title: Sero-epidemiological evaluation of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Senegal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Senegal, a significant decrease of malaria transmission intensity has been noted the last years. Parasitaemia has become lower and, therefore, more difficult to detect by microscopy. In the context of submicroscopic parasitaemia, it has become relevant to rely on relevant malaria surveillance tools to better document malaria epidemiology in such settings. Serological markers have been proposed as an essential tool for malaria surveillance. This study aimed to evaluate the sero-epidemiological situation of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in two sentinel sites in Senegal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional surveys were carried out in Velingara (south Senegal) and Keur Soce (central Senegal) between September and October 2010. Children under 10 years old, living in these areas, were enrolled using two-level, random sampling methods. P. falciparum infection was diagnosed using microscopy. P. falciparum antibodies against circumsporozoite protein (CSP), apical membrane protein (AMA1) and merozoite surface protein 1_42 (MSP1_42) were measured by ELISA method. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was done to assess factors associated with P. falciparum antibodies carriage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,865 children under 10 years old were enrolled. The overall falciparum malaria prevalence was 4.99% with high prevalence in Velingara of 10.03% compared to Keur Soce of 0.3%. Symptomatic malaria cases (fever associated with parasitaemia) represented 17.37%. Seroprevalence of anti-AMA1, anti-MSP1_42 and anti-CSP antibody was 38.12, 41.55 and 40.38%, respectively. The seroprevalence was more important in Velingara and increased with age, active malaria infection and area of residence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of serological markers can contribute to improved malaria surveillance in areas with declining malaria transmission. This study provided useful baseline information about the sero-epidemiological situation of malaria in Senegal and can contribute to the identification of malaria hot spots in order to concentrate intervention efforts.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  PACTR201305000551876 ( http://www.pactr.org ).
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. khadimesylla@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Khadime
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sylla
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. rogertine@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Roger Clément Kouly
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Tine
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. magou22000@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Magatte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ndiaye
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. doudsow@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Doudou
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sow
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. aissatousarr21@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Aïssatou
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarr
authors.affiliation: Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon. tshibola2@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Marie Louise Tshibola
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Mbuyi
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. dioudi11@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Ibrahima
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Diouf
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. amlosn@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Amy Colé
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lô
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. annie_abiola@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abiola
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. mcseck203@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Mame Cheikh
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Seck
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. mamadound@voila.fr.
authors.forename: Mouhamadou
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ndiaye
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. asbadiane@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aïda Sadikh
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Badiane
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. jlndiaye@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Jean Louis A
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: N'Diaye
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. dndiaye@hsph.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Daouda
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ndiaye
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. katafaye@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Oumar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Faye
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. thdieng@refer.sn.
authors.forename: Thérèse
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dieng
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. yemoud1@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Yémou
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dieng
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. ondir@refer.sn.
authors.forename: Oumar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ndir
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. ogaye@refer.org.
authors.forename: Oumar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gaye
authors.affiliation: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. bfaye67@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Babacar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Faye
mesh_terms: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D020066:Merozoite Surface Protein 1 / Q000276:immunology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000276:immunology*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D012675:Senegal / Q000453:epidemiology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D020066:Merozoite Surface Protein 1; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C041595:circumsporozoite protein, Protozoan