title: Different physiological and behavioural effects of e-cigarette vapour and cigarette smoke in mice.
abstract: Nicotine is the primary addictive substance in tobacco smoke and electronic cigarette (e-cig) vapour. Methodological limitations have made it difficult to compare the role of the nicotine and non-nicotine constituents of tobacco smoke. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of traditional cigarette smoke and e-cig vapour containing the same amount of nicotine in male BALB/c mice exposed to the smoke of 21 cigarettes or e-cig vapour containing 16.8 mg of nicotine delivered by means of a mechanical ventilator for three 30-min sessions/day for seven weeks. One hour after the last session, half of the animals were sacrificed for neurochemical analysis, and the others underwent mecamylamine-precipitated or spontaneous withdrawal for the purposes of behavioural analysis. Chronic intermittent non-contingent, second-hand exposure to cigarette smoke or e-cig vapour led to similar brain cotinine and nicotine levels, similar urine cotinine levels and the similar up-regulation of α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in different brain areas, but had different effects on body weight, food intake, and the signs of mecamylamine-precipitated and spontaneous withdrawal episodic memory and emotional responses. The findings of this study demonstrate for the first time that e-cig vapour induces addiction-related neurochemical, physiological and behavioural alterations. The fact that inhaled cigarette smoke and e-cig vapour have partially different dependence-related effects indicates that compounds other than nicotine contribute to tobacco dependence.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ponzoni
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Neuroscienze, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Neuroscienze, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sala
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Neuroscienze, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fasoli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Neuroscienze, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mucchietto
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lucini
authors.affiliation: Dipartimenti di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cannazza
authors.affiliation: Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gallesi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina di Laboratorio e Anatomia Patologica, A.O.U. Policlinico, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Castellana
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Neuroscienze, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Clementi
authors.affiliation: Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zoli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Neuroscienze, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: c.gotti@in.cnr.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gotti
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Braida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003367:Cotinine / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008464:Mecamylamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000378:metabolism; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D065852:Spatial Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; C403531:nicotinic receptor alpha4beta2; D008464:Mecamylamine; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine
keywords: Cigarette smoke; Electronic cigarettes, mecamylamine-precipitated withdrawal; Nicotine; Nicotinic receptors; Spontaneous withdrawal