title: Development of an Ex Vivo, Beating Heart Model for CT Myocardial Perfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the feasibility of a CT-compatible, ex vivo, perfused porcine heart model for myocardial perfusion CT imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  One porcine heart was perfused according to Langendorff. Dynamic perfusion scanning was performed with a second-generation dual source CT scanner. Circulatory parameters like blood flow, aortic pressure, and heart rate were monitored throughout the experiment. Stenosis was induced in the circumflex artery, controlled by a fractional flow reserve (FFR) pressure wire. CT-derived myocardial perfusion parameters were analysed at FFR of 1 to 0.10/0.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CT images did not show major artefacts due to interference of the model setup. The pacemaker-induced heart rhythm was generally stable at 70 beats per minute. During most of the experiment, blood flow was 0.9-1.0 L/min, and arterial pressure varied between 80 and 95 mm/Hg. Blood flow decreased and arterial pressure increased by approximately 10% after inducing a stenosis with FFR ≤ 0.50. Dynamic perfusion scanning was possible across the range of stenosis grades. Perfusion parameters of circumflex-perfused myocardial segments were affected at increasing stenosis grades.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An adapted Langendorff porcine heart model is feasible in a CT environment. This model provides control over physiological parameters and may allow in-depth validation of quantitative CT perfusion techniques.
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Medical Imaging-North East Netherlands, Department of Radiology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gert Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Pelgrim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Postbus 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Siemens AG Healthcare, Forchheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Haberland
authors.affiliation: University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Slump
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Medical Imaging-North East Netherlands, Department of Radiology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Astri
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Handayani
authors.affiliation: LifeTec Group BV, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sjoerd
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Tuijl
authors.affiliation: LifeTec Group BV, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stijnen
authors.affiliation: Siemens AG Healthcare, Forchheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Klotz
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Medical Imaging-North East Netherlands, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Matthijs
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oudkerk
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Postbus 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joachim E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wildberger
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Medical Imaging-North East Netherlands, Department of Radiology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rozemarijn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vliegenthart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D000067268:Isolated Heart Preparation / Q000379:methods*; D055414:Myocardial Perfusion Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*