title: Diet-related inflammation and oesophageal cancer by histological type: a nationwide case-control study in Sweden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This project sought to test the role of diet-related inflammation in modulating the risk of oesophageal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationwide population-based case-control study was conducted from 1 December 1994 through 31 December 1997 in Sweden. All newly diagnosed patients with adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus or gastroesophageal junction and a randomly selected half of patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma were eligible as cases. Using the Swedish Registry of the Total Population, the control group was randomly selected from the entire Swedish population and frequency-matched on age (within 10 years) and sex. The literature-derived dietary inflammatory index (DII) was developed to describe the inflammatory potential of diet. DII scores were computed based on a food frequency questionnaire. Higher DII scores indicate more pro-inflammatory diets. Odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were computed to assess risk associated between DII scores and oesophageal cancer using logistic regression adjusted by potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 189 oesophageal adenocarcinomas, 262 gastroesophageal junctional adenocarcinomas, 167 oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas, and 820 control subjects were recruited into the study. Significant associations with DII were observed for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ORQuartile4vs1 4.35, 95 % CI 2.24, 8.43), oesophageal adenocarcinoma (ORQuartile4vs1 3.59, 95 % CI 1.87, 6.89), and gastroesophageal junctional adenocarcinoma (ORQuartile4vs1 2.04, 95 % CI 1.24, 3.36). Significant trends across quartiles of DII were observed for all subtypes of oesophageal cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diet-related inflammation appears to be associated with an increased risk of oesophageal cancer, regardless of histological type.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden. yunxia.lu@ki.se.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK. yunxia.lu@ki.se.
authors.forename: Yunxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shivappa
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.|European Palliative Care Research Centre, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Yulan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.|Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lagergren
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hébert
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004522:Educational Status; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden; D000067348:Whole Grains
keywords: Diet; Inflammation; Neoplasm; Oesophagus