title: Leaky Fermi accelerators.
abstract: A Fermi accelerator is a billiard with oscillating walls. A leaky accelerator interacts with an environment of an ideal gas at equilibrium by exchange of particles through a small hole on its boundary. Such interaction may heat the gas: we estimate the net energy flow through the hole under the assumption that the particles inside the billiard do not collide with each other and remain in the accelerator for a sufficiently long time. The heat production is found to depend strongly on the type of Fermi accelerator. An ergodic accelerator, i.e., one that has a single ergodic component, produces a weaker energy flow than a multicomponent accelerator. Specifically, in the ergodic case the energy gain is independent of the hole size, whereas in the multicomponent case the energy flow may be significantly increased by shrinking the hole size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
authors.forename: Kushal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Vassili
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gelfreich
authors.affiliation: The Estrin Family Chair of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
authors.forename: Vered
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rom-Kedar
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom and Lobachevsky University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia.
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turaev