title: Characterizing the combined effects of force, repetition and posture on injury pathways and micro-structural damage in isolated functional spinal units from sub-acute-failure magnitudes of cyclic compressive loading.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research suggests that when the magnitude of peak compressive force applied during cyclic loading exceeds 30% of a functional spinal unit's estimated ultimate compressive tolerance, fatigue failure of the cartilaginous endplate or vertebra will occur before intervertebral disc herniation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three levels of peak compressive force, three cycle rates and two dynamic postural conditions were examined using a full-factorial design. Cyclic compressive force was applied using a modified material testing apparatus, in accordance with a biofidelic time-varying waveform with synchronous flexion/extension rotation for 5000 cycles. Annulus fibrosus tissue from 36 "survivor" FSUs was excised for histological analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  80% of specimens survived 5000 cycles of cyclic loading. A marked difference of the magnitude of peak compressive force was noted in the Kaplan-Meier survival function of experimental conditions that induced fatigue injury. Overall, in the 40% ultimate compressive tolerance load condition, the probability of survival was less than 67%. The micro-structural damage detected in excised samples of annulus fibrosus tissue consisted of clefts and fissures within the intra-lamellar matrix, as well as delamination within the inter-lamellar matrix.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with previous research, our findings support a threshold of peak compressive force of 30% ultimate compressive tolerance, where cyclic loading above this level will likely result in fatigue injury in less than 5000 cycles of in vitro mechanical loading. However, findings from our histological analyses demonstrate that considerable micro-structural damage occurred in specimens that "survived" the cyclic loading exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Chad E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gooyers
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Elliott M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: McMillan
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Mamiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quadrilatero
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1. Electronic address: callagha@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: Jack P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Callaghan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013552:Swine; D016474:Weight-Bearing
keywords: Annulus fibrosus; Histology; Injury; Intervertebral disc; Mechanism; Survival