title: Predictors of Atrasentan-Associated Fluid Retention and Change in Albuminuria in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endothelin A receptor antagonists (ERAs) decrease residual albuminuria in patients with diabetic kidney disease; however, their clinical utility may be limited by fluid retention. Consequently, the primary objective of this study was to identify predictors for ERA-induced fluid retention among patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD. A secondary objective was to determine if the degree of fluid retention necessarily correlated with the magnitude of albuminuria reduction in those patients receiving ERAs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A post hoc analysis was conducted of the phase IIb atrasentan trials assessing albuminuria reduction in 211 patients with type 2 diabetes, urine albumin/creatinine ratios of 300-3500 mg/g, and eGFRs of 30-75 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) who were randomly assigned to receive placebo (n=50) or atrasentan 0.75 mg/d (n=78) or 1.25 mg/d (n=83) for 12 weeks. Changes in body weight and hemoglobin (Hb) after 2 weeks of treatment were used as surrogate markers of fluid retention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline predictors of weight gain after 2 weeks of atrasentan treatment were higher atrasentan dose, lower eGFR, higher glycated hemoglobin, higher systolic BP, and lower homeostatic metabolic assessment product. Higher atrasentan dose and lower eGFR also predicted decreases in Hb. There were no changes in B-type natriuretic peptide. There was no correlation between reduction in albuminuria after 2 weeks of atrasentan treatment and changes in body weight or Hb.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the Reducing Residual Albuminuria in Subjects With Diabetes and Nephropathy With Atrasentan/JAPAN trials, atrasentan-associated fluid retention was more likely in patients with diabetes and nephropathy who had lower eGFR or received a higher dose of atrasentan. Finding that albuminuria reduction was not associated with changes in body weight and Hb suggests that the albuminuria-reducing efficacy of atrasentan is not impaired by fluid retention.
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material. donald.kohan@hsc.utah.edu.
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kohan
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Hiddo J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lambers Heerspink
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Blai
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coll
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andress
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Dalane W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kitzman
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Correa-Rotter
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Vlado
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Perkovic
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Fan Fan
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Remuzzi
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Sheldon W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Tobe
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Toto
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Hans-Henrik
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Parving
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Zeeuw
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000077868:Atrasentan; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000187:drug effects*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D000077868:Atrasentan; D003404:Creatinine; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D011759:Pyrrolidines
keywords: albuminuria; atrasentan; diabetic nephropathy