title: Adjuvant radiotherapy in stage 1 seminoma: Evaluation of prognostic factors and results of survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic factors affecting overall survival (OS), cause-specific survival (CSS), progression-free survival (PFS), and survival among patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for stage-1 seminoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between August 1997 and May 2013, 68 patients diagnosed with stage-1 seminoma were retrospectively evaluated. The median age was 39 (24-74) years. All patients received adjuvant RT after inguinal orchiectomy. Fifty-eight (85.3%) patients received paraaortic RT; 10 (14.7%) received dog-leg field RT. The median RT dose was 23.4 (23.4-30.6) Gy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up period was 77.5 (6.7-198.5) months. During the follow-up period, two patients developed distant metastasis, and none developed local recurrence. Two patients died from seminoma, and three died for other reasons. The 5, 10, and 15-year OS rates were 94.7%, 89.6%, and 89.6%, respectively. The 5, 10, and 15-year CSS rates were 98.5%, 96%, and 96%, respectively. The 5, 10, and 15-year PFS rate was 96.1%. The univariate analysis showed that only histological subtype was significant for OS. The 10-year survival rate was 100% among patients with seminoma histology, 90.8% among patients with a classic seminoma histology, and 50% among patients with an anaplastic seminoma histology (P < 0.001). A multivariate analysis showed that the anaplastic seminoma was a negative prognostic indicator for OS (P = 0.042).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adjuvant RT resulted in excellent long-term survival and local control in patients with stage-1 seminoma after orchiectomy. During a short follow-up, secondary malignancy (SM) and late cardiovascular morbidity were not observed. Despite those results, concern of SM and late cardiovascular morbidity remains.
authors.forename: Lasif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Serdar
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Canyilmaz
authors.forename: Turkan Ozturk
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Topcu
authors.forename: Asli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahbaz
authors.forename: Yahyahan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Memis
authors.forename: Gulsen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Soydemir
authors.forename: Ozlem
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Aynaci
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kandaz
authors.forename: Zümrüt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bahat
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011379:Prognosis; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects; D018239:Seminoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D047368:Tumor Burden; D055815:Young Adult