title: Activating Mutations Affecting the Dbl Homology Domain of SOS2 Cause Noonan Syndrome.
abstract: The RASopathies constitute a family of autosomal-dominant disorders whose major features include facial dysmorphism, cardiac defects, reduced postnatal growth, variable cognitive deficits, ectodermal and skeletal anomalies, and susceptibility to certain malignancies. Noonan syndrome (NS), the commonest RASopathy, is genetically heterogeneous and caused by functional dysregulation of signal transducers and regulatory proteins with roles in the RAS/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signal transduction pathway. Mutations in known disease genes account for approximately 80% of affected individuals. Here, we report that missense mutations altering Son of Sevenless, Drosophila, homolog 2 (SOS2), which encodes a RAS guanine nucleotide exchange factor, occur in a small percentage of subjects with NS. Four missense mutations were identified in five unrelated sporadic cases and families transmitting NS. Disease-causing mutations affected three conserved residues located in the Dbl homology (DH) domain, of which two are directly involved in the intramolecular binding network maintaining SOS2 in its autoinhibited conformation. All mutations were found to promote enhanced signaling from RAS to ERK. Similar to NS-causing SOS1 mutations, the phenotype associated with SOS2 defects is characterized by normal development and growth, as well as marked ectodermal involvement. Unlike SOS1 mutations, however, those in SOS2 are restricted to the DH domain.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy.|Dipartimento di Scienze Psicologiche, della Salute e del Territorio, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Italy.
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cordeddu
authors.affiliation: Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, ON, M5S, Canada.
authors.forename: Jiani C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, 581 83, Sweden.
authors.forename: Cecilia
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authors.affiliation: Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, ON, M5S, Canada.
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authors.affiliation: Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, 75019, France.
authors.forename: Séverine
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authors.affiliation: Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, 00165, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lepri
authors.affiliation: IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, Mendel Institute, Rome, 00161, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
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authors.affiliation: UO Genetica Medica, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, 40138, Italy.
authors.forename: Cesare
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authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
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authors.affiliation: Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, ON, M5S, Canada.
authors.forename: Trevor J
authors.initials: TJ
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authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy.
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authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305.|Child Health Research Institute, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305.
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authors.affiliation: Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720.|US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, 94598.
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authors.initials: LA
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authors.affiliation: Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, ON, M5S, Canada.
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authors.affiliation: Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, ON, M5S, Canada.
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authors.affiliation: Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, ON, M5S, Canada.
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authors.affiliation: Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, ON, M5S, Canada.
authors.forename: Alaa
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authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy.
authors.forename: Simone
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authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy.
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authors.affiliation: Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, 00165, Italy.
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany.
authors.forename: Christina
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authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma 'Tor Vergata', Rome, 00133, Italy.
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authors.initials: G
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authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma 'Tor Vergata', Rome, 00133, Italy.
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authors.lastname: Odent
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authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, 150 06, Czech Republic.
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authors.lastname: Vlckova
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, 150 06, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Eva
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authors.affiliation: Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, 00165, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
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authors.affiliation: Istituto di Pediatria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
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authors.affiliation: Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, 75019, France.
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authors.affiliation: Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, 00165, Italy.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dallapiccola
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
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authors.affiliation: Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, 75019, France.|INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Paris-Sorbonne-Cité, Paris, 75205, France.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cavé
authors.affiliation: The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, and the Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029.
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
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authors.affiliation: Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, ON, M5S, Canada.|The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016.
authors.forename: Benjamin G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Neel
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy.|Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, 00165, Italy.
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mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D002648:Child; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D059472:Exome; D019066:Facies; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009154:Mutation; D009634:Noonan Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D011487:Protein Conformation; D054730:Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs / Q000235:genetics*; D020664:Son of Sevenless Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C485509:SOS2 protein, human; D020664:Son of Sevenless Proteins
keywords: Noonan syndrome; RAS signaling; SOS2; genotype-phenotype correlations