title: Tattoo ink nanoparticles in skin tissue and fibroblasts.
abstract: Tattooing has long been practised in various societies all around the world and is becoming increasingly common and widespread in the West. Tattoo ink suspensions unquestionably contain pigments composed of nanoparticles, i.e., particles of sub-100 nm dimensions. It is widely acknowledged that nanoparticles have higher levels of chemical activity than their larger particle equivalents. However, assessment of the toxicity of tattoo inks has been the subject of little research and ink manufacturers are not obliged to disclose the exact composition of their products. This study examines tattoo ink particles in two fundamental skin components at the nanometre level. We use atomic force microscopy and light microscopy to examine cryosections of tattooed skin, exploring the collagen fibril networks in the dermis that contain ink nanoparticles. Further, we culture fibroblasts in diluted tattoo ink to explore both the immediate impact of ink pigment on cell viability and also to observe the interaction between particles and the cells.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Colin A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Twigg
authors.affiliation: Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Desmond J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tobin
keywords: atomic force microscopy (AFM); dermis; nanoparticles; skin; tattoo ink