title: TLR4 antagonist attenuates atherogenesis in LDL receptor-deficient mice with diet-induced type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Although a large number of studies have well documented a key role of toll-like receptor (TLR)4 in atherosclerosis, it remains undetermined if TLR4 antagonist attenuates atherogenesis in mouse model for type 2 diabetes. In this study, we induced type 2 diabetes in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR(-/-)) mice by high-fat diet (HFD). At 8 weeks old, 20 mice were fed HFD and 20 mice fed regular chow (RC) for 24 weeks. In the last 10 weeks, half HFD-fed mice and half RC-fed mice were treated with Rhodobacter sphaeroides lipopolysaccharide (Rs-LPS), an established TLR4 antagonist. After the treatment, atherosclerotic lesions in aortas were analyzed. Results showed that the HFD significantly increased bodyweight, glucose, lipids including total cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids, and insulin resistance, indicating that the HFD induced type 2 diabetes in LDLR(-/-) mice. Results also showed that Rs-LPS had no effect on HFD-increased metabolic parameters in both nondiabetic and diabetic mice. Lipid staining of aortas and histological analysis of cross-sections of aortic roots showed that diabetes increased atherosclerotic lesions, but Rs-LPS attenuated atherogenesis in diabetic mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemical studies showed that Rs-LPS reduced infiltration of monocytes/macrophages and expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in atherosclerotic lesions of diabetic mice. Finally, the antagonistic effect of Rs-LPS on TLR4 was demonstrated by our in vitro studies showing that Rs-LPS inhibited IL-6 secretion from macrophages and endothelial cells stimulated by LPS or LPS plus saturated fatty acid palmitate. Taken together, our study demonstrated that TLR4 antagonist was capable of attenuating vascular inflammation and atherogenesis in mice with HFD-induced type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Zhongyang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Yanchun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Maria F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Lopes-Virella
authors.affiliation: Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. Electronic address: huangyan@musc.edu.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000378:metabolism; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000172:deficiency*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008055:Lipids; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D003094:Collagen; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Diabetes; Inflammation; Toll-like receptor 4