title: Experimental pain processing in individuals with cognitive impairment: current state of the science.
abstract: Cognitive impairment (CI) can develop during the course of ageing and is a feature of many neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Many individuals with CI have substantial, sustained, and complex health care needs, which frequently include pain. However, individuals with CI can have difficulty communicating the features of their pain to others, which in turn presents a significant challenge for effective diagnosis and treatment of their pain. Herein, we review the literature on responsivity of individuals with CI to experimental pain stimuli. We discuss pain responding across a large number of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders in which CI is typically present. Overall, the existing data suggest that pain processing is altered in most individuals with CI compared with cognitively intact matched controls. The precise nature of these alterations varies with the type of CI (or associated clinical condition) and may also depend on the type of pain stimulation used and the type of pain responses assessed. Nevertheless, it is clear that regardless of the etiology of CI, patients do feel noxious stimuli, with more evidence for hypersensitivity than hyposensitivity to these stimuli compared with cognitively unimpaired individuals. Our current understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underpinning these alterations is limited but may be enhanced through the use of animal models of CI, which also exhibit alterations in nociceptive responding. Further research using additional behavioural indices of pain is warranted. Increased understanding of altered experimental pain processing in CI will facilitate the development of improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for pain in individuals with CI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Bari University, Bari, Italy Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, NCBES Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Danish Dementia Research Centre and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Physiological Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark Department of Anatomy and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Clermont University, Clermont, France Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Defrin
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amanzio
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Tommaso
authors.forename: Violeta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dimova
authors.forename: Sasa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Filipovic
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Finn
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gimenez-Llort
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Invitto
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jensen-Dahm
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lautenbacher
authors.forename: Joukje M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Oosterman
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Petrini
authors.forename: Chaim G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Pick
authors.forename: Gisele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pickering
authors.forename: Lene
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vase
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kunz
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D000818:Animals; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000523:psychology; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D058748:Pain Perception