title: Physiology and proteomics research on the leaves of ancient Platycladus orientalis (L.) during winter.
abstract: Ancient trees have an important value in humanities and history, and also have an important scientific value in the investigation of the decline and senescence mechanisms. Thus, we conducted an environmental stress study using ancient trees. To evaluate age-dependent changes in physiology and the leaf proteome, we assessed the low-temperature stress responses of 20 ± 5-, 500 ± 100- and 1200 ± 200-year-old Platycladus orientalis (L.) samples obtained outdoors during winter. Several physiological parameters were evaluated. Leaf proteomes were obtained using two-dimensional electrophoresis gels, and 77 protein spots were identified successfully using MALDI TOF/TOF MS/MS. The majority of the identified protein species were classified into functional categories including defense/stress-related, energy and carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, and hormone-related functions. A general reduction in the abundance of protein species was observed as the age of the studied trees increased; reduction in photosynthesis and defense/stress-related categories were particularly apparent in the leaves of ancient trees. However, the number of protein species with functions in energy and carbohydrate metabolism increased with age. An increase in the abundance of lipid metabolism and hormone-related protein species was a primary characteristic of the leaves of ancient trees under low-temperature stress during winter. These results improve our understanding of the biochemical mechanisms of stress responses in ancient trees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low temperature is the most common meteorological challenge in the study area. For evergreen plants, low-temperature stress has a great impact on the leaves of ancient P. orientalis. Thus, we conducted an environmental stress study using ancient trees. Recently, various studies were carried out in ancient trees. However, no information is available on the molecular mechanisms of defense to low-temperature stress in ancient trees. Therefore, this original study comprises the following differential proteomic analysis of ancient P. orientalis: (1) age-dependent changes in the physiology and leaf proteome are evaluated under low-temperature stress to (2) understand the differences in metabolic responses between ancient and adult trees under low-temperature stress during winter. This analysis will provide an understanding of the complex physiological changes that occur in ancient trees. The results suggest that certain identified proteins can be used as markers of low-temperature stress in ancient P. orientalis.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology in Western China of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
authors.forename: Lingling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Northwest Institute of Forest Inventory, Planning and Design, State Forestry Administration, Xi' an, Shaanxi 710048, PR China.
authors.forename: Yongyu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology in Western China of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Northwest Institute of Forest Inventory, Planning and Design, State Forestry Administration, Xi' an, Shaanxi 710048, PR China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology in Western China of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
authors.forename: Yiming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology in Western China of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology in Western China of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China. Electronic address: zhaozhlunwen2010@126.com.
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D029779:Cupressaceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020543:Proteome / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D040901:Proteomics; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D020543:Proteome
keywords: Ancient trees; Enzyme activity; Leaf proteomics; Low-temperature stress