title: Treatment of Chronic Migraine with Focus on Botulinum Neurotoxins.
abstract: Migraine is the most common neurological disorder, and contributes to disability and large healthcare costs in the United States and the world. The treatment of migraine until recently has focused on medications, both abortive and prophylactic, but treatment of chronic migraine has been revolutionized with the introduction of botulinum toxin injection therapy. In this review, we explore the current understanding of migraine pathophysiology, and the evolution of the use of botulinum toxin therapy including proposed pathophysiological mechanisms through animal data. We also discuss the similarities and differences between three injection techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yale University, 20 York St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA. Sara.Schaefer@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yale University, 20 York St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA. Chris.Gottschalk@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Gottschalk
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yale University, 20 York St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA. Bahman.Jabbari@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Bahman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jabbari
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D001905:Botulinum Toxins
keywords: botulinum toxin; chronic daily headache; chronic migraine; headache; medication overuse headache; migraine; neurotoxins