title: Shear stress regulates endothelial cell autophagy via redox regulation and Sirt1 expression.
abstract: Disturbed cell autophagy is found in various cardiovascular disease conditions. Biomechanical stimuli induced by laminar blood flow have important protective actions against the development of various vascular diseases. However, the impacts and underlying mechanisms of shear stress on the autophagic process in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are not entirely understood. Here we investigated the impacts of shear stress on autophagy in human vascular ECs. We found that shear stress induced by laminar flow, but not that by oscillatory or low-magnitude flow, promoted autophagy. Time-course analysis and flow cessation experiments confirmed that this effect was not a transient adaptive stress response but appeared to be a sustained physiological action. Flow had no effect on the mammalian target of rapamycin-ULK pathway, whereas it significantly upregulated Sirt1 expression. Inhibition of Sirt1 blunted shear stress-induced autophagy. Overexpression of wild-type Sirt1, but not the deacetylase-dead mutant, was sufficient to induce autophagy in ECs. Using both of gain- and loss-of-function experiments, we showed that Sirt1-dependent activation of FoxO1 was critical in mediating shear stress-induced autophagy. Shear stress also induced deacetylation of Atg5 and Atg7. Moreover, shear stress-induced Sirt1 expression and autophagy were redox dependent, whereas Sirt1 might act as a redox-sensitive transducer mediating reactive oxygen species-elicited autophagy. Functionally, we demonstrated that flow-conditioned cells are more resistant to oxidant-induced cell injury, and this cytoprotective effect was abolished after inhibition of autophagy. In summary, these results suggest that Sirt1-mediated autophagy in ECs may be a novel mechanism by which laminar flow produces its vascular-protective actions.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: S-X
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: J-J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: G-S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D001343:Autophagy / Q000235:genetics*; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5; D000071193:Autophagy-Related Protein 7; D000071189:Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D018056:Hemorheology; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular / Q000235:genetics*; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D056564:Sirtuin 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D044764:Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C502778:ATG5 protein, human; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5; C085126:FOXO1 protein, human; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D008156:Luciferases; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D000071189:Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; C484754:ULK1 protein, human; C447939:SIRT1 protein, human; D056564:Sirtuin 1; C509349:ATG7 protein, human; D000071193:Autophagy-Related Protein 7; D044764:Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes