title: Cannabidiol induces expression of human cytochrome P450 1A1 that is possibly mediated through aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling in HepG2 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We herein investigated the inducibility of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) by Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol, three major phytocannabinoids, using human hepatoma HepG2 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of CYP1A1 and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was measured by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and/or Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol and CBD concentration-dependently induced the expression of CYP1A1 mRNA, whereas cannabinol showed little or no induction. Among the phytocannabinoids tested, CBD was the most potent inducer of CYP1A1 expression. The induction of CYP1A1 expression by CBD was significantly attenuated by the knockdown of AhR expression with AhR small interfering RNAs. The role of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) in the CBD-mediated induction of CYP1A1 was then examined using herbimycin A, a PTK inhibitor. The upregulation of CYP1A1 by CBD was significantly suppressed by herbimycin A as was the induction by omeprazole but not 3-methylcholanthrene. The inducibility of CYP1A1 by CBD-related compounds was examined to clarify the structural requirements for CBD-mediated CYP1A1 induction. Olivetol, which corresponds to the pentylresorcinol moiety of CBD, significantly induced the expression of CYP1A1, whereas d-limonene, CBD-2'-monomethyl ether, and CBD-2',6'-dimethyl ether did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results showed that CBD may have induced human CYP1A1 expression through the activation of PTK-dependent AhR signaling, in which two phenolic hydroxyl groups in the pentylresorcinol moiety of CBD may play structurally important roles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Shinshu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamaori
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3, Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kinugasa
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3, Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan.
authors.forename: Rongrong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Organization for Frontier Research in Preventive Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3, Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuso
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygienic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 1714-1 Yoshino-machi, Nobeoka 882-8508, Japan.
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3, Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan; Organization for Frontier Research in Preventive Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3, Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan. Electronic address: k-watanabe@hokuriku-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuhito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D002185:Cannabidiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D002185:Cannabidiol; C569463:CYP1A1 protein, human; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
keywords: AhR; CYP1A1; Cannabidiol; Induction; Marijuana; Protein tyrosine kinase