title: Coping styles in substance use disorder (SUD) patients with and without co-occurring attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with a substance use disorder (SUD) and co-occurring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often start using substances in an attempt to cope with the stress related to their ADHD or ASD. To improve treatment for these patient groups, it is important to identify and compare the various coping styles between SUD patients with and without ADHD or ASD and with subjects from a general population sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study using the Utrecht Coping List (UCL) in 50 SUD patients, 41 SUD + ADHD patients, 31 SUD + ASD patients and 1,200 railway employees.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the reference group, all three SUD groups showed a significant higher mean on the Palliative reaction, Avoidance, and Passive reaction subscales of the UCL. The scores for all UCL subscales of the SUD and the SUD + ADHD groups were very similar. However, the SUD + ASD group scored higher on Passive reaction and lower on Reassuring thoughts than the SUD and the SUD + ADHD groups and lower on Expression of emotions subscale in comparison with the SUD + ADHD group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regardless of the presence of a co-occurring disorder, SUD patients reported more palliative, avoidant and passive coping when confronted than people in the general population. In addition, SUD patients with co-occurring ASD were different from other SUD patients in their coping and professionals should take this into account when working on more adaptive coping strategies with these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of residency training MANP mental health, Dimence, P.O. Box 5003, 7400 GC, Deventer, The Netherlands. l.kronenberg@dimencegroep.nl.|Dimence Group, Center for Mental Health Care, Expertise Centre Developmental Disorders, Deventer, The Netherlands. l.kronenberg@dimencegroep.nl.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Kronenberg
authors.affiliation: Dimence Group, Center for Mental Health Care, Expertise Centre Bipolar Disorders, Deventer, The Netherlands. p.goossens@dimence.nl.|Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ healthcare, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. p.goossens@dimence.nl.|Department of Public Health, University Centre for Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. p.goossens@dimence.nl.|GGZ-VS, Institute for Education of Clinical Nurse Specialist in Mental Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands. p.goossens@dimence.nl.
authors.forename: Peter J J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Goossens
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. J.T.van.busschbach@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Jooske
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Busschbach
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ healthcare, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. theo.vanachterberg@med.kuleuven.be.|Centre for Health Services and Nursing Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. theo.vanachterberg@med.kuleuven.be.|Department of Public health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. theo.vanachterberg@med.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Achterberg
authors.affiliation: Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. w.vandenbrink@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van den Brink
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult