title: Equating Visual Function Scales to Facilitate Reporting of Medicare Functional G-Code Severity/Complexity Modifiers for Low-Vision Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present a method of estimating and equating scales across functional assessment instruments that appropriately represents changes in a patient's functional ability and can be meaningfully mapped to changes in Medicare G-code severity modifiers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Previously published measures of patients' overall visual ability, estimated from low-vision patient responses to 7 different visual function rating scale questionnaires, are equated and mapped onto Medicare G-code severity modifiers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient low-vision rehabilitation clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analyses presented in this article were performed on raw or summarized low-vision patient ratings of visual function questionnaire (VFQ) items obtained from previously published research studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Previously published visual ability measures from Rasch analysis of low-vision patient ratings of items in different VFQs (National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire, Index of Visual Functioning, Activities of Daily Vision Scale, Visual Activities Questionnaire) were equated with the Activity Inventory (AI) scale. The 39 items in the Self-Report Assessment of Functional Visual Performance (SRAFVP) and the 48 items in the Veterans Affairs Low Vision Visual Functioning Questionnaire (VA LV VFQ) were paired with similar items in the AI in order to equate the scales.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tests using different observation methods and indicators cannot be directly compared on the same scale. All test results would have to be transformed to measures of the same functional ability variable on a common scale as described here, before a single measure could be estimated from the multiple measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bivariate regression analysis was performed to linearly transform the SRAFVP and VA LV VFQ item measures to the AI item measure scale. The nonlinear relationship between person measures of visual ability on a logit scale and item response raw scores was approximated with a logistic function, and the 2 regression coefficients were estimated for each of the 7 VFQs. These coefficients can be used with the logistic function to estimate functional ability on the same interval scale for each VFQ and for transforming raw VFQ responses to Medicare's G-code severity modifier categories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The principle of using equated interval scales allows for comparison across measurement instruments of low-vision functional status and outcomes, but can be applied to any area of rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: The Lions Vision Research and Rehabilitation Center at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: tchan25@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Tiffany L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Washington University Program in Occupational Therapy, St. Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Monica S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Perlmutter
authors.affiliation: Lions Low Vision Center of Texas, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX.
authors.forename: Melva
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.affiliation: Richard E. Hoover Low Vision Rehabilitation Service, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Janet S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sunness
authors.affiliation: The Lions Vision Research and Rehabilitation Center at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Judith E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.affiliation: The Lions Vision Research and Rehabilitation Center at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Massof
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000145:classification* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation
keywords: Medicare; Occupational therapy; Outcome assessment (health care); Rehabilitation; Vision, low