title: Using Virtual Reality and Videogames for Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation: A Structured Literature Review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews the available literature about the use of novel methods of rehabilitation using virtual reality interventions for people living with posttraumatic brain injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library databases were searched using the terms "virtual reality" OR "video games" AND "traumatic brain injury." Included studies investigated therapeutic use of virtual reality in adults with a brain trauma resulting from acquired closed head injury, reported outcomes that included measures of motor or cognitive functionality, and were published in a peer-reviewed journal written in English.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen articles fulfilled inclusion criteria. Eight were case studies, five studies had a quasi-experimental design with a pre-post comparison, and five were pilot randomized control trials or comparative studies. The virtual reality systems used were commercial or custom designed for the study and ranged from expensive, fully immersive systems to cheap online games or videogames. In before-after comparisons, improvements in balance were seen in four case studies and two small randomized control trials. Between-group comparisons in these randomized control trials showed no difference between virtual reality and traditional therapy. Post-training improvements were also seen for upper extremity functions (five small studies) and for various cognitive function measures (four case studies and one pilot randomized control trial). Attitudes of participants toward virtual reality interventions was more positive than for traditional therapy (three studies).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence that the use of virtual reality in rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury improves motor and cognitive functionality is currently very limited. However, this approach has the potential to provide alternative, possibly more affordable and available rehabilitation therapy for traumatic brain injury in settings where access to therapy is limited by geographical or financial constraints.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Australian Military and Veterans' Health, School of Population Health, The University of Queensland , Herston, Queensland, Australia .
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pietrzak
authors.affiliation: Centre for Australian Military and Veterans' Health, School of Population Health, The University of Queensland , Herston, Queensland, Australia .
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pullman
authors.affiliation: Centre for Australian Military and Veterans' Health, School of Population Health, The University of Queensland , Herston, Queensland, Australia .
authors.forename: Annabel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McGuire