title: Effect of supplementation of cows diet with linseed and fish oil and different variants of β-lactoglobulin on fatty acid composition and antioxidant capacity of milk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to determine the influence of polymorphic variants of β-lactoglobulin in cows supplemented with linseed and fish oil on the fatty acid composition and antioxidant capacity of milk. From the herd of 320 Polish Holstein Friesian cows three groups of cows were selected according to the variants of β-LG (β-LGAA, β-LGBB, β-LGAB). During the first 7 days (the initial period) all the cows were fed the same total mixed ration (TMR) diet. From day 8 to 28,150 g fish oil and 250 g linseed (FOL) was added to the TMR diet of each cow.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the diet supplemented with FOL was effective in reducing atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. Introducing supplementation improved the antioxidant capacity: higher concentration of C18:2cis-9 trans-11, C20:5 n-3, C22:6 n-3, bioactive whey proteins and vitamin soluble in fat has been recorded. The results showed that β-LGAA was associated with lower levels of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices and higher concentration of C22:5 n-6, phospholipids and β-carotene. β-LGBB favours a higher content of C18:1trans-11, C18:2cis-9 trans-11 and lactoferrin. β-LGAB was associated with higher concentrations of C20:5 n-3, Lysozyme, α-retinol, α-tocopherol and total antioxidant status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modification of the diet of cows with fish oil and linseed significantly influenced fatty acid composition and antioxidant properties of milk. The effect of β-LG phenotype on the fatty acid composition and antioxidant capacity of milk is variable, which could partly be the result of a β-LG phenotype × diet interaction.
authors.affiliation: Cattle Breeding Division, Animal Breeding & Production Department, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Kamila
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Puppel
authors.affiliation: Cattle Breeding Division, Animal Breeding & Production Department, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kuczyńska
authors.affiliation: Cattle Breeding Division, Animal Breeding & Production Department, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nałęcz-Tarwacka
authors.affiliation: Cattle Breeding Division, Animal Breeding & Production Department, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gołębiewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Science, Jastrzębiec, Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakowski
authors.affiliation: Cattle Breeding Division, Animal Breeding & Production Department, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kapusta
authors.affiliation: Cattle Breeding Division, Animal Breeding & Production Department, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Arkadiusz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Budziński
authors.affiliation: Unit of Economics and Organisation of Animal Production, Animal Breeding & Production Department, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balcerak
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry*; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D014644:Genetic Variation; D007782:Lactoglobulins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005395:Fish Oils; D007782:Lactoglobulins; D008043:Linseed Oil
keywords: antioxidants; cow's milk; fish oil; linseed; phenotypes of β-lactoglobulin