title: The ontogeny of human point following in dogs: When younger dogs outperform older.
abstract: We investigated puppies' responsiveness to hand points differing in salience. Experiment 1 compared performance of younger (8 weeks old) and older (12 weeks) shelter pups in following pointing gestures. We hypothesized that older puppies would show better performance. Both groups followed the easy and moderate but not the difficult pointing cues. Surprisingly, the younger pups outperformed the older ones in following the moderate and difficult points. Investigation of subjects' backgrounds revealed that significantly more younger pups had experience living in human homes than did the older pups. Thus, we conducted a second experiment to isolate the variable experience. We collected additional data from older pet pups living in human homes on the same three point types and compared their performance with the shelter pups from Experiment 1. The pups living in homes accurately followed all three pointing cues. When comparing both experienced groups, the older pet pups outperformed the younger shelter ones, as predicted. When comparing the two same-age groups differing in background experience, the pups living in homes outperformed the shelter pups. A significant correlation between experience with humans and success in following less salient cues was found. The importance of ontogenetic learning in puppies' responsiveness to certain human social cues is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia sobre Comportamento, Cognição e Ensino (INCT-ECCE), Caixa Postal 676, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: isabela.zaine@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Isabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zaine
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia sobre Comportamento, Cognição e Ensino (INCT-ECCE), Caixa Postal 676, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: camila@ufscar.br.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Domeniconi
authors.affiliation: Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, PO Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA. Electronic address: cwynne1@asu.edu.
authors.forename: Clive D L
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wynne
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D032882:Comprehension; D003463:Cues; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005868:Gestures; D001841:Human-Animal Bond; D007858:Learning
keywords: Age; Ontogenetic learning; Puppies; Social cues