title: Longitudinal measures of hostility in deployed military personnel.
abstract: Increases in anger and hostility are commonly found after military deployment. However, it is unknown how anger and hostility develop over time, and which veterans are more at risk for developing these complaints. Data of 745 veterans one month before deployment to Afghanistan and one, six, twelve and 24 months after deployment were analyzed in a growth model. Growth mixture modeling revealed four classes based on their growth in hostility. Most of the participants belonged to a low-hostile group or a mild-hostile group that remained stable over time. Two smaller groups were identified that displayed increase in hostility ratings after deployment. The first showed an immediate increase after deployment. The second showed a delayed increase between twelve and 24 months after deployment. No groups were identified that displayed a decrease of hostility symptoms over time. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to predict group membership by age, education, early trauma, deployment stressors and personality factors. This study gains more insight into the course of hostility over time, and identifies risk factors for the progression of hostility.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre Military Mental Health Care, Ministry of Defense, Utrecht, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: L.Heesink@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Lieke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Heesink
authors.affiliation: Research Centre Military Mental Health Care, Ministry of Defense, Utrecht, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rademaker
authors.affiliation: Research Centre Military Mental Health Care, Ministry of Defense, Utrecht, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Leiden, The Netherlands; Foundation Arq, Diemen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vermetten
authors.affiliation: Research Centre Military Mental Health Care, Ministry of Defense, Utrecht, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elbert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Geuze
authors.affiliation: Foundation Arq, Diemen, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kleber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D000786:Anger; D005260:Female; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D009426:Netherlands; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Aggression; Anger; Deployment; Growth mixture modeling; Hostility; Personality