title: Molecular mechanism of a new Laminaria japonica polysaccharide on the suppression of macrophage foam cell formation via regulating cellular lipid metabolism and suppressing cellular inflammation.
abstract: METHODS
  Laminaria japonica is an important marine vegetable with great health benefits for preventing atherosclerosis. Since the foam cell formation is an important hallmark for the initiation of atherosclerosis, we examined the effect and underlying mechanism of a purified L. japonica polysaccharide (LJP61A) on the suppression of macrophage foam cell formation in this study. The chemical structure was further characterized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced foam cell model, we found that the cellular lipid accumulation was significantly attenuated by 25 μg/mL LJP61A. Meanwhile, LJP61A caused a remarkable decrease in mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ that was accompanied by the reduction of CD36 and Acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase-1 mRNA levels, and the enhancement of ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 and scavenger receptor B1 mRNA levels. Besides these, the ox-LDL-induced cellular inflammation was also restricted by LJP61A treatment via mammalian target of rapamycin-mediated Toll-like receptor 2/4-Mitogen-activated protein kinases/nuclear factor kappa-B pathways. The structure of LJP61A was characterized as a repeating unit consisting of →3,6)-α-d-Manp-(1→, →4)-α-d-Manp-(1→, →4)-2-O-acetyl-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-4-O-SO3 -β-d-Galp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-β-d-Galp-(1→, and a terminal residue of α-d-Glcp-(1→.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that LJP61A inhibits the conversion of macrophage into foam cell via regulating cellular lipid metabolism and suppressing cellular inflammation.
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xue-Qiang
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Zha
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Hai-Lin
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Muhammad-Naeem
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Asghar
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Li-Hua
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jian-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002240:Carbohydrate Sequence; D002460:Cell Line / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005487:Foam Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D007795:Laminaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011134:Polysaccharides; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases
keywords: Foam cell; Laminaria japonica; Molecular mechanism; Polysaccharide; Structure