title: Impact of cardiovascular risk factors on severity of peripheral artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The development of peripheral artery disease is affected by the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. It is unclear, whether particular risk factors are leading to different clinical stages of peripheral artery disease. The aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to assess the association of cardiovascular risk factors with the presence of critical limb ischaemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study cohort was derived from a consecutive registry of patients undergoing endovascular therapy in a tertiary referral centre between January 2000 and April 2014. Patients undergoing first-time endovascular intervention for chronic peripheral artery disease of the lower extremities were included. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association of age, sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, smoking, and renal insufficiency with critical limb ischaemia vs. intermittent claudication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3406 patients were included in the study (mean age 71.7 ± 11.8 years, 2075 [61%] male). There was a significant association of age (OR 1.67, 95%-CI 1.53-1.82, p < 0.001), male gender (OR 1.23, 95%-CI 1.04-1.47, p = 0.016), diabetes (OR 1.99, 95%-CI 1.68-2.36, p < 0.001) and renal insufficiency (OR 1.62, 95%-CI 1.35-1.96, p < 0.001) with the likelihood of critical limb ischaemia. Smoking was associated with intermittent claudication rather than critical limb ischaemia (OR 0.78, 95%-CI 0.65-0.94, p = 0.010), while hypertension and dyslipidaemia did not show an association with critical limb ischaemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In peripheral artery disease patients undergoing first-time endovascular treatment, age, male gender, diabetes, and renal insufficiency were the strongest predictors for the presence of critical limb ischaemia.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Centre, University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Swiss Cardiovascular Centre, University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: thomas.wyss@insel.ch.
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Wyss
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Centre, University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: luise.adam@insel.ch.
authors.forename: Luise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.affiliation: Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Clinical Research, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: alan.haynes@ctu.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Alan G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Centre, University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: nils.kucher@insel.ch.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kucher
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Centre, University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: guenther.silbernagel@insel.ch.
authors.forename: Guenther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Silbernagel
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Centre, University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: dai-do.do@insel.ch.
authors.forename: Dai-Do
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Do
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Swiss Cardiovascular Centre, University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: juerg.schmidli@insel.ch.
authors.forename: Juerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmidli
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Centre, University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: iris.baumgartner@insel.ch.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D057510:Endovascular Procedures; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000453:epidemiology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Age; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetic vascular disease; Peripheral artery disease; Renal insufficiency