title: Ancient Wheat Diet Delays Diabetes Development in a Type 2 Diabetes Animal Model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main objective was to investigate the physiological effects of ancient wheat whole grain flour diets on the development and progression of type 2 diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, and specifically to look at the acute glycemic responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  An intervention study was conducted, involving 40 ZDF rats consuming one of 5 different diets (emmer, einkorn, spelt, rye and refined wheat) for 9 weeks. Refined wheat flour and whole grain rye flour were included as negative and positive controls, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 9 weeks of intervention, a downregulation of the hepatic genes PPAR-α, GLUT2, and SREBP-1c was observed in the emmer group compared to the control wheat group. Likewise, expression of hepatic SREBP-2 was lower for emmer, einkorn, and rye compared with the control group. Furthermore, spelt and rye induced a low acute glycemic response. The wheat group had higher HDL- and total cholesterol levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ancient wheat diets caused a downregulation of key regulatory genes involved in glucose and fat metabolism, equivalent to a prevention or delay of diabetes development. Spelt and rye induced a low acute glycemic response compared to wheat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne Cathrine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Thorup
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gregersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Per Bendix
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Jeppesen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004435:Eating; D038321:Glycemic Index; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014908:Triticum
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D008055:Lipids