title: Photolytic transformation products and biological stability of the hydrological tracer Uranine.
abstract: Among many fluorescence tracers, Uranine (sodium fluorescein, UR) has most widely been used in hydrological research. Extensive use of UR for tracing experiments or commercial use might cause a potential risk of long-term environmental contamination. As any organic substance released to the environment, also UR is subjected to chemical and physical reactions that can be chemical, biological and photolysis processes. These processes transform the parent compound (PC) and have not been extensively investigated for UR. This study applies two OECDs (301 D and 301 F) tests and a screening water sediment test (WST) to investigate the biodegradability of the PC. Photolysis in water was explored by Xe lamp irradiation. Subsequently, the biodegradability of the photolysis mixtures was examined. The primary elimination of UR was monitored and structures of its transformation products (TPs) were elucidated by HPLC-FLD-MS/MS. UR was found not readily biodegradable, although small degradation rates could be observed in the OECD 301 D and WST. HPLC-FLD analysis showed high primary elimination of the tracer during photolysis. However, the low degree of mineralization found indicates that the UR was not fully degraded, instead transformed to TPs. A total of 5 photo-TPs were identified. According to MS/MS data, chemical structures could be proposed for all identified photo-TPs. Likewise the parent compound it was demonstrated that photo-TPs were largely recalcitrant to microbial degradation. Although we did not find indications for toxicity, target-oriented studies on the environmental impact of these photo-TPs are warranted. Results obtained in this study show that deeper investigations are necessary to fully understand fate and risk connected to the use of UR.
authors.affiliation: Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany. Electronic address: gutowski@leuphana.de.
authors.forename: Lukasz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gutowski
authors.affiliation: Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany. Electronic address: oliver.olsson@leuphana.de.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.affiliation: Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany. Electronic address: jens.lange@hydrology.uni-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.affiliation: Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany. Electronic address: Klaus.Kuemmerer@uni.leuphana.de.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kümmerer
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000032:analysis*; D062070:Hydrology; D010782:Photolysis; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D019793:Fluorescein
keywords: Aquatic environment; Biodegradation; Photolysis; Transformation; Uranine