title: Management of liver transplantation biliary stricture: Results from a tertiary hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review results of endoscopic treatment for anastomotic biliary strictures after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) during an 8-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective review of all endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographys (ERCPs) performed between May 2006 and June 2014 in deceased OLT recipients with anastomotic stricture at a tertiary care hospital. Patients were divided into 2 groups, according to the type of stent used (multiple plastic or covered self-expandable metal stents), which was chose on a case-by-case basis and their characteristics. The primary outcome was anastomotic stricture resolution rate determined if there was no more than a minimum waist at cholangiography and a 10 mm balloon could easily pass through the anastomosis with no need for further intervention after final stent removal. Secondary outcomes were technical success rate, number or ERCPs required per patient, number of stents placed, stent indwelling, stricture recurrence rate and therapy for recurrent anastomotic biliary stricture (AS). Stricture recurrence was defined as clinical laboratorial and/or imaging evidence of obstruction at the anastomosis level, after it was considered completely treated, requiring subsequent interventional procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 195 post-OLT patients were assessed for eligibility. One hundred and sixty-four (164) patients were diagnosed with anastomotic biliary stricture. ERCP was successfully performed in 157/164 (95.7%) patients with AS, that were treated with either multiple plastic (n = 109) or metallic billiary stents (n = 48). Mean treatment duration, number of procedures and stents required were lower in the metal stent group. Acute pancreatitis was the most common procedure related complication, occurring in 17.1% in the covered self-expandable metal stents (cSEMS) and 4.1% in the multiple plastic stent (MPS) group. Migration was the most frequent stent related complication, observed in 4.3% and 5.5% (cSEMS and MPS respectively). Stricture resolution was achieved in 86.8% in the cSEMS group and in 91% in MPS group. Stricture recurrence after a median follow up of 20 mo was observed in 10 (30.3%) patients in the cSEMS and 7 (7.7%) in the plastic stent group, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.0017). Successful stricture resolution after secondary treatment was achieved in 66.6% and 62.5% of patients respectively in the cSEMS and plastic stents groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple plastic stents are currently the first treatment option for AS in patients with duct-to-duct anastomosis. cSEMS was associated with increased pancreatitis risk and higher recurrence rate.
authors.affiliation: Fernanda Prata Martins, Angelo P Ferrari, Endoscopy Unit, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo-SP 05652-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda Prata
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Fernanda Prata Martins, Angelo P Ferrari, Endoscopy Unit, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo-SP 05652-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kahaleh
authors.affiliation: Fernanda Prata Martins, Angelo P Ferrari, Endoscopy Unit, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo-SP 05652-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Angelo P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ferrari
keywords: Benign; Biliary stricture; Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographys; Endoscopic treatment; Liver transplant; Plastic stent; Self-expandable metal stent