title: Custom-made titanium devices as membranes for bone augmentation in implant treatment: Modeling accuracy of titanium products constructed with selective laser melting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to verify the modeling accuracy of various products, and to produce custom-made devices for bone augmentation in individual patients requiring implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-(2D) and three-dimensional (3D) specimens and custom-made devices that were designed as membranes for guided bone regeneration (GBR) were produced using a computer-aided design (CAD) and rapid prototyping (RP) method. The CAD design was produced using a 3D printing machine and selective laser melting (SLM) with pure titanium (Ti) powder. The modeling accuracy was evaluated with regard to: the dimensional accuracy of the 2D and 3D specimens; the accuracy of pore structure of the 2D specimens; the accuracy of porosity of the 3D specimens; and the error between CAD design and the scanned real product by overlapped images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The accuracy of the 2D and 3D specimens indicated precise results in various parameters, which were tolerant in ISO 2768-1. The error of overlapped images between the CAD and scanned data indicated that accuracy was sufficient for GBR. In integrating area of all devices, the maximum and average error were 292 and 139 μm, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High modeling accuracy can be achieved in various products using the CAD/RP-SLM method. These results suggest the possibility of clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Section of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Naruto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Otawa
authors.affiliation: Section of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. Electronic address: tomoki94530@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tomoki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sumida
authors.affiliation: Osaka Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd., 4-4-28, Zuiko, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 533-0005, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitagaki
authors.affiliation: Sagawa Printing Co. Ltd., 6-3, Inui, Morimoto, Hyuga-City, Kyoto 617-8588, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Shunsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujibayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takemoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Section of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Section of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200, Matsumotocho, Kasugai-City, Aichi 487-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomiharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsushita
mesh_terms: D017076:Computer-Aided Design / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium
keywords: Computer aided design; Guided bone regeneration; Modeling accuracy; Rapid prototyping; Selective laser melting; Titanium