title: Parasitized honey bees are less likely to forage and carry less pollen.
abstract: Research into loss of pollination capacity has focused primarily on documenting pollinator declines and their causes with comparatively little attention paid to how stressors may affect pollinating behavior of surviving pollinators. The European honey bee, Apis mellifera is one of the world's most important generalist pollinators, and Nosema apis is a widespread microsporidian gut parasite of adult A. mellifera. We individually fed 960 newly eclosed A. mellifera workers either a sucrose solution or 400 N. apis spores in a sucrose solution and tagged them with a unique radio frequency identification (RFID) tag to monitor their foraging behavior. We found spore-fed bees were less likely to forage than those fed sugar only. Those that did forage started foraging when they were older and stopped foraging when they were younger than bees fed sugar only. However, inoculated and non-inoculated bees did not significantly differ in the number of foraging trips taken per day, the total hours foraged over their lifetime, or homing ability. Inoculated returning foragers were 4.3 times less likely to be carrying available pollen than non-inoculated returning foragers and the number of pollen grains carried was negatively correlated with the number of N. apis spores. In an arena of artificial flowers, inoculated bees had a tendency (p=0.061) to choose sugar flowers over pollen flowers, compared to non-inoculated bees which visited pollen and sugar flowers equally. These results demonstrate that even a relatively low dose of a widespread disease of A. mellifera may adversely affect bees' ability to pollinate.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Qld 4870, Australia; School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. Electronic address: lori.lach@jcu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lach
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrative Bee Research, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Madlen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kratz
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrative Bee Research, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000469:parasitology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D016818:Nosema; D054817:Pollination
keywords: Apis mellifera; Foraging; Nosema apis; Parasite; Pollination; Radio-frequency identification