title: Endoscopic transnasal approach to medial orbital lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This case report presents our experience of endoscopic transnasal management of medial intra- and extraconal lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  An endoscopic transnasal approach to intra-orbital lesions was used for nine patients. Four patients had intraconal lesions and five had lesions in the extraconal space. Post-operatively, seven patients reported an improvement in visual acuity and two reported stable vision. There were no complications of cerebrospinal leakage or diplopia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case series demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of an endoscopic transnasal approach to managing intraconal and extraconal lesions. This minimally invasive technique should be considered a valid alternative for accessing orbital tumours, particularly those located in the medial compartment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology,Faculty of Medicine,University of Malaya,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology,Faculty of Medicine,University of Malaya,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Prepageran
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009918:Orbital Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D016727:Orbital Pseudotumor / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Endoscopy; Neuronavigation; Optic Nerve; Orbit