title: Recommendations for real-time speech MRI.
abstract: Real-time magnetic resonance imaging (RT-MRI) is being increasingly used for speech and vocal production research studies. Several imaging protocols have emerged based on advances in RT-MRI acquisition, reconstruction, and audio-processing methods. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art, discusses technical considerations, and provides specific guidance for new groups entering this field. We provide recommendations for performing RT-MRI of the upper airway. This is a consensus statement stemming from the ISMRM-endorsed Speech MRI summit held in Los Angeles, February 2014. A major unmet need identified at the summit was the need for consensus on protocols that can be easily adapted by researchers equipped with conventional MRI systems. To this end, we provide a discussion of tradeoffs in RT-MRI in terms of acquisition requirements, a priori assumptions, artifacts, computational load, and performance for different speech tasks. We provide four recommended protocols and identify appropriate acquisition and reconstruction tools. We list pointers to open-source software that facilitate implementation. We conclude by discussing current open challenges in the methodological aspects of RT-MRI of speech.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Sajan Goud
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lingala
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Brad P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.affiliation: Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Marc E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Miquel
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Krishna S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Nayak
mesh_terms: D003199:Computer Systems; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000592:standards*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013060:Speech; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013068:Speech Production Measurement / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States
keywords: rapid imaging; real time MRI; recommendations; speech imaging