title: [Hand malformations imaging characteristics and clinical classification: a case-control study].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discussion of hand malformations imaging features and clinical classification, tentatively proposed radiological classification.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of the clinical data and image of 101 cases of hands developmental deformity and admitted to hospital affiliated to 1971-2014 years in The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University and the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University. It is divided into five types base on imaging features: no formation, hypoplasy, over formation, segmental abnormal or joint, bend or abnormal and comparing with classification of Swanson.
  
  
  RESULTS
  101 cases of hand deformity in a total of 14 kinds of deformity, respectively in phalanx 12 kinds, 1 kind of metacarpal, 1 kind of carpal. With imaging features classification: 4 kinds of no formation (ectrodactyly, cleft hand, ectrometacarpia, aphalangia), 1 kind of hypoplasy (brachydactyly), 3 kinds of over formation (macrodactyly, long finger malformations, polydactyly), 3 kinds of segmental abnormal or joint (syndactyly, symphalangism, carpal coalition), 3 kinds of bend or abnormal (clinodactyly, camptodactyly, Kirner deformity).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are many different kinds of hand malformations, the classification according to the cause or the gene would be more confusing, but with imaging features as the basis for classification is more ideal, and it is good for memory and orthopedic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zekun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Email: jpding@vip.sina.com.
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005385:Fingers / Q000002:abnormalities; D006225:Hand; D006228:Hand Deformities, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital; D017689:Polydactyly; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013576:Syndactyly; D014955:Wrist Joint