title: Caffeine Intake, Coffee Consumption, and Risk of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Caffeine has been shown to prevent ultraviolet radiation-induced carcinogenesis and to inhibit growth of melanoma cells in experimental studies. We evaluated the association among caffeine intake, coffee consumption, and melanoma risk among three large cohort studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis used data from 89,220 women in the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2009), 74,666 women in the Nurses' Health Study (1980-2008), and 39,424 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2008). We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of melanoma associated with dietary intakes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We documented 2,254 melanoma cases over 4 million person-years of follow-up. After adjustment for other risk factors, higher total caffeine intake was associated with a lower risk of melanoma (≥393 mg/day vs. <60 mg/day: HR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.64, 0.96; Ptrend = 0.048). The association was more apparent in women (≥393 mg/day vs. <60 mg/day: HR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.58, 0.85; Ptrend = 0.001) than in men (HR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.75, 1.2; Ptrend = 0.81), and more apparent for melanomas occurring on body sites with higher continuous sun exposure (head, neck, and extremities; ≥393 mg/day vs. <60 mg/day: HR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.59, 0.86; Ptrend = 0.001) than for melanomas occurring on body sites with lower continuous sun exposure (trunk including shoulder, back, hip, abdomen, and chest; HR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.70, 1.2; Ptrend = 0.60). This pattern of association was similar to that for caffeinated coffee consumption, whereas no association was found for decaffeinated coffee consumption and melanoma risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing caffeine intake and caffeinated coffee consumption is associated with decreased risk of cutaneous malignant melanomas.
authors.affiliation: From the aDepartment of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; bDepartment of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; cDepartment of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; dMelvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; eDepartment of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; fChanning Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; gDepartment of Epidemiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; hDepartment of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; iDepartment of Nutritional Sciences, The College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA; and jDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Shaowei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jiali
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Fengju
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Eunyoung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Abrar A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Qureshi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002110:Caffeine; D003069:Coffee; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D002110:Caffeine