title: Severe disturbance of glucose metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of schizophrenia patients: a targeted metabolomic study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schizophrenia is a widespread and debilitating mental disorder. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of schizophrenia remains largely unknown and no objective laboratory tests are available to diagnose this disorder. The aim of the present study was to characterize the alternations of glucose metabolites and identify potential diagnostic biomarkers for schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry based targeted metabolomic method was used to quantify the levels of 13 glucose metabolites in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from healthy controls, schizophrenia and major depression subjects (n = 55 for each group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority (84.6%) of glucose metabolites were significantly disturbed in schizophrenia subjects, while only two (15.4%) glucose metabolites were differently expressed in depression subjects relative to healthy controls in both training set (n = 35/group) and test set (n = 20/group). Antipsychotics had only a subtle effect on glucose metabolism pathway. Moreover, ribose 5-phosphate in PBMCs showed a high diagnostic performance for first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggested disturbance of glucose metabolism may be implicated in onset of schizophrenia and could aid in development of diagnostic tool for this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. liumeilinglinsa@sina.com.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. liumeilinglinsa@sina.com.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. liumeilinglinsa@sina.com.
authors.forename: Mei-Ling
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. zhxt123321@163.com.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. zhxt123321@163.com.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. zhxt123321@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-Tong
authors.initials: XT
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. du232du@126.com.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. du232du@126.com.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. du232du@126.com.
authors.forename: Xiang-Yu
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. carsonfang@aliyun.com.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. carsonfang@aliyun.com.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. carsonfang@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. liuzhao3362@163.com.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. liuzhao3362@163.com.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. liuzhao3362@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. xuyi619@sina.cn.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. xuyi619@sina.cn.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. xuyi619@sina.cn.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. peng-zheng@foxmail.com.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. peng-zheng@foxmail.com.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. peng-zheng@foxmail.com.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. xuxuejiao1986@sina.com.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. xuxuejiao1986@sina.com.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. xuxuejiao1986@sina.com.
authors.forename: Xue-Jiao
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. chengpf81@gmail.com.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. chengpf81@gmail.com.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. chengpf81@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Peng-Fei
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. ting_h81@foxmail.com.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. ting_h81@foxmail.com.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. ting_h81@foxmail.com.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. jasenbai@gmail.com.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. jasenbai@gmail.com.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. jasenbai@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shun-Jie
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. neurodoctor1971@aliyun.com.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. neurodoctor1971@aliyun.com.|Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China. neurodoctor1971@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Li-Bo
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. cpfmiracle@163.com.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. cpfmiracle@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhi-Guo
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. shaoweihua0615@aliyun.com.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. shaoweihua0615@aliyun.com.|Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. shaoweihua0615@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Wei-Hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. xiepeng@cqmu.edu.cn.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. xiepeng@cqmu.edu.cn.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. xiepeng@cqmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003710:Demography; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005947:Glucose