title: Elevated Soluble CD14 and Lower D-Dimer Are Associated With Cigarette Smoking and Heavy Episodic Alcohol Use in Persons Living With HIV.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persons living with HIV are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease in part because of persistent inflammation and coagulation activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined whether smoking and heavy episodic alcohol use (defined as 5 or more drinks on one occasion) were associated with greater monocyte activation (soluble CD14) and coagulation (D-dimer) in participants in the Study to Understand the Natural History of HIV and AIDS in the Era of Effective Therapy (the "SUN" Study), a prospective observational cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using regression analysis (n = 689), current smoking compared with nonsmoking was associated with significantly elevated soluble CD14 (B = 135.57, 95% confidence interval: 84.95 to 186.19, P < 0.001), whereas heavy alcohol use compared with nonheavy use was associated with significantly lower D-dimer levels (B = -0.059, 95% confidence interval: -0.102 to -0.016, P = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking cessation should be encouraged by HIV care providers to improve mortality outcomes from all causes of death, particularly cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: *Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI; †Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; ‡Department of Infectious Disease, Brown University, Providence, RI; §Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO; ‖Denver Infectious Disease Consultants, Denver, CO; and ¶Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cioe
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Erna M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kojic
authors.forename: Nur
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Onen
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: Pragna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kahler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; C036309:fibrin fragment D