title: A comparison of different irrigation systems and gravitational effect on final extrusion of the irrigant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to compare manual needle irrigation (MNI), RinsEndo (RE), and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and assess the effect of gravity on extrusion from the apex in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  The distobuccal roots of molars were used and the canals were instrumented up to F2. Teeth were mounted on models, which permitted visualization and manipulation of the apices for necessary procedures. The models were placed in articulator to simulate the jaw. Six groups (G) were formed as: G1, G2 and G3 represented mandibular positioning of teeth and were irrigated with MNI, RE, and PUI, respectively, while G4, G5, and G6 represented maxillary positioning of teeth and were also irrigated in same sequence. Prior to the final irrigation, 72 cube-shaped foam pieces covered with aluminum foil were weighed and the values were recorded as the initial weights. The cubes were then placed on the apical part of each sample. Final irrigation was performed with distilled water and the cubes were weighed again to determine their final weight. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U post-hoc test (p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Irrespective of the irrigation technique used, the amount of irrigant extruded from the apex showed a statistically significant difference related to the effect of gravity (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between irrigation methods (p>0.05). When the irrigation systems were compared to examine the effect of gravity, the significant difference was found between G2 and G5 (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this study, MNI and PUI were found to be reliable irrigation systems. Caution should be exercised when using RinsEndo. Key words:Final irrigation, manual needle irrigation, passive ultrasonic irrigation, RinsEndo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uzunoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Melahat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Görduysus
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ömer
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Görduysus