title: Application of Multi-Species Microbial Bioassay to Assess the Effects of Engineered Nanoparticles in the Aquatic Environment: Potential of a Luminous Microbial Array for Toxicity Risk Assessment (LumiMARA) on Testing for Surface-Coated Silver Nanoparticles.
abstract: Four different manufactured surface-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with coating of citrate, tannic acid, polyethylene glycol, and branched polyethylenimine were used in this study. The toxicity of surface-coated AgNPs was evaluated by a luminous microbial array for toxicity risk assessment (LumiMARA) using multi-species of luminescent bacteria. The salt stability of four different AgNPs was measured by UV absorbance at 400 nm wavelength, and different surface-charged AgNPs in combination with bacteria were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both branched polyethylenimine (BPEI)-AgNPs and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-AgNPs were shown to be stable with 2% NaCl (non-aggregation), whereas both citrate (Cit)-AgNPs and tannic acid (Tan)-AgNPs rapidly aggregated in 2% NaCl solution. The values of the 50% effective concentration (EC50) for BPEI-AgNPs in marine bacteria strains (1.57 to 5.19 mg/L) were lower than those for the other surface-coated AgNPs (i.e., Cit-AgNPs, Tan-AgNPs, and PEG-AgNPs). It appears that the toxicity of AgNPs could be activated by the interaction of positively charged AgNPs with the negatively charged bacterial cell wall from the results of LumiMARA. LumiMARA for toxicity screening has advantageous compared to a single-species bioassay and is applicable for environmental samples as displaying ranges of assessment results.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST Europe) Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Universitaet des Saarlandes Campus E7 1, Saarbruecken 66123, Germany. yjjung@kist-europe.de.
authors.forename: YounJung
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST Europe) Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Universitaet des Saarlandes Campus E7 1, Saarbruecken 66123, Germany. cb.park@kist-europe.de.
authors.forename: Chang-Beom
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST Europe) Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Universitaet des Saarlandes Campus E7 1, Saarbruecken 66123, Germany. youngjunkim@kist-europe.de.
authors.forename: Youngjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST Europe) Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Universitaet des Saarlandes Campus E7 1, Saarbruecken 66123, Germany. shkim@kist-europe.de.
authors.forename: Sanghun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology, Chair Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, Berlin 10587, Germany. stephan.pflugmacher@tu-berlin.de.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pflugmacher
authors.affiliation: Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST Europe) Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Universitaet des Saarlandes Campus E7 1, Saarbruecken 66123, Germany. sbaik@kist-europe.de.
authors.forename: Seungyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baik
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D019343:Citric Acid; D004396:Coloring Agents; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012834:Silver / Q000633:toxicity*; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D012996:Solutions; D019343:Citric Acid; D012834:Silver
keywords: ecotoxicological screening test; multi-species of luminescent bacteria; salt stability; surface charge; surface-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)