title: Reducing audio stimulus presentation latencies across studies, laboratories, and hardware and operating system configurations.
abstract: Using differing computer platforms and audio output devices to deliver audio stimuli often introduces (1) substantial variability across labs and (2) variable time between the intended and actual sound delivery (the sound onset latency). Fast, accurate audio onset latencies are particularly important when audio stimuli need to be delivered precisely as part of studies that depend on accurate timing (e.g., electroencephalographic, event-related potential, or multimodal studies), or in multisite studies in which standardization and strict control over the computer platforms used is not feasible. This research describes the variability introduced by using differing configurations and introduces a novel approach to minimizing audio sound latency and variability. A stimulus presentation and latency assessment approach is presented using E-Prime and Chronos (a new multifunction, USB-based data presentation and collection device). The present approach reliably delivers audio stimuli with low latencies that vary by ≤1 ms, independent of hardware and Windows operating system (OS)/driver combinations. The Chronos audio subsystem adopts a buffering, aborting, querying, and remixing approach to the delivery of audio, to achieve a consistent 1-ms sound onset latency for single-sound delivery, and precise delivery of multiple sounds that achieves standard deviations of 1/10th of a millisecond without the use of advanced scripting. Chronos's sound onset latencies are small, reliable, and consistent across systems. Testing of standard audio delivery devices and configurations highlights the need for careful attention to consistency between labs, experiments, and multiple study sites in their hardware choices, OS selections, and adoption of audio delivery systems designed to sidestep the audio latency variability issue.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Sharpsburg, PA, USA, drdbabjack@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Destiny L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Babjack
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cernicky
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sobotka
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Basler
authors.forename: Devon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Struthers
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kisic
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barone
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Zuccolotto
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D012984:Software