title: Combining glass box and black box evaluations in the identification of heart disease risk factors and their temporal relations from clinical records.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The determination of risk factors and their temporal relations in natural language patient records is a complex task which has been addressed in the i2b2/UTHealth 2014 shared task. In this context, in most systems it was broadly decomposed into two sub-tasks implemented by two components: entity detection, and temporal relation determination. Task-level ("black box") evaluation is relevant for the final clinical application, whereas component-level evaluation ("glass box") is important for system development and progress monitoring. Unfortunately, because of the interaction between entity representation and temporal relation representation, glass box and black box evaluation cannot be managed straightforwardly at the same time in the setting of the i2b2/UTHealth 2014 task, making it difficult to assess reliably the relative performance and contribution of the individual components to the overall task.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify obstacles and propose methods to cope with this difficulty, and illustrate them through experiments on the i2b2/UTHealth 2014 dataset.
  
  
  METHODS
  We outline several solutions to this problem and examine their requirements in terms of adequacy for component-level and task-level evaluation and of changes to the task framework. We select the solution which requires the least modifications to the i2b2 evaluation framework and illustrate it with our system. This system identifies risk factor mentions with a CRF system complemented by hand-designed patterns, identifies and normalizes temporal expressions through a tailored version of the Heideltime tool, and determines temporal relations of each risk factor with a One Rule classifier.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Giving a fixed value to the temporal attribute in risk factor identification proved to be the simplest way to evaluate the risk factor detection component independently. This evaluation method enabled us to identify the risk factor detection component as most contributing to the false negatives and false positives of the global system. This led us to redirect further effort to this component, focusing on medication detection, with gains of 7 to 20 recall points and of 3 to 6 F-measure points depending on the corpus and evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We proposed a method to achieve a clearer glass box evaluation of risk factor detection and temporal relation detection in clinical texts, which can provide an example to help system development in similar tasks. This glass box evaluation was instrumental in refocusing our efforts and obtaining substantial improvements in risk factor detection.
authors.affiliation: LIMSI-CNRS, Orsay, France. Electronic address: cyril.grouin@limsi.fr.
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grouin
authors.affiliation: LIMSI-CNRS, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moriceau
authors.affiliation: LIMSI-CNRS, Orsay, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zweigenbaum
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D016494:Computer Security; D003219:Confidentiality; D057225:Data Mining / Q000379:methods*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D033262:Narration; D009323:Natural Language Processing; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D018875:Vocabulary, Controlled
keywords: Electronic health records; Natural language processing; Program evaluation; Risk factors