title: Pulmonary-renal syndromes: Experience from an Indian Intensive Care Unit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The etiology of patients presenting with pulmonary-renal syndrome (PRS) to Intensive Care Units (ICUs) in India is not previously reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to describe the prevalence, etiology, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of PRS in an Indian ICU and identify variables that differentiate immunologic causes of PRS from tropical syndromes presenting with PRS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective observational study of all patients presenting with PRS over 1-year. Clinical characteristics of patients with "definite PRS" were compared with those with "PRS mimics".
  
  
  RESULTS
  We saw 27 patients with "provisional PRS" over the said duration; this included 13 patients with "definite PRS" and 14 with "PRS mimics". The clinical symptoms were similar, but patients with PRS were younger and presented with longer symptom duration. Ninety-two percent of the PRS cohort required mechanical ventilation, 77% required vasopressors and 61.5% required dialysis within 48 h of ICU admission. The etiologic diagnosis of PRS was made after ICU admission in 61.5%. Systemic lupus erythrematosus (54%) was the most common diagnosis. A combination of biopsy and serology was needed in the majority (69%, 9/13). Pulse methylprednisolone (92%) and cyclophosphamide (61.5%) was the most common protocol employed. Patients with PRS had more alveolar hemorrhage, hypoxemia and higher mortality (69%) when compared to "PRS mimics".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The spectrum of PRS is different in the tropics and tropical syndromes presenting with PRS are not uncommon. Multicentric studies are needed to further characterize the burden, etiology, treatment protocols, and outcomes of PRS in India.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Dhanvantri Nagar, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajagopala
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Dhanvantri Nagar, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Baburao Kanthamani Pramod
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Sagar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Dhanvantri Nagar, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Molly Mary
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Thabah
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Dhanvantri Nagar, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Dhanvantri Nagar, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Ramanathan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Venkateswaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Dhanvantri Nagar, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Sreejith
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parameswaran
keywords: Crescentic glomerulonephritis; diffuse alveolar hemorrhage; pulmonary-renal; rapidly progressive renal failure; systemic lupus erythrematosus