title: Immunohistochemical expression of CXCR4 on breast cancer and its clinical significance.
abstract: Many tumor cells express chemokines and chemokine receptors, and, for this reason, these molecules can affect the tumor progression. It is known that breast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous neoplasia comprising distinct diseases, histological characteristics, and clinical outcomes. The most studied role for CXCL12 chemokine and its receptor CXCR4 in breast cancer pathogenesis is the metastasis event, although several reports have demonstrated its involvement in other processes, such as angiogenesis and tumor growth. It has been found that CXCR4 is required for breast cancer cell migration to other sites such as lung, bone, and lymph nodes, which express high levels of CXCL12 chemokine. Therefore, CXCR4 is being considered a prognostic marker in breast cancer. Within this context, this review summarizes established studies involving expression of CXCR4 on breast cancer, focusing on its clinical significance.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, University Hospital of Londrina, State University of Londrina, 86038-350 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okuyama Kishima
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphisms and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Eduardo Coral
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphisms and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna Karina
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Banin-Hirata
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphisms and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Losi-Guembarovski
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brajão de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphisms and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marla Karine
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Amarante
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphisms and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Angelica Ehara
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019718:Receptors, CXCR4