title: Intracellular Bacterial Communities: A Potential Etiology for Chronic Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms.
abstract: Patients with persistent lower urinary tract symptoms and negative urine cultures are often difficult to treat. Infection may go undetected in these patients because the concentrations of bacteria in their urine are beneath the threshold of standard urine culture techniques. Empiric treatment may result in temporary relief, followed by recurrent symptoms. Occult and recurrent urinary tract infection may be due to both invasion of the bladder wall by uropathogenic Escherichia coli and the formation of biofilm-like intracellular bacterial communities. This review examines emerging evidence for a role of intracellular bacterial communities in human infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA. Electronic address: vscott@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Victoria C S
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Division of Infectious Diseases, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Haake
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Bernard M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Churchill
authors.affiliation: Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Hospital, Columbus, OH; The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH.
authors.forename: Sheryl S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Justice
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Ja-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000502:physiology*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D058491:Bacterial Load; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D019459:Urothelium / Q000382:microbiology*