title: Chronic alcohol drinking: Liver and pancreatic cancer?
abstract: Cancer is a multifactorial disease that results from complex interactions of numerous risk factors - genetic and environmental - over time, eventually leading to the diseased phenotypes. Thus, while epidemiological studies can point to risk factors, they cannot determine cause and effect relationships, and are unable to give biological and clinical insights into carcinogenesis. The link between any risk factor and carcinogenesis needs to be validated in experimental models. This is particularly true in epidemiological studies on alcohol consumption and its consequences. While there is no doubt that heavy alcohol consumption has devastating health effects, the inconsistencies in alcohol-related epidemiological studies and cancer suffer from possible sources of the variability in outcomes, ranging from inaccuracy of self-report of consumption to the problem of correlating cancer that started decades earlier to current or recent alcohol consumption. To further study the interactions between alcohol and cancer, the use of "Molecular Pathological Epidemiology" (MPE) advocated by Ogino et al. for dissecting the interplay between etiological factors, cellular and molecular characteristics, and disease progression in cancer is appropriate. MPE does not consider cancer as a single entity, rather it integrates analyses of epidemiological studies with the macroenvironment and molecular and microenvironment. This approach allows investigating the relationships between potential etiological agents and cancer based on molecular signatures. More research is needed to fully elucidate the link between heavy alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer, and to further investigate the roles of acetaldehyde and FAEEs in pancreatic carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: 1250 Eye Street, NW, suite 400, Washington, DC 20005, USA. Electronic address: Samir.zakhari@discus.org.
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zakhari
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000187:drug effects; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000431:Ethanol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D008108:Liver Diseases, Alcoholic / Q000150:complications; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D019512:Pancreatitis, Alcoholic / Q000150:complications; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000431:Ethanol; D000079:Acetaldehyde