title: Observing Anti-inflammatory and Anti-nociceptive Activities of Glycyrrhizin Through Regulating COX-2 and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Expressions in Mice.
abstract: The present study aimed to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of glycyrrhizin (GL) in mice and to explore the possible related mechanisms. Xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability test were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory activities of GL in mice. Anti-nociceptive effects of GL were assessed by using acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate test and formalin test, as well as evaluation of spontaneous locomotor activity and motor performance. The mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-6 and iNOS) and the protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were explored by using real-time fluorogenic PCR and Western blot, respectively. The results showed that GL significantly reduced xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and acetic acid-induced vascular permeation. Additionally, GL significantly inhibited the nociceptions induced by acetic acid and formalin. However, the nociceptions could not be decreased by GL in the hot plate test, and GL did not affect spontaneous locomotor activity and motor performance. The expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2 were significantly downregulated by GL. In conclusion, GL exerts significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities by attenuating the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Xiang
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Animal Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
authors.forename: Guang-Jiang
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China. Yujq910315@163.com.|Ningxia Hui Medicine Modern Engineering Research Center and Collaborative Innovation Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China. Yujq910315@163.com.
authors.forename: Jian-Qiang
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002351:Carrageenan; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005557:Formaldehyde; D019695:Glycyrrhizic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D059226:Nociceptive Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014992:Xylenes
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D014992:Xylenes; D005557:Formaldehyde; D019695:Glycyrrhizic Acid; D002351:Carrageenan; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D019342:Acetic Acid; D007213:Indomethacin
keywords: anti-inflammatory activity; anti-nociceptive activity; cyclooxygenase-2; glycyrrhizin; pro-inflammatory cytokines