title: Integrating affective and cognitive correlates of heart rate variability: A structural equation modeling approach.
abstract: High frequency heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of neurocardiac communication thought to reflect predominantly parasympathetic cardiac regulation. Low HRV has been associated empirically with clinical and subclinical levels of anxiety and depression and, more recently, high levels of HRV have been associated with better performance on some measures of executive functioning (EF). These findings have offered support for theories proposing HRV as an index measure of a broad, self-regulatory capacity underlying aspects of emotion regulation and executive control. This study sought to test that proposition by using a structural equation modeling approach to examine the relationships of HRV to negative affect (NA) and EF in a large sample of U.S. adults ages 30s-80s. HRV was modeled as a predictor of an NA factor (self-reported trait anxiety and depression symptoms) and an EF factor (performance on three neuropsychological tests tapping facets of executive abilities). Alternative models also were tested to determine the utility of HRV for predicting NA and EF, with and without statistical control of demographic and health-related covariates. In the initial structural model, HRV showed a significant positive relationship to EF and a nonsignificant relationship to NA. In a covariate-adjusted model, HRV's associations with both constructs were nonsignificant. Age emerged as the only significant predictor of NA and EF in the final model, showing inverse relationships to both. Findings may reflect population and methodological differences from prior research; they also suggest refinements to the interpretations of earlier findings and theoretical claims regarding HRV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Tillett Hall, Livingston Campus, 53 Avenue E, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8040, USA. Electronic address: sarah.mann@rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Tillett Hall, Livingston Campus, 53 Avenue E, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8040, USA. Electronic address: edward.selby@rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Selby
authors.affiliation: Center of Alcohol Studies, Smithers Hall, Busch Campus, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8001, USA; Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Tillett Hall, Livingston Campus, 53 Avenue E, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8040, USA. Electronic address: mebates@rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Marsha E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Tillett Hall, Livingston Campus, 53 Avenue E, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8040, USA. Electronic address: contrada@rci.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Contrada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States
keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Executive functioning; Heart rate variability; Negative affect; Structural equation modeling