title: Causes of ischemic electrocardiographic changes in near drowning: A literature review.
abstract: Drowning is a main cause of accidental death among children and adolescents worldwide. Ischemic electrocardiographic (ECG) changes are often encountered in victims of near drowning. We reviewed the literature for near drowning cases reporting ischemic ECG changes to study the underlying etiology for these findings. Among the 8 cases included in the analysis, ischemic ECG changes were due to takotsubo cardiomyopathy (in elderly cases especially females); coronary artery spasm (in younger cases); or hypothermia effect on ECG; and, to a lesser extent, myocardial ischemia resulting from occlusive coronary artery disease.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Mercy Medical Center, Clinton, IA, USA. Electronic address: hesham.omar@apogeephysicians.com.
authors.forename: Hesham R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Florida Gulf-to-Bay Anesthesiology Associates LLC, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Collin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sprenker
authors.affiliation: Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bosco
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Florida Gulf-to-Bay Anesthesiology Associates LLC, Tampa, FL, USA; Tampa General Hospital; CEO, FGTBA, and Regional Medical Director, TEAMHealth, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Devanand
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mangar
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, FGTBA and TEAMHealth, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Enrico M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Camporesi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003329:Coronary Vasospasm; D004562:Electrocardiography; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000209:etiology*; D015701:Near Drowning / Q000150:complications*; D054549:Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: Coronary spasm; Drowning; Hypothermia; Near drowning; Takotsubo