title: Platelet refractoriness--practical approaches and ongoing dilemmas in patient management.
abstract: Platelet refractoriness can represent a significant clinical problem that complicates the provision of platelet transfusions, is associated with adverse clinical outcomes and increases health care costs. Although it is most frequently due to non-immune platelet consumption, immunological factors are also often involved. Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) alloimmunization is the most important immune cause. Despite the fact that systematic reviews of the clinical studies evaluating different techniques for selecting HLA compatible platelets have not been powered to demonstrate improved clinical outcomes, platelet refractoriness is currently managed by the provision of HLA-matched or cross matched platelets. This review will address a practical approach to the diagnosis and management of platelet refractoriness while highlighting on-going dilemmas and knowledge gaps.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, NHS Blood and Transplant/Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK.|International Collaboration for Transfusion Medicine Guidelines (ICTMG), Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Stanworth
authors.affiliation: Histocompatibility & Immunogenetics, NHSBT/Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Navarrete
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Lise
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4309-9162
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Estcourt
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital/King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marsh
mesh_terms: D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D006801:Humans; D017713:Platelet Transfusion / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens
keywords: alloimmunization; human leucocyte antigen antibodies; platelet transfusions