title: Effects of add-on tipepidine on treatment-resistant depression: an open-label pilot trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment-resistant depression is a challenging problem in the clinical setting. Tipepidine has been used as a non-narcotic antitussive in Japan since 1959.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered tipepidine to 11 patients with treatment-resistant depression. Tipepidine was given for 8 weeks as an augmentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tipepidine significantly improved depression scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression. Add-on treatment with tipepidine significantly improved scores on the trail making test and Rey auditory verbal learning test. However, no changes were observed in blood concentrations of stress-related hormones (adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate) with tipepidine augmentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tipepidine might be a potential therapeutic drug for treatment-resistant depression.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychiatry,Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center,Ichihara,Japan.
authors.forename: Yukihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shirayama
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychiatry,Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center,Ichihara,Japan.
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychiatry,Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center,Ichihara,Japan.
authors.forename: Michio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychiatry,Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center,Ichihara,Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: 2Division of Clinical Neuroscience,Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health,Chiba,Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000097:blood; D061218:Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D010880:Piperidines; C028458:tipepidine; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: tipepidine; treatment-resistant depression; verbal learning