title: Abstracting Sequences: Reasoning That Is a Key to Academic Achievement.
abstract: The ability to understand sequences of items may be an important cognitive ability. To test this proposition, 8 first-grade children from each of 36 classes were randomly assigned to four conditions. Some were taught sequences that represented increasing or decreasing values, or were symmetrical, or were rotations of an object through 6 or 8 positions. Control children received equal numbers of sessions on mathematics, reading, or social studies. Instruction was conducted three times weekly in 15-min sessions for seven months. In May, the children taught sequences applied their understanding to novel sequences, and scored as well or better on three standardized reading tests as the control children. They outscored all children on tests of mathematics concepts, and scored better than control children on some mathematics scales. These findings indicate that developing an understanding of sequences is a form of abstraction, probably involving fluid reasoning, that provides a foundation for academic achievement in early education.
authors.affiliation: a George Mason University.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pasnak
authors.forename: Julie K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kidd
authors.forename: K Marinka
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gadzichowski
authors.forename: Debbie A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gallington
authors.forename: Katrina Lea
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Schmerold
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D002648:Child; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055641:Mathematical Concepts; D011897:Random Allocation; D011932:Reading; D012942:Social Sciences; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: abstraction; achievement; mathematics; reading; sequences