title: Specific antibodies to Anopheles gSG6-P1 salivary peptide to assess early childhood exposure to malaria vector bites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The estimates of risk of malaria in early childhood are imprecise given the current entomologic and parasitological tools. Thus, the utility of anti-Anopheles salivary gSG6-P1 peptide antibody responses in measuring exposure to Anopheles bites during early infancy has been assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anti-gSG6-P1 IgG and IgM levels were evaluated in 133 infants (in Benin) at three (M3), six (M6), nine (M9) and 12 (M12) months of age. Specific IgG levels were also assessed in their respective umbilical cord blood (IUCB) and maternal blood (MPB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At M3, 93.98 and 41.35% of infants had anti-gSG6-P1 IgG and IgM Ab, respectively. Specific median IgG and IgM levels gradually increased between M3 and M6 (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.001), M6-M9 (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.085) and M9-M12 (p = 0.002 and p = 0.03). These levels were positively associated with the Plasmodium falciparum infection intensity (p = 0.006 and 0.003), and inversely with the use of insecticide-treated bed nets (p = 0.003 and 0.3). Levels of specific IgG in the MPB were positively correlated to those in the IUCB (R = 0.73; p < 0.0001) and those at M3 (R = 0.34; p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The exposure level to Anopheles bites, and then the risk of malaria infection, can be evaluated in young infants by assessing anti-gSG6-P1 IgM and IgG responses before and after 6-months of age, respectively. This tool can be useful in epidemiological evaluation and surveillance of malaria risk during the first year of life.
authors.affiliation: UMR MIVEGEC (IRD224-CNRS5290-Universités Montpellier 1 et 2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP64501, 34394, Montpellier, France. papa.drame@nih.gov.|IRD-UMR MIVEGEC (IRD224-CNRS5290-Universités Montpellier 1 et 2), Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 01 BP 4414RP, Cotonou, Benin. papa.drame@nih.gov.|Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, 4 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0425, USA. papa.drame@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Papa M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Drame
authors.affiliation: UMR MIVEGEC (IRD224-CNRS5290-Universités Montpellier 1 et 2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP64501, 34394, Montpellier, France. anne.poinsignon@ird.fr.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poinsignon
authors.affiliation: IRD UMR 216 Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, 75006, Paris, France. celia.dechavanne@gmail.com.|Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France. celia.dechavanne@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Célia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dechavanne
authors.affiliation: IRD UMR 216 Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, 75006, Paris, France. gilles.cottrell@ird.fr.|Laboratoire de Mathématiques Appliquées, Université Paris Descartes, 75006, Paris, France. gilles.cottrell@ird.fr.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cottrell
authors.affiliation: UMR MIVEGEC (IRD224-CNRS5290-Universités Montpellier 1 et 2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP64501, 34394, Montpellier, France. manonf34@hotmail.fr.
authors.forename: Manon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farce
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfant (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Benin. ladekpo@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Rodolphe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ladekpo
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfant (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Benin. massougbodjiachille@yahoo.fr.|Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 188, Cotonou, Benin. massougbodjiachille@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Achille
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Massougbodji
authors.affiliation: UMR MIVEGEC (IRD224-CNRS5290-Universités Montpellier 1 et 2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP64501, 34394, Montpellier, France. Sylvie.cornelie@ird.fr.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cornélie
authors.affiliation: IRD UMR 216 Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, 75006, Paris, France. david.courtin@ird.fr.|Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France. david.courtin@ird.fr.|Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfant (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Benin. david.courtin@ird.fr.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Courtin
authors.affiliation: IRD UMR 216 Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, 75006, Paris, France. florence.migot-nabias@ird.fr.|Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France. florence.migot-nabias@ird.fr.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Migot-Nabias
authors.affiliation: IRD UMR 216 Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, 75006, Paris, France. andre.garcia@ird.fr.|Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France. andre.garcia@ird.fr.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: UMR MIVEGEC (IRD224-CNRS5290-Universités Montpellier 1 et 2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP64501, 34394, Montpellier, France. franck.remoue@ird.fr.|IRD-UMR MIVEGEC (IRD224-CNRS5290-Universités Montpellier 1 et 2), Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 01 BP 4414RP, Cotonou, Benin. franck.remoue@ird.fr.
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Remoué
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001733:Bites and Stings / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007112:Immunity, Maternally-Acquired / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007223:Infant; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides