title: Sorption kinetics of TNT and RDX in anaerobic freshwater and marine sediments: Batch studies.
abstract: Examination of the partitioning of explosives onto sediment in marine environments is critical to predict the toxicological impacts of worldwide explosive-contaminated sites adjacent to estuaries, wetlands, and the coastal ocean. Marine sediments have been identified as sites of enhanced munitions removal, yet most studies addressing these interactions focus on soils and freshwater sediments. The present study measured the kinetics of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) sorption onto 2 marine sediments of varying grain sizes (silt vs sand) and organic carbon (OC) content. Abiotic sediment sorption tests were performed at 23 °C, 15 °C, and 4 °C by spiking TNT and RDX solutions directly into anaerobic sediment slurries. Marine sediments showed significantly higher compound uptake rates (0.30-0.80 h(-1) ) than freshwater silt (0.0046-0.0065 h(-1) ) for both compounds, probably because of lower compound solubilities and a higher pH in marine systems. Equilibrium partition constants are on the same order of magnitude for marine silt (1.1-2.0 L kg(-1) sediment) and freshwater silt (1.4-3.1 L kg(-1) sediment) but lower for marine sand (0.72-0.92 L kg(-1) sediment). Total organic carbon content in marine sediments varied linearly with equilibrium partition constants for TNT and was moderately linear for RDX. Uptake rates and equilibrium constants of explosives are inversely correlated to temperature regardless of sediment type because of kinetic barriers associated with low temperatures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Thivanka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ariyarathna
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vlahos
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tobias
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA.|Global Aquatic Research, Sodus, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000465:Algorithms; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D010316:Particle Size; D013696:Temperature; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D053834:Explosive Agents; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014303:Trinitrotoluene; D002244:Carbon; C009160:cyclonite
keywords: Equilibrium partition coefficient; RDX; Sediment sorption; TNT; Temperature dependence