title: The Expression of GDF-15 in the Human Vitreous in the Presence of Retinal Pathologies with an Inflammatory Component.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The presence of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a protein implicated in the regulation of the inflammatory response, was investigated in the vitreous of patients with vitreoretinal disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vitreous and plasma samples were collected from patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane (IERM), macular hole (MH), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), nucleus drop (ND), or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). GDF-15 concentrations were measured using ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vitreous levels of GDF-15 were higher in ND (5) and PDR (14) patients (1494 ± 243 and 904 ± 138 pg/mL, respectively) than RRD (3), MH (3), and IERM (8) patients (302 ± 160, 288 ± 24, and 254 ± 91 pg/mL, respectively). The vitreous levels of GDF-15 were significantly higher in patients with inflammatory vitreoretinal disorders (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report showing that GDF-15 appears to be expressed in the vitreous, and that its expression is significantly higher in the presence of a vitreoretinal disorder in which there is an inflammatory component.
authors.affiliation: a Akdeniz University , Department of Ophthalmology , Antalya , Turkey .
authors.forename: Hatice Deniz
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Ilhan
authors.affiliation: a Akdeniz University , Department of Ophthalmology , Antalya , Turkey .
authors.forename: Ahmet Burak
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Bilgin
authors.affiliation: b Akdeniz University , Department of Medical Genetics , Antalya , Turkey , and.
authors.forename: Asli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toylu
authors.affiliation: c Akdeniz University , Department of Ophthalmology , Antalya , Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet Erkan
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Dogan
authors.affiliation: c Akdeniz University , Department of Ophthalmology , Antalya , Turkey.
authors.forename: Kadri Cemil
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Apaydin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000378:metabolism; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular; D014821:Vitrectomy; D057586:Vitreoretinal Surgery; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C526140:GDF15 protein, human; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D005293:Ferritins
keywords: Diabetes; GDF-15; inflammation; retina; vitreous