title: Toxicity of irrigating solutions and pharmacological associations used in pulpectomy of primary teeth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the in vitro toxicity of irrigating solutions and pharmacological associations used in the pulpectomy of primary teeth.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cell viability (MTT), lipid peroxidation (TBARS), alkaline comet assay and GEMO tests were performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of solutions: sodium hypochlorite (1% and 2.5%), 2% chlorhexidine, 6% citric acid and 17% EDTA, which were tested, individually and in association, exposing human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MTT, TBARS and alkaline comet assay), at 24 and 72 h, and dsDNA (GEMO). After performing the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, data were analysed by anova followed by Dunnett's post hoc test, and Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn post hoc test. A significance level was established at P < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All irrigating solutions and pharmacological associations reduced cell viability at 24 h (P < 0.05). These reductions were maintained after 72 h, except for EDTA and associations of sodium hypochlorite (1% and 2.5%) with EDTA and of chlorhexidine with EDTA. Lipid peroxidation at 24 h was caused by EDTA and by 2.5% sodium hypochlorite with EDTA; it was also caused at 72 h by sodium hypochlorite (1% and 2.5%) and the three associations with citric acid (P < 0.05). All groups caused DNA damage when assessed by the alkaline comet assay, at 24 h and 72 h (P < 0.05). In the GEMO assay, all groups caused dsDNA damage (P < 0.05), except for chlorhexidine with EDTA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All groups showed some level of toxicity. Amongst the main solutions, chlorhexidine presented less cytotoxic potential. EDTA was the least cytotoxic of the auxiliary irrigant solutions, and the association of these two solutions showed the lowest toxicity potential amongst all groups.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Dental Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Botton
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Dental Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Cadoná
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: V F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Azzolin
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: I B M
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Biomedicine Course, Franciscan University Center (UNIFRA), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sagrillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Praetzel
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects*; D004249:DNA Damage; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011670:Pulpectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D004247:DNA
keywords: biocompatibility; deciduous tooth; pulpectomy; root canal irrigants; toxicity tests