title: Assessment of oxytetracycline and tetracycline antibiotics in manure samples in different cities of Khuzestan Province, Iran.
abstract: Tetracyclines (TCs), a class of antibiotics with a broad spectrum, are the most frequently used antibiotics in animal production. The major concern is that the widespread use of the antibiotics may lead to the emergence of new strains of bacteria that are resistant to these antibiotics. The objective of this study was to determine the residual levels of oxytetracycline and tetracycline in 80 animal manure samples that were collected from the livestock and poultry feedlots in Khuzestan Province. The residual levels of the antibiotics in the samples were extracted by using solid-phase extraction (SPE) method and subsequently were measured by liquid chromatography. Recoveries from the spiked poultry manure samples ranged from 65 to 113% for tetracycline and 86 to 132% for oxytetracycline. Relative standard deviations of the recoveries were less than 5.7% within the same day. Method detection limit (MDL) measured for oxytetracycline and tetracycline in the manure were 0.011 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. Analysis of the collected 50 chickens and 30 cow manure samples showed that the highest concentration of tetracycline was related to Behbahan City (5.36 mg/kg) and the lowest concentration was detected for Ramhormoz (0.05 mg/kg). The highest and lowest concentrations of oxytetracycline were respectively observed for Behbahan (13.77 mg/kg) and Ramhormoz (0.047 mg/kg). Based on the results, in chicken manure, there was significant statistical difference between the residual TC concentrations among five cities (p(value) < 0.05). However, no significant relationship was observed between oxytetracyclin (OTC) residual concentrations among five cities (p(value) > 0.05).
authors.affiliation: Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.|Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
authors.forename: Nadali
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alavi
authors.affiliation: Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.|Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali Akbar
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Babaei
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.|Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shirmardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. hnaimabadi@yahoo.com.|School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 61357-15751, Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran. hnaimabadi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Abolfazl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naimabadi
authors.affiliation: Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.|Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
authors.forename: Gholamreza
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goudarzi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002417:Cattle; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D002947:Cities; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D007492:Iran; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D010118:Oxytetracycline / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011200:Poultry; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D008372:Manure; D013752:Tetracycline; D010118:Oxytetracycline
keywords: Antibiotic; Khuzestan Province; Liquid chromatography; Livestock; Poultry