title: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Capsaicin and Piperine on Helicobacter pylori-Induced Chronic Gastritis in Mongolian Gerbils.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spices have been used for thousands of years, and recent studies suggest that certain spices confer beneficial effects on gastric disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate possible chemopreventive effects of spice-derived compounds on Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-induced gastritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the inhibitory effects of curcumin, capsaicin, and piperine on H. pylori in vitro by determining the colony-forming units and real-time RT-PCR in H. pylori stimulated AGS gastric cancer cells. For in vivo analysis, 6-week-old SPF male Mongolian gerbils were infected with H. pylori, fed diets containing 5000 ppm curcumin, 100 ppm capsaicin, or 100 ppm piperine, and sacrificed after 13 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three compounds inhibited in vitro proliferation of H. pylori, with curcumin being the most effective. Infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells was suppressed by piperine both in the antrum and corpus of H. pylori-infected gerbils. Capsaicin also decreased neutrophils in the antrum and corpus and mononuclear cell infiltration and heterotopic proliferative glands in the corpus. mRNA expression of Tnf-α and formation of phospho-IκB-α in the antrum were reduced by both capsaicin and piperine. In addition, piperine suppressed expression of Il-1β, Ifn-γ, Il-6, and iNos, while H. pylori UreA and other virulence factors were not significantly attenuated by any compounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that capsaicin and piperine have anti-inflammatory effects on H. pylori-induced gastritis in gerbils independent of direct antibacterial effects and may thus have potential for use in the chemoprevention of H. pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.|Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toyoda
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan.|Chemicals Safety Department, Mitsui Chemicals Inc., Mobara, Japan.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.|Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takasu
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Young-Man
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Pathology I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kiriyama
authors.affiliation: Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan.|Japan Bioassay Research Center, Hadano, Japan.
authors.forename: Masae
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tatematsu
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan.|Department of Diagnostic Pathology I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D052117:Benzodioxoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018890:Chemoprevention / Q000379:methods; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004035:Diet Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005756:Gastritis / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005849:Gerbillinae; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013270:Stomach / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D052117:Benzodioxoles; D010880:Piperidines; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D002211:Capsaicin; C008922:piperine
keywords: Helicobacter pylori; Mongolian gerbil; capsaicin; chronic gastritis; curcumin; piperine