title: Associations between particulate matter composition and childhood blood pressure--The PIAMA study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Childhood blood pressure is an important predictor of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Evidence for an association between ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure and blood pressure is increasing, but little is known about the relevance of different PM constituents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the association between particulate matter composition and blood pressure at age 12 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Annual average concentrations of copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc in particles with diameters of less than 2.5μm (PM2.5) and 10μm (PM10) were estimated by land-use regression modeling for the home addresses of the participants of the prospective PIAMA birth cohort study. Associations between element concentrations and blood pressure measurements performed at age 12 years were investigated by linear regression with and without adjustment for confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for potential confounders we found statistically significant positive associations of diastolic blood pressure with iron, silicon, and potassium in PM10 in children who lived at the same address since birth [mean difference (95% confidence interval) 0.67 (0.02;1.31) mmHg, 0.85 (0.18;1.52) mmHg, and 0.75 (0.09;1.41) mmHg, respectively, per interquartile range increase in exposure]. Also, we found marginally significant (p<0.1) positive associations between iron and silicon in PM2.5 and diastolic blood pressure. Part of the observed effects was found to be attributable to NO2, a marker of exhaust traffic emissions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to particulate matter constituents, in particular iron may increase blood pressure in children. The possible association with iron may indicate the health relevance of non-exhaust emissions of traffic.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Natalya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bilenko
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brunekreef
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beelen
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marloes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eeftens
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: de Hoogh
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoek
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, P.O. Box P 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerard H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Koppelman
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lenie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Rossem
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: u.gehring@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gehring
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: Air pollution; Birth cohort; Cardiovascular; Elemental composition; Epidemiology