title: Improving the anti-inflammatory effect of serum eye drops using allogeneic serum permissive for regulatory T cell induction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the cytokine composition and anti-inflammatory effects of allogeneic serum preparations for improved use as serum eye drops.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum of 15 healthy blood donors was extensively screened for cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, 1L-17A, E and F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-28A, IL-31, IL-33, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TNF-β, interferon (IFN)-γ and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. The levels of cytokines were assessed before and after heat-induced inactivation. Individual serum preparations were tested for their anti-inflammatory effect using an in vitro test to differentiate effector T lymphocytes into anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β was readily detected in the serum of all blood donors and was only modestly affected by heat-induced inactivation. Serum containing high amounts of TGF-β was more effective at inducing anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells. The serum of one healthy blood donor displayed high levels of inflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that serum used as eye drops is screened for its cytokine content, making it possible to correlate the composition to the clinical outcome. Based on the findings in this study, tailored serum eye drops produced from allogeneic donors may provide increased anti-inflammatory effects. This may be superior to autologous serum eye drops, which in many cases are retrieved from patients with inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per-Anton
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Stenwall
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergström
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seiron
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sellberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Folke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Knutson
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berglund
mesh_terms: D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D001782:Blood Donors; D003165:Complement System Proteins; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D008222:Lymphokines; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D044967:Serum / Q000737:chemistry*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008222:Lymphokines; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; C022780:allogenic effect factor; D003165:Complement System Proteins
keywords: TGF-beta; allogeneic serum eye drops; cytokines; dry eye; regulatory T cells