title: Milk Flow Rates From Bottle Nipples Used for Feeding Infants Who Are Hospitalized.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study tested the milk flow rates and variability in flow of currently available nipples used for bottle-feeding infants who are hospitalized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinicians in 3 countries were surveyed regarding nipples available to them for feeding infants who are hospitalized. Twenty-nine nipple types were identified, and 10 nipples of each type were tested by measuring the amount of infant formula expressed in 1 min using a breast pump. Mean milk flow rate (mL/min) and coefficient of variation were used to compare nipples within brand and within category (i.e., Slow, Standard, Premature).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flow rates varied widely between nipples, ranging from 2.10 mL/min for the Enfamil Cross-Cut to 85.34 mL/min for the Dr. Brown's Y-Cut Standard Neck. Variability of flow rates among nipples of the same type ranged from a coefficient of variation of 0.05 for Dr. Brown's Level 1 Standard- and Wide-Neck to 0.42 for the Enfamil Cross-Cut. Mean coefficient of variation by brand ranged from 0.08 for Dr. Brown's to 0.36 for Bionix.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Milk flow is an easily manipulated variable that may contribute to the degree of physiologic instability experienced by infants who are medically fragile during oral feeding. This study provides clinicians with information to guide appropriate selection of bottle nipples for feeding infants who are hospitalized.
authors.forename: Britt F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Pados
authors.forename: Jinhee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Thoyre
authors.forename: Hayley
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Estrem
authors.forename: W Brant
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Nix
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D001903:Bottle Feeding / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004326:Drinking; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D041943:Infant Formula; D009426:Netherlands; D012212:Rheology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013391:Sucking Behavior; D014481:United States