title: New immunotherapies targeting the PD-1 pathway.
abstract: Ligands from the B7 family bind to receptors of the CD28 family, which regulate early T cell activation in lymphoid organs and control inflammation and autoimmunity in peripheral tissues. Programmed death-1 (PD-1), a member of the CD28 family, is an inhibitory receptor on T cells and is responsible for their dysfunction in infectious diseases and cancers. The complex mechanisms controlling the expression and signaling of PD-1 and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) are emerging. Recently completed and ongoing clinical trials that target these molecules have shown remarkable success by generating durable clinical responses in some cancer patients. In chronic viral infections, preclinical data reveal that targeting PD-1 and its ligands can improve T cell responses and virus clearance. There is also promise in stimulating this pathway for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Jordan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chinai
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Murali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janakiram
authors.affiliation: Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
authors.forename: Fuxiang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
authors.forename: Wantao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Inc., New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10467, USA. Electronic address: xing-xing.zang@einstein.yu.edu.
authors.forename: Xingxing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
keywords: PD-1; PD-L1; PD-L2; cancer; immunotherapy; viral infection