title: Moderately increased maternal dietary energy intake delays foetal skeletal muscle differentiation and maturity in pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the effects of moderately increased maternal dietary energy intake during gestation on foetal skeletal muscle development and metabolism with pig as a model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve primiparous purebred Large White sows (initial body weight 135.5 ± 1.6 kg) were allocated to one of two energy intake treatments: normal-energy-intake group (Con, 30.96 MJ DE/day) as recommended by the National Research Council (NRC; 2012) and high-energy-intake group (HE, 34.15 MJ DE/day). The nutritional treatments were introduced from mating to day 90 of gestation. On day 90 of gestation, foetuses were examined by morphological, biochemical and molecular analysis of the longissimus muscle. Umbilical vein serum hormones were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sow body weight was increased in HE group compared with Con group (P < 0.05), whereas foetal myofibre density was decreased (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, protein concentration, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities and umbilical vein serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentration were decreased in HE foetuses (P < 0.05). Maternal HE diets decreased the mRNA abundance of muscle growth-related genes, myosin heavy-chain (MYH/MyHC) genes (MYH2 and MYH1) and insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin growth factor-binding protein 5 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the protein expressions of myogenic differentiation factor 1, myogenin and fast-MyHC isoforms were reduced in HE foetuses (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that moderately increased maternal dietary energy intake delays the differentiation and maturation in skeletal muscle of the foetus on day 90 of gestation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tiande
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dongting
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiangbing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhiqing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. dwchen@sicau.edu.cn.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, People's Republic of China. dwchen@sicau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Daiwen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001835:Body Weight; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014284:Triiodothyronine; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains; D013974:Thyroxine
keywords: Energy intake; Foetus; Gestation; Longissimus; Myogenesis; Pig