title: Endoscopic botox injections in therapy of refractory gastroparesis.
abstract: Gastroparesis (GP) is a common disease seen in gastroenterology practice particularly in western countries, and it may be underdiagnosed. The available drug therapies for this condition are quite disappointing. Botulinum toxin type A (BT) has been found to be effective therapy in various spastic disorders of smooth muscle of gastrointestinal tract. However, the benefits of BT injections in GP have been unclear. Several retrospective and open label studies have shown clinical advantages of intrapyloric Botulinum toxin type A injections, while two small randomized trials did not show positive results. Therefore, the available published studies yielded conflicting results leading to fading out of botox therapy for GP. We recognize possible clinical benefit of BT injections without any disadvantages of this treatment. We are calling for revisiting the endoscopy guided botox therapy in refractory GP. In this review we discuss important features of these studies pointing out differences in results among them. Differences in patient selection, doses and method of administration of botox toxin in the prior studies may be the cause of conflicting results. The mechanism of action, indications, efficacy and side-effects of BT are reviewed. Finally, we recognize limited evidence to recommend BT in GP and calling attention for future research in this field since no advances in drug management had been made in the last two decades.
authors.affiliation: Andrew Ukleja, Kanwarpreet Tandon, Kinchit Shah, Alicia Alvarez, Department of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL 33331, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ukleja
authors.affiliation: Andrew Ukleja, Kanwarpreet Tandon, Kinchit Shah, Alicia Alvarez, Department of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL 33331, United States.
authors.forename: Kanwarpreet
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.affiliation: Andrew Ukleja, Kanwarpreet Tandon, Kinchit Shah, Alicia Alvarez, Department of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL 33331, United States.
authors.forename: Kinchit
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Andrew Ukleja, Kanwarpreet Tandon, Kinchit Shah, Alicia Alvarez, Department of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL 33331, United States.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alvarez
keywords: Botox; Botulinum toxin; Delayed gastric emptying; Gastroparesis; Refractory gastroparesis