title: Predictors of Depression Stigma in Medical Students: Potential Targets for Prevention and Education.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Suicide rates are higher among U.S. physicians than the general population. Untreated depression is a major risk factor, yet depression stigma presents a barrier to treatment. This study aims to identify early career indications of stigma among physicians-in-training and to inform the design of stigma-reduction programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional student survey administered at a large, Midwestern medical school in fall 2009 included measures of depression symptoms, attitudes toward mental health, and potential sources of depression stigma. Principal components factor analysis and linear regression were used to examine stigma factors associated with depression in medical students.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 65.7%, with 14.7% students reporting a previous depression diagnosis. Most students indicated that, if depressed, they would feel embarrassed if classmates knew. Many believed that revealing depression could negatively affect professional advancement. Factor analyses revealed three underlying stigma constructs: personal weakness, public devaluation, and social/professional discrimination. Students associating personal weakness with depression perceived medication as less efficacious and the academic environment as more competitive. Those endorsing public stigma viewed medication and counseling as less efficacious and associated depression with an inability to cope. Race, gender, and diagnosis of past/current depression also related to beliefs about stigma. Depression measures most strongly predicted stigma associated with personal weakness and social/professional discrimination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recommendations for decreasing stigma among physicians-in-training include consideration of workplace perceptions, depression etiology, treatment efficacy, and personal attributes in the design of stigma reduction programs that could facilitate help-seeking behavior among physicians throughout their career.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; William Carey University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Hattiesburg, Mississippi.
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wimsatt
authors.affiliation: University of Nevada School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada.
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Schwenk
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Electronic address: anandas@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Ananda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sen
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D000066505:Help-Seeking Behavior; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008824:Michigan; D010465:Perception; D012577:Schools, Medical; D057545:Social Stigma; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires