title: Utility of fluorescent cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To verify the utility of fluorescent cholangiography for more rigorous identification of the extrahepatic biliary system.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE and PubMed searches were performed using the key words "fluorescent cholangiography", "fluorescent angiography", "intraoperative fluorescent imaging", and "laparoscopic cholecystectomy" in order to identify relevant articles published in English, French, German, and Italian during the years of 2009 to 2014. Reference lists from the articles were reviewed to identify additional pertinent articles. For studies published in languages other than those mentioned above, all available information was collected from their English abstracts. Retrieved manuscripts (case reports, reviews, and abstracts) concerning the application of fluorescent cholangiography were reviewed by the authors, and the data were extracted using a standardized collection tool. Data were subsequently analyzed with descriptive statistics. In contrast to classic meta-analyses, statistical analysis was performed where the outcome was calculated as the percentages of an event (without comparison) in pseudo-cohorts of observed patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 16 studies were found that involved fluorescent cholangiography during standard laparoscopic cholecystectomies (n = 11), single-incision robotic cholecystectomies (n = 3), multiport robotic cholecystectomy (n = 1), and single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (n = 1). Overall, these preliminary studies indicated that this novel technique was highly sensitive for the detection of important biliary anatomy and could facilitate the prevention of bile duct injuries. The structures effectively identified before dissection of Calot's triangle included the cystic duct (CD), the common hepatic duct (CHD), the common bile duct (CBD), and the CD-CHD junction. A review of the literature revealed that the frequencies of detection of the extrahepatic biliary system ranged from 71.4% to 100% for the CD, 33.3% to 100% for the CHD, 50% to 100% for the CBD, and 25% to 100% for the CD-CHD junction. However, the frequency of visualization of the CD and the CBD were reduced in patients with a body mass index > 35 kg/m(2) relative to those with a body mass index < 35 kg/m(2) (91.0% and 64.0% vs 92.3% and 71.8%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluorescent cholangiography is a safe procedure enabling real-time visualization of bile duct anatomy and may become standard practice to prevent bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
authors.affiliation: Antonio Pesce, Gaetano La Greca, Stefano Puleo, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pesce
authors.affiliation: Antonio Pesce, Gaetano La Greca, Stefano Puleo, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piccolo
authors.affiliation: Antonio Pesce, Gaetano La Greca, Stefano Puleo, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: La Greca
authors.affiliation: Antonio Pesce, Gaetano La Greca, Stefano Puleo, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Puleo
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D002758:Cholangiography / Q000379:methods*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007208:Indocyanine Green
keywords: Bile duct injury; Biliary anomalies; Extrahepatic biliary system; Fluorescent cholangiography; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy