title: Acute restraint stress reduces hippocampal oxidative damage and behavior in rats: Effect of S-allyl cysteine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This simple study was designed to investigate whether acute restraint stress can generate changes in behavioral tests and hippocampal endpoints of oxidative stress in rats, and if the antioxidant S-allyl cysteine (SAC) can prevent these alterations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated motor activity, forced swimming and anxiety behavior, as well as the hippocampal levels of lipid peroxidation and the activities of glutathione-related enzymes in animals submitted to mild immobilization. The effect of SAC (100 mg/kg, i.p.), given to rats every day 30 min before starting the immobilization session, was also investigated. Immobilization (restraint) stress was induced for a period of 6 h per day for five consecutive days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results indicate that, under the tested conditions, acute restraint stimulates compensatory behavioral tasks (motor activity, anxiety and forced swimming) to counteract the stressing conditions prevailing, and selectively increased the levels of lipid peroxidation and the enzyme activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the hippocampus also as adaptive responses. SAC exhibited preventive effects in the stressed group as it improved behavior, reduced lipid peroxidation and prevented the increase of GST and GPx activities, suggesting that this antioxidant blunted primary pro-oxidative stimuli induced by restraint stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings of this work also confirm that the use of antioxidants such as SAC can provide effective protection against the acute oxidative damage associated with anxiety produced by stressing conditions.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ana Laura
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Colín-González
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Becerríl
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Bianca Rubí
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Flores-Reyes
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Bioterio, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ismael
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Bioterio, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pinzón
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Santamaría-Del Angel
authors.affiliation: Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia/Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain; Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Envejecimiento y Fragilidad (RETICEF), Mexico.
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Túnez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Serratos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pedraza-Chaverrí
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: absada@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Abel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santamaría
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Patología Vascular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neuocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Perla D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Maldonado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D003545:Cysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; C065299:S-allylcysteine; D003545:Cysteine
keywords: Antioxidant defense; Oxidative stress; Restraint stress; S-allyl cysteine