title: Effects of topoisomerase inhibitors that induce DNA damage response on glucose metabolism and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in multiple myeloma cells.
abstract: Hallmarks of cancer cells comprise altered glucose metabolism (aerobic glycolysis) and differences in DNA damage response (DDR). Glucose transporters (GLUT), glycolytic enzymes such as hexokinase (HK) and metabolic pathways (e.g. PI3K/Akt/mTor) have been shown to be upregulated in multiple myeloma and other cancer cell lines. Here we have investigated the effects of clinically used inhibitors of topoisomerases, of DDR and of the PI3K/Akt/mTor pathway on glucose metabolism and on cell survival in multiple myeloma cells. The effects of DNA damaging topoisomerase inhibitors (doxorubicin, etoposide, topotecan), non-DNA damaging agents (bortezomib, vincristine) as well as of molecular inhibitors of DNA damage related kinases PIKKs (KU55933 [ATM], NU7026 [DNA-PKCs]) and PI3K/Akt/mTor signaling (BEZ235 [PI3K/mTor], MK-2206 [Akt]) were analyzed 24 hours after treatment of OPM-2 multiple myeloma cells. For this purpose we monitored [18F]-FDG uptake, cell viability using an ATP assay and expression of GLUT-1, hexokinase II (HKII), cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP via Western-blotting. All topoisomerase inhibitors used could upregulate expression of GLUT-1 and HKII in OPM-2 cells, resulting in elevated [18F]-FDG uptake and promotion of cell survival. In contrast, bortezomib and vincristine induced a decline in [18F]-FDG uptake combined with early induction of apoptosis. Combination treatment with topoisomerase inhibitors and molecular inhibitors of PIKK and PI3K could reverse elevated [18F]-FDG uptake, as observed after application of topoisomerase inhibitors only, and aggravate induction of apoptosis. Thus, elevated glucose consumption in OPM-2 cells can be reversed by targeting both DDR and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, thus providing a promising strategy in the treatment of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Richard
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Demel
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Benedikt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Feuerecker
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Technische Universität München Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piontek
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München Munich, Germany ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technische Universität München Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seidl
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Blechert
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Technische Universität München Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pickhard
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München Munich, Germany ; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universität sklinikum Bonn Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Essler
keywords: DNA damage response; Glucose metabolism; PI3K/Akt/mTor pathway; apoptosis; cancer treatment; cell survival; topoisomerase inhibitors