title: Vanillic Acid Inhibits Inflammatory Pain by Inhibiting Neutrophil Recruitment, Oxidative Stress, Cytokine Production, and NFκB Activation in Mice.
abstract: Vanillic acid (1) is a flavoring agent found in edible plants and fruits. It is an oxidized form of vanillin. Phenolic compounds form a substantial part of plant foods used as antioxidants with beneficial biological activities. These compounds have received considerable attention because of their role in preventing human diseases. Especially, 1 presents antibacterial, antimicrobial, and chemopreventive effects. However, the mechanisms by which 1 exerts its anti-inflammatory effects in vivo are incompletely understood. Thus, the effect of 1 was evaluated in murine models of inflammatory pain. Treatment with 1 inhibited the overt pain-like behavior induced by acetic acid, phenyl-p-benzoquinone, the second phase of the formalin test, and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Treatment with 1 also inhibited carrageenan- and CFA-induced mechanical hyperalgesia, paw edema, myeloperoxidase activity, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of 1 involved the inhibition of oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and NFκB activation in the carrageenan model. The present study demonstrated 1 presents analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in a wide range of murine inflammation models, and its mechanisms of action involves antioxidant effects and NFκB-related inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina , 86057970 Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cássia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Calixto-Campos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina , 86057970 Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thacyana T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina , 86057970 Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Miriam S N
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hohmann
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina , 86057970 Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Felipe A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Pinho-Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina , 86057970 Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fattori
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina , 86057970 Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marília F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Manchope
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina , 86057970 Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Zarpelon
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina , 86039440 Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcela M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Baracat
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina , 86039440 Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sandra R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Georgetti
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina , 86039440 Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rubia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casagrande
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina , 86057970 Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Waldiceu A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Verri
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000737:chemistry; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000009:adverse effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant / Q000494:pharmacology; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects*; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000187:drug effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014641:Vanillic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001547:Benzaldehydes; D016227:Benzoquinones; D016207:Cytokines; D016328:NF-kappa B; C029322:phenylbenzoquinone; D002351:Carrageenan; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; C100058:vanillin; D014641:Vanillic Acid