title: Innovation of natural essential oil-loaded Orabase for local treatment of oral candidiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oral candidiasis may be manifested in the oral cavity as either mild or severe oral fungal infection. This infection results from the overgrowth of Candida species normally existing in the oral cavity in minute amounts based on many predisposing factors. Several aspects have spurred the search for new strategies in the treatment of oral candidiasis, among which are the limited numbers of new antifungal drugs developed in recent years. Previous studies have shown that thyme and clove oils have antimycotic activities and have suggested their incorporation into pharmaceutical preparations. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of the incorporation and characterization of essential oils or their extracted active ingredients in Orabase formulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orabase loaded with clove oil, thyme oil, eugenol, and thymol were prepared and evaluated for their antifungal activities, pH, viscosity, erosion and water uptake characteristics, mechanical properties, in vitro release behavior, and ex vivo mucoadhesion properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All prepared bases showed considerable antifungal activity and acceptable physical characteristics. The release pattern from loaded bases was considerably slow for all oils and active ingredients. All bases showed appreciable adhesion in the in vitro and ex vivo studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incorporation of essential oils in Orabase could help in future drug delivery design, with promising outcomes on patients' well-being.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Gihan S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Labib
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hibah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aldawsari
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D045783:Clove Oil / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005054:Eugenol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D012995:Solubility; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D013943:Thymol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D046930:Thymus Plant; D014783:Viscosity; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D045783:Clove Oil; D004337:Drug Carriers; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D014867:Water; D013943:Thymol; D005054:Eugenol; C056627:Orabase; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium
keywords: antifungal activity; clove oil; eugenol; mucoadhesion; oral gel; thyme oil; thymol