title: Multidrug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates from Healthy Ghanaian Preschool Children.
abstract: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the cause of high mortality among children worldwide. Antimicrobial treatment and vaccination are used to control pneumococcal infections. In Ghana, data on antimicrobial resistance and the prevalence of multidrug-resistant pneumococcal clones are scarce; hence, the aim of this study was to determine the antibiogram of S. pneumoniae recovered from Ghanaian children younger than six years of age and to what extent resistances were due to the spread of certain sero- and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) types. The susceptibility of 115 pneumococcal isolates, recovered in a previous study, to six antimicrobials was determined by disk diffusion test. Overall, 90.4% of isolates were intermediate penicillin resistant, 99.1% were trimethoprim resistant, 73.0% were tetracycline resistant, and 33.9% were sulfamethoxazole resistant. Low resistance was recorded for erythromycin (2.6%) and cefotaxime (5.2%). Overall, 72.2% of isolates were resistant to penicillin (I or R) and at least two other antimicrobials. MLST of 20 isolates showing resistance to at least four antimicrobials revealed a high diversity documented by 16 different clones, none of which had previously been associated with multidrug resistance. The resistances found may have emerged due to nonprudent antimicrobial use practices and there is a need to monitor and promote prudent antimicrobial usage in Ghana.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School , Accra, Ghana .|2 Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark .
authors.forename: Nicholas T K D
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Dayie
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School , Accra, Ghana .
authors.forename: Reuben E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Arhin
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School , Accra, Ghana .
authors.forename: Mercy J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark .
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark .
authors.forename: Magne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bisgaard
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital , Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark .
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Frimodt-Møller
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen, Denmark .
authors.forename: Hans-Christian
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Slotved
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D002439:Cefotaxime / Q000494:pharmacology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D052978:Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D010406:Penicillins / Q000494:pharmacology; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D014295:Trimethoprim / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010406:Penicillins; D004917:Erythromycin; D014295:Trimethoprim; D013752:Tetracycline; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole; D002439:Cefotaxime