title: Plantar Pressures After Nonoperative Treatment for Clubfoot: Intermediate Follow-up at Age 5 Years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Worldwide, a nonoperative approach in the treatment of idiopathic clubfoot has been taken in an attempt to reduce the incidence of surgical outcomes. Although both the Ponseti casting (Ponseti) and the French physiotherapy (PT) methods have shown gait and pedobarograph differences at age 2 years, improved gait results have been reported by age 5 years. The purpose of this study was to assess plantar pressures in feet treated with the Ponseti versus the PT methods at this intermediate stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clubfoot patients treated nonoperatively (Ponseti or PT) underwent pedobarograph data collection at age 5 years. The foot was subdivided into the medial/lateral hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot regions. Variables included Peak Pressure, Maximum Force, Contact Area%, Contact Time%, Pressure Time Integral, the hindfoot-forefoot angle, and displacement of the center of pressure (COP) line. Twenty controls were used for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pedobarograph data from 164 patients (238 feet; 122 Ponseti and 116 PT) showed no significant differences between the Ponseti and the PT feet, except the PT feet had a significantly less medial movement of the COP than the Ponseti feet (P=0.0379). Compared with controls, both groups had decreased plantar pressures in the hindfoot and first metatarsal regions, whereas the midfoot and lateral forefoot experienced significant increases compared with controls. This lateralization was also reflected in the hindfoot-forefoot angle and the COP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Feet that remain nonoperative and avoid surgical intervention are considered a good clinical result. However, pedobarograph results indicate mild residual deformity in these feet despite clinically successful outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level II-therapeutic.
authors.affiliation: *Movement Science Lab †Department of Orthopedics, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX.
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jeans
authors.forename: Ashley L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Erdman
authors.forename: Lori A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Karol
mesh_terms: D002370:Casts, Surgical; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003025:Clubfoot / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005528:Foot; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008682:Metatarsal Bones; D009068:Movement; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome