title: Dose-Independent ADME Properties and Tentative Identification of Metabolites of α-Mangostin from Garcinia mangostana in Mice by Automated Microsampling and UPLC-MS/MS Methods.
abstract: The information about a marker compound's pharmacokinetics in herbal products including the characteristics of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) is closely related to the efficacy/toxicity. Also dose range and administration route are critical factors to determine the ADME profiles. Since the supply of a sufficient amount of a marker compound in in vivo study is still difficult, pharmacokinetic investigations which overcome the limit of blood collection in mice are desirable. Thus, we have attempted to investigate concurrently the ADME and proposed metabolite identification of α-mangostin, a major constituent of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L, in mice with a wide dose range using an in vitro as well as in vivo automated micro-sampling system together. α-mangostin showed dose-proportional pharmacokinetics at intravenous doses of 5-20 mg/kg and oral doses of 10-100 mg/kg. The gastrointestinal absorption of α-mangostin was poor and the distribution of α-mangostin was relatively high in the liver, intestine, kidney, fat, and lung. α-mangostin was extensively metabolized in the liver and intestine. With regards to the formation of metabolites, the glucuronidated, bis-glucuronidated, dehydrogenated, hydrogenated, oxidized, and methylated α-mangostins were tentatively identified. We suggest that these dose-independent pharmacokinetic characteristics of α-mangostin in mice provide an important basis for preclinical applications of α-mangostin as well as mangosteen. In addition, these experimental methods can be applied to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of natural products in mice.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and BK21 PLUS R-FIND Team, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 410-820, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Yon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and BK21 PLUS R-FIND Team, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 410-820, South Korea.
authors.forename: Byoung Hoon
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Discovery Research Center, C&C Research Laboratories, 2066 Seobu-lo, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yu Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and BK21 PLUS R-FIND Team, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 410-820, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Won
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and BK21 PLUS R-FIND Team, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 410-820, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D029762:Garcinia mangostana / Q000737:chemistry*; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D008297:Male; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D044004:Xanthones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D044004:Xanthones; C021053:mangostin