title: Age, gender, and puberty influence the development of facial emotion recognition.
abstract: Our ability to differentiate between simple facial expressions of emotion develops between infancy and early adulthood, yet few studies have explored the developmental trajectory of emotion recognition using a single methodology across a wide age-range. We investigated the development of emotion recognition abilities through childhood and adolescence, testing the hypothesis that children's ability to recognize simple emotions is modulated by chronological age, pubertal stage and gender. In order to establish norms, we assessed 478 children aged 6-16 years, using the Ekman-Friesen Pictures of Facial Affect. We then modeled these cross-sectional data in terms of competence in accurate recognition of the six emotions studied, when the positive correlation between emotion recognition and IQ was controlled. Significant linear trends were seen in children's ability to recognize facial expressions of happiness, surprise, fear, and disgust; there was improvement with increasing age. In contrast, for sad and angry expressions there is little or no change in accuracy over the age range 6-16 years; near-adult levels of competence are established by middle-childhood. In a sampled subset, pubertal status influenced the ability to recognize facial expressions of disgust and anger; there was an increase in competence from mid to late puberty, which occurred independently of age. A small female advantage was found in the recognition of some facial expressions. The normative data provided in this study will aid clinicians and researchers in assessing the emotion recognition abilities of children and will facilitate the identification of abnormalities in a skill that is often impaired in neurodevelopmental disorders. If emotion recognition abilities are a good model with which to understand adolescent development, then these results could have implications for the education, mental health provision and legal treatment of teenagers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, St Mary's University, Twickenham, London UK.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: Deafness Cognition and Language Centre, University College London London, UK.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Behavioural and Brain Sciences Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Skuse
keywords: child development; emotion; emotion recognition; face recognition; facial expression; social cognition