title: Growth of lanthanide-doped LiGdF4 nanoparticles induced by LiLuF4 core as tri-modal imaging bioprobes.
abstract: Multimodal imaging can compensate for the deficiencies and incorporate the advantages of individual imaging modalities. In this paper, we demonstrated the synthesis of core-shell nanocomposites LiLuF4@LiGdF4:Yb,Er/Tm constituted of tetragonal LiLuF4 nanoparticles as core and Yb,Er/Tm-codoped LiGdF4 as shell. LiLuF4@LiGdF4:Yb,Er/Tm nanoparticles display brighter upconversion luminescence (UCL) than NaGdF4:Yb,Er/Tm nanoparticles with the same size under continuous-wave excitation at 980 nm. The active shell layer of LiGdF4:Yb,Er/Tm not only provide the UCL center, but also serve as magnetic resonance (MR) imaging contrast agent. To further improve the UCL intensity, the inert LiGdF4 shell was coated on the LiLuF4@LiGdF4:Yb,Er/Tm nanoparticles. Furthermore, LiLuF4@LiGdF4:Yb,Tm@LiGdF4 nanoparticles have been successfully applied to UCL/X-ray computed tomography (CT)/MR tri-modal imaging on the modal of tumor-bearing mice.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China.
authors.forename: Xuesong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Pengpeng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China.
authors.forename: Shuyan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China.
authors.forename: Xiuling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China. Electronic address: fengj@ciac.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China. Electronic address: hongjie@ciac.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Hongjie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000737:chemistry*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements / Q000737:chemistry; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D049449:Luminescence; D049408:Luminescent Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D008187:Lutetium / Q000737:chemistry*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements; D018020:Lithium Compounds; D049408:Luminescent Agents; C027651:lithium fluoride; D008187:Lutetium; D005682:Gadolinium; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Core–shell-shell; Lanthanide; LiGdF(4); Tri-modal imaging; Upconversion luminescence