title: [Endoscopic endonasal surgery for anterior and middle skull base neuroendocrine carcinoma].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the optimal treatment strategy with endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) and the prognostic factors of anterior and middle skull base neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients with anterior and/or middle skull base NEC, admitted to Xuanwu Hospital between November 2006 and June 2014, were reviewed retrospectively. All patients were treated with EEA. Four cases received surgery onle. Two cases received radiotherapy and one case received chemotherapy before surgery. One case received adjuvant radiotherapy and 6 cases received chemoradiation after surgery. Survival analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meier method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete resection was achieved in 12 cases, while subtotal resection was achieved in 2 cases. There was no surgical complication. Three cases were diagnosed as well-differentiated NEC, 2 cases were moderately differentiated NEC and 9 cases were small cell NEC. The patients were followed up for 6 to 97 months. Three patients died and one patient lost to follow-up. The 5-year survival rate in this group was 64.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pure EEA or EEA combined with multimodality therapy, which was applied depending on the pathological type, was a feasible treatment strategy for anterior and middle skull base NEC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Skull Base Surgery Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Skull Base Surgery Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China; Email: zhangqiuhang@163.com.
authors.forename: Qiuhang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Skull Base Surgery Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Skull Base Surgery Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China.
authors.forename: Zhenlin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Skull Base Surgery Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Skull Base Surgery Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China.
authors.forename: Haili
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lyu
mesh_terms: D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009666:Nose; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019291:Skull Base / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate