title: The demise of direct ophthalmoscopy: A modern clinical challenge.
abstract: Ocular funduscopy appears to be a dying art. Physicians and medical students alike lack confidence in the use of an ophthalmoscope. As a result, few clinicians perform ophthalmoscopy, and many who do are unable to reliably detect abnormalities of the ocular fundus. Approaches to remediation in undergraduate medical education have included simulators, longitudinal skill reinforcement, Web-based teaching, and other techniques. Preservation of the ophthalmoscopic art has been hindered by technical difficulty, waning enthusiasm for ophthalmoscopy, and even discouragement from preceptors in medical education. Ocular fundus photography may serve a role in medical education to help improve student confidence in interpretation of ocular fundus findings and improve awareness of the importance of examination of the ocular fundus. Because neurology clerkships and clinical practices remain an important forum for honing ocular funduscopy skills, the neurologist should be familiar with novel alternative techniques that facilitate examination of the ocular fundus.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Ophthalmology, and Neurosurgery (DDM), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Departments of Ophthalmology (PSG, BBB, NJN, VB), Neurology (BBB, NJN, VB), and Neurological Surgery (NJN), Emory University School of Medicine; and Department of Epidemiology (BBB), Rollins School of Public Health and Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Devin D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Mackay
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Ophthalmology, and Neurosurgery (DDM), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Departments of Ophthalmology (PSG, BBB, NJN, VB), Neurology (BBB, NJN, VB), and Neurological Surgery (NJN), Emory University School of Medicine; and Department of Epidemiology (BBB), Rollins School of Public Health and Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Garza
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Ophthalmology, and Neurosurgery (DDM), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Departments of Ophthalmology (PSG, BBB, NJN, VB), Neurology (BBB, NJN, VB), and Neurological Surgery (NJN), Emory University School of Medicine; and Department of Epidemiology (BBB), Rollins School of Public Health and Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Beau B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Ophthalmology, and Neurosurgery (DDM), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Departments of Ophthalmology (PSG, BBB, NJN, VB), Neurology (BBB, NJN, VB), and Neurological Surgery (NJN), Emory University School of Medicine; and Department of Epidemiology (BBB), Rollins School of Public Health and Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Ophthalmology, and Neurosurgery (DDM), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Departments of Ophthalmology (PSG, BBB, NJN, VB), Neurology (BBB, NJN, VB), and Neurological Surgery (NJN), Emory University School of Medicine; and Department of Epidemiology (BBB), Rollins School of Public Health and Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Biousse