title: Echocardiographic Evaluation of Changes in Cardiac Hemodynamics and Loading Conditions after Transthoracic Minimally Invasive Device Closure of Atrial Septal Defect.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate transthoracic minimally invasive device closure of atrial septal defects by performing transthoracic echocardiography to measure changes in cardiac hemodynamics and loading conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2012 and December 2012, we performed transthoracic minimally invasive device closure of atrial septal defects in 95 patients with secundum atrial septal defects (ASD), and performed transthoracic echocardiography to measure blood flow velocities at the tricuspid valve orifice and at the pulmonary valve orifice, sizes of the left and right atria and ventricles, right ventricular fractional area change, right ventricular Tei index, three-dimensional right ventricular ejection fraction, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and left ventricular ejection fractions before the procedure and 1 week, 3 months, and 1 year post-procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Varying degrees of improvement were observed post-procedure at later time points. The maximum blood flow velocity at the pulmonary valve orifice, mean flow velocity, velocity-time integral, and A peak and E peak blood flow velocity at the tricuspid valve orifice decreased significantly post-procedure (P<0.05). In 3 months and 1 year's follow-up, the inner diameter of the middle portion of the pulmonary artery, and diameters of the right atrium and right ventricle decreased significantly post-procedure (P<0.05). The diameters of the left atrium and left ventricle increased after the procedure (P<0.05). One week after the procedure, the right ventricular fractional area change, three-dimensional right ventricular ejection fraction, right ventricular Tei index and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion had significantly reduced compared with the preoperative data (P<0.05). While these four parameters were still decreased at the 3 months and at 1 year's follow-up, but the differences were not statistically significant compared with the 1 week's postoperative data (P>0.05). One week post-procedure, left ventricular ejection fraction had not changed significantly, but at 3 months and at 1 year post-procedure, left ejection fraction had increased significantly compared with the preoperative data (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Echocardiographic evaluation has demonstrated that cardiac hemodynamics and loading conditions improved significantly after transthoracic minimally invasive device closure of atrial septal defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xu-Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Gui-Can
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Liang-Wan
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yun-Nan
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult