title: MagicFinger: 3D Magnetic Fingerprints for Indoor Location.
abstract: Given the indispensable role of mobile phones in everyday life, phone-centric sensing systems are ideal candidates for ubiquitous observation purposes. This paper presents a novel approach for mobile phone-centric observation applied to indoor location. The approach involves a location fingerprinting methodology that takes advantage of the presence of magnetic field anomalies inside buildings. Unlike existing work on the subject, which uses the intensity of magnetic field for fingerprinting, our approach uses all three components of the measured magnetic field vectors to improve accuracy. By using adequate soft computing techniques, it is possible to adequately balance the constraints of common solutions. The resulting system does not rely on any infrastructure devices and therefore is easy to manage and deploy. The proposed system consists of two phases: the offline phase and the online phase. In the offline phase, magnetic field measurements are taken throughout the building, and 3D maps are generated. Then, during the online phase, the user's location is estimated through the best estimator for each zone of the building. Experimental evaluations carried out in two different buildings confirm the satisfactory performance of indoor location based on magnetic field vectors. These evaluations provided an error of (11.34 m, 4.78 m) in the (x; y) components of the estimated positions in the first building where the experiments were carried out, with a standard deviation of (3.41 m, 4.68 m); and in the second building, an error of (4 m, 2.98 m) with a deviation of (2.64 m, 2.33 m).
authors.affiliation: Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain. daniel.carrillo2@um.es.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carrillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain. mvmoreno@um.es.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain. bubeda@um.es.
authors.forename: Benito
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Úbeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain. skarmeta@um.es.
authors.forename: Antonio F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Skarmeta
keywords: fingerprinting; indoor location; magnetic field; smartphone