title: Glutamine Reduces the Apoptosis of H9C2 Cells Treated with High-Glucose and Reperfusion through an Oxidation-Related Mechanism.
abstract: Mitochondrial overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in diabetic hearts during ischemia/reperfusion injury and the anti-oxidative role of glutamine have been demonstrated. However, in diabetes mellitus the role of glutamine in cardiomyocytes during ischemia/reperfusion injury has not been explored. To examine the effects of glutamine and potential mechanisms, in the present study, rat cardiomyoblast H9C2 cells were exposed to high glucose (33 mM) and hypoxia-reoxygenation. Cell viability, apoptosis, intracellular glutamine, and mitochondrial and intracellular glutathione were determined. Moreover, ROS formation, complex I activity, membrane potential and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content were also investigated. The levels of S-glutathionylated complex I and mitochondrial apoptosis-related proteins, including cytochrome c and caspase-3, were analyzed by western blot. Data indicated that high glucose and hypoxia-reoxygenation were associated with a dramatic decline of intercellular glutamine and increase in apoptosis. Glutamine supplementation correlated with a reduction in apoptosis and increase of glutathione and glutathione reduced/oxidized ratio in both cytoplasm and mitochondria, but a reduction of intracellular ROS. Glutamine supplementation was also associated with less S-glutathionylation and increased the activity of complex I, leading to less mitochondrial ROS formation. Furthermore, glutamine supplementation prevented from mitochondrial dysfunction presented as mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels and attenuated cytochrome c release into the cytosol and caspase-3 activation. We conclude that apoptosis induced by high glucose and hypoxia-reoxygenation was reduced by glutamine supplementation, via decreased oxidative stress and inactivation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
authors.affiliation: Animal Experimental Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, State key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Animal Experimental Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, State key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Animal Experimental Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, State key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Animal Experimental Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, State key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Peng
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Animal Experimental Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, State key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Animal Experimental Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, State key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ai-Li
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Animal Experimental Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, State key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D005973:Glutamine; D005978:Glutathione; D005947:Glucose