title: Evaluation of antiurolithiatic and antioxidant potential of Lepidagathis prostrata: A Pashanbhed plant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress acts as an essential mediator in the pathophysiology of urolithiasis. Lepidagathis prostrata Dalz. (Acanthaceae) is a Pashanbhed plant that is recommended for the management of urolithiasis; however, no scientific validation has been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the antiurolithiatic and antioxidant potential of L. prostrata.
  
  
  METHODS
  Methanol extract (LPM) and fractions; petroleum ether (LPPE), ethyl acetate (LPEA), n-butanol (LPBU) and aqueous (LPAQ) were prepared. In vitro antiurolithiatic activity was evaluated by the capacity to inhibit calcium oxalate (CaOx) nucleation and aggregation at different concentrations of extract/fractions (0.04-3 mg/mL) for 30 min. Total phenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant potential were determined. A validated HPTLC method was performed to quantify lupeol and β-sitosterol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPEA exhibited the highest dose-dependent inhibition of CaOx nucleation (IC50: 336.23 ± 30.79 µg/mL) and aggregation (IC50: 149.63 ± 10.31 µg/mL), which was significantly (p < 0.05) better than standard Cystone®. The polar LPBU fraction was enriched with phenols (47.34 ± 0.19 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (20.38 ± 0.05 mg QE/g), which correlates with its highest antioxidant potential in DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide scavenging and iron chelating activities (IC50: 1.18-87.34 µg/mL). To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the presence of lupeol and β-sitosterol in L. prostrata.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The antiurolithiatic activity of L. prostrata is probably mediated through the inhibition of CaOx crystallization. In addition to its free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities, it would act as an excellent agent for the prevention of urolithiasis.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Manipal University , Manipal , Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: Raviraj Anand
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Devkar
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Manipal University , Manipal , Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: Shilpee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Manipal University , Manipal , Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: Sahithi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adepu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Manipal University , Manipal , Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: Seena Kanniparambil
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Manipal University , Manipal , Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: Kodangala Subraya
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chandrashekar
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Manipal University , Manipal , Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: Manganahalli Manjunath
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Setty
mesh_terms: D027901:Acanthaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000378:metabolism*; D003460:Crystallization; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D064804:Urological Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000094042:Lupanes
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012855:Sitosterols; D064804:Urological Agents; C025473:gamma-sitosterol; C010480:lupeol; D000094042:Lupanes
keywords: HPTLC; aggregation; calcium oxalate; lupeol; nucleation; oxidative stress; β-Sitosterol