title: Study on the spectrophotometric detection of free fatty acids in palm oil utilizing enzymatic reactions.
abstract: In this paper, a comprehensive study has been made on the detection of free fatty acids (FFAs) in palm oil via an optical technique based on enzymatic aminolysis reactions. FFAs in crude palm oil (CPO) were converted into fatty hydroxamic acids (FHAs) in a biphasic lipid/aqueous medium in the presence of immobilized lipase. The colored compound formed after complexation between FHA and vanadium (V) ion solution was proportional to the FFA content in the CPO samples and was analyzed using a spectrophotometric method. In order to develop a rapid detection system, the parameters involved in the aminolysis process were studied. The utilization of immobilized lipase as catalyst during the aminolysis process offers simplicity in the product isolation and the possibility of conducting the process under extreme reaction conditions. A good agreement was found between the developed method using immobilized Thermomyces lanuginose lipase as catalyst for the aminolysis process and the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) standard titration method (R2 = 0.9453).
authors.affiliation: Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. dhaya.az687@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nur Hidayah
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Azeman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. azahy@upm.edu.my.|Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. azahy@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Nor Azah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Yusof
authors.affiliation: Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. jafar@upm.edu.my.|Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. jafar@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Jaafar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.affiliation: Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. robiah@upm.edu.my.|Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. robiah@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Robiah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yunus
authors.affiliation: Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. mnh@upm.edu.my.|Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. mnh@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Mohd Nizar
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Hamidon
authors.affiliation: Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. rezahajian@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hajian
mesh_terms: D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000032:analysis; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000032:analysis*; D008049:Lipase / Q000737:chemistry*; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D010938:Plant Oils; D000073878:Palm Oil; D008049:Lipase
keywords: aminolysis; enzymatic reaction; free fatty acid; lipase; palm oil; spectrophotometry determination