title: Psychophsyiological reactivity during uncertainty and ambiguity processing in high and low worriers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) has been linked to Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), but studies experimentally manipulating uncertainty have mostly failed to find differences between GAD patients and controls, possible due to a lack of distinction between uncertainty and ambiguity. This study therefore investigated reactivity to ambiguity in addition to uncertainty in high worriers (HW) and low worriers (LW). We hypothesized an interpretation bias between the groups during ambiguity tasks, while uncertainty would facilitate threat processing of subsequent aversive stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  HW (N = 23) and LW (N = 23) completed a paradigm comprising the anticipation and perception of pictures with dangerous, safe, or ambiguous content. Anticipatory cues were certain (always correct information about the following picture) or uncertain (no information). Subjective ratings, reaction times and skin conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HW rated particularly ambiguous pictures as more aversive and showed longer reaction times to all picture conditions compared to LW. SCRs were also larger in HW compared to LW, particularly during uncertain but also safe anticipation. No group differences were observed during perception of stimuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All participants were female. HW was used as subclinical phenotype of GAD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intolerance of ambiguity seems to be related to individual differences in worry and possibly to the development of GAD. Threat-related interpretations differentiating HW and LW occurred particularly for ambiguous pictures but were not accompanied by increased autonomic arousal during the picture viewing. This disparity between subjective rating and arousal may be the result of worrying in response to intolerance of uncertainty, restraining physiological responses.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany; Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Behavioral Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: hk283@exeter.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kirschner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany; Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Behavioral Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: Kevin.Hilbert@tu-dresden.de.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hilbert
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany; Behavioral Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: Jana.Hoyer@tu-dresden.de.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoyer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany; Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: Lueken_U@ukw.de.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lueken
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany; Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Behavioral Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: Katja.Beesdo-Baum@tu-dresden.de.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beesdo-Baum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D035501:Uncertainty; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Ambiguity; Anticipation; Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD); Information processing; Uncertainty; Worry