title: HypoxamiRs: regulators of cardiac hypoxia and energy metabolism.
abstract: Hypoxia and its intricate regulation are at the epicenter of cardiovascular research. Mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors as well as by several microRNAs, recently termed 'hypoxamiRs', hypoxia affects several cardiac pathophysiological processes. Hypoxia is the driving force behind the regulation of the characteristic metabolic switch from predominant fatty acid oxidation in the healthy heart to glucose utilization in the failing myocardium, but also instigates reactivation of the fetal gene program, induces the cardiac hypertrophy response, alters extracellular matrix composition, influences mitochondrial biogenesis, and impacts upon myocardial contractility. HypoxamiR regulation adds a new level of complexity to this multitude of hypoxia-mediated effects, rendering the understanding of the hypoxic response a fundamental piece in solving the cardiovascular disease puzzle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hamid El
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Azzouzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stefanos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leptidis
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pieter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Doevendans
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: l.dewindt@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Leon J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: De Windt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding
keywords: cardiovascular disease; hypoxamiRs; hypoxia; microRNAs; therapeutics