title: Subcellular localisation of anillin is associated with different survival outcomes in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The protein anillin (ANLN) has important roles in cell cytokinesis. Until now, no studies have evaluated the role of ANLN expression in a large cohort of patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (UCUT).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study analysed 156 cases of primary localised UCUT. Pathological slides were reviewed and clinical findings were collected. An immunohistochemical study was performed and the cytoplasmic and nuclear staining results of UCUT were recorded. Expressions of ANLN were analysed to identify correlations with various clinicopathological parameters, disease-specific survival (DSS) and metastasis-free survival (MeFS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overexpression of ANLN in the nucleus had significant positive associations with tumour stage (p=0.017), histological grade (p=0.040), mitotic count (p=0.023), tumour necrosis (p=0.009), invasion patterns (p<0.001) and simultaneous involvement of the renal pelvis and ureter (p=0.032). Overexpression of ANLN in the cytoplasm had a significant negative correlation with patient age (p=0.004), tumour grade (p=0.021) and vascular invasion (p=0.013). Notably, univariable analysis showed that overexpression of ANLN in the nucleus was significantly associated with a poor DSS (p=0.006) and MeFS (p=0.010), and multivariable analysis showed that it was an independent predictor of adverse DSS outcome (p=0.031, relative risk 1.535). Low expression of ANLN in the cytoplasm was strongly associated with a poor DSS (p=0.045) and MeFS (p=0.041) in univariable analysis but not in Cox regression analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subcellular localisation of ANLN is correlated with different tumour phenotypes and probably confers different tumorigenicity. Since high nuclear expression of ANLN is also an independent predictor of poor DSS, it is a useful prognostic marker of UCUT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Peir-In
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wan Tzu
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Chia
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Pingtung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Pingtung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Ming
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Nung
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsin-Chih
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hung-Lung
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Jeng
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chee-Yin
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D063646:Carcinogenesis; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: C000591059:ANLN protein, human; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D008840:Microfilament Proteins
keywords: TUMOUR MARKERS; URINARY TRACT TUMOURS; UROPATHOLOGY