title: Precocious quantitative cognition in monkeys.
abstract: Basic quantitative abilities are thought to have an innate basis in humans partly because the ability to discriminate quantities emerges early in child development. If humans and nonhuman primates share this developmentally primitive foundation of quantitative reasoning, then this ability should be present early in development across species and should emerge earlier in monkeys than in humans because monkeys mature faster than humans. We report that monkeys spontaneously make accurate quantity choices by 1 year of age in a task that human children begin to perform only at 2.5 to 3 years of age. Additionally, we report that the quantitative sensitivity of infant monkeys is equal to that of the adult animals in their group and that rates of learning do not differ between infant and adult animals. This novel evidence of precocious quantitative reasoning in infant monkeys suggests that human quantitative reasoning shares its early developing foundation with other primates. The data further suggest that early developing components of primate quantitative reasoning are constrained by maturational factors related to genetic development as opposed to learning experience alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Meliora Hall Box 270268, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.|Seneca Park Zoo, Rochester, NY, 14621, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrigno
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Meliora Hall Box 270268, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.|Seneca Park Zoo, Rochester, NY, 14621, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Meliora Hall Box 270268, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA. jcantlon@rcbi.rochester.edu.|Seneca Park Zoo, Rochester, NY, 14621, USA. jcantlon@rcbi.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Jessica F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Cantlon
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D007600:Judgment / Q000502:physiology*; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D055641:Mathematical Concepts; D048530:Papio anubis / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity
keywords: Animal cognition; Cognitive development; Numerical cognition; Numerosity