title: Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 in patients with migraine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychiatric problems have been commonly reported in patients with migraine. This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-2) in patients with migraine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with migraine (with or without aura) were consecutively recruited from our headache clinic. They completed several instruments, including the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus Version 5.0.0 (MINI), the PHQ-9, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), and the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life (MSQoL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 132 participants, 39 patients (29.5%) had a major depressive disorder (MDD) as determined by the MINI. Cronbach's α coefficients for the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 were 0.894 and 0.747, respectively. At a cutoff score of 7, the PHQ-9 had a sensitivity of 79.5%, a specificity of 81.7%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 64.6%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 90.5%. At a cutoff score of 2, the PHQ-2 had a sensitivity of 66.7%, a specificity of 90.3%, a PPV of 74.3%, and a NPV of 86.6%. The scores of the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 well correlated with the BDI-II score, the MIDAS score, the HIT-6 score, and the MSQoL score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 are both reliable and valid screening instruments for MDD in patients with migraine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 700-842, Republic of Korea, jonggeun.seo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jong-Geun
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Sung-Pa
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult