title: Dual Angiotensin Receptor and Neprilysin Inhibition with Sacubitril/Valsartan in Chronic Systolic Heart Failure: Understanding the New PARADIGM.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical role of sacubitril/valsartan, a novel angiotensin-neprilysin inhibitor, for the treatment of chronic heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of PubMed was conducted using a combination of the search terms sacubitril, valsartan, LCZ696, neprilysin inhibition, natriuretic peptide system, renin-angiotensin system, and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Bibliographies of all retrieved articles were reviewed for relevant literature. All references included were published between 1980 and May 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  All studies and review articles that contained data describing the use of sacubitril/valsartan in HFrEF were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HFrEF remains a disease of high morbidity and mortality. Natriuretic peptide (NP) augmentation has emerged as a most promising neurohormonal target in HFrEF. NPs provide vasodilatory, natriuretic, diuretic, and antiproliferative actions to help support the failing heart. Neprilysin, a neutral endopeptidase, is a primary pathway for NP metabolism. Combined inhibition of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system and neprilysin augments the beneficial natriuretic peptide pathway while providing direct antagonism to increases in angiotensin II. In the landmark PARADIGM HF trial, the neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril added to valsartan significantly improved morbidity and mortality over enalapril, a standard of care in HFrEF. Application of these results to clinical practice requires careful considerations of trial design, study patient population, and clinical monitoring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sacubitril/valsartan significantly improved morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic HFrEF but will require careful application to "real-world" populations of HFrEF.
authors.affiliation: Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, USA matt.lillyblad@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lillyblad
mesh_terms: D000613:Aminobutyrates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004338:Drug Combinations; D054143:Heart Failure, Systolic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015260:Neprilysin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068756:Valsartan
chemical_list: D000613:Aminobutyrates; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; D013777:Tetrazoles; D000068756:Valsartan; D015260:Neprilysin; C549068:sacubitril and valsartan sodium hydrate drug combination
keywords: angiotensin receptor blocker; heart failure; left-ventricular systolic dysfunction; natriuretic peptide; neprilysin; sacubitril; systolic heart failure; valsartan