title: Determination of growth stages and metabolic profiles in Brachypodium distachyon for comparison of developmental context with Triticeae crops.
abstract: Brachypodium distachyon is an emerging model plant for studying biological phenomena in temperate grasses. Study of the growth scale is essential to analyse spatio-temporal changes in molecular factors throughout the life cycle. For sensitive and robust staging based on morphology in B. distachyon, we demonstrated the utility of the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and CHemical industry) scale, which is comparable to the Zadoks scale conventionally used for Triticeae crops. We compared the chronological progression of B. distachyon accessions Bd21 and Bd3-1, in addition to the progression of Chinese Spring wheat. The comparison of growth stages illustrates the morphological similarities and differences in the timing of life cycle events. Furthermore, we compared metabolite accumulation patterns across different growth stages and across different stress conditions using a widely targeted metabolome analysis. Metabolic profiling determined commonalities and specificities in chemical properties that were dependent on organisms, growth stages and/or stress conditions. Most metabolites accumulated equivalently in B. distachyon and wheat. This qualitative similarity indicated the superiority of B. distachyon as a model for Triticeae crops. The growth scale of B. distachyon should provide a conceptual framework for comparative analysis and for knowledge integration between this model grass and crops in the Pooideae subfamily.
authors.affiliation: Cellulose Production Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, Japan Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Onda
authors.affiliation: Technology Platform Division, Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Integrated Genome Informatics Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuhiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Integrated Genome Informatics Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Systems Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Systems Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Masami Yokota
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.affiliation: Technology Platform Division, Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiminori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toyooka
authors.affiliation: Cellulose Production Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, Japan Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, Japan Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan keiichi.mochida@riken.jp.
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mochida
authors.affiliation: Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, Japan Biomass Research Platform Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinozaki
mesh_terms: D058431:Brachypodium / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055442:Metabolome; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
keywords: BBCH scale; Brachypodium distachyon; Pooideae; Zadoks scale; growth staging; metabolome