title: The Adverse Effect of Weight Stigma on the Well-Being of Medical Students with Overweight or Obesity: Findings from a National Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The stigma of obesity is a common and overt social bias. Negative attitudes and derogatory humor about overweight/obese individuals are commonplace among health care providers and medical students. As such, medical school may be particularly threatening for students who are overweight or obese.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of our study was to assess the frequency that obese/overweight students report being stigmatized, the degree to which stigma is internalized, and the impact of these factors on their well-being.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed cross-sectional analysis of data from the Medical Student Cognitive Habits and Growth Evaluation Study (CHANGES) survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 4,687 first-year medical students (1,146 overweight/obese) from a stratified random sample of 49 medical schools participated in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Implicit and explicit self-stigma were measured with the Implicit Association Test and Anti-Fat Attitudes Questionnaire. Overall health, anxiety, depression, fatigue, self-esteem, sense of mastery, social support, loneliness, and use of alcohol/drugs to cope with stress were measured using previously validated scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among obese and overweight students, perceived stigma was associated with each measured component of well-being, including anxiety (beta coefficient [b] = 0.18; standard error [SE] = 0.03; p < 0.001) and depression (b = 0.20; SE = 0.03; p < 0.001). Among the subscales of the explicit self-stigma measure, dislike of obese people was associated with several factors, including depression (b = 0.07; SE =  .01; p < 0.001), a lower sense of mastery (b = -0.10; SE = 0.02; p < 0.001), and greater likelihood of using drugs or alcohol to cope with stress (b =  .05; SE = 0.01; p < 0.001). Fear of becoming fat was associated with each measured component of well-being, including lower body esteem (b = -0.25; SE = 0.01; p < 0.001) and less social support (b = -0.06; SE = 0.01; p < 0.001). Implicit self-stigma was not consistently associated with well-being factors. Compared to normal-weight/underweight peers, overweight/obese medical students had worse overall health (b = -0.33; SE = 0.03; p < 0.001) and body esteem (b = -0.70; SE = 0.02; p < 0.001), and overweight/obese female students reported less social support (b = -0.12; SE = 0.03; p < 0.001) and more loneliness (b = 0.22; SE = 0.04; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perceived and internalized weight stigma may contribute to worse well-being among overweight/obese medical students.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA, Phelan.sean@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Phelan
authors.forename: Diana J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puhl
authors.forename: Liselotte N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Dyrbye
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dovidio
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yeazel
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ridgeway
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Julia M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Przedworski
authors.forename: Sara E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Rachel R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Hardeman
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Ryn
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000523:psychology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000523:psychology*; D012649:Self Concept; D057545:Social Stigma; D012944:Social Support; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult