title: FAMACHA©: A potential tool for targeted selective treatment of chronic fasciolosis in sheep.
abstract: The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica causes considerable damage to the health, welfare and productivity of ruminants in temperate areas, and its control is challenged by anthelmintic resistance. Targeted selective treatment (TST) is an increasingly established strategy for preserving anthelmintic efficacy in grazing livestock, yet no practical indicators are available to target individuals for treatment against fluke infection. This paper evaluates the FAMACHA(©) system, a colour chart for the non-invasive detection of anaemia in small ruminants, for this purpose. FAMACHA(©) scores were collected from 288 sheep prior to slaughter during the winter period, when fluke infections were largely mature, and condemned livers were recovered and adult flukes extracted. Average FAMACHA(©) score was significantly higher (=paler conjunctivae) in animals whose livers were condemned (3.6, n=62) than in those whose livers were not condemned (2.1). The number of adult flukes recovered ranged from 2 to 485, and was positively correlated with FAMACHA(©) score (r(2)=0.54, p<0.001). Packed cell volume was correlated negatively with both FAMACHA(©) score (n=240, r=0.23, p<0.001) and fluke number (r=0.24, p<0.001). Nematode faecal egg count (FEC) did not correlate with FAMACHA(©) score, and selective treatment of individual sheep with FAMACHA(©) scores above 2 or 3 would have preserved between 27 and 100% of nematodes in refugia on the basis of FEC, depending on group and the threshold used for treatment. FAMACHA(©) holds promise as a tool for selective treatment of sheep against adult F. hepatica, in support of refugia-based control of fluke and nematode infections, and further field evaluation is warranted.
authors.affiliation: University of Bristol, School of Biological Sciences and School of Veterinary Science, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: sophie.olah@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olah
authors.affiliation: University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa. Electronic address: jan.vanwyk@up.ac.za.
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van Wyk
authors.affiliation: University of Bristol, School of Biological Sciences and School of Veterinary Science, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: richard.wall@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.affiliation: University of Bristol, School of Biological Sciences and School of Veterinary Science, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: eric.morgan@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D003116:Color; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000502:physiology*; D005211:Fascioliasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology*
keywords: Anthelmintic resistance; Control; Epidemiology; FAMACHA(©); Fasciola hepatica; Fasciolosis; Fluke; Non-target effects; TST; Targeted selective treatment