title: Validation of a standard field test method in four countries to assess the toxicity of residues in dung of cattle treated with veterinary medical products.
abstract: Registration of veterinary medical products includes the provision that field tests may be required to assess potential nontarget effects associated with the excretion of product residues in dung of treated livestock (phase II, tier B testing). However, regulatory agencies provide no guidance on the format of these tests. In the present study, the authors report on the development of a standardized field test method designed to serve as a tier B test. Dung was collected from cattle before and up to 2 mo after treatment with a topical application of a test compound (ivermectin). Pats formed of dung from the different treatments were placed concurrently in the field to be colonized by insects. The abundance, richness, and diversity of insects developing from egg to adult in these pats were compared across treatments using analysis of variance tests. Regression analyses were used to regress abundance, richness, and diversity against residue concentrations in each treatment. Results of the regression were used to estimate mean lethal concentration (LC50) values. The robustness of the method and the repeatability of its findings were assessed concurrently in 4 countries (Canada, France, Switzerland, and The Netherlands) in climatically diverse ecoregions. Results were generally consistent across countries, and support the method's formal adoption by the European Union to assess the effects of veterinary medical product residues on the composition and diversity of insects in dung of treated livestock. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1934-1946. © 2015 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc., on behalf of SETAC.
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Floate
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rolf-Alexander
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Düring
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jamal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanafi
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Priska
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jud
authors.affiliation: Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lahr
authors.affiliation: Center for Evolutionary and Functional Ecology, French National Center for Scientific Research; École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paul Valéry University Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lumaret
authors.affiliation: ECT Oekotoxikologie, Flörsheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheffczyk
authors.affiliation: Center for Evolutionary and Functional Ecology, French National Center for Scientific Research; École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paul Valéry University Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tixier
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wohde
authors.affiliation: ECT Oekotoxikologie, Flörsheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Römbke
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lucille
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sautot
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Wolf U
authors.initials: WU
authors.lastname: Blanckenhorn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002170:Canada; D002417:Cattle; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000379:methods*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005602:France; D007313:Insecta / Q000187:drug effects*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009426:Netherlands; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013557:Switzerland; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D019155:Veterinary Drugs; D007559:Ivermectin
keywords: Biodiversity; Dung beetles; Ecotoxicology; Flies; Ivermectin