title: Heart Fat Infiltration In Subjects With and Without Coronary Artery Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fat may accumulate around the heart in epicardial adipose tissue or inside the heart as lipid droplets (LDs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare myocardial steatosis between subjects with and without coronary artery disease (CAD and non-CAD) and to identify which cells contain LDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Body mass index, waist circumference, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment index, leptin, adiponectin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were evaluated in CAD and non-CAD subjects. Biopsies were collected from right atrial myocardium. Immunohistochemistry for perilipin (PLIN) 1 and 2 was used to characterize LDs and their localization in adipocytes or myocardial cells, respectively. Cardiomyocytes apoptosis and hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha were obtained in a subgroup of subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study took place in a hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male subjects consecutively undergoing elective cardiac surgery either for coronary bypass grafting (CAD, n = 23) or for valve replacement (non-CAD, n = 18).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was designed to compare myocardial steatosis between subjects with and without coronary artery disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PLIN1 and PLIN2 resulted significantly higher in CAD than in non-CAD subjects, as did apoptosis. PLIN1 was positively associated with circulating leptin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and apoptosis, and negatively with adiponectin. PLIN2 was positively associated with body mass index, waist circumference, and leptin and negatively with adiponectin. After taking into account the absence/presence of hypertension, diabetes, and CAD/non-CAD, adiponectin was negatively associated with PLIN1 (r(2) = 0.532); waist circumference and adiponectin were associated with PLIN2 (r(2) = 0.399).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Myocardial steatosis is greater in CAD than non-CAD subjects, depending on both metabolically active adipocytes interspersed among cardiomyocytes and higher fat deposition inside cardiomyocytes; serum adiponectin and waist circumference are independent predictors of myocardial steatosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazzali
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fantin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zoico
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sepe
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bambace
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faccioli
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pedrotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Corzato
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Vanni
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rizzatti
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Faggian
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Micciolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Saverio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cinti
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zamboni
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010496:Pericardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000070778:Perilipin-1; D000070780:Perilipin-2; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D020738:Leptin; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C000602978:PLIN1 protein, human; C000602982:PLIN2 protein, human; D000070778:Perilipin-1; D000070780:Perilipin-2; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D002097:C-Reactive Protein