title: Size-dependent toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Glyptotendipes tokunagai.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to evaluate the size-dependent toxicity of spherical silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) to an endemic benthic organism, Glyptotendipes tokunagai.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ag nanoparticles of three nominal sizes (50, 100, and 150 nm) capped with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP-Ag NPs) were used. Their physicochemical properties, acute toxicity (48 hours), and bioaccumulation were measured using third instar larvae of G. tokunagai.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The aggregation and dissolution of PVP-Ag NPs increased with exposure time and concentration, respectively, particularly for 50 nm PVP-Ag NPs. However, the dissolved concentration of Ag ions was not significant compared with the median lethal concentration value for AgNO3 (3.51 mg/L). The acute toxicity of PVP-Ag NPs was highest for the smallest particles (50 nm), whereas bioaccumulation was greatest for the largest particles (150 nm). However, larger PVP-Ag NPs were absorbed and excreted rapidly, resulting in shorter stays in G. tokunagai than the smaller ones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The size of PVP-Ag NPs significantly affects their acute toxicity to G. tokunagai. In particular, smaller PVP-Ag NPs have a higher solubility and stay longer in the body of G. tokunagai, resulting in higher toxicity than larger PVP-Ag NPs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Soyoun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yeon-Jae
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Ecotoxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: June-Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jinho
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jung
keywords: Bioacummulation; Chironomus; Nanoparticle; Nanotoxicity; Particles size