title: Supercritical CO₂ extraction of oil, fatty acids and flavonolignans from milk thistle seeds: Evaluation of their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities in Caco-2 cells.
abstract: The optimal conditions of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) (160-220 bars, 40-80 °C) technology combined with co-solvent (ethanol), to recover oil, flavonolignans (silychristin, silydianin and silybinin) and fatty acids from milk thistle seeds, to be used as food additives and/or nutraceuticals, were studied. Moreover, the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the SC-CO2 oil seeds extracts were evaluated in Caco-2 carcinoma cells. Pressure and temperature had a significant effect on oil and flavonolignans recovery, although there was not observed a clear trend. SC-CO2 with co-solvent extraction at 220 bars, 40 °C was the optimum treatment to recover oil (30.8%) and flavonolignans from milk thistle seeds. Moreover, linoleic (47.64-66.70%), and oleic (19.68-24.83%) acids were the predominant fatty acids in the oil extracts recovered from milk thistle under SC-CO2. In addition, SC-CO2 extract showed a high antioxidant activity determined by DPPH and ABTS tests. Cytotoxic activities of silychristin, silydianin and silybinin and the obtained SC-CO2 extract (220 bars, 40 °C) were evaluated against Caco-2 cells. The SC-CO2 extract inhibited the proliferation of Caco-2 cells in a dose-responsive manner and induced the highest percentage of mortality of Caco-2 cells (from 43 to 71% for concentrations from 10 up to 100 μg/ml of SC-CO2 oil seeds).
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés UMR CNRS 7274, Université de Lorraine, 1, rue Grandville BP20451, 54001 Nancy, France. Electronic address: nailabenrahal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Naila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ben Rahal
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n., 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Barba
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés UMR CNRS 7274, Université de Lorraine, 1, rue Grandville BP20451, 54001 Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés UMR CNRS 7274, Université de Lorraine, 1, rue Grandville BP20451, 54001 Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chevalot
mesh_terms: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002470:Cell Survival; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044947:Flavonolignans / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D005503:Food Additives / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020944:Silybum marianum / Q000737:chemistry*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077385:Silybin; D012838:Silymarin / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D014416:Tunisia
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D005227:Fatty Acids; D044947:Flavonolignans; D005503:Food Additives; D010938:Plant Oils; D012838:Silymarin; D000077385:Silybin; C015505:silidianin; C015504:silychristin
keywords: Caco-2 carcinoma cells; Fatty acids; Flavonolignans; Milk thistle seeds; Oil; Supercritical CO(2)