title: Inhaled nitric oxide in cardiac surgery: Evidence or tradition?
abstract: Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) therapy as a selective pulmonary vasodilator in cardiac surgery has been one of the most significant pharmacological advances in managing pulmonary hemodynamics and life threatening right ventricular dysfunction and failure. However, this remarkable story has experienced a roller-coaster ride with high hopes and nearly universal demonstration of physiological benefits but disappointing translation of these benefits to harder clinical outcomes. Most of our understanding on the iNO field in cardiac surgery stems from small observational or single centre randomised trials and even the very few multicentre trials fail to ascertain strong evidence base. As a consequence, there are only weak clinical practice guidelines on the field and only European expert opinion for the use of iNO in routine and more specialised cardiac surgery such as heart and lung transplantation and left ventricular assist device (LVAD) insertion. In this review the authors from a specialised cardiac centre in the UK with a very high volume of iNO usage provide detailed information on the early observations leading to the European expert recommendations and reflect on the nature and background of these recommendations. We also provide a summary of the progress in each of the cardiac subspecialties for the last decade and initial survey data on the views of senior anaesthetic and intensive care colleagues on these recommendations. We conclude that the combination of high price tag associated with iNO therapy and lack of substantial clinical evidence is not sustainable on the current field and we are risking loosing this promising therapy from our daily practice. Overcoming the status quo will not be easy as there is not much room for controlled trials in heart transplantation or in the current atmosphere of LVAD implantation. However, we call for international cooperation to conduct definite studies to determine the place of iNO therapy in lung transplantation and high risk mitral surgery. This will require new collaboration between the pharmaceutical companies, national grant agencies and the clinical community. Until these trials are realized we should gather multi-institutional experience from large retrospective studies and prospective data from a new international registry. We must step up international efforts if we wish to maintain the iNO modality in the armamentarium of hemodynamic tools for the perioperative management of our high risk cardiac surgical patients.
authors.affiliation: Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, United Kingdom; Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benedetto
authors.affiliation: Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, United Kingdom; Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Rosalba
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.affiliation: Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Georgiana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baca
authors.affiliation: Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, United Kingdom; Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Despoina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sarridou
authors.affiliation: Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, United Kingdom; Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Therapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: n.marczin@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Nandor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marczin
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: Inhaled nitric oxide