title: Associations between dietary factors and urinary concentrations of organophosphate and pyrethroid metabolites in a Canadian general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few studies to date have characterized the relationships between diet and urinary concentrations of pesticides. In the current study, associations between dietary factors and urinary concentrations of organophosphate and pyrethroid metabolites were examined in a Canadian general population using data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS).
  
  
  METHODS
  In the CHMS, urinary concentrations of dialkylphosphate (DAP) and pyrethroid metabolites were measured in 5604 participants aged 6-79 years. Associations between dietary factors and total concentrations of DAP (ΣDAP) and pyrethroid metabolites (ΣPYR) were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 90% of participants had at least one type of DAP and 99.8% had pyrethroid metabolites detectable in urine samples. After adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, immigrant status and body mass index, ΣDAP among participants with high (3rd tertile) fruit consumption was 1.43 (95% CI: 1.26-1.61) times the concentration among those with low (1st tertile) consumption. ΣDAP was also positively associated with vegetable consumption, for those with high consumption ΣDAP being 1.33 times (95% CI: 1.16-1.52) the concentration for those with low consumption. ΣPYR among participants with high vegetable consumption was 1.42 (95% CI: 1.23-1.66) times the concentration among those with low vegetable consumption. ΣPYR was also positively associated with pulses/nuts consumption (p-values<0.01) and household use of chemicals to control head lice or pet flea (p=0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positive associations between dietary factors and urinary concentrations of organophosphate and pyrethroid metabolites suggest greater regulation of pesticide use on food products may help to reduce pesticide exposures and associated health risks among the general population.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beach
authors.affiliation: Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Electronic address: sentil@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Ambikaipakan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Senthilselvan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000652:urine*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000652:urine*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000652:urine*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010755:Organophosphates; D010575:Pesticides; D011722:Pyrethrins
keywords: Dietary factor; Organophosphate; Pesticide; Pyrethroid