title: Phylogeography of the Rock Shell Thais clavigera (Mollusca): Evidence for Long-Distance Dispersal in the Northwestern Pacific.
abstract: The present-day genetic structure of a species reflects both historical demography and patterns of contemporary gene flow among populations. To precisely understand how these factors shape current population structure of the northwestern (NW) Pacific marine gastropod, Thais clavigera, we determined the partial nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene for 602 individuals sampled from 29 localities spanning almost the whole distribution of T. clavigera in the NW Pacific Ocean (~3,700 km). Results from population genetic and demographic analyses (AMOVA, ΦST-statistics, haplotype networks, Tajima's D, Fu's FS, mismatch distribution, and Bayesian skyline plots) revealed a lack of genealogical branches or geographical clusters, and a high level of genetic (haplotype) diversity within each of studied population. Nevertheless, low but significant genetic structuring was detected among some geographical populations separated by the Changjiang River, suggesting the presence of geographical barriers to larval dispersal around this region. Several lines of evidence including significant negative Tajima's D and Fu's FS statistics values, the unimodally shaped mismatch distribution, and Bayesian skyline plots suggest a population expansion at marine isotope stage 11 (MIS 11; 400 ka), the longest and warmest interglacial interval during the Pleistocene epoch. The lack of genetic structure among the great majority of the NW Pacific T. clavigera populations may be attributable to high gene flow by current-driven long-distance dispersal of prolonged planktonic larval phase of this species.
authors.affiliation: Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Program in Cell Biology and Genetics and Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Daewui
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
authors.forename: Ling-Feng
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.affiliation: Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University, 459 Nishimuro, Shirahama, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsukuma
authors.affiliation: Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-840, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sanghee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chungoo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju, 220-702, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyuk Je
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joong-Ki
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D051456:Gene Flow; D014644:Genetic Variation; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D058974:Phylogeography; D011157:Population Dynamics