title: Diagnostic index of three-dimensional osteoarthritic changes in temporomandibular joint condylar morphology.
abstract: This study aimed to investigate imaging statistical approaches for classifying three-dimensional (3-D) osteoarthritic morphological variations among 169 temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condyles. Cone-beam computed tomography scans were acquired from 69 subjects with long-term TMJ osteoarthritis (OA), 15 subjects at initial diagnosis of OA, and 7 healthy controls. Three-dimensional surface models of the condyles were constructed and SPHARM-PDM established correspondent points on each model. Multivariate analysis of covariance and direction-projection-permutation (DiProPerm) were used for testing statistical significance of the differences between the groups determined by clinical and radiographic diagnoses. Unsupervised classification using hierarchical agglomerative clustering was then conducted. Compared with healthy controls, OA average condyle was significantly smaller in all dimensions except its anterior surface. Significant flattening of the lateral pole was noticed at initial diagnosis. We observed areas of 3.88-mm bone resorption at the superior surface and 3.10-mm bone apposition at the anterior aspect of the long-term OA average model. DiProPerm supported a significant difference between the healthy control and OA group ([Formula: see text]). Clinically meaningful unsupervised classification of TMJ condylar morphology determined a preliminary diagnostic index of 3-D osteoarthritic changes, which may be the first step towards a more targeted diagnosis of this condition.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan , School of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, 1011 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States ; UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista , Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, 1680 Humaita Street, Centro, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liliane R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan , School of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, 1011 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States ; Private practice , Salvador, Bahia 41940-455, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina , School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina , School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Paniagua
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan , School of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, 1011 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States ; University of North Carolina , School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.
authors.forename: Antonio C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ruellas
authors.affiliation: UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista , Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, 1680 Humaita Street, Centro, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Roberto
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina , School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Styner
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , School of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Carlos Chagas Filho Avenue, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wolford
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan , School of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, 1011 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cevidanes
keywords: bone remodeling; cone-beam computed tomography; osteoarthritis; temporomandibular joint disorders; three-dimensional imaging