title: Microsphere-Based Scaffolds Carrying Opposing Gradients of Chondroitin Sulfate and Tricalcium Phosphate.
abstract: Extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) and tricalcium phosphate, serve as raw materials, and thus spatial patterning of these raw materials may be leveraged to mimic the smooth transition of physical, chemical, and mechanical properties at the bone-cartilage interface. We hypothesized that encapsulation of opposing gradients of these raw materials in high molecular weight poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microsphere-based scaffolds would enhance differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived stromal cells. The raw material encapsulation altered the microstructure of the microspheres and also influenced the cellular morphology that depended on the type of material encapsulated. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the raw material encapsulating microsphere-based scaffolds initially relied on the composition of the scaffolds and later on were primarily governed by the degradation of the polymer phase and newly synthesized ECM by the seeded cells. Furthermore, raw materials had a mitogenic effect on the seeded cells and led to increased glycosaminoglycan (GAG), collagen, and calcium content. Interestingly, the initial effects of raw material encapsulation on a per-cell basis might have been overshadowed by medium-regulated environment that appeared to favor osteogenesis. However, it is to be noted that in vivo, differentiation of the cells would be governed by the surrounding native environment. Thus, the results of this study demonstrated the potential of the raw materials in facilitating neo-tissue synthesis in microsphere-based scaffolds and perhaps in combination with bioactive signals, these raw materials may be able to achieve intricate cell differentiation profiles required for regenerating the osteochondral interface.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS , USA.
authors.forename: Vineet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Division of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology , Trivandrum , India.
authors.forename: Neethu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS , USA ; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS , USA.
authors.forename: Cory J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Berkland
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS , USA ; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS , USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Detamore
keywords: chondroitin sulfate; gradient; microsphere-based scaffolds; raw materials; tricalcium phosphate