title: Fungicides affect Japanese beetle Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) egg hatch, larval survival and detoxification enzymes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Larvae of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), have a patchy distribution in soils, which complicates detection and management of this insect pest. Managed turf systems are frequently under pest pressure from fungal pathogens, necessitating frequent fungicide applications. It is possible that certain turfgrass fungicides may have lethal or sublethal adverse effects on eggs and larvae of P. japonica that inhabit managed turf systems. In this study, eggs and first-, second- and third-instar larvae were treated with the fungicides chlorothalonil and propiconazole, and survival was compared with that of untreated controls as well as positive controls treated with the insecticide trichlorfon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chlorothalonil reduced survival of first-instar larvae treated directly and hatched from treated eggs. Propiconazole delayed egg hatch, reduced the proportion of eggs that successfully hatched and reduced survival of first-instar larvae treated directly and hatched from treated eggs. Sublethal doses of the fungicides lowered the activities of certain detoxification enzymes in third-instar grubs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fungicide applications to turfgrass that coincide with oviposition and egg hatch of white grubs may have sublethal effects. This work is applicable both to high-maintenance turfgrass such as golf courses, where applications of pesticides are more frequent, and to home lawn services, where mixtures of multiple pesticides are commonly used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.|Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Glen R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Obear
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Adekunle W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Adesanya
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Liesch
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: R Chris
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Held
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic / Q000187:drug effects; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity*; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014230:Triazoles / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D019476:Insect Proteins; D009570:Nitriles; D014230:Triazoles; C045950:propiconazole; C005806:tetrachloroisophthalonitrile
keywords: P450; carboxylesterase; glutathione S-transferase; pesticides; white grubs