title: Ultrasound-Guided Catheterization of the Femoral Artery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this meta-analysis was to determine the utility of real-time two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound guidance for femoral artery catheterization.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Despite the shift toward establishing vascular access via the radial artery rather than the femoral artery, femoral artery cannulation is still frequent in cardiac catheterization. Since vascular complications related to femoral artery cannulation can be quite devastating, preventing these complications is vital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive literature search of Medline, Embase, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was performed. Additionally, five years of conference abstracts from critical care, interventional radiology, vascular surgery, and cardiology were reviewed. Two independent reviewers identified prospective, randomized controlled trials comparing ultrasound guidance with traditional palpation techniques of femoral artery catheterization (with or without fluoroscopy). Data were extracted on study design, study size, operator and patient characteristics, complication rates, first-pass success, procedure time, and number of attempts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four trials with a total of 1422 subjects were included in the review, with 703 subjects in the palpation group and 719 subjects in the ultrasound-guided group. Compared with traditional methods, ultrasound guidance for femoral artery catheterization was associated with 49% reduction in overall complications, including hematoma and accidental venipuncture (relative risk, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.28-0.91). It was also associated with 42% improvement in the likelihood of first-attempt success (relative risk, 1.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-2.00).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of real-time 2D ultrasound guidance for femoral artery catheterization decreases life-threatening vascular complications and improves first-pass success rate.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. msobolev@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sobolev
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Slovut
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lee Chang
authors.forename: Ariel L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shiloh
authors.forename: Lewis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Eisen
mesh_terms: D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*