title: Calophyllolide content in Calophyllum inophyllum at different stages of maturity and its osteogenic activity.
abstract: Calophyllum inophyllum is a coastal plant rich in natural substances. Its ingredients have been used for the development of an anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug. In this study, we collected C. inophyllum fruit, and the ethanol extract of the fruit was chromatographically separated using silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 columns to obtain the major compound, calophyllolide. The fruits were harvested from September to December in 2011; a quantitative analysis of the calophyllolide content was conducted using HPLC to explore the differences between the different parts of the fruit during the growing season. The results showed that in fruits of C. inophyllum, calophyllolide exists only in the nuts, and dried nuts contain approximately 2 mg·g-1 of calophyllolide. The calophyllolide levels in the nuts decreased during maturity. In addition, calophyllolide dose-dependently enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, without significant cytotoxicity. The expression of osteoblastic genes, ALP and osteocalcin (OCN), were increased by calophyllolide. Calophyllolide induced osteoblasts differentiation also evidenced by increasing mineralization and ALP staining.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Beitou Dist., Taipei 11221, Taiwan. liuliu83@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Wei-Hsien
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, No. 155-1, Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Beitou Dist., Taipei 11221, Taiwan. skywenn@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yen-Wenn
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, HungKuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan. chiling0620@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Zih-Fong
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, No. 155-1, Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Beitou Dist., Taipei 11221, Taiwan. wfchiou@nricm.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Wen-Fei
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Beitou Dist., Taipei 11221, Taiwan. tsaiyc@ym.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Ying-Chieh
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, HungKuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan. ccchen@sunrise.hk.edu.tw.|Department of Nursing, HungKuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan. ccchen@sunrise.hk.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chien-Chih
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D029759:Calophyllum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D003374:Coumarins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D015870:Gene Expression; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D000076182:Sp7 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D003374:Coumarins; D010936:Plant Extracts; C493716:Runx2 protein, mouse; D000076182:Sp7 Transcription Factor; C479466:Sp7 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015675:Osteocalcin; C018859:calophyllolid; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: Calophyllum inophyllum; calophyllolide; osteoblast