title: Lead concentrations in whole blood, serum, saliva and house dust in samples collected at two time points (12 months apart) in Santo Amaro, BA, Brazil.
abstract: Whole Blood Lead Level (BLL) is the main marker used to verify lead contamination. The present study explores how BLL is associated with lead concentrations in serum, saliva and house dust. Samples were collected twice from Santo Amaro, BA, Brazil, a region that was contaminated by a lead smelter in the past; a time interval of 12 months was allowed between the two collections. It is noteworthy that the following measures have recently been taken to diminish exposure of the population to lead: streets have been paved with asphalt, and educational campaigns have been launched to reduce exposure to contaminated dust.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the first time point, all the samples collected at the second time point contained lower lead concentration (p<0.05), which suggested that the adopted measures effectively reduced exposure of the population to lead present in contaminated soil and dust. Statistically significant correlations only existed between lead in blood collected in the first year and lead in blood collected in the second year (Spearman's r=0.55; p<0.0001; n=62), and lead in house dust collected in the first year and lead in house dust collected in the second year (Spearman's r=0.5; p<0.0001; n=59).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results support the validity of lead determination in blood and in house dust to assess lead exposure over time. However, lead in blood and lead in dust did not correlate with lead in serum or lead in saliva.
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology, State University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; School of Engineering, Catholic University of Salvador(UCSAL), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Souza Guerra
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Technology of Materials, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil; School of Engineering, Catholic University of Salvador(UCSAL), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo Alonso Muñoz
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Magna
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Technology of Materials, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil; School of Engineering, Catholic University of Salvador(UCSAL), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sandro Lemos
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; School of Engineering, Catholic University of Salvador(UCSAL), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Mello
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: De Capitani
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Dental School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (FORP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; School of Engineering, Catholic University of Salvador(UCSAL), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Junia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology, State University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; School of Engineering, Catholic University of Salvador(UCSAL), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Iza Teixeira Alves
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Peixoto
authors.affiliation: Private Pediatrician that Works in Santo Amaro, BA, Brazil; School of Engineering, Catholic University of Salvador(UCSAL), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aníbal Araujo Alves
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Peixoto
authors.affiliation: Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundaçao Osvaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil; School of Engineering, Catholic University of Salvador(UCSAL), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Lucia Vieira
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Catholic University of Salvador (UCSAL), Salvador, BA, Brazil; School of Engineering, Catholic University of Salvador(UCSAL), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juan Carlos Rossi
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Alva
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo (FFCLRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; School of Engineering, Catholic University of Salvador(UCSAL), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávio Venâncio
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Nakadi
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo (FFCLRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; School of Engineering, Catholic University of Salvador(UCSAL), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Márcia Andreia Mesquita Silva
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: da Veiga
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (FCFRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; School of Engineering, Catholic University of Salvador(UCSAL), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Dental School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (FORP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; School of Engineering, Catholic University of Salvador(UCSAL), Salvador, BA, Brazil. Electronic address: rfgerlach@forp.usp.br.
authors.forename: Raquel Fernanda
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Gerlach
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo (FFCLRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; School of Engineering, Catholic University of Salvador(UCSAL), Salvador, BA, Brazil. Electronic address: miriam@ucsal.br.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Fátima Carvalho
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D044967:Serum / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007854:Lead
keywords: Blood; House dust; Lead; Lead smelter; Saliva; Santo Amaro; Serum