title: The Riddle of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Progression From Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver to Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.
abstract: Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is an emerging global epidemic which progresses to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis in a subset of subjects. Various reviews have focused on the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment of NAFLD. This review highlights specifically the triggers implicated in disease progression from NAFL to NASH. The integrating role of genes, dietary factors, innate immunity, cytokines and gut microbiome have been discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology and Nutrition, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Mithun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Research Labs, Institute of Basic Sciences and Translational Research, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Shasikala
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitnala
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Ravi K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Vishnubhotla
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Rathin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Duvvur N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology and Nutrition, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Padaki N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Rao
keywords: AGE, Advanced glycation end products; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AMPK, AMP-activated protein Kinase; APPL1 and 2, Adaptor protein 1 and 2; ATP, Adenosine tri-phosphatase; BMI, Basal Metabolic Index; CD, Cluster of differentiation; COL13A1, Collagen, type XIII, alpha 1; DAMP, Damage assocauted molecular pattern molecules; EFCAB4B, EF-hand calcium binding domain 4B; FA, Fatty acid; FDFT1, Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1; FFA, Free fatty acid; GCKR, Glucokinase regulatory protein; GLUT 5, Glucose transporter type 5; GWAS, Genome wide association studies; HDL, High density lipoprotein; HMGB1, High-mobility group protein B1; HOMA-IR, Homoestatic model assessment-insulin resistance; HSC, Hepatic Stellate Cells; Hh, Hedgehog; IL6, Interleukin 6; IR, Insulin Resistance; KC, Kupffer Cells; LPS, Lipopolysacharrides; LYPLAL1, Lypophospholipase like 1; MCP, Monocyte chemotactic protein; NAD, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NAFL, Nonalcoholic fatty liver; NAFLD, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; NCAN, Neurocan gene; NF-KB, Nuclear Factor Kappa B; NK, Natural Killer; NKL, Natural Killer T cells; NLR, NOD like receptor; NNMT, Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase gene; OXLAM, Oxidized linolenic acid metabolite; PAMP, Pathogen-associated Molecular pattern; PARVB, Beta Parvin Gene; PDGF, Platelet-derived growth factor; PNPLA3; PNPLA3, Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3; PPAR-α, Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha; PPP1R3B, Protein phosphatase 1 R3B; PUFA, Poly unsaturated fatty acid; PZP, Pregnancy-zone protein; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SAMM, Sorting and assembly machinery component; SCAP, SREBP cleavage-activating protein; SFA, Saturated fatty acid; SNP, Single nucleotide polymorphism; SOCS3, Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; SOD2, Superoxide dismutase 2 gene; SREBP-1C, Sterol regulatory Element—Binding Protein 1-C gene; TLR, Toll like receptor; TNF α, Tumor necrosis factor Alpha; UCP3, Uncoupling protein 3 gene; adiponectin; cytokines; gut microbiota; lipotoxicity