title: Infections after lung transplantation: time of occurrence, sites, and microbiologic etiologies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infections are major causes of both early and late death after lung transplantation (LT). The development of prophylaxis strategies has altered the epidemiology of post-LT infections; however, recent epidemiological data are limited. We evaluated infections after LT at our institution by time of occurrence, site of infections, and microbiologic etiologies.
  
  
  METHODS
  All consecutive patients undergoing lung or heart-lung transplantation between October 2008 and August 2014 at our institution were enrolled. Cases of infections after LT were initially identified from the prospective registry database, which was followed by a detailed review of the patients' medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 108 episodes of post-LT infections (56 bacterial, 43 viral, and nine fungal infections) were observed in 34 LT recipients. Within 1 month after LT, the most common bacterial infections were catheter-related bloodstream infections (42%). Pneumonia was the most common site of bacterial infection in the 2- to 6-month period (28%) and after 6 months (47%). Cytomegalovirus was the most common viral infection within 1 month (75%) and in the 2- to 6-month period (80%). Respiratory viruses were the most common viruses after 6 months (48%). Catheter-related candidemia was the most common fungal infection. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis developed after 6 months. Survival rates at the first and third years were 79% and 73%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although this study was performed in a single center, we provide valuable and recent detailed epidemiology data for post-LT infections. A further multicenter study is required to properly evaluate the epidemiology of post-LT infections in Korea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Oh
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Wook
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Se Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Jin
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Do
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dae-Kee
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: In-Cheol
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Bum
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Sun
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeong Ryul
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Kwan
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Il
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D016041:Heart-Lung Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D009181:Mycoses / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000382:microbiology; D012042:Registries; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000821:virology*
keywords: Epidemiology; Infection; Lung transplantation