title: Neurological Complications Related to Elective Orthopedic Surgery: Part 1: Common Shoulder and Elbow Procedures.
abstract: Many anesthesiologists are unfamiliar with the rate of surgical neurological complications of the shoulder and elbow procedures for which they provide local anesthetic-based anesthesia and/or analgesia. Part 1 of this narrative review series on neurological complications of elective orthopedic surgery describes the mechanisms and likelihood of peripheral nerve injury associated with some of the most common shoulder and elbow procedures, including open and arthroscopic shoulder procedures, elbow arthroscopy, and total shoulder and elbow replacement. Despite the many articles available, the overall number of studied patients is relatively low. Large prospective trials are required to establish the true incidence of neurological complications following elective shoulder and elbow surgery.
  As the popularity of regional anesthesia increases with the development of ultrasound guidance, anesthesiologists should have a thoughtful understanding of the nerves at risk of surgical injury during elective shoulder and elbow procedures.
authors.affiliation: From the *University of Toronto Orthopedic Sports Medicine; †Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Women's College Hospital; ‡Mount Sinai Hospital; §University of Toronto; ∥Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; ¶Department of Anesthesia, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network; and #Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dwyer
authors.forename: Patrick D G
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Phantila
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cholvisudhi
authors.forename: Vincent W S
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Theodoropoulos
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brull
mesh_terms: D004550:Elbow / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000639:trends; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012782:Shoulder / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*