title: A Long Neglected Damper in the El Niño--Typhoon Relationship: a 'Gaia-Like' Process.
abstract: Proposed in the early 1970's, the Gaia hypothesis suggests that our planet earth has a self-regulating ability to maintain a stable condition for life. Tropical cyclone (TC) is one of the earth's most hazardous disasters; it is intriguing to explore whether 'Gaia-like' processes may exist in nature to regulate TC activities. El Niño can shift the forming position of the Western Pacific typhoons away from land. This shift enables typhoons to travel longer distances over ocean and is known to be a positive process to promote TCs to achieve higher intensity. What is neglected, however, is that there co-exists a negative process. Here we show that during El Niño, typhoons intensify over region undergoing strong ocean subsurface shoaling where upper ocean heat content can drop by 20-50%. This 'worsen' ocean pre-condition can effectively reduce ocean's energy supply for typhoon intensification during typhoon-ocean interaction. We find this an elegant, 'Gaia-like' process demonstrating nature's self-regulating ability. Though during El Niño, typhoons can take advantage of the longer travelling distance over ocean to achieve higher intensity, nature is also providing a damper to partially cancel this positive impact. Without the damper, the situation could be even worse.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Environmental Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Zhe-Wen
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: I-I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsiao-Ching
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Hong
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen