title: First case report of staghorn calculi successfully removed by mini-endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery in a 2-year-old boy.
abstract: Less-invasive therapy for pediatric urolithiasis is available due to the miniaturization of equipment and improved optics; however, surgical treatment strategies, especially for large calculi, remain controversial. We describe here our experience of treating a 2-year-old boy with left renal staghorn calculi with a single session of mini-endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery in the prone split-leg position with pre-ureteral stenting and the directional enhanced flow imaging ultrasound technique. This is the first report of successful pediatric mini-endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery without any major complications. We believe this technique provides an important therapeutic option for large renal calculus in pediatric patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuzo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tozawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenjiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kohri
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasui
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser; D008297:Male; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods*; D056888:Patient Positioning; D015607:Stents; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods; D014513:Ureter
keywords: directional enhanced flow imaging ultrasound technique; endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery; mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy; pediatric urolithiasis; staghorn calculus