title: Emerging antibody-based therapeutic strategies for bladder cancer: A systematic review.
abstract: Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract, presents the highest recurrence rate among solid tumors and is the second leading cause of death in genitourinary cancers. Despite recent advances in understanding of pathophysiology of the disease, the management of bladder cancer patients remains a clinically challenging problem. Particularly, bladder tumors invading the muscularis propria and disseminated disease are often not responsive to currently available therapeutic approaches, which include surgery and conventional chemotherapy. Antibody-based therapeutic strategies have become an established treatment option for over a decade in several types of cancer. However, bladder cancer has remained mostly an "orphan disease" regarding the introduction of these novel therapeutics, which has been translated in few improvements in patients overall survival. In order to shift this paradigm, several clinical studies involving antibody-based therapeutic strategies targeting the most prominent bladder cancer-related biomolecular pathways and immunological mediators are ongoing. This systematic review explores antibody-based therapeutics for bladder cancer undergoing clinical trial and discusses the future perspectives in this field, envisaging the development of more effective guided therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal; Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.affiliation: Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal; Mass Spectrometry Center, QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: josealexandreferreira@ua.pt.
authors.forename: José Alexandre
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Andreia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peixoto
authors.affiliation: Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal; Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Nuno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.affiliation: CESPU, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (Iinfacts), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116, Gandra-PRD, Portugal; Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group - Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Aurea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal; Health School of University of Fernando Pessoa, Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal; Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: llarasantos@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lucio Lara
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: Antibody-based therapeutics; Bladder cancer; Immunotherapy; Personalized medicine; Targeted therapy