title: Farnesoid X receptor modulators (2011 - 2014): a patent review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) is the receptor for primary bile acids expressed in enterohepatic tissues where it regulates bile acid uptake, metabolism and disposal. For its role as a bile acid sensor, FXR has been thought to be an important target in the treatment of cholestatic disorders, a family of diseases in which endogenous bile acids accumulate in the body. Cholestasis might occur as a consequence of inborn metabolic errors and three major disorders, intra-hepatic cholestasis in pregnancy, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis account for the vast majority of clinical cholestasis occurring in adulthood. In addition, FXR agonists are gaining attention as potential regulators of lipid and glucose metabolism and therefore as new therapeutical approaches to the treatment of fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  New chemical entities as FXR modulators and their in vitro and in vivo efficacy are reviewed with particular focus on patents and peer-reviewed publications in the period 2011 - 2014.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FXR agonists have shown robust therapeutic potential and results from clinical trials have supported their use in the treatment of liver disorders including PBC and fatty liver disease despite side effects.
authors.affiliation: University of Naples "Federico II", Department of Pharmacy , Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples , Italy +0039 081 678525 ; +0039 081 678552 ; valentina.sepe@unina.it.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sepe
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Distrutti
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fiorucci
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zampella
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D010330:Patents as Topic; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated
keywords: farnesoid-X-receptor modulators; non-steroidal ligands; patents on 2011 – 2014; steroidal ligands