title: Influence of temperature on Betanodavirus infection in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis).
abstract: In this study Senegalese sole juveniles were experimentally infected with a reassortant Betanodavirus strain at three different temperatures: 22 °C, 18 °C and 16 °C by bath challenge and cohabitation. The results obtained showed that virus virulence decreased by reducing the water temperature. At 22 °C mortalities reached 100%, at 18 °C they ranged from 75 to 80% and at 16 °C only 8% of the fish died. In addition, horizontal transmission was demonstrated regardless of the rearing temperature. At 16 °C active viral replication was detected up to 66 days post-infection, but no signs of the disease were observed and only a very low level of mortality was recorded. The increase in water temperature from 16 to 22 °C caused a quick rise in the viral load and a subsequent outbreak of mortalities. These findings demonstrate that this reassortant Betanodavirus strain can cause a persistent infection in Senegalese sole at low temperatures (16 °C) for long periods of time, and when temperature increases the virus is able to trigger an acute infection and provoke high mortalities.
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Constantino Candeira, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña CP-15705, Spain. Electronic address: sandra.souto@usc.es.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Souto
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Constantino Candeira, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña CP-15705, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Olveira
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Constantino Candeira, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña CP-15705, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bandín
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000662:veterinary*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D005412:Flatfishes / Q000821:virology*; D030381:Nodaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D012327:RNA Virus Infections / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D016865:Reassortant Viruses; D013696:Temperature; D019562:Viral Load; D014774:Virulence; D014779:Virus Replication
keywords: Betanodavirus; Horizontal transmission; Reassortant; Senegalese sole; Viral load; Water temperature