title: Autocrine amplification of immature myeloid cells by IL-6 in multiple myeloma-infiltrated bone marrow.
abstract: Multiple myeloma (MM) invariably develops in the bone marrow (BM), indicating the strong requirement of this tumor for the peculiar BM microenvironment, rich in cytokine and hematopoietic precursor cells. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) are key cytokines implicated in MM development. Here, we show that MM cells changed the hematopoietic microenvironment early upon BM infiltration by strongly downregulating hematopoietic precursor cells from all lineages except myeloid precursor cells. Myeloid precursor cells constituted a major source of APRIL in MM-infiltrated BM, and their proliferative response to IL-6 upregulation explained their relative resistance to MM infiltration. The osteolytic molecule receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANK-L) expressed by MM cells started this myeloid proliferation by inducing in a contact-dependent manner IL-6 production by myeloid precursor cells themselves. Taken together, our data demonstrate that MM cells do not simply displace hematopoietic cells upon BM infiltration, but rather selectively modulate the BM microenvironment to preserve a pool of high APRIL-producing myeloid precursor cells. Our data also identify a positive regulation of APRIL by IL-6 in myeloid precursor cells.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matthes
authors.affiliation: Analytical Immunology for chronic pathologies, Albert Bonniot Institute, INSERM/University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Manfroi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medicine Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zeller
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medicine Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dunand-Sauthier
authors.affiliation: Institute for Immunology, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bogen
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.|Analytical Immunology for chronic pathologies, Albert Bonniot Institute, INSERM/University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France.|Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medicine Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019898:Autocrine Communication; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D022423:Myeloid Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D023461:Myeloid Progenitor Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D053300:Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 13 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053300:Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 13