title: Experimental study of temperature-sensitive chitosan/β-glycerophosphate embolic material in embolizing the basicranial rete mirabile in swines.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of the non-adhesive temperature-sensitive liquid embolic material, chitosan/β-glycerophosphate (C/GP), in embolizing the basicranial rete mirabile (REM) in a swine model of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (cAVM). A total of 24 domestic swines were used as the experimental animals, among which 12 pigs underwent direct embolization of one side of the REM, while the other 12 pigs underwent embolization of the bilateral REM following anastomosis of the carotid artery and jugular vein. A super-selective microcatheter was introduced into the REM during the embolization procedure, and the C/GP hydrogel was injected until an image of the REM disappeared in the angiography examination. Further angiography examinations were performed after 2 and 6 weeks, and histological examination of the REM was performed after 6 weeks. Of the 24 domestic swines, 23 cases underwent successful thrombosis. Convulsions occurred in one case and that pig died during the embolization procedure. Following embolization, the angiography observations revealed that the embolized REM was no longer able to be developed, and adhesion of the microcatheter tip with the embolic agent did not occur. In addition, no apparent revascularization was observed in the angiography examinations performed at weeks 2 and 6. Therefore, the current preliminary study indicated that use of the non-adhesive temperature-sensitive embolic material was feasible for the embolization of cAVM; thus, C/GP may be used as an ideal embolic material for the treatment of cAVM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin 132011, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xianbin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin 132011, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Changfu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin 132011, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jinfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin 132011, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhaoyi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yubo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Kan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Bingwei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Q I
authors.initials: QI
authors.lastname: Luo
keywords: basicranial rete mirabile; cerebral arteriovenous malformations; chitosan/β-glycerophosphate; embolism; intervention