title: 3aBAb5. Ultrasound intensity to propel stones from the kidney is below the threshold for renal injury.
abstract: Therapeutic ultrasound has an increasing number of applications in urology, including shockwave lithotripsy, stone propulsion, tissue ablation, and hemostasis. However, the threshold of renal injury using ultrasound is unknown. The goal of this study was to determine kidney injury thresholds for a range of intensities between diagnostic and ablative therapeutic ultrasound. A 2 MHz annular array generating spatial peak pulse average intensities (ISPPA) up to 28,000 W/cm2 in water was placed on the surface of in vivo porcine kidneys and focused on the adjacent parenchyma. Treatments consisted of pulses of 100 μs duration triggered every 3 ms for 10 minutes at various intensities. The perfusion-fixed tissue was scored by 3 blinded independent experts. Above a threshold of 16,620 W/cm2, the majority of injury observed included emulsification, necrosis and hemorrhage. Below this threshold, almost all injury presented as focal cell and tubular swelling and/or degeneration. These findings provide evidence for a wide range of potentially therapeutic ultrasound intensities that has a low probability of causing injury. While this study did not examine all combinations of treatment parameters of therapeutic ultrasound, tissue injury appears dose-dependent.
authors.forename: Yak-Nam
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Julianna C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cunitz
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Starr
authors.forename: Marla
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authors.lastname: Paun
authors.forename: Denny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liggitt
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Evan
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McAteer
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Ziyue
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaczkowski
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hsi
authors.forename: Mathew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sorensen
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bailey