title: Clinical outcomes and efficacy of transforaminal lumbar endoscopic discectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforaminal lumbar endoscopic discectomy (TLED) is a minimally invasive procedure for removing lumbar disc herniations. This technique was initially reserved for herniations in the foraminal or extraforaminal region. This study concentrated on our experience regarding the outcomes and efficacy of TLED.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 105 patients were included in the study. The patients were retrospectively evaluated for demographic features, lesion levels, numbers of affected levels, visual analog scores (VASs), Oswestry disability questionnaire scale scores and MacNab pain relief scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 48 female and 57 male patients aged between 25 and 64 years (mean: 41.8 years) underwent TLED procedures. The majority (83%) of the cases were operated on at the levels of L4-5 and L5-S1. Five patients had herniations at two levels. There were significant decreases between the preoperative VAS scores collected postoperatively at 6 months (2.3) and those collected after 1-year (2.5). Two patients were referred for microdiscectomy after TLED due to unsatisfactory pain relief on the 1(st) postoperative day. The overall success rate with respect to pain relief was 90.4% (95/105). Seven patients with previous histories of open discectomy at the same level reported fair pain relief after TLED.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transforaminal lumbar endoscopic discectomy is a safe and effective alternative to microdiscectomy that is associated with minor tissue trauma. Herniations that involved single levels and foraminal/extraforaminal localizations were associated with better responses to TLED.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery Clinic, Ministry of Health Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cezmi Çağrı
authors.initials: CÇ
authors.lastname: Türk
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery Clinic, Ministry of Health Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Niyazi Nefi
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Kara
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery Clinic, Ministry of Health Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bülent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Biliciler
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery Clinic, Ministry of Health Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karasoy
keywords: Endoscopic discectomy; lumbar spine; revision; transforaminal