title: Perceived Neighborhood Environmental Attributes Associated with Walking and Cycling for Transport among Adult Residents of 17 Cities in 12 Countries: The IPEN Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prevalence of walking and cycling for transport is low and varies greatly across countries. Few studies have examined neighborhood perceptions related to walking and cycling for transport in different countries. Therefore, it is challenging to prioritize appropriate built-environment interventions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the strength and shape of the relationship between adults' neighborhood perceptions and walking and cycling for transport across diverse environments.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of the International Physical activity and Environment Network (IPEN) adult project, self-reported data were taken from 13,745 adults (18-65 years) living in physically and socially diverse neighborhoods in 17 cities across 12 countries. Neighborhood perceptions were measured using the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale, and walking and cycling for transport were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long Form. Generalized additive mixed models were used to model walking or cycling for transport during the last seven days with neighborhood perceptions. Interactions by city were explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Walking-for-transport outcomes were significantly associated with perceived residential density, land use mix-access, street connectivity, aesthetics, and safety. Any cycling for transport was significantly related to perceived land use mix-access, street connectivity, infrastructure, aesthetics, safety, and perceived distance to destinations. Between-city differences existed for some attributes in relation to walking or cycling for transport.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many perceived environmental attributes supported both cycling and walking; however, highly walkable environments may not support cycling for transport. People appear to walk for transport despite safety concerns. These findings can guide the implementation of global health strategies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Emond
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Badland
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sarmiento
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Sallis
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cerin
authors.forename: Kelli
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schofield
authors.forename: Duncan J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: Lars B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: Delfien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Dyck
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aguinaga-Ontoso
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Salvo
authors.forename: Takemi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Neville
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mitáš
authors.forename: Loki
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Natarajan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001642:Bicycling; D002947:Cities; D004779:Environment Design; D004954:Esthetics; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000145:classification* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012449:Safety; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014186:Transportation; D016138:Walking