, ability to solve conflicts, encouragement to participate in decisions, and known occupational risk and protective factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Even though supervisor behaviour is mediated by several known occupational risk factors, it still accounts for a substantial proportion of explained variance. The order of magnitude of associations was comparable to the strength of associations of known occupational risk factors. Odds ratios vary from 0.79 95% CI [0.73-0.86] to 1.12 95% CI [0.97-1.29] for dichotomous dependent variables. Regression coefficients vary from -0.22 95% CI [-0.28 to -0.17] to 0.07 95% CI [0.04-0.10] for metric dependent variables. Results suggest that good conflict solving skills, supervisor's work-planning ability, and a participative leadership style have the strongest predictive power regarding all health-related outcomes considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supervisor behaviour seems to play a non-negligible role from an occupational health perspective concerning the prevalence of musculoskeletal and psychosomatic symptoms. Results suggest that supervisor behaviour should be routinely assessed and monitored, especially among occupational groups reporting a lower quality of supervisor behaviours.
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Friedrich-Henkel-Weg 1-25, 44149, Dortmund, Germany. montano.diego@baua.bund.de.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Montano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001519:Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017008:Negotiating; D016272:Occupational Health; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017132:Workplace / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: General health; Leader; Leadership; Manager; Musculoskeletal symptoms; Stress; Supervisor