title: Concentration of novel brominated flame retardants and HBCD in leachates and sediments from selected municipal solid waste landfill sites in Gauteng Province, South Africa.
abstract: In this study leachate and sediment samples were collected from six municipal solid waste landfill sites across Gauteng Province in South Africa to determine the levels of 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5 tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (BEH-TEBP) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Soxhlet as well as liquid-liquid extraction were employed for sediment and leachates respectively followed by GC-EIMS analysis. Concentrations of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) ranged from below detection (<dl)-310ngg(-1) and <dl-142pgL(-1) for sediment and leachate samples while percentage proportions of detected NBFRs and HBCD analytes in leachate samples was observed to be approximately 64%, 22%, 9% and 5% for TBB, ∑HBCD, BTBPE and TBPH respectively. Frequency of detection was lower in sediment (<20-50%) compared to leachate (75-100%) samples. Decabromodiphenyl ethane levels in sediment and leachate samples were found below the limit of quantitation. A positive correlation with NBFRs was, however, observed with some water quality parameters except for sulphate.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa. Electronic address: olukunleoi@tut.ac.za.
authors.forename: O I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Olukunle
authors.affiliation: Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: O J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Okonkwo
mesh_terms: D001565:Benzoates / Q000032:analysis; D001969:Bromobenzenes / Q000032:analysis; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis*; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000032:analysis*; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D062611:Solid Waste; D013019:South Africa; D064091:Waste Disposal Facilities; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: C576261:2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate; D001565:Benzoates; D001969:Bromobenzenes; D005411:Flame Retardants; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D062611:Solid Waste; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C491509:decabromodiphenyl ethane; C081014:1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane; C576262:bis(2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate; C089796:hexabromocyclododecane
keywords: Concentration; Landfill; Leachate; Novel brominated flame retardant; Sediment; South Africa