title: Evaluation of the orbit using contrast-enhanced radial 3D fat-suppressed T1 weighted gradient echo (Radial-VIBE) sequence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed T1 weighted (T1W) two-dimensional (2D) turbo spin echo (TSE) and magnetization-prepared gradient echo (MPRAGE) sequences with water excitation are routinely obtained to evaluate orbit pathology. However, these sequences can be marred by artefacts. The radial-volume-interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) sequence is a motion-robust fat-suppressed T1W sequence which has demonstrated value in paediatric and body imaging. The purpose of our study was to evaluate its role in assessing the orbit and to compare it with routinely acquired sequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant and institutional review board-approved retrospective study was performed in 46 patients (age range: 1-81 years) who underwent orbit studies on a 1.5-T MRI system using contrast-enhanced Radial-VIBE, MPRAGE and 2D TSE sequences. Two radiologists blinded to the sequence analysed evaluated multiple parameters of image quality including motion artefact, degree of fat suppression, clarity of choroidal enhancement, intraorbital vessels, extraocular muscles, optic nerves, brain parenchyma and evaluation of pathology. Each parameter was assessed on a 5-point scale, with a higher score indicating the more optimal examination. Mix model analysis of variance and interobserver variability were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radial-VIBE demonstrated superior quality (p < 0.001) for all orbit parameters when compared with MPRAGE and 2D TSE. Interobserver agreement demonstrated average fair-to-good agreement for degree of motion artefact (0.745), fat suppression (0.678), clarity of choroidal enhancement (0.688), vessels (0.655), extraocular muscles (0.675), optic nerves (0.518), brain parenchyma (0.710) and evaluation of pathology (0.590).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radial-VIBE sequence demonstrates superior image quality when evaluating the orbits as compared with conventional MPRAGE and 2D TSE sequences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radial-VIBE employs unique non-Cartesian k-space sampling in a radial or spoke-wheel fashion which provides superior image quality improving diagnostic capability in the evaluation of the orbits.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Lev
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6257-0314
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bangiyev
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Eytan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Raz
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Tobias K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Block
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hagiwara
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Radiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Girish M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Fatterpekar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D009915:Orbit / Q000473:pathology*; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media