title: Comparative Analysis of Cartilage Marker Gene Expression Patterns during Axolotl and Xenopus Limb Regeneration.
abstract: Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) can completely regenerate lost limbs, whereas Xenopus laevis frogs cannot. During limb regeneration, a blastema is first formed at the amputation plane. It is thought that this regeneration blastema forms a limb by mechanisms similar to those of a developing embryonic limb bud. Furthermore, Xenopus laevis frogs can form a blastema after amputation; however, the blastema results in a terminal cone-shaped cartilaginous structure called a "spike." The causes of this patterning defect in Xenopus frog limb regeneration were explored. We hypothesized that differences in chondrogenesis may underlie the patterning defect. Thus, we focused on chondrogenesis. Chondrogenesis marker genes, type I and type II collagen, were compared in regenerative and nonregenerative environments. There were marked differences between axolotls and Xenopus in the expression pattern of these chondrogenesis-associated genes. The relative deficit in the chondrogenic capacity of Xenopus blastema cells may account for the absence of total limb regenerative capacity.
authors.affiliation: Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mitogawa
authors.affiliation: Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Makanae
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.affiliation: Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Satoh
mesh_terms: D000558:Ambystoma mexicanum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D003094:Collagen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005121:Extremities / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018878:Limb Buds / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D012038:Regeneration / Q000235:genetics*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003094:Collagen