title: Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β gene polymorphisms and risk of brain abscess in North Indian population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Brain abscess develops in response to a parenchymal infection with pyogenic bacteria. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are the most crucial pro-inflammatory cytokines with both beneficial and destructive properties for the central nervous system. The present study evaluated the association of specific alleles/genotypes of TNF-α and IL-1β with brain abscess.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 90 brain abscess patients and 100 healthy controls were included in the study. Predisposing factors were identified in 56 (62.2%) patients with brain abscess. TNF-α (-308 G>A) and IL-1β (-511 C<T) genotypes were detected by PCR-RFLP. Levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were determined in patients' sera and in pus samples by ELISA and correlated with different genotypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF-α genotypes AA and GA (p<0.001 for AA and p=0.001 for GA), and IL-1β genotypes C/C and C/T (p<0.001 for C/C and p=0.049 for C/T) were significantly associated with brain abscess. Homozygous AA genotype of TNF-α had significant association with brain abscess patients having identified predisposing factors (p=0.026). Patients with heterozygous or homozygous A allele in TNF-α (-308 G>A) and C allele in IL-1β (-511 C<T) had significantly higher levels of TNF-α and IL-1β.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TNF-α (-308 G>A) and IL-1β (-511 C<T) polymorphisms that lead to increased production of TNF-α and IL-1β appear to be risk for development of brain abscess in North Indian population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. Electronic address: kashinprasad@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kashi Nath
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Kamini
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Anamika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bajpai
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Rabi Narayan
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Sahu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Bal Krishna
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Ojha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D001922:Brain Abscess / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012307:Risk Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C508585:IL1B protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Brain abscess; IL-1β; Polymorphisms; Serum level; TNF-α