title: A longitudinal study on determinants of the intention to start smoking among Non-smoking boys and girls of high and low socioeconomic status.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study identifies differences in socio-cognitive factors as they relate to the intention to smoke among boys and girls living in high socioeconomic status (HSES) and low socioeconomic status (LSES) neighborhoods.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,643 children (aged 10-12 years) completed a web-based questionnaire assessing their intention, attitude, social influences, and self-efficacy toward smoking at baseline and at one year follow-up. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the relations between intention and predictor variables (i.e. attitude, social influence, and self-efficacy). Three-way interaction terms were added to the first analysis to examine potential interactions of gender, socioeconomic status and predictor variables. A 3-way interaction effect was present, and therefore subgroup analyses for HSES and LSES boys and girls were warranted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that positive attitudes toward smoking were related to the intention to smoke among HSES boys, whereas HSES girls had higher intentions to smoke if they perceived fewer disadvantages of smoking (OR: 0.42; 95 % CI: 0.22-0.82). The intention to smoke among LSES boys was predicted by perceived social norms (OR: 0.49; 95 % CI: 0.25-0.93); in LSES girls, the smoking behavior of people in their environment was most strongly related to their smoking intention (OR: 5.55; 95 % CI: 2.81-10.93).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To prevent youth smoking, HSES boys and girls may benefit from interventions that address attitudes. Boys from an LSES neighborhood may profit from smoking prevention interventions that target social norms, while LSES girls may benefit from strategies aimed at resisting the influence of smokers in their environment.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The 'Fun without Smokes' study is approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Atrium-Orbis-Zuyd Hospital (NL32093.096.11/MEC 11-T-25) and registered in the Dutch Trial Register ( NTR3116 ).
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. p.cremers@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Henricus-Paul
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Cremers
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. liesbeth.mercken@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mercken
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. hein.devries@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. a.oenema@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oenema
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D020377:Self Efficacy; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012923:Social Class; D012931:Social Environment; D066262:Social Norms; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires