title: Solid lipid nanoparticles as oral delivery systems of phenolic compounds: Overcoming pharmacokinetic limitations for nutraceutical applications.
abstract: Drug delivery systems, accompanied by nanoparticle technology, have recently emerged as prominent solutions to improve the pharmacokinetic properties, namely bioavailability, of therapeutic and nutraceutical agents. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have received much attention from researchers due to their potential to protect or improve drug properties. SLNs have been reported to be an alternative system to traditional carriers, such as emulsions, liposomes, and polymeric nanoparticles. Phenolic compounds are widespread in plant-derived foodstuffs and therefore abundant in our diet. Over the last decades, phenolic compounds have received considerable attention due to several health promoting properties, mostly related to their antioxidant activity, which can have important implications for health. However, most of these compounds have been associated with poor bioavailability being poorly absorbed, rapidly metabolized and eliminated, which compromises its biological and pharmacological benefits. This paper provides a systematic review of the use of SLNs as oral delivery systems of phenolic compounds, in order to overcome pharmacokinetic limitations of these compounds and improved nutraceutical potential. In vitro studies, as well as works describing topical and oral treatments will be revisited and discussed. The classification, synthesis, and clinical application of these nanomaterials will be also considered in this review article.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics , Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: b CBQF, Biotechnology School , Portuguese Catholic University , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Raquel
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Madureira
authors.affiliation: b CBQF, Biotechnology School , Portuguese Catholic University , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Débora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: c i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto , Portugal.|d INEB, Institute of Biomedical Engineering , NewTherapies Group, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.|e CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde , Gandra , Portugal.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarmento
authors.affiliation: b CBQF, Biotechnology School , Portuguese Catholic University , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: b CBQF, Biotechnology School , Portuguese Catholic University , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pintado
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics , Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.|f Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI) Research Consortium, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.
authors.forename: Flávio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reis
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D010636:Phenols
keywords: Solid lipid nanoparticles; bioavailability; nutraceutical potential; oral absorption; pharmacokinetics; phenolic compounds