title: Innate Immunity Activated by Oral Administration of LPSp Is Phylogenetically Preserved and Developed in Broiler Chickens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major outer-membrane component of Gram-negative bacteria, has been found to prevent infection in mammals and fish. Oral administration of LPS is believed to increase phagocytic activity and promote cytokine production, thus associating it with priming. The present study aimed to elucidate the effect of oral administration of LPS in birds, which phylogenetically lie between fish and mammals, using chickens as a model.
  
  
  METHODS
  LPS derived from Pantoea agglomerans (LPSp) was added to the feed or water for oral administration to broiler chickens. For the survival assay and gene expression analysis (Genopal), LPSp was administered at a dose of 10 μg/kg of body weight (BW)/day. LPSp was administered at a dose of 0.2 μg/kg or 200 μg/kg to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytosis (latex beads) and nitric oxide (NO) production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPSp (10 μg/kg BW/day) administration significantly inhibited mortality in broiler chickens on commercial farms. Furthermore, oral administration resulted in a transient increase in phagocytic activity and improved the ability to produce NO. On examining splenic cytokine induction following intraperitoneal administration of LPS derived from Escherichia coli (LPSe), we found significantly increased interleukin (IL)-1β mRNA expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Innate immunity activation in chickens, as seen in infection prevention, was induced by oral administration of LPSp. This infection prevention involved increased phagocytic activity and enhanced gene expression and appears to be a phylogenetically-preserved innate immunity mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Kohkin Chemical Co. Ltd., Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komori
authors.affiliation: Kohkin Chemical Co. Ltd., Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Tokushima Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Technology Support Center, Myozai-gun, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sawa
authors.affiliation: Nihon University, College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibasaki
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan Macrophi Inc., Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa, Japan Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Chie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kohchi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan Macrophi Inc., Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa, Japan Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Gen-Ichiro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Soma
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan Macrophi Inc., Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa, Japan Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa, Japan PXS07205@nifty.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inagawa
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002645:Chickens / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020636:Pantoea / Q000276:immunology*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: Lipopolysaccharide; broiler; cytokine; oral administration of LPS; priming