title: Improving performance amongst nursing students through the discovery of discrepancies during simulation.
abstract: Discrepancy creation is a form of self-regulated learning which can be used to improve individual performance. Discrepancy can be created as a result of comparison against an occupational standard or when an individual strives to achieve higher personal goals. This study explores the process of discrepancy discovery and reduction following simulation sessions. Second year under-graduate nursing students undertook three simulation sessions over a one year period. After each session the participants completed a series of visual analogue scales to rate their own performance and the perceived performance of peers, final year student and a newly registered nurse. Once discrepancy had been identified, participants were asked to produce a short written action plan on how the discrepancy could be addressed and to work on this action plan between sessions. A total of 70 students completed discrepancy scores for all three scenarios. The most common areas of discrepancy were understanding physiology, understanding medicines and pharmacology, patient assessment and handover (hand off). Wilcoxon Signed Ranks suggested a statistically significant difference between student scores in all areas with the exception of team-work. All of the participants used peers as their comparator when identifying discrepancy. There was also a statistically significant difference in the scores following each simulation session suggesting improved performance.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom. Electronic address: john.unsworth@northumbria.ac.uk.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Unsworth
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Melling
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tuffnell
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jaden
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Allan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D004508:Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D008875:Middle Aged; D018794:Problem-Based Learning / Q000379:methods*; D000066908:Simulation Training; D013338:Students, Nursing; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Discrepancy; Feedback; Goals; Performance improvement; Simulation