title: HIV Testing by Transgender Status at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Funded Sites in the United States, Puerto Rico, and US Virgin Islands, 2009-2011.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined HIV testing services, seropositivity, and the characteristics associated with newly identified, confirmed HIV-positive tests among transgender individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data (2009-2011) using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression to examine the relationships between HIV positivity and sociodemographic and risk characteristics among male-to-female transgender individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the testing was conducted in females (51.1%), followed by males (48.7%) and transgender individuals (0.17%). Tests in male-to-female transgender individuals had the highest, newly identified confirmed HIV positivity (2.7%), followed by males (0.9%), female-to-male transgender individuals (0.5%), and females (0.2%). The associated characteristics with an HIV-positive test among male-to-female transgender individuals included ages 20 to 29 and 40 to 49 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4, 5.6 and AOR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.3, 5.9, respectively), African American (AOR = 4.6; 95% CI = 2.7, 7.9) or Hispanic/Latino (AOR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.5, 4.5) race/ethnicity, and reporting sex without condom within the past year (AOR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.3, 2.6), sex with an HIV-positive person (AOR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1, 2.0), or injection drug use (AOR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.3, 3.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High levels of HIV positivity among transgender individuals, particularly male-to-female transgender individuals, underscore the necessity for targeted HIV prevention services that are responsive to the needs of this population.
authors.affiliation: Nancy Habarta and Nili Larish are with the Prevention Communication Branch, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Guoshen Wang and Mesfin S. Mulatu are with the Program Evaluation Branch, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Habarta
authors.affiliation: Nancy Habarta and Nili Larish are with the Prevention Communication Branch, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Guoshen Wang and Mesfin S. Mulatu are with the Program Evaluation Branch, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention.
authors.forename: Guoshen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Nancy Habarta and Nili Larish are with the Prevention Communication Branch, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Guoshen Wang and Mesfin S. Mulatu are with the Program Evaluation Branch, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention.
authors.forename: Mesfin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mulatu
authors.affiliation: Nancy Habarta and Nili Larish are with the Prevention Communication Branch, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Guoshen Wang and Mesfin S. Mulatu are with the Program Evaluation Branch, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention.
authors.forename: Nili
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Larish
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011647:Puerto Rico / Q000453:epidemiology; D063106:Transgender Persons; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014767:United States Virgin Islands / Q000453:epidemiology