title: Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking in Three Israeli Adult Populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is common in some populations and may add increased risk for tobacco-related diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the rates of WTS and risk practices associated with WTS in three distinct populations in Israel: long-term Jewish residents (LTJR), immigrants from the former Soviet Union (fSU), and Arabs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 899 randomly selected participants, age 30-65 years, using face-to-face interviews with subjects from the three population groups in Israel. Respondents reported WTS, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and socioeconomic characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among men, WTS at least once a week was reported by 4.8% of LTJR, 3.2% of fSU immigrants and 20.3% of Arabs. Lower rates were reported among women of all groups. The younger, less educated men and the younger unmarried women had higher odds of WTS. LTJR who smoked cigarettes and drank alcohol had higher odds of WTS [odds ratio (OR) 32.6, confidence interval (CI) 9.36-113.6; OR = 3.57, CI = 1.48-8.63, respectively], compared to non-smokers and non-drinkers. fSU immigrants who smoked cigarettes had higher odds of WTS (OR = 3.40, CI = 0.99-11.7) compared to non-smokers. Among Arabs, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were not associated with WTS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arabs are more likely than other Israeli populations to engage in WTS. This behavior may add to increased inequalities in rates of tobacco-induced diseases between Arabs and Jews in Israel. Including WTS in the policies for smoke-free public places is called for.
authors.forename: Orna
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Baron-Epel
authors.forename: Waleed
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shalata
authors.forename: Melbourne F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hovell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D018912:Arabs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D007585:Jews / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011897:Random Allocation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control