title: Innovative Clinical Trial Designs: Toward a 21st-Century Health Care System.
abstract: Whereas the 20th-century health care system sometimes seemed to be inhospitable to and unmoved by experimental research, its inefficiency and unaffordability have led to reforms that foreshadow a new health care system. We point out certain opportunities and transformational needs for innovations in study design offered by the 21st-century health care system, and describe some innovative clinical trial designs and novel design methods to address these needs and challenges.
authors.affiliation: Sequoia Hall, 390 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-4065, USA.
authors.forename: Tze L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: HRP Redwood Building, T152a, Stanford, CA 94305-5405, USA.
authors.forename: Philip W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Lavori
keywords: Cancer clinical trials; Comparative effectiveness research; Embedded experiments; Personalized therapies; Sequential design and randomization