title: Human papillomavirus and salivary gland neoplasia: a p16INK4 immunohistochemical and in situ hybridisation study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the association between human papillomavirus infection and salivary gland tumours in a Scottish cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specimens from a range of salivary gland tumours operated on between 1997 and 2012 were studied. A tissue microarray constructed from tissue blocks was subjected to p16INK4 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A) immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation using probes specific for human papillomavirus, including types 16 and 18.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 61 tumours (benign and malignant) were deemed suitable for the study. p16INK4 staining yielded three (4.9 per cent) positive samples: one small cell carcinoma, one squamous cell carcinoma and one poorly differentiated carcinoma. Human papillomavirus in situ hybridisation demonstrated a positive signal in the latter sample only (1.6 per cent).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated a very low human papillomavirus detection rate in salivary gland tumours. It can therefore be concluded that human papillomavirus infection is unlikely to play a role in salivary gland neoplasia. Rare human papillomavirus positive cases should be carefully evaluated to exclude the possibility of a metastatic lesion.
authors.affiliation: Department of ENT - Head and Neck Surgery,Ninewells Hospital and University of Dundee Medical School,Scotland.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Miah
authors.affiliation: Department of ENT - Head and Neck Surgery,Ninewells Hospital and University of Dundee Medical School,Scotland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology,Ninewells Hospital and University of Dundee Medical School,Scotland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology,Centre for Oral Health Research,Freeman Hospital and University of Newcastle upon Tyne,UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology,Ninewells Hospital and University of Dundee Medical School,Scotland.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kernohan
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D008949:Adenoma, Pleomorphic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D018267:Carcinoma, Acinar Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D003528:Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D018277:Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D012468:Salivary Gland Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D000077195:Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D004279:DNA, Viral
keywords: Human Papillomavirus; Neoplasms; Salivary Glands