title: Frequency analysis of atrial fibrillation from the specific ECG leads V7-V9: A lower DF in lead V9 is a marker of potential atrial remodeling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High dominant frequency (DF) sites during atrial fibrillation (AF) play an important role in the perpetuation of AF. We investigated the relationship between the DFs from intracardiac electrograms (iEGM) and the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) during AF, and the relationship between the surface ECG DF and atrial remodeling.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 48 patients (57±11 years, 47 males, 20 paroxysmal), the V1-6 precordial leads and specific V7-9 ECG leads were recorded for 8s for an off-line analysis before AF ablation. The QRS-T complex was canceled by a template subtraction algorithm using the CEPAS™ system (Cuoretech Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia). The iEGM DF maps, reconstructed using the Ensite NavX (St. Jude Medical, Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA) system, were simultaneously created for the right atrium and left atrium (LA) during AF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DF in leads V8 and V9 correlated well with the DF in the LA floor (R=0.55, p<0.01; R=0.68, p<0.01, respectively), and that in V1 with the right inferior pulmonary vein (R=0.45, p=0.01). Persistent AF patients had a significantly lower DF in lead V9 (5.7±1.0Hz vs. 6.7±1.5Hz, p=0.02) than paroxysmal AF patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A frequency analysis from lead V9 reflects the LA electrical activity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: yasuwo128@hotmail.co.jp.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okumura
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Cuoretech Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madry
authors.affiliation: Cuoretech Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamano
authors.affiliation: Nihon Kohden Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Mizuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nikaido
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagashima
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sonoda
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Rikitake
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kogawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iso
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kimie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirayama
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D064752:Atrial Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Atrial fibrillation; Atrial remodeling; Dominant frequency; Surface electrocardiogram