title: Inhibition of spinal microglia and astrocytes contributes to the anti-allodynic effect of electroacupuncture in neuropathic pain induced by spinal nerve ligation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Besides neurons, activated microglia and astrocytes in the spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH) contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic pain. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been used widely to treat various chronic pain diseases, however, the underlying mechanisms of EA are still not fully understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, including an untreated healthy Control group (n=14), a True-spinal nerve ligation (SNL) group that underwent SNL and remained untreated (n=25), a True-SNL+EA group that underwent SNL followed by EA treatment (n=25), and a Sham-SNL group that underwent sham surgery and remained untreated (n=15). SNL was performed unilaterally at L5 and EA was applied to ST36 and BL60 bilaterally once per day. Paw withdrawal thresholds (PWTs) were measured ipsilaterally at baseline and 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after ligation. Activation of microglia and astrocytes in the SCDH were examined bilaterally by immunofluorescence staining, and concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin (IL-6) were measured in the ipsilateral SCDH by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SNL significantly decreased PWTs and activated glial cells in the superficial laminae of the ipsilateral SCDH. In rats with SNL, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity peaked at 7 days and was maintained until 14 days post-ligation, while anti-integrin alphaM (OX-42) immunoreactivity peaked at 3 days and declined gradually. EA significantly alleviated SNL-induced mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, EA reduced microglial activation (OX-42 positive ratios) in the lumbar SCDH at 3 days post-ligation and suppressed astrocyte activation (GFAP positive ratios) at all time points observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EA stimulation alleviates SNL-induced neuropathic pain, at least in part through inhibition of spinal glial activation. Moreover, inhibition of spinal microglia and astrocyte activation may contribute to the immediate effects and maintenance of EA analgesia, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yujie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Junying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Junfan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jianqiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015671:Electroacupuncture; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008026:Ligation / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6