title: Differential effectiveness of group, individual, and conjoint treatments: An archival analysis of OQ-45 change trajectories.
abstract: While empirically-supported treatment (EST) choices are continually expanding, choices regarding formats for delivery (individual only, group only, or conjoint [simultaneous individual & group]) are often determined by agency resources or clinician preference. Studies comparing individual and group formats have produced mixed results, while recent meta-analytic reviews support format equivalence.
  
  
  
  We employed a multilevel model to test for outcome differences using the OQ-45 on an outpatient archival data set of clients receiving individual-only (n = 11,764), group-only (n = 152) or conjoint (n = 1557).
  
  
  
  Individual and group outcomes were equivalent with some analyses showing conjoint trailing. Moderators of change included initial distress, treatment duration, intra-group dependency, and format.
  
  
  
  Results support meta-analytic findings of format equivalence in a naturalistic setting for group and individual. Referral practices and future results are discussed.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Burlingame
authors.affiliation: c Department of Counseling Psychology and Special Education , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gleave
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Davey
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Erekson
authors.affiliation: c Department of Counseling Psychology and Special Education , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: b College of Family, Home and Social Science , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thayer
authors.affiliation: c Department of Counseling Psychology and Special Education , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beecher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: group psychotherapy; mental health services research; outcome research