title: Gut-liver axis, nutrition, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
abstract: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of diseases involving hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation with the potential progression to fibrosis and cirrhosis over time. NAFLD is often associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. The interactions between the liver and the gut, the so-called "gut-liver axis", play a critical role in NAFLD onset and progression. Compelling evidence links the gut microbiome, intestinal barrier integrity, and NAFLD. The dietary factors may alter the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function, favoring the occurrence of metabolic endotoxemia and low grade inflammation, thereby contributing to the development of obesity and obesity-associated fatty liver disease. Therapeutic manipulations with prebiotics and probiotics to modulate the gut microbiota and maintain intestinal barrier integrity are potential agents for NAFLD management. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the complex interplay between the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier, and dietary factors in NAFLD pathogenesis. The concepts addressed in this review have important clinical implications, although more work needs to be done to understand how dietary factors affect the gut barrier and microbiota, and to comprehend how microbe-derived components may interfere with the host's metabolism contributing to NAFLD development.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA. Electronic address: I0kirp01@louisville.edu.
authors.forename: Irina A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Kirpich
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA. Electronic address: luis.marsano@louisville.edu.
authors.forename: Luis S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Marsano
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA; Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA. Electronic address: cjmccl01@louisville.edu.
authors.forename: Craig J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McClain
mesh_terms: D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009765:Obesity / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Dietary factors; Gut microbiome; Intestinal barrier; Metabolic endotoxemia; Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease