title: Evaluation of pulmonary function changes in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Upper Egypt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children across the world and is responsible for a growing proportion of global healthcare expenditure. However, limited data are available on lung dysfunction in children with diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the pulmonary function changes in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 60 children with T1DM (mean age 10.5 ± 2.32 years; disease duration 2.45 ± 0.6 years, and 50 healthy control children (mean age 9.9 ± 2.5 years). Spirometry was performed for all individuals to measure forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Glycemic control was assessed on the basis of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), with HbA1c values <8% considered to indicate good glycemic control, and HbA1c values ⩾8% to indicate poor control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant reduction in all spirometeric parameters in diabetic children in comparison with healthy control children. Children with poor glycemic control had significant impairment in lung functions compared with those with good glycemic control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T1DM in children leads to impairment of lung functions and this impairment increases with poor glycemic control.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ismail L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Mohamad
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Assiut, Assiut 71516, Egypt.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdel-Azeem
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Sherif A A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hisham A K
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Othman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Qena Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Khaled A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Abdel Baseer
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmad F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Thabet
authors.affiliation: Community Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amira A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: El-Houfey
keywords: Egypt; children; pulmonary function; spirometry; type 1 diabetes mellitus