title: Overexpression of ALDH10A8 and ALDH10A9 Genes Provides Insight into Their Role in Glycine Betaine Synthesis and Affects Primary Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases oxidize betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine in species that accumulate glycine betaine as a compatible solute under stress conditions. In contrast, the physiological function of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase genes is at present unclear in species that do not accumulate glycine betaine, such as Arabidopsis thaliana. To address this question, we overexpressed the Arabidopsis ALDH10A8 and ALDH10A9 genes, which were identified to code for betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases, in wild-type A. thaliana. We analysed changes in metabolite contents of transgenic plants in comparison with the wild type. Using exogenous or endogenous choline, our results indicated that ALDH10A8 and ALDH10A9 are involved in the synthesis of glycine betaine in Arabidopsis. Choline availability seems to be a factor limiting glycine betaine synthesis. Moreover, the contents of diverse metabolites including sugars (glucose and fructose) and amino acids were altered in fully developed transgenic plants compared with the wild type. The plant metabolic response to salt and the salt stress tolerance were impaired only in young transgenic plants, which exhibited a delayed growth of the seedlings early after germination. Our results suggest that a balanced expression of the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase genes is important for early growth of A. thaliana seedlings and for salt stress mitigation in young seedlings.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany Department of Biology, 112 Science Place, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5E2.
authors.forename: Tagnon D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Missihoun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany Present address: Botanisches Institut der Universität zu Köln Zülpicher Str.47b, D-50674 Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Willée
authors.affiliation: ENSCR-UMR CNRS 6226, Institute des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, 35708 Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Guegan
authors.affiliation: UMR 1349, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, 35653 Le Rheu, France.
authors.forename: Solenne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berardocco
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Muhammad R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Shafiq
authors.affiliation: UMR 1349, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, 35653 Le Rheu, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bouchereau
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany dbartels@uni-bonn.de.
authors.forename: Dorothea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bartels
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001622:Betaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D002331:Carnitine / Q000378:metabolism; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D017343:Genes, Plant; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011073:Polyamines / Q000378:metabolism; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D011073:Polyamines; D001622:Betaine; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C026820:betaine aldehyde; C000608245:ALDH10A8 protein, Arabidopsis; C000608246:ALDH10A9 protein, Arabidopsis; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D002794:Choline; D002331:Carnitine
keywords: Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase; Carnitine; Glycine betaine; Polyamines; Salt stress