title: Olfactory drug effects approached from human-derived data.
abstract: The complexity of the sense of smell makes adverse olfactory effects of drugs highly likely, which can impact a patient's quality of life. Here, we present a bioinformatics approach that identifies drugs with potential olfactory effects by connecting drug target expression patterns in human olfactory tissue with drug-related information and the underlying molecular drug targets taken from publically available databases. We identified 71 drugs with listed olfactory effects and 147 different targets. Taking the target-based approach further, we found additional drugs with potential olfactory effects, including 152 different substances interacting with genes expressed in the human olfactory bulb. Our proposed bioinformatics approach provides plausible hypotheses about mechanistic drug effects for drug discovery and repurposing and, thus, would be appropriate for use during drug development.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Electronic address: j.loetsch@em.uni-frankfurt.de.
authors.forename: Jörn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lötsch
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knothe
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; DataBionics Research Group, University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strabe, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Catharina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lippmann
authors.affiliation: DataBionics Research Group, University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strabe, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ultsch
authors.affiliation: Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Walter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D015195:Drug Design; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000209:etiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D055696:Olfactory Perception / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D011788:Quality of Life