title: Integrase Inhibitor Prodrugs: Approaches to Enhancing the Anti-HIV Activity of β-Diketo Acids.
abstract: HIV integrase, encoded at the 3'-end of the HIV pol gene, is essential for HIV replication. This enzyme catalyzes the incorporation of HIV DNA into human DNA, which represents the point of "no-return" in HIV infection. Integrase is a significant target in anti-HIV drug discovery. This review article focuses largely on the design of integrase inhibitors that are β-diketo acids constructed on pyridinone scaffolds. Methodologies for synthesis of these compounds are discussed. Integrase inhibition data for the strand transfer (ST) step are compared with in vitro anti-HIV data. The review also examines the issue of the lack of correlation between the ST enzymology data and anti-HIV assay results. Because this disconnect appeared to be a problem associated with permeability, prodrugs of these inhibitors were designed and synthesized. Prodrugs dramatically improved the anti-HIV activity data. For example, for compound, 96, the anti-HIV activity (EC50) improved from 500 nM for this diketo acid to 9 nM for its prodrug 116. In addition, there was excellent correlation between the IC50 and IC90 ST enzymology data for 96 (6 nM and 97 nM, respectively) and the EC50 and EC90 anti-HIV data for its prodrug 116 (9 nM and 94 nM, respectively). Finally, it was confirmed that the prodrug 116 was rapidly hydrolyzed in cells to the active compound 96.
authors.affiliation: Center for Drug Discovery and College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. vnair@uga.edu.
authors.forename: Vasu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Center for Drug Discovery and College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. mokello@uga.edu.
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okello
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D015195:Drug Design; D019427:HIV Integrase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D019428:HIV Integrase Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007651:Keto Acids / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011728:Pyridones / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D019428:HIV Integrase Inhibitors; D007651:Keto Acids; D011355:Prodrugs; D011728:Pyridones; D019427:HIV Integrase
keywords: HIV-1 integrase inhibitors; antiviral activity; prodrugs