title: Examining the role of neuroinflammation in major depression.
abstract: Recent findings have established a connection between inflammation and major depression and specifically the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in depression. This article reviews clinical and experimental studies examining the role of the HPA axis, HPA hyperactivity (resulting in increased cortisol levels), as well as the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor, C-reactive protein, and the interleukins, in depressed patients. Similarly this paper will review data supporting increased cytokine levels in depression and specifically differential effects in treatment-resistant patients, as well as potentially distinguishing in particular depression subtypes. Understanding the role of the immune system and inflammation in patients with major depression is essential in order to develop efficacious treatments potentially targeting inflammation in relation to the depression in order to reduce patient symptomatology and comorbidities.
authors.affiliation: START Clinic for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Furtado
authors.affiliation: START Clinic for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Adler Graduate Professional School, Toronto, ON, Canada. Electronic address: mkatzman@startclinic.ca.
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Katzman
mesh_terms: D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis; Inflammation; Interleukin; Major depression; Tumor necrosis factor