title: Lasing within Live Cells Containing Intracellular Optical Microresonators for Barcode-Type Cell Tagging and Tracking.
abstract: We report on a laser that is fully embedded within a single live cell. By harnessing natural endocytosis of the cell, we introduce a fluorescent whispering gallery mode (WGM) microresonator into the cell cytoplasm. On pumping with nanojoule light pulses, green laser emission is generated inside the cells. Our approach can be applied to different cell types, and cells with microresonators remain viable for weeks under standard conditions. The characteristics of the lasing spectrum provide each cell with a barcode-type label which enables uniquely identifying and tracking individual migrating cells. Self-sustained lasing from cells paves the way to new forms of cell tracking, intracellular sensing, and adaptive imaging.
authors.affiliation: †SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy and ‡School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.affiliation: †SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy and ‡School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steude
authors.affiliation: †SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy and ‡School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liehm
authors.affiliation: †SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy and ‡School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nils M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Kronenberg
authors.affiliation: †SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy and ‡School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.affiliation: †SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy and ‡School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Elaine C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: †SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy and ‡School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Powis
authors.affiliation: †SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy and ‡School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Malte C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gather
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement; D002470:Cell Survival; D058948:Cell Tracking / Q000379:methods*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000166:cytology; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells
keywords: Biological lasers; Whispering Gallery Mode resonator; cell tracking and tagging; intracellular lasing; multiplexing; opsonized beads