title: Behavioral Intervention and Decreased Daily Melamine Exposure from Melamine Tableware.
abstract: This study aims to examine whether behavior intervention can decrease total urinary melamine excretion. A total of 16 healthy subjects were recruited from two university buildings (eight subjects each). By using a stepped-wedge cluster randomized and controlled trial design, we randomly assigned eight subjects from the same building to the serial steps of either control-intervention-intervention or control-control-intervention. Each step lasted for 3 days. Subjects in the intervention step carried one bag containing stainless steel tableware as meal boxes and used them for each meal during the trial, whereas those in the control step carried one empty bag. The 24 h urine samples for 9 consecutive days were collected. In the control-intervention-intervention group, after excluding two subjects with missing data, the median absolute difference of the total 3 day melamine excretion between the seventh to the ninth day and from the first to the third day was -19.9 μg (a range from -160.6 to -7.2 μg, p = 0.028, n = 6). The median protection percent of the total 3 day melamine exposure (the amount from the seventh to the ninth day minus the amount from the first to the third day, divided by the amount from the first to the third day) was 68.4%, ranging from 41.8% to 91.8%. Regular use of stainless steel-made meals boxes can mitigate melamine exposure from melamine tableware.
authors.affiliation: #Center of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Tsang
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Chia-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Bai-Hsiun
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001519:Behavior; D003710:Demography; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006794:Household Articles; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D014227:Triazines / Q000652:urine*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014227:Triazines; C011907:melamine