title: Fluorophores advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-to-NADH ratio is predictor for diabetic chronic kidney and cardiovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An imbalance in advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and NADH formation has been associated with diabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). No data have been reported on simultaneous measurement of AGEs and NADH in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. We aimed to compare AGEs, NADH and the AGEs-to-NADH ratio in T2DM and controls, and to assess its relationship with diabetic CKD and CVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, we measured serum AGEs (370/435nm) and NADH (370/460nm) in T2DM patients (n=63) and controls (n=25) using fluorescence spectroscopy. The AGEs-to-NADH ratio was analyzed according to diabetic CKD and CVD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significantly higher AGEs-to-NADH ratio in T2DM compared to controls. The AGEs-to-NADH ratio was significantly associated with triglycerides, blood glucose, HDL-cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate. The AGEs-to-NADH ratio was a significant predictor for the presence of diabetic CKD and CVD when using ROC curves. Multivariate analysis showed that triglycerides and the presence of T2DM were predictors for the AGEs-to-NADH ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the fluorophores AGEs-to-NADH ratio could be a new biomarker for the presence of diabetic CKD and CVD.
authors.affiliation: "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 2-4 Clinicilor Street, Cluj-Napoca, 400006, Romania. Electronic address: birsan.dana@umfcluj.ro.
authors.forename: Dana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ciobanu
authors.affiliation: University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Loredana E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Olar
authors.affiliation: University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Razvan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stefan
authors.affiliation: "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 2-4 Clinicilor Street, Cluj-Napoca, 400006, Romania.
authors.forename: Ioan A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Veresiu
authors.affiliation: "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 2-4 Clinicilor Street, Cluj-Napoca, 400006, Romania.
authors.forename: Cornelia G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Bala
authors.affiliation: "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, First Medical Clinic, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Petru A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Mircea
authors.affiliation: "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 2-4 Clinicilor Street, Cluj-Napoca, 400006, Romania.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009243:NAD / Q000097:blood*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D009243:NAD
keywords: Advanced glycation end products; Cardiovascular disease; Chronic kidney disease; Fluorescence spectroscopy; NADH; Type 2 diabetes mellitus