title: Imposed Work of Breathing for Flow Meters with In-Line versus Flow-Through Technique during Simulated Neonatal Breathing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability to determine airflow during nasal CPAP (NCPAP) treatment without adding dead space or resistance would be useful when investigating the physiologic effects of different NCPAP systems on breathing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on pressure stability of different flow measuring devices at the in-line and flow-through position, using simulated neonatal breathing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six different flow measure devices were evaluated by recording pressure changes and imposed work of breathing for breaths with 16 and 32 ml tidal volumes. The tests were performed initially with the devices in an in line position and with 5 and 10 L/min using flow through technique, without CPAP. The flow meters were then subsequently tested with an Infant Flow CPAP system at 3, 5 and 8 cm H2O pressure using flow through technique. The quality of the recorded signals was compared graphically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resistance of the measuring devices generated pressure swings and imposed work of breathing. With bias flow, the resistance also generated CPAP pressure. Three of the devices had low resistance and generated no changes in pressure stability or CPAP pressure. The two devices intended for neonatal use had the highest measured resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The importance of pressure stability and increased work of breathing during non-invasive respiratory support are insufficiently studied. Clinical trials using flow-through technique have not focused on pressure stability. Our results indicate that a flow-through technique might be a way forward in obtaining a sufficiently high signal quality without the added effects of rebreathing and increased work of breathing. The results should stimulate further research and the development of equipment for dynamic flow measurements in neonates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Snorri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Donaldsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Östersund Hospital, Östersund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Baldvin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Anaesthesiology, Östersund Hospital, Östersund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Drevhammar
mesh_terms: D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D013990:Tidal Volume; D014939:Work of Breathing