title: Health behavior theory constructs and smoking and cessation-related behavior among survivors of ten cancers nine years after diagnosis: A report from the American Cancer Society's Study of Cancer Survivors-I.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quitting smoking is important for cancer prognosis, but some cancer survivors continue to smoke. This study examined psychological correlates of smoking status and patterns, likelihood of quitting, and intentions to quit among long-term survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional relationships between psychological constructs from health behavior theories (e.g., perceived risk, quitting barriers) and smoking and cessation-related behavior were examined among survivors of 10 cancers. Survivors were recruited by stratified random sampling from cancer registries in a nationwide, longitudinal, quality-of-life study (n=2938).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 9 years post-diagnosis, survivors who currently smoke (compared with those who quit before or after diagnosis) perceived health problems caused by smoking as less severe, perceived fewer benefits of quitting for cancer survivors, greater barriers to quitting, and reported more daily exposure to others' smoking. Survivors intending to quit (vs. those not intending or unsure) perceived greater risks of smoking for cancer prognosis, more severe health effects from smoking, fewer benefits of smoking, and greater social pressure to quit. Nondaily smokers had higher levels of self-efficacy and less exposure to others' smoking compared to daily smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term cancer survivors' perceptions of the risks of smoking for cancer prognosis, the severity of health problems from smoking, cessation barriers, and the benefits of quitting are appropriate targets for interventions for continuing smokers. Nondaily smokers may be especially amenable to intervention. Survivors' daily exposure to others' smoking should also be addressed in treatment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Research Center (BRC), American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States.|Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee Westmaas
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Carla J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Research Center (BRC), American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Kassandra I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Alcaraz
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Research Center (BRC), American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States.|Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stein