title: Biomechanics and strain mapping in bone as related to immediately-loaded dental implants.
abstract: The effects of alveolar bone socket geometry and bone-implant contact on implant biomechanics, and resulting strain distributions in bone were investigated. Following extraction of lateral incisors on a cadaver mandible, implants were placed immediately and bone-implant contact area, stability implant biomechanics and bone strain were measured. In situ biomechanical testing coupled with micro X-ray microscopy (µ-XRM) illustrated less stiff bone-implant complexes (701-822 N/mm) compared with bone-periodontal ligament (PDL)-tooth complexes (791-913 N/mm). X-ray tomograms illustrated that the cause of reduced stiffness was due to limited bone-implant contact. Heterogeneous elemental composition of bone was identified by using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The novel aspect of this study was the application of a new experimental mechanics method, that is, digital volume correlation, which allowed mapping of strains in volumes of alveolar bone in contact with a loaded implant. The identified surface and subsurface strain concentrations were a manifestation of load transferred to bone through bone-implant contact based on bone-implant geometry, quality of bone, implant placement, and implant design. 3D strain mapping indicated that strain concentrations are not exclusive to the bone-implant contact regions, but also extend into bone not directly in contact with the implant. The implications of the observed strain concentrations are discussed in the context of mechanobiology. Although a plausible explanation of surgical complications for immediate implant treatment is provided, extrapolation of results is only warranted by future systematic studies on more cadaver specimens and/or in vivo models.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ji-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Carl Zeiss X-ray Microscopy, Pleasanton, CA, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mehran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hossaini-Zadeh
authors.affiliation: LaVision Inc., Ypsilanti, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prevost
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: sunita.ho@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Sunita P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D057893:Immediate Dental Implant Loading / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007180:Incisor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008422:Materials Testing; D011859:Radiography; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D020390:Tooth Socket
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: Alveolar bone; Bone–implant contact; Digital volume correlation; Implant; Strain