title: Safe Tummy Tuck: Anatomy and Strategy to Avoid Injury to the Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve During Abdominoplasty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abdominoplasty is one of the most common aesthetic procedures performed in the United States. While poor contour and unsatisfactory cosmetic result have been recognized, neuropathic pain from lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury has been poorly described. We aim to improve outcomes by using an anatomical study to develop a strategy to avoid injury to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve in abdominoplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three fresh cadaver abdomens were dissected to evaluate the course of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, using 2.5× loupe magnification. Measurements were taken from the nerve to the anterior superior iliac spine and from the pubic symphysis to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Recordings of the relationship of the nerve to the inguinal ligament and depth at scarpa's fascia were also made. Statistical analysis was performed to find average distances with a standard deviation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, the distance from the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve to the anterior superior iliac spine was 3.62 (SD = 1.32) cm and 13.58 (SD = 2.41) cm from the pubic symphysis in line with the inguinal ligament. The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve was found at the inguinal ligament 80% of the time and 20% of the time superior to the ligament and always deep to scarpa's fascia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abdominoplasty carries a high patient and surgeon satisfaction rate. The plastic surgeon is continuously challenged to identify ways to improve outcomes, efficiency, and morbidity. Minimal and careful dissection in the area around 4 cm of the anterior superior iliac spine in addition to preserving scarpa's fascia near the inguinal ligament may serve as key strategies to avoiding lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chowdhry
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choo
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kelishadi
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Tutela
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yonick
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wilhelmi
keywords: abdominoplasty; lateral femoral cutaneous nerve; plastic surgery; safety; tummy tuck