title: Diets with high-fat cheese, high-fat meat, or carbohydrate on cardiovascular risk markers in overweight postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart associations recommend limited intake of saturated fat. However, effects of saturated fat on low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations and cardiovascular disease risk might depend on nutrients and specific saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in food.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We explored the effects of cheese and meat as sources of SFAs or isocaloric replacement with carbohydrates on blood lipids, lipoproteins, and fecal excretion of fat and bile acids.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a randomized, crossover, open-label intervention in 14 overweight postmenopausal women. Three full-diet periods of 2-wk duration were provided separated by 2-wk washout periods. The isocaloric diets were as follows: 1) a high-cheese (96-120-g) intervention [i.e., intervention containing cheese (CHEESE)], 2) a macronutrient-matched nondairy, high-meat control [i.e., nondairy control with a high content of high-fat processed and unprocessed meat in amounts matching the saturated fat content from cheese in the intervention containing cheese (MEAT)], and 3) a nondairy, low-fat, high-carbohydrate control (i.e., nondairy low-fat control in which the energy from cheese fat and protein was isocalorically replaced by carbohydrates and lean meat (CARB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CHEESE diet caused a 5% higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration (P = 0.012), an 8% higher apo A-I concentration (P < 0.001), and a 5% lower apoB:apo A-I ratio (P = 0.008) than did the CARB diet. Also, the MEAT diet caused an 8% higher HDL-cholesterol concentration (P < 0.001) and a 4% higher apo A-I concentration (P = 0.033) than did the CARB diet. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apoB, and triacylglycerol were similar with the 3 diets. Fecal fat excretion was 1.8 and 0.9 g higher with the CHEESE diet than with CARB and MEAT diets (P < 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively) and 0.9 g higher with the MEAT diet than with the CARB diet (P = 0.005). CHEESE and MEAT diets caused higher fecal bile acid excretion than did the CARB diet (P < 0.05 and P = 0.006, respectively). The dominant type of bile acids excreted differed between CHEESE and MEAT diets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diets with cheese and meat as primary sources of SFAs cause higher HDL cholesterol and apo A-I and, therefore, appear to be less atherogenic than is a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. Also, our findings confirm that cheese increases fecal fat excretion. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01739153.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark tkt@nexs.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Tanja K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9637-8689
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Thorning
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Farinaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raziani
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Nathalie T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Bendsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8968-8996
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astrup
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tholstrup
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raben
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood; D002611:Cheese; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood*; D017698:Postmenopause; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: bile acids; blood lipids; cheese; fecal fat excretion; saturated fat