title: Induced immunity against hepatitis B virus.
abstract: Prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with its consequent development of HBV chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma is a global mandatory goal. Fortunately, safe and effective HBV vaccines are currently available. Universal hepatitis B surface antigen HBV vaccination coverage is almost done. Growing knowledge based upon monitoring and surveillance of HBV vaccination programs has accumulated and the policy of booster vaccination has been evaluated. This review article provides an overview of the natural history of HBV infection, immune responses and the future of HBV infection. It also summarizes the updated sources, types and uses of HBV vaccines, whether in the preclinical phase or in the post-field vaccination.
authors.affiliation: Zeinab Nabil Ahmed Said, Kouka Saadeldin Abdelwahab, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (for girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11754, Egypt.
authors.forename: Zeinab Nabil Ahmed
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Said
authors.affiliation: Zeinab Nabil Ahmed Said, Kouka Saadeldin Abdelwahab, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (for girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11754, Egypt.
authors.forename: Kouka Saadeldin
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Abdelwahab
keywords: Booster and therapeutic vaccination; Hepatitis B surface antigen; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis B virus vaccines; Immunological memory