title: A review of metal recovery from spent petroleum catalysts and ash.
abstract: With the increase in environmental awareness, the disposal of any form of hazardous waste has become a great concern for the industrial sector. Spent catalysts contribute to a significant amount of the solid waste generated by the petrochemical and petroleum refining industry. Hydro-cracking and hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts are extensively used in the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries. The catalysts used in the refining processes lose their effectiveness over time. When the activity of catalysts decline below the acceptable level, they are usually regenerated and reused but regeneration is not possible every time. Recycling of some industrial waste containing base metals (such as V, Ni, Co, Mo) is estimated as an economical opportunity in the exploitation of these wastes. Alkali roasted catalysts can be leached in water to get the Mo and V in solution (in which temperature plays an important role during leaching). Several techniques are possible to separate the different metals, among those selective precipitation and solvent extraction are the most used. Pyrometallurgical treatment and bio-hydrometallurgical leaching were also proposed in the scientific literature but up to now they did not have any industrial application. An overview on patented and commercial processes was also presented.
authors.affiliation: Mineral-Metal Recovery and Recycling Research Group, Mineral Processing Division, Department of Mining Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, TR32260 Isparta, Turkey. Electronic address: ataakcil@sdu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Ata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akcil
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering, Information and Economics (DIIIE), University of L'Aquila, Via G. Gronchi 18, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vegliò
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering, Information and Economics (DIIIE), University of L'Aquila, Via G. Gronchi 18, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferella
authors.affiliation: Mineral-Metal Recovery and Recycling Research Group, Mineral Processing Division, Department of Mining Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, TR32260 Isparta, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mediha Demet
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Okudan
authors.affiliation: Mineral-Metal Recovery and Recycling Research Group, Mineral Processing Division, Department of Mining Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, TR32260 Isparta, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aysenur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tuncuk
mesh_terms: D060729:Coal Ash / Q000737:chemistry; D006256:Hazardous Waste / Q000032:analysis; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D000066388:Oil and Gas Industry; D059027:Recycling / Q000379:methods*; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D060729:Coal Ash; D006256:Hazardous Waste; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008670:Metals
keywords: Ash; Catalyst; Cobalt; Molybdenum; Nickel; Recycling; Vanadium