title: Collecting standardized urban health indicator data at an individual level for school-aged children living in urban areas: methods from EURO-URHIS 2.
abstract: Measuring health and its determinants in urban populations is essential to effectively develop public health policies maximizing health gain within this context. Adolescents are important in this regard given the origins of leading causes of morbidity and mortality develop pre-adulthood. Comprehensive, accurate and comparable information on adolescent urban health indicators from heterogeneous urban contexts is an important challenge. EURO-URHIS 2 aimed to develop standardized tools and methodologies collecting data from adolescents across heterogenous European urban contexts. Questionnaires were developed including (i) comprehensive assessment of urban health indicators from 7 pre-defined domains, (ii) use of previously validated questions from a literature review and other European surveys, (iii) translation/back-translation into European languages and (iv) piloting. Urban area-specific data collection methodologies were established through literature review, consultation and piloting. School-based surveys of 14-16-year olds (400-800 per urban area) were conducted in 13 European countries (33 urban areas). Participation rates were high (80-100%) for students from schools taking part in the surveys from all urban areas, and data quality was generally good (low rates of missing/spoiled data). Overall, 13 850 questionnaires were collected, coded and entered for EURO-URHIS 2. Dissemination included production of urban area health profiles (allowing benchmarking for a number of important public health indicators in young people) and use of visualization tools as part of the EURO-URHIS 2 project. EURO-URHIS 2 has developed standardized survey tools and methodologies for assessing key measures of health and its determinants in adolescents from heterogenous urban contexts and demonstrated the utility of this data to public health practitioners and policy makers.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Public Health, Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Katreniak
authors.affiliation: 3 Centre for Childhood Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guha
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Puzzolo
authors.affiliation: 4 Manchester Urban Collaboration on Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Institute for Population Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Higgerson
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.|4 Manchester Urban Collaboration on Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Institute for Population Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Steels
authors.affiliation: 4 Manchester Urban Collaboration on Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Institute for Population Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Woode-Owusu
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Birt
authors.affiliation: 5 Municipal Health Service Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E van
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Ameijden
authors.affiliation: 4 Manchester Urban Collaboration on Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Institute for Population Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D012572:School Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data