title: Does maternal VDR FokI single nucleotide polymorphism have an effect on lead levels of placenta, maternal and cord bloods?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individual susceptibility due to genetic variations appears to be an important factor in lead toxicity. As lead, ubiquitous atmospheric pollutant, behaves very similarly to calcium, gene polymorphisms in proteins involved in calcium homeostasis can affect lead toxicokinetics. Vitamin D receptor (VDR), a DNA-binding transcription factor, activates genes that encode proteins involved in calcium metabolism. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of maternal VDR FokI polymorphism on lead levels of maternal blood, placental tissue and cord blood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised 116 women and their respective placenta and umbilical cord. Venous blood samples were drawn from mothers to investigate both the lead levels and VDR FokI polymorphism. Cord blood samples and placentas were collected for lead levels. VDR FokI polymorphism was detected by standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. Lead levels were analyzed by dual atomic absorption spectrometer system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genotype frequencies of VDR FokI polymorphism were 49.2% FF, 44.8% Ff and 6.0% ff. The mean lead levels of maternal blood, placenta and cord blood were 36.76 ± 13.84 μg/L, 12.84 ± 14.47 μg/kg and 25.69 ± 11.12 μg/L, respectively. Maternal blood, placental and cord blood lead levels were found significantly to be higher in mothers with f allele for the VDR FokI polymorphism (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicated that this polymorphism had an effect on maternal and fetal lead levels and that mothers with F allele associated with lower lead concentration may protect their respective fetus against the toxic effects of lead exposure.
authors.affiliation: Ankara University, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Dilek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaya-Akyüzlü
authors.affiliation: Ankara University, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: kayaalti@ankara.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Zeliha
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kayaaltı
authors.affiliation: Ankara University, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ankara, Turkey; Middle Black Sea Passage Generation of Agricultural Research Station Director, Tokat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Esma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Söylemez
authors.affiliation: Ankara University, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Deniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koca
authors.affiliation: Ankara University, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tülin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Söylemezoğlu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D010920:Placenta / Q000737:chemistry*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011247:Pregnancy; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D007854:Lead
keywords: Cord blood; Lead exposure; Maternal blood; Placenta; VDR FokI single nucleotide polymorphism; Vitamin D receptor (VDR)