title: Molecular characterization, tissue and developmental expression profiles of cryptochrome genes in wing dimorphic brown planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens.
abstract: Cryptochromes (CRYs) are blue and UV light photoreceptors, known to play key roles in circadian rhythms and in the light-dependent magnetosensitivity of insects. Two novel cryptochrome genes were cloned from the brown planthopper, and were given the designations of Nlcry1 and Nlcry2, with the accession numbers KM108578 and KM108579 in GenBank. The complementary DNA sequences of Nlcry1 and Nlcry2 are 1935 bp and 2463 bp in length, and they contain an open reading frame of 1629 bp and 1872 bp, encoding amino acids of 542 and 623, with a predicted molecular weight of 62.53 kDa and 70.60 kDa, respectively. Well-conserved motifs such as DNA-photolyase and FAD-binding-7 domains were observed in Nlcry1 and Nlcry2. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the proteins of Nlcry1 and Nlcry2 to be clustered into the insect's cryptochrome 1 and cryptochrome 2, respectively. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that the daily oscillations of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in the head of the brown planthopper were mild for Nlcry1, and modest for Nlcry2. Throughout all developmental stages, Nlcry1 and Nlcry2 exhibited extreme fluctuations and distinctive expression profiles. Cryptochrome mRNA expression peaked immediately after adult emergence and then decreased subsequently. The tissue expression profiles of newly emerged brown planthopper adults showed higher expression levels of CRYs in the head than in the thorax or abdomen, as well as significantly higher levels of CRYs in the heads of the macropterous strain than in the heads of the brachypterous strain. Taken together, the results of our study suggest that the two cryptochrome genes characterized in the brown planthopper might be associated with developmental physiology and migration.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jing-Jing
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Gui-Jun
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Collge of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Ding-Bang
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: State College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Fa-Jun
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xian-Hui
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Collge of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Xia
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Dong
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D056931:Cryptochromes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017344:Genes, Insect; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D056931:Cryptochromes; D019476:Insect Proteins
keywords: Nilaparvata lugens; cryptochrome; migration; molecular characterization; wing dimorphism