title: Small molecule and peptide therapies for chronic heart failure: a patent review (2011 - 2014).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic heart failure (CHF) is the long-term inability of the heart to meet circulatory demands under normal conditions. Effects of CHF can include increased blood volume, increased vascular resistance and compromised contractility leading to fluid retention, dyspnea and fatigue. Current standard of care for chronic systolic heart failure is directed towards managing hypoperfusion through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems. Treatment may also involve reversal of maladaptive cardiac remodeling and prevention of life-threatening arrhythmias.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review highlights small molecule and peptidic agents for the treatment of CHF with patents published between 2011 and 2014. Targets are subdivided into inotropic agents, ventricular remodeling, diuretics and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CHF represents a large, unmet medical need where improved therapies are needed. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system pathway continues to be a major source of new therapies for CHF with new inotropic therapies emerging. Promising initial clinical results for a few approaches combined with the expectation of additional clinical results in the near future make this an exciting time in the pursuit of new treatments for CHF.
authors.affiliation: a Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge, MA, USA +1 617 551 3414 ; +1 617 551 3082 ; brian.raymer@pfizer.com.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Raymer
authors.affiliation: a Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge, MA, USA +1 617 551 3414 ; +1 617 551 3082 ; brian.raymer@pfizer.com.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ebner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004232:Diuretics / Q000494:pharmacology; D015195:Drug Design; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D010330:Patents as Topic; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D010455:Peptides
keywords: chronic heart failure; diuretics; inotropes; renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; ventricular remodeling