title: SNP Analysis Infers that Recombination Is Involved in the Evolution of Amitraz Resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus.
abstract: Rhipicephalus microplus, better known as the Asiatic cattle tick, is a largely invasive ectoparasite of great economic importance due to the negative effect it has on agricultural livestock on a global scale, particularly cattle. Tick-borne diseases (babesiosis and anaplasmosis) transmitted by R. microplus are alarming as they decrease the quality of livestock health and production. In sub-Saharan Africa, cattle represent a major source of meat and milk, but this region of the world is severely affected by the Rhipicephalus microplus tick. The principal method for tick control is the use of chemical acaricides, notably amitraz, which was implemented in the 1990's after resistance to other acaricides surfaced. However, the efficiency of chemical control is hindered by an increase in the frequency of mutant resistance alleles to amitraz in tick populations. Presently, the only way to assess amitraz resistance is by means of larval packet tests, but this technique is time-consuming and not particularly cost effective. The main aims of this study were three-fold. First, we attempted to correlate two known SNPs in the octopamine/tyramine (OCT/Tyr) receptor with amitraz resistance in South African field samples of R. microplus. Second, we calculated gametic disequilibrium for these SNPs to determine whether they are randomly associated. Lastly, we conducted a study to assess the evolutionary effects of recombination within the OCT/Tyr receptor. Our results confirmed that the two SNPs are associated with amitraz resistance in the South African tick strain, and that they are in gametic disequilibrium. Additionally, recombination was detected in the OCT/Tyr receptor generating two recombinant haplotypes. These results are of concern to farmers in sub-Saharan Africa, and the emergence of amitraz resistance should be closely monitored in future. Therefore, we present a quick and affordable RFLP based diagnostic technique to assess amitraz resistance in field samples of R. microplus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Nicolaas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: van der Merwe
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Maxime
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madder
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maritz-Olivier
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D007814:Larva / Q000235:genetics; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017982:Receptors, Biogenic Amine / Q000235:genetics; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D048494:Rhipicephalus / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D013019:South Africa; D014052:Toluidines / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D017982:Receptors, Biogenic Amine; D014052:Toluidines; C027604:norsynephrine receptor; C066175:tyramine receptor; C014983:amitraz