title: The interplay of intention, autonomy, and sex with dietary planning: A conditional process model to predict fruit and vegetable intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary intentions are supposed to engender planning processes, which in turn stimulate dietary behaviour change. However, some studies failed to find such mediation effects, which suggest more complex and not yet unravelled relationships between these factors. One explanation may be that mediation works better under certain circumstances or only for specific subgroups. This study addresses this reasoning by examining autonomy beliefs and sex as putative moderators of the hypothesized mediation chain.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a longitudinal design with three measurement points in time (1 week and 1 month apart), 912 women and 214 men were surveyed. Planning, intention, dietary autonomy beliefs, and sex were used to predict fruit and vegetable intake within a conditional process model designed to identify mechanisms of change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intention-planning-behaviour chain was qualified by a triple interaction involving autonomy beliefs and sex as moderators between intention and planning. Higher dietary autonomy resulted in higher levels of planning fruit and vegetable intake. For men, even in case of higher intention, at least medium levels of autonomy beliefs were necessary to facilitate planning processes. For women, already lower levels of autonomy beliefs can engender postintentional planning strategies and seem to even compensate lower intention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intention and planning are key predictors of dietary change. However, these variables work better under specific conditions (with a sufficient level of autonomy), and differently in subgroups (men vs. women). These results may explain the inconsistent findings of previous studies on the mediating effect of planning and allow for a better description of the mechanisms by which intentions may influence behaviour. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? The adoption of health-enhancing dietary behaviours can be facilitated by intentions and planning. Planning to eat more fruit and vegetable helps to translate intentions into actual consumption. Fruit and vegetable intake levels are higher in women than in men. What does this study add? Dietary intentions engender more likely planning processes when perceived autonomy concerning food consumption is high. Dietary autonomy beliefs and sex moderate the intention-planning-behaviour chain. Among men, dietary planning is highest when both intentions and autonomy are high.
authors.affiliation: Health Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Corbett
authors.affiliation: Jacobs Center on Lifelong Learning, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lippke
authors.affiliation: Health Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Knoll
authors.affiliation: Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwarzer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D004032:Diet / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D000068356:Self-Control / Q000523:psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D014675:Vegetables; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: conditional process model; dietary autonomy; fruit and vegetable; intention; moderated mediation; planning; sex