title: The use of urinary and kidney SILAM proteomics to monitor kidney response to high dose morpholino oligonucleotides in the mdx mouse.
abstract: Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotides (PMO) are used as a promising exon-skipping gene therapy for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). One potential complication of high dose PMO therapy is its transient accumulation in the kidneys. Therefore new urinary biomarkers are needed to monitor this treatment. Here, we carried out a pilot proteomic profiling study using stable isotope labeling in mammals (SILAM) strategy to identify new biomarkers to monitor the effect of PMO on the kidneys of the dystrophin deficient mouse model for DMD (mdx-23). We first assessed the baseline renal status of the mdx-23 mouse compared to the wild type (C57BL10) mouse, and then followed the renal outcome of mdx-23 mouse treated with a single high dose intravenous PMO injection (800 mg/kg). Surprisingly, untreated mdx-23 mice showed evidence of renal injury at baseline, which was manifested by albuminuria, increased urine output, and changes in established urinary biomarker of acute kidney injury (AKI). The PMO treatment induced further transient renal injury, which peaked at 7 days, and returned to almost the baseline status at 30 days post-treatment. In the kidney, the SILAM approach followed by western blot validation identified changes in Meprin A subunit alpha at day 2, then returned to normal levels at day 7 and 30 after PMO injection. In the urine, SILAM approach identified an increase in Clusterin and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase 1 as potential candidates to monitor the transient renal accumulation of PMO. These results, which were confirmed by Western blots or ELISA, demonstrate the value of the SILAM approach to identify new candidate biomarkers of renal injury in mdx-23 mice treated with high dose PMO. Chemical compounds studied in this article: Phosphorodiamidate morpholino (PubChem CID: 22140692); isoflurane (PubChem CID: 3763); formic acid (PubChem CID: 284); acetonitrile (PubChem CID: 6342); acetone (PubChem CID: 180); methanol (PubChem CID: 887).
authors.affiliation: The Centers for Genetic Medicine Research and Translational Science, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: Aiping
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: The Centers for Genetic Medicine Research and Translational Science, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: Kitipong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uaesoontrachoon
authors.affiliation: The Centers for Genetic Medicine Research and Translational Science, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: Conner
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shaughnessy
authors.affiliation: The Centers for Genetic Medicine Research and Translational Science, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: Jharna R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: The Centers for Genetic Medicine Research and Translational Science, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: Sree
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rayavarapu
authors.affiliation: The Centers for Genetic Medicine Research and Translational Science, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: Kristy J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: The Centers for Genetic Medicine Research and Translational Science, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: Patricio E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: The Centers for Genetic Medicine Research and Translational Science, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: Kanneboyina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagaraju
authors.affiliation: The Centers for Genetic Medicine Research and Translational Science, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: van den Anker
authors.affiliation: The Centers for Genetic Medicine Research and Translational Science, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: The Centers for Genetic Medicine Research and Translational Science, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: Yetrib
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hathout
keywords: Clusterin; Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy; GGT1; PMO; mdx-23; urinary biomarkers