title: Involvement of Coat Proteins in Bacillus subtilis Spore Germination in High-Salinity Environments.
abstract: The germination of spore-forming bacteria in high-salinity environments is of applied interest for food microbiology and soil ecology. It has previously been shown that high salt concentrations detrimentally affect Bacillus subtilis spore germination, rendering this process slower and less efficient. The mechanistic details of these salt effects, however, remained obscure. Since initiation of nutrient germination first requires germinant passage through the spores' protective integuments, the aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the proteinaceous spore coat in germination in high-salinity environments. Spores lacking major layers of the coat due to chemical decoating or mutation germinated much worse in the presence of NaCl than untreated wild-type spores at comparable salinities. However, the absence of the crust, the absence of some individual nonmorphogenetic proteins, and the absence of either CwlJ or SleB had no or little effect on germination in high-salinity environments. Although the germination of spores lacking GerP (which is assumed to facilitate germinant flow through the coat) was generally less efficient than the germination of wild-type spores, the presence of up to 2.4 M NaCl enhanced the germination of these mutant spores. Interestingly, nutrient-independent germination by high pressure was also inhibited by NaCl. Taken together, these results suggest that (i) the coat has a protective function during germination in high-salinity environments; (ii) germination inhibition by NaCl is probably not exerted at the level of cortex hydrolysis, germinant accessibility, or germinant-receptor binding; and (iii) the most likely germination processes to be inhibited by NaCl are ion, Ca(2+)-dipicolinic acid, and water fluxes.
authors.affiliation: German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagler
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Setlow
authors.affiliation: Leibnitz Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Department of Horticultural Engineering, Potsdam, Germany.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reineke
authors.affiliation: Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Maywood, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Driks
authors.affiliation: German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Cologne, Germany ralf.moeller@dlr.de.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moeller
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004777:Environment; D010848:Picolinic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D010848:Picolinic Acids; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C004860:dipicolinic acid