title: Radiofrequency Ablation with an Internally Cooled Monopolar Directional Electrode: Ex Vivo and in Vivo Experimental Studies in the Liver.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility of using an internally cooled directional electrode (ICDE) to create sufficient directional ablation in the desired area and to investigate whether use of the ICDE reduces thermal injury to the adjacent organs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The animal care and use committee approved this animal study. In ex vivo studies of bovine livers and colons, temperature was measured in both ablation and nonablation directions with the ICDE, temperature at the liver-colon interface and the presence of burns on the colon were evaluated with each ICDE and internally cooled conventional electrode (ICCE), and the ablation area with the use of three ICDEs in the switching multichannel mode was evaluated. In an in vivo study of 10 pigs, 11 ablations were performed by using three ICDEs in the switching multichannel mode. In addition, the difference in thermal injury to the gallbladder and stomach was compared between use of the ICDE and the ICCE. Mann-Whitney test and the Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the ex vivo study, the hepatic temperature in the nonablation direction was lower than 50°C; temperature higher than 47°C was maintained for less than 3 minutes, even 0.5 cm away from the ICDE; and the temperature at the liver-colon interface did not increase above 50°C. In the switching multichannel mode, a fused coagulation zone was created. In the in vivo study, confluent ablation was created in the inner circle of three ICDEs with a mean interelectrode distance of less than 2.6 cm. Use of the ICDE did not create a moderate-to-severe gallbladder wall injury in any of the pigs, but use of the ICCE caused injury in three of the five pigs (P > .05). The ICDE caused moderate-to-severe gastric wall injury at one of eight ablations, and the ICCE caused injury at eight of nine ablations (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of an ICDE can create a sufficient ablation in the desired direction and can decrease thermal injury to the adjacent organs.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, KonKuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (M.H.Y.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehangno, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea (J.Y.L., S.H.K., J.K.H., B.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Human Medical Imaging and Intervention Center, Seoul, Korea (S.R.J.); and Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (K.W.K.).
authors.forename: Mi Hye
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, KonKuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (M.H.Y.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehangno, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea (J.Y.L., S.H.K., J.K.H., B.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Human Medical Imaging and Intervention Center, Seoul, Korea (S.R.J.); and Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (K.W.K.).
authors.forename: Jae Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, KonKuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (M.H.Y.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehangno, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea (J.Y.L., S.H.K., J.K.H., B.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Human Medical Imaging and Intervention Center, Seoul, Korea (S.R.J.); and Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (K.W.K.).
authors.forename: Su Ryoung
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, KonKuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (M.H.Y.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehangno, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea (J.Y.L., S.H.K., J.K.H., B.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Human Medical Imaging and Intervention Center, Seoul, Korea (S.R.J.); and Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (K.W.K.).
authors.forename: Kyung Won
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, KonKuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (M.H.Y.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehangno, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea (J.Y.L., S.H.K., J.K.H., B.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Human Medical Imaging and Intervention Center, Seoul, Korea (S.R.J.); and Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (K.W.K.).
authors.forename: Se Hyung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, KonKuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (M.H.Y.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehangno, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea (J.Y.L., S.H.K., J.K.H., B.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Human Medical Imaging and Intervention Center, Seoul, Korea (S.R.J.); and Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (K.W.K.).
authors.forename: Joon Koo
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, KonKuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (M.H.Y.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehangno, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea (J.Y.L., S.H.K., J.K.H., B.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Human Medical Imaging and Intervention Center, Seoul, Korea (S.R.J.); and Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (K.W.K.).
authors.forename: Byung Ihn
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002417:Cattle; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D058958:Organs at Risk; D011846:Radio Waves; D013552:Swine