title: Endoscopic Endonasal Management of Orbital Pathologies.
abstract: Based on the anatomic relationship between sinonasal complex and orbit, endoscopic transnasal procedures could be a smart solution for approaching the medial orbital region. These techniques should be considered a valid option for optic nerve or orbital wall decompression in cases of Graves ophthalmopathy and post-traumatic optic neuropathy as well as for addressing extraconal or intraconal lesions placed medially to the optic nerve course. This article describes the anatomic principles, indications, technical nuances, and limitations of the endoscopic endonasal approaches for the management of selected orbital pathologic abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, University of Insubria, via Guicciardini 9, Varese 21100, Italy; Head and Neck Surgery & Forensic Dissection Research Center (HNS&FDRc), DBSV, University of Insubria, via Guicciardini 9, Varese 21100, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Castelnuovo
authors.affiliation: Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, University of Insubria, via Guicciardini 9, Varese 21100, Italy; Head and Neck Surgery & Forensic Dissection Research Center (HNS&FDRc), DBSV, University of Insubria, via Guicciardini 9, Varese 21100, Italy. Electronic address: tzmario@inwind.it.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turri-Zanoni
authors.affiliation: Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, University of Insubria, via Guicciardini 9, Varese 21100, Italy; Head and Neck Surgery & Forensic Dissection Research Center (HNS&FDRc), DBSV, University of Insubria, via Guicciardini 9, Varese 21100, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.affiliation: Head and Neck Surgery & Forensic Dissection Research Center (HNS&FDRc), DBSV, University of Insubria, via Guicciardini 9, Varese 21100, Italy; Unit of Neurosurgery, Civic Hospital, via Papa Giovanni Paolo II, Legnano 20025, Italy.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Locatelli
authors.affiliation: Head and Neck Surgery & Forensic Dissection Research Center (HNS&FDRc), DBSV, University of Insubria, via Guicciardini 9, Varese 21100, Italy; First Otorhinolaryngologic Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, via Paradisa 2, Pisa 56124, Italy.
authors.forename: Iacopo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dallan
mesh_terms: D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D004724:Endoscopy; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D057605:Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery / Q000379:methods; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D009666:Nose; D020221:Optic Nerve Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Endonasal approach; Endoscopic assisted; Optic nerve; Orbit; Paranasal sinuses; Skull base