title: Does salt have a permissive role in the induction of puberty?
abstract: Puberty is starting earlier than ever before and there are serious physiological and sociological implications as a result of this development. Current research has focused on the potential role of high caloric, and commensurate high adiposity, contributions to early puberty. However, girls with normal BMI also appear to be initiating puberty earlier. Westernized diets, in addition to being high in fat and sugar, are also high in salt. To date, no research has investigated a link between elevated salt and the reproductive axis. We hypothesize that a high salt diet can result in an earlier onset of puberty through three mechanisms that are not mutually exclusive. (1) High salt activates neurokinin B, a hormone that is involved in both the reproductive axis and salt regulation, and this induces kisspeptin release and ultimate activation of the reproductive axis. (2) Vasopressin released in response to high salt acts on vasopressin receptors expressed on kisspeptin neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus, thereby stimulating gonadotropin releasing hormone and subsequently luteinizing hormone secretion. (3) Salt induces metabolic changes that affect the reproductive axis. Specifically, salt acts indirectly to modulate adiposity, ties in with the obesity epidemic, and further compounds the pathologic effects of obesity. Our overall hypothesis offers an additional cause behind the induction of puberty and provides testable postulates to determine the mechanism of potential salt-mediated affects on puberty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Physiology, Neuroscience Program, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States.
authors.forename: Dori
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pitynski
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Physiology, Neuroscience Program, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States.
authors.forename: Francis W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Physiology, Neuroscience Program, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States. Electronic address: dcs@uwyo.edu.
authors.forename: Donal C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Skinner
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001111:Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D004399:Dynorphins / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D059648:Kisspeptins / Q000378:metabolism; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015287:Neurokinin B / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology; D011627:Puberty; D051381:Rats; D012098:Reproduction; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000502:physiology*; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary
chemical_list: C106628:KISS1 protein, human; D059648:Kisspeptins; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D004399:Dynorphins; D015287:Neurokinin B; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone