title: Influence of body mass index on pediatric urolithiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In recent years, there has been increased incidence of urolithiasis in children. Changing nutritional patterns and sedentary lifestyles predispose to urolithiasis, as well as to the global rise in obesity. It has been established that the prevalence of high body mass index (BMI) is increasing in the pediatric population. The aim of the present study was to incorporate 24-h urine metabolic analysis results with BMI values to evaluate the tendency towards stone formation in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four children were recruited to the study, stratified into three BMI categories as low, normal, or upper. All patients were evaluated with 24-h urine analysis results. Patients with a secondary cause of stone formation such as hyperparathyroidism, cystinuria, primary hyperoxaluria, inflammatory bowel disease, cystic fibrosis, history of prematurity and/or use of drug, recurrent urinary tract infection, and urinary tract anomaly were excluded. Additionally, it was ensured that none of the patients were taking specific medication or diet that could alter their acid-base metabolism and calcium, oxalate, and uric acid levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean BMI of patients was 21.6 ± 2.9 kg/m(2). LBMI was found in 52 (61.9%), N-BMI in 20 (23.8%), and U-BMI in 12 (14.3%) of the patients. No significant differences were present between the three groups for stone sizes and numbers. The patients' characteristics and 24-h urine parameters for BMI groups are presented in the Table.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the literature, several studies have focused on the relationship between obesity and pediatric urinary stone disease. However, only a few evaluated the urinary metabolic analysis in pediatric patients. We have encountered different results from mainly adult studies and some pediatric studies. Our study shows that U-BMI children are not under greater risk for urolithiasis than the other groups. An important portion of our study group was in the L-BMI group; nevertheless we cannot conclude that having a low BMI predisposes to urolithiasis based on the urinary metabolic evaluation as well as the stone sizes and numbers. The N-BMI group has increased risk factors for urolithiasis rather than the other groups, according to results of 24-h urine analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study indicate that BMI itself could not be considered as a separate and definite risk factor for urolithiasis development in children. Although the mechanisms and causative factors for urinary stone formation are better defined in adults, further studies investigating these parameters in children are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Ankara Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: aysundr@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Aysun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Çaltık Yılmaz
authors.affiliation: Ankara Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bahar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Büyükkaragöz
authors.affiliation: Ankara Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Department of Urology, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ural
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Oguz
authors.affiliation: Gazi University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Statistics, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bülent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Çelik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine
keywords: 24-h urine; Body mass index; Children; Urolithiasis