title: Global genetic analyses reveal strong inter-ethnic variability in the loss of activity of the organic cation transporter OCT1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The organic cation transporter OCT1 (SLC22A1) mediates the uptake of vitamin B1, cationic drugs, and xenobiotics into hepatocytes. Nine percent of Caucasians lack or have very low OCT1 activity due to loss-of-function polymorphisms in OCT1 gene. Here we analyzed the global genetic variability in OCT1 to estimate the therapeutic relevance of OCT1 polymorphisms in populations beyond Caucasians and to identify evolutionary patterns of the common loss of OCT1 activity in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We applied massively parallel sequencing to screen for coding polymorphisms in 1,079 unrelated individuals from 53 populations worldwide. The obtained data was combined with the existing 1000 Genomes data comprising an additional 1,092 individuals from 14 populations. The identified OCT1 variants were characterized in vitro regarding their cellular localization and their ability to transport 10 known OCT1 substrates. Both the population genetics data and transport data were used in tandem to generate a world map of loss of OCT1 activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 16 amino acid substitutions potentially causing loss of OCT1 function and analyzed them together with five amino acid substitutions that were not expected to affect OCT1 function. The variants constituted 16 major alleles and 14 sub-alleles. Six major alleles showed improper subcellular localization leading to substrate-wide loss in activity. Five major alleles showed correct subcellular localization, but substrate-specific loss of activity. Striking differences were observed in the frequency of loss of OCT1 activity worldwide. While most East Asian and Oceanian individuals had completely functional OCT1, 80 % of native South American Indians lacked functional OCT1 alleles. In East Asia and Oceania the average nucleotide diversity of the loss-of-function variants was much lower than that of the variants that do not affect OCT1 function (ratio of 0.03) and was significantly lower than the theoretically expected heterozygosity (Tajima's D = -1.64, P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comprehensive genetic analyses showed strong global variations in the frequency of loss of OCT1 activity with selection pressure for maintaining OCT1 activity in East Asia and Oceania. These results not only enable pharmacogenetically-based optimization of drug treatment worldwide, but may help elucidate the functional role of human OCT1.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, DE-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, DE-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stalmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, DE-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Nawar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dalila
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, DE-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jiayin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, DE-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sherin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pojar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, DE-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Joao N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Dos Santos Pereira
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, DE-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krätzner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, DE-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brockmöller
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, DE-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Mladen V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Tzvetkov