title: IL-1 family members in the pathogenesis and treatment of metabolic disease: Focus on adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance.
abstract: Obesity is characterized by a chronic, low-grade inflammation that contributes to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Cytokines and chemokines produced by immunocompetent cells influence local as well as systemic inflammation and are therefore critical contributors to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Hence, cytokines that modulate inflammatory responses are emerging as potential targets for intervention and treatment of the metabolic consequences of obesity. The interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of cytokines and receptors are key mediators of innate inflammatory responses and exhibit both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. During the last decades, mechanistic insights into how the IL-1 family affects the initiation and progression of obesity-induced insulin resistance have increased significantly. Here, we review the current knowledge and understanding, with emphasis on the therapeutic potential of individual members of the IL-1 family of cytokines for improving insulin sensitivity in patients with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA. Electronic address: duby.ballak@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Dov B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Ballak
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rinke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stienstra
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cees J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Tack
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dinarello
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Janna A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van Diepen
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000276:immunology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000276:immunology*; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000276:immunology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000276:immunology; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000276:immunology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000276:immunology; D000067596:Interleukin-33 / Q000276:immunology; D007378:Interleukins / Q000276:immunology; D009765:Obesity / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: C571243:IL-38 protein, human; C508584:IL1A protein, human; C508585:IL1B protein, human; C507763:IL1RN protein, human; C506536:IL33 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1; D020382:Interleukin-18; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D000067596:Interleukin-33; D007378:Interleukins; C572887:interleukin 36, human
keywords: Adipose tissue; Inflammation; Insulin resistance; Interleukin-1 family; Obesity