title: Development of a fabric phase sorptive extraction with high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection method for the analysis of alkyl phenols in environmental samples.
abstract: A novel analytical method has been developed and validated for the quantification of alkyl phenols in aqueous and soil samples. Fabric phase sorptive extraction, a new sorptive microextraction technique, has been employed for the preconcentration of some endocrine-disruptor alkylphenol molecules, namely, 4-tert-butylphenol, 4-sec-butylphenol, 4-tert-amylphenol, and 4-cumylphenol, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Various parameters influencing the fabric phase sorptive extraction performance, namely, extraction time, eluting solvent, elution time and pH of the sample matrix, were optimized. The chromatographic separation was carried out with a mobile phase of acetonitrile/water (60:40 v/v) at an isocratic flow rate of 1.0 mL/min using a reversed-phase C18column at λmax225 nm. The calibration curves of target analytes were prepared in the concentration range 5-500 ng/mL with good coefficient of determination values (R2> 0.992). Extraction efficiency values were 74.0, 75.6, 78.0, and 78.3 for 4-tert-butylphenol, 4-sec-butylphenol, 4-tert-amylphenol, and 4-cumylphenol, respectively. The limits of detection range from 0.161 to 0.192 ng/mL. Subsequently, the new fabric phase sorptive extraction with high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection was successfully applied for the recovery of alkyl phenols from spiked ground water, river water, and treated water from a sewage treatment plant, and soil and sludge samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Punjabi University College of Engineering & Management, Rampura Phul, Punjab, India.
authors.lastname: Gaurav
authors.affiliation: International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Abuzar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kabir
authors.affiliation: International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Furton
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Ashok Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Malik
keywords: Alkyl phenols; Endocrine disruptors; Environmental pollution; Fabric phase sorptive extraction; Sample preparation