title: Modeling variations in the cedi/dollar exchange rate in Ghana: an autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (ARCH) models.
abstract: This research article aimed at modeling the variations in the dollar/cedi exchange rate. It examines the applicability of a range of ARCH/GARCH specifications for modeling volatility of the series. The variants considered include the ARMA, GARCH, IGARCH, EGARCH and M-GARCH specifications. The results show that the series was non stationary which resulted from the presence of a unit root in it. The ARMA (1, 1) was found to be the most suitable model for the conditional mean. From the Box-Ljung test statistics x-squared of 1476.338 with p value 0.00217 for squared returns and 16.918 with 0.0153 p values for squared residuals, the null hypothesis of no ARCH effect was rejected at 5% significance level indicating the presence of an ARCH effect in the series. ARMA (1, 1) + GARCH (1, 1) which has all parameters significant was found to be the most suitable model for the conditional mean with conditional variance, thus showing adequacy in describing the conditional mean with variance of the return series at 5% significant level. A 24 months forecast for the mean actual exchange rates and mean returns from January, 2013 to December, 2014 made also showed that the fitted model is appropriate for the data and a depreciating trend of the cedi against the dollar for forecasted period respectively.
authors.affiliation: Western Royal Montessori School, P. O. Box 860, Takoradi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Techie Quaicoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Takoradi Polytechnic, P. O. Box 256, Takoradi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Frank B K
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2739-6677
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Twenefour
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Takoradi Polytechnic, P. O. Box 256, Takoradi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Emmanuel M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Baah
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 115, Legon Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Ezekiel N N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Nortey
keywords: ACF; ARMA; Conditional mean with variance; Dollar/cedi exchange rate; Forecasting; GARCH; PACF and ARCH effect; Time series models