title: Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea — diagnostic challenges, monitoring, and treatment.
abstract: Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea (FHA) is associated with functional inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Causes of FHA can be classified into the three groups: 1) stress-related factors, 2) consequences of weight loss and/or underweight, and 3) consequences of physical exercise or practicing sports. Diagnosis of FHA should be based on a history of menstrual disorders. During physical examination, patients with FHA present with secondary and tertiary sex characteristics specific for the pubertal stage preceding development of the condition and with the signs of hypoestrogenism. Laboratory results determine further management of patients with amenorrhea, and thus their correct interpretation is vital for making appropriate therapeutic decisions. Treatment of chronic anovulation, menstrual disorders, and secondary amenorrhea resulting from hypothalamic disorders should be aimed at the elimination of the primary cause, i.e. a decrease in psycho-emotional strain, avoidance of chronic stressors, reduction of physical exercise level, or optimisation of BMI in patients who lose weight. If menses do not resume after a period of six months or primary causative treatment is not possible, neutralisation of hypoestrogenism consequences, especially unfavourable effects on bone metabolism, become the main issue. Previous studies have shown that oestroprogestagen therapy is useful in both the treatment of menstrual disorders and normalisation of bone mineral density. Hormonal preparations should be introduced into therapeutic protocol on an individualised basis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases, and Internal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland. elasowprzep@wp.pl.
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sowińska-Przepiera
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andrysiak-Mamos
authors.forename: Grażyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jarząbek-Bielecka
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walkowiak
authors.forename: Lilianna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Osowicz-Korolonek
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Syrenicz
authors.forename: Witold
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kędzia
authors.forename: Anhelli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Syrenicz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007027:Hypothalamic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult