title: Reliability and Validity of the Pediatric Palliative Care Questionnaire for Measuring Self-Efficacy, Knowledge, and Adequacy of Prior Medical Education among Pediatric Fellows.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interventions to improve pediatric trainee education in palliative care have been limited by a lack of reliable and valid tools for measuring effectiveness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We developed a questionnaire to measure pediatric fellows' self-efficacy (comfort), knowledge, and perceived adequacy of prior medical education. We measured the questionnaire's reliability and validity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The questionnaire contains questions regarding self-efficacy (23), knowledge (10), fellow's perceived adequacy of prior medical education (6), and demographics. The survey was developed with palliative care experts, and sent to fellows in U.S. pediatric cardiology, critical care, hematology/ oncology, and neonatal-perinatal medicine programs. Measures of reliability, internal consistency, and validity were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred forty-seven fellows completed the survey at test and retest. The self-efficacy and medical education questionnaires showed high internal consistency of 0.95 and 0.84. The test-retest reliability for the Self-Efficacy Summary Score, measured by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and weighted kappa, was 0.78 (item range 0.44-0.81) and 0.61 (item range 0.36-0.70), respectively. For the Adequacy of Medical Education Summary Score, ICC was 0.85 (item range 0.6-0.78) and weighted kappa was 0.63 (item range 0.47-0.62). Validity coefficients for these two questionnaires were 0.88 and 0.92. Fellows answered a mean of 8.8/10 knowledge questions correctly; percentage agreement ranged from 65% to 99%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This questionnaire is capable of assessing self-efficacy and fellow-perceived adequacy of their prior palliative care training. We recommend use of this tool for fellowship programs seeking to evaluate fellow education in palliative care, or for research studies assessing the effectiveness of a palliative care educational intervention.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University , Stanford, California.|2 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Stanford University , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Katharine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Harvey J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Health Research and Policy, Division of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Rita A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Popat
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University , Stanford, California.|4 Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, California.|5 Center for Advanced Pediatric and Perinatal Education, Stanford University , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Louis P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Halamek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003657:Decision Making; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D065126:Palliative Medicine / Q000193:education*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000193:education*; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires