title: Identifying longitudinal trends within EEG experiments.
abstract: Differential brain response to sensory stimuli is very small (a few microvolts) compared to the overall magnitude of spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG), yielding a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in studies of event-related potentials (ERP). To cope with this phenomenon, stimuli are applied repeatedly and the ERP signals arising from the individual trials are averaged at the subject level. This results in loss of information about potentially important changes in the magnitude and form of ERP signals over the course of the experiment. In this article, we develop a meta-preprocessing step utilizing a moving average of ERP across sliding trial windows, to capture such longitudinal trends. We embed this procedure in a weighted linear mixed effects model to describe longitudinal trends in features such as ERP peak amplitude and latency across trials while adjusting for the inherent heteroskedasticity created at the meta-preprocessing step. The proposed unified framework, including the meta-processing and the weighted linear mixed effects modeling steps, is referred to as MAP-ERP (moving-averaged-processed ERP). We perform simulation studies to assess the performance of MAP-ERP in reconstructing existing longitudinal trends and apply MAP-ERP to data from young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their typically developing counterparts to examine differences in patterns of implicit learning, providing novel insights about the mechanisms underlying social and/or cognitive deficits in this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hasenstab
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A.|Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A.|Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sugar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Donatello
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Telesca
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McEvoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Shafali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jeste
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A.|Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Damla
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Şentürk
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001699:Biometry / Q000379:methods; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008959:Models, Neurological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio
keywords: Event-related potentials data; Heteroskedasticity; Repeated measurements; Signal-to-noise ratio; Smoothing; Weighted linear mixed effects models