title: Genetic Engineering of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine.
abstract: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which can be obtained from various organs and easily propagated in vitro, are one of the most extensively used types of stem cells and have been shown to be efficacious in a broad set of diseases. The unique and highly desirable properties of MSCs include high migratory capacities toward injured areas, immunomodulatory features, and the natural ability to differentiate into connective tissue phenotypes. These phenotypes include bone and cartilage, and these properties predispose MSCs to be therapeutically useful. In addition, MSCs elicit their therapeutic effects by paracrine actions, in which the metabolism of target tissues is modulated. Genetic engineering methods can greatly amplify these properties and broaden the therapeutic capabilities of MSCs, including transdifferentiation toward diverse cell lineages. However, cell engineering can also affect safety and increase the cost of therapy based on MSCs; thus, the advantages and disadvantages of these procedures should be discussed. In this review, the latest applications of genetic engineering methods for MSCs with regenerative medicine purposes are presented.
authors.affiliation: 1 NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw, Poland .
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nowakowski
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.|3 Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.|4 Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury , Olsztyn, Poland .
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Walczak
authors.affiliation: 1 NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw, Poland .|2 Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.|3 Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Miroslaw
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janowski
authors.affiliation: 1 NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw, Poland .
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lukomska
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D044968:Regenerative Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D019076:Transgenes / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators