title: Synthesis Mechanism and Thermal Optimization of an Economical Mesoporous Material Using Silica: Implications for the Effective Removal or Delivery of Ibuprofen.
abstract: Mesoporous silica materials (MSMs) were synthesized economically using silica (SiO2) as a precursor via a modified alkaline fusion method. The MSM prepared at 500°C (MSM-500) had the highest surface area, pore size, and volume, and the results of isotherms and the kinetics of ibuprofen (IBP) removal indicated that MSM-500 had the highest sorption capacity and fastest removal speed vs. SBA-15 and zeolite. Compared with commercial granular activated carbon (GAC), MSM-500 had a ~100 times higher sorption rate at neutral pH. IBP uptake by MSM-500 was thermodynamically favorable at room temperature, which was interpreted as indicating relatively weak bonding because the entropy (∆adsS, -0.07 J mol(-1) K(-1)) was much smaller. Five times recycling tests revealed that MSM-500 had 83-87% recovery efficiencies and slower uptake speeds due to slight deformation of the outer pore structure. In the IBP delivery test, MSM-500 drug loading was 41%, higher than the reported value of SBA-15 (31%). The in vitro release of IBP was faster, almost 100%, reaching equilibrium within a few hours, indicating its effective loading and unloading characteristics. A cost analysis study revealed that the MSM was ~10-70 times cheaper than any other mesoporous silica material for the removal or delivery of IBP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Shanmuga
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kittappa
authors.affiliation: School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mingcan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Jalan Sultan Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Malarvili
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramalingam
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Shaliza
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeehyeong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Khim
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yeomin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America.
authors.forename: Shane A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jang
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000191:economics; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016062:Porosity; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000191:economics; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004337:Drug Carriers; C509969:SBA-15; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D007052:Ibuprofen