title: Beneficial Role of Copper in the Enhancement of Durability of Ordered Intermetallic PtFeCu Catalyst for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction.
abstract: Design of Pt alloy catalysts with enhanced activity and durability is a key challenge for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. In the present work, we compare the durability of the ordered intermetallic face-centered tetragonal (fct) PtFeCu catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) relative to its counterpart bimetallic catalysts, i.e., the ordered intermetallic fct-PtFe catalyst and the commercial catalyst from Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo, TKK-PtC. Although both fct catalysts initially exhibited an ordered structure and mass activity approximately 2.5 times higher than that of TKK-Pt/C, the presence of Cu at the ordered intermetallic fct-PtFeCu catalyst led to a significant enhancement in durability compared to that of the ordered intermetallic fct-PtFe catalyst. The ordered intermetallic fct-PtFeCu catalyst retained more than 70% of its mass activity and electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) over 10 000 durability cycles carried out at 60 °C. In contrast, the ordered intermetallic fct-PtFe catalyst maintained only about 40% of its activity. The temperature of the durability experiment is also shown to be important: the catalyst was more severely degraded at 60 °C than at room temperature. To obtain insight into the observed enhancement in durability of fct-PtFeCu catalyst, a postmortem analysis of the ordered intermetallic fct-PtFeCu catalyst was carried out using scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX) line scan. The STEM-EDX line scans of the ordered intermetallic fct-PtFeCu catalyst over 10 000 durability cycles showed a smaller degree of Fe and Cu dissolution from the catalyst. Conversely, large dissolution of Fe was identified in the ordered intermetallic fct-PtFe catalyst, indicating a lesser retention of Fe that causes the destruction of ordered structure and gives rise to poor durability. The enhancement in the durability of the ordered intermetallic fct-PtFeCu catalyst is ascribed to the synergistic effects of Cu presence and the ordered structure of catalyst.
authors.affiliation: †Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, Japan 226-8503.|‡Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-17, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, Japan 226-8503.
authors.forename: Balamurugan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arumugam
authors.affiliation: †Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, Japan 226-8503.|‡Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-17, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, Japan 226-8503.
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.affiliation: †Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, Japan 226-8503.|‡Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-17, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, Japan 226-8503.
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
keywords: ORR; PtFeCu catalyst; durability; ordered intermetallic; polymer electrolyte fuel cell