title: Nitric oxide regulation of migrating motor complex: randomized trial of N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine effects in relation to muscarinic and serotonergic receptor blockade.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The migrating motor complex (MMC) propels contents through the gastrointestinal tract during fasting. Nitric oxide (NO) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the gastrointestinal tract. Little is known about how NO regulates the MMC. In this study, the aim was to examine nitrergic inhibition of the MMC in man using N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) in combination with muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine and 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six healthy volunteers underwent antroduodenojejunal manometry for 8 h with saline or NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NMMA randomly injected I.V. at 4 h with or without atropine or ondansetron. Plasma ghrelin, motilin and somatostatin were measured by ELISA. Intestinal muscle strip contractions were investigated for NO-dependent mechanisms using L-NMMA and tetrodotoxin. NOS expression was localized by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  L-NMMA elicited premature duodenojejunal phase III in all subjects but one, irrespective of atropine or ondansetron. L-NMMA shortened MMC cycle length, suppressed phase I and shifted motility towards phase II. Pre-treatment with atropine extended phase II, while ondansetron had no effect. L-NMMA did not change circulating ghrelin, motilin or somatostatin. Intestinal contractions were stimulated by L-NMMA, insensitive to tetrodotoxin. NOS immunoreactivity was detected in the myenteric plexus but not in smooth muscle cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nitric oxide suppresses phase III of MMC independent of muscarinic and 5-HT3 receptors as shown by nitrergic blockade, and acts through a neurocrine disinhibition step resulting in stimulated phase III of MMC independent of cholinergic or 5-HT3 -ergic mechanisms. Furthermore, phase II of MMC is governed by inhibitory nitrergic and excitatory cholinergic, but not 5-HT3 -ergic mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Halim
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gillberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boghus
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sundbom
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Karlbom
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: D-L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hellström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects*; D016065:Myoelectric Complex, Migrating / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000378:metabolism; D059326:Serotonergic Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001285:Atropine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase
keywords: NG-monomethyl-l-arginine; motility; myenteric plexus; nitric oxide; nitric oxide synthase