title: ILAE type 3 hippocampal sclerosis in patients with anti-GAD-related epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the neuropathologic findings and clinical course of 2 patients who underwent temporal lobectomy for medically refractive epilepsy and were later found to have high anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Small case series.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neuropathologic examination of both patients revealed International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) type 3 hippocampal sclerosis. Following surgery, both developed signs and symptoms of stiff person syndrome and later cerebellar ataxia. Laboratory studies demonstrated high concentrations of anti-GAD antibodies in both patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These cases suggest that ILAE type 3 hippocampal sclerosis may be immunologically related to and may exist as part of a broader anti-GAD-related neurologic syndrome in some instances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology (R.L.G., L.V.D., K.M.W., J.J.G., A.B.), Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.L., K.M.W.), and Department of Pathology (K.M.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology (R.L.G., L.V.D., K.M.W., J.J.G., A.B.), Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.L., K.M.W.), and Department of Pathology (K.M.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Lauren V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: DeNiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology (R.L.G., L.V.D., K.M.W., J.J.G., A.B.), Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.L., K.M.W.), and Department of Pathology (K.M.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Patrick A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lasala
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology (R.L.G., L.V.D., K.M.W., J.J.G., A.B.), Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.L., K.M.W.), and Department of Pathology (K.M.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Weidenheim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology (R.L.G., L.V.D., K.M.W., J.J.G., A.B.), Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.L., K.M.W.), and Department of Pathology (K.M.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Jerome J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Graber
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology (R.L.G., L.V.D., K.M.W., J.J.G., A.B.), Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.L., K.M.W.), and Department of Pathology (K.M.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boro