title: Green Approach for the Effective Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Salvadora persica L. Root (Miswak) Extract.
abstract: Recently, green reduction of graphene oxide (GRO) using various natural materials, including plant extracts, has drawn significant attention among the scientific community. These methods are sustainable, low cost, and are more environmentally friendly than other standard methods of reduction. Herein, we report a facile and eco-friendly method for the bioreduction of GRO using Salvadora persica L. (S. persica L.) roots (miswak) extract as a bioreductant. The as-prepared highly reduced graphene oxide (SP-HRG) was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Various results have confirmed that the biomolecules present in the root extract of miswak not only act as a bioreductant but also functionalize the surface of SP-HRG by acting as a capping ligand to stabilize it in water and other solvents. The dispersion quality of SP-HRG in deionized water was investigated in detail by preparing different samples of SP-HRG with increasing concentration of root extract. Furthermore, the dispersibility of SP-HRG was also compared with chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRG). The developed eco-friendly method for the reduction of GRO could provide a better substitute for a large-scale production of dispersant-free graphene and graphene-based materials for various applications in both technological and biological fields such as electronics, nanomedicine, and bionic materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, kmujeeb@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Mujeeb
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Abdulhadi H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Al-Marri
authors.forename: Merajuddin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Mohammed Rafi
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Shaik
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohri
authors.forename: Syed Farooq
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Adil
authors.forename: Mufsir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuniyil
authors.forename: Hamad Z
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Alkhathlan
authors.forename: Abdulrahman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Warthan
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tremel
authors.forename: Muhammad Nawaz
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Tahir
authors.forename: Mohammed Rafiq H
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Siddiqui