title: Production and characterization of absorbent heat from the bark of residual Brazil nut bark (Bertholletia Excelsa l.).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increasing efforts to reduce the environmental impact on the Amazon's natural resources are focusing on watercourses that pass through effluents with high concentrations of heavy metals. The adsorption by absorbent is one of the methods used to remove metallic ions. In this assignment, the preparation of activated carbon from Brazil nut bark (Bertholletia excelsa l.), which is a waste material produced from the use of seeds in foodstuffs and cosmetics, is shown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The absorbent was carbonized at 400 °C in 3 h and activated at 800 °C in 2 h, having received the name of AC2, and, the specific area, pore size, real and apparent densities, porosity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), pH, moisture, fixed carbon and surface functional groups by Boehm method and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were characterized. According to the results, the carbon presented alkaline characteristic, mesoporosity, average pore diameters of 2.203 nm and specific surface area by BET of 464.835 m(2) g(-1). The efficiency of removal was performed in synthetic solutions of copper sulphate (II) pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O), evaluating the influence of pH, initial concentration of copper solution (II), particle diameter and time contact of the adsorbent in solution. The results of higher removal percentages were to pH 5.09, initial concentration of 50, 100 and 150 mg(-1) diameter 0.595 < D < 1.19 mm and time contact of 5 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Brazil nut bark is shown to be an important bio-waste, being an excellent alternative material for the low-cost production of activated carbon for use in processes involving iterations of adsorption.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Processes, Federal University of Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, Pará 66075-110 Brazil.
authors.forename: Selma Dos Santos
authors.initials: Sdos S
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, State University of Amapá, Av. Presidente Vargas, Campus I, 650, Macapá, Amapá 68900-070 Brazil ; Laboratory of General and Analytical Chemistry, Federal University of Amapá, Rod. JK Km 2, s/n, Macapá, Amapá 68902-280 Brazil.
authors.forename: Joel Estevão de Melo
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Diniz
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, State University of Amapá, Av. Presidente Vargas, Campus I, 650, Macapá, Amapá 68900-070 Brazil.
authors.forename: Jonilson Heslei
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of General and Analytical Chemistry, Federal University of Amapá, Rod. JK Km 2, s/n, Macapá, Amapá 68902-280 Brazil.
authors.forename: Josivan da Silva
authors.initials: Jda S
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, Pará 66075-110 Brazil.
authors.forename: Davi do Socorro Barros
authors.initials: Ddo S
authors.lastname: Brasil
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, State University of Amapá, Av. Presidente Vargas, Campus I, 650, Macapá, Amapá 68900-070 Brazil.
authors.forename: Sílvia Simone Dos Santos
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: de Morais
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, State University of Amapá, Av. Presidente Vargas, Campus I, 650, Macapá, Amapá 68900-070 Brazil.
authors.forename: Daímio Chaves
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of General and Analytical Chemistry, Federal University of Amapá, Rod. JK Km 2, s/n, Macapá, Amapá 68902-280 Brazil.
authors.forename: José Carlos Tavares
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of General and Analytical Chemistry, Federal University of Amapá, Rod. JK Km 2, s/n, Macapá, Amapá 68902-280 Brazil.
authors.forename: Cleydson Breno Rodrigues
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Processes, Federal University of Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, Pará 66075-110 Brazil.
authors.forename: Denilson Luz
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: da Silva
keywords: Absorbent; Brazil nut; Thermal activation