title: Characteristics of Symptomatic Intracranial Hemorrhage in Patients Receiving Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant Therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The first non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC) introduced to the market in Japan was dabigatran in March 2011, and three more NOACs, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban, have since become available. Randomized controlled trials of NOACs have revealed that intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) occurs less frequently with NOACs compared with warfarin. However, the absolute incidence of ICH associated with NOACs has increased with greater use of these anticoagulants, and we wanted to explore the incidence, clinical characteristics, and treatment course of patients with NOACs-associated ICH.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed the characteristics of symptomatic ICH patients receiving NOACs between March 2011 and September 2014.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ICH occurred in 6 patients (5 men, 1 woman; mean ± SD age, 72.8 ± 3.2 years). Mean time to onset was 146.2 ± 111.5 days after starting NOACs. Five patients received rivaroxaban and 1 patient received apixaban. None received dabigatran or edoxaban. Notably, no hematoma expansion was observed within 24 h of onset in the absence of infusion of fresh frozen plasma, activated prothrombin complex concentrate, recombinant activated factor VIIa or hemodialysis. When NOAC therapy was initiated, mean HAS-BLED and PANWARDS scores were 1.5 ± 0.5 and 39.5 ± 7.7, respectively. Mean systolic blood pressure was 137.8 ± 15.9 mmHg within 1 month before spontaneous ICH onset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Six symptomatic ICHs occurred early in NOAC therapy but hematoma volume was small and did not expand in the absence of infusion of reversal agents or hemodialysis. The occurrence of ICH during NOAC therapy is possible even when there is acceptable mean systolic blood pressure control (137.8 ± 15.9 mmHg) and HAS-BLED score ≤ 2. Even stricter blood pressure lowering and control within the acceptable range may be advisable to prevent ICH during NOAC therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisanao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchino
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D010351:Patient Discharge; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants