title: Pharmacokinetics of intravenous sildenafil in children with palliated single ventricle heart defects: effect of elevated hepatic pressures.
abstract: Aims Sildenafil is frequently prescribed to children with single ventricle heart defects. These children have unique hepatic physiology with elevated hepatic pressures, which may alter drug pharmacokinetics. We sought to determine the impact of hepatic pressure on sildenafil pharmacokinetics in children with single ventricle heart defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using data from 20 single ventricle children receiving single-dose intravenous sildenafil during cardiac catheterisation. Non-linear mixed effect modelling was used for model development, and covariate effects were evaluated based on estimated precision and clinical significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis included a median (range) of 4 (2-5) pharmacokinetic samples per child. The final structural model was a two-compartment model for sildenafil with a one-compartment model for des-methyl-sildenafil (active metabolite), with assumed 100% sildenafil to des-methyl-sildenafil conversion. Sildenafil clearance was unaffected by hepatic pressure (clearance=0.62 L/hour/kg); however, clearance of des-methyl-sildenafil (1.94×(hepatic pressure/9)(-1.33) L/hour/kg) was predicted to decrease ~7-fold as hepatic pressure increased from 4 to 18 mmHg. Predicted drug exposure was increased by ~1.5-fold in subjects with hepatic pressures ⩾10 versus <10 mmHg (median area under the curve=533 versus 792 µg*h/L). Discussion Elevated hepatic pressure delays clearance of the sildenafil metabolite - des-methyl-sildenafil - and increases drug exposure. We speculate that this results from impaired biliary clearance. Hepatic pressure should be considered when prescribing sildenafil to children. These data demonstrate the importance of pharmacokinetic assessments in patients with unique cardiovascular physiology that may affect drug metabolism.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Pediatrics,Duke University Medical Center,Durham,North Carolina,United States of America.
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: 2The Duke Clinical Research Institute,Durham,North Carolina,United States of America.
authors.forename: Mario R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.affiliation: 2The Duke Clinical Research Institute,Durham,North Carolina,United States of America.
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Pediatrics,Duke University Medical Center,Durham,North Carolina,United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Tunks
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Anesthesiology,Duke University Medical Center,Durham,North Carolina,United States of America.
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.affiliation: 2The Duke Clinical Research Institute,Durham,North Carolina,United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen-Wolkowiez
mesh_terms: D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011312:Pressure; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate
keywords: Single ventricle; hepatic dysfunction; pharmacokinetics; sildenafil