title: Fluorocholangiography: reincarnation in the laparoscopic era-evaluation of intra-operative cholangiography in 3635 laparoscopic cholecystectomies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) resulted in the decline of routine intra-operative cholangiography (IOC). Common bile duct stones are being diagnosed preoperatively using magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). We aim to evaluate the use and benefits of IOC during laparoscopic biliary surgery at a high-volume biliary surgery unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective data from 4088 patients undergoing LC over 22 years were analysed. Referral protocols allow one firm to receive the great majority of biliary emergencies and all suspected ductal stones. All patients with gall stones on ultrasound scanning, fit for surgery, will undergo LC during the index admission. MRCP and ERCP are not part of preoperative investigation. A four-port LC is performed with a size 5Fr ureteric catheter within an open cannula to obtain an IOC through right sub-costal port.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 4088 patients, IOC was attempted in 3691 (90.2 %) and 3635 had a successful IOC (98.4 %). 75 % were females. The mean age was 59 years. Patients presented with one or more of the following: chronic biliary pain in 60 %, acute pain 26.7 %, acute cholecystitis 8.4 %, gallstone pancreatitis 7.8 % and jaundice with or without cholangitis in 19.2 %. A total of 1328 patients (36.5 %) had risk factors for CBD stones. The IOC was abnormal in 975 cases (26.8 %), recording 1599 abnormalities. IOC identified 774 patients with CBD stones (21.3 %), including previously unsuspected CBD stones in 4.7 %. IOC was false negative in 20 cases (0.5 %) found to have stones on basket exploration. A decision not to perform IOC in 453 cases (11 %) was made preoperatively in 74.2 % and intra-operatively in 12.3 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IOC can be safely and routinely performed in LC. It helps to identify CBD stones, even in patients with no known risk factors, delineate bile duct anatomy and facilitate single-stage management of CBD stones.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Monklands Hospital, NHS Lanarkshire, Airdrie, Lanarkshire, ML6 0JS, Scotland, UK. Ahmad.Nassar@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ahmad H M
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Nassar
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Monklands Hospital, NHS Lanarkshire, Airdrie, Lanarkshire, ML6 0JS, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mirza
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Monklands Hospital, NHS Lanarkshire, Airdrie, Lanarkshire, ML6 0JS, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Haitham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qandeel
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Monklands Hospital, NHS Lanarkshire, Airdrie, Lanarkshire, ML6 0JS, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Zubir
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Monklands Hospital, NHS Lanarkshire, Airdrie, Lanarkshire, ML6 0JS, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Samer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002758:Cholangiography / Q000379:methods*; D049448:Cholangiopancreatography, Magnetic Resonance; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D042882:Gallstones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bile duct exploration; Common bile duct stones; Intra-operative cholangiography; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy