title: Coupling of 10-methacryloyloxydecyldihydrogenphosphate to tetragonal zirconia: Effect of pH reaction conditions on coordinate bonding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Identification of the mechanism of chemical coupling of a phosphate ester monomer to zirconia via a computational modeling approach enables materials scientists to design new coupling agents that can resist hydrolytic degradation of bonds made by methacrylate resins to zirconia. We investigated the possibility of chemical bonding between 10-methacryloyloxydecyldihydrogenphosphate (MDP) and tetragonal zirconia, and the effect of pH reaction conditions on such prospective chemical bonds.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tetragonal zirconia crystal model was created. An "Our-own N-layered integrated molecular orbital and molecular mechanics" (ONIOM) method was used to simulate two potential configurations of the MDP-ZrO2 system: double-coordinate and single-coordinate. Thermodynamic calculations were used to ascertain if the reaction could proceed spontaneously and to compare the stability of the two possible configurations. Short-term testing of shear bond strength (SBS) was done to evaluate bonding improvement of MDP to alumina-sandblasted zirconia surfaces in neutral, acidic or alkaline environments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Digital models of coordinate bonds between MDP and tetragonal zirconia were constructed. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that the Gibbs free energy for forming double-coordinate and single-coordinate configurations were -461.2kJ/mol and -450.9kJ/mol, respectively. Equilibrium constants for the double-coordinate and single-coordinate configurations were 6.4×10(80) and 9.8×10(78), respectively. Application of MDP in alkaline conditions showed the highest SBS, whereas acid conditions resulted in lower SBS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MDP can establish a "true" chemical bond with zirconia spontaneously. The double-coordinate configuration was identified to be more energetically favorable than the single-coordinate configuration for the coupling of MDP to zirconia. Alkaline conditions may positively affect formation of MDP-ZrO2 coordination bonds.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China; Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Haifeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Franklin R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China; Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Feimin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China; Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Shuping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. Electronic address: ccchicy@njmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D015394:Molecular Structure; D033081:Shear Strength; D013499:Surface Properties; D013816:Thermodynamics; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D008689:Methacrylates; C069749:methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate; D015040:Zirconium
keywords: Adhesion; Adhesive monomer; Bond; Bonding; MDP; Primer; Surface conditioning; Zirconia