title: Both GLUT-1 and GLUT-14 are Independent Prognostic Factors in Gastric Adenocarcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of glucose transporter 14 (GLUT-14/SLC2A14) in tumor biology is entirely unknown, and the significance of hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1-α) for gastric adenocarcinoma is controversial. The impact of GLUT-1/SLC2A1 has never been confirmed in a Caucasian cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1996 and 2007, 124 patients underwent gastrectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma. Tumor sections were incubated with GLUT-1, GLUT-14, and HIF1-α antibodies. Expression was analyzed for correlations with histopathology, marker coexpression, and patient survival by uni- and multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expressions of GLUT-1, GLUT-14, and HIF1-α were detectable in 50, 77.4, and 27.1 %, respectively. Expression of GLUT-1 was associated with pT-category (p = 0.019), pN-category (p = 0.019), tubular (WHO, p = 0.008), and intestinal (Lauren classification; p = 0.002) histologic subtypes. Expression of GLUT-14 was correlated with pT category (p = 0.043), whereas HIF1-α did not show any correlation with histopathology or survival. The median survival period was 14 months (95 % confidence interval [CI] 9.2-18.8 months) for GLUT-1-positive patients and 55 months (95 % CI 25.8-84.2; p = 0.01) for GLUT-1-negative patients. An inferior prognosis also was seen for GLUT-14-positive cases compared with GLUT-14-negative cases (p = 0.004). Thus, worst survival was seen with both GLUT-1- and GLUT-14-positive expression followed by single-positive and then double-negative cases (p = 0.004). In multivariate analysis including International Union Against Cancer (UICC) stages, R category, Lauren classification, surgery alone versus neoadjuvant/perioperative chemotherapy, and marker expression as covariates, GLUT-1 (p = 0.011) and GLUT-14 (p = 0.025) kept their prognostic independence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study findings suggest that detection of GLUT-1 and GLUT-14 is of high prognostic value. It gives additional information to UICC stages and identifies patients with inferior prognosis. If confirmed in prospective studies, these markers need to be considered for future classification systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berlth
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mönig
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pinther
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.|Department of General, Abdominal and Transplant Surgery, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grimminger
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maus
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schlösser
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Plum
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Warnecke-Eberz
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Informatics and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Harismendy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Uta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Drebber
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Elfriede
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bollschweiler
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Arnulf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hölscher
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. hakan.alakus@uk-koeln.de.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alakus
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005743:Gastrectomy; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative / Q000378:metabolism*; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D015996:Survival Rate; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; C474630:SLC2A14 protein, human