title: Protective activity ethanol extract of the fruits of Illicium verum against atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Illicium verum Hook. fil. Illiciaceae (Illicium v.) has been traditionally used in herbal medicine for treating many inflammatory diseases, including skin inflammation and rheumatism. We investigated its use as a preventive agent against inflammatory and vascular diseases in a murine model of atherosclerosis using apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice fed on a high-fat diet (HFD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the effect of Illicium v. on cytotoxicity, NF-κB activity, and adhesion molecule expression in TNF-α--stimulated HASMCs (Human Aortic smooth muscle cells). ApoE(-/-)mice, fed a HFD and treated daily for 12 weeks by oral administration of either Illicium v. (100 or 200 mg/kg) or atorvastatin (10 mg/kg), were evaluated for atherosclerotic lesions and inflammatory responses by performing Oil red O and iNOS staining, respectively. Expression of inflammatory cytokines (i.e., NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, COX, IκB-α, Iκκ-α/β) and adhesion molecules in the aorta were measured by western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In TNF-α-stimulated HASMCs, Illicium v. treatment decreased NF-κB transcriptional activity, and NF-κB protein levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner over a range of 10-100 μg/mL Illicium v. Also, Illicium v. attenuated the expression of adhesion molecules that are responsible for inflammation in these cells. In animal experiments, treatment with Illicium v. or atorvastatin counteracted the characteristic changes in body weight, blood pressure, and lipid levels seen in HFD-fed ApoE(-/-) mice. In addition, Illicium v. treatment reduced aortic atherosclerotic plaque lesions and the immunoreactivity of iNOS activation. The aortic expression of inflammatory adhesion molecules and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, COX, IκB-α, Iκκ-α/β), which is characteristic of HFD-fed ApoE(-/-) mice, was attenuated by 12-week treatment with daily oral administration of Illicium v. or atorvastatin, and the most potent effect was seen with the herbal tincture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The beneficial effects of Illicium v. are consistent with a significant decrease in the iNOS-mediated inflammatory response, resulting in reduction of inflammation-associated gene expression. Treatment with Illicium v. may be the basis of a novel therapeutic strategy for hyperlipidemia-atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Mibyeong Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Haeng
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Mibyeong Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon-Young
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: Mibyeong Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Nho
authors.affiliation: Mibyeong Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, South Korea. hkkim@kiom.re.kr.
authors.forename: Ho Kyoung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D050197:Atherosclerosis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D029523:Illicium / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D016207:Cytokines; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020011:Protective Agents