title: Methodological Issues in Questionnaire Design.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The process of designing a questionnaire is complicated. Many questionnaires on nursing phenomena have been developed and used by nursing researchers. The purpose of this paper was to discuss questionnaire design and factors that should be considered when using existing scales.
  
  
  METHODS
  Methodological issues were discussed, such as factors in the design of questions, steps in developing questionnaires, wording and formatting methods for items, and administrations methods. How to use existing scales, how to facilitate cultural adaptation, and how to prevent socially desirable responding were discussed. Moreover, the triangulation method in questionnaire development was introduced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Steps were recommended for designing questions such as appropriately operationalizing key concepts for the target population, clearly formatting response options, generating items and confirming final items through face or content validity, sufficiently piloting the questionnaire using item analysis, demonstrating reliability and validity, finalizing the scale, and training the administrator. Psychometric properties and cultural equivalence should be evaluated prior to administration when using an existing questionnaire and performing cultural adaptation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the context of well-defined nursing phenomena, logical and systematic methods will contribute to the development of simple and precise questionnaires.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Youngshin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea. yjson@sch.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Youn Jung
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Hoseo University, Asan, Korea.
authors.forename: Doonam
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D015399:Nursing Research; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Cultural; Design; Nursing research; Questionnaire