title: Association between IgE-mediated allergies and diabetes mellitus type 1 in children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by an immunological reaction that is dominated by type-1 T helper (Th1) cells, whereas immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergies are associated with Th2 cell. According to the Th1/Th2-hypothesis, the immune system is said to either develop into the direction of Th1 or Th2 cells. This would mean that a child developing T1DM is unlikely to develop an IgE-mediated allergy and vice versa.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the prevalence of T1DM and IgE-mediated allergies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed a prospective case control study with 94 children and adolescents with T1DM and 188 age- and sex-matched control children. The basis of our investigations was a questionnaire concerning the family and children's history as to the presence of IgE-mediated allergies. Moreover, the following blood investigations were done: total serum IgE, specific IgE antibodies to major inhalant allergens, and a multiplex cytokine analysis measuring levels of specific cytokines representing either Th1- or Th2- cytokines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with T1DM reported the presence of IgE-mediated allergies significantly more often than children of the control group. Children with T1DM had significantly higher tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) levels than healthy controls. Levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-6 were higher in the groups of children with the presence of a personal history of allergies, regardless of the presence of T1DM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that T1DM is associated with a higher risk of a self-reported presence of IgE-mediated allergies and that the Th1/Th2-hypothesis may be an oversimplification.
authors.affiliation: LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Centre for Paediatric Research (CPL), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klamt
authors.affiliation: LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Centre for Paediatric Research (CPL), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Mandy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Centre for Paediatric Research (CPL), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Kapellen
authors.affiliation: LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Centre for Paediatric Research (CPL), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hiemisch
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Centre for Paediatric Research (CPL), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Freerk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Prenzel
authors.affiliation: LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zachariae
authors.affiliation: LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Uta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ceglarek
authors.affiliation: LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thiery
authors.affiliation: LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Centre for Paediatric Research (CPL), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Wieland
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kiess
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D058408:Th1-Th2 Balance; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007073:Immunoglobulin E
keywords: allergy; asthma; children; diabetes; immunoglobulin E