title: Type 2 Diabetes and Breast Cancer: The Interplay between Impaired Glucose Metabolism and Oxidant Stress.
abstract: Metabolic disorders, especially type 2 diabetes and its associated complications, represent a growing public health problem. Epidemiological findings indicate a close relationship between diabetes and many types of cancer (including breast cancer risk), which regards not only the dysmetabolic condition, but also its underlying risk factors and therapeutic interventions. This review discusses the advances in understanding of the mechanisms linking metabolic disorders and breast cancer. Among the proposed mechanisms to explain such an association, a major role is played by the dysregulated glucose metabolism, which concurs with a chronic proinflammatory condition and an associated oxidative stress to promote tumour initiation and progression. As regards the altered glucose metabolism, hyperinsulinaemia, both endogenous due to insulin-resistance and drug-induced, appears to promote tumour cell growth through the involvement of innate immune activation, platelet activation, increased reactive oxygen species, exposure to protumorigenic and proangiogenic cytokines, and increased substrate availability to neoplastic cells. In this context, understanding the relationship between metabolic disorders and cancer is becoming imperative, and an accurate analysis of these associations could be used to identify biomarkers able to predict disease risk and/or prognosis and to help in the choice of proper evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic protocols.
authors.affiliation: San Raffaele Rome University, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Research Center, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferroni
authors.affiliation: San Raffaele Rome University, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Research Center, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy ; Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, Tor Vergata Clinical Center, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riondino
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Tor Vergata Clinical Center, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Oreste
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Buonomo
authors.affiliation: San Raffaele Rome University, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Research Center, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palmirotta
authors.affiliation: San Raffaele Rome University, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Research Center, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Fiorella
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guadagni
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, Tor Vergata Clinical Center, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roselli
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007249:Inflammation; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D005947:Glucose