title: Three-dimensional echo planar imaging with controlled aliasing: A sequence for high temporal resolution functional MRI.
abstract: In this work, we combine three-dimensional echo planar imaging (3D-EPI) with controlled aliasing to substantially increase temporal resolution in whole-brain functional MRI (fMRI) while minimizing geometry-factor (g-factor) losses.
  
  
  
  The study was performed on a 7 Tesla scanner equipped with a 32-channel receive coil. The proposed 3D-EPI-CAIPI sequence was evaluated for: (i) image quality, compared with a conventionally undersampled parallel imaging acquisition; (ii) temporal resolution, the ability to sample and remove physiological signal fluctuations from the fMRI signal of interest and (iii) the ability to distinguish small changes in hemodynamic responses in an event-related fMRI experiment.
  
  
  
  Whole-brain fMRI data with a voxel size of 2 × 2 × 2 mm(3) and temporal resolution of 371 ms could be acquired with acceptable image quality. Ten-fold parallel imaging accelerated 3D-EPI-CAIPI data were shown to lower the maximum g-factor losses up to 62% with respect to a 10-fold accelerated 3D-EPI dataset. FMRI with 400 ms temporal resolution allowed the detection of time-to-peak variations in functional responses due to multisensory facilitation in temporal, occipital and frontal cortices.
  
  
  
  3D-EPI-CAIPI allows increased temporal resolution that enables better characterization of physiological noise, thus improving sensitivity to signal changes of interest. Furthermore, subtle changes in hemodynamic response dynamics can be studied in shorter scan times by avoiding the need for jittering. Magn Reson Med 75:2350-2361, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Department of Radiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Mayur
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Narsude
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gallichan
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Imagerie BioMédicale, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Wietske
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van der Zwaag
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Department of Radiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Centre d'Imagerie BioMédicale, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Department of Radiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gruetter
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Imagerie BioMédicale, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: José P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Marques
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*
keywords: 3D EPI; CAIPIRINHA; controlled aliasing; functional MRI; parallel imaging; physiological noise