title: Food protein-derived bioactive peptides in management of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes (T2D), one of the major common human health problems, is growing at an alarming rate around the globe. Alpha-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) enzymes play a significant role in development of T2D. Hence, reduction or inhibition of their activity can be one of the important strategies in management of T2D. Studies in the field of bioactive peptides have shown that dietary proteins could be natural source of alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV inhibitory peptides.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of food protein-derived peptides as potential inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV with major focus on milk proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Efforts have been made to review the available information in literature on the relationship between food protein-derived peptides and T2D. This review summarizes the current data on alpha-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory bioactive peptides derived from proteins and examines the potential value of these peptides in the treatment and prevention of T2D. In addition, the proposed modes of inhibition of peptide inhibitors are also discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies revealed that milk and other food proteins-derived bioactive peptides play a vital role in controlling T2D through several mechanisms, such as the satiety response, regulation of incretin hormones, insulinemia levels, and reducing the activity of carbohydrate degrading digestive enzymes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bioactive peptides could be used in prevention and management of T2D through functional foods or nutraceutical supplements. Further clinical trials are necessary to validate the findings of in vitro studies and to confirm the efficiency of these peptides for applications.
authors.affiliation: Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001, India.
authors.forename: Prasad
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Surajit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.forename: Sudhir Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tomar
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anand
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D043302:Cultured Milk Products; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000201:enzymology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D004063:Digestion; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D065089:Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D054795:Incretins; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012527:Satiation / Q000187:drug effects; D000520:alpha-Glucosidases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D065089:Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; D054795:Incretins; D008894:Milk Proteins; D010455:Peptides; D000520:alpha-Glucosidases