title: Do Sex and Violence Sell? A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effects of Sexual and Violent Media and Ad Content on Memory, Attitudes, and Buying Intentions.
abstract: It is commonly assumed that sex and violence sell. However, we predicted that sex and violence would have the opposite effect. We based our predictions on the evolution and emotional arousal theoretical framework, which states that people are evolutionarily predisposed to attend to emotionally arousing cues such as sex and violence. Thus, sexual and violent cues demand more cognitive resources than nonsexual and nonviolent cues. Using this framework, we meta-analyzed the effects of sexual media, violent media, sexual ads, and violent ads on the advertising outcomes of brand memory, brand attitudes, and buying intentions. The meta-analysis included 53 experiments involving 8,489 participants. Analyses found that brands advertised in violent media content were remembered less often, evaluated less favorably, and less likely to be purchased than brands advertised in nonviolent, nonsexual media. Brands advertised using sexual ads were evaluated less favorably than brands advertised using nonviolent, nonsexual ads. There were no significant effects of sexual media on memory or buying intentions. There were no significant effects of sexual or violent ads on memory or buying intentions. As intensity of sexual ad content increased, memory, attitudes, and buying intentions decreased. When media content and ad content were congruent (e.g., violent ad in a violent program), memory improved and buying intentions increased. Violence and sex never helped and often hurt ad effectiveness. These results support the evolution and emotional arousal framework. Thus, advertisers should consider the effects of media content, ad content, content intensity, and congruity to design and place more effective ads.
authors.affiliation: School of Communication, The Ohio State University.
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lull
authors.affiliation: School of Communication, The Ohio State University.
authors.forename: Brad J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Bushman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001290:Attitude; D003146:Communications Media; D003463:Cues; D000067088:Direct-to-Consumer Advertising; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D019529:Sexuality / Q000523:psychology*; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*