title: Isometric and isokinetic muscle strength in the upper extremity can be reliably measured in persons with chronic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the test-retest reliability of isometric and isokinetic muscle strength measurements in the upper extremity after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  A test-retest design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five persons with mild to moderate paresis in the upper extremity > 6 months post-stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isometric arm strength (shoulder abduction, elbow flexion), isokinetic arm strength (elbow extension/flexion) and isometric grip strength were measured with electronic dynamometers. Reliability was evaluated with intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), changes in the mean, standard error of measurements (SEM) and smallest real differences (SRD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reliability was high (ICCs: 0.92-0.97). The absolute and relative (%) SEM ranged from 2.7 Nm (5.6%) to 3.0 Nm (9.4%) for isometric arm strength, 2.6 Nm (7.4%) to 2.9 Nm (12.6%) for isokinetic arm strength, and 22.3 N (7.6%) to 26.4 N (9.2%) for grip strength. The absolute and relative (%) SRD ranged from 7.5 Nm (15.5%) to 8.4 Nm (26.1%) for isometric arm strength, 7.1 Nm (20.6%) to 8.0 Nm (34.8%) for isokinetic arm strength, and 61.8 N (21.0%) to 73.3 N (25.6%) for grip strength.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Muscle strength in the upper extremity can be reliably measured in persons with chronic stroke. Isometric measurements yield smaller measurement errors than isokinetic measurements and might be preferred, but the choice depends on the research question.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden. elisabeth.ekstrand@med.lu.se.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ekstrand
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lexell
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brogårdh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*