title: Dietary administration of the probiotic SpPdp11: Effects on the intestinal microbiota and immune-related gene expression of farmed Solea senegalensis treated with oxytetracycline.
abstract: Few antimicrobials are currently authorised in the aquaculture industry to treat infectious diseases. Among them, oxytetracycline (OTC) is one of the first-choice drugs for nearly all bacterial diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the dietary administration of OTC both alone and jointly with the probiotic Shewanella putrefaciens Pdp11 (SpPdp11) on the intestinal microbiota and hepatic expression of genes related to immunity in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles. The results demonstrated that the richness and diversity of the intestinal microbiota of fish treated with OTC decreased compared with those of the control group but that these effects were lessened by the simultaneous administration of SpPdp11. In addition, specimens that received OTC and SpPdp11 jointly showed a decreased intensity of the Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) bands related to Vibrio genus and the presence of DGGE bands related to Lactobacillus and Shewanella genera. The relationship among the intestinal microbiota of fish fed with control and OTC diets and the expression of the NADPH oxidase and CASPASE-6 genes was demonstrated by a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) carried out in this study. In contrast, a close relationship between the transcription of genes, such as NKEF, IGF-β, HSP70 and GP96, and the DGGE bands of fish treated jointly with OTC and SpPdp11 was observed in the PCA study. In summary, the results obtained in this study demonstrate that the administration of OTC results in the up-regulation of genes related to apoptosis but that the joint administration of OTC and S. putrefaciens Pdp11 increases the transcription of genes related to antiapoptotic effects and oxidative stress regulation. Further, a clear relationship between these changes and those detected in the intestinal microbiota is established.
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Tapia-Paniagua
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.affiliation: Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Oceanographic Center of Santander, 39080 Santander, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.affiliation: Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Oceanographic Center of Santander, 39080 Santander, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: García de la Banda
authors.affiliation: Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Esteban
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Balebona
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain. Electronic address: morinigo@uma.es.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moriñigo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D017756:Aquaculture; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D004032:Diet; D005412:Flatfishes / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010118:Oxytetracycline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020614:Shewanella putrefaciens
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D010118:Oxytetracycline
keywords: Antibiotics; Gene expression; Microbiota; Oxytetracycline; Probiotics; Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis); Shewanella putrefaciens Pdp11