title: Whitacre Needle Reduces the Incidence of Intravascular Uptake in Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI) is a commonly used interventional pain management procedures to treat radicular leg pain. Although most reported complications of TFESI are minor, serious morbidity has also been demonstrated including spinal cord infarction, paraplegia, and quadriparesis. Suggested mechanisms include direct vascular injury or intravascular injection of particulate steroid.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We compared 2 different needle types, Whitacre and Quincke type needles, with regard to intravascular injection rate with total procedure time and the amount of radiation during lumbar TFESI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  An interventional pain management practice in South Korea.
  
  
  METHODS
  After Institutional Review Board approval, 149 patients undergoing lumbar TFESI for radicular leg pain were randomly assigned to one of 2 needle groups (Whitacre needle or Quincke type needle). After final confirmation of intravascular injection with digital subtraction angiography, total procedure time and amount of radiation exposure during TFESI were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall incidence of intravascular injection was 10.4% (28/269). We analyzed the overall incidence of intravascular injection according to the 2 different needle types. The incidence of intravascular injection of the Whitacre needle was 5.4% (8/146), whereas the incidence of intravascular injection of the Quincke needle was 16.2% (20/123). Total procedure time and amount of radiation required to complete the TFESI in the Whitacre and Quincke needle groups was 168.4 ± 57.9 (seconds) and 33.4 ± 15.9 (cGy/cm2), 131.9 ± 46.0 (seconds) and 33.2 ± 15.8 (cGy/cm2), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The physician who performed the TFESI was not blinded to the type of needle for detecting intravascular injection. This study was focused on lumbar TFESI, however, most TFESIs are performed at the L4-5 or L5-S1 level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Whitacre needle had the benefit of reducing the incidence of intravascular injection with minimal differences in technical difficulties and the amount of radiation exposure during lumbar TFESI.
authors.forename: JiHee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Sungwon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; Psychiatry; and Radiology, Keimyung University Dong San Hospital, Dae Gu, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyuckwon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000379:methods; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009339:Needles / Q000009:adverse effects; D010146:Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D059408:Pain Management / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D013256:Steroids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D057772:Vascular System Injuries / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids