title: Comparative Effects of Clonidine and Adrenaline with Lignocaine during Maxillary Infiltration Anaesthesia for Dental Extraction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lignocaine is a commonly used local anaesthetic in dental practice. Many practitioners use adrenaline (epinephrine) as additive with lignocaine, and some have used clonidine, instead of adrenaline. Both having benefits and limitations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Hence a study was undertaken in our department to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using (plain lidocaine local anaesthetic) versus (lidocaine with adrenaline as additive) versus (lidocaine with clonidine as additive).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised, prospective, double blind study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy five patients requiring extraction of maxillary molar teeth who fall under ASA I category were included and randomly divided into group - I (n=25) (Lignocaine), group - II (n=25) (Lignocaine ± Adrenaline) and group - III (n=25) (Lignocaine ± Clonidine). The observations recorded were, time of onset of anaesthesia, hemodynamic parameters, blood loss during procedure and duration of post operative analgesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 16 software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistically significant difference was seen in blood loss, being higher in group I and duration of anaesthesia, being shortest in group I. There was no statistical difference between the three groups amongst other parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adrenaline at 10 μg/ml and clonidine at 15 μg/ml can be safely used as additives with lignocaine, in maxillary infiltration anaesthesia for dental extraction; with addition of either of these two drugs, having an equal advantage over use of plain lignocaine; in terms of lower blood loss and longer duration of anaesthesia; but, with no difference in the onset of anaesthesia and with no significant hemodynamic changes.
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Tagore Dental College & Hospital, Chennai Research Scholar, Bharath University , Chennai, India .
authors.forename: Samson
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jimson
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Tagore Medical College & Hospital , Chennai, India .
authors.forename: Sree S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ranjani
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute Of Dental Sciences , Bhubaneshwar, India .
authors.forename: Sthithaprajna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lenka
authors.affiliation: Reader, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hosptal, Research Scholar, Bharath University , Chennai, India .
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jimson
keywords: Additives; Local anaesthesia; Vasoconstrictor