title: Hand Grip Strength and Myocardial Oxygen Consumption Index among Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hand grip strength (HGS) is a reliable indicator of peripheral muscle strength. Although, numerous studies have investigated the strength of hand grip; little attention has been given to coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, exploring the relationship between HGS and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) index. The current study aimed to evaluate the interaction between HGS and MVO2 index findings before and after cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven patients with CAD had HGS were assessed using handheld dynamometer. HGS for each hand were documented. MVO2 index was assessed using rate pressure product (RPP), which is the product of the heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Repeated measures MANOVA were carried out to estimate the interaction between both hands HGS and MVO2 index before and after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant interactions (P<0.001) for both HGS dominant and non-dominant with large effect sizes (HGS dominant×MVO2 index: hp (2)=0.44; HGS dominant×RPP: hp (2)=0.49). This signifies that peripheral muscle strength of the upper limb (HGS dominant and non-dominant) had different effects on MVO2 index before and after surgery. The interaction graph shows that the increase in MVO2 index after surgery was significantly greater for peripheral muscle strength of the dominant hand when compared to non-dominant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with CAD had interactions between HGS and oxygen consumption before and after surgery. Hence, HGS might be used as a predictor to assess oxygen consumption among cardiac patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; ; KPJ Damansara Specialist Hospital, Damansara Utama, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia;
authors.forename: Siti Nur Baait Biniti Mohd
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Sokran
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia;
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia;
authors.forename: Kamaria
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamaruddin
authors.affiliation: KPJ Damansara Specialist Hospital, Damansara Utama, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia;
authors.forename: Mohd Daud
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sulaiman
authors.affiliation: KPJ Damansara Specialist Hospital, Damansara Utama, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia;
authors.forename: Yahya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Awang
authors.affiliation: Center for Statistical Studies, Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia;
authors.forename: Ida Rosmini Binti
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Othman
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Smiley Jesu Priya
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Victor
keywords: Coronary artery disease; Hand strength; Oxygen consumption