title: Fluorescent kapakahines serve as non-toxic probes for live cell Golgi imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is an ongoing need for fluorescent probes that specifically-target select organelles within mammalian cells. This study describes the development of probes for the selective labeling of the Golgi apparatus and offers applications for live cell and fixed cell imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  The kapakahines, characterized by a common C(3)-N(1') dimeric tryptophan linkage, comprise a unique family of bioactive marine depsipeptide natural products. We describe the uptake and subcellular localization of fluorescently-labeled analogs of kapakahine E. Using confocal microscopy, we identify a rapid and selective localization within the Golgi apparatus. Comparison with commercial Golgi stains indicates a unique localization pattern, which differs from currently available materials, therein offering a new tool to monitor the Golgi in live cells without toxic side effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study identifies a fluorescent analog of kapakahine E that is rapidly uptaken in cells and localizes within the Golgi apparatus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The advance of microscopic methods is reliant on the parallel discovery of next generation molecular probes. This study describes the advance of stable and viable probe for staining the Golgi apparatus.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Danilo D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
authors.forename: Vinson R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Espejo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. Electronic address: rainier@chem.utah.edu.
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rainier
authors.affiliation: Xenobe Research Institute, P.O. Box 3052, San Diego, CA 92163-1052, USA. Electronic address: i@xenobe.org.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: La Clair
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: costalotufo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Letícia V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Costa-Lotufo
mesh_terms: D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism*; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C476162:kapakahine E
keywords: Chemical biology; Fluorescent probes; Golgi apparatus; Kapakahine; Natural products