title: Laryngeal Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: A Population-Based Analysis of Incidence and Survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laryngeal neuroendocrine carcinoma (LNEC) is a rare malignancy with various subtypes, each with different characteristics. Classification of these subtypes is used to delineate treatment and management, as most are clinically aggressive with poor prognosis. This study analyzes the characteristics and survival outcomes of LNEC using population-based data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of a population-based tumor registry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (1973-2011) was queried for LNEC cases. Data analyzed included patient demographics, incidence, treatment modality, and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 257 LNEC cases were extracted from the SEER database. Sixty-three percent were male, and the mean age of diagnosis was 61.9 years. Most cases were located in the supraglottis (62.6%), were of the small cell carcinoma (52.9%) histologic subtype, and were grade IV (40.9%) and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage IV (59.4%). Surgery and radiotherapy were used as treatment modalities in 38.3% and 59.8% of patients, respectively. Overall 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) for all LNEC was 30.2%, with lower grade, lower AJCC stage, and treatment with surgery having higher 5-year DSS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LNEC often presents as an aggressive tumor at an advanced stage and has poor survival outcomes. Poor prognostic factors include high histologic grade, advanced stage disease, and not undergoing surgical resection. LNEC may be best treated depending on its histologic differentiation, with surgery being beneficial for early grade tumors while radiotherapy is inconclusive in its benefit for late-stage disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Ritam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Pariket M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Dubal
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Richard Chan
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Soly
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baredes
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA jean.anderson.eloy@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jean Anderson
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eloy
mesh_terms: D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: SEER; demographic; disease-specific survival; incidence; laryngeal carcinoma; laryngeal malignancy; laryngeal neuroendocrine carcinoma; malignancy; neuroendocrine carcinoma; throat cancer