title: The distribution, diversity, and importance of 16S rRNA gene introns in the order Thermoproteales.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intron sequences are common in 16S rRNA genes of specific thermophilic lineages of Archaea, specifically the Thermoproteales (phylum Crenarchaeota). Environmental sequencing (16S rRNA gene and metagenome) from geothermal habitats in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) has expanded the available datasets for investigating 16S rRNA gene introns. The objectives of this study were to characterize and curate archaeal 16S rRNA gene introns from high-temperature habitats, evaluate the conservation and distribution of archaeal 16S rRNA introns in geothermal systems, and determine which "universal" archaeal 16S rRNA gene primers are impacted by the presence of intron sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several new introns were identified and their insertion loci were constrained to thirteen locations across the 16S rRNA gene. Many of these introns encode homing endonucleases, although some introns were short or partial sequences. Pyrobaculum, Thermoproteus, and Caldivirga 16S rRNA genes contained the most abundant and diverse intron sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of introns revealed that sequences within the same locus are distributed biogeographically. The most diverse set of introns were observed in a high-temperature, circumneutral (pH 6) sulfur sediment environment, which also contained the greatest diversity of different Thermoproteales phylotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The widespread presence of introns in the Thermoproteales indicates a high probability of misalignments using different "universal" 16S rRNA primers employed in environmental microbial community analysis.
authors.affiliation: Thermal Biology Institute and Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA. zackary.jay@montana.edu.
authors.forename: Zackary J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Jay
authors.affiliation: Thermal Biology Institute and Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA. binskeep@montana.edu.
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Inskeep
mesh_terms: D019641:DNA, Archaeal / Q000235:genetics*; D045482:Hot Springs; D007438:Introns; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D019619:Thermoproteales / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D019641:DNA, Archaeal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S