title: Hypnosis for sedation in transesophageal echocardiography: a comparison with midazolam.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), being a displeasing intervention, usually entails sedation. We aimed to compare the effects of hypnosis and midazolam for sedation in TEE.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective single-blinded study conducted on patients scheduled for TEE between April 2011 and July 2011 at a university in Istanbul, Turkey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 41 patients underwent sedation using midazolam and 45 patients underwent hypnosis. Patients were given the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) test for anxiety and continuous performance test (CPT) for alertness before and after the procedure. The difficulty of probing and the overall procedure rated by the cardiologist and satisfaction scores of the patients were also documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anxiety was found to be less and attention more in the hypnosis group, as revealed by STAI and CPT test scores (P < .05 and P < .001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypnosis proved to be associated with positive therapeutic outcomes for TEE with regard to alleviation of anxiety and maintenance of vigilance, thus providing more satisfaction compared to sedation with midazolam.
authors.affiliation: Assoc. Prof. Gulay Eren, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care,, Bakirkoy Dr.Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital,, Incirli St., Zuhuratbaba,, Istanbul 34147, Turkey, T: +905054782578, F: +902124146494, glyaeren@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gulay
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eren
authors.forename: Yuksel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dogan
authors.forename: Guray
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.forename: Evrim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tulubas
authors.forename: Oya
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hergunsel
authors.forename: Yasemin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tekdos
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dogan
authors.forename: Deniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bilgi
authors.forename: Yesim
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Abut
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety; D001288:Attention; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014421:Turkey; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam