title: Stool Bacteriomic Profiling in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Receiving Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diarrhea occurs in approximately half of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) receiving vascular endothelial growth factor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGF-TKI). We evaluated the relationship between VEGF-TKI-related diarrhea and stool microbiota.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stool samples were collected from 20 mRCC patients receiving VEGF-TKIs. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to characterize the stool bacteriomic profiling of patients. Assay validation with Salmonella typhimurium spike-in experiments suggested greatest speciation with use of the V5 region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher levels of Bacteroides spp. and lower levels of Prevotella spp. were found in patients with diarrhea. In addition, patients receiving VEGF-TKIs with mRCC appeared to have less relative abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. as compared with previous reports based on healthy subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have thus demonstrated interplay between microbiota and VEGF-TKI-induced diarrhea. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the potential causative role of preexisting dysbiosis in VEGF-TKI-related diarrhea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California. spal@coh.org.
authors.forename: Sumanta K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California.
authors.forename: Sierra M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Integrated Genomics Core, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California.
authors.forename: Xiwei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Integrated Genomics Core, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California.
authors.forename: Hanjun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Immunology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kortylewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California.
authors.forename: JoAnn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California.
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frankel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D044822:Biodiversity; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome; D056186:Metagenomics / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A