title: Normative data and psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and the abbreviated version (CD-RISC2) among the general population in Hong Kong.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether the two-item version (CD-RISC2) of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) has adequate internal consistency and construct validity, as well as significant correlation with the full scale, and to provide normative data for the CD-RISC and the CD-RISC2 in a Chinese general population in Hong Kong.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 10,997 randomly selected participants aged ≥20 years completed the Chinese version of the CD-RISC (including the 2 items of the CD-RISC2), the Patient Health Questionnaire, Family Harmony Scale, Family APGAR, and CAGE Questionnaire. Internal consistency and convergent and discriminant validity of the CD-RISC and CD-RISC2 were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cronbach's α for CD-RISC and CD-RISC2 was 0.97 and 0.79, respectively. CD-RISC2 was associated with the 25-item version of the CD-RISC (r = 0.88), depressive symptoms (r s = -0.18), family harmony (r = 0.20), family functioning (r = 0.27) and was not associated with alcohol consumption (r = 0.05). The mean score for the CD-RISC and CD-RISC2 was 59.99 (SD = 13.92) and 5.03 (SD = 1.37), respectively. Men, younger individuals, and those with higher education or higher household income reported higher resilience levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Chinese version of the CD-RISC2 was demonstrated to be a reliable and valid measure in assessing resilience among the general population in Hong Kong.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China. nimy@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Michael Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tom K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Social Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Nancy X
authors.initials: NX
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Brandford H Y
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Gabriel M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Sunita M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adults; CD-RISC2; Chinese; Community; Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale; Resilience