title: The associations between increasing degrees of homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance and muscular strengthening activities among euglycaemic US adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations between the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance and self-reported muscular strengthening activity in a nationally representative sample of euglycaemic US adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sample included euglycaemic adults (⩾20 years of age (n = 2009)) from the 1999 to 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance was categorized into quartiles and was the primary independent variable of interest. No reported muscular strengthening activity was the dependent variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following adjustment for covariates, those with homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance values in fourth (odds ratio: 2.04, 95% confidence interval: 1.35-3.06, p < 0.001) quartile were found to have significantly greater odds of reporting no muscular strengthening activity. Following further adjustment for non-muscular strengthening activity specific aerobic leisure-time physical activity, results remained significant for the fourth (odds ratio: 2.30, 95% confidence interval: 1.50-3.52, p < 0.001) quartile. A significant trend was seen across quartiles of homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance for increasing prevalence of no muscular strengthening activity (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Having a higher homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance value is associated with greater odds of reporting no muscular strengthening activity among euglycaemic US adults. This implies that subjects with an increasing degree of insulin resistance are more likely to not engage in muscular strengthening activity, an exercise modality that has been shown to reduce the risk of several cardiometabolic diseases and improve glycaemic status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA wboyer1@vols.utk.edu.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Tammie M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Eugene C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Fitzhugh
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical & Applied Movement Sciences, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical & Applied Movement Sciences, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Churilla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015444:Exercise; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Euglycaemic; epidemiology; homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; insulin resistance; muscular strengthening activity