title: Motion-insensitive determination of B1+ amplitudes based on the bloch-siegert shift in single voxels of moving organs including the human heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To reliably determine the amplitude of the transmit radiofrequency ( B1+) field in moving organs like the liver and heart, where most current techniques are usually not feasible.
  
  
  METHODS
  B1+ field measurement based on the Bloch-Siegert shift induced by a pair of Fermi pulses in a double-triggered modified Point RESolved Spectroscopy (PRESS) sequence with motion-compensated crusher gradients has been developed. Performance of the sequence was tested in moving phantoms and in muscle, liver, and heart of six healthy volunteers each, using different arrangements of transmit/receive coils.
  
  
  RESULTS
  B1+ determination in a moving phantom was almost independent of type and amplitude of the motion and agreed well with theory. In vivo, repeated measurements led to very small coefficients of variance (CV) if the amplitude of the Fermi pulse was chosen above an appropriate level (CV in muscle 0.6%, liver 1.6%, heart 2.3% with moderate amplitude of the Fermi pulses and 1.2% with stronger Fermi pulses).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed sequence shows a very robust determination of B1+ in a single voxel even under challenging conditions (transmission with a surface coil or measurements in the heart without breath-hold).
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Research and Department of Radiology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ayse Sila
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Dokumaci
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Research and Department of Radiology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pouymayou
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Research and Department of Radiology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kreis
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Research and Department of Radiology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boesch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008099:Liver / Q000502:physiology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009068:Movement; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011846:Radio Waves; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: B1+ determination; Bloch-Siegert shift; PRESS; moving organs; radiofrequency fields; single voxel