title: Humoral immune responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae in the setting of HIV-1 infection.
abstract: Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) remains one of the most commonly identified causes of bacterial infection in the general population, and the risk is 30-100 fold higher in HIV-infected individuals. Both innate and adaptive host immune responses to pneumococcal infection are important against pathogen invasion. Pneumococcal-specific IgA antibody (Ab) is key to control infection at the mucosal sites. Ab responses against pneumococcal infection by B cells can be generated through T cell-dependent or T cell-independent pathways. Depletion of CD4+ T cells is a hallmark of immunodeficiency in HIV infection and this defect also contributes to B cell dysfunction, which predisposes to infections such as the pneumococcus. Two pneumococcal vaccines have been demonstrated to have potential benefits for HIV-infected patients. One is a T cell dependent 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13); the other is a T cell independent 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23). However, many questions remain unknown regarding these two vaccines in the clinical setting in HIV disease. Here we review the latest research regarding B cell immune responses against pneumococcal antigens, whether derived from potentially invading pathogens or vaccinations, in the setting of HIV-1 infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
authors.forename: Lumin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
authors.forename: Zihai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
authors.forename: Zhuang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kilby
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kilby
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States. Electronic address: jianw@musc.edu.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: C538862:13-valent pneumococcal vaccine; C414006:23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines
keywords: B cells; HIV; Humoral immune responses; Streptococcus pneumoniae