title: Fermented Rhus verniciflua Stokes Extract Exerts an Antihepatic Lipogenic Effect in Oleic-Acid-Induced HepG2 Cells via Upregulation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase.
abstract: Rhus verniciflua Stokes has been used as a traditional medicine and food supplement in Korea. In the present study, fermented R. verniciflua Stokes extract (FRVE), an allergen-free extract of R. verniciflua Stokes fermented with the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, was assessed for its lipid-lowering potential in an in vitro non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model. FRVE markedly suppressed lipid accumulation and intracellular triglycerides (TGs) in the presence of oleic acid (OA). Additionally, FRVE decreased both mRNA and protein levels of lipid-synthesis- and cholesterol-metabolism-related factors, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), in OA-induced HepG2 cells. Moreover, FRVE activated low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and fatty acid oxidation-related factors peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1). Further, the AMPK inhibitor compound C suppressed the increased expression of AMPK phosphorylation induced by FRVE. Phenolics and cosanols in FRVE increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and decreased that of SREBP-1. Taken together, our findings suggest that FRVE has antilipogenic potential in non-alcoholic fatty livers via AMPK upregulation.
authors.affiliation: Korea Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Myoung-Sun
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Korea Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joo-Seok
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Korea Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Mi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Korea Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seon Ok
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Korea Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Korea Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo-Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D050155:Lipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029045:Rhus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D012440:Saccharomyces / Q000378:metabolism*; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; D014280:Triglycerides; D019301:Oleic Acid; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: AMPK; HepG2; NAFLD; Rhus verniciflua; fatty liver