title: Risk factors for development of systemic lupus erythematosus among Japanese females: medical history and reproductive factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of medical history and reproductive factors on the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) among Japanese females.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and sixty female SLE patients and 660 female volunteers were studied in a case-control study. Unconditional logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The present study demonstrated that medical histories of operations without blood transfusion (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.10-2.44) and operations with blood transfusion (OR = 4.44, 95% CI = 1.93-10.23) increased the risk of SLE with adjustment for age, region, smoking and alcohol drinking. Among 91 SLE patients and 284 control subjects who had the experience of married life, nulliparity (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.05-5.17), increased the risk of SLE, while the risk decreased according to the number of children (one to two vs. none, OR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.10-0.73; three or more vs. none, OR = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.04-0.51; P for trend < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several factors are suggested to be associated with the development of SLE among Japanese females.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Clinical Epidemiology, St. Mary's College, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Washio
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kobashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Chikako
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kiyohara
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshifumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tada
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Center, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan.
authors.forename: Toyoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asami
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Clinical Epidemiology, St. Mary's College, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ide
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Atsumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horiuchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010298:Parity; D065840:Protective Factors; D012098:Reproduction; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: case-control study; epidemiology; risk factors; systemic lupus erythematosus