title: Homeopathic remedies with antineoplastic properties have immunomodulatory effects in experimental animals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our previous work suggests that Thuja occidentalis, Carcinosinum and Ruta graveolens have antineoplastic properties. The mechanism of this action has not previously been studied. We studied the hypothesis that the mechanism of action is through the immune modulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the effects of Thuja occidentalis, Carcinosinum and Ruta graveolens 1M, 200c and 30c on the immune system of Balb/c mice. The homeopathic preparations were administered orally for ten consecutive days. Haematological parameters (Total White Blood Cell (WBC) Count, Differential Count and Haemoglobin content), haematopoietic parameters (bone marrow cellularity and α-esterase positive cells) and immune parameters for antibody response and lymphoid cell proliferation were assessed using standard methods. Results were analysed by statistical comparison with the control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed significant enhancement of haematological parameters including total WBC count, haematopoietic parameters such as bone marrow cellularity and the number of α-esterase positive cells, other parameters of immune response such as circulating antibody titre and the number of plaque forming cells (PFC), particularly with higher dilutions of Thuja and Ruta. Enhanced proliferation of B and T lymphoid cells was also observed. No toxic effects were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest immunomodulatory activity of homeopathic preparations in high dilution. This may be a mechanism through which homeopathic preparations act.
authors.affiliation: Amala Cancer Research Centre, Affiliated to the University of Calicut, Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala, India. Electronic address: remyachandran1986@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Valsalakumari
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Remya
authors.affiliation: Amala Cancer Research Centre, Affiliated to the University of Calicut, Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala, India. Electronic address: immunologyacrc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Girija
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kuttan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005571:Formularies, Homeopathic as Topic; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D056747:Immunomodulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D032105:Ruta; D029783:Thuja
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Carcinosinum; Immunomodulatory activity; Ruta; Thuja