title: Post-Exercise Hypotension and Its Mechanisms Differ after Morning and Evening Exercise: A Randomized Crossover Study.
abstract: Post-exercise hypotension (PEH), calculated by the difference between post and pre-exercise values, it is greater after exercise performed in the evening than the morning. However, the hypotensive effect of morning exercise may be masked by the morning circadian increase in blood pressure. This study investigated PEH and its hemodynamic and autonomic mechanisms after sessions of aerobic exercise performed in the morning and evening, controlling for responses observed after control sessions performed at the same times of day. Sixteen pre-hypertensive men underwent four sessions (random order): two conducted in the morning (7:30 am) and two in the evening (5 pm). At each time of day, subjects underwent an exercise (cycling, 45 min, 50%VO2peak) and a control (sitting rest) session. Measurements were taken pre- and post-interventions in all the sessions. The net effects of exercise were calculated for each time of day by [(post-pre exercise)-(post-pre control)] and were compared by paired t-test (P<0.05). Exercise hypotensive net effects (e.g., decreasing systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure) occurred at both times of day, but systolic blood pressure reductions were greater after morning exercise (-7±3 vs. -3±4 mmHg, P<0.05). Exercise decreased cardiac output only in the morning (-460±771 ml/min, P<0.05), while it decreased stroke volume similarly at both times of day and increased heart rate less in the morning than in the evening (+7±5 vs. +10±5 bpm, P<0.05). Only evening exercise increased sympathovagal balance (+1.5±1.6, P<0.05) and calf blood flow responses to reactive hyperemia (+120±179 vs. -70±188 U, P<0.05). In conclusion, PEH occurs after exercise conducted at both times of day, but the systolic hypotensive effect is greater after morning exercise when circadian variations are considered. This greater effect is accompanied by a reduction of cardiac output due to a smaller increase in heart rate and cardiac sympathovagal balance.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Hemodynamic Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leandro C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: de Brito
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Department of Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rezende
authors.affiliation: Exercise Hemodynamic Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natan D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: da Silva Junior
authors.affiliation: Exercise Hemodynamic Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Post-graduate Program of Medicine, University of 9 July, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tais
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tinucci
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, School Paulista of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dulce E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Casarini
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cipolla-Neto
authors.affiliation: Exercise Hemodynamic Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cláudia L M
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Forjaz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057774:Post-Exercise Hypotension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013997:Time Factors