title: Variation in Use of Pediatric Cardiology Subspecialty Care: A Total Population Study in California, 1983 to 2011.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines emphasize regionalized systems of care for pediatric chronic illness. There remains a paucity of information on the status of regionalized systems of care for pediatric congenital heart disease (CHD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated variations in use of pediatric cardiology specialty care centers (PCSCC) for pediatric patients with CHD in California between 1983 and 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective, total population analysis of pediatric CHD patients using the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development unmasked database. PCSCCs were identified by California's Title V program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 164,310 discharges meeting inclusion criterion. Discharges from PCSCCs grew from 58% to 88% between 1983 and 2011. Regionalized care was highest for surgical (96%) versus nonsurgical (71%) admissions. Admissions with a public payer increased from 42% (1983) to 61% (2011). Total bed days nearly doubled, and median length of stay increased from 2 to 3 days (nonspecialty care) and from 4 to 5 days (specialty care). There was a decrease in the pediatric CHD in-hospital death rate from 5.1 to 2.3 per 100,000 between 1983 and 2011, and a shift toward a larger percent of deaths occurring in the newborn period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  California's inpatient regionalized specialty care of pediatric CHD has increased substantially since 1983, especially for surgical CHD discharges. The death rate has decreased, the number of bed days has increased, and a large proportion of these discharges now have public payers. Health care reform efforts must consider these shifts while protecting advances in regionalization of pediatric CHD care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California. Electronic address: lchamberlain@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Center for Policy, Outcomes and Prevention, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Saynina
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Stafford
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grady
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Policy, Outcomes and Prevention, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Center for Policy, Outcomes and Prevention, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Staves
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Center for Policy, Outcomes and Prevention, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Wise
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002140:California; D016507:Cardiology Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010372:Pediatrics; D012041:Regional Medical Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: congenital heart disease; congenital heart surgery; hospital volume; pediatric cardiology