title: Laparoscopic Extravascular Stent Placement for Nutcracker Syndrome: A Report of 13 Cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report our techniques and experience of laparoscopic extravascular stent placement for nutcracker syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 13 nutcracker syndrome patients who were treated by laparoscopic extravascular stent placement from June 2009 to August 2013. Clinical and surgical data and short-term outcomes were analyzed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average duration of the operation was 72 minutes and the average blood loss was 30 mL. The average postoperative length of stay was 6 days. Retroperitoneal hematoma was relieved by conservative therapy in one patient. The postoperative computed tomography showed that the blood outflow of the left renal vein was smooth and the inner diameter was also decreased. The gonadal vein varices diminished in diameter in four patients. The follow-up was 8-52 months (mean 32.6); symptoms resolved in 10 patients and improved in 2 patients. One patient developed recurrent gross hematuria because of migration of the extravascular stent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic extravascular stent placement appears feasible and safe and it is a minimally invasive alternative to open surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, China .
authors.forename: Sheng-zheng
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, China .
authors.forename: Wei-xing
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, China .
authors.forename: Qing-jun
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, China .
authors.forename: Xue-pei
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, China .
authors.forename: Jin-xing
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, China .
authors.forename: Bao-ping
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Qiao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D017538:Mesenteric Artery, Superior / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D061646:Operative Time; D011184:Postoperative Period; D059228:Renal Nutcracker Syndrome / Q000601:surgery*; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome