title: A potential tailor-made hyaluronic acid buccal delivery system comprising rotigotine for Parkinson's disease?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Parkinson's disease (PD) affects over 10 million people around the world. Dysphagia is one of its main problems. Therefore, mucosal delivery is beneficial for patient compliance. This study aimed to synthesize mucoadhesive hyaluronic acid (HA) comprising rotigotine for the treatment of PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  HA - a biocompatible, naturally occurring polysaccharide - was chemically modified with the thiol-bearing ligand cysteine ethyl ester via amide bond formation (HAC). HAC was evaluated in terms of stability, cytotoxicity, permeation enhancement, controlled drug release and mucoadhesiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HAC showed 1.49-fold higher stability, 3.47-fold improved swelling capacity and 12.16-fold augmentation in mucoadhesion. Additionally, HAC exhibited 1.18-fold permeation enhancement over HA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taking the findings into consideration, HAC represents a pillar of mucosal buccal delivery in the treatment of PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laffleur
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barthelmes
mesh_terms: D000278:Administration, Buccal; D002460:Cell Line; D003545:Cysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes; D013876:Thiophenes; C031752:ethyl cysteine; C047508:rotigotine; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D003545:Cysteine
keywords: Parkinson's; buccal; hyaluronic acid; mucoadhesion; rotigotine; thiomers