title: Storage Time and Temperature Effects on Histamine Production in Tuna Salad Preparations.
abstract: Scombrotoxin fish poisoning (SFP), also known as histamine (Hst) poisoning, has been associated with consumption of scombroid-type fish, including tuna and tuna fish products. Preparation of commercial tuna salad contaminated with Hstproducing bacteria (HPB), combined with time-temperature abuse, can present a food safety hazard. A potential source of HPB is raw ingredients, such as celery and onions. The objectives of this study were to determine whether raw ingredients can be a source of HPB and to ascertain the effects of storage time (up to 4 days or 4 weeks) and temperature (4, 10, 18, 25, 30°C) on growth and Hst production by high-HPB (>1,000 ppm of Hst) in tuna salad preparations. Pantoea-Erwinia, Erwinia persicinus, Erwinia spp., and Enterobacter pyrinus isolated from celery in this study were used to inoculate tuna salad and tuna salad with celery or onion. HPB numbers were 0.7 to 4.3 log most probable number per g higher in the presence of celery or onion versus plain tuna salad (3:1 tuna:mayonnaise). E. pyrinus-inoculated plain tuna salad and tuna salad with celery and onion had >500 ppm of Hst after 2 days at 30°C and 4 days at 25°C. E. pyrinus-inoculated salad with celery and onion had >500 ppm of Hst after 4 days at 18°C and 2 weeks at 10°C. Raw celery can introduce HPB into tuna salad, which can cause SFP if the product is time-temperature abused. Tuna salad products must be refrigerated at ≤4°C to prevent growth and Hst production by the HPB used in this study, to protect consumers from potential SFP.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, 1 Iberville Drive, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, USA. susan.mccarthy@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.affiliation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, 1 Iberville Drive, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bjornsdottir-Butler
authors.affiliation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, 1 Iberville Drive, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Benner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D005396:Fish Products / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005511:Food Handling; D005516:Food Microbiology; D059022:Food Safety; D061353:Food Storage / Q000379:methods*; D006632:Histamine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis; D013696:Temperature; D014413:Tuna / Q000382:microbiology*; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; C034101:scombrotoxin; D006632:Histamine