title: Advances in Local Drug Release and Scaffolding Design to Enhance Cell Therapy for Diabetes.
abstract: Islet transplant is a curative treatment for insulin-dependent diabetes. However, challenges, including poor tissue survival and a lack of efficient engraftment, must be overcome. An encapsulating or scaffolding material can act as a vehicle for agents carefully chosen for the islet transplant application. From open porous scaffolds to spherical capsules and conformal coatings, greater immune protection is often accompanied by greater distances to microvasculature. Generating a local oxygen supply from the implant material or encouraging vessel growth through the release of local factors can create an oxygenated engraftment site. Intricately related to the vascularization response, inflammatory interaction with the cell supporting implant is a long-standing hurdle to material-based islet transplant. Modulation of the immune responses to the islets as well as the material itself must be considered. To match the post-transplant complexity, the release rate can be tuned to orchestrate temporal responses. Material degradation properties can be utilized in passive approaches or external stimuli and biological cues in active approaches. A combination of multiple carefully chosen factors delivered in an agent-specialized manner is considered by this review to improve the long-term function of islets transplanted in scaffolding and encapsulating materials.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia.|2 Department of Surgery, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia.
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Bowers
authors.affiliation: 3 Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia .
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Botchwey
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia.|2 Department of Surgery, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia.
authors.forename: Kenneth L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Brayman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D007328:Insulin