title: Conversion of Natural Tannin to Hydrothermal and Graphene-Like Carbons Studied by Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering.
abstract: The atomic structure of carbon materials prepared from natural tannin by two different techniques, high-temperature pyrolysis and low-temperature hydrothermal carbonization, was studied by wide-angle X-ray scattering. The obtained diffraction data were converted to the real space representation in the form of pair distribution functions. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements provided information about the chemical state of carbon in tannin-based materials that was used to construct final structural models of the investigated samples. The results of the experimental data in both reciprocal and real spaces were compared with computer simulations based on the PM7 semiempirical quantum chemical method. Using the collected detailed information, structural models of the tannin-based carbons were proposed. The characteristics of the investigated materials at the atomic level were discussed in relation to their preparation method. The rearrangement of the tannin molecular structure and its transformation to graphene-like structure was described. The structure of tannin-based carbons pyrolyzed at 900 °C exhibited coherently scattering domains about 20 Å in size, consisting of two defected atomic layers and resembling a graphene-like arrangement.
authors.affiliation: †A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.|‡Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland.
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jurkiewicz
authors.affiliation: †A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.|‡Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland.|§Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, ul. Sowińskiego 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
authors.forename: Łukasz
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Hawełek
authors.affiliation: †A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.|‡Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Balin
authors.affiliation: †A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.|‡Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szade
authors.affiliation: ∥Institut Jean Lamour - UMR CNRS - Université de Lorraine n°7198. ENSTIB, 27 rue Philippe Séguin, CS 60036, 88026 Epinal Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Flavia L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Braghiroli
authors.affiliation: ∥Institut Jean Lamour - UMR CNRS - Université de Lorraine n°7198. ENSTIB, 27 rue Philippe Séguin, CS 60036, 88026 Epinal Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fierro
authors.affiliation: ∥Institut Jean Lamour - UMR CNRS - Université de Lorraine n°7198. ENSTIB, 27 rue Philippe Séguin, CS 60036, 88026 Epinal Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Celzard
authors.affiliation: †A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.|‡Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burian