title: Modeling the low pH limit of Nitrosomonas eutropha in high-strength nitrogen wastewaters.
abstract: In wastewater treatment, the rate of ammonia oxidation decreases with pH and stops very often slightly below a pH of 6. Free ammonia (NH3) limitation, inhibition by nitrous acid (HNO2), limitation by inorganic carbon or direct effect of high proton concentrations have been proposed to cause the rate decrease with pH as well as the cessation of ammonia oxidation. In this study, we compare an exponential pH term common for food microbiology with conventionally applied rate laws based on Monod-type kinetics for NH3 limitation and non-competitive HNO2 inhibition as well as sigmoidal pH functions to model the low pH limit of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB). For this purpose we conducted well controlled batch experiments which were then simulated with a computer model. The results showed that kinetics based on NH3 limitation and HNO2 inhibition can explain the rate decrease of ammonia oxidation between pH 7 and 6, but fail in predicting the pH limit of Nitrosomonas eutropha at pH 5.4 and rates close to that limit. This is where the exponential pH term becomes important: this term decreases the rate of ammonia oxidation to zero, as the pH limit approaches. Previously proposed sigmoidal pH functions that affect large pH regions, however, led to an overestimation of the pH effect and could therefore not be applied successfully. We show that the proposed exponential pH term can be explained quantitatively with thermodynamic principles: at low pH values, the energy available from the proton motive force is too small for the NADH production in Nitrosomonas eutropha and related AOB causing an energy limited state of the bacterial cell. Hence, energy limitation and not inhibition or limitation of enzymes is responsible for the cessation of the AOB activity at low pH values.
authors.affiliation: Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fumasoli
authors.affiliation: Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morgenroth
authors.affiliation: Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland. Electronic address: kai.udert@eawag.ch.
authors.forename: Kai M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Udert
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D009606:Nitrosomonas / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia; D009584:Nitrogen; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Bioenergetics; Buffer intensity; Chemical speciation; Intracellular pH; Nitrifiers