title: Temperament and risk for exercise dependence: results of a pilot study in female patients with eating disorders compared to elite athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present pilot study investigated the relationship between temperament and the risk for exercise dependence (EXD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 32 female patients with eating disorders (potentially at risk for secondary EXD) and 29 female elite athletes without eating disturbances (potentially at risk for primary EXD) answered the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q), the Exercise Dependence Scale-German version (EDS-G), the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) scales, and the effortful control subscale of the Adult Temperament Questionnaire (ATQ-EC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant positive correlations of the EDS-G with the BIS in women with an eating disorder and with the BAS in elite athletes. No significant association was found between the EDS-G and effortful control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the risk for EXD is associated with avoidance tendencies in women with eating disorders and with approach tendencies in elite athletes. Implications for secondary and primary EXD are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Claes
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wos
authors.forename: Arno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kerling
authors.forename: Wally
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wünsch-Leiteritz
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Zwaan
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes / Q000523:psychology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult