title: Reduced intrasubject variability with reinforcement in boys, but not girls, with ADHD: Associations with prefrontal anatomy.
abstract: This study examined the impact of motivational contingencies (reinforcement and punishment) on go/no-go (GNG) task performance in girls and boys with ADHD relative to typically developing (TD) children and associations with prefrontal anatomy. Children ages 8-12 with ADHD (n=107, 36 girls) and TD controls (n=95, 34 girls) completed a standard and a motivational GNG task and associations with prefrontal cortex (PFC) surface area were examined. Intrasubject variability (ISV) was lower during the motivational compared to the standard GNG among TD girls and boys, and boys with ADHD, but not among girls with ADHD. A greater reduction in ISV was associated with greater PFC surface area among children with ADHD. This novel demonstration of improvement in ISV with motivational contingencies for boys, but not girls, with ADHD and associations with PFC anatomy informs our understanding of sex differences and motivational factors contributing to ISV in children with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: rosch@kennedykrieger.org.
authors.forename: Keri S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Rosch
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dirlikov
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Stewart H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mostofsky
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology*; D015588:Observer Variation; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
keywords: ADHD; Cognition; Intrasubject variability; Motivation; Prefrontal cortex; Response control; Sex differences