title: Surveillance of Wildlife Diseases: Lessons from the West Nile Virus Outbreak.
abstract: The West Nile virus outbreak of 1999 revealed many weaknesses in this country's ability to respond to disease threats that cross species lines. There were issues of poor communication among human, domestic animal, and wildlife health agencies that delayed diagnosis; a lack of diagnostic capacity of wildlife agencies at the state level; the exclusion of captive wildlife from any surveillance efforts; an inability to visualize the geospatial relationship between the human and avian outbreaks in a timely manner; and marked disparities of funding levels across agencies. Wildlife has played an important role in recent emerging infectious diseases, and it is clear that a One Health approach will be necessary to respond to future threats. The question is, are we any better prepared to recognize and respond to a wildlife-related emerging infectious disease than we were 14 years ago? Have the lessons of WNV been learned?
authors.affiliation: Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766.
authors.forename: Tracey S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.affiliation: National Surveillance Unit, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, USDA APHIS Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO 80526.
authors.forename: Emi K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Nevada Department of Wildlife, Reno, NV 89512.
authors.forename: Peregrine L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Health and Population Lab, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97330.
authors.forename: Colin M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gillin
authors.affiliation: Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536.
authors.forename: Julie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.affiliation: University of New Hampshire, New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Durham, NH 03824.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: French
authors.affiliation: New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Wildlife Health Unit, Albany, NY 12233-4752.
authors.forename: Patrick P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Ithaca, NY 14850.
authors.forename: Krysten L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Schuler
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Center of Virginia, Waynesboro, VA 22980.
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McRuer
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Center of Virginia, Waynesboro, VA 22980.
authors.forename: Edward E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Data Integration Network, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706.
authors.forename: Megan K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hines
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Data Integration Network, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706.
authors.forename: Cris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Data Integration Network, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Szewczyk
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Data Integration Network, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sladky
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom, and Twycross Zoo-East Midland Zoological Society, Twycross CV9 3PX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yon
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Duncan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hannant
authors.affiliation: Human Dimensions Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Siemer