title: Utilization of anticoagulants and outcomes in STEMI patients undergoing PPCI in the US hospitals: Bivalirudin, heparin plus GPI or heparin alone?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite major trials showing the opposite, one of three small randomized trials conducted outside the US has raised questions about whether heparin alone is a viable antithrombotic strategy for primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PPCI). We determined the frequency and in-hospital outcomes of anticoagulation strategies in patients undergoing PPCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed records from 2008 through 2013 in the Premier Research Database of patients hospitalized with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing PPCI. Patients were categorized into one of four anticoagulation strategies: bivalirudin alone, bivalirudin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (GPI), unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin alone or heparin plus GPI. In-hospital clinical outcomes were compared between treatment groups after propensity score matching.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 114,134 eligible STEMI patients, heparin alone was the least frequent anticoagulation strategy, used in 14.4% to 18.1% of cases per year. Bivalirudin alone nearly tripled during the study period, from 12.7% to 37.8% and surpassed that of heparin plus GPI by 2013. Bivalirudin alone performed better than heparin alone for mortality (4.7% vs 5.3%, p = 0.010), clinically apparent bleeding (5.7% vs 6.7%, p < 0.001), transfusion rates (4.1% vs 4.8%, p = 0.003) and mean length of stay (4.1 vs 4.2 days, p < 0.001). The in-hospital death rate was lower with heparin plus GPI than with heparin alone (4.9% vs 5.9%, p < 0.001), but clinically apparent bleeding was higher in heparin plus GPI than in heparin alone (9.4% vs 7.1%, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients hospitalized for STEMI undergoing PPCI, heparin alone is not commonly used and is inferior to bivalirudin for mortality, bleeding and length of stay outcomes. Heparin is also inferior to heparin plus GPI for ischemic protection but associated with less bleeding.
authors.affiliation: The Medicines Company , 8 Sylvan Way, Parsippany, NJ 07054 , USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Plent
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Weihong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Werner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006629:Hirudins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006629:Hirudins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006493:Heparin; C074619:bivalirudin
keywords: Bivalirudin; ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI); anticoagulation; glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor; heparin; primary percutaneous coronary intervention