title: Data Gathering Bias: Trait Vulnerability to Psychotic Symptoms?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Jumping to conclusions (JTC) is associated with psychotic disorder and psychotic symptoms. If JTC represents a trait, the rate should be (i) increased in people with elevated levels of psychosis proneness such as individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD), and (ii) show a degree of stability over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  The JTC rate was examined in 3 groups: patients with first episode psychosis (FEP), BPD patients and controls, using the Beads Task. PANSS, SIS-R and CAPE scales were used to assess positive psychotic symptoms. Four WAIS III subtests were used to assess IQ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 61 FEP, 26 BPD and 150 controls were evaluated. 29 FEP were revaluated after one year. 44% of FEP (OR = 8.4, 95% CI: 3.9-17.9) displayed a JTC reasoning bias versus 19% of BPD (OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 0.8-7.8) and 9% of controls. JTC was not associated with level of psychotic symptoms or specifically delusionality across the different groups. Differences between FEP and controls were independent of sex, educational level, cannabis use and IQ. After one year, 47.8% of FEP with JTC at baseline again displayed JTC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  JTC in part reflects trait vulnerability to develop disorders with expression of psychotic symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Catalan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; GGzE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Claudia J P
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bustamante
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Olazabal
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Spain.
authors.forename: Maider
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonzalez de Artaza
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Penas
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maruottolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Spain; Clínica Servicios Médicos AMSA, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maurottolo
authors.affiliation: Clínica Servicios Médicos AMSA, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; King's College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Os
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Torres
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*