title: Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: Time for sifting the grain.
abstract: In the last few years, a new nomenclature has been proposed for the disease induced by the ingestion of gluten, a protein present in wheat, rice, barley and oats. Besides celiac disease and wheat allergy, the most studied forms of gluten-related disorders characterized by an evident immune mechanism (autoimmune in celiac disease and IgE-mediated in wheat allergy), a new entity has been included, apparently not driven by an aberrant immune response: the non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). NCGS is characterized by a heterogeneous clinical picture with intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms arising after gluten ingestion and rapidly improving after its withdrawal from the diet. The pathogenesis of NCGS is largely unknown, but a mixture of factors such as the stimulation of the innate immune system, the direct cytotoxic effects of gluten, and probably the synergy with other wheat molecules, are clues for the complicated puzzle. In addition, the diagnostic procedures still remain problematic due to the absence of efficient diagnostic markers; thus, diagnosis is based upon the symptomatic response to a gluten-free diet and the recurrence of symptoms after gluten reintroduction with the possibility of an important involvement of a placebo effect. The temporary withdrawal of gluten seems a reasonable therapy, but the timing of gluten reintroduction and the correct patient management approach are have not yet been determined.
authors.affiliation: Luca Elli, Leda Roncoroni, Maria Teresa Bardella, Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano. Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Elli
authors.affiliation: Luca Elli, Leda Roncoroni, Maria Teresa Bardella, Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano. Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Leda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Roncoroni
authors.affiliation: Luca Elli, Leda Roncoroni, Maria Teresa Bardella, Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano. Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bardella
mesh_terms: D001327:Autoimmune Diseases; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000276:immunology; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D005983:Glutens / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D005983:Glutens
keywords: Celiac disease; Gluten; Gluten sensitivity; Gluten-related disorders; Non-celiac gluten sensitivity