title: Sugar-sweetened beverage intake and cardiovascular risk factor profile in youth with type 1 diabetes: application of measurement error methodology in the SEARCH Nutrition Ancillary Study.
abstract: The SEARCH Nutrition Ancillary Study aims to investigate the role of dietary intake on the development of long-term complications of type 1 diabetes in youth, and capitalise on measurement error (ME) adjustment methodology. Using the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method for episodically consumed foods, we evaluated the relationship between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and cardiovascular risk factor profile, with the application of ME adjustment methodology. The calibration sample included 166 youth with two FFQ and three 24 h dietary recall data within 1 month. The full sample included 2286 youth with type 1 diabetes. SSB intake was significantly associated with higher TAG, total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, after adjusting for energy, age, diabetes duration, race/ethnicity, sex and education. The estimated effect size was larger (model coefficients increased approximately 3-fold) after the application of the NCI method than without adjustment for ME. Compared with individuals consuming one serving of SSB every 2 weeks, those who consumed one serving of SSB every 2 d had 3.7 mg/dl (0.04 mmol/l) higher TAG concentrations and 4.0 mg/dl (0.10 mmol/l) higher total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, after adjusting for ME and covariates. SSB intake was not associated with measures of adiposity and blood pressure. Our findings suggest that SSB intake is significantly related to increased lipid levels in youth with type 1 diabetes, and that estimates of the effect size of SSB on lipid levels are severely attenuated in the presence of ME. Future studies in youth with diabetes should consider a design that will allow for the adjustment for ME when studying the influence of diet on health status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina,915 Greene Street,Columbia,SC29208,USA.
authors.forename: Angela D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Liese
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina,Chapel Hill,NC,USA.
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Crandell
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistical Sciences,Wake Forest School of Medicine,Winston-Salem,NC,USA.
authors.forename: Janet A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tooze
authors.affiliation: Biometry, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute,Rockville,MD,USA.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kipnis
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention,Wake Forest School of Medicine,Winston-Salem,NC,USA.
authors.forename: Ronny
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences,University of Cincinnati Medical Center,Cincinnati,OH,USA.
authors.forename: Sarah C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Couch
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology,Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Denver,Aurora,CO,USA.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dabelea
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology,Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Denver,Aurora,CO,USA.
authors.forename: Tessa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Crume
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition and Medicine,University of North Carolina,Chapel Hill,NC,USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mayer-Davis
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D001628:Beverages; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys / Q000379:methods; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054547:National Cancer Institute (U.S.); D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; FFQ validation; Reliability; Youth