title: Characterization of immune cells and perforin mutations in familiar venous thromboembolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was to carry out exome sequencing in a Han Chinese family with venous thromboembolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three venous thromboembolism (VTE) patients and five members from a Han Chinese family were evaluated by exome sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 3 VTE patients, mutations of 2 genes including PRF1 and HTR2A were identified and predicted to be functionally damaged to their encoded proteins. In addition, the PRF1 mutation and the HTR2A mutation identified in our study were absent in 100 non-related controls, indicating that venous thromboembolism has a genetic component. The R357W mutation is located in the membrane attack complex/perforin domain of PRF1 protein, which exists in both the perforin. The steps of killing foreign or pathological antigen cells by NK cells, CD8 (+)T cells and the membrane attack complex include membrane perforation and release of the granzyme, either of which is abnormal can lead to immune dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mutations of immune related genes in familial VTE might provide new understanding of the pathogenesis of familial venous thromboembolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai 200065, China.
authors.forename: Qianglin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai 200065, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai Shanghai 201203, China.
authors.forename: Minjun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Lab Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai 200065, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai Shanghai 201203, China.
authors.forename: Yongqiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai Shanghai 201203, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai 200065, China.
authors.forename: Haoming
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai Shanghai 201203, China.
authors.forename: Shengyue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai Shanghai 201203, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai 200065, China.
authors.forename: Lemin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: Family; genes; mutation; perforin; venous thromboembolism