title: Mindfulness and eating behavior in adolescent girls at risk for type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship of dispositional mindfulness to binge eating and associated eating attitudes and behaviors among adolescent girls at risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 114 overweight or obese adolescents enrolled in a study of girls with a family history of T2D and mild depressive symptoms. Adolescent self-reports of mindfulness, eating in the absence of hunger, and depressive symptoms were collected. An interview was administered to determine presence of binge eating episodes and a behavioral task was used to assess the reinforcing value of food relative to other nonsnack food rewards. Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In analyses accounting for race, percent body fat, lean mass, height, age, and depressive symptoms, dispositional mindfulness was associated with a lower odds of binge eating (p = .002). Controlling for the same potential confounds, mindfulness was also inversely associated with eating concern, eating in the absence of hunger in response to fatigue/boredom, and higher food reinforcement relative to physical activity (all p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In girls with a family history of T2D, independent of body composition and depressive symptoms, intraindividual differences in mindfulness are related to binge eating and associated attitudes and behaviors that may confer risk for obesity and metabolic problems. Further research is needed to determine the extent to which mindfulness plays a role in the etiology and/or maintenance of disinhibited eating in adolescents at risk for T2D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pivarunas
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland.|Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
authors.forename: Nichole R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Courtney K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Pickworth
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland.|Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Omni
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland.|Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Radin
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland.|Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Shank
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland.|Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vannucci
authors.affiliation: DHHS, Nutrition Department, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Amber B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Courville
authors.affiliation: DHHS, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Kong Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland.|Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanofsky-Kraff
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Jack A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Yanovski
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland.|Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
authors.forename: Lauren B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Shomaker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D056912:Binge-Eating Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D064866:Mindfulness / Q000379:methods*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: adolescents; binge eating; disordered eating attitudes; food reinforcement; mindfulness; type 2 diabetes