title: Moving to Serene Nature May Prevent Poor Mental Health--Results from a Swedish Longitudinal Cohort Study.
abstract: Green spaces are recognized for improving mental health, but what particular kind of nature is required is yet not elucidated. This study explores the effect of specific types of recreational nature qualities on mental health. Longitudinal data (1999/2000 and 2005) from a public health survey was distributed to a stratified sample (n = 24,945) of a Swedish population. People from rural or suburban areas (n = 9230) who had moved between baseline and follow-up (n = 1419) were studied. Individual geographic residence codes were linked to five predefined nature qualities, classified in geographic information systems (GIS). Any change in the amount of or type of qualities within 300 m distance between baseline and follow-up was correlated to any change in mental health (as measured by the General Health Questionnaire) by logistic regression models. On average, the population had limited access to nature qualities both pre- and post-move. There was no significant correlation between change in the amount of qualities and change in mental health. However, the specific quality "serene" was a significant determinant with a significantly decreased risk for women of change to mental ill-health at follow-up. The objective definition of the potentially health-promoting quality may facilitate implication in landscape practice and healthy planning.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-23053 Alnarp, Sweden. matilda.van.den.bosch@slu.se.
authors.forename: Matilda Annerstedt
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van den Bosch
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, S-20502 Malmö, Sweden. per-olof.ostergren@med.lu.se.
authors.forename: Per-Olof
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Östergren
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-23053 Alnarp, Sweden. patrik.grahn@slu.se.
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grahn
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-23053 Alnarp, Sweden. erik.skarback@slu.se.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Skärbäck
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-23053 Alnarp, Sweden. peter@wahrborg.se.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Währborg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011634:Public Health; D011998:Recreation; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People
keywords: GIS; longitudinal; mental health; nature type; public health survey; recreation; salutogenic; wellbeing