title: Efficacy of scallop shell powders and slaked lime for inactivating avian influenza virus under harsh conditions.
abstract: The efficacy and stability of scallop shell powder (SSP) were investigated, in terms of its capacity to inactivate avian influenza virus (AIV), and compared with slaked lime (SL). An environmental simulation was conducted by emulating sunlight and wet-dry conditions. The powders were collected at consecutive 2-week intervals under sunlight and upon every resuspension. These materials were tested by mixing them with AIV and incubating the mixture for 3 min or 20 h, followed by AIV titration. At the same time, a pH buffering test was conducted by neutralization with Tris-HCl. The results revealed that SSP and SL have high alkalinity and excellent ability to inactivate AIV. In a simulated harsh environment, SSP and SL retained a satisfactory ability to inactivate AIV within 20 h throughout the experimental procedure. However, SSP was able to inactivate AIV during a short contact period (3 min), even under harsh conditions, and it was more resistant than SL to neutralization.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.|The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
authors.forename: Chanathip
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thammakarn
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Misato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsujimura
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Akinobu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suguro
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.|The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
authors.forename: Hakimullah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hakim
authors.affiliation: Virology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, 10530, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sakchai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruenphet
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan. takehara@cc.tuat.ac.jp.|The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. takehara@cc.tuat.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7205-7186
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takehara
mesh_terms: D060105:Animal Shells / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004372:Ducks; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000821:virology; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049897:Pectinidae / Q000737:chemistry*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000821:virology; D011208:Powders / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; D011208:Powders; C016538:lime
keywords: Avian influenza virus; Harsh conditions; Scallop shell powder; Slaked lime; Virus inactivation