title: Inhibitory effect of apocarotenoids on the activity of tyrosinase: Multi-spectroscopic and docking studies.
abstract: In this present study, the inhibitory mechanism of three selected apocarotenoids (bixin, norbixin and crocin) on the diphenolase activity of tyrosinase has been investigated. The preliminary screening results indicated that apocarotenoids inhibited tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Kinetic analysis revealed that apocarotenoids reversibly inhibited tyrosinase activity. Analysis of fluorescence spectra showed that apocarotenoids quenched the intrinsic fluorescence intensity of the tyrosinase. Further, molecular docking results implied that apocarotenoids were allosterically bound to tyrosinase through hydrophobic interactions. The results of the in vitro studies suggested that higher concentrations of bixin and norbixin inhibited tyrosinase activity in B16F0 melanoma cells. Our results suggested that apocarotenoids could form the basis for the design of novel tyrosinase inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Amrita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anantharaman
authors.affiliation: School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Hridya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hemachandran
authors.affiliation: School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Rajendra Rao
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Priya
authors.affiliation: School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sankari
authors.affiliation: School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gopalakrishnan
authors.affiliation: School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Nallasamy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Palanisami
authors.affiliation: School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: rsiva77in@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Ramamoorthy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siva
mesh_terms: D000495:Allosteric Site; D000818:Animals; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007700:Kinetics; D008543:Melanins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008545:Melanoma / Q000201:enzymology; D051379:Mice; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins; D002338:Carotenoids; C029036:crocin; C004588:bixin; C099823:norbixin; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase
keywords: Apocarotenoid; Bixin; Crocin; Food colorant; Norbixin; Tyrosinase