title: Bats Are Acoustically Attracted to Mutualistic Carnivorous Plants.
abstract: Mutualisms between plants and animals shape the world's ecosystems. In such interactions, achieving contact with the partner species is imperative. Plants regularly advertise themselves with signals that specifically appeal to the partner's perceptual preferences. For example, many plants have acquired traits such as brightly colored, fragrant flowers that attract pollinators with visual, olfactory, or--in the case of a few bat-pollinated flowers--even acoustic stimuli in the form of echo-reflecting structures. However, acoustic attraction in plants is rare compared to other advertisements and has never been found outside the pollination context and only in the Neotropics. We hypothesized that this phenomenon is more widespread and more diverse as plant-bat interactions also occur in the Paleotropics. In Borneo, mutualistic bats fertilize a carnivorous pitcher plant while roosting in its pitchers. The pitcher's orifice features a prolonged concave structure, which we predicted to distinctively reflect the bats' echolocation calls for a wide range of angles. This structure should facilitate the location and identification of pitchers even within highly cluttered surroundings. Pitchers lacking this structure should be less attractive for the bats. Ensonifications of the pitchers around their orifice revealed that this structure indeed acts as a multidirectional ultrasound reflector. In behavioral experiments where bats were confronted with differently modified pitchers, the reflector's presence clearly facilitated the finding and identification of pitchers. These results suggest that plants have convergently acquired reflectors in the Paleotropics and the Neotropics to acoustically attract bats, albeit for completely different ecological reasons.
authors.affiliation: Zoological Institute and Museum, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Straße 11-12, 17489 Greifswald, Germany. Electronic address: schoenerm@uni-greifswald.de.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Schöner
authors.affiliation: Zoological Institute and Museum, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Straße 11-12, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Caroline R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Schöner
authors.affiliation: Department of Sensor Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Straße 3-5, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Tungku Link, Gadong 1410, Brunei Darussalam.
authors.forename: T Ulmar
authors.initials: TU
authors.lastname: Grafe
authors.affiliation: Zoological Institute and Museum, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Straße 11-12, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Sébastien J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Puechmaille
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Tungku Link, Gadong 1410, Brunei Darussalam.
authors.forename: Liaw Lin
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Zoological Institute and Museum, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Straße 11-12, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kerth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001307:Auditory Perception; D002010:Brunei; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000502:physiology*; D004455:Echolocation; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000502:physiology*; D008296:Malaysia; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D013559:Symbiosis