title: Using the concept of ideal cardiovascular health to measure population health: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article describes the recent literature from January 2014 to March 2015 examining the cardiovascular health of populations using the concept of ideal cardiovascular health with a particular focus on cardiovascular health in different countries and the association with subclinical markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relatively new concept of ideal cardiovascular health, based on the presence of seven healthy behaviours and factors including nonsmoking, active physical activity, healthy diet, low body mass index, low blood pressure, glucose, and cholesterol, can be used to assess a population's health status and develop an understanding of how cardiovascular health is associated with biological disease processes and clinical outcomes such as CVD incidence and mortality. Recent studies have adapted the American Heart Association definition of ideal cardiovascular health to fit the available data in different countries and have shown that the prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health is low in populations worldwide, including North America, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Recent studies have also uncovered strong associations between ideal cardiovascular health metrics and subclinical markers for CVD such as coronary artery calcification, carotid intima-media thickness, and pulse wave velocity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A number of studies have demonstrated the low prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health in several countries and a strong relationship with subclinical CVD and biomarkers. The association with subclinical markers for CVD provides some evidence of the intermediary biological pathways through which ideal cardiovascular health results in a lower incidence of CVD and highlights the importance of improving cardiovascular health metrics in the general population.
authors.affiliation: aInstitute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences bSchulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre cUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Maclagan
authors.forename: Jack V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Tu
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D015438:Health Behavior; D006304:Health Status; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D020380:Needs Assessment; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*