title: Chemical Modification of a Dehydratase Enzyme Involved in Bacterial Virulence by an Ammonium Derivative: Evidence of its Active Site Covalent Adduct.
abstract: The first example of an ammonium derivative that causes a specific modification of the active site of type I dehydroquinase (DHQ1), a dehydratase enzyme that is a promising target for antivirulence drug discovery, is described. The resolution at 1.35 Å of the crystal structure of DHQ1 from Salmonella typhi chemically modified by this ammonium derivative revealed that the ligand is covalently attached to the essential Lys170 through the formation of an amine. The detection by mass spectroscopy of the reaction intermediates, in conjunction with the results of molecular dynamics simulations, allowed us to explain the inhibition mechanism and the experimentally observed differences between S. typhi and Staphylococcus aureus enzymes. The results presented here reveal that the replacement of Phe225 in St-DHQ1 by Tyr214 in Sa-DHQ1 and its hydrogen bonding interaction with the conserved water molecule observed in several crystal structures protects the amino adduct against further dehydration/aromatization reactions. In contrast, for the St-DHQ1 enzyme, the carboxylate group of Asp114, with the assistance of this water molecule, would trigger the formation of a Schiff base that can undergo further dehydration reactions until full aromatization of the cyclohexane ring is achieved. Moreover, in vitro antivirulence studies showed that the reported compound is able to reduce the ability of Salmonella Enteritidis to kill A459 respiratory cells. These studies have identified a good scaffold for the design of irreversible inhibitors that can be used as drugs and has opened up new opportunities for the development of novel antivirulence agents by targeting the DHQ1 enzyme.
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González-Bello
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tizón
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lence
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Otero
authors.affiliation: ∥Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van Raaij
authors.affiliation: ⊥Servicio de Microbiología-INIBIC, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martinez-Guitian
authors.affiliation: ⊥Servicio de Microbiología-INIBIC, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beceiro
authors.affiliation: ‡Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: ‡Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alastair R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hawkins
mesh_terms: D064751:Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020134:Catalytic Domain / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006836:Hydro-Lyases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000201:enzymology*; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006836:Hydro-Lyases; C020000:3-dehydroquinate dehydratase