title: A Dietary Pattern Derived by Reduced Rank Regression is Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in An Urban Ghanaian Population.
abstract: Reduced rank regression (RRR) is an innovative technique to establish dietary patterns related to biochemical risk factors for type 2 diabetes, but has not been applied in sub-Saharan Africa. In a hospital-based case-control study for type 2 diabetes in Kumasi (diabetes cases, 538; controls, 668) dietary intake was assessed by a specific food frequency questionnaire. After random split of our study population, we derived a dietary pattern in the training set using RRR with adiponectin, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides as responses and 35 food items as predictors. This pattern score was applied to the validation set, and its association with type 2 diabetes was examined by logistic regression. The dietary pattern was characterized by a high consumption of plantain, cassava, and garden egg, and a low intake of rice, juice, vegetable oil, eggs, chocolate drink, sweets, and red meat; the score correlated positively with serum triglycerides and negatively with adiponectin. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of type 2 diabetes for the highest quintile compared to the lowest was 4.43 (95% confidence interval: 1.87-10.50, p for trend < 0.001). The identified dietary pattern increases the odds of type 2 diabetes in urban Ghanaians, which is mainly attributed to increased serum triglycerides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany. laura.frank@dife.de.
authors.forename: Laura K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany. franziska.jannasch@dife.de.
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jannasch
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany. janine.kroeger@dife.de.
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kröger
authors.affiliation: Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. gbeduaddo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bedu-Addo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. frank.mockenhaupt@charite.de.
authors.forename: Frank P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Mockenhaupt
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany. mschulze@dife.de.
authors.forename: Matthias B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany. ina.danquah@dife.de.
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Danquah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: HDL-cholesterol; adiponectin; biomarker; dietary pattern; reduced rank regression; sub-Saharan Africa; triglyceride; type 2 diabetes