title: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a protective or a risk factor for developing coronary heart disease? Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, there are controversial findings on protective effect of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) against coronary heart disease (CHD) in some population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aim to determine the effect of HDL-C on CHD in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between February 1999 and August 2001, 3778 women aged 30 to 74 y, free of clinical cardiovascular diseases, were recruited and followed up to March 2010. HDL-C and other CHD risk factors were measured at baseline. Using multivariable Cox proportional hazard model, the adjusted hazard ratio was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a median follow-up of 9.6 y, a total of 228 new CHD events occurred. In postmenopausal women, the adjusted hazard ratio for each standard deviation increase in HDL-C was 0.76 (95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.92). Among premenopausal women, a time varying model was fitted; the adjusted hazard ratio for each standard deviation increase of HDL-C among 30-year-old women was 2.67 (95% confidence interval, 0.98-7.29) but decreased by 5% for each year increase of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different effects of HDL-C in premenopausal and postmenopausal women were identified. During premenopausal period, the hazard of CHD increased by any increase of HDL-C level, but the amount of this increment gradually decreased over time, whereas during postmenopausal period, the hazard of CHD was inversely associated with HDL-C level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Saeed
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hashemi Nazari
authors.affiliation: Guilan Interventional Cardiovascular Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shakiba
authors.affiliation: Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: dkhalili@endocrine.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Davood
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Khalili
authors.affiliation: Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farzad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hadaegh
authors.affiliation: Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tohidi
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fereidoun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azizi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood; D017697:Premenopause / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Coronary heart disease; Cox proportional hazard model; High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Menopause; Time varying model