title: Refractory diarrhea: A paraneoplastic syndrome of neuroblastoma.
abstract: Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. Diarrheal NB is quite rare and is not easy to diagnose in the early stage. Six cases of diarrheal NB in our hospital treated from 1996 to 2006 were retrospectively analyzed, including characteristics such as electrolyte imbalance, pathologic features, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunohistochemical staining results, treatment, and prognosis. All patients were boys with 3-8 loose or watery stools each day and routine fecal tests were normal. Abdominal tumors were identified by B-ultrasound. Drugs were ineffective. Three patients underwent surgery, and the remaining three patients received surgery and chemotherapy. Diarrhea stopped after treatment in five patients. Two patients died due to intractable hypokalemia. The tumor was located in the adrenal gland in four patients, in the upper retroperitoneum in one patient, and in the presacral area in one patient. Pathologic findings were NB and ganglioneuroblastoma. Five patients were at clinical stage I-II, and one was at stage III. Four patients survived (followed-up for 6 mo to 4 years). Immunohistochemical staining for VIP was positive. Refractory diarrhea is a paraneoplastic syndrome of NB and is rare. Patients aged 1-3 years who present with chronic intractable diarrhea should be followed closely. Intractable diarrhea, hypokalemia, and dysplasia are the initial clinical manifestations. Increased VIP is characteristic of this disease. Potassium supplementation plays a vital role in the treatment procedure, especially preoperatively. The prognosis of diarrheal NB is good following appropriate treatment.
authors.affiliation: Wei Han, Huan-Min Wang, Oncology Department, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Wei Han, Huan-Min Wang, Oncology Department, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China.
authors.forename: Huan-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001706:Biopsy; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007008:Hypokalemia / Q000209:etiology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D010257:Paraneoplastic Syndromes / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012186:Retroperitoneal Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
keywords: Diarrhea; Hypokalemia; Neuroblastoma; Paraneoplastic syndrome; Vasoactive intestinal peptide