title: Enabling cytoplasmic delivery and organelle targeting by surface modification of nanocarriers.
abstract: Nanocarriers are designed to specifically accumulate in diseased tissues. In this context, targeting of intracellular compartments was shown to enhance the efficacy of many drugs and to offer new and more effective therapeutic approaches. This is especially true for therapies based on biologicals that must be encapsulated to favor cell internalization, and to avoid intracellular endosomal sequestration and degradation of the payload. In this review, we discuss specific surface modifications designed to achieve cell cytoplasm delivery and to improve targeting of major organelles; we also discuss the therapeutic applications of these approaches. Last, we describe some integrated strategies designed to sequentially overcome the biological barriers that separate the site of administration from the cell cytoplasm, which is the drug's site of action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA.|Fondazione IRCCS SDN, Via Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parodi
authors.affiliation: Fondazione IRCCS SDN, Via Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Corbo
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine & Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.|CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a.r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cevenini
authors.affiliation: Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA.|Clinica Chirurgica I, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche Oncologiche e Gastroeterologiche, Università di Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Molinaro
authors.affiliation: Fondazione IRCCS SDN, Via Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palomba
authors.affiliation: Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA.|College of Materials Science & Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Science, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pandolfi
authors.affiliation: Clinica Chirurgica I, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche Oncologiche e Gastroeterologiche, Università di Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agostini
authors.affiliation: Fondazione IRCCS SDN, Via Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy.|CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a.r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Salvatore
authors.affiliation: Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Ennio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tasciotti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000737:chemistry*; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015388:Organelles / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D053769:Nanocapsules
keywords: biological barriers; cell surface modifications; intracellular targeting; nanocarriers; nanomedicine