title: Stereological study of the effect of black olive hydroalcoholic extract on osteoporosis in vertebra and tibia in ovariectomized rats.
abstract: A cocktail of many different antioxidants might be more effective than supplementation with a single molecule, and it closely resembles the natural environment in which active compounds were found. This is the first study well-grounded in stereological examination that showed that black olive extract effectively can ameliorate the quantitative changes of the bone structure and prevented bone loss in this osteoporosis animal model.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the effects of black olive extract consumption on treatment of ovariectomized (OVX) induced osteoporosis in rats. This is the first study well-grounded in stereological examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety adult rats were allocated to control, sham-operated, OVX, and olive-supplemented OVX groups (received 250-, 500-, and 750-mg/kg body weight black olive hydroalcoholic extract orally) for 16 weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected, and plasma levels of calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase were assayed. Then, the specimens from both the tibia and fifth lumbar vertebra (L5) bones were processed, and stereological analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of extract resulted in decrease of alkaline phosphatase level during the treatment. After treatment of OVX rats with three doses of extract, the total number of the osteocytes revealed an increment in 500- and 750-mg/kg treated groups in comparison to the OVX group. This increment was significant only in L5. Compared to the OVX group, a significant increase was observed in the number of osteoblastsin L5 vertebra in three doses of extract-treated groups. However, this increment in tibia was statistically significant only in 750-mg/kg black olive hydroalcoholic extract-treated group. Moreover, the number of osteoclast cells were significantly decreased in vertebra and tibia in the treated groups compared to the OVX group (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Black olive hydroalcoholic extract effectively can ameliorate the quantitative changes of the bone structure and prevented bone loss in this osteoporosis animal model. Thus, it can be a promising candidate for treatment of accelerated bone loss especially in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, noora@sums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noorafshan
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Dabbaghmanesh
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanideh
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Koohpeyma
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rasooli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hajihoseini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bakhshayeshkaram
authors.forename: O K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Hosseinabadi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D031658:Olea; D009929:Organ Size; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000473:pathology; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000473:pathology; D010011:Osteocytes / Q000473:pathology; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010052:Ovariectomy; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013977:Tibia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D014599:Uterus / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts