title: Relations between causal attributions for stuttering and psychological well-being in adults who stutter.
abstract: This study attempted to understand the relationship between causal attributions for stuttering and psychological well-being in adults who stutter.
  
  
  
  The study employed a cross-sectional design using a web survey distribution mode to gain information related to causal attributions and psychological well-being of 348 adults who stutter. Correlation analyses were conducted to determine relationships between participants' causal attributions (i.e. locus of causality, external control, personal control, stability, biological attributions, non-biological attributions) for stuttering and various measures of psychological well-being including self-stigma, self-esteem/self-efficacy, hope, anxiety and depression.
  
  
  
  Results indicated that higher perceptions of external control of stuttering were related to significantly lower ratings of hope and self-esteem/self-efficacy and higher ratings of anxiety and depression. Higher perceptions of personal control of stuttering were related to significantly lower ratings of self-stigma and higher ratings of hope and self-esteem/self-efficacy. Increased biological attributions were significantly related to higher ratings of permanency and unchangeableness of stuttering and lower ratings of personal control of stuttering.
  
  
  
  The findings demonstrate the importance of instilling a sense of control in PWS regarding their ability to manage their stuttering. Findings also raise questions regarding the benefits of educating PWS about the biological underpinnings of stuttering.
authors.affiliation: a Oklahoma State University, Communication Sciences and Disorders , 042 Murray Hall, Stillwater , OK 74078, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boyle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D013342:Stuttering / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Stuttering; dysfluency; psychosocial