title: The potential health challenges of TiO2 nanomaterials.
abstract: Titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) nanomaterials (NMs) have found widespread applications owing to their attractive physical and chemical properties. As a result, the potential adverse impacts of nano-TiO2 exposure on humans have become a matter of concern. This review presents the state-of-the-art advances on the investigations of the adverse effects of NMs, including the potential exposure routes of nano-TiO2 (e.g. respiratory system, skin absorption and digestive system), the physico-chemical characterizations of nano-TiO2 (e.g. crystal structure, shape,size, zeta potential, treatment media, aggregation and agglomeration tendency, surface characteristics and coatings), risk evaluation of nanotoxicity (e.g. cytotoxicity, ecotoxicity, phototoxicity, and phytotoxicity) and potential mechanisms of adverse effects (e.g. generation of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress and organelle dysfunction). The review aims to facilitate scientific assessments of health risks to nano-TiO2 , which would guide the safe applications of NMs in our daily life.
authors.affiliation: School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China.|Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
authors.forename: Baoyong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sha
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.|The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
authors.forename: Xingye
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.|The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.|The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D014025:Titanium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: characterization; health risk; mechanism; nanomaterials; route; titanium dioxide