title: Effectiveness of a spontaneous carvacrol nanoemulsion against Salmonella enterica Enteritidis and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on contaminated broccoli and radish seeds.
abstract: The incidence of foodborne illness associated with the consumption of fresh produce has continued to increase over the past decade. Sprouts, such as mung bean, alfalfa, radish, and broccoli, are minimally processed and have been sources for foodborne illness. Currently, a 20,000 ppm calcium hypochlorite soak is recommended for the treatment of sprouting seeds. In this study, the efficacy of an antimicrobial carvacrol nanoemulsion was tested against Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis (ATCC BAA-1045) or EGFP expressing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ATCC 42895) contaminated sprouting seeds. Antimicrobial treatments were performed by soaking inoculated seeds in nanoemulsions (4000 or 8000 ppm) for 30 or 60 min. Following treatment, surviving cells were determined by performing plate counts and/or Most Probable Number (MPN) enumeration. Treated seeds were sprouted and tested for the presence of pathogens. Treatment successfully inactivated low levels (2 and 3 log CFU/g) of S. Enteritidis and E. coli on radish seeds when soaked for 60 min at concentrations ≥4000 (0.4%) ppm carvacrol. This treatment method was not affective on contaminated broccoli seeds. Total sprout yield was not influenced by any treatments. These results show that carvacrol nanoemulsions may be an alternative treatment method for contaminated radish seeds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. Electronic address: kslandry@foodsci.umass.edu.
authors.forename: Kyle S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Landry
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Food Science, Framingham State University, Framingham, MA 01701, USA. Electronic address: smicheli@framingham.edu.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Micheli
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. Electronic address: mcclements@foodsci.umass.edu.
authors.forename: David Julian
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McClements
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. Electronic address: lm@foodsci.umass.edu.
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McLandsborough
mesh_terms: D001937:Brassica / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D000081007:Cymenes; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000187:drug effects*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D054118:Nanospheres; D031224:Raphanus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis / Q000187:drug effects*; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000081007:Cymenes; D004655:Emulsions; D039821:Monoterpenes; C073316:carvacrol
keywords: Carvacrol; Escherichia coli; Essential oils; Salmonella; Spontaneous emulsion; Sprouts