title: Heavy metals contamination in lipsticks and their associated health risks to lipstick consumers.
abstract: This study aimed to determine the heavy metals (lead, cadmium, and chromium) concentration in lipsticks of different price categories sold in the Malaysian market and evaluate the potential health risks due to daily ingestion of heavy metals in lipsticks. A total of 374 questionnaires were distributed to the female staff in a public university in Malaysia in order to obtain information such as brand and price of the lipsticks, body weight, and frequency and duration of wearing lipstick. This information was important for the calculation of hazard quotient (HQ) in health risk assessment. The samples were extracted using a microwave digester and analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The concentrations of lead, cadmium, and chromium in lipsticks ranged from 0.77 to 15.44 mg kg(-1), 0.06-0.33 mg kg(-1), and 0.48-2.50 mg kg(-1), respectively. There was a significant difference of lead content in the lipsticks of different price categories. There was no significant non-carcinogenic health risk due to the exposure of these heavy metals through lipstick consumption for the prolonged exposure of 35 years (HQ < 1).
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Airin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: yubin@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Yu Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D003358:Cosmetics / Q000032:analysis*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004340:Drug Contamination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D019216:Metals, Heavy
keywords: Health risk assessment; Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES); Lipstick; Microwave digestion; Price