title: Self-etching zinc-doped adhesives improve the potential of caries-affected dentin to be functionally remineralized.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate if mechanical cycling influences bioactivity at the resin-carious dentin interface after bonding with Zn-doped self-etching adhesives. Caries-affected dentin surfaces were bonded with: Clearfil SE bond (SEB), and 10 wt. % ZnO nanoparticles or 2 wt. % ZnCl2 were added into the SEB primer or bonding components. Bonded interfaces were stored during 24 h and then tested or submitted to mechanical loading. Microtensile bond strength was assessed. Debonded dentin surfaces were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Remineralization of the bonded interfaces was evaluated through nanohardness (Hi) and Young's modulus (Ei), Raman spectroscopy/cluster analysis, and Masson's trichrome staining technique. New precipitation of minerals composed of zinc-base salts and multiple Zn-rich phosphate deposits was observed in samples infiltrated with the Zn-doped adhesives. At the hybrid layer, specimens treated with ZnO incorporated in the primer (SEB·P-ZnO), after load cycling, attained the highest Ei and Hi. Load cycling increased Ei at the bottom of the hybrid layer when both, SEB undoped and SEB with ZnCl2 included in the bonding (SEB·Bd-ZnCl2), were used. ZnO incorporated in the primer promoted an increase in height of the phosphate and carbonate peaks, crystallinity, relative mineral concentration, and lower collagen crosslinking. ZnCl2 included in the bonding attained similar results, but relative mineral concentration decreased, associated to higher crosslinking and restricted collagen maturation. In general, a substantial restoration of the mechanical properties of caries-affected dentin substrata occurred when SEB-Zn doped adhesives were used and load cycled was applied, leading to functional and biochemical remineralization.
authors.affiliation: Dental Materials Section, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Colegio Máximo de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toledano
authors.affiliation: Dental Materials Section, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Colegio Máximo de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Fátima S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Aguilera
authors.affiliation: Dental Materials Section, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Colegio Máximo de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Estrella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Osorio
authors.affiliation: Dental Materials Section, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Colegio Máximo de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cabello
authors.affiliation: Dental Materials Section, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Colegio Máximo de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toledano-Osorio
authors.affiliation: Dental Materials Section, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Colegio Máximo de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Osorio
mesh_terms: D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000628:therapy*; D003804:Dentin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008963:Molar; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000378:metabolism; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000378:metabolism*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013718:Tensile Strength; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C438313:Clearfil SE Bond; D019279:Resin Cements; D015032:Zinc