title: Development and evaluation of electromembrane extraction across a hollow polymer inclusion membrane.
abstract: In this work, a new variation of the electromembrane extraction (EME) approach employing a hollow polymer inclusion membrane (HPIM) was developed. In this method, a HPIM was prepared by casting a solution of the desired proportions of cellulose acetate (CTA), tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (TEHP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) in dichloromethane on glass capillary tubing. Three basic drugs namely amphetamine, methamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) were selected as model analytes to evaluate the extraction performance of this new approach. The drugs were extracted from human plasma samples, through a 20μm thickness HPIM, to an aqueous acceptor solution inside the lumen of the hollow membrane. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated in detail. Under the optimized conditions, enrichment factors in the range of 97-103-fold were obtained from 3mL of sample solution with a 10min extraction time and an applied voltage of 300V across the HPIM. The detection limits of the method for the three drugs were in the range of 1.0-2.5ng/mL (at a signal/noise ratio of three), with relative standard deviations of between 6.4% and 7.9%. When the method was applied to spiked plasma samples, the relative recoveries ranged from 99.2% to 100.8%. Enrichment factors of 103, 99 and 97 were obtained for amphetamine, methamphetamine, and MDMA, respectively. A comparison was also made between the newly developed approach and EME using supported liquid membranes (SLM) as well as standard sample preparation methods (liquid-liquid extraction) used by the Toxicology Unit, Department of Chemistry, Malaysia.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nor Akma
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Mamat
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia. Electronic address: hhsee@ibnusina.utm.my.
authors.forename: Hong Heng
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: See
mesh_terms: D000662:Amphetamines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008296:Malaysia; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010755:Organophosphates; D011108:Polymers; C005062:acetylcellulose; D008694:Methamphetamine; D002482:Cellulose; C049232:tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate
keywords: Capillary electrophoresis; Drugs; Electromembrane extraction; Plasma; Polymer inclusion membrane