title: Neuroanatomical correlates of error types on the Clock Drawing Test in Alzheimer's disease patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to identify the relationship between regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and error types on the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The CDT was administered to 142 patients with AD. We used the Mendez scoring method. Their rCBF values were measured by single-photon emission computed tomography. The correlation between the CDT total score and rCBF was examined on a voxel-by-voxel basis. After we excluded 37 patients whose drawings were inappropriate for assessing the CDT error types, we examined the relationships between each error type on the CDT and rCBF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total score on the CDT was positively correlated with rCBF in the left posterior middle temporal lobe. We also found relationships between the error "non-existence of number 2, or not pointing toward number 2" and the left frontal lobe; the error "uneven number spacing" and the bilateral frontal lobe; "deviation of the clock center" and the left frontal lobe; "missing numbers" and the right parietal lobe; "uneven number distance from edge" and the right parietal and the temporal lobes; "same length hands" and the bilateral temporal lobe; and "unclosed circle" and the left temporal lobe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Each error type on the CDT appears to relate to a different brain region. These findings will be useful in the understanding of CDT performances and the underlying neuropsychological pathology. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 777-784.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Umegaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Taeko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Technology, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Community Care Systems, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuzuya
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D065854:Spatial Navigation; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
keywords: dementia; executive function; functional neuroimaging; single-photon emission computed tomography; spatial ability