title: Heat training increases exercise capacity in hot but not in temperate conditions: a mechanistic counter-balanced cross-over study.
abstract: The aim was to determine the mechanisms facilitating exercise performance in hot conditions following heat training. In a counter-balanced order, seven males (V̇o2max 61.2 ± 4.4 ml·min(-1)·kg(-1)) were assigned to either 10 days of 90-min exercise training in 18 or 38°C ambient temperature (30% relative humidity) applying a cross-over design. Participants were tested for V̇o2max and 30-min time trial performance in 18 (T18) and 38°C (T38) before and after training. Blood volume parameters, sweat output, cardiac output (Q̇), cerebral perfusion (i.e., middle cerebral artery velocity [MCAvmean]), and other variables were determined. Before one set of exercise tests in T38, blood volume was acutely expanded by 538 ± 16 ml with an albumin solution (T38A) to determine the role of acclimatization induced hypervolemia on exercise performance. We furthermore hypothesized that heat training would restore MCAvmean and thereby limit centrally mediated fatigue. V̇o2max and time trial performance were equally reduced in T38 and T38A (7.2 ± 1.6 and 9.3 ± 2.5% for V̇o2max; 12.8 ± 2.8 and 12.9 ± 2.8% for time trial). Following heat training both were increased in T38 (9.6 ± 2.1 and 10.4 ± 3.1%, respectively), whereas both V̇o2max and time trial performance remained unchanged in T18. As expected, heat training augmented plasma volume (6 ± 2%) and mean sweat output (26 ± 6%), whereas sweat [Na(+)] became reduced by 19 ± 7%. In T38 Q̇max remained unchanged before (21.3 ± 0.6 l/min) to after (21.7 ± 0.5 l/min) training, whereas MCAvmean was increased by 13 ± 10%. However, none of the observed adaptations correlated with the concomitant observed changes in exercise performance.
authors.affiliation: Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keiser
authors.affiliation: Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Flück
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hüppin
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stravs
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
authors.forename: Matthias P
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2765-881X
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hilty
authors.affiliation: Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden carsten.lundby@access.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lundby
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011897:Random Allocation
keywords: blood volume; hyperthermia; performance; temperature; training