title: Dissipation kinetics and degradation mechanism of amicarbazone in soil revealed by a reliable LC-MS/MS method.
abstract: A sensitive and reliable analytical method was developed for simultaneous determination of amicarbazone (AMZ) and its two major metabolites including desamino amicarbazone (DA) and isopropyl-2-hydroxy-DA-amicarbazone (Ipr-2-OH-DA-AMZ) in soil for the first time. Targeted analytes were extracted and purified using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) procedure, and then analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with a total run time of 9 min. The established approach was extensively validated by determining the linearity (R (2) ≥ 0.99), recovery (84-96 ), sensitivity (limits of quantification at 5-10 μg kg(-1)), and precision (RSDs ≤12 %). Based on the methodological advances, the subsequent dissipation kinetics and degradation mechanism of amicarbazone in soil were thoroughly investigated in an illumination incubator. As revealed, AMZ was easily degraded with the half-lives of 13.9-19.7 days in soil. Field trial results of AMZ (40 g a.i. ha(-1)) in Shanghai showed that the residues of AMZ and its metabolite Ipr-2-OH-DA-AMZ decreased from 0.505 mg kg(-1) (day 50) to 0.038 mg kg(-1) (day 365) and from 0.099 mg kg(-1) (day 50) to 0.028 mg kg(-1) (day 365), respectively, while the content of DA increased from 0.097 mg kg(-1) (day 50) to 0.245 mg kg(-1) (day 365). This study provided valuable data to understand the toxicity of AMZ and substantially promote its safe application to protect environment and human health.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Maofeng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Emmanuel Njumbe
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Ediage
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liangxiu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hongxia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Weimin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhihui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China. sunvegous@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Weiguo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China. hanzheng_ok@163.com.|Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. hanzheng_ok@163.com.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006207:Half-Life; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D057230:Limit of Detection; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014230:Triazoles; C000608976:amicarbazone
keywords: Amicarbazone; Degradation mechanism; Dissipation kinetics; LC-MS/MS; Soil