title: The Relationship Among Caregiver Depressive Symptoms, Parenting Behavior, and Family-Centered Care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parental depression has been associated with adverse child outcomes. However, the specific parenting behaviors that may result in such child outcomes and the effect of family-centered care (FCC) on positive parenting behavior of depressed parents has not previously been examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the National Survey of Early Childhood Health was used (n = 2,068). Groups were stratified by the presence of parental depression and compared with regard to demographics and the mean number of specific positive parenting behaviors. Generalized linear models were developed based on testing whether individuals performed more or less than the median number of positive behaviors. Lastly, we tested whether depression independently predicted each outcome after adjustment for FCC, coping, social support, and ethnicity to evaluate if depression independently predicted each outcome after adjustment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No difference was found in demographic variables between parents who were depressed and not depressed. Parents who were not depressed performed significantly more routines (p = .036); reported coping better with parenting (p < .001); performed significantly less punitive behaviors (p = .022); and needed/had less social support (p = .002) compared with parents who were depressed. Individual items and scale scores were associated in the expected directions. FCC was independently associated with study variables but did not moderate the effect of depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data identify specific parenting behaviors that differ between parents who report depressive symptoms compared with parents who do not have depressive symptoms. More targeted interventions coordinated through a medical home are needed for parents with depressive symptoms to reduce the child health disparities often associated with parental depression.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Winders Davis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: M Cynthia
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Logsdon
authors.forename: Nerissa S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D014481:United States
keywords: Early childhood; parent mental health