title: Health status of newly arrived refugees in Toronto, Ont: Part 1: infectious diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of selected infectious diseases among newly arrived refugee patients and whether there is variation by key demographic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary care clinic for refugee patients in Toronto, Ont.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1063 refugee patients rostered at the clinic from December 2011 to June 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic information (age, sex, and region of birth); prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, Strongyloides, Schistosoma, intestinal parasites, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis infections; and varicella immune status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of patients was 29 years and 56% were female. Refugees were born in 87 different countries. Approximately 33% of patients were from Africa, 28% were from Europe, 14% were from the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 14% were from Asia, and 8% were from the Americas (excluding 4% born in Canada or the United States). The overall rate of HIV infection was 2%. The prevalence of hepatitis B infection was 4%, with a higher rate among refugees from Asia (12%, P < .001). Hepatitis B immunity was 39%, with higher rates among Asian refugees (64%, P < .001) and children younger than 5 years (68%, P < .001). The rate of hepatitis C infection was less than 1%. Strongyloides infection was found in 3% of tested patients, with higher rates among refugees from Africa (6%, P = .003). Schistosoma infection was identified in 15% of patients from Africa. Intestinal parasites were identified in 16% of patients who submitted stool samples. Approximately 8% of patients were varicella nonimmune, with higher rates in patients from the Americas (21%, P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights the importance of screening for infectious diseases among refugee patients to provide timely preventive and curative care. Our data also point to possible policy and clinical implications, such as targeted screening approaches and improved access to vaccinations and therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Fellow in the Global Health and Vulnerable Populations program in the Department of Family and Community Medicine (DFCM) at the University of Toronto in Ontario. vredditt@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vanessa J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Redditt
authors.affiliation: Staff physician at the Crossroads Clinic at Women's College Hospital and Lecturer in the DFCM at the University of Toronto.
authors.forename: Praseedha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Janakiram
authors.affiliation: Summer research intern at the Crossroads Clinic through the Women's College Hospital Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care program.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Graziano
authors.affiliation: Director of the Crossroads Clinic and Lecturer in the DFCM at the University of Toronto.
authors.forename: Meb
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rashid
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D012036:Refugees / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult