title: A Cluster-Randomized, Controlled Trial of a Simplified Multifaceted Management Program for Individuals at High Cardiovascular Risk (SimCard Trial) in Rural Tibet, China, and Haryana, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In rural areas in China and India, the cardiovascular disease burden is high but economic and healthcare resources are limited. This study (the Simplified Cardiovascular Management Study [SimCard]) aims to develop and evaluate a simplified cardiovascular management program delivered by community health workers with the aid of a smartphone-based electronic decision support system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SimCard study was a yearlong cluster-randomized, controlled trial conducted in 47 villages (27 in China and 20 in India). Recruited for the study were 2086 individuals with high cardiovascular risk (aged ≥40 years with self-reported history of coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and/or measured systolic blood pressure ≥160 mm Hg). Participants in the intervention villages were managed by community health workers through an Android-powered app on a monthly basis focusing on 2 medication use and 2 lifestyle modifications. In comparison with the control group, the intervention group had a 25.5% (P<0.001) higher net increase in the primary outcome of the proportion of patient-reported antihypertensive medication use pre- and post-intervention. There were also significant differences in certain secondary outcomes: aspirin use (net difference: 17.1%; P<0.001) and systolic blood pressure (-2.7 mm Hg; P=0.04). However, no significant changes were observed in the lifestyle factors. The intervention was culturally tailored, and country-specific results revealed important differences between the regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the simplified cardiovascular management program improved quality of primary care and clinical outcomes in resource-poor settings in China and India. Larger trials in more places are needed to ascertain the potential impacts on mortality and morbidity outcomes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01503814.
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Maoyi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Vamadevan S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Ajay
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Danzeng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dunzhu
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Safraj S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hameed
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: KaWing
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Ruilai
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Xingshan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Devraj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jindal
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Ishita
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rawal
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Mohammed K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Jiachao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Ritvik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Amarchand
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Li-Qun
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.).
authors.forename: Yangfeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.). Lijing.Yan@Duke.edu dprabhakaran@phfi.org.
authors.forename: Dorairaj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prabhakaran
authors.affiliation: From The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (M.T., X.L., C.L., R.L., J.J., Y.W., L.L.Y.); Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., S.S.H., D.P.); Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (V.S.A., D.J., I.R., D.P.); Tibet University, Lhasa, China (D.D., Z.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China (C.L., Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, China (H.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA (K.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (M.K.A.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (E.D.P.); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (R.A., A.K.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (N.T.); China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China (L.X.); and Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (L.L.Y.). Lijing.Yan@Duke.edu dprabhakaran@phfi.org.
authors.forename: Lijing L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D018609:Tibet / Q000208:ethnology
keywords: China; India; cardiovascular diseases; community; decision support techniques; prevention & control