title: Maternal Supplementation with Oligofructose (10%) during Pregnancy and Lactation Leads to Increased Pro-Inflammatory Status of the 21-D-Old Offspring.
abstract: Previously, we showed that oligofructose (10%) supplementation during pregnancy and lactation increased endotoxemia in 21-d-old pups. The present study evaluated the effect of 10% oligofructose diet supplementation during pregnancy and lactation in the presence or absence of hydrogenated vegetable fat on the pro-inflammatory status of 21-d-old offspring. On the first day of pregnancy, female Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: control diet (C), control diet supplemented with 10% oligofructose (CF), diet enriched with hydrogenated vegetable fat (T) or diet enriched with hydrogenated vegetable fat supplemented with 10% oligofructose (TF). Diets were maintained during pregnancy and lactation. Serum TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) was assessed using a specific kit. Protein expression was determined by Western Blotting, and the relative mRNA levels were analyzed by RT-PCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction). We observed that 10% oligofructose supplementation during pregnancy and lactation increased offspring's IL-6R (interleukin-6 receptor) mRNA levels in the liver and RET (retroperitoneal white adipose tissue) and decreased ADIPOR2 (adiponectin receptor 2) and ADIPOR1 (adiponectin receptor 1) gene expression in liver and EDL (extensor digital longus)/ SOL (soleus) muscles of CF group. Additionally, TF group presented with increased serum TNF-α, protein expression of p-NFκBp65 (phosphorylated form of nuclear factor kappa B p65 subunit) in liver and IL-6R mRNA levels in RET. These findings were accompanied by decreased levels of ADIPOR1 mRNA in the EDL and SOL muscles of the TF group. In conclusion, supplementing the dam's diet with 10% of oligofructose during pregnancy and lactation, independent of hydrogenated vegetable fat addition, contributes to the increased pro-inflammatory status of 21-d-old offspring, possibly through the activation of the TLR4 (toll like receptor 4) pathway.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós Graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Laís Vales
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Mennitti
authors.affiliation: Departamento Fisiologia, Disciplina de Fisiologia da Nutrição, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 2° andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lila Missae
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Oyama
authors.affiliation: Departamento Fisiologia, Disciplina de Fisiologia da Nutrição, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 2° andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Lopez
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Departamento Fisiologia, Disciplina de Fisiologia da Nutrição, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 2° andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Claudia Losinskas
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hachul
authors.affiliation: Departamento Fisiologia, Disciplina de Fisiologia da Nutrição, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 2° andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Boveto
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Santamarina
authors.affiliation: Departamento Fisiologia, Disciplina de Fisiologia da Nutrição, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 2° andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Alves
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: de Santana
authors.affiliation: Departamento Fisiologia, Disciplina de Fisiologia da Nutrição, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 2° andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Hiromu
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.affiliation: Departamento Fisiologia, Disciplina de Fisiologia da Nutrição, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 2° andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eliane Beraldi
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Departamento Fisiologia, Disciplina de Fisiologia da Nutrição, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 2° andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia Maria da Penha
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Oller do Nascimento
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biociências, Instituto de Saúde e Sociedade, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Térreo, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana Pellegrini
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Pisani
mesh_terms: D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism; D007774:Lactation; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D054419:Receptors, Adiponectin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D054419:Receptors, Adiponectin; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C504339:adiponectin receptor 1, rat; C120489:oligofructose