title: NaGdF4:Yb(3+)/Er(3+)@NaGdF4:Nd(3+)@Sodium-Gluconate: Multifunctional and Biocompatible Ultrasmall Core-Shell Nanohybrids for UCL/MR/CT Multimodal Imaging.
abstract: Multimodal bioimaging nanoparticles by integrating diverse imaging ingredients into one system, represent a class of emerging advanced materials that provide more comprehensive and accurate clinical diagnostics than conventional contrast agents. Here monodisperse and biocompatible core-shell nanoparticles, NaGdF4: Yb(3+)/Er(3+)@NaGdF4:Nd@sodium-gluconate (termed as GNa-Er@Nd), with about 26 nm in diameter were successfully prepared by a facile two step reactions in high boiling solvents, and followed a ligand exchange process with sodium gluconate. The resulting GNa-Er@Nd nanoparticles were well characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), and zeta potentials. These nanohybrids present brightly dual-wavelength excited upconversion luminescence (UCL) under both 980 and 793 nm laser because of the synergistic effect of Yb(3+)/Er(3+) and Nd(3+). They also exhibited excellent relaxivity parameters (r1) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Hounsfield units (HU) in X-ray computed tomography (CT) that are comparable to the clinical contrast agents. Therefore, these small and monodisperse nanoparticles provide options to construct a unique platform for potential multimodal UCL/CT/MRI imaging simultaneously.
authors.affiliation: †Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
authors.forename: Dandan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: †Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
authors.forename: Lingjie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: †Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
authors.forename: Yuzhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: †Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: ‡Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
authors.forename: Yanke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: ‡Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: §Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.affiliation: §Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
authors.forename: Ruifeng
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: §Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
authors.forename: Youmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: §Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000737:chemistry; D005942:Gluconates / Q000737:chemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D058726:Nanoconjugates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003287:Contrast Media; D005942:Gluconates; D053769:Nanocapsules; D058726:Nanoconjugates; D005682:Gadolinium; C030691:gluconic acid
keywords: biocompatibility; core−shell; multimodal imaging; sodium-gluconate; upconversion nanoparticles