title: Oral health status among Iranian veterans exposed to sulfur mustard: A case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent that has been repeatedly used since World War I. SM has chronic and deleterious effects on different body organs such as lungs, skin and eyes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine dental and oral health status of chemical victims of SM who were exposed to SM during the Iraqi-Iran war.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this case-control study, 100 male subjects exposed to SM were chosen as cases, and 100 non-exposed volunteers were chosen as controls. These groups were selected randomly according to their referral number, and were matched regarding age. Collection of information was performed using Oral Health Assessment Form designed by the World Health Organization. Quantitative and qualitative data were compared between the groups using independent samples t-test and Chi-square test, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant difference between the case and control groups with respect to the frequencies of oral candidiasis, pharyngeal erythema and/or hyperplasia, hairy tongue and reflux disease, being higher in the former group. There was also a positive association between the frequency of candidiasis and the percentage of disability; pharyngeal erythema and/or hyperplasia and use of salmeterol spray; and between hairy tongue and antibiotic use in the case group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to SM and the use of drugs for controlling long-term complications does not increase the risk of tooth decay, tooth loss, and intra and/or extra oral lesions in patients, but may be associated with increased incidence of oral candidiasis, pharyngeal erythema and/or hyperplasia, hairy tongue and reflux disease.samples of oral precancerous and cancerous lesions to test sensitivity and specificity and thus validate the clinical applicability of fluorescence imaging in (pre)cancerous diagnostics. Key words:Sulfur mustard, oral health, candidiasis.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Yunes
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Panahi
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Taghi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Azizi
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad-Reza-Sadeghi
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Moghadam
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Golshah
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.affiliation: Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parvin
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ; Metabolic Research Centre, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Amirhossein
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahebkar