title: Antimicrobial activity of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate in comparison to chlorhexidine using the quantitative suspension method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-P) belongs to the polymeric guanidine family of biocides and contains a phosphate group, which may confer better solubility, a detoxifying effect and may change the kinetics and dynamics of PHMG-P interactions with microorganisms. Limited data regarding PHMG-P activity against periodontopathogenic and cariogenic microorganisms necessitates studies in this area. Aim is to evaluate polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate antimicrobial activity in comparison to chlorhexidine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative suspension method was used enrolling Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both tested antiseptics at their clinically-used concentrations, of 0.2% (w/v) and 1% (w/v), correspondingly provided swift bactericidal effects against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and C. albicans, A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis with reduction factors higher than 6.0. Diluted polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate and chlorhexidine to 0.05% continued to display anti-bacterial activity and decreased titers of standard quality control, periopathogens to below 1.0 × 10(3) colony forming units/ml, albeit requiring prolonged exposure time. To achieve a bactericidal effect against S. mutans, both antiseptics at all concentrations required a longer exposure time. We found that a clinically-used 1% of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate concentration did not have activity against L. acidophilus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High RF of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate and retention of bactericidal effects, even at 0.05%, support the use of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate as a biocide with sufficient anti-microbial activity against periopathogens. Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate displayed bactericidal activity against periopathogens and S. mutans and could potentially be applied in the management of oral diseases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden. Anton.Vitt@ki.se.|First Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus. Anton.Vitt@ki.se.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vitt
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden. asofrata@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sofrata
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus. veronal@tut.by.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Slizen
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Facial Diagnostics and Surgery, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden. rachael.sugars@ki.se.
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Sugars
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden. anders.gustafsson@ki.se.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus. gudkovaei@bsmu.by.
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Gudkova
authors.affiliation: First Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus. 1kaf.terstom@gmail.com.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kazeko
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Ramberg@odontologi.gu.se.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramberg
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden. kare.buhlin@ki.se.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buhlin
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000382:microbiology; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D006146:Guanidines; C060540:polyhexamethyleneguanidine; D002710:Chlorhexidine