title: Mobile phones as lekking devices among human males.
abstract: This study investigated the use of mobile telephones by males and females in a public bar frequented by professional people. We found that, unlike women, men who possess mobile telephones more often publicly display them, and that these displays were related to the number of men in a social group, but not the number of women. This result was not due simply to a greater number of males who have telephones: we found an increase with male social group size in the proportion of available telephones that were on display. Similarly, there was a positive relationship between the number of visible telephones and the ratio of males to females. Our results further show that the increased display of telephones in groups with more males is not due to the ostensive function of these devices (i.e., the making and receiving of calls), although single males tended to use their phones more. We interpret these results within the framework of male-male competition, with males in larger group sizes functioning in an increasingly competitive environment. This competitive environment is suggested to be akin to a lek mating system in which males aggregate and actively display their qualities to females who assess males on a number of dimensions. We suggest that mobile telephones might be used by males as an indicator of their status and wealth (sensu "cultural ornaments").
authors.affiliation: Centre for Economic Learning & Social Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Nicholson Building, L69 3BX, Liverpool. j.e.lycett@liverpool.ac.uk.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lycett
authors.affiliation: Centre for Economic Learning & Social Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Nicholson Building, L69 3BX, Liverpool.
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Dunbar
keywords: Cultural ornaments; Male display; Mobile telephones; Sex ratio