title: Prevalence of oral Candida in the first year of life.
abstract: Colonisation of the gastrointestinal tract is influenced by primary microbial exposure and bioactive factors in breastmilk. The aim was to explore the prevalence of oral Candida in the first year of life in relation to selected exposures. Oral Candida was studied in 100 healthy infants at 4 and 8 weeks, 3, 6 and 12 months of age and related to delivery mode, birth weight, infant health and feeding, antibiotics, antimycotics, steroids and probiotics in mother and infant, living conditions, maternal smoking and infections The association between lactoferrin and antisecretory factor in breastmilk and maternal serum haemoglobin, transferrin, and ferritin levels in relation to oral Candida was also explored. About 11% to 15% of the infants had oral Candida at the respective age. Colonisation was fairly stable until 6 months of age. There was no conclusive impact of the investigated exposures at entry. Infants with a furry pet at home had a lower frequency of Candida at 3 months, (P < 0.05) whereas all but one colonised infant had older siblings at 12 months (P < 0.01). Lactoferrin in breastmilk was negatively associated with colonisation at 6 months of age. It is concluded that 11 to 15% had oral Candida. Exposure to furry pets and siblings impacted oral Candida.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stecksén-Blicks
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Granström
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Silfverdal
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002175:Candida / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002181:Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; D002610:Cheek; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D009035:Mothers; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D009181:Mycoses; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000032:analysis; D057805:Pets; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D035781:Siblings; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014059:Tongue / Q000382:microbiology*; D014168:Transferrin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: C490098:LTF protein, human; D009479:Neuropeptides; D014168:Transferrin; C049628:antisecretory factor; D005293:Ferritins; D007781:Lactoferrin
keywords: Antisecretory factor; environment; fungal infection; infants; mothers; oral