title: Predicting human exposure and risk from chlorinated indoor swimming pool: a case study.
abstract: This study predicted human exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in a chlorinated indoor swimming pool. Human exposure was predicted through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal routes while ingestion exposure was accidental with water intake of 18-34 mL/h. The number of pool attendants and duration and frequency of swimming were in the ranges of 14-62 persons/day, 40-85 min/event, and 26-48 times/year, respectively. Trihalomethanes (THMs) in pool water and air were 28.7-95.5 μg/L and 44.1-133.6 μg/m(3), respectively, while haloacetic acids (HAAs) in pool water were 68.9-158.9 μg/L. The brominated THMs in water and air were 95.4 and 94.3% of total THMs, respectively, while brominated HAAs were 94.4 % of total HAAs. Chronic daily intakes of THMs and HAAs were 2.16 × 10(-5)-3.14 × 10(-3) and 8.4 × 10(-8)-4.6 × 10(-6) mg/kg-day, respectively. The cancer risk from three THMs and two HAAs was 2.46 × 10(-5) with a range of 8.1 × 10(-6)-5.7 × 10(-5), in which THMs contributed 99.6% of total risks. Approximately 99.3% of risks were through inhalation and dermal routes, indicating that the ingestion route may be insignificant. The cancer risks from THMs in swimming pool were 4.06-6.64 times to the cancer risks from THMs in drinking water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia, Schowdhury@kfupm.esdu.sa.
authors.forename: Shakhawat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
mesh_terms: D062845:Chloroacetates / Q000032:analysis*; D004203:Disinfection; D004326:Drinking; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D054879:Halogenation; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013551:Swimming Pools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D014867:Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D062845:Chloroacetates; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water