title: Susceptibility of Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) to Monkeypox Virus: A Low Dose Prospective Model for Monkeypox and Smallpox Disease.
abstract: Although current nonhuman primate models of monkeypox and smallpox diseases provide some insight into disease pathogenesis, they require a high titer inoculum, use an unnatural route of infection, and/or do not accurately represent the entire disease course. This is a concern when developing smallpox and/or monkeypox countermeasures or trying to understand host pathogen relationships. In our studies, we altered half of the test system by using a New World nonhuman primate host, the common marmoset. Based on dose finding studies, we found that marmosets are susceptible to monkeypox virus infection, produce a high viremia, and have pathological features consistent with smallpox and monkeypox in humans. The low dose (48 plaque forming units) required to elicit a uniformly lethal disease and the extended incubation (preclinical signs) are unique features among nonhuman primate models utilizing monkeypox virus. The uniform lethality, hemorrhagic rash, high viremia, decrease in platelets, pathology, and abbreviated acute phase are reflective of early-type hemorrhagic smallpox.
authors.affiliation: Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America; Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisianna, United States of America.
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mucker
authors.affiliation: Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.affiliation: Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Louis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Huzella
authors.affiliation: Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Huggins
authors.affiliation: Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shamblin
authors.affiliation: Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Camenzind G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lisa E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Hensley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002144:Callithrix; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D045908:Mpox, Monkeypox / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008993:Monkeypox virus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012901:Variola virus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014709:Vero Cells; D019562:Viral Load