title: Overview of the Liulin type instruments for space radiation measurement and their scientific results.
abstract: Ionizing radiation is recognized to be one of the main health concerns for humans in the space radiation environment. Estimation of space radiation effects on health requires the accurate knowledge of the accumulated absorbed dose, which depends on the global space radiation distribution, solar cycle and local shielding generated by the 3D mass distribution of the space vehicle. This paper presents an overview of the spectrometer-dosimeters of the Liulin type, which were developed in the late 1980s and have been in use since then. Two major measurement systems have been developed by our team. The first one is based on one silicon detector and is known as a Liulin-type deposited energy spectrometer (DES) (Dachev et al., 2002, 2003), while the second one is a dosimetric telescope (DT) with two or three silicon detectors. The Liulin-type instruments were calibrated using a number of radioactive sources and particle accelerators. The main results of the calibrations are presented in the paper. In the last section of the paper some of the most significant scientific results obtained in space and on aircraft, balloon and rocket flights since 1989 are presented.
authors.affiliation: Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria. Electronic address: tdachev@bas.bg.
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Dachev
authors.affiliation: Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Semkova
authors.affiliation: Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Tomov
authors.affiliation: Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Yu N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Matviichuk
authors.affiliation: Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Dimitrov
authors.affiliation: Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Koleva
authors.affiliation: Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: St
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malchev
authors.affiliation: Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Bankov
authors.affiliation: State Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Shurshakov
authors.affiliation: State Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Benghin
authors.affiliation: State Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Yarmanova
authors.affiliation: State Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Ivanova
authors.affiliation: Neue Str. 9, 91096 Möhrendorf, Germany.
authors.forename: D-P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Häder
authors.affiliation: Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Department for Biology, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lebert
authors.affiliation: Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Department for Biology, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.affiliation: DLR, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reitz
authors.affiliation: DLR, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Horneck
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Radiological Sciences-STA, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uchihori
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Radiological Sciences-STA, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech AS, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ploc
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech AS, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cubancak
authors.affiliation: S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nikolaev
mesh_terms: D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D006801:Humans; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D019445:Solar Activity; D013026:Space Flight; D018531:Spacecraft
keywords: Dosimetry; GCR; ISS; SAA; Space radiation