title: Anticancer activity of Aristolochia ringens Vahl. (Aristolochiaceae).
abstract: Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and sustained focus is on the discovery and development of newer and better tolerated anticancer drugs especially from plants. The sulforhodamine B (SRB) in vitro cytotoxicity assay, sarcoma-180 (S-180) ascites and solid tumor, and L1210 lymphoid leukemia in vivo models were used to investigate the anticancer activity of root extracts of Aristolochia ringens Vahl. (Aristolochiaceae; mǎ dōu líng). AR-A001 (IC50 values of 20 μg/mL, 22 μg/mL, 3 μg/mL, and 24 μg/mL for A549, HCT-116, PC3, and THP-1 cell lines, respectively), and AR-A004 (IC50 values of 26 μg/mL, 19.5 μg/mL, 12 μg/mL, 28 μg/mL, 30 μg/mL, and 22 μg/mL for A549, HCT-116, PC3, A431, HeLa, and THP-1, respectively), were observed to be significantly active in vitro. Potency was highest with AR-A001 and AR-A004 for PC3 with IC50 values of 3 μg/mL and 12 μg/mL, respectively. AR-A001 and AR-A004 produced significant (p < 0.05-0.001) dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth in the S-180 ascites model with peak effects produced at the highest dose of 120 mg/kg. Inhibition values were 79.51% and 89.98% for AR-A001 and AR-A004, respectively. In the S-180 solid tumor model, the inhibition of tumor growth was 29.45% and 50.50% for AR-A001 (120 mg/kg) and AR-A004 (110 mg/kg), respectively, compared to 50.18% for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; 20 mg/kg). AR-A001 and AR-A004 were also significantly active in the leukemia model with 211.11% and 155.56% increase in mean survival time (MST) compared to a value of 211.11% for 5-FU. In conclusion, the ethanolic (AR-A001) and dichloromethane:methanol (AR-A004) root extracts of AR possess significant anticancer activities in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India ; Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Abidemi James
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Akindele
authors.affiliation: Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Zahoor
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wani
authors.affiliation: Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Girish
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.affiliation: Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Sadhana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Flora Ruth
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Aigbe
authors.affiliation: Natural Products Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Naresh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Satti
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olufunmilayo Olaide
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Adeyemi
authors.affiliation: Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Dilip Manikrao
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mondhe
keywords: Anticancer activity; Aristolochia ringens; Cytotoxicity; Lymphoid leukemia; Solid tumor