title: Bioactive peptides identified in thornback ray skin's gelatin hydrolysates by proteases from Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.
abstract: Thornback ray skin gelatin has been hydrolyzed with two different proteases in order to obtain peptides with ACE inhibitory and antioxidant activity. Hydrolysates with protease from Bacillus subtilis A26 (TRGH-A26) displayed ACE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.94 μg/μL whereas Neutrase® hydrolysate from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (TRGH-Neutrase) showed an IC50 value of 2.07 μg/μL. Regarding antioxidant activity, IC50 values of 1.98 and 21.2 μg/μL in TRGH-A26 and TRGH-Neutrase, respectively, were obtained using the DPPH radical-scavenging assay. The most active fractions identified by size-exclusion chromatography were further purified by RP-HPLC and analysed using nanoESI-LC-MS/MS to identify the sequence of the peptides. APGAP was the most active peptide inTRGH-A26 for ACE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 170 μM, whereas GIPGAP showed the best ACE inhibitory activity in TRGH-Neutrase sample with an IC50 value of 27.9 μM. The highest antioxidant activity was identified in peptide AVGAT, showing a 33% of activity at 3mg/mL using the DPPH radical-scavenging assay. The obtained results proved the potential of thornback ray skin gelatin hydrolysates as a source of bioactive peptides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study describes a peptidomic approach for the identification of ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant peptides generated from thornback ray gelatin (Raja clavata) hydrolysates from Bacillus subtilis A26 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Neutrase® enzymes and expose the potential of thornback ray gelatin hydrolysate as a source of bioactive peptides. In this sense, the decrease of systolic blood pressure is one of the main measurements considered in public health for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, stroke and even end-stage renal disease. Traditionally, synthetic drugs such as captopril and enalapril have been used as ACE inhibitors despite their secondary effects, but the finding of new sources for the generation of natural bioactive peptides such as thornback ray muscle results is very important in the knowledge of less hostile but highly effective antihypertensive peptides as well as the development of new uses for waste and by-products generated from marine products, helping to solve the already existing environmental problem affecting this industry.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, University of Sfax, National Engineering School of Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Imen
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lassoued
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Avenue Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, University of Sfax, National Engineering School of Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barkia
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Avenue Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: M-Concepción
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Aristoy
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, University of Sfax, National Engineering School of Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Moncef
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasri
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Avenue Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: ftoldra@iata.csic.es.
authors.forename: Fidel
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Toldrá
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000201:enzymology*; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000737:chemistry*; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping; D012860:Skates, Fish / Q000378:metabolism*; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates; D005780:Gelatin; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases
keywords: ACE inhibitory activity; Antioxidant activity; Bioactive peptides; Gelatin hydrolysate; Mass spectrometry