title: Future Economics of Liver Transplantation: A 20-Year Cost Modeling Forecast and the Prospect of Bioengineering Autologous Liver Grafts.
abstract: During the past 20 years liver transplantation has become the definitive treatment for most severe types of liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma, in both children and adults. In the U.S., roughly 16,000 individuals are on the liver transplant waiting list. Only 38% of them will receive a transplant due to the organ shortage. This paper explores another option: bioengineering an autologous liver graft. We developed a 20-year model projecting future demand for liver transplants, along with costs based on current technology. We compared these cost projections against projected costs to bioengineer autologous liver grafts. The model was divided into: 1) the epidemiology model forecasting the number of wait-listed patients, operated patients and postoperative patients; and 2) the treatment model forecasting costs (pre-transplant-related costs; transplant (admission)-related costs; and 10-year post-transplant-related costs) during the simulation period. The patient population was categorized using the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score. The number of patients on the waiting list was projected to increase 23% over 20 years while the weighted average treatment costs in the pre-liver transplantation phase were forecast to increase 83% in Year 20. Projected demand for livers will increase 10% in 10 years and 23% in 20 years. Total costs of liver transplantation are forecast to increase 33% in 10 years and 81% in 20 years. By comparison, the projected cost to bioengineer autologous liver grafts is $9.7M based on current catalog prices for iPS-derived liver cells. The model projects a persistent increase in need and cost of donor livers over the next 20 years that's constrained by a limited supply of donor livers. The number of patients who die while on the waiting list will reflect this ever-growing disparity. Currently, bioengineering autologous liver grafts is cost prohibitive. However, costs will decline rapidly with the introduction of new manufacturing strategies and economies of scale.
authors.affiliation: Health Systems Reform, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Dany
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Habka
authors.affiliation: Cellular Dynamics International, Madison, WI, United States of America.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.affiliation: Solving Organ Shortage, Austin, TX, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; SOS Whole Liver Research Community, Austin, TX, United States of America.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soto-Gutierrez
mesh_terms: D057005:Bioengineering; D058625:End Stage Liver Disease / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D018803:Models, Economic; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D035501:Uncertainty