title: Dietary intake of soluble fiber and risk of islet autoimmunity by 5 y of age: results from the TEDDY study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deficient soluble fiber intake has been suggested to dysregulate the immune response either directly or through alterations of the microbial composition in the gut.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that a high intake of dietary soluble fiber in early childhood decreases the risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D)-associated islet autoimmunity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 17,620 food records collected between age 9 and 48 mo from 3358 children from the United States and Germany prospectively followed in the TEDDY (The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young) study. HRs for the development of any/multiple islet autoantibodies (242 and 151 events, respectively) and T1D (71 events) by soluble fiber intake were calculated in Cox regression models and adjusted for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistically significantly protective associations observed between a high intake of soluble fiber and islet autoimmunity or T1D. For example, the adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for high intake (highest compared with lowest quintile) at age 12 mo were 0.90 (0.55, 1.45) for any islet autoantibody, 1.20 (0.69, 2.11) for multiple islet autoantibodies, and 1.24 (0.57, 2.70) for T1D. In analyzing soluble fiber intake as a time-varying covariate, there were also no short-term associations between soluble fiber intake and islet autoimmunity development, with adjusted HRs of 0.85 (0.51, 1.42) for high intake and development of any islet autoantibody, for example.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the intake level of dietary soluble fiber is not associated with islet autoimmunity or T1D in early life.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; andreas.beyerlein@helmholtz-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beyerlein
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics Epidemiology Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL;
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics Epidemiology Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL;
authors.forename: Ulla M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Uusitalo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany;
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harsunen
authors.affiliation: Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO;
authors.forename: Jill M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Child Nutrition (Forschungsinstitut für Kinderernährung), Dortmund, Germany;
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Foterek
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nutrition, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; The Science Center of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland;
authors.forename: Suvi M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.affiliation: Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO;
authors.forename: Marian J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rewers
authors.affiliation: Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA;
authors.forename: Jin-Xiong
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: She
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland;
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Malmö, Sweden;
authors.forename: Åke
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Lernmark
authors.affiliation: Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA; and.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hagopian
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Beena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Akolkar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany;
authors.forename: Anette-G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics Epidemiology Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL;
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Krischer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany;
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hummel
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis; D015551:Autoimmunity; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015930:Diet Records; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012995:Solubility; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D004043:Dietary Fiber
keywords: TEDDY study; autoimmunity; diet; soluble fiber; type 1 diabetes