title: One shot, one kill: the forces delivered by archer fish shots to distant targets.
abstract: Archer fishes are skillful hunters of terrestrial prey, firing jets of water that dislodge insects perched on overhead vegetation. In the current investigation, we sought an answer to the question: are distant targets impractical foraging choices? Targets far from the shooter might not be hit with sufficient force to cause them to fall. However, observations from other investigators show that archer fish fire streams of water that travel in a non-ballistic fashion, which is thought to keep on-target forces high, even to targets that are several body lengths distant from the fish. We presented targets at different distances and investigated three aspects of foraging behavior: (i) on-target forces, (ii) shot velocity, (iii) a two-target choice assay to determine if fish would show any preference for downing closer targets or more distant targets. In general, shots from our fish (Toxotes chatareus) showed a mild decrease (less than 15% on average) in on-target forces at our most distant target offered (5.8 body lengths) with respect to the closest target offered (2.3 body lengths). One individual in our investigation showed slightly, but significantly, greater on-target forces as target distance increased. Forces on the furthest targets offered were found to double that of attachment forces for 200mg insects, even for individuals whose on-target forces showed mild decreases with increases in target distance. High-speed video analysis of jet impact with the target revealed that the shot was traveling in a non-ballistic manner, even to our most distant target offered, corroborating previous suppositions that on-target forces should remain high. Fish were able to accomplish this without large changes to shot velocity, but we did find evidence that the water jets appeared to differ in the timing of their acceleration as target distance increased. Our two-target choice experiment revealed that fish show preference for downing the closer target first, even though impact forces on distant targets only showed mild decreases. Our overall findings (and the findings of others) suggest that archer fish modulate many aspects of their shooting behavior: from target selection to active control over the water jet that allows the fish to deliver reliably forceful impacts to prey over a wide range of distances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Road, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA. Electronic address: burnmf0@wfu.edu.
authors.forename: Morgan F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Burnette
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Road, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA.
authors.forename: Miriam A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ashley-Ross
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology*; D005518:Food Preferences; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Non-ballistic jet stream; On-target force; Spitting; Target selection; Toxotes chatareus