title: Detection of expanded-spectrum β-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria in the 21st century.
abstract: Emerging β-lactamase-producing-bacteria (ESBL, AmpC and carbapenemases) have become a serious problem in our community due to their startling spread worldwide and their ability to cause infections which are difficult to treat. Diagnosis of these β-lactamases is of clinical and epidemiological interest. Over the past 10 years, several methods have been developed aiming to rapidly detect these emerging enzymes, thus preventing their rapid spread. In this review, we describe the range of screening and detection methods (phenotypic, molecular and other) for detecting these β-lactamases but also whole genome sequencing as a tool for detecting the genes encoding these enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Centre Azm pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Ecole Doctorale de Sciences et de Technologie, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Liban.
authors.forename: Charbel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Al-Bayssari
authors.forename: Fouad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dabboussi
authors.forename: Monzer
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamze
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rolain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001618:beta-Lactamases
keywords: Gram-negative bacteria; antibiotic resistance; molecular detection; phenotypic detection; whole genome sequencing; β-lactamases