title: Changes in urinary excretion of water and sodium transporters during amiloride and bendroflumethiazide treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify changes in urinary excretion of aquaporin2 water channels (u-AQP2), the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter (u-NKCC2) and the epithelial sodium channels (u-ENaC) during treatment with bendroflumethiazide (BFTZ), amiloride and placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, 3-way crossover study we examined 23 healthy subjects on a standardized diet and fluid intake. The subjects were treated with amiloride 5 mg, BFTZ 1.25 mg or placebo twice a day for 4.5 d before each examination day. On the examination day, glomerular filtration rate was measured by the constant infusion clearance technique with (51)Cr-EDTA as reference substance. To estimate the changes in water transport via AQP2 and sodium transport via NKCC2 and ENaC, u-NKCC2, the gamma fraction of ENaC (u-ENaCγ), and u-AQP2 were measured at baseline and after infusion with 3% hypertonic saline. U-NKCC2, u-ENaCγ, u-AQP2 and plasma concentrations of vasopressin (p-AVP), renin (PRC), angiotensin II (p-ANG II) and aldosterone (p-Aldo) were measured, by radioimmunoassay. Central blood pressure was estimated by applanation tonometry and body fluid volumes were estimated by bio-impedance spectroscopy. General linear model with repeated measures or related samples Friedman's two-way analysis was used to compare differences. Post hoc Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons of post infusion periods to baseline within each treatment group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline there were no differences in u-NKCC2, u-ENaCγ and u-AQP2. PRC, p-Ang II and p-Aldo were increased during active treatments (P < 0.001). After hypertonic saline, u-NKCC2 increased during amiloride (6% ± 34%; P = 0.081) and increased significantly during placebo (17% ± 24%; P = 0.010). U-AQP2 increased significantly during amiloride (31% ± 22%; P < 0.001) and placebo (34% ± 27%; P < 0.001), while u-NKCC2 and u-AQP2 did not change significantly during BFTZ (-7% ± 28%; P = 0.257 and 5% ± 16%; P = 0.261). U- ENaCγ increased in all three groups (P < 0.050). PRC, AngII and p-Aldo decreased to the same extent, while AVP increased, but to a smaller degree during BFTZ (P = 0.048). cDBP decreased significantly during BFTZ (P < 0.001), but not during amiloride or placebo. There were no significant differences in body fluid volumes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After hypertonic saline, u-NKCC2 and u-AQP2 increased during amiloride, but not during BFTZ. Lower p-AVP during BFTZ potentially caused less stimulation of NKCC2 and AQP2 and subsequent lower reabsorption of water and sodium.
authors.affiliation: Janni M Jensen, Frank H Mose, Anna-Ewa O Kulik, Jesper N Bech, Erling B Pedersen, University Clinic in Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medical Research, Holstebro Hospital, Regional Hospital Jutland West and Aarhus University, 7500 Holstebro, Denmark.
authors.forename: Janni M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Janni M Jensen, Frank H Mose, Anna-Ewa O Kulik, Jesper N Bech, Erling B Pedersen, University Clinic in Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medical Research, Holstebro Hospital, Regional Hospital Jutland West and Aarhus University, 7500 Holstebro, Denmark.
authors.forename: Frank H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Mose
authors.affiliation: Janni M Jensen, Frank H Mose, Anna-Ewa O Kulik, Jesper N Bech, Erling B Pedersen, University Clinic in Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medical Research, Holstebro Hospital, Regional Hospital Jutland West and Aarhus University, 7500 Holstebro, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anna-Ewa O
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kulik
authors.affiliation: Janni M Jensen, Frank H Mose, Anna-Ewa O Kulik, Jesper N Bech, Erling B Pedersen, University Clinic in Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medical Research, Holstebro Hospital, Regional Hospital Jutland West and Aarhus University, 7500 Holstebro, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jesper N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Bech
authors.affiliation: Janni M Jensen, Frank H Mose, Anna-Ewa O Kulik, Jesper N Bech, Erling B Pedersen, University Clinic in Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medical Research, Holstebro Hospital, Regional Hospital Jutland West and Aarhus University, 7500 Holstebro, Denmark.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fenton
authors.affiliation: Janni M Jensen, Frank H Mose, Anna-Ewa O Kulik, Jesper N Bech, Erling B Pedersen, University Clinic in Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medical Research, Holstebro Hospital, Regional Hospital Jutland West and Aarhus University, 7500 Holstebro, Denmark.
authors.forename: Erling B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Pedersen
keywords: Amiloride; Aquaporin2; Epithelial sodium channels; Hypertonic saline; Sodium; Sodium transporters; Sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter; Thiazide; Urine; Water