title: Mental health consequences of violence against women and girls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies on mental health consequences of violence against women and girls were reviewed in a range of situations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although several studies continued to show cross-sectional associations between child sexual abuse (CSA) and mental health outcomes, a few prospective studies showed a robust association between CSA and depression. Studies on the impact of dating violence are still at a nascent stage and focus on antecedents of violence rather than its consequences. Women at higher risk, such as adolescents, migrants, the homeless, and women in the perinatal period have been studied and specific vulnerabilities identified. Women reporting bidirectional violence had higher rates of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cumulative violence, severity of violence, and recent violence are associated with higher morbidity. Studies among women in conflict zones have emphasized the role of different forms of sexual and physical violence on mental health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Newer emerging areas that need more research include mental health consequences of women in conflict zones and among same sex relationships. There are also few studies on the violence experience of both older women and adolescents. The need to better delineate the psychopathology of complex manifestations of PTSD is underscored.
authors.affiliation: aNational Institute of Mental Health and NeuroSciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore, India bUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Veena A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Satyanarayana
authors.forename: Prabha S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vaddiparti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons; D006801:Humans; D000066511:Intimate Partner Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D008603:Mental Health; D000066550:Physical Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011902:Rape / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000523:psychology*; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D014857:Warfare