title: Critical factors in sonochemical degradation of fumaric acid.
abstract: The effects of critical factors such as Henry's Law constant, atmospheric OH rate constant, initial concentration, H2O2, FeSO4 and tert-butanol on the sonochemical degradation of fumaric acid have been investigated. The pseudo first-order rate constant for the sonochemical degradation of 1mM fumaric acid is much lower than those for chloroform and phenol degradation, and is related to solute concentration at the bubble/water interface and reactivity towards hydroxyl radicals. Furthermore, fumaric acid is preferentially oxidized at the lower initial concentration. It is unreactive to H2O2 under agitation at room temperature. However, the degradation rate of fumaric acid increases with the addition of H2O2 under sonication. 0.1 mM of fumaric acid suppresses H2O2 formation thanks to water sonolysis, while degradation behavior is also dramatically affected by the addition of an oxidative catalyst (FeSO4) or radical scavenger (tert-butanol), indicating that the degradation of fumaric acid is caused by hydroxyl radicals generated during the collapse of high-energy cavities.
authors.affiliation: Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Jiangwangmiaostr. 8, 210042 Nanjing, China; Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy. Electronic address: wzhilin@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Zhilin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cravotto
authors.affiliation: Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstr. 12, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adrians
authors.affiliation: Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstr. 12, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ondruschka
authors.affiliation: Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Jiangwangmiaostr. 8, 210042 Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Weixin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: Fenton oxidation; Fumaric acid; Hydroxyl radical; Mineralization; Sonochemical degradation