title: Underestimated diversity in one of the world's best studied mountain ranges: The polyploid complex ofSenecio carniolicus(Asteraceae) contains four species in the European Alps.
abstract: Senecio carniolicus(Asteraceae) is an intricate polyploid complex distributed in the European Alps (di-, tetra- and hexaploids) and Carpathians (hexaploids only). Molecular genetic, ecological, and crossing data allowed four evolutionary groups withinS. carniolicusto be identified. Here, we establish that these four groups (two vicariant diploid lineages, tetraploids and hexaploids) are also morphologically differentiated. As a consequence, we draw taxonomic conclusions by characterizing four species, including the more narrowly circumscribedS. carniolicus(lectotypified here), the taxonomically elevatedS. insubricuscomb. nov. (lectotypified here), and the two newly described speciesS. disjunctusandS. noricus.
authors.affiliation: Division of Systematics and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria; michaela.sonnleitner@univie.ac.at , gerald.schneeweiss@univie.ac.at.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Flatscher
authors.affiliation: Division of Systematics and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria; michaela.sonnleitner@univie.ac.at , gerald.schneeweiss@univie.ac.at ; Department of Botany, Natural History Museum, Burgring 7, A-1010 Vienna, Austria; pedro.escobar.garcia@univie.ac.at.
authors.forename: Pedro Escobar
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: García
authors.affiliation: Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, Austria; karl.huelber@univie.ac.at ; Vienna Institute for Nature Conservation & Analyses, Giessergasse 6/7, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hülber
authors.affiliation: Division of Systematics and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria; michaela.sonnleitner@univie.ac.at , gerald.schneeweiss@univie.ac.at.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sonnleitner
authors.affiliation: Division of Systematics and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria; michaela.sonnleitner@univie.ac.at , gerald.schneeweiss@univie.ac.at ; GLORIA co-ordination, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Global Change and Sustainability & Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Silbergasse 30, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; manuela.winkler@boku.ac.at.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; johannes.saukel@univie.ac.at.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saukel
authors.affiliation: Division of Systematics and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria; michaela.sonnleitner@univie.ac.at , gerald.schneeweiss@univie.ac.at.
authors.forename: Gerald M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Schneeweiss
authors.affiliation: Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; peter.schoenswetter@uibk.ac.at.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schönswetter
keywords: Asteraceae; European Alps; Polyploidy; Senecio; species nova