title: A CD44 specific peptide developed by phage display for targeting gastric cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a peptide probe that could be used for gastric cancer detection via binding to CD44 protein with specificity and affinity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 12-mer phage peptide library was screened against immobilized CD44 protein. Bound phage counts using ELISA were performed to identify phage clones carrying the most highly selective peptide, which termed RP-1. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analysis indicated that the consensus peptide RP-1 could bind to CD44-positive gastric cancer cells with mean fluorescence intensities significantly higher than that of CD44-negative cells. CD44 knockdown led to decreased binding activity of RP-1 to the same cell line. Tissue array technique was used to identify the relationship (r = 0.556) between peptide binding and CD44 detection on gastric cancer tissues. Further, the hyaluronan-binding domain of CD44 was docked with RP-1 using computer modeling/docking approaches, revealing a RP-1/CD44 interaction with geometrical and energy match (-8.6 kcal/mol).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RP-1 peptide we screened exhibits affinity and specificity to CD44 on cells and has the potential to be used as a candidate probe for gastric cancer cell targeting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China. zhangdan.124@stu.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710077, Shaanxi, China. aerogle@stu.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, China. wangxiaoyan2148@163.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. v84239141@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Wei-Ming
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China. ychhou@snnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ying-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China. yin_sw@snnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shi-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. thomaswa@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China. hesx123@126.com.
authors.forename: Shui-Xiang
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. robertlu@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shao-Ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D019151:Peptide Library; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C497483:CD44 protein, human; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D019151:Peptide Library; D010455:Peptides
keywords: CD44; Gastric cancer; Molecular docking; Molecular imaging; Peptide probe; Phage display; Tissue array