title: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Photomicrobicidal Cellulose Paper.
abstract: Toward our goal of scalable, antimicrobial materials based on photodynamic inactivation, paper sheets comprised of photosensitizer-conjugated cellulose fibers were prepared using porphyrin and BODIPY photosensitizers, and characterized by spectroscopic (infrared, UV-vis diffuse reflectance, inductively coupled plasma optical emission) and physical (gel permeation chromatography, elemental, and thermal gravimetric analyses) methods. Antibacterial efficacy was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-2913), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (ATCC-2320), Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC-19606), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC-9027), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC-2146). Our best results were achieved with a cationic porphyrin-paper conjugate, Por((+))-paper, with inactivation upon illumination (30 min, 65 ± 5 mW/cm(2), 400-700 nm) of all bacterial strains studied by 99.99+% (4 log units), regardless of taxonomic classification. Por((+))-paper also inactivated dengue-1 virus (>99.995%), influenza A (∼ 99.5%), and human adenovirus-5 (∼ 99%). These results demonstrate the potential of cellulose materials to serve as scalable scaffolds for anti-infective or self-sterilizing materials against both bacteria and viruses when employing a photodynamic inactivation mode of action.
authors.forename: Bradley L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scholle
authors.affiliation: ∥Department of Wood and Paper Science, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 48161-19318, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sadeghifar
authors.forename: Aaron J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boltersdorf
authors.forename: Walter W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Weare
authors.forename: Dimitris S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Argyropoulos
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Maggard
authors.forename: Reza A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ghiladi
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects; D008027:Light; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010209:Paper; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011166:Porphyrins; D002482:Cellulose