title: Alternating current and infrared produce an onset-free reversible nerve block.
abstract: Nerve block can eliminate spasms and chronic pain. Kilohertz frequency alternating current (KHFAC) produces a safe and reversible nerve block. However, KHFAC-induced nerve block is associated with an undesirable onset response. Optical inhibition using infrared (IR) laser light can produce nerve block without an onset response, but heats nerves. Combining KHFAC with IR inhibition [alternating current and infrared (ACIR)] produces a rapidly reversible nerve block without an onset response. ACIR can be used to rapidly and reversibly provide onset-free nerve block in the unmyelinated nerves of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica and may have significant advantages over either modality alone. ACIR may be of great clinical utility in the future.
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University , Department of Biology, 2080 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7080, United States.
authors.forename: Emilie H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lothet
authors.affiliation: MetroHealth Medical Center , Department of Orthopaedics, Cleveland, Ohio 44109-1900, United States ; Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Cleveland, Ohio 44106-1702, United States ; Case Western Reserve University , Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7207, United States.
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kilgore
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University , Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7207, United States.
authors.forename: Niloy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhadra
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University , Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7207, United States.
authors.forename: Narendra
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhadra
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University , Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7207, United States.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vrabec
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University , Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7207, United States ; Case Western Reserve University , Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7207, United States.
authors.forename: Yves T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University , Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.
authors.forename: E Duco
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University , Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7207, United States ; Case Western Reserve University , Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7207, United States.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University , Department of Biology, 2080 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7080, United States ; Case Western Reserve University , Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7080, United States ; Case Western Reserve University , Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7207, United States.
authors.forename: Hillel J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chiel
keywords: Aplysia; high-frequency alternating current; infrared laser light; nerve block; optical inhibition; pain; spasm