title: Assessing the Everyday Discrimination Scale among American Indians and Alaska Natives.
abstract: The Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) has been used widely as a measure of subjective experiences of discrimination. The usefulness of this measure for assessments of perceived experiences of discrimination by American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) peoples has not been explored. Data derived from the Special Diabetes Program for Indians--Healthy Heart Demonstration Project (SDPI-HH), a large-scale initiative to reduce cardiovascular risk among AI/ANs with Type 2 diabetes. Participants (N = 3,039) completed a self-report survey that included the EDS and measures of convergent and divergent validity. Missing data were estimated by multiple imputation techniques. Reliability estimates for the EDS were calculated, yielding a single factor with high internal consistency (α = .92). Younger, more educated respondents reported greater perceived discrimination; retired or widowed respondents reported less. Convergent validity was evidenced by levels of distress, anger, and hostility, which increased as the level of perceived discrimination increased (all p < .001). Divergent validity was evidenced by the absence of an association between EDS and resilient coping. Resilient coping and insulin-specific diabetes knowledge were not significantly associated with perceived discrimination (p = .61 and 0.16, respectively). However, general diabetes-related health knowledge was significantly associated with perceived discrimination (p = .02). The EDS is a promising measure for assessing perceived experiences of discrimination among those AI/ANs who participated in the SDPI-HH.
authors.affiliation: School of Community Health, College of Urban and Public Affairs, Portland State University.
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington.
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Noonan
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Work, College of Health and Human Sciences, Western Carolina University.
authors.forename: R Turner
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Goins
authors.affiliation: Health Outcomes Program, University of Colorado Denver.
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.affiliation: Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health, University of Colorado Denver.
authors.forename: Janette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beals
authors.affiliation: Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health, University of Colorado Denver.
authors.forename: Spero M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes Treatment and Prevention, Indian Health Service.
authors.forename: Kelly J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Acton
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes Treatment and Prevention, Indian Health Service.
authors.forename: Yvette
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Roubideaux
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000413:Alaska; D000072957:Alaska Natives / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010465:Perception; D011581:Psychological Tests; D063505:Racism / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D055815:Young Adult