title: Not all hours are equal: could time be a social determinant of health?
abstract: Time can be thought of as a resource that people need for good health. Healthy behaviour, accessing health services, working, resting and caring all require time. Like other resources, time is socially shaped, but its relevance to health and health inequality is yet to be established. Drawing from sociology and political economy, we set out the theoretical basis for two measures of time relevant to contemporary, market-based societies. We measure amount of time spent on care and work (paid and unpaid) and the intensity of time, which refers to rushing, effort and speed. Using data from wave 9 (N = 9177) of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia Survey we found that time poverty (> 80 h per week on care and work) and often or always rushing are barriers to physical activity and rushing is associated with poorer self-rated and mental health. Exploring their social patterning, we find that time-poor people have higher incomes and more time control. In contrast, rushing is linked to being a woman, lone parenthood, disability, lack of control and work-family conflicts. We supply a methodology to support quantitative investigations of time, and our findings underline time's dimensionality, social distribution and potential to influence health.
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Australia.
authors.forename: Lyndall
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Strazdins
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Australia.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Australia.
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Korda
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Australia.
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Broom
authors.affiliation: School of Management and Governance, Murdoch University, Australia and School of Economics, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paolucci
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D064890:Social Determinants of Health; D066269:Social Theory; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: gender inequalities; mental health; physical activity; social determinants of health; time poverty; time pressure; work and family