title: Normal or High Polyphenol Concentration in Orange Juice Affects Antioxidant Activity, Blood Pressure, and Body Weight in Obese or Overweight Adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The consumption of orange juice may lead to reduced oxidative stress and may enhance the antioxidant defense system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to evaluate the effects of the intake of orange juice containing either normal (NPJ) or high (HPJ) concentrations of polyphenols (299 and 745 mg/d, respectively) on the antioxidant defense system, oxidative stress biomarkers, and clinical signs of metabolic syndrome in 100 nonsmoking subjects who were either overweight or obese.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind crossover study was conducted over two 12-wk periods with a 7-wk washout period. The effects on enzymatic and nonenzymatic blood antioxidant defense systems, urinary and plasma oxidative stress biomarkers, and clinical signs of metabolic syndrome were evaluated before and after an intervention with both of the orange juices. Paired t tests and linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the effects of juice, time, and interactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intake of either NPJ or HPJ led to a decrease in urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (NPJ: 935 ± 134 to 298 ± 19 ng/mg creatinine; HPJ: 749 ± 84 to 285 ± 17 ng/mg creatinine), 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (NPJ: 437 ± 68 to 156 ± 14 ng/mg creatinine; HPJ: 347 ± 43 to 154 ± 13 ng/mg creatinine), erythrocyte catalase, and glutathione reductase activities. A decrease was also observed in body mass index, waist circumference, and leptin (all P < 0.05). The NPJ intervention decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures (systolic blood pressure: 128 ± 1 to 124 ± 2 mm Hg; diastolic blood pressure: 79 ± 1 to 76 ± 1 mm Hg), whereas the HPJ intervention increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (17.7 ± 1.5 to 23.1 ± 1.7 U/mg hemoglobin).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that the consumption of either NPJ or HPJ protected against DNA damage and lipid peroxidation, modified several antioxidant enzymes, and reduced body weight in overweight or obese nonsmoking adults. Only blood pressure and SOD activity were influenced differently by the different flavanone supplementations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01290250.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain;
authors.forename: Oscar D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Rangel-Huerta
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain;
authors.forename: Concepcion M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Aguilera
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain;
authors.forename: Maria V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism (CeSSIAM), Guatemala City, Guatemala;
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Soto
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain;
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rico
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Center for Soil Science and Applied Biology Segura-Superior Council for Scientific Research (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain; and.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vallejo
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Center for Soil Science and Applied Biology Segura-Superior Council for Scientific Research (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain; and.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tomas-Barberan
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Perez-de-la-Cruz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; agil@ugr.es.
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain;
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Mesa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D059808:Polyphenols
keywords: antioxidants; flavanones; obesity; orange juice; oxidative stress