title: Novel Atlantic bottlenose dolphin parainfluenza virus TtPIV-1 clusters with bovine PIV-3 genotype B strains.
abstract: Parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV-3) is a common viral infection not only in humans, but also in many other species. Serological evidence suggests that nearly 100 % of children in the United States have been infected with PIV-3 by 5 years of age. Similarly, in cattle, PIV-3 is commonly associated with bovine respiratory disease complex. A novel dolphin PIV-3 (TtPIV-1) was described by Nollens et al. in 2008 from a dolphin that was diagnosed with an unknown respiratory illness. At that time, TtPIV-1 was found to be most similar to, but distinct from, bovine PIV-3 (BPIV-3). In the present study, similar viral growth kinetics and pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, and CXCL8) production were seen between BPIV-3 and TtPIV-1 in BEAS-2B, MDBK, and Vero cell lines. Initial nomenclature of TtPIV-1 was based on partial sequence of the fusion and RNA polymerase genes. Based on the similarities we saw with the in vitro work, it was important to examine the TtPIV-1 genome in more detail. Full genome sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis revealed that all six viral genes of TtPIV-1 clustered within the recently described BPIV-3 genotype B strains, and it is proposed that TtPIV-1 be re-classified with BPIV-3 genotype B strains.
authors.affiliation: Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.|Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.|Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Kirsten C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Eberle
authors.affiliation: Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Neill
authors.affiliation: Translational Medicine & Research Program, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Venn-Watson
authors.affiliation: Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.|Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Jodi L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.affiliation: Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA. randy.sacco@ars.usda.gov.|Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. randy.sacco@ars.usda.gov.|Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. randy.sacco@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Randy E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Sacco
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050681:Bottle-Nosed Dolphin / Q000821:virology; D002460:Cell Line; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D016679:Genome, Viral; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D018108:Respirovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D010253:Respirovirus Infections / Q000662:veterinary; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D014776:Virus Cultivation; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: Epithelial cells; Growth kinetics; Parainfluenza virus; Phylogeny; Pro-inflammatory cytokines; Real-time PCR