title: Immunological features underlying viral hemorrhagic fevers.
abstract: Several enveloped RNA viruses of the arenavirus, bunyavirus, filovirus and flavivirus families are associated with a syndrome known as viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF). VHF is characterized by fever, vascular leakage, coagulation defects and multi organ system failure. VHF is currently viewed as a disease precipitated by viral suppression of innate immunity, which promotes systemic virus replication and excessive proinflammatory cytokine responses that trigger the manifestations of severe disease. However, the mechanisms by which immune dysregulation contributes to disease remain poorly understood. Infection of nonhuman primates closely recapitulates human VHF, notably Ebola and yellow fever, thereby providing excellent models to better define the immunological basis for this syndrome. Here we review the current state of our knowledge and suggest future directions that will better define the immunological mechanisms underlying VHF.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Ilhem
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Messaoudi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States. Electronic address: chris.basler@mssm.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Basler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029043:Ebolavirus / Q000502:physiology; D019142:Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola / Q000276:immunology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D006482:Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral / Q000276:immunology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D015004:Yellow Fever / Q000276:immunology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015005:Yellow fever virus / Q000502:physiology