title: Causation model of autism: Audiovisual brain specialization in infancy competes with social brain networks.
abstract: Earliest identifiable findings in autism indicate that the autistic brain develops differently from the typical brain in the first year of life, after a period of typical development. Twin studies suggest that autism has an environmental component contributing to causation. Increased availability of audiovisual (AV) materials and viewing practices of infants parallel the time frame of the rise in prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Studies have shown an association between ASD and increased TV/cable screen exposure in infancy, suggesting AV exposure in infancy as a possible contributing cause of ASD. Infants are attracted to the saliency of AV materials, yet do not have the experience to recognize these stimuli as socially relevant. The authors present a developmental model of autism in which exposure to screen-based AV input in genetically susceptible infants stimulates specialization of non-social sensory processing in the brain. Through a process of neuroplasticity, the autistic infant develops the skills that are driven by the AV viewing. The AV developed neuronal pathways compete with preference for social processing, negatively affecting development of social brain pathways and causing global developmental delay. This model explains atypical face and speech processing, as well as preference for AV synchrony over biological motion in ASD. Neural hyper-connectivity, enlarged brain size and special abilities in visual, auditory and motion processing in ASD are also explained by the model. Positive effects of early intervention are predicted by the model. Researchers studying causation of autism have largely overlooked AV exposure in infancy as a potential contributing factor. The authors call for increased public awareness of the association between early screen viewing and ASD, and a concerted research effort to determine the extent of causal relationship.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA. Electronic address: karen.heffler@drexelmed.edu.
authors.forename: Karen Frankel
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Heffler
authors.affiliation: Society for the Study of ASD & Social-Communication, Merced, California USA.
authors.forename: Leonard M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Oestreicher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001308:Auditory Perceptual Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004777:Environment; D005145:Face; D000066499:Facial Recognition; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D013060:Speech; D013690:Television; D013997:Time Factors