title: Smell-taste dysfunctions in extreme weight/eating conditions: analysis of hormonal and psychological interactions.
abstract: (1) The objective of this study is to analyze differences in smell-taste capacity between females in extreme weight/eating conditions (EWC) and (2) to explore the interaction between smell/taste capacity, gastric hormones, eating behavior and body mass index (BMI). The sample comprised 239 females in EWC [64 Anorexia nervosa (AN) and 80 age-matched healthy-weight controls, and 59 obese and 36 age-matched healthy-weight controls]. Smell and taste assessments were performed through "Sniffin' Sticks" and "Taste Strips," respectively. The assessment measures included the eating disorders inventory-2, the symptom check list 90-revised, and The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, as well as peptides from the gastrointestinal tract [Ghrelin, peptide YY, cholecystokinin]. Smell capacity was differentially associated across EWC groups. Smell was clearly impaired in obese participants and increased in AN (hyposmia in Obesity was 54.3 and 6.4 % in AN), but taste capacity did not vary across EWC. Ghrelin levels were significantly decreased in obese subjects and were related to smell impairment. EWC individuals showed a distinct smell profile and circulating ghrelin levels compared to controls. Smell capacity and ghrelin may act as moderators of emotional eating and BMI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain. ffernandez@bellvitgehospital.cat.|CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain. ffernandez@bellvitgehospital.cat.|Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. ffernandez@bellvitgehospital.cat.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fernández-Aranda
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Zaida
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Agüera
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.|Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fernández-García
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.|Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garrido-Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alcaide-Torres
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.|Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Tinahones
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giner-Bartolomé
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.|Department of Psychological, Personality, Evaluation and Treatment of the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Baños
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.|Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology of the University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Botella
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.|Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology of the University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Ausias
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cebolla
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.|Department of Health and Experimental Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.|Integrated Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de la Torre
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.|Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi) Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fernández-Real
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.|Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi) Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.|Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gema
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frühbeck
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.|Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gómez-Ambrosi
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.|Departament of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Roser
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Granero
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.|Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Murcia
authors.affiliation: Departament of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Salomé
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tárrega
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.|Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Menchón
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Fagundo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sancho
authors.affiliation: Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Estivill
authors.affiliation: Eating Disorders Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Treasure
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain. felipe.casanueva@usc.es.|Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario U. de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela University, Choupana Street sn, PO Box 563, 15780, Santiago, Spain. felipe.casanueva@usc.es.
authors.forename: Felipe F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Casanueva
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000856:Anorexia Nervosa / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology*; D013651:Taste Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D019894:Peptide YY; D002766:Cholecystokinin
keywords: Anorexia nervosa; Emotional eating; Ghrelin; Obesity; Smell; Taste