title: Families' experiences of intensive care unit quality of care: Development and validation of a European questionnaire (euroQ2).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study is to adapt and provide preliminary validation for questionnaires evaluating families' experiences of quality of care for critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study took place in 2 European ICUs. Based on literature and qualitative interviews, we adapted 2 previously validated North American questionnaires: "Family Satisfaction with the ICU" and "Quality of Dying and Death." Family members were asked to assess relevance and understandability of each question. Validation also included test-retest reliability and construct validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 110 family members participated. Response rate was 87%. For all questions, a median of 97% (94%-99%) was assessed as relevant, and a median of 98% (97%-100%), as understandable. Median ceiling effect was 41% (30%-47%). There was a median of 0% missing data (0%-1%). Test-retest reliability showed a median weighted κ of 0.69 (0.53-0.83). Validation showed significant correlation between total scores and key questions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The questions were assessed as relevant and understandable, providing high face and content validity. Ceiling effects were comparable to similar instruments; missing data, low; and test-retest reliability, acceptable. These measures are promising for use in research, but further validation is needed before they can be recommended for routine clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Vejle and Middelfart Hospitals, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark. Electronic address: hanne.irene.jensen@rsyd.dk.
authors.forename: Hanne Irene
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Center of Intensive Care, Medisch Centrum Leeuwarden, 8901 BR Leeuwarden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: RTGerritsen@ZNB.NL.
authors.forename: Rik T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gerritsen
authors.affiliation: Center of Intensive Care, Medisch Centrum Leeuwarden, 8901 BR Leeuwarden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Matty.Koopmans@ZNB.NL.
authors.forename: Matty
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koopmans
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.g.zijlstra@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Jan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Zijlstra
authors.affiliation: Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: jrc@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Jared Randall
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Vejle and Middelfart Hospitals, 7100 Vejle, Denmark. Electronic address: oerding@dadlnet.dk.
authors.forename: Helle
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ørding
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D003422:Critical Care / Q000592:standards*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D003718:Denmark; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D010465:Perception; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D044465:White People
keywords: FS-ICU; Families; ICU; QODD; Quality; Validation