title: [Investigation of oxacillinase genes in nosocomial multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates by multiplex PCR and evaluation of their clonal relationship with Rep-PCR].
abstract: Acinetobacter baumannii is a major nosocomial pathogen which can cause infections with high morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. In recent years A.baumannii has become a serious clinical problem because of the development of resistance to many antibiotics, and especially to carbapenems. The aims of this study were to investigate the oxacillinase genes responsible for carbapenem resistance in multidrug resistant (MDR) A.baumannii strains and to evaluate the clonal relationship between these strains. A total of 62 MDR A.baumannii strains isolated from various clinical specimens (24 tracheal aspirate, 14 wound, 10 blood, 7 urine, 2 abscess, 2 sputum, 2 catheter tip, 1 pleural fluid) of hospitalized patients in intensive care units (n= 42) and other inpatient clinics (n= 20) between February-March 2012, were included in the study. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility of A.baumannii isolates were performed by Vitek-2 automated system (bioMérieux, France), and the identified bacteria were confirmed by Maldi Biotyper (Bruker Daltonics, Germany) system. Imipenem, meropenem, colistin and tigecycline were additionally tested by E-test strips (bioMérieux, France). The presence of carbapenemase-producing OXA genes (blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-40-like, blaOXA-51-like and blaOXA-58-like) were detected by multiplex PCR (hyplex® CarbOxaID test system, Amplex Diagnostics, Germany) and the clonal relationship between isolates were investigated by rep-PCR method (DiversiLab, bioMérieux, France). In our study, all isolates were found resistant to ampicillin-sulbactam, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and tetracycline, while the resistance rates for amikacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, netilmicin and tigecycline were 88.7%, 88.7%, 82.3%, 43.5% and 27.4%, respectively. All A.baumannii isolates were susceptible to colistin. All of the strains were positive for blaOXA-23-like and blaOXA-51-like genes, while blaOXA-40-like and blaOXA-58-like genes were not detected in any of them. Simultaneous cultures from environmental samples collected from inpatient clinics in which MDR A.baumannii strains isolated were negative in terms of A.baumannii growth. In evaluation of clonal relationship between isolates, 48 strains (77.4%) showed greater than 95% similarity and formed a big cluster, named Cluster A. The remaining 14 isolates formed 3 small clusters (each had 2 isolates), named Cluster B, C and D, showing greater than 95% similarity. Majority of isolates (58.3%) in Cluster A were from patients in the surgical intensive care unit, and the first isolate from this cluster was also from a patient in the same unit. In our opinion, isolates from Cluster A may have spread to other clinics from surgical intensive care unit through transferred patients or medical and non-medical devices and equipment. Nosocomial MDR A.baumannii isolates in our hospital are highly resistant to antibiotics and all harboured blaOXA-23-like genes. The rep-PCR analysis of these isolates indicated that a large portion of A.baumannii strains were clonally closely related, and they probably from the same source and common ancestor, and separated shortly from each other. This data emphasizes that the choices of treatment are quite limited for inpatients, and the need for improvement of the infection control measures in our hospital.
authors.forename: Berrin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarı
authors.affiliation: Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Medical Microbiology Clinic, Ankara, Turkey. irmakmor@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Irmak
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baran
authors.forename: Sema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alaçam
authors.forename: İpek
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: Mumcuoğlu
authors.forename: Şenol
authors.initials: Ş
authors.lastname: Kurşun
authors.forename: Neriman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aksu
mesh_terms: D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission; D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000494:pharmacology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015780:Carbapenems; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C108449:oxacillinase