title: The population genetics of Trypanosoma cruzi revisited in the light of the predominant clonal evolution model.
abstract: Comparing the population structure of Trypanosoma cruzi with that of other pathogens, including parasitic protozoa, fungi, bacteria and viruses, shows that the agent of Chagas disease shares typical traits with many other species, related to a predominant clonal evolution (PCE) pattern: statistically significant linkage disequilibrium, overrepresented multilocus genotypes, near-clades (genetic subdivisions somewhat blurred by occasional genetic exchange/hybridization) and "Russian doll" patterns (PCE is observed, not only at the level of the whole species, but also, within the near-clades). Moreover, T. cruzi population structure exhibits linkage with the diversity of several strongly selected genes, with gene expression profiles, and with some major phenotypic traits. We discuss the evolutionary significance of these results, and their implications in terms of applied research (molecular epidemiology/strain typing, analysis of genes of interest, vaccine and drug design, immunological diagnosis) and of experimental evolution. Lastly, we revisit the long-term debate of describing new species within the T. cruzi taxon.
authors.affiliation: MIVEGEC (IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM1-UM2), IRD Center, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. Electronic address: Michel.Tibayrenc@ird.fr.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tibayrenc
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ayala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics; D005075:Biological Evolution; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D060965:Clonal Evolution; D005658:Fungi / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D007843:Latin America; D007891:Leishmania / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D014780:Viruses / Q000235:genetics
keywords: Discrete typing unit; Drug resistance; Near-clade; Predominant clonal evolution; Recombinational load