title: A systematic review of literature on psychosocial aspects of gynecomastia in adolescents and young men.
abstract: Gynecomastia represents a serious psychosocial challenge for many adolescent and young adult males, but short of surgery, little attention has been given to this concern. The purpose of this paper is to report findings from a systematic review of the literature about psychosocial correlates, psychosocial interventions, and quality of research evidence about young males with gynecomastia. From an initial 233 published papers, 10 studies were identified and reviewed. Five were descriptive case studies and included no statistical analyses. The other studies were all conducted with small samples. Despite the limited evidence, findings suggest that many young men suffer emotional distress concerning gynecomastia, but this distress has received few interventions beyond surgical removal of the breast tissue. Future studies are needed to address this problem more fully so that more aggressive measures such as frequent assessments of the physical and psychosocial aspects of the condition can be done by healthcare professionals.
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas at Austin School of Nursing, Austin, TX 78701, USA. Electronic address: ellerew@mail.utexas.edu.
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rew
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas at Austin School of Nursing, Austin, TX 78701, USA. Electronic address: cyoung@mail.nur.utexas.edu.
authors.forename: Cara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas at Austin School of Nursing, Austin, TX 78701, USA. Electronic address: tharrison@mail.nur.utexas.edu.
authors.forename: Tracie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.affiliation: Westlake Plastic Surgery & Austin Gynecomastia Center, Austin, TX 78746, USA. Electronic address: rcaridi@westlakeplasticsurgery.com.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caridi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D004644:Emotions; D006177:Gynecomastia / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescent male; Emotional distress; Gynecomastia; Psychosocial