title: Optical Issues in Measuring Strabismus.
abstract: Potential errors and complications during examination and treatment of strabismic patients can be reduced by recognition of certain optical issues. This articles reviews basic as well as guiding principles of prism optics and optics of the eye to equip the reader with the necessary know-how to avoid pitfalls that are commonly encountered when using prisms to measure ocular deviations (e.g., during cover testing), and when observing the corneal light reflex to estimate ocular deviations (e.g., during Hirschberg or Krimsky testing in patients who do not allow for cover testing using prisms).
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ophthalmic Instrument Development, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; Clinical Investigation Center - CIC 1423 INSERM, Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Irsch
mesh_terms: D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology; D003315:Cornea / Q000503:physiopathology; D005139:Eyeglasses; D006801:Humans; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000503:physiopathology; D013285:Strabismus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Angle kappa; Prentice position; Prentice's rule; angle lambda; frontal plane position; minimum deviation position; prism diopters