title: In vitro interactions between amphotericin B and hydrocortisone: potential implications for intrathecal therapy.
abstract: Fungal meningitis remains a severe and often lethal infection requiring aggressive antifungal therapy and in refractory cases the use of intrathecal amphotericin B (AmB). Administration of amphotericin B by this method may result in clinically apparent adverse reactions such as paresthesias, radiculitis, or myelopathy. Coadministration of hydrocortisone is therefore often given in an attempt to avoid these effects; however, the potential consequences of this approach on fungal growth or on drug synergy/antagonism had not previously been assessed. We used the checkerboard titration broth microdilution method to analyze interactions by fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs). The combination of amphotericin B and hydrocortisone resulted in synergy or indifference against all isolates (Candida, Cryptococcus, and Coccidioides) during in vitro testing at low concentrations. Antagonism was observed using higher hydrocortisone concentrations (those not observed in vivo) suggesting possible steric hindrance or binding to AmB may occur at doses unlikely to be present during clinical care. Concurrent hydrocortisone and AmB administration should not be avoided due to in vitro antagonism concerns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis.
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis Medical Center.
authors.forename: Stuart H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis Medical Center george.thompson@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects*; D003045:Coccidioides / Q000187:drug effects*; D003454:Cryptococcus / Q000187:drug effects*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D000666:Amphotericin B; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Candida; Coccidioides; Cryptococcus; amphotericin B; coccidioidomycosis; hydrocortisone; intrathecal therapy; meningitis; refractory