title: Radiation exposure in endovascular repair of abdominal and thoracic aortic aneurysms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endovascular aortic repair has become increasingly popular the last years for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (EVAR) and thoracic aortic aneurysms. EVAR is less invasive compared with the classic open approach, related to a decreased immediate postoperative morbidity and mortality. Those beneficial characteristics of EVAR do not come without a cost, since EVAR requires that the patient will be exposed to a significant amount of radiation during preoperative planning, graft placement, and consecutive follow-up. This systematic review examines the periprocedural radiation exposure to patients and staff as well as ways to ameliorate it.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was conducted using the MEDLINE electronic database. All articles reporting radiation exposure to alive humans during EVAR were eligible for review. Only studies publishing numerical data regarding radiation exposure were included in the Results section. Other relevant articles were used for further discussion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four studies, both prospective and retrospective in nature, were included. These studies revealed that the radiation exposure depends on the specific type of procedure, with more complex procedures carrying greater radiation burden. Variations in the positioning and operating of the fluoroscopic unit may significantly alter radiation dose to both patients and staff. There was an apparent lack of education among vascular specialists and trainees in terms of radiation safety awareness. At follow-up, a significant number of patients needed additional procedures, and all required radiographic imaging, further increasing the radiation exposure to alarming levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Every effort should be made to decrease radiation exposure related to endovascular aortic procedures. Attempts must be directed towards maximizing the operator's awareness, welcoming new imaging technology emitting less radiation, and shifting to follow-up strategies that require minimal or no radiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY. Electronic address: spymonas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Spyridon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Monastiriotis
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Comito
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY.
authors.forename: Nicos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Labropoulos
mesh_terms: D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D017545:Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D001027:Aortography / Q000009:adverse effects; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011835:Radiation Protection; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors