title: Estradiol protects female rats against sepsis induced by Enterococcus faecalis improving leukocyte bactericidal activity.
abstract: Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive bacteria described as an important causative agent of sepsis. The contact between host leukocytes and bacteria activates the innate immunity, participating as the first defense mechanism against infection. Pro-inflammatory cytokines [including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin-1β] and nitric oxide (NO) are essential to recruitment of leukocytes into the infectious focus as well as their activation for phagocytosis. Beyond the bacteria species, gender has been considered another factor to predict outcome in septic patients. Studies suggest that females exhibit a protective advantage during sepsis models, being gonadal hormones possible modulators of functions of immune cells. Nevertheless, the role of estradiol during Gram-positive infection remains a literature gap. Our aims were to investigate whether estradiol protects rats against bacterial dissemination during E. faecalis-induced sepsis. We determined whether estradiol modulates the local and systemic inflammatory response, as well as the cell migration into the infectious focus and the bactericidal capacity of leukocytes. Our findings demonstrated that estradiol pre-treated rats showed a dose-dependent reduction in bacterial counts in peritoneal lavage fluid (PLF) and in liver. Moreover, TNF-α and nitrate levels were increased in plasma, while only TNF-α was increased in the PLF in estradiol-treated rats. The prevention of bacterial dissemination may be related to the enhanced neutrophil and macrophage migration into the peritoneal cavity. Furthermore, estradiol improved the phagocytic and bactericidal ability of these both inflammatory cells. Taken together, the present study clearly demonstrates an important protective role of estradiol against sepsis induced by E. faecalis in female rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: rssaia@rfi.fmrp.usp.br.
authors.forename: Rafael Simone
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Saia
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Specialized Nursing, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabíola Morales
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Specialized Nursing, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Evelin Capellari
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Cárnio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000276:immunology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000276:immunology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018805:Sepsis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C000594089:IL1B protein, rat; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D004958:Estradiol
keywords: Cell migration; Cytokines; Macrophage; Neutrophil; Nitric oxide; Phagocytosis; Tumor necrosis factor