title: Occurrence of fatty acid esters of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD and glycidol in infant formula.
abstract: The discovery of fatty acid esters of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) and glycidol generated during the refinement process in vegetable fats and oils caused concerns about possible adverse health effects. As these fats are components of infant formula, the current investigation of the MCPD and glycidyl ester contents in infant formula was necessary to update the data for risk assessment purposes. For the analysis of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD and glycidyl esters in infant formula, an existing method for fats and oils had to be modified and validated. The fat fraction containing MCPD and glycidyl esters was extracted from infant formula by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The extracted fat was then analysed according to an established method for fats and oils. Glycidyl esters are converted to monobrompropanediol (3-MBPD) esters, MCPD and 3-MBPD esters hydrolysed subsequently and after derivatisation detected by GC-MS. Seven different products of infant formula, covering two types and five lots each, altogether 70 samples, were bought in retail markets and analysed. In all samples, 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters could be detected. Both 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters' concentration levels were found to be lower in comparison with earlier investigations described in the literature. The occurrence of 2-MCPD esters in infant formula was investigated for the first time and revealed concentrations about half of 3-MCPD ester concentrations.
authors.affiliation: a Department Safety in the Food Chain , Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wöhrlin
authors.affiliation: a Department Safety in the Food Chain , Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Hildburg
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.affiliation: a Department Safety in the Food Chain , Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lahrssen-Wiederholt
authors.affiliation: a Department Safety in the Food Chain , Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Preiß-Weigert
mesh_terms: D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005990:Glycerol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D020005:Propanols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D011409:Propylene Glycols
chemical_list: D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D004952:Esters; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005990:Glycerol; D020005:Propanols; C585004:monochloropropanediol; D011409:Propylene Glycols; C004312:glycidol
keywords: 2-MCPD ester; 3-MCPD ester; accelerated solvent extraction; bound 2-MCPD; bound 3-MCPD; bound glycidol; chloropropanols; fat extraction; glycidyl esters; infant formula