title: Effect of feed moisture, extrusion temperature and screw speed on properties of soy white flakes based aquafeed: a response surface analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Soy white flakes (SWF) is an intermediate product during soy bean processing. It is an untoasted inexpensive product and contains around 51% of crude protein. It can be a potential source of protein to replace fish meal for developing aquafeed. The extrusion process is versatile and is used for the development of aquafeed. Our objective was to study the effects of inclusion of SWF (up to 50%) and other extrusion processing parameters such as barrel temperature and screw speed on the properties of aquafeed extrudates using a single-screw extruder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extrudate properties, including pellet durability index, bulk density, water absorption and solubility indices and mass flow rate, were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the process variables. SWF was the most significant variable with quadratic effects on most of the properties. Increasing temperature and screw speed resulted in increase in durability and mass flow rate of extrudates. Response surface regression models were established to correlate the properties of extrudates to the process variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SWF was used as an alternative protein source of fish meal. Our study shows that aquafeed with high durability, lower bulk density and lower water absorption and higher solubility indices can be obtained by adding SWF up to 40%.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
authors.forename: Sushil K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9826-2508
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
authors.forename: Kasiviswanathan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muthukumarappan
mesh_terms: D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: aquafeed; extrusion; response surface; screw speed; single screw extruder; soy white flakes