title: Recent Advances in On-Line Methods Based on Extraction for Speciation Analysis of Chromium in Environmental Matrices.
abstract: The biological activity of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species, their chemical behavior, and toxic effects are dissimilar. The speciation analysis of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in environmental matrices is then of great importance and much research has been devoted to this area. This review presents recent developments in on-line speciation analysis of chromium in such samples. Flow systems have proved to be excellent tools for automation of sample pretreatment, separation/preconcentration of chromium species, and their detection by various instrumental techniques. Analytical strategies used in chromium speciation analysis discussed in this review are divided into categories based on selective extraction/separation of chromium species on solid sorbents and liquid-liquid extraction of chromium species. The most popular strategy is that based on solid-phase extraction. Therefore, this review shows the potential of novel materials designed and used for selective binding of chromium species. The progress in miniaturization of measurement systems is also presented.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trzonkowska
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leśniewska
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz
mesh_terms: D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction; D009862:Online Systems; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002857:Chromium
keywords: Chromium speciation; coupled methods; flow methods; miniaturization; solid-phase extraction