title: Recent progress in understanding coxsackievirus replication, dissemination, and pathogenesis.
abstract: Coxsackieviruses (CVs) are relatively common viruses associated with a number of serious human diseases, including myocarditis and meningo-encephalitis. These viruses are considered cytolytic yet can persist for extended periods of time within certain host tissues requiring evasion from the host immune response and a greatly reduced rate of replication. A member of Picornaviridae family, CVs have been historically considered non-enveloped viruses - although recent evidence suggest that CV and other picornaviruses hijack host membranes and acquire an envelope. Acquisition of an envelope might provide distinct benefits to CV virions, such as resistance to neutralizing antibodies and efficient nonlytic viral spread. CV exhibits a unique tropism for progenitor cells in the host which may help to explain the susceptibility of the young host to infection and the establishment of chronic disease in adults. CVs have also been shown to exploit autophagy to maximize viral replication and assist in unconventional release from target cells. In this article, we review recent progress in clarifying virus replication and dissemination within the host cell, identifying determinants of tropism, and defining strategies utilized by the virus to evade the host immune response. Also, we will highlight unanswered questions and provide future perspectives regarding the potential mechanisms of CV pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sin
authors.affiliation: The Integrated Regenerative Research Institute (IRRI) at San Diego State University, Cell & Molecular Biology Joint Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA.
authors.forename: Vrushali
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mangale
authors.affiliation: The Integrated Regenerative Research Institute (IRRI) at San Diego State University, Cell & Molecular Biology Joint Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA.
authors.forename: Wdee
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Thienphrapa
authors.affiliation: Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
authors.forename: Roberta A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.affiliation: The Integrated Regenerative Research Institute (IRRI) at San Diego State University, Cell & Molecular Biology Joint Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA. Electronic address: rfeuer@mail.sdsu.edu.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Feuer
mesh_terms: D001343:Autophagy; D003384:Coxsackievirus Infections / Q000821:virology*; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D056189:Viral Tropism; D053586:Virus Internalization; D057074:Virus Release; D014779:Virus Replication
keywords: Autophagy; Cardiac progenitor cells; Coxsackievirus; Enterovirus; Meningoencephalitis; Microvesicles; Myocarditis; Neural progenitor cells; Picornavirus; Virus dissemination