title: Study of acidified ignitable liquid residues in fire debris by solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.
abstract: The detection and identification of ignitable liquid residues in fire debris can be meaningful in fire investigations. However, background pyrolysis products and weathering hinder the identification and classification steps. In addition to those processes, the acidification of the ignitable liquids before the combustion process could make those tasks even more difficult. Nevertheless, there are no systematic studies assessing the extraction, analysis, and composition of acidified ignitable liquid residues obtained from fire debris. In this work, a method for the study of acidified ignitable liquid residues in fire debris by solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry is proposed. This methodology has been evaluated, first with simulated solutions (gasoline/sulfuric acid mixtures set on fire under controlled conditions), and then with analysis of samples from real fire debris obtained from 18 chemical ignition Molotov cocktails made with sulfuric acid and three different ignitable liquids (two types of gasoline and diesel fuel). In addition, the extensive modifications observed in chromatograms of acidified ignitable liquid residues regarding neat and weathered samples were studied. These alterations were produced by the combustion and acidification processes. As a consequence, tert-butylated compounds are proposed as diagnostic indicators for the identification of acidified gasoline in fire debris, even in strongly weathered samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martín-Alberca
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Delémont
keywords: Acidified ignitable liquid residues; Arson; Fire debris; Fire investigation; Gasoline; Molotov cocktails