title: Second primary malignancies after radiotherapy including HDR (252)Cf brachytherapy for cervical cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Second primary malignancies (SPMs) are among the most serious late adverse effects after radiotherapy experienced over time by the increasing population of cancer survivors worldwide. The study aim was to determine the rate and distribution of SPMs for neutron- and photon-emitting brachytherapy (BT) sources for patients treated for cervical cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cohort comprised 662 patients with invasive cervical cancer (Stages IIB and IIIB) and contributed 5,224 patient-years (PY) of observation. These patients were treated by radiotherapy during the 1989-1999 year period with cobalt-60 source ((60)Co) teletherapy. The first group of patients (N = 375; 3,154 PY) received high-dose-rate (HDR) californium-252 source ((252)Cf) BT, whereas the second group (N = 287; 2,070 PY) received HDR (60)Co BT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a 25-year period, 35 SPMs were observed, amounting to 5.3% of all observed patients: in 16 (2.4%) heavily, 2 (0.3%) moderately, 14 (2.1%) lightly irradiated body sites, and 3 (0.5%) other sites. Of these, 21 cases (5.6%) were observed in the HDR (252)Cf BT group, whereas 14 cases (4.9%) were observed in the HDR (60)Co BT group. Exposures received during (60)Co teletherapy and HDR BT with either (252)Cf or (60)Co had statistically equivalent (p = 0.68) effects on SPM development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cure rates are improving, and therefore, there are more long-term survivors from cervical cancer. This study shows no significant difference in rates or distribution of SPMs in women treated with neutron BT compared with photon BT (p = 0.68). After reviewing related literature and our research results, it is evident that a detailed investigation of SPM frequency, localization, and dose to adjacent organs is a suitable topic for further research.
authors.affiliation: Scientific Research Center, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. Electronic address: vitalija.samerdokiene@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vitalija
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Samerdokiene
authors.affiliation: Radiation and Medical Oncology Center, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Konstantinas Povilas
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Valuckas
authors.affiliation: Radiation and Medical Oncology Center, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Ernestas
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Janulionis
authors.affiliation: Scientific Research Center, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Vydmantas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Atkocius
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rivard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D002142:Californium / Q000009:adverse effects; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000209:etiology*; D009502:Neutrons / Q000009:adverse effects; D011522:Protons / Q000009:adverse effects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D011522:Protons; D002142:Californium
keywords: (252)Cf brachytherapy; Cervical cancer; Second primary malignancies