title: An enhanced computational method for age-at-death estimation based on the pubic symphysis using 3D laser scans and thin plate splines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pubic symphysis is frequently used to estimate age-at-death from the adult skeleton. Assessment methods require the visual comparison of the bone morphology against age-informative characteristics that represent a series of phases. Age-at-death is then estimated from the age-range previously associated with the chosen phase. While easily executed, the "morphoscopic" process of feature-scoring and bone-to-phase-matching is known to be subjective. Studies of method and practitioner error demonstrate a need for alternative tools to quantify age-progressive change in the pubic symphysis. This article proposes a more objective, quantitative method that analyzes three-dimensional (3D) surface scans of the pubic symphysis using a thin plate spline algorithm (TPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  This algorithm models the bending of a flat plane to approximately match the surface of the bone and minimizes the bending energy required for this transformation. Known age-at-death and bending energy were used to construct a linear model to predict age from observed bending energy. This approach is tested with scans from 44 documented white male skeletons and 12 casts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the surface analysis show a significant association (regression p-value = 0.0002 and coefficient of determination = 0.2270) between the minimum bending energy and age-at-death, with a root mean square error of ≈19 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This TPS method yields estimates comparable to established methods but offers a fully integrated, objective and quantitative framework of analysis and has potential for use in archaeological and forensic casework.
authors.affiliation: Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306.
authors.forename: Detelina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stoyanova
authors.affiliation: Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306.|Department of Biology, Rosenberg Lab, Stanford Center for Computational, Evolutionary and Human Genomics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305.|Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306.
authors.forename: Bridget F B
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Algee-Hewitt
authors.affiliation: Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306.|Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
authors.forename: Dennis E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Slice
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011631:Pubic Symphysis / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: bioarchaeology; biological profile; forensic case analysis; paleodemography; quantitative methods