title: Magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) is now in its 10th year. The primary objective of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) core of ADNI has been to improve methods for clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We review the contributions of the MRI core from present and past cycles of ADNI (ADNI-1, -Grand Opportunity and -2). We also review plans for the future-ADNI-3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contributions of the MRI core include creating standardized acquisition protocols and quality control methods; examining the effect of technical features of image acquisition and analysis on outcome metrics; deriving sample size estimates for future trials based on those outcomes; and piloting the potential utility of MR perfusion, diffusion, and functional connectivity measures in multicenter clinical trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over the past decade the MRI core of ADNI has fulfilled its mandate of improving methods for clinical trials in AD and will continue to do so in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: jack.clifford@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Clifford R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Jack
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Matt A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Bret J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Borowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Shona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clegg
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Anders M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Owen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ching
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: DeCarli
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Rahul S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Desikan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fennema-Notestine
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Anders M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fjell
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Nick C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gunter
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Boris A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Gutman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Insel
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Kejal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kantarci
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ron J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Killiany
authors.affiliation: Siemens Medical Solutions, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.affiliation: Translational Imaging Group, Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kelvin K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mackin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maillard
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ian B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mattsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McEvoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Translational Imaging Group, Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Modat
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nosheny
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Translational Imaging Group, Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sebastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ourselin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schuff
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Senjem
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Alix
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simonson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: MR Applications and Workflow, GE Healthcare, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rettmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Prashanthi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vemuri
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Walhovd
authors.affiliation: Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Yansong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiner
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D013113:Spin Labels
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D013113:Spin Labels
keywords: ADNI; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative; Alzheimer's disease; Diffusion; MRI; Neuroimaging; Perfusion; Resting functional MRI