title: Conversion of carbon dioxide to resorcylic acid under ultrasonication by Kolbe-Schmitt reaction.
abstract: The present work focuses on a new approach for the synthesis of β-resorcylic acid based on Kolbe-Schmitt reaction using carbon dioxide under ultrasonic and mild condition. The Kolbe-Schmitt reaction is a process for the synthesis of β-resorcylic acid (2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) from resorcinol in aqueous potassium hydroxide solution with gaseous CO2. The influences of carbonation time, flow rate of CO2 and the molar ratio of resorcinol/potassium hydroxide on the yield percentage of resorcylic acid were investigated. The study was assessed with the conventional thermal method (non ultrasonic method) for Kolbe-Schmitt reaction and it was observed that applying ultrasound to save more than 95% and 38.6% energy as shown by energy consumption calculations in bath type and horn type sonicator respectively. β-Resorcylic acid formed was characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, DEPT NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The amount of CO2 utilized in the reaction was evaluated from the yield percentage of β-resorcylic acid yield. The maximum yield of resorcylic acid of 30% and 65% was obtained at the resorcinol/potassium hydroxide ratio of 1:3, carbonation time of 150 min and the CO2 flow rate of 2L/min in bath type and horn type ultrasonicator, respectively. The applicability of the research work was examined in two different positional isomers of resorcinol under optimum conditions.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shanthi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India; Centre for Climate Change and Adaptation Research, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India. Electronic address: kpvelu@annauniv.edu.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Palanivelu
keywords: Carbon dioxide gas; Carbonation; Kolbe–Schmitt; Ultrasonication; β-Resorcylic acid