title: Animal models of polymicrobial pneumonia.
abstract: Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of severe and occasionally life-threatening infections. The physiopathology of pneumonia has been extensively studied, providing information for the development of new treatments for this condition. In addition to in vitro research, animal models have been largely used in the field of pneumonia. Several models have been described and have provided a better understanding of pneumonia under different settings and with various pathogens. However, the concept of one pathogen leading to one infection has been challenged, and recent flu epidemics suggest that some pathogens exhibit highly virulent potential. Although "two hits" animal models have been used to study infectious diseases, few of these models have been described in pneumonia. Therefore the aims of this review were to provide an overview of the available literature in this field, to describe well-studied and uncommon pathogen associations, and to summarize the major insights obtained from this information.
authors.affiliation: IHU Méditerranée infection, URMITE CNRS IRD INSERM UMR 7278, Marseille, France ; Réanimation - Détresses Respiratoires et infections Sévères, APHM, CHU Nord, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hraiech
authors.affiliation: IHU Méditerranée infection, URMITE CNRS IRD INSERM UMR 7278, Marseille, France ; Réanimation - Détresses Respiratoires et infections Sévères, APHM, CHU Nord, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Papazian
authors.affiliation: IHU Méditerranée infection, URMITE CNRS IRD INSERM UMR 7278, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rolain
authors.affiliation: IHU Méditerranée infection, URMITE CNRS IRD INSERM UMR 7278, Marseille, France ; Service d'explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, APHM, CHU Nord, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bregeon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D060085:Coinfection; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011024:Pneumonia, Viral / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents
keywords: animal model; co-infections; pneumonia; polymicrobial; route of infection