title: Organic solvent-free air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction for optimized extraction of illegal azo-based dyes and their main metabolite from spices, cosmetics and human bio-fluid samples in one step.
abstract: Air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (AALLME) has unique capabilities to develop as an organic solvent-free and one-step microextraction method, applying ionic-liquids as extraction solvent and avoiding centrifugation step. Herein, a novel and simple eco-friendly method, termed one-step air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (OS-AALLME), was developed to extract some illegal azo-based dyes (including Sudan I to IV, and Orange G) from food and cosmetic products. A series of experiments were investigated to achieve the most favorable conditions (including extraction solvent: 77μL of 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; sample pH 6.3, without salt addition; and extraction cycles: 25 during 100s of sonication) using a central composite design strategy. Under these conditions, limits of detection, linear dynamic ranges, enrichment factors and consumptive indices were in the range of 3.9-84.8ngmL(-1), 0.013-3.1μgmL(-1), 33-39, and 0.13-0.15, respectively. The results showed that -as well as its simplicity, fastness, and use of no hazardous disperser and extraction solvents- OS-AALLME is an enough sensitive and efficient method for the extraction of these dyes from complex matrices. After optimization and validation, OS-AALLME was applied to estimate the concentration of 1-amino-2-naphthol in human bio-fluids as a main reductive metabolite of selected dyes. Levels of 1-amino-2-naphthol in plasma and urinary excretion suggested that this compound may be used as a new potential biomarker of these dyes in human body.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan 35195-363, Iran.
authors.forename: Behruz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barfi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan 35195-363, Iran. Electronic address: aasghari@semnan.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asghari
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan 35195-363, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rajabi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan 35195-363, Iran.
authors.forename: Sedigheh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabzalian
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005503:Food Additives / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017365:Spices / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D003358:Cosmetics; D005503:Food Additives
keywords: Air-assisted; Biological fluid; Biomarker; Food; Lipstick; One-step; Sudan dyes