title: In vitro anti-inflammatory components isolated from the carnivorous plant Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Rafarin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Rafarin (Nepenthaceae) is a carnivorous plant used as a folk medicine in the treatment of jaundice, hepatitis, gastric ulcers, ureteral stones, diarrhea, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Neither the phytochemical content nor biological activities of N. mirabilis have been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The anti-inflammatory activity from the N. mirabilis methanolic extract led to the isolation of compounds (1-26).
  
  
  METHODS
  Chromatographic methods were used to isolate compounds from the methanol extract of N. mirabilis branches and leaves. The anti-inflammatory activity of these isolated compounds was investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) using ELISA. Primary BMDCs were used to examine the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-12 p40, IL-6, and TNF-α, at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, and 1.0 μM) as compared with a positive control, SB203580 (1.0 μM). MTT assays showed that isolated compounds (1-26) did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 20.0 μM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compound 9 showed potent inhibition of IL-12 p40, IL-6, and TNF-α production (IC50 = 0.17 ± 0.02, 0.46 ± 0.01, and 8.28 ± 0.21 μM, respectively). Compound 4 showed potent inhibition of IL-12 p40 and IL-6 production (IC50 = 1.17 ± 0.01 and 2.15 ± 0.04 μM). In addition, IL-12 p40 inhibition by naphthalene derivatives (1-7, 9, and 10), phenolic compounds (11-15), lupeone (18), and flavonoids (22, 25, and 26) was more potent than with the positive control. The isolated compounds exhibited little and/or no inhibitory effects on TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated BMDCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these data suggest that the isolated components have significant inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine production and warrant further study concerning their potential medicinal use.
authors.affiliation: a College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University , Daejeon , Republic of Korea .|b Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay , Hanoi , Vietnam , and.
authors.forename: Nguyen Phuong
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Thao
authors.affiliation: a College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University , Daejeon , Republic of Korea .
authors.forename: Bui Thi Thuy
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Luyen
authors.affiliation: c School of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program, Institute of Medical Science, Jeju National University , Jeju , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.affiliation: c School of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program, Institute of Medical Science, Jeju National University , Jeju , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sohyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: c School of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program, Institute of Medical Science, Jeju National University , Jeju , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Sang
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay , Hanoi , Vietnam , and.
authors.forename: Nguyen Van
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Thanh
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay , Hanoi , Vietnam , and.
authors.forename: Nguyen Xuan
authors.initials: NX
authors.lastname: Cuong
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay , Hanoi , Vietnam , and.
authors.forename: Phan Van
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Kiem
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay , Hanoi , Vietnam , and.
authors.forename: Chau Van
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Minh
authors.affiliation: a College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University , Daejeon , Republic of Korea .
authors.forename: Young Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D039282:Mirabilis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: IL-12 p40; IL-6; Nepenthaceae; TNF-α