title: Urban and architectural risk factors for malaria in indigenous Amazonian settlements in Brazil: a typological analysis.
abstract: In the Amazon, m alaria is highly endemic in indigenous populations, which are often considered one of the last barriers to malaria elimination due to geographic isolation. Although the improvement of housing conditions is a good strategy towards the control and prevention of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, this preventive practice has been barely undertaken in Latin America. An analysis of the architectural and urban features of indigenous Amazonian populations is essential to define and adapt these vector control measures. A total of 32 villages of 29 different ethnicities were studied and mapped by reviewing literature and visual information, and using a geographic information system. The most important architectural and urban characteristics influencing malaria were analysed according to the following categories: number of households and dimensions, supporting area, openings, materials, lifespan and location. Housing typologies found were classified within each of these variables. The results of this typological analysis included an easy-to-handle working template and revealing of features that benefit or hamper the presence of malaria vectors in Amerindians communities. Among risk factors, presence of open eaves, permeable walls, open-side constructions, large number of sleepers indoors, temporary-ephemeral houses, linear villages along stream banks, houseboats villages, poor urban drainage and villages surrounded by anthropogenic environments were highlighted. Indigenous settlements very permissive for anophelines were identified in ethnic groups, such as the Yanomami, Palikur, Paumari, Waimiri-Atroari and Wajãpi. Positive features were also recognized, including opaque and closed houses, large radial villages on bare soil, highly elevated stilted houses and the fire indoors, found among the Yawalapiti, Ashaninka, and Gavião-Parkatejê tribes. However, as Amazonian indigenous settlement typologies vary greatly even among villages of the same ethnic group, it is imperative to undertake an individual study for each community. Using the working template in Amazonian settlements it is possible to obtain data that will help researchers not only understand how architectural and urban features affect transmission, but also define vector control measures easily applicable by health authorities and acceptable by these communities.
authors.affiliation: Architect and Urban Planner, 13143 Thomasville Cr, Tampa, FL, 33617, USA. patricia.sensibilicity@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leandro-Reguillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. rthomsonluque@health.usf.edu.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomson-Luque
authors.affiliation: Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus, AM, 69040-000, Brazil. wueltonmm@gmail.com.|Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus, AM, 69040-000, Brazil. wueltonmm@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Wuelton M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus, AM, 69040-000, Brazil. marcuslacerda.br@gmail.com.|Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus, AM, 69040-000, Brazil. marcuslacerda.br@gmail.com.|Instituto de Pesquisas Leônidas and Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis, Manaus, AM, 69057-070, Brazil. marcuslacerda.br@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marcus V G
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: de Lacerda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D006798:Housing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007303:Insect Vectors; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009032:Mosquito Control; D012307:Risk Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data