title: Retention of neophobic predator recognition in juvenile convict cichlids: effects of background risk and recent experience.
abstract: Exposure to conditions of elevated predation risk, even for relatively short periods, has been shown to induce neophobic responses to novel predators. Such phenotypically plastic responses should allow prey to exhibit costly anti-predator behaviour to novel cues only in situations where the risk of predation is high. While there is evidence that the level of background risk shapes the strength of induced neophobia, we know little about how long neophobic responses are retained. Here we exposed juvenile convict cichlids (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) to three background levels of short-term background risk and then tested their responses to novel predator odours. Cichlids exposed to low risk did not show neophobic responses, while those exposed to intermediate and high risk did. Using extinction trials, we demonstrate that the retention of neophobic responses is greater among cichlids exposed to high versus intermediate predation risk conditions. Moreover, we found much longer retention of the neophobic responses when cichlids were tested a single time compared to when they were tested repeatedly in the extinction trials. This work supports the prediction that neophobic responses to specific odours are relatively long lasting but can quickly wane if the cues are experienced repeatedly without them being associated with risk. It is clear that background level of risk and the frequency of exposure to novel cues are crucial factors in determining the retention of risk-related information among prey.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada. grant.brown@concordia.ca.
authors.forename: Grant E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada.
authors.forename: Ebony E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Demers
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada.
authors.forename: Brendan J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
authors.forename: Maud C O
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Pl., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 1E2, Canada.
authors.forename: Douglas P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Chivers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023681:Cichlids / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D005108:Extinction, Psychological; D006054:Goldfish; D009812:Odorants; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D012306:Risk
keywords: Antipredator behaviour; Behavioural decisions; Behavioural plasticity; Neophobia; Predation threats; Predator recognition