title: Seventy years after the siege of Leningrad: does early life famine still affect cardiovascular risk and aging?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the cardiovascular health, markers of cardiovascular aging and telomere length in survivors of the siege of Leningrad, who were either born during the siege or lived in the besieged city in their early childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survivors of the Leningrad siege (n = 305, 64-81 years) and a control group of age and sex-matched individuals (n = 51, 67-82 years) were examined in terms of a observational retrospective cohort study. All participants were interviewed regarding risk factors, cardiovascular diseases, and therapy. Blood pressure measurement, anthropometry, echocardiography, and electrocardiography were performed according to standard guidelines. Fasting lipids and glucose were measured. Relative telomere length was measured by quantitative PCR, and the ratio of telomere repeat copy number to single gene copy number (T/S) was calculated for each DNA sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survivors had lower anthropometric parameters (height, weight, and BMI) and higher high-density lipoprotein level. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and target organ damage between groups. However, survivors had shorter telomere length: T/S ratio 0.44 (0.25; 0.64) vs. controls 0.91 (0.47; 1.13) (P < 0.0001), both in men and women, with clear association with the period of famine in early life. Exposure to famine in childhood and intrauterine period of life was associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension and shorter telomere length.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early-life famine, especially started in the intrauterine period and late childhood, may contribute to accelerated aging with telomere shortening in both sexes, but has no direct effect on the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors after seven decades since exposure.
authors.affiliation: aFederal Almazov Medical Research Centre bITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Oxana
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rotar
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moguchaia
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boyarinova
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kolesova
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khromova
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Freylikhman
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Smolina
authors.forename: Vladislav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Solntsev
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kostareva
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Konradi
authors.forename: Evgeny
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shlyakhto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D018628:Gene Dosage; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013217:Starvation / Q000150:complications*; D059506:Telomere Shortening; D013997:Time Factors