title: Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide-Coated Fe₃O₄ Magnetic Nanoparticles for Analysis of 15 Trace Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aquatic Environments by Ultraperformance, Liquid Chromatography With Fluorescence Detection.
abstract: Accurate determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface waters is necessary for protection of the environment from adverse effects that can occur at concentrations which require preconcentration to be detected. In this study, an effective solid phase extraction (SPE) method based on cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was developed for extraction of trace quantities of PAHs from natural waters. An enrichment factor of 800 was achieved within 5 min by use of 100 mg of Fe3O4 MNPs and 50 mg of CTAB. Compared with conventional liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), C18 SPE cartridge and some newly developed methods, the SPE to determine bioaccessible fraction was more convenient, efficient, time-saving, and cost-effective. To evaluate the performance of this novel sorbent, five natural samples including rainwater, river waters, wastewater, and tap water spiked with 15 PAHs were analyzed by use of ultraperformance, liquid chromatography (UPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD). Limits of determination (LOD) of PAHs (log Kow ≥ 4.46) ranged from 0.4 to 10.3 ng/L, with mean recoveries of 87.95 ± 16.16, 85.92 ± 10.19, 82.89 ± 5.25, 78.90 ± 9.90, and 59.23 ± 3.10% for rainwater, upstream and downstream river water, wastewater, and tap water, respectively. However, the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on recovery of PAHs varied among matrixes. Because of electrostatic adsorption and hydrophobicity, DOM promoted adsorption of Fe3O4 MNPs to PAHs from samples of water from the field. This result was different than the effect of DOM under laboratory conditions. Because of competitive adsorption with the site of action on the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs for CTAB, recoveries of PAHs were inversely proportional to concentrations of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+). This novel sorbent based on nanomaterials was effective at removing PAHs at environmentally relevant concentrations from waters containing relevant concentrations of both naturally occurring organic matter and hardness metals.
authors.affiliation: †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.|‡College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: §Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
authors.forename: Peifang
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Fengchang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Xuejiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: ∥Department of Veterinary Biomedical Science and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Giesy
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000077286:Cetrimonium; D002593:Cetrimonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005453:Fluorescence; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002593:Cetrimonium Compounds; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C009571:phenyltrimethylammonium; D000077286:Cetrimonium