title: Metabolic Syndrome without Diabetes or Hypertension Still Necessitates Early Screening for Chronic Kidney Disease: Information from a Chinese National Cross-Sectional Study.
abstract: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is prevalent, with an increasing contribution to the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The study of the relationship between them is important. The CKD survey, a national cross-sectional study, provided a large database to accomplish this study. The study population were 41 131 adults from this survey between 2008 and 2009. CKD was defined as estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or the presence of albuminuria. MS was diagnosed by National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII), ATPIII-modified or International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Logistic regression model was applied to study the impact of MS or its components on CKD or its components. The age and sex standardized prevalence of MS by ATPIII, ATPIII-modified and IDF criteria was 11.77% (11.13%-12.40%), 21.51% (20.69%-22.34%) and 16.67% (15.92-17.42)% respectively. Multivariate logistic regression models showed that MS and its components were associated with higher CKD prevalence. The risk for CKD and its components increased with the number of MS components. After adjusting for hypertension and diabetes, the odds ratios of MS for CKD decreased, but remained significantly more than 1 between 1.16(95%CI 1.07-1.26) and 1.37 (95% CI 1.25-1.50) across the different models. Similar results were found with albuminuria, while for decreased eGFR, after adjusting for hypertension and diabetes, the odds ratios of MS and MS components (except elevated TG) became insignificant. In conclusion, MS is prevalent and associated with a higher prevalence of CKD. Different MS components are associated with different risks for CKD, even after adjusting for hypertension and diabetes, which may mainly be contributed more by the increased risk for albuminuria than that for decreased eGFR. More attention must be paid to the population with MS, including those with elevated blood pressure and serum glucose.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Daqing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Bixia
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jinwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Guisen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Luxia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D044466:Asian People; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology