title: Assessment of respiration-induced vertebral motion in prone-positioned patients during general anaesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Robotic techniques are beginning to be applied to spine surgery, but safety is always a concern. Respiration-induced motion during surgery could lead to inaccurate robot-assisted pedicle screw placement. Accurate positional information for vertebral movement is needed to develop new techniques to eliminate or adjust respiration-induced motion and improve the accuracy of robotic spine surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  An optical tracking system was attached to patients' backs to track the motion of the C3, C7, T7, T12, L4 and S1 vertebral bodies. Monitoring was done in the operating room, with patients under general anaesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measured motion (peak to peak) during breathing was greater in T7 (2.2593 mm), T12 (2.2665 mm) and L4 (1.6054 mm) than in other segments. Anterior-posterior motion was greater than either left-right or superior-inferior motion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During general anaesthesia, significant motion occurs in vertebral bodies, caused by breathing, especially in the lower thoracic and lumbar segments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yajun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Mingxing
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009038:Motion; D056888:Patient Positioning; D065289:Pedicle Screws; D016684:Prone Position; D012119:Respiration; D012371:Robotics; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*
keywords: respiratory motion; robot-assisted surgery; spine surgery