title: Experiences of continued presence: On the practical consequences of 'hallucinations' in bereavement.
abstract: We document the properties of experiences of continued presence (ECPs) helping to resolve controversies about their significance.
  
  
  
  We used qualitative methods in data collection and analysis. This enabled us to document the properties of ECPs. Narrative biographic interviews were carried out with 17 bereaved informants, and conversation analysis was used to identify the sources of meaning and functions of these experiences.
  
  
  
  Our informants heard voices of the deceased, saw their images, felt their touch, and sometimes felt their presence unspecified in any of the senses. Analysis revealed that ECPs were meaningfully connected to the immediate environments in which they happened but also to the personal histories of the bereaved. The narratives reveal helpful and destructive potentials of these experiences. In all cases, the functions relied on the relationship with the deceased.
  
  
  
  The authors warn against oversimplification of ECPs, as significantly contrasting practical consequences commonly occurred within as well as between cases. The findings support the use of talking therapies based on personal meanings to help those disturbed by their experiences of presence.
  
  
  
  Practitioners should not assume that ECPs are signs of pathology - often they have healing consequences. Where ECPs cause distress, the problem is likely to concern relationship difficulties with the deceased. Therapists can help clients with distressing ECPs by working on the relationship with the deceased.
authors.affiliation: The Anna Freud Centre/University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: The University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Leudar
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001601:Bereavement; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D033262:Narration; D011613:Psychotherapy; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: analysis; bereavement; conversation; hallucinations; hearing voices; narrative biographic interview; presence; sources of meaning; visions