title: Dietary Protein, Protein to Carbohydrate Ratio and Subsequent Changes in Lipid Profile after a 3-Year Follow-Up: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data regarding the effects of dietary protein on modifying serum lipid and lipoprotein levels are controversial. In this study we have investigated the hypothesis whether dietary protein and protein to carbohydrate ratio could be related to subsequent changes in lipid profile in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  This 3-yaers follow-up_longitudinal study was conducted on a sample of participants (845 men and 1043 women, aged 19-70 years) of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric and serum lipid and lipoprotein levels were measured both at baseline (2006-2008) and after 3 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for potential confounding variables and dietary factors, the highest quartile energy intakes from protein was inversely associated with changes in total cholesterol (β= -6.5; 95% CI= -11.5, -1.5) and HDL-C levels (β= -6.7; 95% CI= -12.2, -1.4) in men during the follow-up. Increased proportion of energy intake from protein, compared to that of carbohydrate also had favorable effect on 3-years changes in triglycerides (β= -18.2; 95% CI= -36.7, -0.1) and total cholesterol (β= -8.4; 95% CI= -15.1, -1.8) in men. Higher dietary P/C ratio (median ≥ 0.23) was associated with a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol at 3-years follow-up in men with the higher intake of protein (median ≥ 13.4 % of energy).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher intakes of dietary protein and more importantly, higher proportion of energy intakes from protein, compared to carbohydrate, had favorable effects on modifying lipid levels during a 3-year follow-up.
authors.affiliation: 1. Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, and Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bahadoran
authors.affiliation: 2. Dept. of Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mirmiran
authors.affiliation: 1. Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, and Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Firoozeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hosseini-Esfahabni
authors.affiliation: 1. Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, and Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahboobeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
authors.affiliation: 3. Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fereidoun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azizi
keywords: Carbohydrate; Dyslipidemia; Lipoproteins; Protein