title: Serum PINP, PIIINP, galectin-3, and ST2 as surrogates of myocardial fibrosis and echocardiographic left venticular diastolic filling properties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Serum biomarkers have been proposed to reflect fibrosis of several human tissues, but their specific role in the detection of myocardial fibrosis has not been well-established. We studied the association between N-terminal propeptide of type I and III procollagen (PINP, PIIINP, respectively), galectin-3 (gal-3), soluble ST2 (ST2), and myocardial fibrosis measured by late gadolinium enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (LGE CMR) and their relation to left ventricular diastolic filling properties measured by tissue Doppler echocardiography (E/e') in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We determined the PINP, PIIINP, gal-3, and ST2 serum levels and performed LGE CMR and echocardiography on 63 patients with stable CAD without a history of prior myocardial infarction. Myocardial late gadolinium enhancement T1 relaxation time was defined as a specific marker of myocardial fibrosis. ST2, PINP, and PIIINP did not have a significant correlation with the post-LGE T1 relaxation time tertiles (NS for all), but the lowest post-LGE T1 relaxation time tertile had significantly higher gal-3 values than the other two tertiles (p = 0.002 and 0.002) and higher E/é-values (p = 0.009) compared to the highest T1 relaxation time tertile. ST2 (p = 0.025 and 0.029), gal-3 (p = 0.003 and < 0.001) and PIIINP (p = 0.001 and 0.007) levels were also significantly higher in the highest E/é tertile, compared to the other two tertiles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated serum levels of gal-3 reflect the degree of myocardial fibrosis assessed by LGE CMR. Gal-3, ST2, and PIIINP are also elevated in patients with impaired LV diastolic function, suggesting that these biomarkers are useful surrogates of structural and functional abnormality of the myocardium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: E Samuli
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lepojärvi
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Olli-Pekka
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Piira
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Oulu University Hospital Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Eija
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pääkkö
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Oulu University Hospital Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Eveliina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lammentausta
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Diagnostics, University of Oulu Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Risteli
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Johanna A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Miettinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Perkiömäki
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Heikki V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Huikuri
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: M Juhani
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Junttila
keywords: biomarkers; diastolic heart failure; doppler echocardiography; fibrosis; magnetic resonance imaging