title: Higher Cardiovascular Risk in Common Variable Immunodeficiency and X-Linked Agammaglobulinaemia Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Common variable immunodeficiency and X-linked agammaglobulinaemia are primary immunodeficiencies classified as antibody deficiencies, and they both result in hypogammaglobulinaemia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate the lipid profile and other cardiovascular risk biomarkers in CVID and XLA patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 24 patients and 12 healthy controls matched by age and gender were included in the study. We evaluated anthropometric measurements, and seric total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), triglycerides (TG), apo A-I, small dense LDL (sdLDL), C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), myeloperoxidase (MPO), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CRP (p = 0.008) and TNF-alpha (p < 0.001) concentrations were significantly higher, whereas HDL-c (p = 0.025) and apo A-I (p = 0.013) levels were significantly lower in patients than in the controls. In the patient group, a negative and significant correlation was observed between HDL-c and TNF-alpha (r = -0.406; p = 0.049) and between HDL-c and TG (r = -0.641; p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Common variable immunodeficiency and X-linked agammaglobulinaemia patients presented themselves with increased inflammatory markers associated with a decreased HDL-c and apo A-I levels, which can predispose to a high cardiovascular risk.
authors.forename: Daniele Gonçalves
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Beatriz Tavares
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Costa-Carvalho
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hix
authors.forename: Rosangela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Milena S G
authors.initials: MSG
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.forename: Roseli Oselka Saccardo
authors.initials: ROS
authors.lastname: Sarni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000361:Agammaglobulinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D017074:Common Variable Immunodeficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D040181:Genetic Diseases, X-Linked / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012306:Risk; D015854:Up-Regulation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C505693:APOA1 protein, human; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008055:Lipids