title: Characteristics of alveolar macrophages from murine models of OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation and LPS-induced acute airway inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macrophages include the classically activated pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages (M1s) and alternatively activated anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages (M2s). The M1s are activated by both interferon-γ and Toll-like receptor ligands, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and have potent pro-inflammatory activity. In contrast, Th2 cytokines activate the M2s, which are involved in the immune response to parasites, promotion of tissue remodeling, and immune regulatory functions. Although alveolar macrophages (AMs) play an essential role in the pulmonary immune system, little is known about their phenotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry were used to define the characteristics of alveolar macrophages derived from untreated naïve mice and from murine models of both ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway inflammation and LPS-induced acute airway inflammation. AMs were co-cultured with CD4(+) T cells and were pulsed with tritiated thymidine to assess proliferative responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We characterized in detail murine AMs and found that these cells were not completely consistent with the current M1 versus M2-polarization model. OVA-induced allergic and LPS-induced acute airway inflammation promoted the polarization of AMs towards the current M2-skewed and M1-skewed phenotypes, respectively. Moreover, our data also show that CD11c(+) CD11b(+) AMs from the LPS-treated mice play a regulatory role in antigen-specific T-cell proliferation in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These characteristics of AMs depend on the incoming pathogens they encounter and on the phase of inflammation and do not correspond to the current M1 versus M2-polarization model. These findings may facilitate an understanding of their contributions to the pulmonary immune system in airway inflammation.
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine , Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan.|b 2 Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages , Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan.|c 3 Department of Immunology , Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katsura
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine , Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan.|b 2 Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages , Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan.|c 3 Department of Immunology , Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Norihiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine , Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan.|c 3 Department of Immunology , Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Sonoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine , Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishimori
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine , Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine , Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: c 3 Department of Immunology , Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumitaka
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kamachi
authors.affiliation: d 4 Atopy (Allergy) Research Center , Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okumura
authors.affiliation: c 3 Department of Immunology , Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisaya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiba
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine , Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Atsuta
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine , Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan.|b 2 Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages , Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology*; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010047:Ovalbumin
keywords: M1 macrophages; M2 macrophages; allergic airway inflammation; alveolar macrophages