title: Assessment of the genotoxic potential of two zinc oxide sources (amorphous and nanoparticles) using the in vitro micronucleus test and the in vivo wing somatic mutation and recombination test.
abstract: In this study, we evaluated the toxic and genotoxic potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) of 20 nm and the mutagenic potential of these ZnO NPs as well as that of an amorphous ZnO. Toxicity was assessed by XTT colorimetric assay. ZnO NPs were toxic at concentrations equal to or higher than 240.0 μM. Genotoxicity was assessed by in vitro Cytokinesis Block Micronucleus Assay (CBMN) in V79 cells. ZnO NPs were genotoxic at 120.0 μM. The mutagenic potential of amorphous ZnO and the ZnO NPs was assayed using the wing Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) of Drosophila melanogaster. In the Standard cross, the amorphous ZnO and ZnO NPs were not mutagenic. Nevertheless, Marker trans-heterozygous individuals from the High bioactivation cross treated with amorphous ZnO (6.25 mM) and ZnO NPs (12.50 mM) displayed a significant increased number of mutant spots when compared with the negative control. In conclusion, the results were not dose related and indicate that only higher concentrations of ZnO NPs were toxic and able to induce genotoxicity in V79 cells. The increase in mutant spots observed in D. melanogaster was generated due to mitotic recombination, rather than mutational events.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Mutagênese, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia - MG 38400-902, Brazil.
authors.forename: Érica de Melo
authors.initials: Éde M
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Mutagênese, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia - MG 38400-902, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre Azenha Alves
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: de Rezende
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Mutagênese, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia - MG 38400-902, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diego Vilela
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Franca, Franca - SP 14404-600, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pollyanna Francielli
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: de Oliveria
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Franca, Franca - SP 14404-600, Brazil.
authors.forename: Heloisa Diniz
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Nicolella
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Franca, Franca - SP 14404-600, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise Crispim
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Novos Materiais Isolantes e Semicondutores (LNMIS), Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia - MG 38400-902, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anielle Christine Almeida
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Novos Materiais Isolantes e Semicondutores (LNMIS), Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia - MG 38400-902, Brazil.
authors.forename: Noelio Oliveira
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Dantas
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Mutagênese, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia - MG 38400-902, Brazil. Electronic address: maspano@ufu.br.
authors.forename: Mário Antônio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Spanó
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D001681:Biological Assay; D002460:Cell Line; D003412:Cricetulus; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000187:drug effects; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D016296:Mutagenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D011995:Recombination, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D014921:Wings, Animal; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D009153:Mutagens; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: Drosophila melanogaster; Homologous recombination; Micronuclei; Mutagenicity; SMART; V79 cells