title: Antioxidants in Translational Medicine.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  It is generally accepted that reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging molecules or antioxidants exert health-promoting effects and thus their consumption as food additives and nutraceuticals has been greatly encouraged. Antioxidants may be beneficial in situations of subclinical deficiency and increased demand or acutely upon high-dose infusion. However, to date, there is little clinical evidence for the long-term benefit of most antioxidants. Alarmingly, recent evidence points even to health risks, in particular for supplements of lipophilic antioxidants.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The biological impact of ROS depends not only on their quantities but also on their chemical nature, (sub)cellular and tissue location, and the rates of their formation and degradation. Moreover, ROS serve important physiological functions; thus, inappropriate removal of ROS may cause paradoxical reductive stress and thereby induce or promote disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Any recommendation on antioxidants must be based on solid clinical evidence and patient-relevant outcomes rather than surrogate parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Such evidence-based use may include site-directed application, time-limited high dosing, (functional) pharmacological repair of oxidized biomolecules, and triggers of endogenous antioxidant response systems. Ideally, these approaches need guidance by patient stratification through predictive biomarkers and possibly imaging modalities.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmacology, CARIM, FHML, MIAS, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands .
authors.forename: Harald H H W
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: 2 Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Sydney, Australia .|3 University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia .
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stocker
authors.affiliation: 4 Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences , Idstein, Germany .
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vollbracht
authors.affiliation: 5 Norwegian School of Sport Sciences , Oslo, Norway .
authors.forename: Gøran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.affiliation: 6 Galera Therapeutics Inc., Malvern, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.affiliation: 7 Labor für Molekulare Kardiologie, II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , Mainz, Germany .
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daiber
authors.affiliation: 8 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , ISCIII, Madrid, Spain .|9 Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC , Madrid, Spain .|10 Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz) , Madrid, Spain .|11 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid , Madrid, Spain .
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuadrado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D000077185:Resveratrol; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013267:Stilbenes; D000077185:Resveratrol