title: The Protective Effects of Salidroside from Exhaustive Exercise-Induced Heart Injury by Enhancing the PGC-1 α -NRF1/NRF2 Pathway and Mitochondrial Respiratory Function in Rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that salidroside (SAL) can protect heart from exhaustive exercise-induced injury by enhancing mitochondrial respiratory function and mitochondrial biogenesis key signaling pathway PGC-1α-NRF1/NRF2 in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: sedentary (C), exhaustive exercise (EE), low-dose SAL (LS), and high-dose SAL (HS). After one-time exhaustive swimming exercise, we measured the changes in cardiomyocyte ultrastructure and cardiac marker enzymes and mitochondrial electron transport system (ETS) complexes activities in situ. We also measured mitochondrial biogenesis master regulator PGC-1α and its downstream transcription factors, NRF1 and NRF2, expression at gene and protein levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to C group, the EE group showed marked myocardium ultrastructure injury and decrease of mitochondrial respiratory function (P < 0.05) and protein levels of PGC-1α, NRF1, and NRF2 (P < 0.05) but a significant increase of PGC-1α, NRF1, and NRF2 genes levels (P < 0.05); compared to EE group, SAL ameliorated myocardium injury, increased mitochondrial respiratory function (P < 0.05), and elevated both gene and protein levels of PGC-1α, NRF-1, and NRF-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salidroside can protect the heart from exhaustive exercise-induced injury. It might act by improving myocardial mitochondrial respiratory function by stimulating the expression of PGC-1α-NRF1/NRF2 pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Geriatric Cardiovascular Disease Research and Treatment Center, No. 252 Hospital of PLA, Baoding 071000, China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ping
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Geriatric Cardiovascular Disease Research and Treatment Center, No. 252 Hospital of PLA, Baoding 071000, China.
authors.forename: Long-fei
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Geriatric Cardiovascular Disease Research and Treatment Center, No. 252 Hospital of PLA, Baoding 071000, China.
authors.forename: Yu-juan
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Geriatric Cardiovascular Disease Research and Treatment Center, No. 252 Hospital of PLA, Baoding 071000, China.
authors.forename: Yu-mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China.
authors.forename: Cai-wu
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: School of Preclinical Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China.
authors.forename: Zhen-zhi
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Geriatric Cardiovascular Disease Research and Treatment Center, No. 252 Hospital of PLA, Baoding 071000, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Geriatric Cardiovascular Disease Research and Treatment Center, No. 252 Hospital of PLA, Baoding 071000, China.
authors.forename: Hai-yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Geriatric Cardiovascular Disease Research and Treatment Center, No. 252 Hospital of PLA, Baoding 071000, China.
authors.forename: Dong-ying
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Geriatric Cardiovascular Disease Research and Treatment Center, No. 252 Hospital of PLA, Baoding 071000, China.
authors.forename: Xue-bin
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045222:Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005960:Glucosides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051266:Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D045222:Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins; D005960:Glucosides; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; C495637:Nfe2l2 protein, rat; D051266:Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D010636:Phenols; C501429:Ppargc1a protein, rat; D014157:Transcription Factors; C009172:rhodioloside