title: Distribution of Marine Lipophilic Toxins in Shellfish Products Collected from the Chinese Market.
abstract: To investigate the prevalence of lipophilic marine biotoxins in shellfish from the Chinese market, we used hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to measure levels of okadaic acid (OA), azaspiracid (AZA1), pectenotoxin (PTX2), gymnodimine (GYM), and spirolide (SPX1). We collected and analyzed 291 shellfish samples from main production sites along a wide latitudinal transect along the Chinese coastline from December 2008 to December 2009. Results revealed a patchy distribution of the five toxins and highlighted the specific geographical distribution and seasonal and species variation of the putative toxigenic organisms. All five lipophilic marine biotoxins were found in shellfish samples. The highest concentrations of OA, AZA1, PTX2, GYM, and SPX1 were 37.3, 5.90, 16.4, 14.4, and 8.97 μg/kg, respectively. These values were much lower than the legislation limits for lipophilic shellfish toxins. However, the value might be significantly underestimated for the limited detection toxins. Also, these toxins were found in most coastal areas of China and were present in almost all seasons of the year. Thus, these five toxins represent a potential threat to human health. Consequently, studies should be conducted and measures should be taken to ensure the safety of the harvested product.
authors.affiliation: Carbon-sink Fisheries Laboratory, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China. wuhy@ysfri.ac.cn.|Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China. wuhy@ysfri.ac.cn.|National Center for Quality Supervision and Test of Aquatic Products, Qingdao 266071, China. wuhy@ysfri.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Carbon-sink Fisheries Laboratory, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China. yaojianhua@cti-cert.com.|Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China. yaojianhua@cti-cert.com.|National Center for Quality Supervision and Test of Aquatic Products, Qingdao 266071, China. yaojianhua@cti-cert.com.
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Carbon-sink Fisheries Laboratory, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China. guomm@ysfri.ac.cn.|Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China. guomm@ysfri.ac.cn.|National Center for Quality Supervision and Test of Aquatic Products, Qingdao 266071, China. guomm@ysfri.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Mengmeng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Carbon-sink Fisheries Laboratory, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China. tanzj@ysfri.ac.cn.|Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China. tanzj@ysfri.ac.cn.|National Center for Quality Supervision and Test of Aquatic Products, Qingdao 266071, China. tanzj@ysfri.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Carbon-sink Fisheries Laboratory, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China. zhoudq@ysfri.ac.cn.|Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China. zhoudq@ysfri.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Deqing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Carbon-sink Fisheries Laboratory, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China. zhaiyx@ysfri.ac.cn.|Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China. zhaiyx@ysfri.ac.cn.|National Center for Quality Supervision and Test of Aquatic Products, Qingdao 266071, China. zhaiyx@ysfri.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yuxiu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry; D002681:China; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D005663:Furans / Q000032:analysis; D006575:Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring / Q000032:analysis; D006844:Hydrocarbons, Cyclic / Q000032:analysis; D007097:Imines / Q000032:analysis; D018942:Macrolides; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis*; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000737:chemistry; D049897:Pectinidae / Q000737:chemistry; D011714:Pyrans / Q000032:analysis; D012758:Shellfish / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
chemical_list: D005663:Furans; D006575:Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring; D006844:Hydrocarbons, Cyclic; D007097:Imines; D018942:Macrolides; D008387:Marine Toxins; D019319:Okadaic Acid; D011714:Pyrans; D013141:Spiro Compounds; C406592:azaspiracid; D000095702:Polyether Toxins; C543774:spirolide I; C407350:gymnodimine; C098380:pectenotoxin 2
keywords: ESI-LC-MS/MS; distribution; identification; lipophilic toxins; shellfish