title: Low Earth orbit assessment of proton anisotropy using AP8 and AP9 trapped proton models.
abstract: The completion of the International Space Station (ISS) in 2011 has provided the space research community with an ideal evaluation and testing facility for future long duration human activities in space. Ionized and secondary neutral particles radiation measurements inside ISS form the ideal tool for validation of radiation environmental models, nuclear reaction cross sections and transport codes. Studies using thermo-luminescent detectors (TLD), tissue equivalent proportional counter (TPEC), and computer aided design (CAD) models of early ISS configurations confirmed that, as input, computational dosimetry at low Earth orbit (LEO) requires an environmental model with directional (anisotropic) capability to properly describe the exposure of trapped protons within ISS. At LEO, ISS encounters exposure from trapped electrons, protons and geomagnetically attenuated galactic cosmic rays (GCR). For short duration studies at LEO, one can ignore trapped electrons and ever present GCR exposure contributions during quiet times. However, within the trapped proton field, a challenge arises from properly estimating the amount of proton exposure acquired. There exist a number of models to define the intensity of trapped particles. Among the established trapped models are the historic AE8/AP8, dating back to the 1980s and the recently released AE9/AP9/SPM. Since at LEO electrons have minimal exposure contribution to ISS, this work ignores the AE8 and AE9 components of the models and couples a measurement derived anisotropic trapped proton formalism to omnidirectional output from the AP8 and AP9 models, allowing the assessment of the differences between the two proton models. The assessment is done at a target point within the ISS-11A configuration (circa 2003) crew quarter (CQ) of Russian Zvezda service module (SM), during its ascending and descending nodes passes through the south Atlantic anomaly (SAA). The anisotropic formalism incorporates the contributions of proton narrow pitch angle (PA) and east-west (EW) effects. Within SAA, the EW anisotropy results in different level of exposure to each side of the ISS Zvezda SM, allowing angular evaluation of the anisotropic proton spectrum. While the combined magnitude of PA and EW effects at LEO depends on a multitude of factors such as trapped proton energy, orientation and altitude of the spacecraft along the velocity vector, this paper draws quantitative conclusions on the combined anisotropic magnitude differences within ISS SM target point between AP8 and AP9 models.
authors.affiliation: Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA. Electronic address: francis.f.badavi@nasa.gov.
authors.forename: Francis F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Badavi
authors.affiliation: Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsey M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Santos Koos
mesh_terms: D016880:Anisotropy; D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D004583:Electrons; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011522:Protons; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011874:Radiometry; D019445:Solar Activity; D013026:Space Flight
chemical_list: D011522:Protons
keywords: Anisotropy; International space station; Proton radiation belt; South Atlantic anomaly