title: A rational approach to selecting and ranking some pharmaceuticals of concern for the aquatic environment and their relative importance compared with other chemicals.
abstract: Aquatic organisms can be exposed to thousands of chemicals discharged by the human population. Many of these chemicals are considered disruptive to aquatic wildlife, and the literature on the impacts of these chemicals grows daily. However, because time and resources are not infinite, research must focus on the chemicals that represent the greatest threat. One group of chemicals of increasing concern is pharmaceuticals, for which the primary challenge is to identify which represent the greatest threat. In the present study, a list of 12 pharmaceuticals was compiled based on scoring the prevalence of different compounds from previous prioritization reviews. These included rankings based on prescription data, environmental concentrations, predicted environmental concentration/predicted no-effect concentration (PEC/PNEC) ratios, persistency/bioaccumulation/(eco)toxicity (PBT), and fish plasma model approaches. The most frequently cited were diclofenac, paracetamol, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, naproxen, atenolol, ethinyl estradiol, aspirin, fluoxetine, propranolol, metoprolol, and sulfamethoxazole. For each pharmaceutical, literature on effect concentrations was compiled and compared with river concentrations in the United Kingdom. The pharmaceuticals were ranked by degree of difference between the median effect and median river concentrations. Ethinyl estradiol was ranked as the highest concern, followed by fluoxetine, propranolol, and paracetamol. The relative risk of these pharmaceuticals was compared with those of metals and some persistent organic pollutants. Pharmaceuticals appear to be less of a threat to aquatic organisms than some metals (Cu, Al, Zn) and triclosan, using this ranking approach.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Donnachie
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sumpter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals / Q000633:toxicity; D008954:Models, Biological; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D013045:Species Specificity; D014260:Triclosan / Q000633:toxicity; D006113:United Kingdom; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014260:Triclosan; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane
keywords: Chemicals; Environment; Identification; Pharmaceuticals; Risk