title: Treatment options for dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease and for protection from contrast-induced nephropathy.
abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent worldwide and represents a major cardiovascular risk factor. Dyslipidemia is present in most patients with CKD and further worsens CKD, creating a vicious cycle. The treatment of CKD-related dyslipidemia has been a controversial topic. The use of statins is recommended in all stages of CKD, but it appears to reduce cardiovascular and renal events only in the early CKD stages, up to stage 3. The use of atorvastatin has proven very beneficial; thus, the earliest we start statin treatment, the better for the patient. Atorvastatin and pitavastatin do not need dose adjustments at any level of renal function. Fibrates can be administered in mixed hyperlipidemia, combined with statins in early CKD stages. Omega-3 fatty acids are useful for treating hypertriglyceridemia in CKD. Antibodies against proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 hold promise for a better control of dyslipidemia and a greater reduction of cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: a 1 Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Vasilios G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Athyros
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tziomalos
authors.forename: Asterios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karagiannis
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018450:Disease Progression; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents
keywords: cardiovascular disease; chronic kidney disease; dyslipidemia; fibrates; proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 antibodies; statins