title: An optimized color transformation for the analysis of digital images of hematoxylin & eosin stained slides.
abstract: Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is ubiquitous in pathology practice and research. As digital pathology has evolved, the reliance of quantitative methods that make use of H&E images has similarly expanded. For example, cell counting and nuclear morphometry rely on the accurate demarcation of nuclei from other structures and each other. One of the major obstacles to quantitative analysis of H&E images is the high degree of variability observed between different samples and different laboratories. In an effort to characterize this variability, as well as to provide a substrate that can potentially mitigate this factor in quantitative image analysis, we developed a technique to project H&E images into an optimized space more appropriate for many image analysis procedures. We used a decision tree-based support vector machine learning algorithm to classify 44 H&E stained whole slide images of resected breast tumors according to the histological structures that are present. This procedure takes an H&E image as an input and produces a classification map of the image that predicts the likelihood of a pixel belonging to any one of a set of user-defined structures (e.g., cytoplasm, stroma). By reducing these maps into their constituent pixels in color space, an optimal reference vector is obtained for each structure, which identifies the color attributes that maximally distinguish one structure from other elements in the image. We show that tissue structures can be identified using this semi-automated technique. By comparing structure centroids across different images, we obtained a quantitative depiction of H&E variability for each structure. This measurement can potentially be utilized in the laboratory to help calibrate daily staining or identify troublesome slides. Moreover, by aligning reference vectors derived from this technique, images can be transformed in a way that standardizes their color properties and makes them more amenable to image processing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Zarella
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, College of Computing and Informatics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Breen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plagov
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Eastern Regional Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19124, USA.
authors.forename: Fernando U
authors.initials: FU
authors.lastname: Garcia
keywords: Cell counting; classification; image processing; machine learning; segmentation