title: Glucosamine anchored cancer targeted nano-vesicular drug delivery system of doxorubicin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Efficacy of an anticancer drug is challenged by severe adverse effects persuaded by the drug itself; hence designing a tumour targeted delivery system is chosen as an objective of this research work.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We propose, glucose transporter targeting ligand, i.e. synthesised N-lauryl glucosamine (NLG) anchored doxorubicin (DOX) in niosomal formulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Synthesised NLG was incorporated into niosomal formulation of DOX using Span 60 as surfactant, cholesterol as membrane stabilizer and dicetyl phosphate (DCP) as stabilizer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The formulation was stable with particle size of 110 ± 5 nm, zeta potential -30 ± 5 mV and entrapment efficiency approximately 95%. DSC and XRD pattern of freeze-dried formulation demonstrated encapsulation of DOX in niosomal formulation. Cytotoxicity of targeted niosomal formulation (IC50 = 0.830 ppm) was higher than non-targeted niosomal formulation (IC50 = 1.369 ppm) against B6F10 melanoma cell lines. In vitro cellular internalization revealed that targeted niosomal formulation was internalised more efficiently with higher cellular retention by cancer cells compared to the non-targeted niosomal formulation and free DOX. In vitro receptor binding and docking study of targeted niosomal formulation had shown the comparative association potential with glucose receptor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NLG anchored niosomal formulation of DOX with enhanced cytotoxicity, internalization and receptor binding potential has implication in targeted cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology , Institute of Chemical Technology , Mumbai , India.
authors.forename: Smita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pawar
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology , Institute of Chemical Technology , Mumbai , India.
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vavia
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000737:chemistry; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D065546:Drug Liberation; D004355:Drug Stability; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006601:Hexoses / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006601:Hexoses; D008081:Liposomes; D004317:Doxorubicin; D002784:Cholesterol; D005944:Glucosamine; C009298:sorbitan monostearate
keywords: Docking study; N-lauryl glucosamine; doxorubicin; glucose transporter proteins; niosomes