title: Persistent Adaptations in Afferents to Ventral Tegmental Dopamine Neurons after Opiate Withdrawal.
abstract: Protracted opiate withdrawal is accompanied by altered responsiveness of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons, including a loss of DA cell response to morphine, and by behavioral alterations, including affective disorders. GABAergic neurons in the tail of the ventral tegmental area (tVTA), also called the rostromedial tegmental nucleus, are important for behavioral responses to opiates. We investigated the tVTA-VTA circuit in rats after chronic morphine exposure to determine whether tVTA neurons participate in the loss of opiate-induced disinhibition of VTA DA neurons observed during protracted withdrawal. In vivo recording revealed that VTA DA neurons, but not tVTA GABAergic neurons, are tolerant to morphine after 2 weeks of withdrawal. Optogenetic stimulation of tVTA neurons inhibited VTA DA neurons similarly in opiate-naive and long-term withdrawn rats. However, tVTA inactivation increased VTA DA activity in opiate-naive rats, but not in withdrawn rats, resembling the opiate tolerance effect in DA cells. Thus, although inhibitory control of DA neurons by tVTA is maintained during protracted withdrawal, the capacity for disinhibitory control is impaired. In addition, morphine withdrawal reduced both tVTA neural activity and tonic glutamatergic input to VTA DA neurons. We propose that these changes in glutamate and GABA inputs underlie the apparent tolerance of VTA DA neurons to opiates after chronic exposure. These alterations in the tVTA-VTA DA circuit could be an important factor in opiate tolerance and addiction. Moreover, the capacity of the tVTA to inhibit, but not disinhibit, DA cells after chronic opiate exposure may contribute to long-term negative affective states during withdrawal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dopaminergic (DA) cells of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are the origin of a brain reward system and are critically involved in drug abuse. Morphine has long been known to affect VTA DA cells via GABAergic interneurons. Recently, GABAergic neurons caudal to the VTA were discovered and named the tail of VTA (tVTA). Here, we show that tVTA GABA neurons lose their capacity to disinhibit, but not to inhibit, VTA DA cells after chronic opiate exposure. The failure of disinhibition was associated with a loss of glutamatergic input to DA neurons after chronic morphine. These findings reveal mechanisms by which the tVTA may play a key role in long-term negative affective states during opiate withdrawal.
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8115-6039
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaufling
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 aston.jones@rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aston-Jones
mesh_terms: D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione / Q000494:pharmacology; D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000075402:Channelrhodopsins; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D020875:Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)- / Q000494:pharmacology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D059330:GABAergic Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014633:Valine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D017557:Ventral Tegmental Area / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000075402:Channelrhodopsins; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D020875:Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-; D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; C056639:2-amino-5-phosphopentanoic acid; D009020:Morphine; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; C402565:glutamate decarboxylase 1; D014633:Valine
keywords: RMTg; addiction; dopamine; morphine; tVTA; ventral tegmental area