title: Potential Unintended Consequences of a Conservative Management Strategy for Patent Ductus Arteriosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recent review supports a strategy of deferring treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in the preterm neonate until at least the second week after birth. In light of previous suggestion that later initiation of treatment may be less efficacious for closing PDAs it is reasonable to question if delayed treatment may be less effective.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a single center retrospective review of a neonatal intensive care unit database of infants ≤37 weeks gestation with the diagnosis of PDA and treated with indomethacin from 1999 to 2007. We determined gestational age (GA), timing of indomethacin initiation, and status of the PDA at hospital discharge. Treatment failure was defined as neonates requiring further intervention to close their PDA or those who died without echo-proven PDA closure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 341 infants meeting the study criteria, 77 (23%) had defined treatment failure. The failure group had a younger median GA of 25 weeks (interquartile range [IQR], 24-26) vs. 28 weeks (IQR, 26-30) for the successful group (P < .0001). The failure group had a median treatment initiation on day of life (DOL) 4 (IQR, 1-8) compared with DOL 3 (IQR, 1-6) for those in the successful group (P = .15). Taken as a whole, infants treated after DOL 5 were significantly more likely to have treatment failure (30.1% vs. 19.3% for those treated DOL 1-5, P = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study confirms that younger GA at birth is correlated with increased likelihood of failed PDA closure. We also show a trend indicating that later initiation of treatment may decrease the chances of successfully closing a PDA. Future examination of PDA management should consider the potential unintended consequences that may accompany a delayed treatment strategy.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Justin J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Elhoff
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Myla
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ebeling
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Hulsey
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Atz
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D005865:Gestational Age; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008026:Ligation; D010351:Patient Discharge; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013022:South Carolina; D013997:Time Factors; D061665:Time-to-Treatment; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007213:Indomethacin
keywords: Indomethacin; Ligation; Neonatal Cardiology; Patent Ductus Arteriosus; Preterm Infants