title: Indwelling Drains Are Not Necessary for Patients Undergoing One-level Anterior Cervical Fixation Surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) has become a common procedure for cervical spine surgeries, since it is safe and effective in most patients. However, some patients develop life-threatening problems such as respiratory obstruction arising from rare postoperative hematoma and edema, although intraoperative bleeding caused by the connective tissue splitting procedure or bleeding caused by postoperative insertion of a suction tube has rarely been reported. Investigation of the requirement for indwelling drains in patients who undergo cervical spine surgery is necessary because of the pain, anxiety, and discomfort caused despite the use of high-quality materials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enrolled in the study were 43 patients who underwent one-level anterior cervical fixation surgery, including 23 (randomly selected) who received an indwelling drain (group A, mean age: 57.78±14.46 years, range: 39-82 years, male/female: 13/10), and 20 who received no indwelling drain (group B, mean age: 57.00±13.99 years, range: 29-81 years, male/female: 12/8). Intraoperative bleeding amounts, lateral views of plain cervical spine radiographs, prevertebral space (PVS) changes on plain radiographs and computed tomography (CT) images, wound inspections, and pain assessments on the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) were compared between groups. In addition, a history of risk factors for bleeding, such as hypertension, diabetes, and cerebrovascular diseases which require antiplatelet therapy, was determined. Hepatic failure was observed in none of the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative CT images obtained the day following surgery showed no densities indicating the presence of postoperative hematoma in any of the 43 patients. The maximum amount of intraoperative bleeding was 10 mL, with no significant difference between groups. No patients reported an obvious pain level on NRS, but the pain was significantly milder in group B (A: 1.326±0.911, B: 0.555±0.556, p=0.0037). The postoperative PVS increment on plain radiographs was comparable between groups (A: 1.778±0.992, B: 1.730±0.966, p=0.8728).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the negligible intraoperative and postoperative bleeding observed in both groups, and the lack of difference in PVS increments between the groups, our results suggested that indwelling drains are not required for patients undergoing typical anterior cervical fixation surgery. However, it is important to take care of major vessels such as the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and the external jugular vein as well as the prevertebral venous plexus during surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School.
authors.forename: Kazunari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kogure
authors.forename: Yoji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Node
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.forename: Michio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Takumi
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morita
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D017586:Diskectomy; D004322:Drainage / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods