title: Human Infant Memory B Cell and CD4+ T Cell Responses to HibMenCY-TT Glyco-Conjugate Vaccine.
abstract: Carrier-specific T cell and polysaccharide-specific B cell memory responses are not well characterised in infants following glyco-conjugate vaccination. We aimed to determine if the number of Meningococcal (Men) C- and Y- specific memory B cells and; number and quality of Tetanus Toxoid (TT) carrier-specific memory CD4+ T cells are associated with polysaccharide-specific IgG post HibMenCY-TT vaccination. Healthy infants received HibMenCY-TT vaccine at 2, 4 and 6 months with a booster at 12 months. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and polysaccharide-specific memory B cells enumerated using ELISpot. TT-specific memory CD4+ T cells were detected and phenotyped based on CD154 expression and intracellular TNF-α, IL-2 and IFN-γ expression following stimulation. Functional polysaccharide-specific IgG titres were measured using the serum bactericidal activity (SBA) assay. Polysaccharide-specific Men C- but not Men Y- specific memory B cell frequencies pre-boost (12 months) were significantly associated with post-boost (13 months) SBA titres. Regression analysis showed no association between memory B cell frequencies post-priming (at 6 or 7 months) and SBA at 12 months or 13 months. TT-specific CD4+ T cells were detected at frequencies between 0.001 and 0.112 as a percentage of CD3+ T cells, but their numbers were not associated with SBA titres. There were significant negative associations between SBA titres at M13 and cytokine expression at M7 and M12.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Induction of persistent polysaccharide-specific memory B cells prior to boosting is an important determinant of secondary IgG responses in infants. However, polysaccharide-specific functional IgG responses appear to be independent of the number and quality of circulating carrier-specific CD4+ T cells after priming.
authors.affiliation: School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Perth, WA 6008, Australia.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fuery
authors.affiliation: School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Perth, WA 6008, Australia; Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Roberts Road, Perth, WA 6008, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Richmond
authors.affiliation: School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Currie
mesh_terms: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D023201:CD40 Ligand / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007223:Infant; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology; D008297:Male; D008585:Meningitis, Meningococcal / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; C527605:Hib-MenCY-TT vaccine; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007376:Interleukin-2; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate; D023201:CD40 Ligand; D007371:Interferon-gamma