title: Cardiovascular disease biomarkers across autoimmune diseases.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease is increasingly recognized as a major cause of premature mortality among those with autoimmune disorders. There is an urgent need to identify those patients with autoimmune disease who are at risk for CVD so as to optimize therapeutic intervention and ultimately prevention. Accurate identification, monitoring and stratification of such patients will depend upon a panel of biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. This review will discuss some of the most recent biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases in autoimmune disease, including lipid oxidation, imaging biomarkers to characterize coronary calcium, plaque, and intima media thickness, biomarkers of inflammation and activated complement, genetic markers, endothelial biomarkers, and antiphospholipid antibodies. Clinical implementation of these biomarkers will not only enhance patient care but also likely accelerate the pharmaceutical pipeline for targeted intervention to reduce or eliminate cardiovascular disease in the setting of autoimmunity.
authors.affiliation: Lupus Center of Excellence, Autoimmunity Institute, Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, USA. Electronic address: jahearn@wpahs.org.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahearn
authors.affiliation: Lupus Center of Excellence, Autoimmunity Institute, Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.affiliation: Lupus Center of Excellence, Autoimmunity Institute, Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, USA.
authors.forename: Chau-Ching
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Lupus Center of Excellence, Autoimmunity Institute, Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manzi
mesh_terms: D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000276:immunology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Autoimmune; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular; Lupus; Rheumatoid