title: Effect of Opioids on Testosterone Levels: Cross-Sectional Study using NHANES.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Opioids can suppress gonadal hormone production, which may result in low testosterone levels. To date, there have been no large-scale population-based studies examining the extent to which opioid use may contribute to changes in testosterone levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  2011-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants 17 years and older who had data on prescription medication usage and serum testosterone levels available. Participants were divided in two groups, opioid exposed and unexposed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Testosterone levels of participants who responded that they had been exposed (n = 320) to prescription opioids in the past 30 days were compared with those who were unexposed (n = 4909). The number of participants with low testosterone levels was calculated and unadjusted and adjusted analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants on opioids had higher odds of having low testosterone levels than those unexposed, odd ratio (OR) = 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.07-1.84). After controlling for opioid exposure, as the age and the number of comorbidities increased, the odds of having low testosterone levels significantly increased in all categories. Compared with participants between 17 and 45 years of age, participants >70 years had OR = 1.70, 95% CI (1.16-2.50). Compared with participants with no comorbidities, participants with >2 comorbidities had OR = 1.69 95% CI (1.24-2.30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When assessing the impact of opioids on testosterone, the effects of age and medical conditions should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Janssen Research and Development, Trenton Harbourton Rd, Titusville, New Jersey, 08560, USA.
authors.forename: Maria Soledad
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cepeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Janssen Research and Development, Trenton Harbourton Rd, Titusville, New Jersey, 08560, USA.
authors.forename: Vivienne
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: US Medical Affairs, Janssen Research and Development, LLC 1125 Trenton Harbourton Rd, Titusville, New Jersey, 08560, USA.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vorsanger
authors.affiliation: Johnson & Johnson, Office of the Chief Medical Officer, 410 George Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eichenbaum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013739:Testosterone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000097:blood*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D013739:Testosterone
keywords: Age; Comorbidities; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; Opioids; Testosterone