title: Pathways to Vulnerability for Alcohol Problem Severity in a Treatment-Seeking Sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present investigation examined the role of gender, family history of alcohol and drug use disorders, temperament, childhood behavior problems, and adult psychopathology, on adult alcohol use disorder (AUD) severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structural equation modeling was used to examine multiple etiological pathways to adult alcohol use disorder (AUD) severity. Participants included 335 treatment-seeking males and females with current or lifetime DSM-III-R alcohol dependence (96%) or abuse (4%) enrolled in one of five treatment outcome studies. Extensive assessment at treatment entry used a mixture of retrospective and current self-report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results identified two significant paths associated with a latent factor of adult alcohol use disorder severity at entry to treatment. In Path 1, male gender and family history of drug use disorder predicted greater childhood behavior problems, which predicted antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), borderline personality disorder (BPD), and anxiety disorders (ADs), with anxiety disorders leading directly to alcohol use disorder severity. In Path 2, family history of alcohol use disorder predicted difficult temperament in childhood, which predicted borderline personality disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders; both major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders in turn predicted alcohol use disorder severity at treatment entry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings build on the literature on heterogeneity in developmental risk processes leading to the expression of adult alcohol use disorder symptomology among patients presenting for alcohol use disorder treatment.
authors.affiliation: Center of Alcohol Studies Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 607 Allison Rd. Piscataway, NJ 08854. USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eddie
authors.affiliation: Center of Alcohol Studies Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 607 Allison Rd. Piscataway, NJ 08854. USA bepstein@rci.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.affiliation: The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies 1724 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036. USA acohn@legacyforhealth.org.
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cohn
keywords: alcohol use disorders; alcohol use disorders treatment; heterogeneity; psychological disorders; risk trajectories