title: Gamma radiation/H2O2 treatment of a nonylphenol ethoxylates: Degradation, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity evaluation.
abstract: Gamma radiation/H2O2 treatment of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEO) was performed and treatment effect was evaluated on the basis of degradation, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC), and toxicity reduction efficiencies. The radiolytic by-products were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. Low mass carboxylic acids, aldehyde, ketone, and acetic acid were identified as the by-products of the NPEO degradation. NPEO sample irradiated to the absorbed dose of 15 kGy/4.58% H2O2 showed more than 90% degradation. Allium cepa (A. cepa), brine shrimp, heamolytic tests were used for cytotoxicity study, while mutagenicity was evaluated through Ames test (TA98 and TA100 strains) of treated and un-treated NPEO. The reductions in COD and TOC were greater than 70% and 50%, respectively. Gamma radiation/H2O2 treatment revealed a considerable reduction in cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. A. cepa, heamolytic and shrimp assays showed cytotoxicity reduction up to 68.65%, 77%, and 94%, respectively. The mutagenicity reduced up to 62%, 74%, and 79% (TA98) and 68%, 78%, and 82% (TA100), respectively of NPEO-6, NPEO-9, and NPEO-30 irradiated to the absorbed dose of 15 kGy/4.58% H2O2. NPEO-6 detoxified more efficiently versus NPEO-9 and NPEO-30 and results showed that Gamma radiation/H2O2 treatment has the potential to mineralize and detoxify NPEO.
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar-25120, Pakistan. Electronic address: bosalvee@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Munawar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ijaz Ahmad
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Bhatti
mesh_terms: D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005026:Ethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000633:toxicity; D005720:Gamma Rays; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D005026:Ethylene Glycols; C021754:terics; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: Absorbed dose; Advanced oxidation process; Bioassays; Nonylphenol ethoxylates; Surfactant; Toxicity