title: Shoulder skin and muscle hemodynamics during backpack carriage.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of loaded backpacks on shoulder muscle oxygenation, skin blood flow, and pain. We hypothesized that backpack load carriage is associated with lower shoulder muscle oxygenation and skin microvascular flow. Near-infrared spectroscopy quantified shoulder tissue oxygenation and laser Doppler flow measured skin microvascular flow. Eight adult volunteers donned a standard backpack without added load, 5 kg load, and 10 kg load for 5 min while standing. An 8 min rest period before each backpack donning condition ensured that all measured parameters returned to baseline. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA and significance set at p < 0.05. Donning a 10 kg backpack significantly reduced shoulder muscle oxygenation by 22 ± 23% as compared to the empty backpack control condition (p = 0.023). In addition, a 10 kg backpack load reduced skin microvascular flow by 82 ± 22%, as compared to the empty backpack control condition (p = 0.024). Perceived pain was significantly higher when wearing the 10 kg backpack (level 4 on a 10-maximal pain scale) as compared to the empty backpack (0, 0-no pain) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, backpack loads of 10 kg decrease shoulder muscle oxygenation and skin microvascular flow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, United States. Electronic address: cliffordpmao@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Clifford P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, United States. Electronic address: b1macias@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Brandon R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Macias
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, United States. Electronic address: ahargens@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hargens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001416:Back Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D057645:Deltoid Muscle / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D017770:Lifting; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D058748:Pain Perception; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Blood flow; Oxygenation; Pain