title: Assessing pollution in marine protected areas: the role of a multi-biomarker and multi-organ approach.
abstract: Marine protected areas (MPAs) are vulnerable to many pressures, including pollution. However, environmental quality monitoring in these areas traditionally relies on only water chemistry and microbiological parameters. The goal of the current study was to investigate the role of a set of biomarkers in different target organs (liver, kidney, and gills) of fish in order to assess the environmental quality of an MPA (MTs, GPx, GST, GSH, DNA damage, LPO, AChE, and condition index). Chemical analyses were also performed on liver and muscle tissues to evaluate metal body burdens, and PAHs were identified in bile. A demersal fish (Cathorops spixii) that is widely consumed by the local population was used as bioindicator species, and the results were integrated using multivariate analysis. The use of the biomarker approach allowed for the identification of both seasonal and spatial variations in pollution sources around the Environmental Protected Area of Cananéia-Iguape-Peruíbe (APA-CIP). Higher metal body burdens associated with biological responses were found in the sites under the influence of urban areas during the dry season, and they were found in the sites under the influence of the Ribeira de Iguape River (RIR) during the rainy season. The liver was found to be more responsive in terms of its antioxidant responses, whereas gills were found to be more responsive to biomarkers of effect. These results show that this set of biomarker analyses in different organs of fish is a useful tool for assessing chemical pollution in an MPA.
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduation Program in Ecology and Conservation, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19031, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. pgusso@yahoo.com.br.|Laboratório de Toxicologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP19031, 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. pgusso@yahoo.com.br.|NEPEA, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, CP 11330-900, São Vicente, SP, Brazil. pgusso@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Paloma Kachel
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Gusso-Choueri
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Av. Almirante Saldanha da Gama, 89, CP 11030-490, Santos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Brasil
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Choueri
authors.affiliation: NEPEA, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, CP 11330-900, São Vicente, SP, Brazil.|Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, CP 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giuliana Seraphim
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: de Araújo
authors.affiliation: NEPEA, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, CP 11330-900, São Vicente, SP, Brazil.|Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, CP 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina Feitosa
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduation Program in Applied Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Av. General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748 Uvaranas, CP 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stremel
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduation Program in Applied Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Av. General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748 Uvaranas, CP 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: NEPEA, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, CP 11330-900, São Vicente, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denis Moledo de Sousa
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Abessa
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduation Program in Ecology and Conservation, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19031, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.|NEPEA, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, CP 11330-900, São Vicente, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ciro Alberto Oliveira
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D005399:Fishes; D005880:Gills / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Contamination; Environmental monitoring; Genotoxicity; Metal body burdens; Neurotoxicity; Oxidative stress; PAHs metabolites in bile; WOE approach