title: Pomegranate inhibits neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis in IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pomegranate fruit, Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae), and its constituents have been shown to inhibit inflammation. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of freeze-dried pomegranate (PWE) on PGE2 production in IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was used to measure prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production from supernatants of IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells. Expression of COX-2, phospho-IκB, and phospho-IKK proteins was evaluated, while NF-κB reporter gene assay was carried out in TNFα-stimulated HEK293 cells to determine the effect of PWE on NF-κB transactivation. Levels of BACE-1 and Aβ in SK-N-SH cells stimulated with IL-1β were measured with an in cell ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PWE (25-200 μg/ml) dose dependently reduced COX-2-dependent PGE2 production in SK-N-SH cells stimulated with IL-1β. Phosphorylation of IκB and IKK was significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited by PWE (50-200 μg/ml). Our studies also show that PWE (50-200 μg/ml) significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited NF-κB transactivation in TNFα-stimulated HEK293 cells. Furthermore, PWE inhibited BACE-1 and Aβ expression in SK-N-SH cells treated with IL-1β.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, our study demonstrates that pomegranate inhibits inflammation, as well as amyloidogenesis in IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells. We propose that pomegranate is a potential nutritional strategy in slowing the progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DH, UK.
authors.forename: Ravikanth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Velagapudi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DH, UK.
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baco
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DH, UK.
authors.forename: Sunjeet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khela
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DH, UK.
authors.forename: Uchechukwu
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Okorji
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DH, UK. o.a.olajide@hud.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Olumayokun
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Olajide
mesh_terms: D000682:Amyloid / Q000378:metabolism*; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005612:Freeze Drying; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D015870:Gene Expression; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000682:Amyloid; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016328:NF-kappa B; D028321:Plant Preparations; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; C509280:BACE1 protein, human; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: Amyloidogenesis; Interleukin-1β; Neuroinflammation; Neurons; Pomegranate