title: Identification of Intraorbital Arteries in Pediatric Age by High Resolution Superselective Angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Angiography is a powerful tool to identify intraorbital arteries. However, the incidence by which these vessels can be identified is unknown. Our purpose was to determine such incidence and which angiographic approach is best for the identification of each artery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of 353 angiographic procedures (via ophthalmic artery and/or external carotid artery) carried out on 79 children affected by intraocular retinoblastoma was made to investigate the arterial anatomy in 87 orbits. For each intraorbital artery two parameters were calculated: the angiographic incidence, as the percentage of times a given artery was identified, and the visibility index, as the ratio between the angiographic incidence and the true anatomic incidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All collaterals of the ophthalmic artery could be spotted. Most of them were identified with a high angiographic incidence; some of them were less easily identified because too thin or because frequently shielded. The visibility index paralleled the angiographic incidence of most arteries. However, the lacrimal and meningolacrimal arteries had a higher visibility index suggesting that their identification was more frequent than the angiographic incidence alone could suggest. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the lacrimal artery and some muscular branches had higher chances to be identified if the angiography of the ophthalmic artery was accompanied by the study of the external carotid system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work provides an objective measure of how powerful angiography is to identify intraorbital arteries as well as useful references for professionals who need to operate in the orbit.
authors.affiliation: a Unit of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention (NINT) , Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), University of Siena , Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte," Siena , Italy .
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bracco
authors.affiliation: a Unit of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention (NINT) , Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), University of Siena , Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte," Siena , Italy .
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Venturi
authors.affiliation: a Unit of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention (NINT) , Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), University of Siena , Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte," Siena , Italy .
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leonini
authors.affiliation: a Unit of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention (NINT) , Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), University of Siena , Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte," Siena , Italy .
authors.forename: Daniele G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.affiliation: a Unit of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention (NINT) , Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), University of Siena , Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte," Siena , Italy .
authors.forename: Samuele
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cioni
authors.affiliation: a Unit of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention (NINT) , Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), University of Siena , Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte," Siena , Italy .
authors.forename: Ignazio M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Vallone
authors.affiliation: a Unit of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention (NINT) , Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), University of Siena , Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte," Siena , Italy .
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gennari
authors.affiliation: a Unit of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention (NINT) , Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), University of Siena , Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte," Siena , Italy .
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Galluzzi
authors.affiliation: b Department of Medicine , Surgery and Neuroscience, Unit of Ophthalmology, University of Siena , Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte," Siena , Italy .|c Referral Center for Retinoblastoma, University of Siena , Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte," Siena , Italy .
authors.forename: Theodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hadjistilianou
authors.affiliation: c Referral Center for Retinoblastoma, University of Siena , Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte," Siena , Italy .
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Francesco
authors.affiliation: d Unit of Pediatrics , Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), University of Siena , Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte," Siena , Italy .
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guglielmucci
authors.affiliation: e Unit of Neurosurgical Intensive Care , Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), University of Siena , Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte," Siena , Italy , and.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tarantino
authors.affiliation: f Department of Life Sciences , University of Siena , Siena , Italy.
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bertelli
mesh_terms: D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000379:methods*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D008558:Melphalan / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009880:Ophthalmic Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009915:Orbit / Q000098:blood supply*; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019772:Topotecan / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D019772:Topotecan; D008558:Melphalan
keywords: Angiography; angiographic incidence; ophthalmic artery; visibility index