title: Factorial validity and gender invariance of the center for epidemiological studies depression in cardiac rehabilitation patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To find a best-fitting factor structure of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) and test whether this structure is invariant across gender in a cardiac rehabilitation population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the data from 920 participants of a cardiac rehabilitation exercise program. Fourteen confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to examine existing factor solutions from the literature. The best-fitting model was tested for invariance across gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data fit best to a 3-factor solution, which has 14 items and 3 factors (ie, somatic symptoms, negative affect, and anhedonia). The goodness-of-fit indices showed an acceptable fit. The invariance analysis revealed that the factor structure is equivalent across gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While a fitting factor solution was found, rehabilitation practitioners and researchers need to be aware of the psychometrical shortcomings of the CES-D and consider using other scales as alternative measures of depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harenberg
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marshall-Prain
authors.forename: Kim D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Dorsch
authors.forename: Harold A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Riemer
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D000072038:Cardiac Rehabilitation; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors