title: Targeted leukodystrophy diagnosis based on charges and yields for testing.
abstract: Inherited leukodystrophies are a group of neurological disorders with significant morbidity and mortality. Children and their families can experience lengthy diagnostic odysseys; however, there is no data on the charges related to testing for diagnosis in leukodystrophy patients, compared to approaches using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Our objective was to determine charges related to the determination of diagnosis, and overall yield of diagnostic testing, for leukodystrophy patients. We determined and quantified all inpatient and outpatient lab testing, including brain MRIs, obtained for the purpose of diagnosis, in a retrospective population cohort of children with inherited leukodystrophies. Each patient had average charges of $8,231 (range $543-26,437) for diagnostic testing. Overall charges related to diagnosis for the entire cohort was $526,794. A final etiological diagnosis was determined in 34% of patients. In those in whom a specific diagnosis was determined, average time to diagnosis was 1.4 years. If NGS on the entire cohort had been performed instead, charges would have been ∼$359,600 (at $5,800/patient). Alternatively, a two-tier approach consisting of first, biochemical testing (serum very-long chain fatty acids and leukocyte lysosomal enzyme testing), and then with NGS for remaining undiagnosed patients, would have resulted in total cohort charges of $361,309. We have determined the charges directly associated with diagnostic testing in a population cohort of children with leukodystrophy. We conclude that appropriately incorporating NGS into diagnostic algorithms could lower charges; reduce time to diagnosis; and reduce amount of testing.
authors.affiliation: University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Jackson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.affiliation: Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: E Kent
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Korgenski
authors.affiliation: Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Taft
authors.affiliation: Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Adeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vanderver
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Joshua L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bonkowsky
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003710:Demography; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007966:Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male
keywords: charges; diagnostic odyssey; leukodystrophy; testing