title: Bladder reconstruction: The past, present and future.
abstract: Ileal conduit urinary diversion is the gold standard treatment for urinary tract reconstruction following cystectomy. This procedure uses gastrointestinal segments for bladder augmentation, a technique that is often associated with significant complications. The substantial progression in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine over the previous two decades has resulted in the development of techniques that may lead to the construction of functionalde novourinary bladder substitutes. The present review identifies and discusses the complications associated with current treatment options post-cystectomy. The current techniques, achievements and perspectives of the use of biomaterials and stem cells in the field of urinary bladder reconstruction are also reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK.
authors.forename: Omar M S
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: El-Taji
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, St. Helen's & Knowsley NHS Teaching Hospitals, University of Liverpool, Prescot L35 5DR, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Altaf Q
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Khattak
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Syed A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hussain
keywords: bladder; reconstruction; regenerative medicine; tissue engineering; urology