title: Estrogen induces two distinct cholesterol crystallization pathways by activating ERα and GPR30 in female mice.
abstract: To distinguish the lithogenic effect of the classical estrogen receptor α (ERα) from that of the G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), a new estrogen receptor, on estrogen-induced gallstones, we investigated the entire spectrum of cholesterol crystallization pathways and sequences during the early stage of gallstone formation in gallbladder bile of ovariectomized female wild-type, GPR30((-/-)), ERα((-/-)), and GPR30((-/-))/ERα((-/-)) mice treated with 17β-estradiol (E2) at 6 µg/day and fed a lithogenic diet for 12 days. E2 disrupted biliary cholesterol and bile salt metabolism through ERα and GPR30, leading to supersaturated bile and predisposing to the precipitation of cholesterol monohydrate crystals. In GPR30((-/-)) mice, arc-like and tubular crystals formed first, followed by classical parallelogram-shaped cholesterol monohydrate crystals. In ERα((-/-)) mice, precipitation of lamellar liquid crystals, typified by birefringent multilamellar vesicles, appeared earlier than cholesterol monohydrate crystals. Both crystallization pathways were accelerated in wild-type mice with the activation of GPR30 and ERα by E2. However, cholesterol crystallization was drastically retarded in GPR30((-/-))/ERα((-/-)) mice. We concluded that E2 activates GPR30 and ERα to produce liquid crystalline versus anhydrous crystalline metastable intermediates evolving to cholesterol monohydrate crystals from supersaturated bile. GPR30 produces a synergistic lithogenic action with ERα to enhance E2-induced gallstone formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104.
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: de Bari
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130.
authors.forename: Tony Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Clinica Medica "A. Murri," Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Portincasa
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104.
authors.forename: David Q-H
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003460:Crystallization; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D004967:Estrogens; C532507:GPER1 protein, mouse; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D004958:Estradiol; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: G protein-coupled receptor 30; Lith gene; bile flow; bile salt; biliary secretion; estrogen receptor subtype α; micelle; vesicle