title: Trace Elements in Ambient Air at Porto Metropolitan Area-Checking for Compliance with New European Union (EU) Air Quality Standards.
abstract: Because of the scientific evidence showing that arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) are human genotoxic carcinogens, the European Union (EU) recently set target values for metal concentration in ambient air (As: 6 ng/m(3), Cd: 5 ng/m(3), Ni: 20 ng/m(3)). The aim of our study was to determine the concentration levels of these trace elements in Porto Metropolitan Area (PMA) in order to assess whether compliance was occurring with these new EU air quality standards. Fine (PM2.5) and inhalable (PM10) air particles were collected from October 2011 to July 2012 at two different (urban and suburban) locations in PMA. Samples were analyzed for trace elements content by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The study focused on determination of differences in trace elements concentration between the two sites, and between PM2.5 and PM10, in order to gather information regarding emission sources. Except for chromium (Cr), the concentration of all trace elements was higher at the urban site. However, results for As, Cd, Ni, and lead (Pb) were well below the EU limit/target values (As: 1.49 ± 0.71 ng/m(3); Cd: 1.67 ± 0.92 ng/m(3); Ni: 3.43 ± 3.23 ng/m(3); Pb: 17.1 ± 10.1 ng/m(3)) in the worst-case scenario. Arsenic, Cd, Ni, Pb, antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) were predominantly associated to PM2.5, indicating that anthropogenic sources such as industry and road traffic are the main source of these elements. High enrichment factors (EF > 100) were obtained for As, Cd, Pb, Sb, Se, and Zn, further confirming their anthropogenic origin.
authors.affiliation: a CISA, Research Centre on Environment and Health , School of Allied Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Porto , Vila Nova de Gaia , Portugal.
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Cristina M C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Couto
authors.forename: Agostinho
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Almeida
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000592:standards; D001151:Arsenic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005062:European Union; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011174:Portugal; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D001151:Arsenic