title: Patterns of Adverse Drug Reactions in Different Age Groups: Analysis of Spontaneous Reports by Community Pharmacists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical manifestations and causative drugs associated with adverse drug reactions (ADRs) spontaneously reported by community pharmacists and to compare the ADRs by age.
  
  
  METHODS
  ADRs reported to the Regional Pharmacovigilance Center of the Korean Pharmaceutical Association by community pharmacists from January 2013 to June 2014 were included. Causality was assessed using the WHO-Uppsala Monitoring Centre system. The patient population was classified into three age groups. We analyzed 31,398 (74.9%) ADRs from 9,705 patients, identified as having a causal relationship, from a total pool of 41,930 ADRs from 9,873 patients. Median patient age was 58.0 years; 66.9% were female.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gastrointestinal system (34.4%), nervous system (14.4%), and psychiatric (12.1%) disorders were the most frequent symptoms. Prevalent causative drugs were those for acid-related disorders (11.4%), anti-inflammatory products (10.5%), analgesics (7.2%), and antibacterials (7.1%). Comparisons by age revealed diarrhea and antibacterials to be most commonly associated with ADRs in children (p < 0.001), whereas dizziness was prevalent in the elderly (p < 0.001). Anaphylactic reaction was the most frequent serious event (19.7%), mainly associated with cephalosporins and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Among 612 ADRs caused by nonprescription drugs, the leading symptoms and causative drugs were skin disorders (29.6%) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (16.2%), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the community pharmacist reports, the leading clinical manifestations and causative drugs associated with ADRs in outpatients differed among age groups.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yun Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Wan Gyoon
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ju-Yeun
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Soo An
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yun Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: Regional Pharmacovigilance Center, Korean Pharmaceutical Association, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: So Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Youn
authors.affiliation: Regional Pharmacovigilance Center, Korean Pharmaceutical Association, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Mo Se
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Regional Pharmacovigilance Center, Korean Pharmaceutical Association, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang Hoon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010594:Pharmacies; D010595:Pharmacists; D060735:Pharmacovigilance; D055815:Young Adult