title: Arabidopsis thaliana polyamine content is modified by the interaction with different Trichoderma species.
abstract: Plants are associated with a wide range of microorganisms throughout their life cycle, and some interactions result on plant benefits. Trichoderma species are plant beneficial fungi that enhance plant growth and development, contribute to plant nutrition and induce defense responses. Nevertheless, the molecules involved in these beneficial effects still need to be identify. Polyamines are ubiquitous molecules implicated in plant growth and development, and in the establishment of plant microbe interactions. In this study, we assessed the polyamine profile in Arabidopsis plants during the interaction with Trichoderma virens and Trichoderma atroviride, using a system that allows direct plant-fungal contact or avoids their physical interaction (split system). The plantlets that grew in the split system exhibited higher biomass than the ones in direct contact with Trichoderma species. After 3 days of interaction, a significant decrease in Arabidopsis polyamine levels was observed in both systems (direct contact and split). After 5 days of interaction polyamine levels were increased. The highest levels were observed with T. atroviride (split system), and with T. virens (direct contact). The expression levels of Arabidopsis ADC1 and ADC2 genes during the interaction with the fungi were also assessed. We observed a time dependent regulation of ADC1 and ADC2 genes, which correlates with polyamine levels. Our data show an evident change in polyamine profile during Arabidopsis - Trichoderma interaction, accompanied by evident alterations in plant root architecture. Polyamines could be involved in the changes undergone by plant during the interaction with this beneficial fungus.
authors.affiliation: División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa de San José 2055, Apartado Postal 3-74 Tangamanga, C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Electronic address: fatima.salazar@ipicyt.edu.mx.
authors.forename: Fatima Berenice
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Salazar-Badillo
authors.affiliation: Investigador Cátedras CONACyT en el Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL) Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV) Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, 91070, Xalapa, Ver., Mexico. Electronic address: diana.sanchez@inecol.mx.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Rangel
authors.affiliation: División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa de San José 2055, Apartado Postal 3-74 Tangamanga, C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Electronic address: abecerra@ipicyt.edu.mx.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Becerra-Flora
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain. Electronic address: mlgomez@ugr.es.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: López-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand. Electronic address: Maria.Nieto-Jacobo@lincoln.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nieto-Jacobo
authors.affiliation: Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand. Electronic address: Artemio.Mendoza@lincoln.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Artemio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mendoza-Mendoza
authors.affiliation: División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa de San José 2055, Apartado Postal 3-74 Tangamanga, C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Electronic address: jbremont@ipicyt.edu.mx.
authors.forename: Juan Francisco
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Bremont
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D015317:Biogenic Polyamines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000502:physiology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015317:Biogenic Polyamines
keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana; Plant growth promotion; Polyamines; Split growth system; Trichoderma atroviride; Trichoderma virens