title: Proinflammatory and Metabolic Changes Facilitate Renal Crystal Deposition in an Obese Mouse Model of Metabolic Syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify metabolic syndrome induced stone formation mechanisms we investigated the metabolic and immunohistochemical characteristics associated with renal crystal deposition using a model of mice with metabolic syndrome administered a high fat diet and ethylene glycol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ob/Ob mice with Leptin gene deficiencies and metabolic syndrome related characteristics were compared with wild heterozygous lean mice. Four study groups were fed standard food and water (control group), a high fat diet and normal water (high fat diet group), 1% ethylene glycol and standard food (ethylene glycol group) or a high fat diet and 1% ethylene glycol (high fat diet plus ethylene glycol group). Blood, urine and kidney samples were taken after 14 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ob/Ob mice in the high fat diet plus ethylene glycol group showed diffuse renal crystal depositions. Lean and Ob/Ob mice in the high fat diet plus ethylene glycol group showed significant excretion of urinary calcium oxalate crystals. Ob/Ob mice had significant hypercalciuria, hyperphosphaturia and hyperlipidemia, massive lipid fragments in tubular lumina and fat droplets in renal tubular cells. Ob/Ob mice in the high fat diet plus ethylene glycol group had markedly increased expression of osteopontin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. In Ob/Ob mice the number of proinflammatory macrophages was considerably elevated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We induced renal crystal deposition in mice with metabolic syndrome using a high fat diet and ethylene glycol. Increases in luminal mineral and lipid density, and proinflammatory adipocytokines and macrophages facilitated renal crystal formation in mice with metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan. Electronic address: a-okada@med.nagoya-cu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuzo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Shoichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iwatsuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naiki
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tozawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenjiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kohri
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasui
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000652:urine*; D002452:Cell Count; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019855:Ethylene Glycol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D020738:Leptin / Q000235:genetics*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008820:Mice, Obese
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D020738:Leptin; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D019855:Ethylene Glycol
keywords: adipokines; kidney; macrophages; metabolic syndrome X; nephrolithiasis