title: Estimation of habitual iodine intake in Japanese adults using 16 d diet records over four seasons with a newly developed food composition database for iodine.
abstract: Although habitual seaweed consumption in Japan would suggest that iodine intake in Japanese is exceptionally high, intake data from diet records are limited. In the present study, we developed a composition database of iodine and estimated the habitual intake of iodine among Japanese adults. Missing values for iodine content in the existing composition table were imputed based on established criteria. 16 d diet records (4 d over four seasons) from adults (120 women aged 30-69 years and 120 men aged 30-76 years) living in Japan were collected, and iodine intake was estimated. Habitual intake was estimated with the Best-power method. Totally, 995 food items were imputed. The distribution of iodine intake in 24 h was highly skewed, and approximately 55 % of 24 h values were < 300 μg/d. The median iodine intake in 24 h was 229 μg/d for women and 273 μg/d for men. All subjects consumed iodine-rich foods (kelp or soup stock) on one or more days of the sixteen survey days. The mean (median) habitual iodine intake was 1414 (857) μg/d for women and 1572 (1031) μg/d for men. Older participants had higher intake than younger participants. The major contributors to iodine intake were kelp (60 %) and soup stock (30 %). Habitual iodine intake among Japanese was sufficient or higher than the tolerable upper intake level, particularly in older generations. The association between high iodine intake as that observed in the present study and thyroid disease requires further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology,Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo,7-3-1 Hongo,Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-0033,Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Katagiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology,School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo,Tokyo,Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asakura
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology,Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo,7-3-1 Hongo,Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-0033,Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Health Science, Matsumoto University,Nagano,Japan.
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition,Tottori College,Tottori,Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Notsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences,Faculty of Health Promotional Sciences, Tokoha University,Shizuoka,Japan.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Hygiene,School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus,Okinawa,Japan.
authors.forename: Hidemi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Todoriki
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Statistics, Osaka City University Medical School,Osaka,Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition,School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo,Hyogo,Japan.
authors.forename: Chigusa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Date
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007564:Japan; D044423:Kelp; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012621:Seasons; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D007455:Iodine
keywords: Dietary intake; Food composition tables; Iodine; Japanese