title: Application of 3D Printing Technology in Increasing the Diagnostic Performance of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Infectious Diseases.
abstract: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)-based diagnosis is the mainstay for measuring antibody response in infectious diseases and to support pathogen identification of potential use in infectious disease outbreaks and clinical care of individual patients. The development of laboratory diagnostics using readily available 3D printing technologies provides a timely opportunity for further expansion of this technology into immunodetection systems. Utilizing available 3D printing platforms, a '3D well' was designed and developed to have an increased surface area compared to those of 96-well plates. The ease and rapidity of the development of the 3D well prototype provided an opportunity for its rapid validation through the diagnostic performance of ELISA in infectious disease without modifying current laboratory practices for ELISA. The improved sensitivity of the 3D well of up to 2.25-fold higher compared to the 96-well ELISA provides a potential for the expansion of this technology towards miniaturization and Lab-On-a-Chip platforms to reduce time, volume of reagents and samples needed for such assays in the laboratory diagnosis of infectious and other diseases including applications in other disciplines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 6-6 Asahigaoka, Hino, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan. singhha3@gmail.com.|Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan. singhha3@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Harpal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan. shimoji-@nih.go.jp.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimojima
authors.affiliation: Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 6-6 Asahigaoka, Hino, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan. tom7032@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiratori
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Ngo Quyen St., Hue 47000, Vietnam. levanan.hump@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Le Van
authors.initials: le V
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Ngo Quyen St., Hue 47000, Vietnam. bmsasugatmu@gmail.com.|Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan. bmsasugatmu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugamata
authors.affiliation: Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 6-6 Asahigaoka, Hino, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan. yang@tmu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G
keywords: 3D printing; ELISA; infectious diseases; rapid diagnostics