title: The Influence of Hospital and Surgeon Factors on the Prevalence of Axillary Lymph Node Evaluation in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although axillary lymph node evaluation is standard of care in the surgical management of invasive breast cancer, a benefit has not been demonstrated in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Despite uncertainty regarding the efficacy, axillary evaluation is often performed in women with DCIS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of axillary evaluation in women with DCIS and identify clinical, hospital, and surgeon-related factors associated with axillary evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis conducted from January 2006 through December 2012 of medical records contained in the Perspective database for women with DCIS who underwent breast-conserving surgery (BCS) or mastectomy. A total of 35,591 women aged 18 to 90 years were included in the analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Receipt or nonreceipt of surgical axillary evaluation, categorized as sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), or none. Analyses were stratified by surgery type, and multivariable regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with axillary evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of women identified with DCIS, 26,580 (74.7%) underwent BCS while 9011 (25.3%) underwent mastectomy; 17.7% undergoing BCS and 63.0% undergoing mastectomy had an axillary evaluation. Rates of axillary evaluation increased over time with mastectomy (2006, 56.6%; 2012, 67.4%) and were relatively stable with BCS (2006, 18.5%; 2012, 16.2%). Rates of ALND decreased in women undergoing mastectomy (2006, 20.0%; 2012, 10.7%) and BCS (2006, 1.2%; 2012, 0.3%), with increasing use of SLNB. In a multivariable analysis, hospital factors including nonteaching hospital (risk ratio [RR], 1.17; 95% CI, 1.05-1.30) and urban location (RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03-1.29) influenced axillary evaluation with mastectomy. Surgeon volume was the most significant predictor of axillary evaluation among women undergoing BCS (mid vs low volume: RR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.70-0.94; high vs low volume: RR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.44-0.65).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite guidelines recommending against axillary lymph node evaluation in women with DCIS undergoing BCS and uncertainty regarding its use with mastectomy, SLNB or ALND is performed frequently. Given the additional morbidity and cost of these procedures, alternative surgical approaches or prospective evaluation of the clinical benefit of axillary evaluation in women with DCIS is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Ellie J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Coromilas
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, New York3Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Yongmei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York4Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Sheldon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York3Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York5Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Alfred I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Neugut
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York3Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York5Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Dawn L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hershman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals / Q000639:trends*; D061847:Hospitals, High-Volume / Q000639:trends; D006786:Hospitals, Urban / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009519:New York City; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000639:trends; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D066231:Surgeons / Q000639:trends*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult