title: Symptoms of acute myocardial infarction: A correlational study of the discrepancy between patients' expectations and experiences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients' responses to acute myocardial infarction symptoms are affected by symptom incongruence, which is the difference between the symptoms they expect to experience and the symptoms they actually experienced during an acute myocardial infarction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship of patients' demographics, clinical characteristics and sources of information about acute myocardial infarction with their symptom expectations, actual experiences and symptom incongruence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive correlational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were recruited from ten hospitals in the two most populated cities in Jordan (Amman and Al Zarqa).
  
  
  METHODS
  Jordanian patients with acute myocardial infarction were recruited. Inclusion criteria were age 18 years or older, diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, oriented, mentally competent and fluent in Arabic. Exclusion criteria were experiencing acute myocardial infarction during a hospitalization or having severe psychiatric illnesses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Morgan Incongruence of Heart Attack Symptoms Index was used to quantify symptom incongruence and identify patients' expected and experienced acute myocardial infarction symptoms. Patients' information sources about acute myocardial infarction and demographic and clinical characteristics were collected by interview and medical chart review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients (N=299) were mostly males (80%) and married (92%). The average age was 56±12.3 years. Patients expected a limited number of acute myocardial infarction symptoms and these expectations were largely confined to typical symptoms and matched their experiences. Patients who were female, elderly, nonsmokers, poorly educated, with low income, and those who were normolipidemic, had no personal or family cardiac history, and were informed about acute myocardial infarction by relatives expected fewer symptoms (mostly typical and atypical) than their counterparts. Elderly patients and those with hyperlipidemia experienced fewer typical symptoms than their counterparts. Patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction or previous myocardial infarction experienced more symptoms than their counterparts, yet only the former had more typical complaints. Characteristics that improved patients' awareness of AMI symptoms were mostly similar to those that decreased symptom incongruence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients' expected and experienced acute myocardial infarction symptoms and symptom incongruence varied according to their demographic and clinical characteristics. Information sources that patients used to learn about acute myocardial infarction may contribute to symptom incongruence.
authors.affiliation: Hashemite University College of Nursing, Zarqa, Jordan. Electronic address: maabed2@g.uky.edu.
authors.forename: Mona A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abed
authors.affiliation: Albalqa Applied University College of Nursing, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Raeda M Abu
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Motaz M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Abu Ras
authors.affiliation: Hashemite University College of Nursing, Zarqa, Jordan.
authors.forename: Faten O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Hamdallah
authors.affiliation: The University of Jordan College of Nursing, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Amani A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky College of Nursing, KY, USA; University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Debra K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Moser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Acute myocardial infarction; Information resources; Prehospital delay; Symptoms