title: New insights into B cell biology in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our understanding of the physiological and pathogenic functions of B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) continues to expand. In this review, we discuss novel insights published in the last 18 months into the roles of B cells in systemic autoimmunity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data have continued to expand regarding the diverse mechanisms by which innate immune signals including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) regulate the B cell compartment. Localized B cells and long-lived plasma cells have been identified as playing an important role in target tissue including the development of ectopic lymphoid structures in kidney and salivary gland. In addition to pathogenic roles for B cells, there is mounting evidence for regulatory B cell subsets that play a protective role and new insights into the signals that regulate their development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The past few years have provided insights into the multiple paths by which innate immune signals can lead to B cell activation in SLE and pSS and the increasingly diverse ways in which B cells contribute to disease expression. Further understanding the imbalance between protective and pathogenic functions for B cells in disease including in understudied target tissue should yield new treatment approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Anna K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: Nida
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Meednu
authors.forename: Jennifer H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Anolik
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D015551:Autoimmunity; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000276:immunology*; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000276:immunology*