title: Gastroprotective activity of the hydroethanolic extract and isolated compounds from the leaves of Solanum cernuum Vell.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Solanum cernuum Vell. (Solanaceae) is a Brazilian medicinal plant, traditionally known as "panaceia". Its folk name is probably due to its wide range of applications in traditional medicine including the treatment of ulcers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the gastroprotective activities of the hydroethanolic extract (ESC) of S. cernuum and its major isolated compounds using in vivo gastric ulcer models.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ESC extract was obtained by maceration followed by percolation of the dried and powdered leaves of S. cernuum in ethanol:water (7:3). The major compounds in the extract were isolated by applying various preparative chromatographic techniques. The gastroprotective activity was evaluated in mice using different gastric ulcer-induced models. The anti-Helicobacter pylori activity was performed using the agar-well diffusion and broth microdilution methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ESC extract showed gastroprotective effects in the assay of acute gastric ulcer-induced by HCl/EtOH, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and acetic acid-induced chronic ulcer protocols. The results also demonstrated that the gastroprotection induced by ESC extract is related to the activity of nitric oxide and endogenous sulfhydryls, which are important gastroprotective factors. The ESC extract and the alkaloid cernumidine did not show activity against H. pylori in the concentrations tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study showed that the crude extract of S. cernuum possessed gastroprotective activity which corroborating the traditional use of this plant for the treatment of gastric ulcers. The isolated flavonoids, quercitrin and afzelin as well as the phenylpropanoid, isoferulic acid are suggested to be the compounds responsible for the gastroprotective activity of S. cernuum extract.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: marizamiranda2003@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Mariza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abreu Miranda
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: marivanelemos@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marivane
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lemos
authors.affiliation: Ironstone Separations, Inc., 851B Highway 30 East, Oxford, MS 38655, USA. Electronic address: kamilla_07@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Kamila
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alves Cowart
authors.affiliation: Ironstone Separations, Inc., 851B Highway 30 East, Oxford, MS 38655, USA. Electronic address: douglasrodenburg@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rodenburg
authors.affiliation: Ironstone Separations, Inc., 851B Highway 30 East, Oxford, MS 38655, USA. Electronic address: jdmcchesney@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: D McChesney
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA. Electronic address: mradwan@olemiss.edu.
authors.forename: Mohamed M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Radwan
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: niege@fcfrp.usp.br.
authors.forename: Niege Araçari Jacometti Cardoso
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Furtado
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: jkbastos@fcfrp.usp.br.
authors.forename: Jairo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kenupp Bastos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001938:Brazil; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D051381:Rats; D032322:Solanum / Q000737:chemistry*; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: Afzelin (PubChem CID: 5316673); Carbenoxolone (PubChem CID: 6419769); Cernumidine; Clarithromycin (PubChem CID: 84029); Flavonoids; Gastroprotective; Indomethacin (PubChem CID: 3715); Isoferulic acid; Isoferulic acid (PubChem CID: 736186); N-ethylmaleimide (PubChem CID: 4362); Omeprazole (PubChem CID: 4594); Quercitrin (PubChem CID: 5280459); Ranitidine (PubChem CID: 9896548); Solanum cernuum Vell.; l-NAME (PubChem CID: 39836)