title: Psychosocial Factors Associated With Adolescent Electronic Cigarette and Cigarette Use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) among adolescents has increased since their introduction into the US market in 2007. Little is known about the role of e-cigarette psychosocial factors on risk of e-cigarette or cigarette use in adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on e-cigarette and cigarette psychosocial factors (use and attitudes about use in the home and among friends) was collected from 11th- and 12th-grade participants in the Southern California Children's Health Study during the spring of 2014.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2084 participants, 499 (24.0%) had used an e-cigarette, including 200 (9.6%) current users (past 30 days); 390 participants (18.7%) had smoked a combustible cigarette, and 119 (5.7%) were current cigarette smokers. Cigarette and e-cigarette use were correlated. Nevertheless, 40.5% (n = 81) of current e-cigarette users had never smoked a cigarette. Psychosocial factors (home use of each product, friends' use of and positive attitudes toward e-cigarettes and cigarettes) and participant perception of the harm of e-cigarettes were strongly positively associated both with e-cigarette and cigarette use. Most youth who reported e-cigarette use had friends who used e-cigarettes, and almost half of current users reported that they did not believe there were health risks associated with e-cigarette use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longitudinal studies of adolescents are needed to determine whether the strong association of e-cigarette psychosocial factors with both e-cigarette and cigarette use will lead to increased cigarette use or dual use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes, or whether e-cigarettes will serve as a gateway to cigarette use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and jtrimis@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Barrington-Trimis
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and.
authors.forename: Kiros
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berhane
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and.
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and.
authors.forename: Tess Boley
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and.
authors.forename: Jimi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and.
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Leventhal
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Urman
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine andSchool of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Kejia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Howland
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Tamika D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Gilreath
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and.
authors.forename: Chih-Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and.
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pentz
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McConnell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires