title: The Effects of Driver Distraction for Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of secondary tasks on the driving performance of individuals with mild traumatic brain injuries (TBIs).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Studies suggest detrimental impacts of driving with TBI or while distracted but the impact of driver distraction on TBI drivers is not well documented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bayesian regression models were used to estimate the effect of relatively simple secondary tasks on driving performance of TBI and healthy control (HC) drivers. A driving simulator was used to develop prior distribution of task effects on driving performance for HCs. An on-road study was conducted with TBI and HC drivers to generate effect estimates for the posterior distributions. The Bayesian models were also compared to frequentist models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a coin-sorting task, all drivers exhibited larger maximum lateral acceleration and larger standard deviation of speed than in a baseline driving segment. There were no significant driving performance differences between the TBI and the HC drivers during the tasks. Across all tasks, TBI drivers spent more time looking at the tasks and made more frequent glances toward the tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings show that even drivers with mild TBI have significantly longer and more glances toward the tasks compared to the HCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates a Bayesian approach and how the results differ from frequentist statistics. Using prior distributions in a Bayesian model helps account for the probabilities associated with otherwise unknown parameters. This method strengthens the Bayesian parameter estimates compared to that of a frequentist model.
authors.affiliation: Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina dneyens@clemson.edu.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Neyens
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Linda Ng
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.affiliation: Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Maria T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Schultheis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001334:Automobile Driving; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bayesian analysis; TBIs; driver distraction; driving performance; instrumented vehicle study