title: Adapting OECD Aquatic Toxicity Tests for Use with Manufactured Nanomaterials: Key Issues and Consensus Recommendations.
abstract: The unique or enhanced properties of manufactured nanomaterials (MNs) suggest that their use in nanoenabled products will continue to increase. This will result in increased potential for human and environmental exposure to MNs during manufacturing, use, and disposal of nanoenabled products. Scientifically based risk assessment for MNs necessitates the development of reproducible, standardized hazard testing methods such as those provided by the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Currently, there is no comprehensive guidance on how best to address testing issues specific to MN particulate, fibrous, or colloidal properties. This paper summarizes the findings from an expert workshop convened to develop a guidance document that addresses the difficulties encountered when testing MNs using OECD aquatic and sediment test guidelines. Critical components were identified by workshop participants that require specific guidance for MN testing: preparation of dispersions, dose metrics, the importance and challenges associated with maintaining and monitoring exposure levels, and the need for reliable methods to quantify MNs in complex media. To facilitate a scientific advance in the consistency of nanoecotoxicology test results, we identify and discuss critical considerations where expert consensus recommendations were and were not achieved and provide specific research recommendations to resolve issues for which consensus was not reached. This process will enable the development of prescriptive testing guidance for MNs. Critically, we highlight the need to quantify and properly interpret and express exposure during the bioassays used to determine hazard values.
authors.affiliation: †Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States.
authors.forename: Elijah J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: ‡Midwest Division, NanoSafe, Inc., Duluth, Minnesota 55802, United States.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.affiliation: §Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States.
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: ∥Department of Biological Sciences and National Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9.
authors.forename: Greg G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Goss
authors.affiliation: ⊥Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory-Atlantic Ecology Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States.
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: #Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29036, United States.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lead
authors.affiliation: †Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States.
authors.forename: Shannon K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.affiliation: ∇Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Nanna B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.affiliation: ○Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, D-57392 Schmallenberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hund-Rinke
authors.affiliation: ◆Environmental Laboratory, 3M, St. Paul, Minnesota 55144, United States.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mader
authors.affiliation: ¶Institute National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, F-60550 Verneuil en-Halatte, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Manier
authors.affiliation: ¶Institute National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, F-60550 Verneuil en-Halatte, France.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pandard
authors.affiliation: ΔExperimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Salinas
authors.affiliation: ◇Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States.
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sayre
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects*; D001681:Biological Assay; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*