title: The role of the peripheral and central nervous systems in rotator cuff disease.
abstract: Rotator cuff (RC) disease is an extremely common condition associated with shoulder pain, reduced functional capacities, and impaired quality of life. It primarily involves alterations in tendon health and mechanical properties that can ultimately lead to tendon failure. RC tendon tears induce progressive muscle changes that have a negative impact on surgical reparability of the RC tendons and clinical outcomes. At the same time, a significant base of clinical data suggests a relatively weak relationship between RC integrity and clinical presentation, emphasizing the multifactorial aspects of RC disease. This review aims to summarize the potential contribution of peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal neural factors that may (1) exacerbate structural and functional muscle changes induced by tendon tear, (2) compromise the reversal of these changes during surgery and rehabilitation, (3) contribute to pain generation and persistence of pain, (4) impair shoulder function through reduced proprioception, kinematics, and muscle recruitment, and (5) help explain interindividual differences and response to treatment. Given the current clinical and scientific interest in peripheral nerve injury in the context of RC disease and surgery, we carefully reviewed this body of literature with a particular emphasis on suprascapular neuropathy that has generated a large number of studies in the past decade. Within this process, we highlight the gaps in current knowledge and suggest research avenues for scientists and clinicians.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bachasson
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Anshuman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Sameer B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: COAST Surgery Center, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Electronic address: srward@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Samuel R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Shoulder; brain; muscle; nerve; pain; rotator cuff tear; spinal cord