title: Two Ganoderma species: profiling of phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD, antioxidant, antimicrobial and inhibitory activities on key enzymes linked to diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease and skin disorders.
abstract: This work reports the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and inhibitory effects of methanol and water extracts from Ganoderma applanatum (GAM: methanol extract and GAW: water extract) and G. resinaceum (GRM: methanol extract and GRW: water extract) against cholinesterase, tyrosinase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The total phenolics, flavonoids contents, and HPLC profile of phenolic components present in the extracts, were also determined. Antioxidant activities were investigated by using different assays, including DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum and metal chelating assays. Antimicrobial activity of the tested Ganoderma extracts was also studied by the broth microdilution method. Generally, the highest antioxidant (59.24 mg TEs per g extract for DPPH, 41.32 mg TEs per g extract for ABTS, 41.35 mg TEs per g extract for CUPRAC, 49.68 mg TEs per g extract for FRAP, 130.57 mg AAEs per g extract for phosphomolybdenum and 26.92 mg EDTAEs per g extract) and enzyme inhibitory effects (1.47 mg GALAEs per g extract for AChE, 1.51 mg GALAEs per g extract for BChE, 13.40 mg KAEs per g extract for tyrosinase, 1.13 mmol ACEs per g extract for α-amylase and 2.20 mmol ACEs per g extract for α-glucosidase) were observed in GRM, which had the highest concentrations of phenolics (37.32 mg GAEs g(-1) extract). Again, Ganoderma extracts possess weak antibacterial and antifungal activities. Apigenin and protocatechuic acid were determined as the main components in GRM (1761 μg per g extract) and GAM (165 μg per g extract), respectively. The results suggest that the Ganoderma species may be considered as a candidate for preparing new food supplements and can represent a good model for the development of new drug formulations.
authors.affiliation: Selcuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Konya, Turkey. gokhanzengin@selcuk.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Gokhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zengin
authors.forename: Cengiz
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sarikurkcu
authors.forename: Erdogan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gunes
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uysal
authors.forename: Ramazan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ceylan
authors.forename: Sengul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uysal
authors.forename: Halil
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gungor
authors.forename: Abdurrahman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aktumsek
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000201:enzymology; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D002802:Cholinesterases / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000201:enzymology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D032902:Ganoderma / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000201:enzymology; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000520:alpha-Glucosidases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D002802:Cholinesterases; D000516:alpha-Amylases; D000520:alpha-Glucosidases