title: Cellphone-Based Hand-Held Microplate Reader for Point-of-Care Testing of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays.
abstract: Standard microplate based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are widely utilized for various nanomedicine, molecular sensing, and disease screening applications, and this multiwell plate batched analysis dramatically reduces diagnosis costs per patient compared to nonbatched or nonstandard tests. However, their use in resource-limited and field-settings is inhibited by the necessity for relatively large and expensive readout instruments. To mitigate this problem, we created a hand-held and cost-effective cellphone-based colorimetric microplate reader, which uses a 3D-printed opto-mechanical attachment to hold and illuminate a 96-well plate using a light-emitting-diode (LED) array. This LED light is transmitted through each well, and is then collected via 96 individual optical fibers. Captured images of this fiber-bundle are transmitted to our servers through a custom-designed app for processing using a machine learning algorithm, yielding diagnostic results, which are delivered to the user within ∼1 min per 96-well plate, and are visualized using the same app. We successfully tested this mobile platform in a clinical microbiology laboratory using FDA-approved mumps IgG, measles IgG, and herpes simplex virus IgG (HSV-1 and HSV-2) ELISA tests using a total of 567 and 571 patient samples for training and blind testing, respectively, and achieved an accuracy of 99.6%, 98.6%, 99.4%, and 99.4% for mumps, measles, HSV-1, and HSV-2 tests, respectively. This cost-effective and hand-held platform could assist health-care professionals to perform high-throughput disease screening or tracking of vaccination campaigns at the point-of-care, even in resource-poor and field-settings. Also, its intrinsic wireless connectivity can serve epidemiological studies, generating spatiotemporal maps of disease prevalence and immunity.
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Bingen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cortazar
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Bioengineering Department, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Bioengineering Department, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Biomedical Engineering Department, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University , Istanbul 34445, Turkey.
authors.forename: Haydar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Bioengineering Department, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Qingshan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Raymond Yan-Lok
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burbano
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Qamar
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Farooqui
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Department, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. , Pleasanton, California 94588, United States.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lewinski
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Department, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Dino
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Di Carlo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Omai B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Garner
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Bioengineering Department, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Aydogan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozcan
mesh_terms: D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D040421:Cell Phone / Q000295:instrumentation; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D034201:Computers, Handheld / Q000191:economics*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood*; D000069550:Machine Learning; D008457:Measles / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D063731:Mobile Applications; D009107:Mumps / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D055100:Optical Fibers; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems / Q000191:economics*; D000067716:Point-of-Care Testing; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G
keywords: ELISA; immunoassay; microplate reader; point-of-care; smartphone; telemedicine; vaccination