title: Releases of surgically deafened homing pigeons indicate that aural cues play a significant role in their navigational system.
abstract: Experienced homing pigeons with extirpated cochleae and lagenae were released from six sites in upstate New York and western Pennsylvania on 17 days between 1973 and 1975 by William T. Keeton and his co-workers at Cornell University. The previously unpublished data indicate that departure directions of the operated birds were significantly different from those of sham-operated control birds (314 total), indicating that aural cues play an important part in the pigeon's navigational system. Moreover, propagation modeling of infrasonic waves using meteorological data for the release days supports the possibility that control birds used infrasonic signals to determine their homeward direction. Local acoustic 'shadow' zones, therefore, could have caused initial disorientation of control birds at release sites where they were normally well oriented. Experimental birds plausibly employed an alternate 'route-reversal' strategy to return home perhaps using their ocular-based magnetic compass. We suggest, based on Keeton's results from another site of long-term disorientation, that experienced pigeons depend predominantly on infrasonic cues for initial orientation, and that surgical removal of their aural sense compelled them to switch to a secondary navigational strategy.
authors.affiliation: US Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA. jhag@usgs.gov.
authors.forename: Jonathan T
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0689-280X
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hagstrum
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all", Research Center Neurosensory Science and Department of Neuroscience, Oldenburg University, Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Geoffrey A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Manley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001272:Atmosphere; D003051:Cochlea / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D010856:Columbidae / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D006702:Homing Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology; D065854:Spatial Navigation / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Avian navigation; Cochlea; Columba livia; Infrasound; Lagena