title: Risk Factors for Retinopathy and DME in Type 2 Diabetes-Results from the German/Austrian DPV Database.
abstract: To assess the prevalence and risk factors for early and severe diabetic retinopathy and macular edema in a large cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes Retinopathy grading (any retinopathy, severe retinopathy, diabetic macular edema) and risk factors of 64784 were prospectively recorded between January 2000 and March 2013 and analyzed by Kaplan-Meier analysis and logistic regression. Retinopathy was present in 20.12% of subjects, maculopathy was found in 0.77%. HbA1c > 8%, microalbuminuria, hypertension, BMI > 35 kg/m2 and male sex were significantly associated with any retinopathy, while HbA1c and micro- and macroalbuminuria were the strongest risk predictors for severe retinopathy. Presence of macroalbuminuria increased the risk for DME by 177%. Retinopathy remains a significant clinical problem in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolic control and blood pressure are relevant factors amenable to treatment. Concomitant kidney disease identifies high risk patients and should be emphasized in interdisciplinary communication.
authors.affiliation: 5th Medical Department, University Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hammes
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Knappschafts-Krankenhaus, Bottrop, Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Welp
authors.affiliation: Centre for Diabetes and Nutrition Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kempe
authors.affiliation: Specialized Diabetes Practice, Saaldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, St. Josefs Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Erhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Holl
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001317:Austria; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human