title: Localization and upregulation of survivin in cancer health disparities: a clinical perspective.
abstract: Survivin is one of the most important members of the inhibitors of apoptosis protein family, as it is expressed in most human cancers but is absent in normal, differentiated tissues. Lending to its importance, survivin has proven associations with apoptosis and cell cycle control, and has more recently been shown to modulate the tumor microenvironment and immune evasion as a result of its extracellular localization. Upregulation of survivin has been found in many cancers including breast, prostate, pancreatic, and hematological malignancies, and it may prove to be associated with the advanced presentation, poorer prognosis, and lower survival rates observed in ethnically diverse populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA ; Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Salma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA ; Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ferguson Bennit
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA ; Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Malyn May
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Asuncion Valenzuela
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA ; Department of Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turay
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA ; Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Diaz Osterman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA ; Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ron B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Moyron
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA ; Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Grace E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Esebanmen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA ; Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Arjun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashok
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA ; Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Wall
keywords: cancer; exosomes; health disparity; survivin