title: The Ages and Stages Questionnaire and Neurodevelopmental Impairment in Two-Year-Old Preterm-Born Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the ability of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Third Edition (ASQ3) to help identify or exclude neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in very preterm-born children at the corrected age of two.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the test results of 224 children, born at <32 postmenstrual weeks, who had scores on ASQ3 and Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSIDIII) and neurological examination at 22-26 months' corrected age. We defined NDI as a score of <70 on the cognitive--or motor composite scale of BSIDIII, or impairment on neurological examination or audiovisual screening. We compared NDI with abnormal ASQ3 scores, i.e., < -2SDs on any domain, and with ASQ3 total scores. To correct for possible overestimation of BSIDIII, we also analyzed the adjusted BSIDIII thresholds for NDI, i.e., scores <80 and <85.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 61 (27%) children with abnormal ASQ3 scores, and 10 (4.5%) children who had NDI with original BSIDIII thresholds (<70). Twelve children had NDI at BSIDIII thresholds at <80, and 15 had <85. None of the 163 (73%) children who passed ASQ3 had NDI. The sensitivity of ASQ3 to detect NDI was excellent (100%), its specificity was acceptable (76%), and its negative predictive value (NPV) was 100%. Sensitivity and NPV remained high with the adjusted BSIDIII thresholds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Ages and Stages Questionnaire is a simple, valid and cost-effective screening tool to help identify and exclude NDI in very preterm-born children at the corrected age of two years.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jorien M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kerstjens
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ard
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nijhuis
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Christian V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Hulzebos
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Deirdre E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: van Imhoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Aleid G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: van Wassenaer-Leemhuis
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ingrid C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: van Haastert
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lopriore
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Titia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katgert
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Renate M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Swarte
authors.affiliation: Princess Amalia Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neonatology, Isala, Zwolle, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: van Lingen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Twan L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Céleste R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Laarman
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Dijk
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D001724:Birth Weight; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D012372:ROC Curve; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires