title: Accurate and representative decoding of the neural drive to muscles in humans with multi-channel intramuscular thin-film electrodes.
abstract: Intramuscular electrodes developed over the past 80 years can record the concurrent activity of only a few motor units active during a muscle contraction. We designed, produced and tested a novel multi-channel intramuscular wire electrode that allows in vivo concurrent recordings of a substantially greater number of motor units than with conventional methods. The electrode has been extensively tested in deep and superficial human muscles. The performed tests indicate the applicability of the proposed technology in a variety of conditions. The electrode represents an important novel technology that opens new avenues in the study of the neural control of muscles in humans. We describe the design, fabrication and testing of a novel multi-channel thin-film electrode for detection of the output of motoneurones in vivo and in humans, through muscle signals. The structure includes a linear array of 16 detection sites that can sample intramuscular electromyographic activity from the entire muscle cross-section. The structure was tested in two superficial muscles (the abductor digiti minimi (ADM) and the tibialis anterior (TA)) and a deep muscle (the genioglossus (GG)) during contractions at various forces. Moreover, surface electromyogram (EMG) signals were concurrently detected from the TA muscle with a grid of 64 electrodes. Surface and intramuscular signals were decomposed into the constituent motor unit (MU) action potential trains. With the intramuscular electrode, up to 31 MUs were identified from the ADM muscle during an isometric contraction at 15% of the maximal force (MVC) and 50 MUs were identified for a 30% MVC contraction of TA. The new electrode detects different sources from a surface EMG system, as only one MU spike train was found to be common in the decomposition of the intramuscular and surface signals acquired from the TA. The system also allowed access to the GG muscle, which cannot be analysed with surface EMG, with successful identification of MU activity. With respect to classic detection systems, the presented thin-film structure enables recording from large populations of active MUs of deep and superficial muscles and thus can provide a faithful representation of the neural drive sent to a muscle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering, Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology Göttingen, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muceli
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Engineering and Neuroprosthetics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, 66386, St Ingbert, Germany.
authors.forename: Wigand
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Poppendieck
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering, Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology Göttingen, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Negro
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Department, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5160, USA.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Engineering and Neuroprosthetics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, 66386, St Ingbert, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick and University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick and University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.
authors.forename: Simon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gandevia
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering, Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology Göttingen, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004566:Electrodes; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009132:Muscles / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*