title: Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Malformations Associated with Heterotaxy.
abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used as an investigation during fetal life, particularly for assessment of intracranial masses, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, myelomeningocele, and abdominal masses. As the number of scans increases, so is the variety of congenital malformations being recognized. It is axiomatic that interpretation of the findings is enhanced when attention is paid to the likely findings in the setting of known syndromes, this information then dictating the need for additional acquisition of images. One such syndrome is so-called "visceral heterotaxy", in which there is typically an isomeric, rather than a lateralized, arrangement of the thoracic and abdominal organs. Typically associated with complex congenital cardiac malformations, heterotaxy can also involve the central nervous system, and produce pulmonary, gastrointestinal, immunologic, and genitourinary malformations. In this review, we discuss how these findings can be demonstrated using fetal MRI.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Dept., Children's Hospital of Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Loomba
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center.
authors.forename: Parinda H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University.
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Anderson
keywords: atrioventricular septal defect; double outlet right ventricle; heterotaxy; isomerism; magnetic resonance imaging; malrotation; mri