title: Electro-peroxone treatment of the antidepressant venlafaxine: Operational parameters and mechanism.
abstract: Degradation of the antidepressant venlafaxine by a novel electrocatalytic ozonation process, electro-peroxone (E-peroxone), was studied. The E-peroxone treatment involves sparging ozone generator effluent (O2 and O3 gas mixture) into an electrolysis reactor that is equipped with a carbon-polytetrafluoroethylene cathode to electrocatalytically transform O2 in the bubbled gas to H2O2. The in-situ generate H2O2 then reacts with the bubbled O3 to yield OH, which can non-selectively degrade organic compounds rapidly in the solution. Thanks to the significant OH production, the E-peroxone treatment greatly enhanced both venlafaxine degradation and total organic carbon (TOC) removal as compared to ozonation and electrolysis alone. Under optimal reaction conditions, complete venlafaxine degradation and TOC elimination could be achieved within 3 and 120 min of E-peroxone process, respectively. Based on the by-products (e.g., hydroxylated venlafaxine, phenolics, and carboxylic acids) identified by UPLC-UV and UPLC/Q-TOF-mass spectrometry, plausible reaction pathways were proposed for venlafaxine mineralization by the E-peroxone process. The results of this study suggest that the E-peroxone treatment may provide a promising way to treat venlafaxine contaminated water.
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Yujue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Huijiao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Shubo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. Electronic address: yg-den@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D004572:Electrolysis; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000737:chemistry; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry*; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D010126:Ozone; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: Electrocatalysis; Hydrogen peroxide; Hydroxyl radical; Pharmaceutical; Venlafaxine