title: Normal Skeletal Maturation and Imaging Pitfalls in the Pediatric Shoulder.
abstract: A growing number of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies of the shoulder are being performed as a result of greater and earlier participation of children and adolescents in competitive sports such as softball and baseball. However, scant information is available regarding the MR imaging features of the normal sequential development of the shoulder. The authors discuss the radiographic and MR imaging appearances of the normal musculoskeletal maturation patterns of the shoulder, with emphasis on (a) development of secondary ossification centers of the glenoid (including the subcoracoid and peripheral glenoid ossification centers); (b) development of preossification and secondary ossification centers of the humeral head and the variable appearance and number of the secondary ossification centers of the distal acromion, with emphasis on the formation of the os acromiale; (c) development of the growth plates, glenoid bone plates, glenoid bare area, and proximal humeral metaphyseal stripe; and (d) marrow signal alterations in the distal humerus, acromion, and clavicle. In addition, the authors discuss various imaging interpretation pitfalls inherent to the normal skeletal maturation of the shoulder, examining clues that may help distinguish normal development from true disease (eg, osteochondral lesions, labral tears, abscesses, fractures, infection, tendon disease, acromioclavicular widening, and os acromiale). Familiarity with the timing, location, and appearance of maturation patterns in the pediatric shoulder is crucial for correct image interpretation.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Jacobi Medical Center, 1400 Pelham Parkway S, Bldg 1, Room 4N69, Bronx, NY 10461 (J.S.Z.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (Z.S.R.); New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.K.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.K.); and Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.).
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Zember
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Jacobi Medical Center, 1400 Pelham Parkway S, Bldg 1, Room 4N69, Bronx, NY 10461 (J.S.Z.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (Z.S.R.); New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.K.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.K.); and Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.).
authors.forename: Zehava S
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Jacobi Medical Center, 1400 Pelham Parkway S, Bldg 1, Room 4N69, Bronx, NY 10461 (J.S.Z.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (Z.S.R.); New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.K.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.K.); and Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.).
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kwong
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Jacobi Medical Center, 1400 Pelham Parkway S, Bldg 1, Room 4N69, Bronx, NY 10461 (J.S.Z.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (Z.S.R.); New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.K.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.K.); and Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.).
authors.forename: Shefali P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kothary
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Jacobi Medical Center, 1400 Pelham Parkway S, Bldg 1, Room 4N69, Bronx, NY 10461 (J.S.Z.); Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (Z.S.R.); New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.K.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.K.); and Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.).
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bedoya
mesh_terms: D000173:Acromioclavicular Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012540:Scapula / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods