title: Defensive and adverse energy-related molecular responses precede tris (1, 3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate cytotoxicity.
abstract: To understand the potentially adverse effects of human exposure to tris (1, 3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms, combined transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches were employed to investigate the molecular responses of two human cell lines exposed to different concentrations of TDCIPP. Comparative analyses of transcriptional and metabolic profiles of HepG2/C3A and A549 cells were performed after exposure to 1, 10 and 100 μM TDCIPP for 24 and 72 h. Stress responses (e.g. xenobiotic metabolism and ABC transporter pathways) were observed at the transcriptional level after 24-h exposure to a sub-cytotoxic concentration (10 μM). Transcription of an energy metabolism-related pathway (oxidative phosphorylation) was down-regulated more severely at 100 μM TDCIPP exposure, accompanied by the suppression of pathways relevant to cell proliferation (e.g. cell cycle and DNA replication), while no significant cytotoxic effects were observed. Functional metabolic changes were observed after 72 h in HepG2/C3A cells exposed to 100 μM TDCIPP that corresponded to changes detected at the transcriptional level after 24 h. Taken together, defensive responses to chemical exposure and energy-related changes both precede the cytotoxic effects of TDCIPP in HepG2/C3A cells.
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Jinkang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Chipman
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Viant
mesh_terms: D000072283:A549 Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D015536:Down-Regulation; D056945:Hep G2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D055442:Metabolome; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D010755:Organophosphates; C012085:tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate
keywords: A549 cells; HepG2/C3A cells; flame retardant; mass spectrometry; metabolomics; microarray; transcriptomics