title: Diet and gender in the Tiwanaku colonies: Stable isotope analysis of human bone collagen and apatite from Moquegua, Peru.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gender and other facets of social identity play important roles in the organization of complex societies. This study reconstructs dietary practices within the Middle Horizon (AD 500-1000) Tiwanaku colonies in southern Peru to increase our knowledge of gendered patterns of consumption within this early expansive state.
  
  
  METHODS
  We use stable isotope analysis of 43 human bone samples representing 14 females, 20 males, 8 juveniles, and 1 indeterminate individual recovered from burial excavations at the sites of Rio Muerto and Omo in the Moquegua Valley. Data are contextualized by comparisons with previously published Tiwanaku isotope data from the period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results find mean values of δ(13) Capatite = -7.3 ± 1.6% (N = 36, 1SD), δ(13) Ccollagen  = -12.3 ± 1.5% (N = 43, 1SD), and δ(15) Ncollagen  = 8.4 ± 1.6% (N = 43, 1SD). Between the sexes, Mann-Whitney U tests demonstrate significant differences in δ(13) Ccollagen (U = 74, P = 0.021), but no differences in δ(13) Capatite (U = 58, P = 0.095) or δ(15) Ncollagen (U = 116, P = 0.755) values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate relatively high C4 plant consumption among the Tiwanaku colonies, and support paleobotanical and archaeological evidence that maize (Zea mays) was the staple crop. Dietary values are similar overall between the sexes, but significantly higher δ(13) Ccollagen values in males is consistent with a model of gendered norms of consumption similar to that of the later Inca (AD 1438-1533), where males consumed more maize than females, often in the form of beer (chicha). Results provide new insights on social dynamics within the Tiwanaku colonies and suggest the increased importance maize consumption for males during the Tiwanaku expansion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0532.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Somerville
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0532.
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0532.
authors.forename: Sarah I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Baitzel
authors.affiliation: Anthropology Department, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 112 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20560.
authors.forename: Karin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Bruwelheide
authors.affiliation: Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287.
authors.forename: Allisen C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Dahlstedt
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0532.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yzurdiaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0532.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raubenheimer
authors.affiliation: Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287.
authors.forename: Kelly J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Knudson
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0532.
authors.forename: Margaret J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schoeninger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000885:Anthropology, Physical; D001031:Apatites / Q000032:analysis*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis*; D004032:Diet / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D010568:Peru; D012919:Social Behavior; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D003094:Collagen
keywords: Andean archaeology; Middle Horizon; paleodiet; stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis