title: Towards host-directed therapies for tuberculosis.
abstract: The treatment of tuberculosis is based on combinations of drugs that directly target Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A new global initiative is now focusing on a complementary approach of developing adjunct host-directed therapies.
authors.affiliation: 1] Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. [2] Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Alimuddin
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authors.lastname: Zumla
authors.affiliation: Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Markus
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authors.lastname: Maeurer
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Jeremiah
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authors.lastname: Chakaya
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), and DZIF German Centre for Infection Research, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
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authors.lastname: Hoelscher
authors.affiliation: Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo and Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Francine
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authors.lastname: Ntoumi
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Roxana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rustomjee
authors.affiliation: Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i PujolEdifici Laboratoris de Recerca Can Ruti Campus, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
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authors.lastname: Vilaplana
authors.affiliation: Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yeboah-Manu
authors.affiliation: Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
authors.forename: Voahangy
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authors.lastname: Rasolof
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.
authors.forename: Paula
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authors.lastname: Munderi
authors.affiliation: Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and King DinuZulu Hospital, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Nalini
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authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aklillu
authors.affiliation: Centre for AIDS Prevention Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), SAMRC CAPRISA HIV -TB pathogenesis and treatment research unit, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Nesri
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authors.lastname: Padayatchi
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.
authors.forename: Eusebio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Macete
authors.affiliation: UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Nathan
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authors.lastname: Kapata
authors.affiliation: Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia.
authors.forename: Modest
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authors.lastname: Mulenga
authors.affiliation: Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute (KCRI), Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Gibson
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authors.lastname: Kibiki
authors.affiliation: Muhimbili Medical Research Centre National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Sayoki
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authors.lastname: Mfinanga
authors.affiliation: European Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP), Cape Town, South Africa; not officially a partner of this consortium but participated in the HDT-NET Cape Town launch.
authors.forename: Thomas
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authors.lastname: Nyirenda
authors.affiliation: Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Leonard
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authors.lastname: Maboko
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.
authors.forename: Alberto
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authors.lastname: Garcia-Basteiro
authors.affiliation: Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
authors.forename: Niaina
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authors.lastname: Rakotosamimanana
authors.affiliation: UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.affiliation: UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Peter
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authors.lastname: Mwaba
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reither
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sebastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gagneux
authors.affiliation: Ethics and Governance, NIHR BRC at University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Elirehema
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mfinanga
authors.affiliation: Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Salim
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authors.lastname: Abdulla
authors.affiliation: Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i PujolEdifici Laboratoris de Recerca Can Ruti Campus, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Pere-Joan
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cardona
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Connaught Hospital, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone.
authors.forename: James B W
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Vanya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gant
authors.affiliation: 1] Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. [2] Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mahdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noursadeghi
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Medicine department, Southampton University, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
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authors.lastname: Elkington
authors.affiliation: Epicentre, IRD, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Maryline
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authors.lastname: Bonnet
authors.affiliation: ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global health, Barcelona, Spain. Immunology Unit-Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie, Le Dantec.
authors.forename: Clara
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authors.lastname: Menendez
authors.affiliation: Hospital, Laboratories of the National Blood Transfusion Center, Senegal.
authors.forename: Tandakha N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Dieye
authors.affiliation: SEREFO (HIV/TB Research and Training CenteHIV/TB Research and Training Center, FMOS, University of STT, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Bassirou
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authors.lastname: Diarra
authors.affiliation: SEREFO (HIV/TB Research and Training CenteHIV/TB Research and Training Center, FMOS, University of STT, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Almoustapha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maiga
authors.affiliation: Armaeur Hansen Resrach Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aseffa
authors.affiliation: Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Shreemanta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parida
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wejse
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Eskild
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authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.
authors.forename: Pontiano
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authors.lastname: Kaleebu
authors.affiliation: Results UK, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Matt
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authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, City University London, City University, London, UK.
authors.forename: Gill
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Tumena
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authors.lastname: Corrah
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council, Banjul, Gambia.
authors.forename: Leopold
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authors.lastname: Tientcheu
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council, Banjul, Gambia.
authors.forename: Martin
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authors.lastname: Antonio
authors.affiliation: Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: McHugh
authors.affiliation: Centre of Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Aziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ippolito
authors.affiliation: HIV prevention Research Unit, MRC, Durban South Africa.
authors.forename: Gita
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authors.lastname: Ramjee
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan H E
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.affiliation: Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Churchyard
authors.affiliation: KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis &HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, K-RITH Tower Building, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Andrie
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authors.lastname: Steyn
authors.affiliation: Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martin
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authors.lastname: Grobusch
authors.affiliation: Right to care, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ian
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authors.lastname: Sanne
authors.affiliation: Public Health research Unit, Soweto, South Africa.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of KwaZulu Natal, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and King DinuZulu Hospital, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Rajhmun
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Madansein
authors.affiliation: Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa and Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory, London, UK.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Bongani
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authors.affiliation: Critical Path to TB Drug Regimens, Critical Path Institute, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Marco
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authors.lastname: Schito
authors.affiliation: Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
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mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015195:Drug Design; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents