title: The effect of nasal midazolam premedication on parents-child separation and recovery time in dental procedures under general anaesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For many children medical and dental procedures, unfamiliar dental staff and treatment places are disturbing and stressful. Stress in children often makes them uncooperative. General anaesthesia is indicated for anxious uncooperative children or those who are disabled, immature or too young to undergo dental treatment by other means. Moreover parents' separation while entering the operative room is a traumatic experience for children. Thus premedication such as midazolam is recommended to decrease child's stress. In these situations the increased recovery time was considered as one of the midazolam side effects. There is no study that evaluated the effect of midazolam both in parents-child separation and recovery time in long dental procedure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of nasal midazolam premedication with placebo on parents-child separation and recovery times in uncooperative paediatric patients undergoing long-lasting general anaesthesia for dental procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomised, double-blind study was done on 60 uncooperative patients (ASA physical status I or II) aged 2-4 years who were scheduled for general anaesthesia for dental treatment. Group A received 0.2 mg/kg intranasal midazolam as premedication, and group B received the same volume of intranasal placebo 20 minutes before entering the operating room for general anaesthesia. General anaesthesia was done with the same method for all patients, then parent-child separation and recovery times were compared between the two groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Statical significance was set at P≤0.05. Statically analysis was performed using SPSS version17.Chi-squared and student t-tests were applied to analyse the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significant differences in parents- child separation assessment between two groups. Nasal midazolam premedication had a positive effect on parents-child separation; but there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of recovery time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Premedication of nasal midazolam before induction of general anaesthesia did not prolong recovery time but made the separation of children from their parents easier by showing a better behaviour.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Assistant Professor.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eskandarian
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Post-graduate Student.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arabzade Moghadam
authors.affiliation: Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Anesthesiologist.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reza Ghaemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Post-graduate Student.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bayani
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001010:Anxiety, Separation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003243:Consciousness; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003448:Crying; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010919:Placebos; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D012119:Respiration
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010919:Placebos; D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen