title: Low-frequency sonophoresis enhances rivastigmine permeation in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: We investigated the enhancement effect of low-frequency sonophoresis on transdermal permeation of rivastigmine in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro permeation study showed that sonophoresis increased steady-state transdermal flux 0.31 ± 0.03 μg x cm(-2) x h(-1) and the extent of rivastigmine permeation 6.00 ± 0.56 μg x cm(-2) though excised skin (both P < 0.01). In the in vivo experiment, the C(max) 0.83 ± 0.16 μg x mL(-1) and AUC(0 --> 24 h) 12.35 ± 1.99 μg x h x mL(-1) of the sonophoresis group was also significantly higher than that of the control group (both P < 0.01). These data suggest that low-frequency sonophoresis could be an effective method to enhance rivastigmine permeation.
authors.forename: Zhen-wei
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Wen-quan
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D048448:Phenylcarbamates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000068836:Rivastigmine; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013552:Swine; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; D000068836:Rivastigmine