title: Predictors of Childhood Anxiety: A Population-Based Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have explored predictors of early childhood anxiety.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prenatal, postnatal, and early life predictors of childhood anxiety by age 5.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based, provincial administrative data (N = 19,316) from Manitoba, Canada were used to determine the association between demographic, obstetrical, psychosocial, medical, behavioral, and infant factors on childhood anxiety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk factors for childhood anxiety by age 5 included maternal psychological distress from birth to 12 months and 13 months to 5 years post-delivery and an infant 5-minute Apgar score of ≤7. Factors associated with decreased risk included maternal age < 20 years, multiparity, and preterm birth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identifying predictors of childhood anxiety is a key step to early detection and prevention. Maternal psychological distress is an early, modifiable risk factor. Future research should aim to disentangle early life influences on childhood anxiety occurring in the prenatal, postnatal, and early childhood periods.
authors.affiliation: Faculties of Nursing and Medicine (Psychiatry, Obstetrics and Gynecology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kingston
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heaman
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Marni
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brownell
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Okechukwu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ekuma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D001034:Apgar Score; D001724:Birth Weight; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D047928:Premature Birth; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult