title: Presumptive intraperitoneal envenomation resulting in hemoperitoneum and acute abdominal pain in a dog.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical features, diagnostic findings, treatment, and outcome of a dog with acute abdominal pain and hemoperitoneum secondary to a presumptive intraperitoneal (IP) snakebite.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 10-month-old castrated male mixed-breed dog was evaluated for suspected snake envenomation. The dog presented recumbent and tachycardic with signs of severe abdominal pain. Two cutaneous puncture wounds and hemoperitoneum were discovered during evaluation. Ultrasonographic examination revealed communication of the wounds with the peritoneal cavity. The dog was treated with supportive care, parenteral analgesia, packed red blood cell and fresh frozen plasma transfusions, crotalid antivenom, and placement of an IP catheter to provide local analgesia. The dog recovered fully and was discharged 5 days after initial presentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first report of IP envenomation accompanied by hemorrhage treated with continuous IP analgesia in the veterinary literature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607.
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Istvan
authors.affiliation: the Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706.
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607.
authors.forename: Bernard D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607.
authors.forename: Rita M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hanel
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607.
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Marks
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D006465:Hemoperitoneum / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D017819:Viperidae
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins
keywords: acute abdomen; canine; envenomation; hemoabdomen; local analgesia