title: Biomarkers in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Substantial effort has been made over the last six decades to identify biomarkers for multiple sclerosis that can improve disease diagnosis, predict disease progression, and improve clinical outcomes. However, to date, few of these findings have proven clinically useful. In this review, we address the current state of MS biomarker research. We start by discussing biomarkers currently in clinical use including Oligoclonal bands, MRI, and JC viral titers. We go on to discuss other potential biomarkers from MS serum and cerebrospinal fluid including Markers of neurodegeneration including neurofilament and GFAP, the monocyte macrophage marker CD163, the glial activation marker YKL-40, the B cell chemoattractant CXCL13, miRNA and mRNA, myelin reactive t cells, Kir4.1 antibodies, osteopontin, and microbiome associated lipopeptides. Finally, we discuss the current state of MS genetic studies and how genetics may offer simple, reliable testing for MS susceptibility and progression.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Housley
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pitt
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Electronic address: david.hafler@yale.edu.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hafler
mesh_terms: D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000276:immunology; D007577:JC Virus / Q000276:immunology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D011859:Radiography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D015415:Biomarkers; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D035683:MicroRNAs
keywords: Biomarkers; Multiple sclerosis