title: Mechanism of the wing colouration in the dragonfly Zenithoptera lanei (Odonata: Libellulidae) and its role in intraspecific communication.
abstract: Zenithoptera dragonflies are known for their remarkable bluish colouration on their wings and unique male behaviour of folding and unfolding their wings while perching. However, nothing is known about the optical properties of such colouration and its structural and functional background. In this paper, we aimed to study the relationship between the wing membrane ultrastructure, surface microstructure and colour spectra of male wings in Zenithoptera lanei and test the hypothesis that colouration functions as a signal in territorial fights between males. The results show that the specific wing colouration derives from interference in alternating layers of melanized and unmelanized cuticle in the wing membrane, combined with diffuse scattering in two different layers of wax crystals on the dorsal wing surface, one lower layer of long filaments, and one upper layer of leaf-shaped crystals. The results also show that the thicker wax coverage of the dorsal surface of the wings results in increased brightness and reduced chroma. In the field experiments, we have demonstrated that there is a reduction of aggressive reactions of rivals towards individuals with experimentally reduced amount of blue wing colouration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hydrobiology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University, Av. Dom Antônio 2100, Assis, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24098 Kiel, Germany. Electronic address: rhainerguillermo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rhainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guillermo-Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University, Av. Dom Antônio 2100, Assis, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pitágoras C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Bispo
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kovalev
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Stanislav N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Gorb
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression; D000819:Animal Communication; D000818:Animals; D003116:Color; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D063191:Odonata / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D010858:Pigmentation; D014885:Waxes; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D014885:Waxes
keywords: Colour; Cuticle; Iridescence; Optics; Territorial behaviour; Ultrastructure