title: Prevalence, Potential Predictors, and Genotype-Specific Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection among Sexually Active Students in Japan.
abstract: METHODS
  We conducted a community-based study to evaluate genotype-specific prevalence of high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) and potential predictors of its presence in young, asymptomatic, female college students. Self-administered surveys and vaginal swabs for self collection were distributed to students of participating schools. A sufficient cellular component in cervical samples was verified by examining for the presence of human β-globin DNA by PCR. A total of 1,118 valid cervical samples were subjected to screening for HR-HPV infection with the Digene Hybrid Capture 2 assay, followed by identification of HPV genotypes with GENOSEARCH HPV31 kit. Logistic regression was used to adjust for confounding factors associated with HR-HPV positivity and the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of recruited students was 20 years. Of the 1,118 women who provided valid cervical samples for testing, 770 had sexual intercourse in the past, of which 125 (16.2%) were positive for HR-HPV. Logistic regression analysis revealed that HR-HPV infection was associated with smoking history (AOR 2.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.98 to 5.05; p < 0.01), total number of partners (AOR 4.72; 95% CI 1.97 to 11.32 if > 5 partners; p < 0.001), number of partners in the past 6 months (AOR 3.12; 95% CI 1.42 to 6.87; p < 0.01), improper use of condoms (AOR 2.21; 95% CI 1.25 to 3.90; p < 0.01), and chlamydia infection (AOR 2.61; 95% CI 1.28 to 5.34; p < 0.01). The most common HR-HPV genotype was type 52 (6.4%), followed by 16 (3.1%), 56 (3.0%), and 58 (2.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with previous reports in East Asian coutries, the prevalence of HR-HPV infection among young, asymptomatic, female students before the nationwide use of vaccination in Japan was in the intermediate range. The most common HR-HPV genotypes were HPV 52, 16, 56, and 58.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy, National Institute of Public Health, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirohisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Miyazaki Prefectural Nursing University, Manabino, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Education and Culture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadainishi, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisae
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.affiliation: Division of Nursing, Faculty of Healthcare, Tokyo Healthcare University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Mutsuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watarai
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Miyazaki Prefectural Nursing University, Manabino, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Teikyo University of Science, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Asoka Hospital, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadaichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitamura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus; D058345:Asymptomatic Infections; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D015229:Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult