title: Verification of the pure alanine in PMMA tube dosimeter applicability for dosimetry of radiotherapy photon beams: a feasibility study.
abstract: Alanine dosimeters in the form of pure alanine powder in PMMA plastic tubes were investigated for dosimetry in a clinical application. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to measure absorbed radiation doses by detection of signals from radicals generated in irradiated alanine. The measurements were performed for low-dose ranges typical for single-fraction doses often used in external photon beam radiotherapy. First, the dosimeters were irradiated in a solid water phantom to establish calibration curves in the dose range from 0.3 to 3 Gy for 6 and 18 MV X-ray beams from a clinical linear accelerator. Next, the dosimeters were placed at various locations in an anthropomorphic pelvic phantom to measure the dose delivery of a conventional four-field box technique treatment plan to the pelvis. Finally, the doses measured with alanine dosimeters were compared against the doses calculated with a commercial treatment planning system (TPS). The results showed that the alanine dosimeters have a highly sensitive dose response with good linearity and no energy dependence in the dose range and photon beams used in this work. Also, a fairly good agreement was found between the in-phantom dose measurements with alanine dosimeters and the TPS dose calculations. The mean value of the ratios of measured to calculated dose values was found to be near unity. The measured points in the in-field region passed dose-difference acceptance criterion of 3% and those in the penumbral region passed distance-to-agreement acceptance criterion of 3 mm. These findings suggest that the pure alanine powder in PMMA tube dosimeter is a suitable option for dosimetry of radiotherapy photon beams.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia. alkarmi@kfupm.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Anan M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0576-2253
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al-Karmi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia. ali.asghar.ayaz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ali Asghar H
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ayaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia. mam-saud@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Mamdouh S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Al-Enezi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, King Fahad Specialist Hospital - Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. wamied.abdelrahman@kfsh.med.sa.
authors.forename: Wamied
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Abdel-Rahman
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia. ndwaikat@kfupm.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Nidal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dwaikat
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry*; D011829:Radiation Dosage
chemical_list: D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D000409:Alanine
keywords: Alanine; Dosimetry; EPR; Radiotherapy; Verification