title: Biomechanics of the ski cross start indoors on a customised training ramp and outdoors on snow.
abstract: An effective start enhances an athlete's chances of success in ski cross competitions. Accordingly, this study was designed to investigate the biomechanics of start techniques used by elite athletes and assess the influence of different start environments. Seven elite ski cross athletes performed starts indoors on a custom-built ramp; six of these also performed starts on an outdoor slope. Horizontal and vertical forces were measured by force transducers located in the handles of the start gate and a 12-camera motion capture system allowed monitoring of the sagittal knee, hip, shoulder, and elbow kinematics. The starting movement involved Pre, Pull, and Push phases. Significant differences between body sides were observed for peak vertical and resultant forces, resultant impulse, and peak angular velocity of the shoulder joint. Significantly lower peak vertical forces (44 N), higher resultant impulse (0.114 Ns/kg), and knee joint range of motion (12°) were observed indoors. Although movement in the ski cross start is generally symmetrical, asymmetric patterns of force were observed among the athletes. Two different movement strategies, i.e. pronounced hip extension or more accentuated elbow flexion, were utilised in the Pull phase. The patterns of force and movement during the indoor and outdoor starts were similar.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction , Aalborg University , Aalborg , Denmark.
authors.forename: Niels Jensby
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Nedergaard
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction , Aalborg University , Aalborg , Denmark.
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Heinen
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction , Aalborg University , Aalborg , Denmark.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sloth
authors.affiliation: b Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences , Mid Sweden University , Östersund , Sweden.
authors.forename: Hans-Christer
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction , Aalborg University , Aalborg , Denmark.|b Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences , Mid Sweden University , Östersund , Sweden.
authors.forename: Uwe Gustav
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Kersting
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004550:Elbow / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006615:Hip / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods*; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology; D012865:Skiing / Q000502:physiology*; D012914:Snow; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Asymmetry; kinematics; kinetics; ski cross; start technique