title: Tongue diagnosis: relationship between sublingual tongue morphology in three tongue protrusion angles and menstrual clinical symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The morphological and color characteristics of the tongue sublingual veins (SLVs) can manifest differently within the subjects, depending on the way their tongue is curled upward. This study was conducted in order to investigate the clinical relevancy of tongue SLV diagnosis in relation to menstrual clinical symptoms (pain, clots, heavy, and scanty), using three different inspection procedures (IP1, IP2, and IP3).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-hundred and seventy-seven female patients were asked to stick out their tongues in three specific ways which were intended to create different tongue protrusion angles. The SLV parameters for thickness (TK), length (LE), color (CL), shape (SP), and nodules (ND) were then evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the results of the Wald χ2 test, IP1 provides the best model for pain (R2=0.155), IP3 for clots (R2=0.437), IP2 for heavy (R2=0.268), and scanty (R2=0.192). Abnormal SLV diagnostic parameters were most strongly associated with the clinical symptom of clots (R2=0.492).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the study showed the relations between tongue SLV features and menstrual clinical symptoms, as well it showed that IP2 was the best overall predictor for the symptomatic indexes used in this study, and using one particular SLV inspection procedure may not be sufficient. The application of a particular inspection method alone may cause under- or over-estimation of SLV abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: The Pacific Wellness Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2V1; E-mail: tanaka@pacificwellness.ca.|Department of Health, Faculty of Health Science, Tsukuba University of Technology, Tsukuba 305-8521, Japan.
authors.forename: Tim Hideaki
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003116:Color; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008598:Menstruation; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014059:Tongue / Q000473:pathology*; D014060:Tongue Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055815:Young Adult