title: Stability and removal of spironolactone from wastewater.
abstract: Stability and removal of spironolactone (SP) from wastewater produced at Al-Quds University Campus were investigated. Kinetic studies on both pure water and wastewater coming from secondary treatment (activated sludge) demonstrated that the potassium-sparing diuretic (water pill), spironolactone, underwent degradation to its hydrolytic derivative, canrenone, in both media. The first-order hydrolysis rate of SP in activated sludge at 25°C (3.80 × 10(-5) s(-1)) was about 49-fold larger than in pure water (7.4 × 10(-7) s(-1)). The overall performance of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) installed in the University Campus was assessed showing that more than 90% of spiked SP was removed together with its newly identified metabolites. In order to look for a technology to supplement or replace ultra-filtration membranes, the effectiveness of adsorption and filtration by micelle-clay filters for removing SP was tested in comparison with activated charcoal. Batch adsorption in aqueous suspensions was well described by Langmuir isotherms, showing a better removal by the micelle-clay material. Filtration of SP water solutions by columns filled with a mixture of sand and a micelle-clay complex showed complete removal of the drug at concentrations higher than in sand/activated-charcoal filled filters.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Science, University of Basilicata , Potenza , Italy.
authors.forename: Saleh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sulaiman
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khamis
authors.forename: Shlomo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nir
authors.forename: Filomena
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lelario
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scrano
authors.forename: Sabino A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bufo
authors.forename: Rafik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karaman
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077215:Clay; D007557:Israel; D008823:Micelles; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D002606:Charcoal; D000077215:Clay; D008823:Micelles; D012722:Sewage; D013148:Spironolactone; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Activated carbon; micelle–clay complex; spironolactone; stability in sludge; wastewater treatment