title: Smoking-related idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: A review.
abstract: For many years, cigarette smoking has been considered as the leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. Recently, however, it has also been associated with the development of diffuse interstitial lung diseases. In the latest classification of the major idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP), the term smoking-related IIP has been introduced, including two entities, namely desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) and respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD). Other entities in which smoking has a definite or suggested role include pulmonary Langerhan's cell histiocytosis, smoking-related interstitial fibrosis, combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema syndrome and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms of smoking-related lung damage and on the clinical aspects of these disorders with the exception of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, which will be reviewed elsewhere in this review series.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Medicine and Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pneumonology, Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece.|Department of Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Kavala, Kavala, Greece.
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Margaritopoulos
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Medicine and Semi-Intensive Therapy Unit, Respiratory Physiopathology and Pulmonary haemodynamics Services, San Giuseppe Hospital-Multimedica, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harari
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Medicine and Semi-Intensive Therapy Unit, Respiratory Physiopathology and Pulmonary haemodynamics Services, San Giuseppe Hospital-Multimedica, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caminati
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Medicine and Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pneumonology, Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece.
authors.forename: Katerina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Antoniou
mesh_terms: D001988:Bronchiolitis / Q000209:etiology; D004646:Emphysema / Q000209:etiology; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000209:etiology; D006646:Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D054988:Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias / Q000209:etiology*; D017563:Lung Diseases, Interstitial / Q000209:etiology; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000209:etiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: diagnosis; fibrosis; inflammation; nicotine; smoking; therapy