title: High prevalence and clustering of modifiable CVD risk factors among rural adolescents in southwest Nigeria: implication for grass root prevention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an immense global problem with serious economic and social consequences. Modifiable risk factors for CVD have been identified internationally in adolescents where early intervention programs have the potential to reduce CVD risk on individual and population levels. In developing countries such as Nigeria, little is known about the prevalence of modifiable CVD risk factors among adolescents especially in the rural areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper reports on a cross-sectional survey of modifiable CVD risk factors among rural adolescents in South-West Nigeria. All 15-18 years old adolescents in all the schools at Ibarapa central local government were approached and all those who assented and consented to participate in the study were involved. A total of 1500 adolescents participated in the study. Measurements of CVD risks factors taken were; smoking, physical activity, alcohol, dietary pattern using a questionnaire developed by authors. Other CVD risk factors such as waist hip ratio and BMI were taken using standardized instruments. Data were analyzed using STATA version 12.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 1079 adolescents (56.5% males and 53.5% females) were analyzed. Mean age of males was 16.4 ± 1.14 years and mean age for females was 16.29 ± 1.13 years. Adolescents showed clustering of CVD risk factors with about 72% having between two and four risk factors. A total of 102 clustering patterns were reported. The most common clustering pattern (19.6%) included high animal lipid and salt diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is high level and clustering of CVD risk factors among rural adolescents in Southwest Nigeria. The most common clustering pattern was biased towards dietary factors. The high prevalence of CVD risk factors among rural adolescents in Southwest Nigeria suggests that urgent primary prevention programs are required to prevent the next generation of Nigerians from suffering of CVD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa. nselaw2000@gmail.com.|Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. nselaw2000@gmail.com.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Odunaiya
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa. Karen.grimmer@unisa.edu.au.|International Center for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. Karen.grimmer@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grimmer
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa. qalouw@sun.ac.za.
authors.forename: Q A
authors.initials: QA
authors.lastname: Louw
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003256:Community Participation; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D006109:Poaceae; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology