title: Combination of Superficial and Deep Blocks with Rivaroxaban.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rivaroxaban is a new Xa inhibitor indicated for thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing joint arthroplasty. This study was designed to assess the risk of major bleeding from the combination of either a single or a continuous deep, superficial, and plexus block and the use of rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis following joint arthroplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing either primary, redo, unilateral, or bilateral total hip or knee replacement while receiving a femoral, sciatic, lumbar plexus nerve block alone or in combination and receiving at least one dose of rivaroxaban 10 mg once a day for thromboprophylaxis postoperatively were included in this analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this series, 766 patients (199 total hip replacements and 567 total knee replacements) were included. A total of 1,104 blocks were performed including 1,029 continuous blocks (509 femoral, 320 sciatic, and 200 lumbar plexus). No major bleeding related to the performance of peripheral nerve blocks was recorded. In contrast, three patients developed hematomas in the operated knee requiring a surgical evacuation. Minor bleeding was recorded at the surgical site in 12 patients vs 10 patients at the site of the block. Although all minor bleeding at the surgical site occurred after the initiation of the rivaroxaban therapy, 80% of minor bleeding at the site of the block was recorded before the initiation of thromboprophylaxis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data supports the concept that there is no increased risk of major bleeding when deep and superficial blocks are performed in combination in patients receiving thromboprophylaxis rivaroxaban following joint arthroplasty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC).
authors.forename: Jacques E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Chelly
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC).
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Metais
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC).
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.affiliation: UPMC Presbyterian-Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luke
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC).
authors.forename: Darrin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Taormina
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019643:Arthroplasty, Replacement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015984:Causality; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D000069552:Rivaroxaban / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D000069552:Rivaroxaban
keywords: Anticoagulants; Joint Arthroplasty; Peripheral Nerve Blocks; Rivaroxaban; Thromboprophylaxis