title: Foraging competition in larger groups overrides harassment avoidance benefits in female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus).
abstract: Male harassment toward females during the breeding season may have a negative effect on their reproductive success by disturbing their foraging activity, thereby inducing somatic costs. Accordingly, it is predicted that females will choose mates based on their ability to provide protection or will aggregate into large groups to dilute per capita harassment level. Conversely, increasing group size may also lead to a decrease in foraging activity by increasing foraging competition, but this effect has rarely been considered in mating tactic studies. This study examined the importance of two non-exclusive hypotheses in explaining the variations of the female activity budget during the breeding season: the male harassment hypothesis, and the female foraging competition hypothesis. We used focal observations of female activity from known mating groups collected during the breeding season from a long-term (15 years) study on reindeer Rangifer tarandus. We found that females were more disturbed (i.e., spent less time feeding) in the presence of young dominant males, and marginally disturbed in the presence of satellite males, which supports the male harassment hypothesis. We also found that female disturbance level increased with group size, being independent of the adult sex ratio. Consequently, these results rejected the dilution effect, but strongly supported the foraging competition hypothesis. This study therefore highlights a potential conflict in female behaviour. Indeed, any gains from harassment protection were negated by an increase of 6-7 females, since adult males lead larger groups than young males.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uccheddu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada.
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Body
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada. robert.weladji@concordia.ca.
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Weladji
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Øystein
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Holand
authors.affiliation: Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Reindeer Research Station, Kaamanen, Finland.
authors.forename: Mauri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nieminen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D012053:Reindeer; D012098:Reproduction; D012621:Seasons; D012744:Sex Ratio; D012919:Social Behavior
keywords: Group dynamics; Mating tactic; Reindeer; Sexual selection; Ungulate