title: Quality-Cost Relationship in Congenital Heart Surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an increasing focus on optimizing health care quality and reducing costs. The care of children undergoing heart surgery requires significant investment of resources, and it remains unclear how costs of care relate to quality. We evaluated this relationship across a multicenter cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical data from The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database were merged with cost data from the Pediatric Health Information Systems Database for children undergoing heart surgery (2006 to 2010). Hospital-level costs were modeled using Bayesian hierarchical methods adjusting for case-mix, and hospitals were categorized into cost tertiles. The primary quality metric evaluated was in-hospital mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 27 hospitals (30,670 patients) were included. Median adjusted cost per case was $82,360 and varied fivefold across hospitals, while median adjusted mortality was 3.4% and ranged from 2.4% to 5.0% across hospitals. Overall, hospitals in the lowest cost tertile had significantly lower adjusted mortality rates compared with the middle and high cost tertiles (2.5% vs 3.8% and 3.5%, respectively, both p < 0.001). When assessed at the individual hospital level, most (75%) but not all hospitals in the lowest cost tertile were also in the lowest mortality tertile. Similar relationships were seen across the spectrum of surgical complexity. Lower cost hospitals also had shorter length of stay and trends toward fewer major complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lowest cost hospitals generally deliver the highest quality care for children undergoing heart surgery, although there is some variation in this relationship. This information is important in the design of initiatives aiming to optimize health care value in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Electronic address: pasquali@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Sara K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Pasquali
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Bove
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: J William
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gaynor
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gaies
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hirsch-Romano
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Nelangi M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Samir S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, Kansas.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Marshall L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011787:Quality of Health Care