title: Life satisfaction, cardiovascular risk factors, unhealthy behaviours and socioeconomic inequality, 5 years after coronary angiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Five years after coronary angiography, life satisfaction (LS) among patients may be related to incidents of cardiovascular diseases, risk factors and unhealthy behaviours and socioeconomic conditions, but their respective influence remains unclear. Our aim is to analyze LS and its relationships with those factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among the 4,391 patients initially contacted, 547 deaths were reported and 209 had an invalid address. In 2013-2014, 3,635 patients who underwent coronary angiography in 2008-2009 at the National Institute of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiological Intervention (INCCI) in Luxembourg were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire assessing LS [1-10] and other variables. Data were analysed via multiple regression models adjusted initially on age, sex and income, and for a second time with the addition of all CVRF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LS of 1,289 volunteers (69.2 years) was 7.3/10. Most were men, Luxembourgish, employees and manual workers, had secondary education and an income of 36,000 euros or more per year. LS was lowest in female patients, and those with a low to middle income. Patients who lived in a couple had the best LS. Patients with a history in the previous 5 years of physical inactivity (regression coefficient: -0.903), angina pectoris (rc -0.843), obesity (rc -0.512), diabetes, or hypercholesterolemia, were more likely to have lower LS. The previous associations were mostly maintained on the second analysis, with the exceptions of diabetes and obesity. In addition, patients who stopped smoking because of peer pressure (rc -0.011) had a lower LS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding that LS was lowest among female patients calls for further research on symptoms, and potential risk factors. Also, certain patient profiles are linked with low LS: 'inclined abstainers' who intended to modify their behaviours, but could not do so, and 'disinclined abstainers' who had no intention of changing and were insufficiently concerned to do so. Patients who stopped smoking and perceived it as unpleasant also had low LS. 'Disinclined actors' were those patients who had to adjust their lifestyles, but were ambivalent about their intentions and the behaviour, which they continued. Health promotion programs would benefit from targeting factors that moderate the unfavourable intention-behaviour relationship and can help enhance LS.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit INSIDE, Institute Health & Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. michele.baumann@uni.lu.
authors.forename: Michèle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.affiliation: Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. anastase.tchicaya@liser.lu.
authors.forename: Anastase
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tchicaya
authors.affiliation: Research Unit INSIDE, Institute Health & Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. kylemvanderpool@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vanderpool
authors.affiliation: Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. nathalie.lorentz@liser.lu.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lorentz
authors.affiliation: Research Unit INSIDE, Institute Health & Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. etienne.lebihan@uni.lu.
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Le Bihan
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008019:Life Style; D008189:Luxembourg / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors