title: Outcome of Standard and Bicuspidalized Cryopreserved Homografts for Primary Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aim was to analyze the safety and longevity of cryopreserved homografts used for primary right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction (RVOTR), and to compare the outcome using either standard or bicuspidalized allografts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between February 2000 and September 2014, a total of 53 patients underwent primary RVOTR using either a standard (n = 40) or a bicuspidalized (n = 13) cryopreserved homograft. The median age at surgery was 15.5 months (range: 1-419.06 months), and bodyweight was 8.5 kg (range: 4.1-71 kg). The median standard homograft size was 17.5 mm (range: 10-25 mm), while the median bicuspidalized homograft size was 16 mm (range: 14-22 mm). Follow up was complete in 91.4% of patients, with a median duration of 30.11 months (range: 0.26-161.26 months). Data analysis included primary diagnosis, type of surgery, age at surgery, size of conduit, need for reintervention, and survival. Predetermined primary outcomes were represented by survival and freedom from conduit reintervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients with standard cryopreserved homograft died. during the early postoperative period (3.7%). No deaths were conduit-related. The five-year survival rate and ten-year freedom from reintervention were 91% (range: 74.7-97.2%) and 53.6% (range: 97-33.2%), respectively. RV-PA conduit replacement was performed in 14 patients (26.4%) at a median interval of 44.5 months (range: 14.93-162.46 months). Among these patients, four children (30.7%) received bicuspidalized homografts, and 10 (25%) received standard homografts. Causes of reintervention were conduit stenosis in six cases (43%), severe homograft valve regurgitation in two (14.2%), conduit stenosis and homograft valve regurgitation in two (14.2%), and stenosis of distal anastomosis involving pulmonary bifurcation in four (28.6%). Univariate analyses showed a longer freedom from reintervention for bicuspidalized compared to standard homograft (p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained suggested that bicuspidalized homograft performance compares well with that of standard allografts in terms of freedom from reintervention. Bicuspidalized homograft use is strongly indicated for primary RVOTR in small children, when a standard homograft of appropriate size is not available.
authors.forename: Gianluigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perri
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polito
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gandolfo
authors.forename: Sonia B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Albanese
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carotti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D064591:Allografts; D001011:Aorta / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000401:mortality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015925:Cryopreservation; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000401:mortality; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult