title: The age of anxiety? It depends where you look: changes in STAI trait anxiety, 1970-2010.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Population-level surveys suggest that anxiety has been increasing in several nations, including the USA and UK. We sought to verify the apparent anxiety increases by looking for systematic changes in mean anxiety questionnaire scores from research publications.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed all available mean State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores published between 1970 and 2010. We collected 1703 samples, representing more than 205,000 participants from 57 nations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed a significant anxiety increase worldwide, but the pattern was less clear in many individual nations. Our analyses suggest that any increase in anxiety in the USA and Canada may be limited to students, anxiety has decreased in the UK, and has remained stable in Australia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although anxiety may have increased worldwide, it might not be increasing as dramatically as previously thought, except in specific populations, such as North American students. Our results seem to contradict survey results from the USA and UK in particular. We do not claim that our results are more reliable than those of large population surveys. However, we do suggest that mental health surveys and other governmental sources of disorder prevalence data may be partially biased by changing attitudes toward mental health: if respondents are more aware and less ashamed of their anxiety, they are more likely to report it to survey takers. Analyses such as ours provide a useful means of double-checking apparent trends in large population surveys.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, MEF University, Ayazağa Cad. No 4, Maslak-Sarıyer, 34396, İstanbul, Turkey. rob.booth.psych@gmail.com.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Kent, Kent, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA, USA.
authors.forename: T I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Leader
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety; Mental health; Psychiatric epidemiology; Stigmatization of mental health problems