title: Metabolomic profiling for the identification of novel diagnostic markers in prostate cancer.
abstract: Metabolomic profiling offers a powerful methodology for understanding the perturbations of biochemical systems occurring during a disease process. During neoplastic transformation, prostate cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to satisfy the demands of growth and proliferation. An early event in prostate cell transformation is the loss of capacity to accumulate zinc. This change is associated with a higher energy efficiency and increased lipid biosynthesis for cellular proliferation, membrane formation and cell signaling. Moreover, recent studies have shown that sarcosine, an N-methyl derivative of glycine, was significantly increased during disease progression from normal to localized to metastatic prostate cancer. Mapping the metabolomic profiles to their respective biochemical pathways showed an upregulation of androgen-induced protein synthesis, an increased amino acid metabolism and a perturbation of nitrogen breakdown pathways, along with high total choline-containing compounds and phosphocholine levels. In this review, the role of emerging biomarkers is summarized, based on the current understanding of the prostate cancer metabolome.
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lucarelli
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rutigliano
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Galleggiante
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giglio
authors.forename: Silvano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palazzo
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simone
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bettocchi
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ditonno
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: androgen receptor; biomarker; metabolomics; prostate cancer; sarcosine