title: Trace fluorescent labeling for protein crystallization.
abstract: Fluorescence can be a powerful tool to aid in the crystallization of proteins. In the trace-labeling approach, the protein is covalently derivatized with a high-quantum-yield visible-wavelength fluorescent probe. The final probe concentration typically labels ≤0.20% of the protein molecules, which has been shown to not affect the crystal nucleation or diffraction quality. The labeled protein is then used in a plate-screening experiment in the usual manner. As the most densely packed state of the protein is the crystalline form, then crystals show as the brightest objects in the well under fluorescent illumination. A study has been carried out on the effects of trace fluorescent labeling on the screening results obtained compared with nonlabeled protein, and it was found that considering the stochastic nature of the crystal nucleation process the presence of the probe did not affect the outcomes obtained. Other effects are realised when using fluorescence. Crystals are clearly seen even when buried in precipitate. This approach also finds `hidden' leads, in the form of bright spots, with ∼30% of the leads found being optimized to crystals in a single-pass optimization trial. The use of visible fluorescence also enables the selection of colors that bypass interfering substances, and the screening materials do not have to be UV-transparent.
authors.affiliation: iXpressGenes Inc., 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35810, USA.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pusey
authors.affiliation: iXpressGenes Inc., 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35810, USA.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barcena
authors.affiliation: iXpressGenes Inc., 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35810, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: iXpressGenes Inc., 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35810, USA.
authors.forename: Anuj
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singhal
authors.affiliation: iXpressGenes Inc., 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35810, USA.
authors.forename: Qunying
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: iXpressGenes Inc., 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35810, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D003460:Crystallization / Q000379:methods; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000032:analysis*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011506:Proteins; C048826:phaseolin protein, Phaseolus vulgaris
keywords: crystallization; intensity; screening; trace fluorescence labeling