title: Metabonomic Profiling Reveals Cancer Chemopreventive Effects of American Ginseng on Colon Carcinogenesis in Apc(Min/+) Mice.
abstract: American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is one of the most commonly used herbal medicines in the West. It has been reported to possess significant antitumor effects that inhibit the process of carcinogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying its anticancer effects remain largely unresolved. In this study, we investigated the cancer chemopreventive effects of American ginseng on the progression of high fat (HF) diet-enhanced colorectal carcinogenesis with a genetically engineered Apc(Min/+) mouse model. The metabolic alterations in sera of experimental mice perturbed by HF diet intervention as well as the American ginseng treatment were measured by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) and liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS) analysis. American ginseng treatment significantly extended the life span of the Apc(Min/+) mouse. Significant alterations of metabolites involving amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates were observed in Apc(Min/+) mouse in sera, which were attenuated by American ginseng treatment and concurrent with the histopathological improvement with significantly reduced tumor initiation, progression and gut inflammation. These metabolic changes suggest that the preventive effect of American ginseng is associated with attenuation of impaired amino acid, carbohydrates, and lipid metabolism. It also appears that American ginseng induced significant metabolic alterations independent of the Apc(Min/+) induced metabolic changes. The significantly altered metabolites induced by American ginseng intervention include arachidonic acid, linolelaidic acid, glutamate, docosahexaenoate, tryptophan, and fructose, all of which are associated with inflammation and oxidation. This suggests that American ginseng exerts the chemopreventive effects by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: †Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.|‡University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States.
authors.forename: Guoxiang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: §Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.
authors.forename: Chong-Zhi
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: §Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.
authors.forename: Chunhao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: ∥Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States.
authors.forename: Yunping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: §Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.
authors.forename: Xiao-Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: §Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.
authors.forename: Chun-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: §Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.
authors.forename: Chun-Su
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: †Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.|‡University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jia
mesh_terms: D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein / Q000235:genetics; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D055442:Metabolome / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein; D000596:Amino Acids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: American ginseng; ApcMin/+ mice; GC-TOFMS; LC-TOFMS; colorectal cancer; gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry; inflammatory cytokines; liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry; metabonomics