title: Unveiling the pathogen behind the vacuole.
abstract: Many clinically relevant pathogens, including certain bacteria and protozoan parasites, have developed an intracellular lifestyle that enables them to nestle in customized vacuoles. Although these pathogens are protected from extracellular defences, recent findings indicate that host cells have evolved multiple strategies to unmask the pathogen disguised by the vacuole and thereby initiate innate immune responses. In this Opinion article, we propose and discuss models by which hosts can sense 'professional' vacuolar pathogens, and we highlight the ability of the host to target these stealthy bacteria and parasites.
authors.affiliation: 1] Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal. [2] Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal. Present address: Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liehl
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zuzarte-Luis
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mota
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology*; D014617:Vacuoles