title: Systemic lupus erythematosus: An update for ophthalmologists.
abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a life-threatening multisystem inflammatory condition that may affect almost any part of the eye. We provide an update for the practicing ophthalmologist comprising a systematic review of the recent literature presented in the context of current knowledge of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition. We review recent advances in the understanding of the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the development of SLE. Recent changes in the diagnostic criteria for SLE are considered. We assess the potential for novel molecular biomarkers to find a clinical application in disease diagnosis and stratification and in the development of therapeutic agents. We discuss limited forms of SLE and their differentiation from other collagen vascular disorders and review recent evidence underlying the use of established and novel therapeutics in this condition, including specific implications regarding monitoring for ocular toxicity associated with antimalarials.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK; Birmingham & Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK. Electronic address: e.papagiannuli@nhs.net.
authors.forename: Efrosini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papagiannuli
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHSFT, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK.
authors.forename: Graham R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK; Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK; Birmingham & Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK.
authors.forename: Philip I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK; Birmingham & Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHSFT, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK.
authors.forename: Alastair K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Denniston
mesh_terms: D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007638:Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D009885:Ophthalmology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Sjogren syndrome; anti-phospholipid syndrome; keratoconjunctivitis sicca; lupus retinopathy; systemic lupus erythematosus