title: Energy Expenditure Responses to Fasting and Overfeeding Identify Phenotypes Associated With Weight Change.
abstract: Because it is unknown whether 24-h energy expenditure (EE) responses to dietary extremes will identify phenotypes associated with weight regulation, the aim of this study was to determine whether such responses to fasting or overfeeding are associated with future weight change. The 24-h EE during energy balance, fasting, and four different overfeeding diets with 200% energy requirements was measured in a metabolic chamber in 37 subjects with normal glucose regulation while they resided on our clinical research unit. Diets were given for 24 h each and included the following: (1) low protein (3%), (2) standard (50% carbohydrate, 20% protein), (3) high fat (60%), and (4) high carbohydrate (75%). Participants returned for follow-up 6 months after the initial measures. The decrease in 24-h EE during fasting and the increase with overfeeding were correlated. A larger reduction in EE during fasting, a smaller EE response to low-protein overfeeding, and a larger response to high-carbohydrate overfeeding all correlated with weight gain. The association of the fasting EE response with weight change was not independent from that of low protein in a multivariate model. We identified the following two independent propensities associated with weight gain: a predilection for conserving energy during caloric and protein deprivation and a profligate response to large amounts of carbohydrates.
authors.affiliation: Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schlögl
authors.affiliation: Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ Obesity Research Center, Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy paolo.piaggi@gmail.com piaggip@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2774-9161
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Piaggi
authors.affiliation: Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pannacciuli
authors.affiliation: Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bonfiglio
authors.affiliation: Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krakoff
authors.affiliation: Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ.
authors.forename: Marie S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Thearle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005215:Fasting / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006963:Hyperphagia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats