title: Human papilloma virus infection in non-cancerous versus normal esophageal tissue samples by endoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancers are the second most common cause of non-accidental deaths in Iran, after cardiovascular mortality. Although most cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in the USA and western populations have been attributed to high levels of exposure to tobacco and alcohol, but in Iranian populations, other risk factors especially infectious agents have been postulated as possible causes, particularly human papillomavirus (HPV). This study aimed to determine the prevalence and the types of HPV infection in biopsy samples taken from non-cancerous esophageal lesions during upper endoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 80 non-cancerous esophageal samples were collected in parafinnated blocks of tissue archives in pathology. After DNA extraction, qualitative PCR (qPCR) was performed using the HPV L1 primer pairs MY09/MY11 and then genotyping was performed in HPV DNA positive by Real time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 80 cases, 29 (36.3%) were qPCR positive. Using the Real-time PCR method, a total of 14 HPV genotypes were assessed. We detected HPV-11 as a dominant type in this study and we did not find any type of HPV-16 and 18 genotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, HPV-II was the most common type in esophageal samples, in contrast we have found no oncogenic HPV like HPV 16 and 18 which are the most known responsible factors of ESCC in other countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Narges
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mostafalou
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Yousef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yahyapour
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Sadegh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sedaghat
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Javad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shokri Shirvani
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: HajiAhmadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Sepideh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siadati
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Shahriar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shafaei
keywords: HPV (Human Papilloma virus); Real-Time PCR.; esophagitis; normal tissue; non-cancer