title: Participation in Physical, Social, and Religious Activity and Risk of Depression in the Elderly: A Community-Based Three-Year Longitudinal Study in Korea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined the longitudinal association between participation in individual or combinations of physical, social, and religious activity and risk of depression in the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elderly subjects aged ≥ 60 years who completed the Living Profiles of Older People Survey in Korea (n = 6,647) were included. The baseline assessment, Wave 1, was conducted in 2008, and a follow-up assessment, Wave 2, was conducted in 2011. We defined participation in frequent physical activity as ≥ 3 times weekly (at least 30 minutes per activity). Frequent participation in social and religious activity was defined as ≥ 1 activity weekly. The primary outcome was depression at 3-year follow up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that subjects who participated in frequent physical, social, and religious activity had an adjusted odds ratio of 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-0.96), 0.87 (95% CI, 0.75-1.00), and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.67-0.90), respectively, compared with participants who did not participate in each activity. Participants who participated in only one type of activity frequently and participants who participated in two or three types of activities frequently had an adjusted odds ratio of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75-0.98) and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.52-0.79), respectively, compared with participants who did not participate in any type of physical, social, and religious activity frequently.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participation in physical, social, and religious activity was associated with decreased risk of depression in the elderly. In addition, risk of depression was much lower in the elderly people who participated in two or three of the above-mentioned types of activity than that in the elderly who did not.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Institute on Aging, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Woong
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Institute on Aging, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chang Hyung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Institute on Aging, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yunhwan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byoung Hoon
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Hospital, Gangnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kang Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Institute on Aging, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ki Jung
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Humanities & Social Medicine, Office of Biostatistics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Ryong
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Institute on Aging, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jinhee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicare Administration, Backseok Arts University, Seoul, Republic Korea.
authors.forename: SooJin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: National Health Insurance Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joung Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Back
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Ki
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ki Young
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jai Sung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dongsoo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Institute on Aging, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Son
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D012067:Religion; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012306:Risk; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires