title: Involuntary, forced and voluntary exercises are equally capable of inducing hippocampal plasticity and the recovery of cognitive function after stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Forced and voluntary exercises are known to improve cognition and induce neuroprotection after stroke, however, any effects of involuntary movement induced by functional electrical stimulation (FES) are unclear. The effects of involuntary exercise induced by FES, forced and voluntary exercise on the recovery of cognitive function in vascular dementia and the regional repair of ischaemic lesions were investigated using a rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats were randomly assigned to a sham group, a vascular dementia control group (VD), an involuntary exercise group (I-Ex), a forced exercise group (F-Ex) or a voluntary exercise group (V-Ex). An object recognition test (ORT) and an object location test (OLT) were used to evaluate the recovery of cognitive function. Levels of synapsin I (SYN), synaptophysin (SYP), postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) and Tau in the hippocampus were evaluated using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Nissl staining was applied to visualise the loss of viable neurons from the hippocampus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Involuntary exercise and voluntary exercise both improved cognition in terms of ORT and OLT results. Forced exercise only improved ORT results. The levels of SYN, PSD-95, MAP-2 and Tau in the hippocampus were enhanced by all three patterns of exercise training. Moreover, all three patterns reduced losses of dendrons and neurons in the hippocampal CA1 and CA2 zones, but without significant differences among the three exercise regimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Involuntary exercise induced by FES has beneficial effects on cognitive function after vascular dementia comparable to those of forced and voluntary exercise.
authors.forename: Yangyang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Juntao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Tiebin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Xiaokuo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Xiuyuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Huiying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Minghong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D000076122:Disks Large Homolog 4 Protein; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016704:Synapsins / Q000378:metabolism; D016708:Synaptophysin / Q000378:metabolism; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000076122:Disks Large Homolog 4 Protein; C501449:Dlg4 protein, rat; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C489131:Mapt protein, rat; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D016704:Synapsins; D016708:Synaptophysin; C569016:Syp protein, rat; D016875:tau Proteins
keywords: Cognition,; Dementia; Exercise,; Functional electrical stimulation,; Hippocampus,; Plasticity,; Stroke,