title: The differential effects of heat-shocking on the viability of spores from Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus subtilis, and Clostridium sporogenes after treatment with peracetic acid- and glutaraldehyde-based disinfectants.
abstract: This study investigated (1) the susceptibility of Bacillus anthracis (Ames strain), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 19659), and Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 3584) spores to commercially available peracetic acid (PAA)- and glutaraldehyde (GA)-based disinfectants, (2) the effects that heat-shocking spores after treatment with these disinfectants has on spore recovery, and (3) the timing of heat-shocking after disinfectant treatment that promotes the optimal recovery of spores deposited on carriers. Suspension tests were used to obtain inactivation kinetics for the disinfectants against three spore types. The effects of heat-shocking spores after disinfectant treatment were also determined. Generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate 6-log reduction times for each spore type, disinfectant, and heat treatment combination. Reduction times were compared statistically using the delta method. Carrier tests were performed according to AOAC Official Method 966.04 and a modified version that employed immediate heat-shocking after disinfectant treatment. Carrier test results were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. PAA-based disinfectants had significantly shorter 6-log reduction times than the GA-based disinfectant. Heat-shocking B. anthracis spores after PAA treatment resulted in significantly shorter 6-log reduction times. Conversely, heat-shocking B. subtilis spores after PAA treatment resulted in significantly longer 6-log reduction times. Significant interactions were also observed between spore type, disinfectant, and heat treatment combinations. Immediately heat-shocking spore carriers after disinfectant treatment produced greater spore recovery. Sporicidal activities of disinfectants were not consistent across spore species. The effects of heat-shocking spores after disinfectant treatment were dependent on both disinfectant and spore species. Caution must be used when extrapolating sporicidal data of disinfectants from one spore species to another. Heat-shocking provides a more accurate picture of spore survival for only some disinfectant/spore combinations. Collaborative studies should be conducted to further examine a revision of AOAC Official Method 966.04 relative to heat-shocking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 4007-B LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602.
authors.forename: Jordon K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: March
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 4007-B LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 4007-B LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602.
authors.forename: Chinn-Woan
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 4007-B LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602.
authors.forename: Marissa N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 4007-B LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602.
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Satterfield
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, 230 TMCB, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schaalje
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 4007-B LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602.
authors.forename: Kim L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 4007-B LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Robison
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005976:Glutaral / Q000633:toxicity*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010463:Peracetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D010463:Peracetic Acid; D005976:Glutaral
keywords: Anthrax; Bacillus anthracis; disinfection; heat-shock; inactivation kinetics; spore; sporicide