title: Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism and Parkinson's Disease: Shared and Distinguishable Features.
abstract: Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element necessary for physiological processes that support development, growth and neuronal function. Secondary to elevated exposure or decreased excretion, Mn accumulates in the basal ganglia region of the brain and may cause a parkinsonian-like syndrome, referred to as manganism. The present review discusses the advances made in understanding the essentiality and neurotoxicity of Mn. We review occupational Mn-induced parkinsonism and the dynamic modes of Mn transport in biological systems, as well as the detection and pharmacokinetic modeling of Mn trafficking. In addition, we review some of the shared similarities, pathologic and clinical distinctions between Mn-induced parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease. Where possible, we review the influence of Mn toxicity on dopamine, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate neurotransmitter levels and function. We conclude with a survey of the preventive and treatment strategies for manganism and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD).
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA. gkwakye@oberlin.edu.
authors.forename: Gunnar F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Kwakye
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Public Health, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Center of Health Science, State University of Londrina, Parana 10011, Brazil. monibas2@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Monica M B
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Paoliello
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. som@austin.utexas.edu.
authors.forename: Somshuvra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA. aaron.bowman@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Aaron B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Michael.Aschner@einstein.yu.edu.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aschner
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain; D004298:Dopamine; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D020149:Manganese Poisoning / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
chemical_list: D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D008274:Magnesium; D004298:Dopamine
keywords: Parkinson’s disease (PD); manganese neurotoxicity; manganese-induced parkinsonism; manganism; neurodegenerative diseases