title: Neuropharmacological effect of atomoxetine on attention network in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during oddball paradigms as assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: The current study aimed to explore the neural substrate for atomoxetine effects on attentional control in school-aged children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), which can be applied to young children with ADHD more easily than conventional neuroimaging modalities. Using fNIRS, we monitored the oxy-hemoglobin signal changes of 15 ADHD children (6 to 14 years old) performing an oddball task before and 1.5 h after atomoxetine or placebo administration, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Fifteen age-, gender-, and intelligence quotient-matched normal controls without atomoxetine administration were also monitored. In the control subjects, the oddball task recruited the right prefrontal and inferior parietal cortices. The right prefrontal and parietal activation was normalized after atomoxetine administration in ADHD children. This was in contrast to our previous study using a similar protocol showing methylphenidate-induced normalization of only the right prefrontal function. fNIRS allows the detection of differential neuropharmacological profiles of both substances in the attentional network: the neuropharmacological effects of atomoxetine to upregulate the noradrenergic system reflected in the right prefrontal and inferior parietal activations and those of methylphenidate to upregulate the dopamine system reflected in the prefrontal cortex activation.
authors.affiliation: Jichi Medical University , Department of Pediatrics, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagashima
authors.affiliation: Jichi Medical University , Department of Pediatrics, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukifumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Monden
authors.affiliation: Jichi Medical University , Department of Neurosurgery, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan ; Chuo University , Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Ippeita
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dan
authors.affiliation: Jichi Medical University , Department of Neurosurgery, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dan
authors.affiliation: Jichi Medical University , Department of Pediatrics, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan ; Jichi Medical University , Functional Brain Science Laboratory, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizutani
authors.affiliation: Chuo University , Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tsuzuki
authors.affiliation: Chuo University , Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kyutoku
authors.affiliation: Jichi Medical University , Department of Pediatrics, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan ; International University of Health and Welfare , Department of Pediatrics, 537-3 Iguchi, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gunji
authors.affiliation: International University of Health and Welfare , 2600-1, Kitakanemaru, Otawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.affiliation: International University of Health and Welfare , 2600-1, Kitakanemaru, Otawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Takamichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.affiliation: International University of Health and Welfare , Rehabilitation Center, 2600-1, Kitakanemaru, Otawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimoizumi
authors.affiliation: International University of Health and Welfare , Department of Pediatrics, 537-3 Iguchi, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan ; International University of Health and Welfare , 2600-1, Kitakanemaru, Otawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Mariko Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Momoi
authors.affiliation: Jichi Medical University , Department of Pediatrics, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamagata
authors.affiliation: Jichi Medical University , Department of Neurosurgery, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiju
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Watanabe
keywords: autism spectrum disorder; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; optical topography; serotonin; target detection; ventrolateral prefrontal cortex