title: HIV counseling and testing in tuberculosis contact investigations in the United States and Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Determining the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status of tuberculosis (TB) patients and contacts is important. Despite existing guidelines, not all patients are tested, and testing of contacts is rarely performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a study conducted at nine US/Canadian sites, we introduced formal procedures for offering HIV testing to TB patients and contacts. Data were collected via interviews and medical record review. Characteristics associated with offering and accepting HIV testing were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 651 TB patients, 601 (92%) were offered testing, 511 (85%) accepted, and 51 (10%) were HIV-infected. Of 4152 contacts, 3099 (75%) were offered testing, 1202 (39%) accepted, and 24 (2%) were HIV-infected. Contacts aged 15-64 years, non-Whites, foreign-born persons, smokers, those with positive TB screening, and household contacts were more likely to be offered testing, whereas contacts exposed to HIV-negative patients were less likely to be offered testing. Contacts aged 15-64 years, smokers, drug/alcohol users, diabetics, and those with positive TB screening were more likely to accept testing. Foreign-born persons, Blacks, Hispanics, and contacts exposed to HIV-positive patients were less likely to accept testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High rates of HIV were detected among patients and contacts. Despite structured procedures to offer HIV testing, some patients and most contacts did not accept testing. Strategies are needed to improve testing acceptance rates.
authors.affiliation: ICAP, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirsch-Moverman
authors.affiliation: Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: ICAP, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Munk
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Reichler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D016358:Contact Tracing / Q000379:methods*; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult