title: Inhibition of Recrystallization of Amorphous Lactose in Nanocomposites Formed by Spray-Drying.
abstract: This study aims at investigating the recrystallization of amorphous lactose in nanocomposites. In particular, the focus is on the influence of the nano- to micrometer length scale nanofiller arrangement on the amorphous to crystalline transition. Further, the relative significance of formulation composition and manufacturing process parameters for the properties of the nanocomposite was investigated. Nanocomposites of amorphous lactose and fumed silica were produced by co-spray-drying. Solid-state transformation of the lactose was studied at 43%, 84%, and 94% relative humidity using X-ray powder diffraction and microcalorimetry. Design of experiments was used to analyze spray-drying process parameters and nanocomposite composition as factors influencing the time to 50% recrystallization. The spray-drying process parameters showed no significant influence. However, the recrystallization of the lactose in the nanocomposites was affected by the composition (fraction silica). The recrystallization rate constant decreased as a function of silica content. The lowered recrystallization rate of the lactose in the nanocomposites could be explained by three mechanisms: (1) separation of the amorphous lactose into discrete compartments on a micrometer length scale (compartmentalization), (2) lowered molecular mobility caused by molecular interactions between the lactose molecules and the surface of the silica (rigidification), and/or (3) intraparticle confinement of the amorphous lactose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address: joel.hellrup@farmaci.uu.se.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hellrup
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alderborn
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Denny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mahlin
mesh_terms: D003460:Crystallization; D003890:Desiccation; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D006813:Humidity; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry*; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry*; D011208:Powders; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D011208:Powders; D007785:Lactose
keywords: amorphous; crystallization; factorial design; glass transition; mobility; physical stability; solid state; spray drying; stabilization