title: The ecological determinants of baboon troop movements at local and continental scales.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  How an animal moves through its environment directly impacts its survival, reproduction, and thus biological fitness. A basic measure describing how an individual (or group) travels through its environment is Day Path Length (DPL), i.e., the distance travelled in a 24-hour period. Here, we investigate the ecological determinants of baboon (Papio spp.) troop DPL and movements at local and continental scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the continental scale we explore the ecological determinants of annual mean DPL for 47 baboon troops across 23 different populations, updating a classic study by Dunbar (Behav Ecol Sociobiol 31: 35-49, 1992). We find that variation in baboon DPLs is predicted by ecological dissimilarity across the genus range. Troops that experience higher average monthly rainfall and anthropogenic influences have significantly shorter DPL, whilst troops that live in areas with higher average annual temperatures have significantly longer DPL. We then explore DPLs and movement characteristics (the speed and distribution of turning angles) for yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) at a local scale, in the Issa Valley of western Tanzania. We show that our continental-scale model is a good predictor of DPL in Issa baboons, and that troops move significantly slower, and over shorter distances, on warmer days. We do not find any effect of season or the abundance of fruit resources on the movement characteristics or DPL of Issa baboons, but find that baboons moved less during periods of high fruit availability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, this study emphasises the ability of baboons to adapt their ranging behaviour to a range of ecological conditions and highlights how investigations of movement patterns at different spatial scales can provide a more thorough understanding of the ecological determinants of movement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Caspian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Alex K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Piel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Fiona A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: King
keywords: Baboon; Comparative analysis; Day path length; Human-modified habitat; Modelling; Movement characteristics; Papio cynocephalus; Ranging; Season; Space-use; Speed; Turning angle