title: Video Distraction and Parental Presence for the Management of Preoperative Anxiety and Postoperative Behavioral Disturbance in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The anxiolytic efficacy of video watching, in the absence of parents, during the mask induction of anesthesia in young children with high separation anxiety has not been clearly established. We performed this study to determine whether the effect of video distraction on alleviating preoperative anxiety is independent of parental presence and whether a combination of both interventions is more effective than either single intervention in alleviating preoperative anxiety and postoperative behavioral disturbance in preschool children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective trial, 117 children aged 2 to 7 years scheduled for elective minor surgery were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups, a video distraction group (group V), a parental presence group (group P), or a combination of video distraction plus parental presence group (group VP) during induction of sevoflurane anesthesia. The Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS) was used to assess anxiety in the preoperative holding area (baseline), immediately after entry to the operating room, and during mask induction. Compliance during induction, emergence delirium during recovery, and negative behavioral changes at 1 day and 2 weeks postoperatively were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mYPAS scores were comparable (P = 0.558), and the number of children exhibiting baseline anxiety (an mYPAS score > 30) were not different among the 3 groups in the preoperative holding area (P = 0.824). After intervention, the changes in mYPAS scores from baseline to induction were not different among the 3 groups (P = 0.049). The proportion of children with increased mYPAS scores was higher in group P compared with group V from baseline to operating room entry (Bonferroni-adjusted 95% confidence interval for difference, 2 to 49) but similar from baseline to induction in all 3 groups. Although children in group V were more cooperative during mask induction than those in the other 2 groups (P < 0.001 versus group P and P = 0.001 versus group VP), no significant intergroup differences were observed in the incidence of emergence delirium or new-onset negative behavioral change after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Video distraction, parental presence, or their combination showed similar effects on preoperative anxiety during inhaled induction of anesthesia and postoperative behavioral outcomes in preschool children having surgery.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yeungnam University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyuckgoo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung Mee
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Hwarim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Sang-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018910:Video Games / Q000523:psychology*