title: Dietary micronutrient intake during pregnancy is a function of carbohydrate quality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite normal gestational weight gain, dietary studies in pregnant women show intakes below the recommendations for energy and micronutrients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study compared changes in dietary intake from the second to third trimester with emphasis on energy intake and carbohydrate quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  These post hoc analyses were based on 566 women participating in the Pregnancy and Glycemic Index Outcomes study, a randomized controlled trial comparing the effect of low-glycemic index (GI) dietary advice with healthy eating advice on selected pregnancy outcomes. With the use of multilevel mixed-regression analysis, changes in total energy intake, starch, sugar, fiber intake, GI, and glycemic load (GL) were correlated with intake of different micronutrients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Energy intake decreased in the third trimester, and most women did not meet the national recommended amounts for iron, folate, and dietary fiber from food sources alone. After adjustment for age, ethnicity, prepregnancy body mass index, and intervention group, change in energy intake was positively related to change in intake of all micronutrients (P < 0.001). GI, GL, and starch intake were inversely related to micronutrient intake (P < 0.001), whereas higher total sugars predicted higher intake (P < 0.001). Associations with dietary fiber were inconsistent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Normal pregnancy can be associated with a decline in energy and micronutrient intake from diet. Low dietary GI and GL were the best predictors of a favorable micronutrient profile. This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12610000174088.
authors.affiliation: IEL-Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, DONALD Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany; School of Molecular Bioscience and.
authors.forename: Janina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goletzke
authors.affiliation: IEL-Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, DONALD Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany;
authors.forename: Anette E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Buyken
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Bioscience and.
authors.forename: Jimmy C Y
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Louie
authors.affiliation: Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Moses
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Bioscience and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and jennie.brandmiller@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jennie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Brand-Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D038321:Glycemic Index; D000067940:Glycemic Load; D006801:Humans; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016014:Linear Models; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D018977:Micronutrients; D005492:Folic Acid
keywords: carbohydrate quality; energy intake; glycemic index; micronutrients; pregnancy