title: Reprogramming and transdifferentiation for cardiovascular development and regenerative medicine: where do we stand?
abstract: Heart disease remains a leading cause of mortality and a major worldwide healthcare burden. Recent advances in stem cell biology have made it feasible to derive large quantities of cardiomyocytes for disease modeling, drug development, and regenerative medicine. The discoveries of reprogramming and transdifferentiation as novel biological processes have significantly contributed to this paradigm. This review surveys the means by which reprogramming and transdifferentiation can be employed to generate induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) and induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs). The application of these patient-specific cardiomyocytes for both in vitro disease modeling and in vivo therapies for various cardiovascular diseases will also be discussed. We propose that, with additional refinement, human disease-specific cardiomyocytes will allow us to significantly advance the understanding of cardiovascular disease mechanisms and accelerate the development of novel therapeutic options.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Antje D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Ebert
authors.affiliation: Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Diecke
authors.affiliation: Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ian Y
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA joewu@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D054338:Cell Transdifferentiation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000502:physiology*; D044968:Regenerative Medicine / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: cardiomyocytes; disease modeling; genome editing; human induced pluripotent stem cells; tissue engineering