title: Single-cell imaging tools for brain energy metabolism: a review.
abstract: Neurophotonics comes to light at a time in which advances in microscopy and improved calcium reporters are paving the way toward high-resolution functional mapping of the brain. This review relates to a parallel revolution in metabolism. We argue that metabolism needs to be approached both in vitro and in vivo, and that it does not just exist as a low-level platform but is also a relevant player in information processing. In recent years, genetically encoded fluorescent nanosensors have been introduced to measure glucose, glutamate, ATP, NADH, lactate, and pyruvate in mammalian cells. Reporting relative metabolite levels, absolute concentrations, and metabolic fluxes, these sensors are instrumental for the discovery of new molecular mechanisms. Sensors continue to be developed, which together with a continued improvement in protein expression strategies and new imaging technologies, herald an exciting era of high-resolution characterization of metabolism in the brain and other organs.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios Científicos , Arturo Prat 514, Valdivia, 5110466, Chile ; Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia, Chile.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: San Martín
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios Científicos , Arturo Prat 514, Valdivia, 5110466, Chile ; Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia, Chile.
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sotelo-Hitschfeld
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios Científicos , Arturo Prat 514, Valdivia, 5110466, Chile ; Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia, Chile.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lerchundi
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios Científicos , Arturo Prat 514, Valdivia, 5110466, Chile ; Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia, Chile.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fernández-Moncada
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios Científicos , Arturo Prat 514, Valdivia, 5110466, Chile.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ceballo
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios Científicos , Arturo Prat 514, Valdivia, 5110466, Chile.
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valdebenito
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios Científicos , Arturo Prat 514, Valdivia, 5110466, Chile.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baeza-Lehnert
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios Científicos , Arturo Prat 514, Valdivia, 5110466, Chile.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alegría
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios Científicos , Arturo Prat 514, Valdivia, 5110466, Chile ; Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia, Chile.
authors.forename: Yasna
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Contreras-Baeza
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios Científicos , Arturo Prat 514, Valdivia, 5110466, Chile ; Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia, Chile.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garrido-Gerter
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios Científicos , Arturo Prat 514, Valdivia, 5110466, Chile ; Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia, Chile.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Romero-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios Científicos , Arturo Prat 514, Valdivia, 5110466, Chile.
authors.forename: L Felipe
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Barros
keywords: Förster resonance energy transfer; glycolysis; membrane transport; metabolic flux; mitochondria; optogenetics