title: Vitamin D Associations With Renal, Bone, and Cardiovascular Phenotypes: African American-Diabetes Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D binding protein (DBP) is an important determinant of bioavailable vitamin D (BAVD) and may provide clues to racial variation in osteoporosis and atherosclerosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to assess relationships between DBP, BAVD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), and 1,25 di-hydroxyvitamin D (1,25OH2D) with kidney, bone, adipose, and atherosclerosis phenotypes in African Americans with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional (N = 545) and longitudinal (N = 288; mean 5.1 ± 0.9-year follow-up) relationships between vitamin D concentrations with renal phenotypes, vertebral bone mineral density, aorto-iliac, coronary artery, and carotid artery calcified plaque (CP), and adipose tissue volumes were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  African American-Diabetes Heart Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 56.7% female with mean ± standard deviation (sd) age 55.6 ± 9.6 years, diabetes duration 10.3 ± 8.2 years, and eGFR 90.9 ± 22.1 ml/min/1.73 m(2).
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Associations tested between vitamin D and the previously mentioned phenotypes adjusting for age, sex, African ancestry proportion, diabetes duration, statins, smoking, changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate, body mass index, hemoglobin A1c, and blood pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1,25OH2D was inversely associated with change in coronary artery CP (parameter estimate [β] -0.005, standard error [SE] 0.002; P = .037), with a trend for change in carotid artery CP (β -0.007, SE 0.004; P = .074). Further adjustment for renin-aldosterone-system blockade revealed inverse association between 1,25OH2D and change in albuminuria (β -0.004, SE 0.002; P = .037). DBP, BAVD, and 25OHD did not associate significantly with changes in albuminuria, CP, or bone mineral density. BAVD was inversely associated with visceral, subcutaneous, intermuscular, and pericardial adipose volumes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to BAVD and 25OHD, only 1,25OH2D levels were significantly and inversely associated with changes in subclinical atherosclerosis and albuminuria in African Americans, suggesting potential beneficial effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology (B.I.F.), Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research (B.I.F., J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., J.X., D.W.B.), Center for Diabetes Research (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., L.E.W., J.X.), Center for Public Health Genomics (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., D.W.B.), Division of Public Health Sciences-Department of Biostatistical Sciences (J.D., G.B.R., L.E.W.), Department of Biochemistry (N.D.P., S.C.S., J.X.), and Department of Pathology (T.C.R.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and Department of Radiology (J.J.C.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240.
authors.forename: Barry I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology (B.I.F.), Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research (B.I.F., J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., J.X., D.W.B.), Center for Diabetes Research (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., L.E.W., J.X.), Center for Public Health Genomics (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., D.W.B.), Division of Public Health Sciences-Department of Biostatistical Sciences (J.D., G.B.R., L.E.W.), Department of Biochemistry (N.D.P., S.C.S., J.X.), and Department of Pathology (T.C.R.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and Department of Radiology (J.J.C.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240.
authors.forename: Jasmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Divers
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology (B.I.F.), Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research (B.I.F., J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., J.X., D.W.B.), Center for Diabetes Research (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., L.E.W., J.X.), Center for Public Health Genomics (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., D.W.B.), Division of Public Health Sciences-Department of Biostatistical Sciences (J.D., G.B.R., L.E.W.), Department of Biochemistry (N.D.P., S.C.S., J.X.), and Department of Pathology (T.C.R.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and Department of Radiology (J.J.C.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240.
authors.forename: Gregory B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology (B.I.F.), Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research (B.I.F., J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., J.X., D.W.B.), Center for Diabetes Research (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., L.E.W., J.X.), Center for Public Health Genomics (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., D.W.B.), Division of Public Health Sciences-Department of Biostatistical Sciences (J.D., G.B.R., L.E.W.), Department of Biochemistry (N.D.P., S.C.S., J.X.), and Department of Pathology (T.C.R.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and Department of Radiology (J.J.C.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240.
authors.forename: Nicholette D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology (B.I.F.), Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research (B.I.F., J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., J.X., D.W.B.), Center for Diabetes Research (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., L.E.W., J.X.), Center for Public Health Genomics (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., D.W.B.), Division of Public Health Sciences-Department of Biostatistical Sciences (J.D., G.B.R., L.E.W.), Department of Biochemistry (N.D.P., S.C.S., J.X.), and Department of Pathology (T.C.R.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and Department of Radiology (J.J.C.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240.
authors.forename: Lynne E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Wagenknecht
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology (B.I.F.), Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research (B.I.F., J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., J.X., D.W.B.), Center for Diabetes Research (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., L.E.W., J.X.), Center for Public Health Genomics (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., D.W.B.), Division of Public Health Sciences-Department of Biostatistical Sciences (J.D., G.B.R., L.E.W.), Department of Biochemistry (N.D.P., S.C.S., J.X.), and Department of Pathology (T.C.R.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and Department of Radiology (J.J.C.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240.
authors.forename: S Carrie
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology (B.I.F.), Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research (B.I.F., J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., J.X., D.W.B.), Center for Diabetes Research (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., L.E.W., J.X.), Center for Public Health Genomics (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., D.W.B.), Division of Public Health Sciences-Department of Biostatistical Sciences (J.D., G.B.R., L.E.W.), Department of Biochemistry (N.D.P., S.C.S., J.X.), and Department of Pathology (T.C.R.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and Department of Radiology (J.J.C.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240.
authors.forename: Jianzhao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology (B.I.F.), Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research (B.I.F., J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., J.X., D.W.B.), Center for Diabetes Research (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., L.E.W., J.X.), Center for Public Health Genomics (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., D.W.B.), Division of Public Health Sciences-Department of Biostatistical Sciences (J.D., G.B.R., L.E.W.), Department of Biochemistry (N.D.P., S.C.S., J.X.), and Department of Pathology (T.C.R.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and Department of Radiology (J.J.C.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240.
authors.forename: J Jeffrey
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology (B.I.F.), Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research (B.I.F., J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., J.X., D.W.B.), Center for Diabetes Research (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., L.E.W., J.X.), Center for Public Health Genomics (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., D.W.B.), Division of Public Health Sciences-Department of Biostatistical Sciences (J.D., G.B.R., L.E.W.), Department of Biochemistry (N.D.P., S.C.S., J.X.), and Department of Pathology (T.C.R.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and Department of Radiology (J.J.C.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240.
authors.forename: Donald W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology (B.I.F.), Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research (B.I.F., J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., J.X., D.W.B.), Center for Diabetes Research (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., L.E.W., J.X.), Center for Public Health Genomics (B.I.F. J.D., G.B.R., N.D.P., D.W.B.), Division of Public Health Sciences-Department of Biostatistical Sciences (J.D., G.B.R., L.E.W.), Department of Biochemistry (N.D.P., S.C.S., J.X.), and Department of Pathology (T.C.R.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and Department of Radiology (J.J.C.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240.
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Register
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood*; D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein; D014807:Vitamin D; C097949:1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D