title: Differentiation of generic enoxaparins marketed in the United States by employing NMR and multivariate analysis.
abstract: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration defines criteria for the equivalence of Enoxaparin with Lovenox, comprising the equivalence of physiochemical properties, heparin source material and mode of depolymerization, disaccharide building blocks, fragment mapping and sequence of oligosaccharide species, biological and biochemical assays, and in vivo pharmacodynamic profile. Chemometric analysis of the NMR spectra, utilizing both (1)H and (1)H-(13)C HSQC NMR experiments, of Lovenox and Enoxaparin, the latter being the generic version of the former, revealed that Lovenox and the four Enoxaparin compounds produced by Sandoz (Enoxaparin and Fibrinox), Winthrop, and Amphastar exhibit dissimilarities in terms of their composition. All of the collected samples had expiry dates between 2012 and 2015. These studies, in addition to chromatographic analysis, highlighted signatures that differentiated the branded material from the generic products.
authors.affiliation: †Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Via Giuseppe Colombo, 81, Milano 20133, Italia.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guerrini
authors.affiliation: §Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Rudd
authors.affiliation: †Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Via Giuseppe Colombo, 81, Milano 20133, Italia.
authors.forename: Lucio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mauri
authors.affiliation: †Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Via Giuseppe Colombo, 81, Milano 20133, Italia.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Macchi
authors.affiliation: ∥Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, United States.
authors.forename: Jawed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fareed
authors.affiliation: §Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Edwin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.affiliation: †Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Via Giuseppe Colombo, 81, Milano 20133, Italia.
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naggi
authors.affiliation: †Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Via Giuseppe Colombo, 81, Milano 20133, Italia.
authors.forename: Giangiacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Torri
mesh_terms: D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D017984:Enoxaparin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D016568:Drugs, Generic; D017984:Enoxaparin