title: Impact of bioaccessible pyrene on the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes during Sphingobium sp.- and sophorolipid-enhanced bioremediation in soil.
abstract: Soils are exposed to various types of chemical contaminants due to anthropogenic activities; however, research on persistent organic pollutants and the existence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is limited. To our knowledge, the present work for the first time focused on the bioremediation of soil co-contaminated with pyrene and tetracycline/sulfonamide-resistance genes. After 90 days of incubation, the pyrene concentration and the abundance of the four ARGs (tetW, tetM, sulI, and sulII) significantly decreased in different treatment conditions (p<0.05). The greatest pyrene removal (47.8%) and greatest decrease in ARG abundance (from 10(-7) to 10(-8) ARG copies per 16S rRNA copy) were observed in microcosms with a combination of bacterial and sophorolipid treatment. Throughout the incubation, pyrene bioaccessibility constantly declined in the microcosm inoculated with bacteria. However, an increased pyrene bioaccessibility and ARG abundance at day 40 were observed in soil treated with sophorolipid alone. Tenax extraction methods and linear correlation analysis indicated a strong positive relationship between the rapidly desorbing fraction (Fr) of pyrene and ARG abundance. Therefore, we conclude that bioaccessible pyrene rather than total pyrene plays a major role in the maintenance and fluctuation of ARG abundance in the soil.
authors.affiliation: Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China. Electronic address: sunmingming@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Mingming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
authors.forename: Mao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China. Electronic address: wujun2013@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
authors.forename: Yanfang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
authors.forename: Fangyuan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
authors.forename: Da
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
authors.forename: Kuan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
authors.forename: Huixin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
authors.forename: Linzhang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, Private Bag Maseno 40105, Kenya.
authors.forename: Fredrick Orori
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Kengara
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D008055:Lipids / Q000494:pharmacology; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D042301:Sphingomonadaceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D011721:Pyrenes; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C030984:pyrene
keywords: Antibiotic resistance genes; Bioaccessible pyrene; Sophorolipid; Sphingobium sp. PHE3