title: Development of stable flaxseed oil emulsions as a potential delivery system of ω-3 fatty acids.
abstract: The objective of the present study was to develop a stable flaxseed oil emulsion for the delivery of omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids through food fortification. Oil-in-water emulsions containing 12.5 % flaxseed oil, 10 % lactose and whey protein concentrate (WPC)-80 ranging from 5 to 12.5 % were prepared at 1,500, 3,000 and 4,500 psi homogenization pressure. Flaxseed oil emulsions were studied for its physical stability, oxidative stability (peroxide value), particle size distribution, zeta (ζ)-potential and rheological properties. Emulsions homogenized at 1,500 and 4,500 psi pressure showed oil separation and curdling of WPC, respectively, during preparation or storage. All the combinations of emulsions (homogenized at 3,000 psi) were physically stable for 28 days at 4-7 ºC temperature and did not show separation of phases. Emulsion with 7.5 % WPC showed the narrowest particle size distribution (190 to 615 nm) and maximum zeta (ζ)-potential (-33.5 mV). There was a slight increase in peroxide value (~20.98 %) of all the emulsions (except 5 % WPC emulsion), as compared to that of free flaxseed oil (~44.26 %) after 4 weeks of storage. Emulsions showed flow behavior index (n) in the range of 0.206 to 0.591, indicating higher shear thinning behavior, which is a characteristic of food emulsions. Results indicated that the most stable emulsion of flaxseed oil (12.5 %) can be formulated with 7.5 % WPC-80 and 10 % lactose (filler), homogenized at 3,000 psi pressure. The formulated emulsion can be used as potential omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids delivery system in developing functional foods such as pastry, ice-creams, curd, milk, yogurt, cakes, etc.
authors.affiliation: Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India.
authors.forename: Ankit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.affiliation: Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India.
authors.forename: Neelam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.affiliation: Dairy Technology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India.
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.affiliation: Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India.
authors.forename: Darshan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.affiliation: Dairy Technology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India.
authors.forename: Latha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sabikhi
keywords: Emulsion; Flaxseed oil; Oxidative stability; Rheology; Whey protein concentrate