title: Efficacy of preoperative itraconazole in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Criterion standard treatment of allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) is primary surgery followed by adjuvant therapy. Even after good surgery, recurrence rates vary from 10 to 79%. Antifungals, e.g., itraconazole, and steroids have shown varying success rates in delaying recurrences given after surgery. Itraconazole decreases the need for steroids given as a primary treatment in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. This study investigated the efficacy of itraconazole given preoperatively for allergic fungal rhinosinusitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was carried out from July 2011 to November 2013 with 27 patients with histologically proven AFS, who were given itraconazole for 1 month in the preoperative period and operated after completion of the course of itraconazole. They were compared with 25 matched controls of patients with AFS who were operated on directly without preoperative itraconazole. Both groups were given oral steroids in tapering doses for 6 weeks during the postoperative period and followed up at regular intervals. Evaluations were done by using symptomatic (Sino-Nasal Outcome Test [SNOT-20]), radiologic (Lund Mackay scores), and endoscopic (Kupferberg nasal endoscopic grades) parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptomatology scores (SNOT-20) decreased significantly (p = 0.000) with itraconazole. There was a decrease (p = 0.007) in the Lund Mackay scores that reached up to 0. There was complete resolution of disease in 15% of the patients. Reductions in hyperdensities were noted on computed tomography in all the patients after preoperative itraconazole. Polyp sizes decreased and nasal endoscopic grades improved after itraconazole. Postoperative fungal cultures were positive in 60% of the patients in the preoperative itraconazole group compared with 76% of the patients in the control group, which indicated a decreased fungal burden.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found improvements in clinical, radiologic, and endoscopic parameters in AFS after preoperative itraconazole administration, which decreased the disease load significantly and also reduced the extent of surgery in the short-term follow-up. It may prove to be a good preoperative adjunct that needs further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Sourabha K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Patro
authors.forename: Roshan K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Naresh K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Panda
authors.forename: Arunaloke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
authors.forename: Paramjeet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009181:Mycoses / Q000150:complications*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D065631:Rhinitis, Allergic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000601:surgery; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D017964:Itraconazole