title: Modulation of host immunity by tick saliva.
abstract: Next generation sequencing and proteomics have helped to comprehensively characterize gene expression in tick salivary glands at both the transcriptome and the proteome level. Functional data are, however, lacking. Given that tick salivary secretions are critical to the success of the tick transmission lifecycle and, as a consequence, for host colonization by the pathogens they spread, we thoroughly review here the literature on the known interactions between tick saliva (or tick salivary gland extracts) and the innate and adaptive vertebrate immune system. The information is intended to serve as a reference for functional characterization of the numerous genes and proteins expressed in tick salivary glands with an ultimate goal to develop novel vector and pathogen control strategies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We overview all the known interactions of tick saliva with the vertebrate immune system. The provided information is important, given the recent developments in high-throughput transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of gene expression in tick salivary glands, since it may serve as a guideline for the functional characterization of the numerous newly-discovered genes expressed in tick salivary glands.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Budweis, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Budweis, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kotál
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Budweis, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Langhansová
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Budweis, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jaroslava
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lieskovská
authors.affiliation: Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Ivo M B
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Francischetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Triantafyllos
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chavakis
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Budweis, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kopecký
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Joao H F
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Pedra
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Budweis, Czech Republic. Electronic address: mich_kotsyfakis@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Michail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kotsyfakis
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Budweis, Czech Republic; Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Jindřich
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chmelař
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D018448:Models, Immunological; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013987:Ticks / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins
keywords: Adaptive immunity; Innate immunity; Saliva; Salivary glands; Tick