title: Stroke and Neurodegeneration Induce Different Connectivity Aberrations in the Insula.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stroke and neurodegeneration cause significant brain damage and cognitive impairment, especially if the insular cortex is compromised. This study explores for the first time whether these 2 causes differentially alter connectivity patterns in the insular cortex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Resting state-functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from patients with insular stroke, patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, and healthy controls. Data from the 3 groups were assessed through a correlation function analysis. Specifically, we compared decreases in connectivity as a function of voxel Euclidean distance within the insular cortex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to controls, patients with stroke showed faster connectivity decays as a function of distance (hypoconnectivity). In contrast, the behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia group exhibited significant hyperconnectivity between neighboring voxels. Both patient groups evinced global hypoconnectivity. No between-group differences were observed in a volumetrically and functionally comparable region without ischemia or neurodegeneration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional insular cortex connectivity is affected differently by cerebral ischemia and neurodegeneration, possibly because of differences in the cause-specific pathophysiological mechanisms of each disease. These findings have important clinical and theoretical implications.
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina (I.G.-G., L.S., L.A.d.l.F., P.S., F.M., A.I.); UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile (L.S., F.M., A.I.); National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina (L.S., D.F., D.C., F.M., A.I.); Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.F.); Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.C.); Memory and Balance Clinic, Buenos Aires, Argentina (C.S.); Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Canada (L.S.); Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia (A.I.); and ACR Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia (F.M., A.I.).
authors.forename: Indira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: García-Cordero
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina (I.G.-G., L.S., L.A.d.l.F., P.S., F.M., A.I.); UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile (L.S., F.M., A.I.); National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina (L.S., D.F., D.C., F.M., A.I.); Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.F.); Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.C.); Memory and Balance Clinic, Buenos Aires, Argentina (C.S.); Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Canada (L.S.); Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia (A.I.); and ACR Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia (F.M., A.I.).
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sedeño
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina (I.G.-G., L.S., L.A.d.l.F., P.S., F.M., A.I.); UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile (L.S., F.M., A.I.); National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina (L.S., D.F., D.C., F.M., A.I.); Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.F.); Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.C.); Memory and Balance Clinic, Buenos Aires, Argentina (C.S.); Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Canada (L.S.); Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia (A.I.); and ACR Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia (F.M., A.I.).
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fraiman
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina (I.G.-G., L.S., L.A.d.l.F., P.S., F.M., A.I.); UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile (L.S., F.M., A.I.); National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina (L.S., D.F., D.C., F.M., A.I.); Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.F.); Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.C.); Memory and Balance Clinic, Buenos Aires, Argentina (C.S.); Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Canada (L.S.); Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia (A.I.); and ACR Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia (F.M., A.I.).
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Craiem
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina (I.G.-G., L.S., L.A.d.l.F., P.S., F.M., A.I.); UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile (L.S., F.M., A.I.); National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina (L.S., D.F., D.C., F.M., A.I.); Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.F.); Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.C.); Memory and Balance Clinic, Buenos Aires, Argentina (C.S.); Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Canada (L.S.); Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia (A.I.); and ACR Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia (F.M., A.I.).
authors.forename: Laura Alethia
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: de la Fuente
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina (I.G.-G., L.S., L.A.d.l.F., P.S., F.M., A.I.); UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile (L.S., F.M., A.I.); National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina (L.S., D.F., D.C., F.M., A.I.); Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.F.); Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.C.); Memory and Balance Clinic, Buenos Aires, Argentina (C.S.); Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Canada (L.S.); Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia (A.I.); and ACR Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia (F.M., A.I.).
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salamone
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina (I.G.-G., L.S., L.A.d.l.F., P.S., F.M., A.I.); UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile (L.S., F.M., A.I.); National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina (L.S., D.F., D.C., F.M., A.I.); Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.F.); Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.C.); Memory and Balance Clinic, Buenos Aires, Argentina (C.S.); Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Canada (L.S.); Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia (A.I.); and ACR Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia (F.M., A.I.).
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina (I.G.-G., L.S., L.A.d.l.F., P.S., F.M., A.I.); UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile (L.S., F.M., A.I.); National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina (L.S., D.F., D.C., F.M., A.I.); Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.F.); Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.C.); Memory and Balance Clinic, Buenos Aires, Argentina (C.S.); Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Canada (L.S.); Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia (A.I.); and ACR Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia (F.M., A.I.).
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sposato
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina (I.G.-G., L.S., L.A.d.l.F., P.S., F.M., A.I.); UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile (L.S., F.M., A.I.); National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina (L.S., D.F., D.C., F.M., A.I.); Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.F.); Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.C.); Memory and Balance Clinic, Buenos Aires, Argentina (C.S.); Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Canada (L.S.); Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia (A.I.); and ACR Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia (F.M., A.I.).
authors.forename: Facundo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Manes
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina (I.G.-G., L.S., L.A.d.l.F., P.S., F.M., A.I.); UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile (L.S., F.M., A.I.); National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina (L.S., D.F., D.C., F.M., A.I.); Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.F.); Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina (D.C.); Memory and Balance Clinic, Buenos Aires, Argentina (C.S.); Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Canada (L.S.); Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia (A.I.); and ACR Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia (F.M., A.I.). aibanez@ineco.org.ar.
authors.forename: Agustín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibañez
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D063132:Connectome; D005260:Female; D057180:Frontotemporal Dementia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: cerebral cortex; dementia; magnetic resonance imaging; stroke