title: [THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE HANDS].
abstract: Cigarette smoking is known to cause a multitude of harmful effects throughout the body. There are only a few accounts in the literature of these effects as related to the hands. This is a review of the literature, demonstrating the collected knowledge of decreased hand vascularity due to tobacco use and assessing the evidence connecting smoking and supposed resultant maladies, including Raynaud's phenomenon, hand-arm vibration syndrome, Buerger's disease, Dupuytren's contracture, carpal tunnel syndrome, effects on skin and fingernails, decreased skin and bone healing, complications of digit replantation and complex regional pain syndrome. Also presented is the possible increased risk of congenital hand malformations as related to maternal smoking.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dreyfuss
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calif
authors.forename: Shalom
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stahl
mesh_terms: D002349:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D004387:Dupuytren Contracture / Q000209:etiology; D006225:Hand / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006228:Hand Deformities, Congenital / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000209:etiology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D014026:Nicotiana