title: Antifungal effect of gamma irradiation and sodium dichloroisocyanurate against Penicillium expansum on pears.
abstract: Gamma irradiation (GI) was evaluated for its in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity against Penicillium expansum on pear fruits. GI showed a complete inhibition of spore germination, germ tube elongation and mycelial of P. expansum, especially 1·8 kGy. GI affected the membrane integrity and cellular leakage of conidia in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the leakage of protein and sugar from mycelia increased along with the dose. GI was evaluated at lower doses in combination with a chlorine donor, sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione (NaDCC), to examine the inhibition of P. expansum. Interestingly, only a combined treatment with 0·2 kGy of GI and 70 ppm of NaDCC exhibited significant synergistic antifungal activity. The mechanisms by which the combined treatment decreased the blue mould decay of pear fruits could directly associated with the disruption of the cell membrane of the fungal pathogen, resulting in a loss of cytoplasmic materials from the hyphae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gamma irradiation (GI) is used as an effective nonchemical approach to inactive pathogens. This study investigated the antifungal effect of gamma irradiation and its combined treatment with a chlorine donor on this fungal pathogen, both in vitro and in vivo. This study emphasized that the integration of low-dose GI and a chlorine donor, NaDCC, exhibited a significant antifungal effect, and that its mechanisms are directly associated with membrane integrity of fungal spores, promising that GI has the potential to be an antifungal approach.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea.
authors.forename: R-D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea.
authors.forename: E-H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea.
authors.forename: E-J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea.
authors.forename: E-S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Medicine and Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea.
authors.forename: Y-S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea.
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000382:microbiology; D005720:Gamma Rays; D025301:Hyphae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D025282:Mycelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010407:Penicillium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D031989:Pyrus / Q000382:microbiology*; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects; D014227:Triazines / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D014227:Triazines; C011765:troclosene
keywords: NaDCC; blue mould; cellular leakage; gamma irradiation; membrane integrity