title: Diffuse anterior retinoblastoma: current concepts.
abstract: Diffuse anterior retinoblastoma is a rare variant of retinoblastoma seeding in the area of the vitreous base and anterior chamber. Patients with diffuse anterior retinoblastoma are older than those with the classical types, with the mean age being 6.1 years. The original cells of diffuse anterior retinoblastoma are supposed to be cone precursor. Patients most commonly present with pseudouveitis, pseudohypopyon, and increased intraocular pressure. The retina under fundus examination is likely to be normal, and the clinical features mimic the inflammation progress, which can often lead to misdiagnosis. The published diffuse anterior retinoblastoma cases were diagnosed after fine-needle aspiration biopsy running the potential risk of inducing metastasis. The most common treatment for diffuse anterior retinoblastoma is enucleation followed by systematic chemotherapy according to the patient's presentation and clinical course. This review summarizes the recent advances in etiology (including tumorigenesis and cell origin), pathology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and new treatment. The challenges of early diagnosis and prospects are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, People's Republic of China ; Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, People's Republic of China ; Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yalong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
keywords: diagnosis; microenvironment; pathology; treatment