title: The Chinese version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia was cross-culturally adapted and validated in patients with low back pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to obtain a cross-cultural adaptation and evaluation of a Simplified Chinese (SC) version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) for use in patients with low back pain (LBP).
  
  
  METHODS
  The TSK was translated and adapted cross-culturally following international guidelines. It was administered to 150 patients with LBP along with the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, Oswestry Disability Index, Short Form Health Survey, and a pain visual analog scale assessment. Measurement properties, including content validity, construct validity (structural validity and hypotheses testing), internal consistency, and test-retest reliability, were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final analysis included data from 142 patients. Content validity analysis led to the exclusion of four reverse-scored items due to low item-total correlation. Structural validity analysis favored a three-factor structure: somatic focus, activity avoidance, and avoidance belief. Construct validity analysis confirmed 9 of 11 a priori hypotheses. Both the 17-item and 13-item versions of the SC-TSK had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.74 and 0.82, all values, respectively) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.86, 0.90).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TSK was adapted successfully into an SC version with excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability and with acceptable construct validity. A 13-item, three-factored SC-TSK structure was deemed to be a good fit for Chinese patients and appropriate for clinical and research use in mainland China.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Department of Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No 168, Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xianzhao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Department of Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No 168, Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ximing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Department of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yongfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Department of Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No 168, Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Department of Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No 168, Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: spinebaiys@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yushu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Department of Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No 168, Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: limingch@21cn.com.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014177:Translations
keywords: Cross-cultural adaptation; Low back pain; Reliability; Simplified Chinese; Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia; Validity