title: Primary Repair of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A Systematic Review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical and preclinical research conducted on primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) during the past 10 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Embase was performed for all English-language studies published between 2003 and April 2014 on primary repair of the ACL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the clinical research group, 8 studies (166 patients; age range, 10 to 71 years) met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were largely long-term clinical outcome studies, based on the original cohorts from the 1970s and 1980s, and suggested high failure rates, additional surgery, and revision for instability. A subset of patients, however, achieved good to excellent subjective and objective long-term outcomes. In the preclinical research group, 18 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were based on an ACL transection model; they suggested that (1) stabilization of the knee with an internal suture strut improved the healing and biomechanical properties of the repaired ACL, (2) "enhancing" the repair with biological collagen-platelet composite augmentation improved healing and mechanical strength, (3) younger age and skeletal immaturity seem to correlate with improved histologic healing and biomechanical properties, (4) enhanced primary repair of the ACL may reduce post-traumatic osteoarthritis, and (5) the native ACL biomechanically outperformed the repaired ACL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although long-term human studies suggest collectively unacceptable outcomes for open primary repair of the ACL, a subset of patients achieved acceptable long-term results. ACL transection model animal studies showed improved healing and biomechanics with primary suture repair stabilization, early intervention, biological augmentation techniques, and younger age. Primary repair of the ACL may be an effective treatment modality for an appropriately selected subset of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV, systematic review of preclinical and clinical Level IV studies.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Trauma and Sports Medicine Services, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Samuel A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Trauma and Sports Medicine Services, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A.
authors.forename: M Michael
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Khair
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Trauma and Sports Medicine Services, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Trauma and Sports Medicine Services, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A.. Electronic address: difeliced@hss.edu.
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: DiFelice
mesh_terms: D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D012421:Rupture; D016896:Treatment Outcome