title: From 3D to 4D: Integration of temporal information into CT angiography studies.
abstract: CT angiography is the current clinical standard for the imaging many vascular illnesses. This is traditionally done with a single arterial contrast phase. However, advances in CT technology allow for a dynamic acquisition of the contrast bolus, thus adding temporal information to the examination. The aim of this article is to highlight the clinical possibilities of dynamic CTA using 2 examples. The accuracy of the detection and quantification of stenosis in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease, especially in stadium III and IV, is significantly improved when performing dynamic CTA examinations. The post-interventional follow-up of examinations of EVAR benefit from dynamic information, allowing for a higher sensitivity and specificity, as well as allowing more accurate classification of potential endoleaks. The described radiation dose for these dynamic examinations is low, but this can be further optimized by using lower tube voltages. There are a multitude of applications for dynamic CTA that need to be further explored in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim - Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: holger.haubenreisser@medma.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haubenreisser
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Centre, BG-Trauma Centre Ludwigshafen/Rhine, University of Heidelberg, Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, Ludwig-Guttmann-Str. 13, D - 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany. Electronic address: Amir.Bigdeli@bgu-ludwigshafen.de.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bigdeli
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim - Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: mathias.meyer@umm.de.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Centre, BG-Trauma Centre Ludwigshafen/Rhine, University of Heidelberg, Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, Ludwig-Guttmann-Str. 13, D - 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany. Electronic address: Thomas.Kremer@bgu-ludwigshafen.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim - Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: thomas.riester@umm.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Riester
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Centre, BG-Trauma Centre Ludwigshafen/Rhine, University of Heidelberg, Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, Ludwig-Guttmann-Str. 13, D - 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany. Electronic address: Ulrich.Kneser@bgu-ludwigshafen.de.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kneser
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim - Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: Stefan.Schoenberg@umm.de.
authors.forename: Stefan O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Schoenberg
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim - Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: Thomas.henzler@umm.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Henzler
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003287:Contrast Media; D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: 4D; CTA; Dynamic; EVAR; PAOD; Temporal