title: Benzoylurea Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors.
abstract: Benzoylurea chitin synthesis inhibitors are widely used in integrated pest management (IPM) and insecticide resistance management (IRM) programs due to their low toxicity to mammals and predatory insects. In the past decades, a large number of benzoylurea derivatives have been synthesized, and 15 benzoylurea chitin synthesis inhibitors have been commercialized. This review focuses on the history of commercial benzolyphenylureas (BPUs), synthetic methods, structure-activity relationships (SAR), action mechanism research, environmental behaviors, and ecotoxicology. Furthermore, their disadvantages of high risk to aquatic invertebrates and crustaceans are pointed out. Finally, we propose that the para-substituents at anilide of benzoylphenylureas should be the functional groups, and bipartite model BPU analogues are discussed in an attempt to provide new insight for future development of BPUs.
authors.affiliation: §State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ranfeng
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Chunjuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: §State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qingmin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002686:Chitin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007313:Insecta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007306:Insecticides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014508:Urea / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D002686:Chitin; D014508:Urea
keywords: benzoylphenylurea; benzoylurea; chitin synthesis inhibitor; insect growth regulator; structure−activity relationship; toxicology