title: Compound eye formation in the termite Incisitermes minor (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae).
abstract: The postembryonic development and caste differentiation patterns of lower termites have been described multiple times in a variety of different species. However, most of these studies focused on gross ontogeny, without carefully describing the maturation of any particular organ or organ system. The few studies that have attempted to correlate caste development and organ differentiation have produced somewhat inconsistent results, especially in the area of eye formation. Therefore, in order to help further elucidate the relationship between eye formation and postembryonic differentiation in lower termites, we studied eye development in the termite, Incisitermes minor (Hagen). Eye formation in I. minor began in the earliest larvae, with only an eye primordium. However, in all later larval stages, characteristic eye structures were observed and were shown to progressively differentiate through larval and nymphal stages. Curiously, pigmentation began with three to eight groups of cells in early larvae and the number of these pigmented groups increased along the developmental time course. Ultimately, a uniformly pigmented eye area was formed by the early nymphal stage. The overall eye area also gradually increased along with normal caste development, but the characteristic lenses seen in a prototypical insect compound eye did not completely form until after the final nymphal stage. Electrophysiological measurements provided clear evidence that eyes were indeed functional at all stages of development where pigment was present. Based upon this data, the eye development pattern in I. minor appeared to follow a divergent pathway from holometabolous insects and an intermediate pathway between typical hemimetabolous eye development and the heterochronic shift observed in other termite species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Chemistry, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Taylor C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Emily F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Ediger
authors.forename: Joy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lehman-Schletewitz
authors.forename: Nathan W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: McClane
authors.forename: Kristen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Schweigert
authors.forename: Saif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alzweideh
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wadsworth
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Husseneder
authors.forename: Joshua W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Jurgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ziesmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054910:Compound Eye, Arthropod / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena; D020049:Isoptera / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000196:embryology / Q000648:ultrastructure