title: Effect of sludge retention on UF membrane fouling: The significance of sludge crystallization and EPS increase.
abstract: This paper concerns a previously unreported mechanism of membrane ultrafiltration (UF) fouling when a UF process with coagulation pre-treatment is used in drinking water treatment. The significance of settled coagulant solids (sludge) with different age within the membrane tank on UF fouling has been investigated at laboratory-scale, using model micro-polluted surface water. The process of floc crystallization and increasing bacterial EPS with solids (sludge) retention time may be detrimental to UF operation by causing an increased rate of membrane fouling. In this study the performance of two alum pre-treated hollow-fibre UF units, operated in parallel but with different settled sludge retention times (1 and 7 days), was compared. The results showed that over 34 days of operation the extent of reversible and irreversible fouling was much greater for the 7-day solids retention time. This was attributed to the greater extent of bacterial activity and the presence of Al-nanoparticles, arising from sludge crystallization, at the longer retention time. In particular, greater quantities of organic matter, particularly EPS (proteins and polysaccharides), were found in the UF cake layer and pores for the 7-day retention time. The addition of chlorine later in the membrane run substantially reduced the rate of membrane fouling for both sludge retention times, and this corresponded to reduced quantities of organic substances, including EPS, in the cake layer and pores of both membranes. The results suggest that bacterial activity (and EPS production) is more important than the production of Al-nanoparticles from solids crystallization in causing membrane fouling. However, it is likely that both phenomena are interactive and possibly synergistic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK. Electronic address: w.yu@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Wenzheng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK. Electronic address: n.graham@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK. Electronic address: yunjia.yang13@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Yunjia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. Electronic address: qizhi.zhou@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Zhiqi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. Electronic address: l.campos@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Luiza C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Campos
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D057219:Biofouling; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000378:metabolism; D019149:Bioreactors; D003460:Crystallization; D006868:Hydrolysis; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D014462:Ultrafiltration; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001704:Biopolymers; D012722:Sewage; D000535:Aluminum
keywords: Coagulation; EPS; Membrane fouling; Sludge crystallization; Sludge retention time; Ultrafiltration