title: Reduced knee flexion is a possible cause of increased loading rates in individuals with patellofemoral pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stair ascent is an activity that exacerbates symptoms of individuals with patellofemoral pain. The discomfort associated with this activity usually results in gait modification such as reduced knee flexion in an attempt to reduce pain. Although such compensatory strategy is a logical approach to decrease pain, it also reduces the normal active shock absorption increasing loading rates and may lead to deleterious and degenerative changes of the knee joint. Thus, the aims of this study were (i) to investigate whether there is reduced knee flexion in adults with PFP compared to healthy controls; and (ii) to analyze loading rates in these subjects, during stair climbing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine individuals with patellofemoral pain and twenty-five control individuals (18-30 years) participated in this study. Each subject underwent three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic analyses during stair climbing on two separate days. Between-groups analyses of variance were performed to identify differences in peak knee flexion and loading rates. Intraclass correlation coefficient was performed to verify the reliability of the variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On both days, the patellofemoral pain group demonstrated significantly reduced peak knee flexion and increased loading rates. In addition, the two variables obtained high to very high reliability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced knee flexion during stair climbing as a strategy to avoid anterior knee pain does not seem to be healthy for lower limb mechanical distributions. Repeated loading at higher loading rates may be damaging to lower limb joints.
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, School of Science and Technology, University of São Paulo State, Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
authors.forename: Danilo de Oliveira
authors.initials: Dde O
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, School of Science and Technology, University of São Paulo State, Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ronaldo Valdir
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Briani
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, School of Science and Technology, University of São Paulo State, Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcella Ferraz
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Pazzinatto
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduation Program Interunits Bioengineering EESC/FMRP/IQSC-USP, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Deisi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, State University of West Parana, Cascavel, Parana, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando Amâncio
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Aragão
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, School of Science and Technology, University of São Paulo State, Presidente Prudente, Brazil. Electronic address: micolis@fct.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Fábio Mícolis de
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Azevedo
mesh_terms: D018771:Arthralgia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D057071:Patellofemoral Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anterior knee pain; Kinematics; Kinetics; Patellofemoral joint; Reproducibility of results