title: Pre-endurance training prevents acute alcoholic liver injury in rats through the regulation of damaged mitochondria accumulation and mitophagy balance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of pre-endurance training on the prevention of alcohol-induced acute hepatic injury and on hepatic mitophagy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: (1) control group, (2) 12-week exercise training group, (3) 5-day alcohol intake group, and (4) 12-week exercise training plus 5-day alcohol intake group. The rats were examined to determine the following: BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3II), Beclin1 mRNA and protein expressions, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) level, aconitase and ATP synthase activities, mitochondrial inner membrane potential, NADH/NAD(+) ratio, triglyceride (TG), the number of mtDNA and mitochondrial respiration functions in liver tissue, and serum ALT and AST.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre-endurance training attenuated acute alcohol treatment-induced increase in mitochondrial TBARS, ROS production, NADH/NAD(+) ratio, state 4 respiration rate, TG, serum ALT and AST, as well as BNIP3, HIF-1α, LC3II, and Beclin 1 mRNA and protein levels, however, CYP2E1 and ADH mRNA and protein levels unchanged. Meanwhile, it attenuated the acute alcohol intake-induced decrease in aconitase activity, inner mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ), ATP synthase activity, state 3 respiration rate, respiratory control ratio, and the number of mtDNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-endurance training can decrease acute alcohol intake-induced damaged mitochondria accumulation and reduced acute alcohol intake-induced mitophagy, which built a new balance between mitophagy and damaged mitochondria accumulation.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China. mgdtj@sina.com.
authors.forename: Guo-Dong
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Huan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.
authors.forename: Qing-Lai
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.
authors.forename: Bao-Guo
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.
authors.forename: Qiu-Ling
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-di
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: Acute hepatic injury; Alcohol; Endurance training; Mitophagy