title: Loupes-Only Microsurgery is a Safe Alternative to the Operating Microscope: An Analysis of 1,649 Consecutive Free Flap Breast Reconstructions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Loupes-only microsurgery challenges the paradigm that free flap surgery requires an operating microscope. We describe our loupes-only microsurgery experience with an emphasis on rates of intraoperative anastomotic revision and total flap loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified all patients having breast reconstruction with muscle-sparing transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (ms-TRAM) or deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps over 7 years. We examined rates of intraoperative anastomotic revision and total flap loss as markers of technical quality. For one high-volume surgeon who started loupes-only microsurgery while at our institution, we examined rates of intraoperative anastomotic revision and total flap loss rates over time to evaluate for a learning curve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed 1,649 ms-TRAM or DIEP flaps in 1,063 patients. For 1,649 flaps, the rate of artery anastomotic revision was 2.2% (36 arteries) and venous anastomotic revision was 2.2% (37 veins). Any microvascular revision was performed in 3.5% (58 flaps). Total flap loss rate was 1.2% (20 flaps).For the "learning curve" analysis, there were no clinically relevant differences in rates of any intraoperative anastomotic revision or total flap loss during the first 60 months after loupes-only microsurgery was adopted. Total flap loss during this surgeon's first 60 months of loupes-only microsurgery was 1.6% (10 of 638 flaps).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loupes-only microsurgery is a safe alternative to the operating microscope for free flap breast reconstruction using the deep inferior epigastric system. Our total flap loss rate of 1.2% in 1,649 flaps is at the low end of published flap loss rates.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pannucci
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Marten N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Basta
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kovach
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Suhail K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kanchwala
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Liza C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Serletti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D005260:Female; D058752:Free Tissue Flaps / Q000098:blood supply; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008853:Microscopy; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged