title: The coming of ramucirumab in the landscape of anti-angiogenic drugs: potential clinical and translational perspectives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of tumors and it represents a crucial target for therapeutic strategies. Until now, regulatory agencies approved antiangiogenic agents targeting the VEGF and multi-target agents carrying antiangiogenic and anti-proliferative effects. They often provide only a modest survival benefit and their role in clinical practice is debated. The limited efficacy may be partially explained by the complexity of the molecular background of angiogenic processes, composed of several pathways interacting with both tumor cells and the microenvironment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ramucirumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody selectively binding and inhibiting the VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), a crucial molecule involved in angiogenesis. A series of Phase I-II trials conducted in a wide spectrum of malignancies reported promising antitumor activity. In 2014, data from large Phase III clinical trials in gastrointestinal, lung and breast malignancies were released.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the evidences of efficacy emerging from the available Phase III trials, the antiangiogenic approach emerged as a promising strategy particularly for the treatment of gastric cancer. Nevertheless, the identification and validation of potentially predictive biomarkers are necessary to improve the selection of patients and the globally awaited clinical benefit.
authors.affiliation: University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Medical Oncology , P.le L.A. Scuro 10, 37124 Verona , Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calvetti
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pilotto
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carbognin
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caccese
authors.forename: Giampaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tortora
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bria
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000276:immunology; D000096662:Ramucirumab
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; D000096662:Ramucirumab
keywords: angiogenesis; gastric cancer; ramucirumab; review