title: Serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella spp. isolated from farm animals in China.
abstract: Salmonella spp. can indirectly infect humans via transfer from animals and animal-derived food products, and thereby cause potentially fatal diseases. Therefore, gaining an understanding of Salmonella infection in farm animals is increasingly important. The aim of this study was to identify the distribution of serotypes in Salmonella samples isolated from chickens (n = 837), pigs (n = 930), and dairy cows (n = 418) in central China (Henan, Hubei, and Hunan provinces) in 2010-2011, and investigate the susceptibility of strains to antimicrobial agents. Salmonella isolates were identified by PCR amplification of the invA gene, serotypes were determined by using a slide agglutination test for O and H antigens, and susceptibility to 24 antimicrobials was tested using the agar dilution method. In total, 248 Salmonella strains were identified: 105, 105, and 38 from chickens, dairy cows, and pigs, respectively. Additionally, 209 strains were identified in diseased pigs from the Huazhong Agricultural University veterinary hospital. Among these 457 strains, the dominant serotypes were Typhimurium in serogroup B, IIIb in serogroup C, and Enteritidis in serogroup D. In antimicrobial susceptibility tests, 41.14% of Salmonella spp. were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents, 48.14% were resistant to at least one, and 34.72% were resistant to more than three classes. Strains were highly resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (39.61%), nalidixic acid (39.17%), doxycycline (28.22%), and tetracycline (27.58%). Resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones ranged from 5.25 to 7.44% and 19.04 to 24.51%, respectively. Among penicillin-resistant and cephalosporin-resistant strains, 25 isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). The multidrug-resistant and ESBL-producing Salmonella strains identified in healthy animals here will present a challenge for veterinary medicine and farm animal husbandry, and could also pose a threat to public health. The level of antibiotic resistance observed in this study further highlights the need for careful and selective use of antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Xiuhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.affiliation: MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Haihong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Menghong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Yulian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Ijaz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Zhenli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zonghui
keywords: Salmonella; antibiotics; antimicrobial resistance; farm animals; serotype