title: Genital Tenofovir Concentrations Correlate With Protection Against HIV Infection in the CAPRISA 004 Trial: Importance of Adherence for Microbicide Effectiveness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The CAPRISA 004 trial showed that coitally dosed tenofovir 1% gel reduced HIV acquisition by 39% overall and 54% when used consistently. The objective of this analysis was to ascertain its pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship to protect against HIV acquisition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genital and systemic tenofovir concentrations in 34 women who acquired HIV (cases) were compared with 302 randomly selected women who remained HIV uninfected (controls) during the CAPRISA 004 trial. In total, 336 cervicovaginal fluid (CVF), 55 plasma, and 23 paired cervical and vaginal tissue samples were assayed by validated methods for tenofovir and tenofovir diphosphate (tenofovir-DP) detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tenofovir was detected in the genital tract in 8 (23.5%) cases and 119 (39.4%) controls (P = 0.076). Among those with detectable genital tract tenofovir, the median CVF concentrations were 97% lower in cases compared with controls, 476 versus 13,821 ng/mL (P = 0.107). A total of 14.7% (5/34) of cases and 32.8% (99/302) of controls were found to have tenofovir CVF concentrations above 100 ng/mL [odds ratio (OR): 0.35, P = 0.037]. At a higher threshold, 8.8% (3/34) of cases and 26.2% (79/302) of controls were found to have tenofovir CVF concentrations above 1000 ng/mL (OR: 0.27, P = 0.036). Plasma tenofovir concentrations were <1 ng/mL in all women and were detected only in controls (16.7%) and not in cases (0%), (P = 0.031). Returned used tenofovir gel applicators and CVF concentrations were correlated (Spearman r = 0.22, P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A tenofovir concentration of ≥100 ng/mL in CVF was associated with 65% (95% CI: 6% to 87%) protection against HIV, whereas a ≥1000 ng/mL concentration correlated with 76% (95% CI: 8% to 92%) protection against HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: *Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; †University of North Carolina Center for AIDS Research, Clinical Pharmacology and Analytical Chemistry Core, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC; ‡Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; and §Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Angela D M
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kashuba
authors.forename: Tanuja N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Gengiah
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Kuo-Hsiung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Nicole R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Quarraisha A
authors.initials: QA
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.forename: Salim S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Abdool Karim
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005782:Gels; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D055118:Medication Adherence; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D000068698:Tenofovir; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014621:Vagina / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D005782:Gels; D063065:Organophosphonates; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000225:Adenine