title: Possible Impact of Yearly Childhood Vaccination With Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (TIV) on the Immune Response to the Pandemic Strain H1N1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Annual vaccination of children against seasonal influenza with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) has shown to be beneficial. However, this yearly practice may have unintended effect. Studies have shown that infection with wild type influenza A viruses can stimulate protective heterotypic immunity against unrelated or new influenza subtypes. We hypothesized that a consequence of yearly TIV vaccination is lack of induction of heterotypic immunity against the recent H1N1 pandemic.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective case-control study. We reviewed the medical records of polymerase chain reaction-confirmed cases of 2009 H1N1 influenza infection in children 6 months to 18 years and a matched control group seen during the pandemic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 353 polymerase chain reaction-confirmed H1N1 cases and 396 matching control subjects. Among the H1N1 group, 202/353 (57%) cases received a total of 477 doses of seasonal TIV compared with 218/396 (55%) in the control group who received a total of 435 doses. Seasonal TIV uptake was significantly higher in the H1N1 group 477/548 (87%) than in the control group, 435/532 (81%) (P = .017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seasonal TIV uptake was significantly higher in H1N1-infected group. The finding suggests that the practice of yearly vaccination with TIV might have negatively affected the immune response against the novel pandemic H1N1 strain. Given the rarity of pandemic novel influenza viruses, and the high predictability of seasonal influenza occurrence, the practice of yearly influenza vaccination should be continued. However, the use of live attenuated intranasal vaccine, as opposed to TIV, may allow for the desirable development of a vigorous heterotypic immune response against future pandemics.
authors.affiliation: Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA aamer@med.wayne.edu.
authors.forename: Ahdi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amer
authors.affiliation: Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Basim
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Asmar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D007223:Infant; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D058873:Pandemics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014611:Vaccination; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated
keywords: H1N1 pandemic strain; heterotypic immunity; live attenuated intranasal vaccine; seasonal influenza; trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine