title: Quantitative assessment of parkinsonian bradykinesia based on an inertial measurement unit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As the most characteristic feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), bradykinesia (slowness of movement) affects all patients with Parkinson's disease and interferes with their daily activities. This study introduces a wearable bradykinesia assessment system whose core component is composed of an inertial measurement unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  The system diagram and assessment task were defined in accordance with clinical requirements from neurologists. Based on hand grasping actions, calculations of hand grasping ranges and statistical methods of quantitatively assessing parkinsonian bradykinesia were presented. Seven control subjects and eight patients were tested with this system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental results show that a calculated bradykinesia parameter (modified mean range, instead of mean and standard deviation of the grasp ranges) correlated well with the evaluations of a neurologist (Pearson's correlation coefficient r = -0.83, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bradykinesia assessment system was tested on both health subjects and PD patients. The results show that this system has greater correlation with the evaluations by neurologists than other parkinsonian bradykinesia assessment systems. The modified mean range was verified as the major bradykinesia parameter (key indicator). This study is helpful to those who want to use consumer-grade inertial sensors for quantitative assessment of motor symptoms during treatment.
authors.affiliation: Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Quanzhou, China. dhd@fjirsm.ac.cn.|Institute of Micro Technology and Medical Device Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany. dhd@fjirsm.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Houde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: College of Polytechnic, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China. linhaijun801028@126.com.
authors.forename: Haijun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Micro Technology and Medical Device Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany. tim.lueth@tum.de.
authors.forename: Tim C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lueth
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D018476:Hypokinesia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009038:Motion; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D012399:Rotation; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014202:Tremor / Q000503:physiopathology