title: The impact of smoking and previous periodontal disease on peri-implant microbiota and health: a retrospective study up to 7-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of smoking and previous periodontal disease on peri-implant microbiota and health in medium to long-term maintained patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective evaluation of partial edentulous patients restored with dental implants and enrolled in a regular supportive therapy was performed. Inclusion criteria were: medium to long-term periodontal and implant maintenance (at least 5 years), a minimum of 2 implants placed in each patient, absence of systemic diseases that may affect osseointegration. 30 implants in 15 patients were included in the study. Subjects were divided in smokers or non-smokers and between patients previously affected by periodontal disease and periodontally healthy. Peri-implant and periodontal parameters were assessed (PD,BoP, mPI). Microbiological samples were collected around implant and an adjacent tooth. Real- Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all the three groups no differences in bacterial counts between dental and implant sites were observed. Non smoker, healthy patients: healthy clinical parameters, significant counts of spirochetes in isolated patients. Non smokers with previous periodontal disease: occasional positive BoP values, significant high counts of pathogenic bacteria. Smokers with previous periodontal disease: clinical signs of inflammation including deep pockets and slight bone resorption, significant counts of pathogenic bacteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over a follow-up of 5 to 7 years, it is possible to state that the absence of smoking habit and previous periodontal disease positively influences the peri-implant microbiological and clinical conditions in partial edentulous patients restored with dental implants and enrolled in a strict regular supportive therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quaranta
authors.affiliation: Private Practice, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Bartolomeo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Assenza
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Division of Periodontology, University Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Orlando
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: D'Isidoro
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Hygiene, University Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Profili
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polimeni
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Iole
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vozza
keywords: dental implants; long-term maintenance; microbiota; periodontal disease; smoking