title: Radiosurgery for Spinal Intramedullary Arteriovenous Malformations: A Literature Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intramedullary spinal cord arteriovenous malformations (SCAVMs) comprise only 3 to 4% of spinal cord pathologies and are often not amenable to total resection due to extensive involvement with spinal cord parenchyma and multiple arterial feeding vessels.
  
  
  METHODS
  A electronic database search from 1966 to February 28, 2014, was conducted for relevant articles using the keywords and Medical Subject Headings strings spinal arteriovenous malformation, spinal radiosurgery, spinal vascular malformation, and radiosurgery for vascular lesions. Target outcomes measures were nidus obliteration, neurologic improvement, and complication rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four retrospective articles containing a total of 30 patients were identified that described patients with SCAVMs presenting with symptomatic intramedullary or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Eighteen patients underwent treatment with CyberKnife with dosages ranging from 21 to 40 Gy (or a maximum biological equivalent dose of 58 Gy for early treatment effect) (Accuray, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, United States), 10 with a linear accelerator and real-time respiratory tracking ranging from 32 to 40 Gy, and 2 patients with external-beam radiotherapy receiving 45 Gy and 50 Gy, respectively. The mean time for clinical follow-up was 43.5 months (range: 27.9-60 months). There were no cases of spinal cord hemorrhage after radiosurgery. Nor were there any cases of neurologic worsening or signs and symptoms of neuropathic pain or myelitis. A total of 29 of the 30 patients obtained follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ghobrial
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Maulucci
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Dalyai
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Nohra
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chalouhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Rosenwasser
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Harrop
mesh_terms: D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery*