title: Increased intima-media thickness is not associated with stiffer arteries in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Subclinical atherosclerosis can be assessed via sonographic measurement of intima-media thickness and carotid artery distensibility, both may already be pathologically altered in childhood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide reference percentiles and investigate possible associations between alterations of intima-media thickness and distensibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Carotid intima-media thickness and distensibility was measured via B- and M-mode ultrasound. Distensibility was defined by arterial compliance, elastic modulus, stiffness parameter β, and local pulse wave velocity β. Age- and height-dependent reference values were calculated separately for boys and girls among 690 (intima-media thickness) and 870 (distensibility) non-obese children aged 7-17 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intima-media thickness and distensibility did not increase significantly with age or differ between boys and girls. Systolic blood pressure and body mass index were independent predictors of intima-media thickness, while an increased systolic blood pressure or pulse pressure was associated with stiffer arteries. Increased intima-media thickness was accompanied by higher arterial compliance and lower stiffness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using this healthy cohort, we describe a functional and non-pathological arterial adaptation wherein an increase in intima-media thickness is not associated with stiffer arteries.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Pediatrics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: heidi.weberruss@tum.de.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weberruß
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pirzer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Pediatrics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Pediatrics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elmenhorst
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert Dalla
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Pozza
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Netz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Pediatrics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oberhoffer
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D002648:Child; D003187:Compliance; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D012016:Reference Values; D059289:Vascular Stiffness
keywords: Arterial stiffness; Cardiovascular disease; Carotid intima-media thickness; Children; Prevention