title: The effects of operator position, pallet orientation, and palletizing condition on low back loads in manual bag palletizing operations.
abstract: Many mining commodities are packaged and shipped using bags. Small bags are typically loaded onto pallets for transport and require a significant amount of manual handling by workers. This specific task of manual bag handling has been associated with the development of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), especially low back disorders. This study evaluates the biomechanical demands of different work layouts when performing manual palletizing of small bags, and evaluates the biomechanical stresses associated with different stacking techniques. Results indicate that peak forward bending moments as well as spinal compression and shear forces are higher when the pallet is situated at the side of the conveyor as opposed to the end of the conveyor. At low levels of the pallet, controlled bag placement results in higher peak forward bending moments than stacking at higher levels and when dropping the bag to lower levels. The results of this study will be used to inform the development of an audit tool for bagging operations in the mining industry.
  In many cases for workers loading small bags, compression forces exceed the NIOSH criterion of 3400 N. Orientation of the pallet has a significant impact on spinal compression, and positioning the pallet at the end of the conveyor reduces the estimated compressive loading on the lumbar spine by approximately 800 N.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Auburn University, 3304 Shelby Center, Auburn, AL 36849-5346, USA.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Office of Mine Safety and Health Research, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0070, USA.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Heberger
keywords: Bag stacking; Fatigue failure; Low back biomechanics; Mining; Palletizing