title: Human Motives, Happiness, and the Puzzle of Parenthood: Commentary on Kenrick et al. (2010).
abstract: It is presumed that happiness, and its associated positive emotions, signal to the individual that an adaptive problem has been solved, thus allowing her to shift attention to other concerns, perhaps those "higher" on the revised motivational hierarchy proposed by Kenrick et al (2010, this issue). In this commentary, we present a sampling of longitudinal and experimental evidence supporting two predictions: (a) that people will feel happy after realizing fundamental human motives, and (b) that in turn, the experience of happiness will galvanize people to fulfill these very motives. However, one conspicuous exception to our argument that happiness is both a consequence and a stimulus of human motives is parenthood, which paradoxically is associated with decrements in well-being. Two broad sets of explanations to account for this puzzle are discussed. The first involves evolutionary accounts: that children interfere with lower level needs, that short-term costs of having children are outweighed by long-term benefits, and that the modern-day context of raising children is at odds with our ancestors' environments. The second possibility involves measurement: namely, problems with study designs and the difficulty of capturing on paper or computer screen what is precisely so wonderful and elusive that children grant their parents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside sonja.lyubomirsky@ucr.edu jboehm@hsph.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lyubomirsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside.
authors.forename: Julia K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Boehm
keywords: evolutionary psychology; happiness; hierarchy of needs; motives; parenting paradox; positive emotions