title: The Etiology of Cam-type Femoroacetabular Impingement: A Cadaveric Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a dearth of literature examining the causes of cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and when such morphology appears. The purpose of the current study was to analyze how the ossific portion of the proximal femur develops over time with respect to standard cam-type FAI parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  A collection of 193 femurs from cadavers aged 4 to 21 years were evaluated. The age, sex, ethnicity, and status of the proximal femoral physes (open or closed) of each were recorded. Each specimen was digitally photographed in standardized anteroposterior and modified axial positions. From these photographs, the anterior offset, anterior offset ratio (AOR), and α-angle were determined. A cam lesion was defined as an α-angle >55 degrees on the lateral view.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the specimens was 17.5±4.2 years. The majority were male (69%) and African American (79%) with closed physes (78%). There were significant differences among discrete age groups with respect to α-angle (P=0.01), anterior offset (P<0.01), and AOR (P<0.01). In addition, younger femurs with open physes had a significantly higher mean α-angle (P<0.01), lower mean anterior offset (P<0.01), and higher mean AOR (P<0.01) compared with older ones with closed physes. Specimens defined as having a cam deformity had a statistically higher α-angle (P<0.01) and lower anterior offset (P<0.01), but there was no difference in AOR values compared with specimens without a cam lesion (P=0.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The apparent decline in α-angles as age increases indicates that the traditional α-angle in younger patients measures a different anatomic parameter (ossified femur excluding the cartilaginous portion) than in older patients (completely ossified femur). This suggests that the bony α-angle is inappropriate in the evaluation of cam lesions in the immature physis. The AOR, rather than the anterior offset, may be more accurate in the evaluation of the growing proximal femur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides novel insight into, and enhances the understanding of, the development of cam-type FAI.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY †Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH ‡Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Bryan G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Beutel
authors.forename: Raymond W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Norman Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Otsuka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002102:Cadaver; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D057925:Femoracetabular Impingement / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D005269:Femur / Q000473:pathology; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000473:pathology; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult