title: Efficacy of Four Nematicides Against the Reproduction and Development of Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.
abstract: To understand the efficacy of emamectin benzoate, avermectin, milbemectin, and thiacloprid on the reproduction and development of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, seven parameters, namely population growth, fecundity, egg hatchability, larval lethality, percent larval development, body size, and sexual ratio, were investigated using sublethal (LC20) doses of these compounds in the laboratory. Emamectin benzoate treatment led to a significant suppression in population size, brood size, and percent larval development with 411, 3.50, and 49.63%, respectively, compared to 20850, 24.33, and 61.43% for the negative control. The embryonic and larval lethality increased obviously from 12.47% and 13.70% to 51.37% and 75.30%, respectively. In addition, the body length was also significantly reduced for both males and females in the emamectin benzoate treatment. Avermectin and milbemectin were also effective in suppressing population growth by increasing larval lethality and reducing larval development, although they did not affect either brood size or embryonic lethality. Body length for both male and female worms was increased by avermectin. Thiacloprid caused no adverse reproductive effects, although it suppressed larval development. Sexual ratio was not affected by any of these four nematicides. Our results indicate that emamectin benzoate, milbemectin, and avermectin are effective against the reproduction of B. xylophilus. We think these three nematicides can be useful for the control of pine wilt disease.
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, Zhejiang Agricultural & Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang Province, 311300, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhenzhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, Zhejiang Agricultural & Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang Province, 311300, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yanting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, Zhejiang Agricultural & Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang Province, 311300, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaojuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, Zhejiang Agricultural & Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang Province, 311300, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hongshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, Zhejiang Agricultural & Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang Province, 311300, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Liqun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, Zhejiang Agricultural & Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang Province, 311300, P.R. China. ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustaintable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University.
authors.forename: Jiafu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
keywords: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; avermectin; emamectin benzoate; milbemectin; pine wilt disease; thiacloprid