title: Key pathways regulated by HoxA9,10,11/HoxD9,10,11 during limb development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 39 mammalian Hox genes show problematic patterns of functional overlap. In order to more fully define the developmental roles of Hox genes it is necessary to remove multiple combinations of paralogous and flanking genes. In addition, the downstream molecular pathways regulated by Hox genes during limb development remain incompletely delineated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this report we examine limb development in mice with frameshift mutations in six Hox genes, Hoxa9,10,11 and Hoxd9,10,11. The mice were made with a novel recombineering method that allows the simultaneous targeting of frameshift mutations into multiple flanking genes. The Hoxa9,10,11 (-/-) /Hoxd9,10,11 (-/-) mutant mice show a reduced ulna and radius that is more severe than seen in Hoxa11 (-/-)/Hoxd11 (-/-) mice, indicating a minor role for the flanking Hox9,10 genes in zeugopod development, as well as their primary function in stylopod development. The mutant mice also show severe reduction of Shh expression in the zone of polarizing activity, and decreased Fgf8 expression in the apical ectodermal ridge, thereby better defining the roles of these specific Hox genes in the regulation of critical signaling centers during limb development. Importantly, we also used laser capture microdissection coupled with RNA-Seq to characterize the gene expression programs in wild type and mutant limbs. Resting, proliferative and hypertrophic compartments of E15.5 forelimb zeugopods were examined. The results provide an RNA-Seq characterization of the progression of gene expression patterns during normal endochondral bone formation. In addition of the Hox mutants showed strongly altered expression of Pknox2, Zfp467, Gdf5, Bmpr1b, Dkk3, Igf1, Hand2, Shox2, Runx3, Bmp7 and Lef1, all of which have been previously shown to play important roles in bone formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The recombineering based frameshift mutation of the six flanking and paralogous Hoxa9,10,11 and Hoxd9,10,11 genes provides a resource for the analysis of their overlapping functions. Analysis of the Hoxa9,10,11 (-/-) /Hoxd9,10,11 (-/-) mutant limbs confirms and extends the results of previous studies using mice with Hox mutations in single paralogous groups or with entire Hox cluster deletions. The RNA-Seq analysis of specific compartments of the normal and mutant limbs defines the multiple key perturbed pathways downstream of these Hox genes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. annaraines516@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Raines
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. bliss.magella@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: Bliss
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Magella
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. mike.adam@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. steve.potter@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: S Steven
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Potter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005091:Exons; D005121:Extremities / Q000254:growth & development*; D016368:Frameshift Mutation; D005801:Genes, Homeobox; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D016296:Mutagenesis; D038081:Organogenesis; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins