title: Self- and proxy reports of quality of life among adolescents living in residential youth care compared to adolescents in the general population and mental health services.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Child welfare services are aimed at providing care and protection, fostering well-being and prosocial behaviour. Thus, Quality of Life (QoL) should be an important outcome measure in Residential Youth Care (RYC) institutions. However, the dearth of research in this area gives rise to serious concern. The present study is the first large scale, nationwide study assessing QoL among adolescents living in RYC. To provide a reference frame, adolescent self- and primary contact proxy reports were compared to the general population and to adolescent outpatients in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS). Also, we investigated the association between self-report of QoL in adolescents living in RYC and proxy reports of their primary contacts at the institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  All residents between the ages of 12-23 years living in RYC in Norway were the inclusion criteria. Eighty-six RYC institutions (with 601 eligible youths) were included, 201 youths/ parents did not give their consent. Finally, 400 youths aged 12-20 years participated, yielding a response rate of 67%. As a reference frame for comparison, a general population (N = 1444) and an outpatient sample of adolescents in CAMHS (N = 68) were available. We used the Questionnaire for Measuring Health-related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents (KINDL-R). General Linear Model analyses (ANCOVA) were conducted with five KINDL life domains as dependent variables and group as independent variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self- and proxy reports of QoL in adolescents living in RYC revealed a significantly (p < 0.001) poorer QoL compared to the general population on the life domains Physical- and Emotional well-being, Self-esteem, and relationship with Friends. Adolescents evaluated their physical well-being as worse compared to adolescents in CAHMS. Self- and proxy reports in RYC differed significantly on two of five life domains, but correlated low to moderate with each other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results in this study raise major concerns about the poor QoL of the adolescents living in RYC, thereby challenging the child welfare system and decision makers to take action to improve the QoL of this group. The use of QoL as outcome measures is highly recommended.
authors.affiliation: Regional Center for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Trondheim, Norway. Thomas.jozefiak@ntnu.no.|Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway. Thomas.jozefiak@ntnu.no.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jozefiak
authors.affiliation: Regional Center for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Trondheim, Norway. nanna.kayed@ntnu.no.
authors.forename: Nanna
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sønnichsen Kayed
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000299:Adolescent, Institutionalized / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D019727:Proxy / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012114:Residential Treatment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012650:Self Disclosure; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires