title: To brood or not to brood: Are marine invertebrates that protect their offspring more resilient to ocean acidification?
abstract: Anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is being absorbed by seawater resulting in increasingly acidic oceans, a process known as ocean acidification (OA). OA is thought to have largely deleterious effects on marine invertebrates, primarily impacting early life stages and consequently, their recruitment and species' survival. Most research in this field has been limited to short-term, single-species and single-life stage studies, making it difficult to determine which taxa will be evolutionarily successful under OA conditions. We circumvent these limitations by relating the dominance and distribution of the known polychaete worm species living in a naturally acidic seawater vent system to their life history strategies. These data are coupled with breeding experiments, showing all dominant species in this natural system exhibit parental care. Our results provide evidence supporting the idea that long-term survival of marine species in acidic conditions is related to life history strategies where eggs are kept in protected maternal environments (brooders) or where larvae have no free swimming phases (direct developers). Our findings are the first to formally validate the hypothesis that species with life history strategies linked to parental care are more protected in an acidifying ocean compared to their relatives employing broadcast spawning and pelagic larval development.
authors.affiliation: 1] University of Pavia, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Pavia 27100, Italy [2] ENEA, Marine Environment and Sustainable Development Unit, La Spezia 19032, Italy [3] Plymouth University, Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
authors.forename: Noelle Marie
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Lucey
authors.affiliation: ENEA, Marine Environment and Sustainable Development Unit, La Spezia 19032, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.affiliation: 1] Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze Marine, La Spezia 19032, Italy [2] Department of Biology &CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: DeMarchi
authors.affiliation: Texas A&M University at Galveston, Department of Marine Biology, Galveston, Texas 77554, USA.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.affiliation: Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn", Dept. Integrative Marine Ecology, Napoli 80121, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gambi
authors.affiliation: 1] Plymouth University, Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK [2] Université du Québec à Rimouski, Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada.
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calosi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002980:Climate; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*