title: Cloning humans? Biological, ethical, and social considerations.
abstract: There are, in mankind, two kinds of heredity: biological and cultural. Cultural inheritance makes possible for humans what no other organism can accomplish: the cumulative transmission of experience from generation to generation. In turn, cultural inheritance leads to cultural evolution, the prevailing mode of human adaptation. For the last few millennia, humans have been adapting the environments to their genes more often than their genes to the environments. Nevertheless, natural selection persists in modern humans, both as differential mortality and as differential fertility, although its intensity may decrease in the future. More than 2,000 human diseases and abnormalities have a genetic causation. Health care and the increasing feasibility of genetic therapy will, although slowly, augment the future incidence of hereditary ailments. Germ-line gene therapy could halt this increase, but at present, it is not technically feasible. The proposal to enhance the human genetic endowment by genetic cloning of eminent individuals is not warranted. Genomes can be cloned; individuals cannot. In the future, therapeutic cloning will bring enhanced possibilities for organ transplantation, nerve cells and tissue healing, and other health benefits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 fjayala@uci.edu.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ayala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019976:Cloning, Organism / Q000941:ethics*; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000628:therapy; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D012945:Social Values
keywords: cultural evolution; genetic therapy; human origins; natural selection; therapeutic cloning