title: Evaluation of an Alternative Intravenous N-Acetylcysteine Regimen in Pediatric Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conventionally, intravenous N-acetylcysteine (IV-NAC) administration is a 3-bag regimen administered over the course of 21 hours, which increases the risk of reconstitution and administration errors. To minimize errors, an alternative IV-NAC regimen consists of a loading dose (150 mg/kg) followed by a maintenance infusion (15 mg/kg/hr) until termination criteria are met. The aim was to determine the clinical outcomes of an alternative IV-NAC regimen in pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of pharmacy dispensing records and diagnostic codes at a pediatric hospital identified patients who received alternative IV-NAC dosing from March 1, 2008, to September 10, 2012, for acetaminophen overdoses. Exclusion criteria included chronic liver disease, initiation of oral or other IV-NAC regimens, and initiation of standard IV-NAC infusion prior to facility transfer. Clinical and laboratory data were abstracted from the electronic medical record. Descriptive statistics were utilized. Clinical outcomes and adverse drug reaction incidences were compared between the alternative and Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved IV-NAC regimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-nine patients (mean age 13.4 ± 4.3 years; range: 2 months-18 years) with acetaminophen overdoses were identified. Upon IV-NAC discontinuation, 45 patients had normal alanine transaminase (ALT) concentrations, while 14 patients' ALT concentrations remained elevated (median 140 units/L) but were trending downward. Two patients (3.4%) developed hepatotoxicity (aspartate transaminase/ALT > 1000 units/L). No patients developed hepatic failure, were listed for a liver transplant, were intubated, underwent hemodialysis, or died. Two patients (3.4%) developed anaphylactoid reactions. No known medication or administration errors occurred. Clinical outcome incidences of the studied endpoints with the alternative IV-NAC regimen are at the lower end of published incidence ranges compared to the FDA IV-NAC regimen for acetaminophen overdoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This alternative IV-NAC regimen appears to be effective and well tolerated among pediatric patients when compared to the FDA-approved regimen. It may also result in fewer reconstitution and administration errors, leading to improved patient safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri.
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Pauley
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovations, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri.
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Sandritter
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovations, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lowry
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovations, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri.
authors.forename: D Adam
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Algren
keywords: N-acetylcysteine; acetaminophen; anaphylactoid; hepatotoxicity; pediatrics