title: Consumption Safety of Pastries, Confectioneries, and Potato Products as Related to Fat Content.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the content of the main groups of fatty acids in pastries, confectionery, and potato products, paying special attention to trans fatty acids and the products of fat oxidation and hydrolysis, as factors affecting the safety of consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 157 products were collected in Poland in 2009-2010. In fats extracted from samples, products of oxidation and hydrolysis were assayed using peroxide (PV), anisidine (AnV), and acid (AV) values. The fatty acid (FA) composition, especially the trans FAs (TFAs) content, was determined by gas chromatography. When assessing the TFA intake, Household Budget Surveys were considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Highest content of fat was found for wafers with filling and crisps (32.3% and 29.3%, respectively). In 4 out of 9 groups of pastry and confectionery products studied, the quality of fat was decreased due to an excessive oxidation, as evidenced by a substantial content of secondary products of fat oxidation. The extracted fat was rich in SFA (on average, 50 g SFA/100 g FA) except fries and mixes. A great diversity of TFA content in fat of the products was found (0.1-24.8 g TFA/100 g FA). Wafers were characterized by the highest average content of TFA in the group of pastries (1.94 g TFA/100 g of product). Products of natural origin supplied 0.496 g of TFA per day, and those of industrial origin supplied about 1.5 g.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The average TFA consumption, about 2 g/day, does not seem to affect health. However, an excessive consumption of pastry and confectionery products may present a risk, due not only to TFA but also to a high consumption of toxic secondary oxidation lipid products. Moreover, because 75% of TFAs in the diet were isomers of industrial origin, their further limitation and monitoring of their level in food seems highly recommendable.
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Food Science , Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW , Warszawa , POLAND.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Żbikowska
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Human and Consumer Sciences , Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW , Warszawa , POLAND.
authors.forename: Jarosława
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rutkowska
authors.affiliation: c Faculty of Materials Science, Technology and Design , Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom , Radom , POLAND.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kowalska
mesh_terms: D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005504:Food Analysis; D005515:Food Labeling; D059022:Food Safety; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D009765:Obesity; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011044:Poland; D012307:Risk Factors; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000737:chemistry*; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids
keywords: consumption of trans isomers; content of fatty acids; food safety; products of oxidation and hydrolysis of fats; trans isomers