title: Comparison of photopolymerization temperature increases in internal and external positions of composite and tooth cavities in real time: Incremental fillings of microhybrid composite vs. bulk filling of bulk fill composite.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated temperature increases in the composite and pulpal side of dentin from incremental and bulk fillings in composite restorations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Class-1 cavities (5 mm × 4 mm × 3 mm) were prepared in ten extracted third molars, filled with composite, and restored with two separate horizontal layers of Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE) in the incremental group or a single layer of SureFil SDR Flow (Dentsply) in the bulk-fill group (n=5). After placing the specimens in a 36.5°C water bath, temperatures were measured with eight thermocouples at the bottom center (BC), middle center (MC), top center (TC), bottom corner (BE), middle corner (ME), and top corner (TE) of the cavity, at the pulpal side of the dentin within the pulp chamber (PD), and in the curing light (CL) tip during light curing at 750 mW/cm(2) for 20s and then analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's HSD tests (α=0.01).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximum temperatures ranged from 39.0°C (PD 1st increment) to 60.0°C (MC 1st increment) in the incremental group and from 42.0°C (PD) to 74.9°C (TC) in the bulk-fill group. In the incremental group, temperatures were similar between the 1st and 2nd increments, except at MC and BC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bulk-fill group exhibited a greater increase in temperature during composite restoration. Regardless of the filling technique, more heat was generated at the center than at the corner and at the top than at the bottom of the composite. PD temperatures increased by 3.1°C and 5.5°C in the incremental group and bulk-fill group, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although bulk fillings save clinical chair time, clinicians should be aware of the greater heat that is generated with increasing amounts of composites during polymerization, which can jeopardize the pulpal health, especially when a large and deep cavity is being restored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University Gwanak Dental Hospital, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ryan Jin-Young
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University, 20, Geumo-ro, Mulgeum, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Ae
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Education Major, Graduate School of Education, Sangmyung University, 20 Hongjimun 2-gil, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Yun
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: In-Bog
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: dgseo@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Deog-Gyu
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Seo
mesh_terms: D055117:Curing Lights, Dental; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000628:therapy*; D003737:Dental Cavity Preparation / Q000379:methods*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000379:methods*; D003804:Dentin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D058105:Polymerization; D013696:Temperature
keywords: Bulk fill; Composite resin; Exothermic reaction; Incremental technique; Temperature change