title: Prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in urban adult Cameroonians according to three common estimators of the glomerular filtration rate: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major threat to the health of people of African ancestry. We assessed the prevalence and risk factors of CKD among adults in urban Cameroon.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of two months duration (March to April 2013) conducted at the Cité des Palmiers health district in the Littoral region of Cameroon. A multistage cluster sampling approach was applied. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was based on the Cockcroft-Gault (CG), the four-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the predictors of CKD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 500 participants with a mean age of 45.3 ± 13.2 years included, we observed a high prevalence of overweight and obesity (60.4 %), hypertension (38.6 %) and diabetes (2.8 %). The mean eGFR was 93.7 ± 24.9, 97.8 ± 24.9 and 99.2 ± 31.4 ml/min respectively with the MDRD, CG and CKD-EPI equations. The prevalence of albuminuria was 7.2 % while the prevalence of decreased GFR (eGFR < 60 ml/min) and CKD (any albuminuria and/or eGFR < 60 ml/min) was 4.4 and 11 % with MDRD, 5.4 and 14.2 % with CG, and 8.8 and 10 % with CKD-EPI. In age and sex adjusted logistic regression models, advanced age, known hypertension and diabetes mellitus, increasing body mass index and overweight/obesity were the predictors of albuminuria, decreased GFR and CKD according to various estimators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a high prevalence of CKD in urban adults Cameroonian, driven essentially by the commonest risk factors for CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University Teaching Hospital of Yaoundé, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon. francoiskaze@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Francois Folefack
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Kaze
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Douala General Hospital, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon. patricehalle@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Marie-Patrice
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Halle
authors.affiliation: Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Bangangté, Cameroon. mopahermine@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Hermine Tchuendem
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Mopa
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Yaoundé General Hospital, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon. maglo09@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ashuntantang
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Douala General Hospital, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon. mendjouf@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Hermine
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fouda
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Physiologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon. jngogang@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ngogang
authors.affiliation: South African Medical Research Council, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. apkengne@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Andre-Pascal
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kengne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002163:Cameroon / Q000453:epidemiology; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine