title: Vaccinations in sickle cell disease: An audit of vaccination uptake in sickle cell patients attending Newham University Hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the level of adherence of patients with sickle cell disease to the advised vaccination schedule with respect to the Sickle Cell Society guidelines on vaccination [1,2].
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective audit of patients' vaccination records was carried out between July 2012 and June 2013 on a sample of 80 patients over the age of 16, who attended Newham University Hospital accident and emergency (A&E) department with a presenting complaint coded as "sickle cell". A re-audit was conducted from January 2014 to December 2014 to close the audit loop. Chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial audit and re-audit identified 80 and 86 patients, respectively. Only 2 (2012-2013) and 7 (2014) patients had a complete up-to-date vaccination profile. 24 (30%) patients had up-to-date influenza vaccination, increasing to 43 (50%, P=0.0062) when re-audited. 33 (41%) had current pneumococcal vaccinations, increasing to 38 (44%, P=0.7874). Uptake rates for vaccinations against Meningococcal group C (MenC), Haemophilus influenzae B (HiB) and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) were under 31% in both audits. A significant improvement in vaccination rate was observed for all vaccinations except pneumococcal and HBV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although significant improvements have been demonstrated, this audit shows a low level of adherence to the advised vaccination schedule. The study also highlighted a shortfall in appropriate record keeping, reducing the potential for detailed conclusions being drawn in relation to the childhood vaccinations against MenC, HiB and HBV. Implementation of a new database of vaccination history, raising GP awareness and patient education seminars has lead to a significant improvement in vaccination rates locally and the authors hope that this may be replicated in other centres. There may be potential to increase rates further by administering vaccinations to inpatients.
authors.affiliation: Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Whitechapel, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: m.w.gorham@smd11.qmul.ac.uk.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gorham
authors.affiliation: Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Whitechapel, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Whitechapel, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Whitechapel, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Haematology Department, Newham University Hospital, Plaistow, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kreze
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000276:immunology*; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines
keywords: Audit; Haemophilus influenzae B; Hepatitis B virus; Influenza virus; Meningococcus; Sickle cell disease; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Vaccination schedule