title: High-throughput phenotyping and genetic linkage of cortical bone microstructure in the mouse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding cellular structure and organization, which plays an important role in biological systems ranging from mechanosensation to neural organization, is a complicated multifactorial problem depending on genetics, environmental factors, and stochastic processes. Isolating these factors necessitates the measurement and sensitive quantification of many samples in a reliable, high-throughput, unbiased manner. In this manuscript we present a pipelined approach using a fully automated framework based on Synchrotron-based X-ray Tomographic Microscopy (SRXTM) for performing a full 3D characterization of millions of substructures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate the framework on a genetic study on the femur bones of in-bred mice. We measured 1300 femurs from a F2 cross experiment in mice without the growth hormone (which can confound many of the smaller structural differences between strains) and characterized more than 50 million osteocyte lacunae (cell-sized hollows in the bone). The results were then correlated with genetic markers in a process called quantitative trait localization (QTL). Our findings provide a mapping between regions of the genome (all 19 autosomes) and observable phenotypes which could explain between 8-40 % of the variance using between 2-10 loci for each trait. This map shows 4 areas of overlap with previous studies looking at bone strength and 3 areas not previously associated with bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mapping of microstructural phenotypes provides a starting point for both structure-function and genetic studies on murine bone structure and the specific loci can be investigated in more detail to identify single gene candidates which can then be translated to human investigations. The flexible infrastructure offers a full spectrum of shape, distribution, and connectivity metrics for cellular networks and can be adapted to a wide variety of materials ranging from plant roots to lung tissue in studies requiring high sample counts and sensitive metrics such as the drug-gene interactions and high-throughput screening.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland. kevinmader@gmail.com.|Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, WBBA 213, 5352, PSI, Villigen, Switzerland. kevinmader@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kevin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Mader
authors.affiliation: The Jackson Laboratory, 04609, Bar Harbor, ME, USA. lrd@jax.org.
authors.forename: Leah Rae
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. ram@ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland. marco.stampanoni@psi.ch.|Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, WBBA 213, 5352, PSI, Villigen, Switzerland. marco.stampanoni@psi.ch.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stampanoni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D010641:Phenotype; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D017356:Synchrotrons; D014056:Tomography, X-Ray / Q000379:methods*