title: Effects of Aging on the Encoding of Dynamic and Static Components of Speech.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors investigated aging effects on the envelope of the frequency following response to dynamic and static components of speech. Older adults frequently experience problems understanding speech, despite having clinically normal hearing. Improving audibility with hearing aids provides variable benefit, as amplification cannot restore the temporal precision degraded by aging. Previous studies have demonstrated age-related delays in subcortical timing specific to the dynamic, transition region of the stimulus. However, it is unknown whether this delay is mainly due to a failure to encode rapid changes in the formant transition because of central temporal processing deficits or as a result of cochlear damage that reduces audibility for the high-frequency components of the speech syllable. To investigate the nature of this delay, the authors compared subcortical responses in younger and older adults with normal hearing to the speech syllables /da/ and /a/, hypothesizing that the delays in peak timing observed in older adults are mainly caused by temporal processing deficits in the central auditory system.
  
  
  METHODS
  The frequency following response was recorded to the speech syllables /da/ and /a/ from 15 younger and 15 older adults with normal hearing, normal IQ, and no history of neurological disorders. Both speech syllables were presented binaurally with alternating polarities at 80 dB SPL at a rate of 4.3 Hz through electromagnetically shielded insert earphones. A vertical montage of four Ag-AgCl electrodes (Cz, active, forehead ground, and earlobe references) was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The responses of older adults were significantly delayed with respect to younger adults for the transition and onset regions of the /da/ syllable and for the onset of the /a/ syllable. However, in contrast with the younger adults who had earlier latencies for /da/ than for /a/ (as was expected given the high-frequency energy in the /da/ stop consonant burst), latencies in older adults were not significantly different between the responses to /da/ and /a/. An unexpected finding was noted in the amplitude and phase dissimilarities between the two groups in the later part of the steady-state region, rather than in the transition region. This amplitude reduction may indicate prolonged neural recovery or response decay associated with a loss of auditory nerve fibers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that older adults' peak timing delays may arise from decreased synchronization to the onset of the stimulus due to reduced audibility, though the possible role of impaired central auditory processing cannot be ruled out. Conversely, a deterioration in temporal processing mechanisms in the auditory nerve, brainstem, or midbrain may be a factor in the sudden loss of synchronization in the later part of the steady-state response in older adults.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; and 2Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Presacco
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: Samira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult