title: Long-term reticuloruminal pH dynamics and markers of liver health in early-lactating cows of various parities fed diets differing in grain processing.
abstract: The present study aimed to investigate the long-term effect of feeding barley grain steeped in lactic acid (La) with or without thermal treatment on reticuloruminal pH dynamics and metabolic activity of the liver in 12 primiparous and 18 multiparous early-lactating dairy cows. All cows were included on d 21 postpartum and sampled until d 90 postpartum. Cows were fed a diet based on differently processed ground barley grain: untreated grain (control diet, CON), or grain treated with 1% La alone for 24 h before feeding (La), or with an additional oven-heating at 55°C for 12 h (LaH). The reticuloruminal pH and temperature were measured via indwelling sensors that allowed for continuous (every 10min) and long-term measurement from d 21 to 80 postpartum. Blood samples were taken on d 21, 40, and 90 of lactation and analyzed for liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase, and glutamate dehydrogenase, as well as bilirubin, bile acids, and serum amyloid A. Dry matter intake was higher in multiparous cows (20.7±0.27 kg/d) compared with primiparous cows (18.2±0.33 kg/d), but was not affected by dietary treatment. Overall, the relatively short duration (51±5min/d) of reticuloruminal pH <5.8 suggests low risk of subacute ruminal acidosis throughout the experiment. Results indicated that La treatment of barley, with or without heat, lowered the time duration of pH <5.8 compared with CON, but only in primiparous cows (from 118±13 to 46±11 and 25±11min/d for CON, La, and LaH, respectively). In multiparous cows, the opposite effect of feeding the La-treated barley on time duration of pH <5.8 (11±8 vs. 46±9 vs. 57±9min/d for CON, La, and LaH, respectively) was observed. Multiparous cows generally showed higher pH readings and shorter periods in which the ruminal pH dropped below the threshold of pH 5.8. The reticuloruminal temperature was not affected by dietary treatment, whereas parity affected the time duration of reticuloruminal temperature >39.5°C, being 60±19min/d shorter in primiparous cows. The measured activities of the liver enzymes AST, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and glutamate dehydrogenase, as well as bilirubin, bile acids, and the acute phase protein serum amyloid A, were not affected by grain feeding. Additionally, only one small effect of parity on investigated serum variables was noticed, showing slightly but significantly higher values of AST in multiparous (80.5±1.4 U/L) compared with primiparous cows (76.0±1.7 U/L). In conclusion, our results indicate greater risk for primiparous cows to develop subacute ruminal acidosis-like conditions during early lactation than multiparous cows. The study also suggests limited benefits of feeding processed barley grain with La with or without thermal treatment to modulate ruminal tolerance of grain feeding, whereby differing effects in primiparous cows were observed compared with multiparous cows.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Humer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khol-Parisini
authors.affiliation: Institute of Livestock Research, Agricultural Research and Education Centre Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Raumberg 38, 8952 Irdning, Austria.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.affiliation: Institute of Livestock Research, Agricultural Research and Education Centre Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Raumberg 38, 8952 Irdning, Austria.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gasteiner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Sh M
authors.initials: ShM
authors.lastname: Abdel-Raheem
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: Qendrim.Zebeli@vetmeduni.ac.at.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zebeli
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000662:veterinary; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D005511:Food Handling; D005969:Glutamate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D001467:Hordeum / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007774:Lactation; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009753:Nutritive Value; D064787:Portion Size; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011897:Random Allocation; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism*; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature; D000067348:Whole Grains / Q000737:chemistry; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D015415:Biomarkers; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein; D005969:Glutamate Dehydrogenase; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D001663:Bilirubin
keywords: grain processing; lactic acid; liver health; parity; rumen pH