title: Effects of intratesticular administration of zinc gluconate and dimethyl sulfoxide on clinical, endocrinological, and reproductive parameters in dogs.
abstract: Nonsurgical sterilization methods are considered alternative tools for the worldwide challenge represented by canine overpopulation control. Intratesticular injection of zinc gluconate associated with DMSO arises as an option because of the effortless diffusion throughout the testicular parenchyma. This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of a double testicular injection of zinc gluconate associated with DMSO as a chemical contraceptive for male dogs. The study was conducted with 22 dogs treated with two intratesticular injections of the chemical solution (treated group; n = 15) or 0.9% NaCl solution (control group; n = 7) on a monthly interval. All animals were submitted to clinical examination, breeding soundness evaluation including morphologic and sonographic examination of the testes, assessment of libido, volume of the sperm-rich fraction, sperm motility, total sperm count, plasma membrane integrity, sperm morphologic abnormalities, and the total number of morphologically normal and motile sperm in the ejaculate. Blood samples were collected for serum testosterone analysis, and testicular tissue was morphologically and histologically evaluated. No clinical alterations and signs of pain or local sensitivity along the experimental period were noticed. However, the injection of zinc gluconate and DMSO significantly reduced libido and testosterone concentrations (even beyond the reference range for intact male dogs). Impairment of sperm quality-related variables was observed 15 days after the first intratesticular administration of zinc gluconate and DMSO (i.e., decrease in sperm count and sperm motility and an increase in major sperm defects and by this a decrease in the total number of morphologically normal and motile sperm). Testicular ultrasonographic analysis revealed reduction of testicular volume and changes of testicular echotexture in treated animals, compatible with tissue degeneration, fibrosis, and calcification of testicular parenchyma on histologic examination. In conclusion, intratesticular administration of zinc gluconate associated with DMSO reduces reproductive potential which may lead to subfertility or infertility in dogs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: cacavann@usp.br.
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Vannucchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: D S R
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Angrimani
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Eyherabide
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Mazzei
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lucio
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Maiorka
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: L C G
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nichi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004285:Dogs; D005942:Gluconates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007989:Libido / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000002:abnormalities; D013245:Sterilization, Reproductive / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D013737:Testis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male; D005942:Gluconates; D013739:Testosterone; C030691:gluconic acid; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide
keywords: Chemical sterilization; DMSO; Dog; Testosterone; Zinc gluconate