title: Laboratory Evaluation of the gForce Tracker™, a Head Impact Kinematic Measuring Device for Use in Football Helmets.
abstract: This study sought to compare a new head impact-monitoring device, which is not limited to specific helmet styles, against reference accelerometer measurements. Laboratory controlled impacts were delivered using a linear pneumatic impactor to a Hybrid III headform (HIII) fitted with a football helmet and the impact monitoring device (gForce Tracker-GFT) affixed to the inside of the helmet. Linear regression analyses and absolute mean percent error (MAPE) were used to compare the head impact kinematics measured by the GFT to a reference accelerometer located at the HIII's center of mass. The coefficients of determination were strong for the peak linear acceleration, peak rotational velocity, and HIC15 across all impact testing locations (r(2) = 0.82, 0.94, and 0.70, respectively), but there were large MAPE for the peak linear acceleration and HIC15 (MAPE = 49 ± 21% and 108 ± 58%). The raw GFT was accurate at measuring the peak rotational velocity at the center of mass of the HIII (MAPE = 9%). Results from the impact testing were used to develop a correction algorithm. The coefficients of determination for all impact parameters improved using the correction algorithm for the GFT (r(2) > 0.97), and the MAPE were less than 14%. The GFT appears to be a suitable impact-monitoring device that is not limited to specific styles of football helmets, however, correction algorithms will need to be developed for each helmet style.
authors.affiliation: Joint Biomechanics Lab, School of Kinesiology, Western University, Thames Hall, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada. kcampb@live.unc.edu.|Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2207 Stallings-Evans Sports Medicine Center, Campus Box 8700, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. kcampb@live.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Kody R
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4534-5497
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Injury Biomechanics and Aging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
authors.forename: Meagan J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Warnica
authors.affiliation: Injury Biomechanics and Aging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
authors.forename: Iris C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.affiliation: Joint Biomechanics Lab, School of Kinesiology, Western University, Thames Hall, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Injury Biomechanics and Aging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Laing
authors.affiliation: Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Thompson Engineering Building, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada.
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Burkhart
authors.affiliation: Joint Biomechanics Lab, School of Kinesiology, Western University, Thames Hall, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dickey
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000465:Algorithms; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology*; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D007753:Laboratories; D012399:Rotation; D013686:Telemetry / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: Concussion; Head acceleration; Head impact biomechanics; Helmet sensors; Impact monitoring; mTBI