title: The ecology of self-monitoring effects on memory of verbal productions: Does speaking to someone make a difference?
abstract: Experiments involving verbal self-monitoring show that memory for spoken words varies with types of sensory feedback: memory is better when words are spoken aloud than when they are lip-synched or covertly produced. Such effects can be explained by the Central Monitoring Theory (CMT) via a process that matches a forward model reflecting expected sensory effects of practiced forms and sensory information during speech. But CMT oversees factors of shared attention as achieved by speaker-listener gaze, and implies that sensory feedback may not affect the learning of unpracticed forms (non-words). These aspects of CMT were examined in two experiments of self-monitoring focusing on oro-sensory feedback. In Experiment 1 we show that varying feedback creates differential effects on memory for spoken words and that speaker-listener gaze alters these effects. Using non-words, Experiment 2 shows the absence of differential feedback effects. The results confirm CMT but suggest the need to refine the theory in terms of processes that mediate attention.
authors.affiliation: Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Qc H2X 3P2, Canada. Electronic address: lafleur.alexis@courrier.uqam.ca.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lafleur
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de sciences phonétiques, Département de linguistique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc H3C 3J7, Canada. Electronic address: victor.boucher@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: Victor J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Boucher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Language learning; Sense of agency; Sensory feedback; Sensory monitoring; Speech production; Verbal memory