title: Content and Rationale of Junior and Senior Preceptors Responding to Residents' Educational Needs Revisited.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Feedback and debriefing, as portrayed in expertise development and self-assessment, play critical roles in providing residents with useful information to foster their progress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Prior work has shown that clinical preceptors' use of conceptual frameworks (CFs; ways of thinking based on theories, best practices, or models) while giving feedback to residents was positively associated with a greater diversity of responses. Also, senior preceptors produced more responses, used more CFs, and asked more probing-challenging questions than junior preceptors. The purpose was to confirm the generalization of these initial findings with a broader and better defined sample of preceptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a mixed-method study with 20 junior and 20 senior preceptors in a controlled environment to analyze their responses and rationales to residents' educational needs as portrayed in 6 written vignettes. The preceptors were recruited from 3 primary care specialties preceptors (family medicine, internal medicine, pediatrics) of the 3 French-speaking faculties of medicine in Québec, Canada.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The preceptors increased the 2012 list of response topics (96 to 126) and doubled the number of distinct CFs (16 to 32). The junior and senior preceptors expressed the same number and diversity of CFs. On average, senior preceptors asked more clarification questions and reflected more than juniors on the learning process that occurs during case discussions. Preceptor specialty and prior training in medical education did not influence the number and diversity of responses and CFs, except that preceptors with prior training generated more responses per vignette and were more reflective. Senior preceptors had a stronger positive relationship between the number of total and distinct CFs and the number of responses than the juniors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although senior preceptors did not give more responses or use more CFs compared to the prior study, they continue to probe residents more and reflected more. The positive relationship between responses and CFs has important implications for faculty development and calls for more research to better understand the specific contribution of CFs to feedback.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Family and Emergency Medicine , Université Laval Faculty of Medicine , Quebec , Canada.
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Côté
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gromaire
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bordage
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D020380:Needs Assessment; D011231:Preceptorship; D036301:Qualitative Research; D013337:Students, Medical
keywords: conceptual frameworks; feedback; preceptors; residents