title: Risk and protective factors for recreational and hard drug use among Malaysian adolescents and young adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigated risk and protective factors for recreational and hard drug use in Malaysian adolescents and young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n = 859; M age = 17.24 years, SD = 2.75 years, range = 13-25 years; 59% male) were recruited from secondary schools, technical colleges, a juvenile detention center and a national training center in Malaysia. A version of the Communities That Care survey validated for use in Malaysia (Razali & Kliewer, 2015) was used to assess study constructs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One in 6 adolescents and 1 in 3 young adults reported lifetime recreational and hard drug use, with greater use reported by males across all drug categories. Structural equation modeling was used to determine the strongest risk and protective factors for recreational and hard drug use. The overall pattern of findings was similar for recreational and hard drug use. Shared risk factors for lifetime recreational and hard drug use included early initiation of antisocial behavior, peer antisocial behavior, and peer reinforcement for engaging in antisocial behavior; shared protective factors included religious practices and opportunities for prosocial school involvement. Multiple group analyses comparing adolescents and young adults indicated that patterns of risk and protective factors predicting drug use differed across these age groups. There were fewer significant predictors of either recreational or hard drug use for young adults relative to adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that interventions should target multiple microsystems (e.g., peer groups, family systems, school environments) and be tailored to the developmental stage of the individual.
authors.affiliation: No. 25, Jalan Segar 7 Taman Segar 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak Malaysia. Electronic address: mohdrazalim@vcu.edu.
authors.forename: Muzafar Mohd
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Razali
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, United States. Electronic address: wkliewer@vcu.edu.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kliewer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D065840:Protective Factors; D012067:Religion; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012574:Schools; D012919:Social Behavior; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs
keywords: Adolescents; Malaysia; Protective factors; Risk factors; Substance use; Young adults