title: Awareness of cervical cancer risk factors and symptoms: cross-sectional community survey in post-conflict northern Uganda.
abstract: Lack of awareness of risk factors and symptoms for cancer may lead to late diagnosis and poor prognosis.
  
  
  
  We assessed community awareness about cervical cancer risk factors and symptoms and perceptions about prevention and cure of cervical cancer in order to contribute data to inform interventions to improve cervical cancer survival.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional population-based survey.
  
  
  
  We conducted this study in Gulu, a post-conflict district in Uganda in 2012. The sample included 448 persons aged 18 years and above, selected through a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling process.
  
  
  
  We collected data using a pretested structured questionnaire. Logistic regressions were used to determine magnitudes of associations between socio-demographic and outcome variables.
  
  
  
  Most participants (444/448) had heard about cervical cancer. Known risk factors including multiple sexual partners, human papillomavirus infection, and early onset of sexual activity, were recognized by 88%, 82%, and 78% of respondents respectively. 63% of participants believed that prolonged use of family planning pills and injections caused cervical cancer. The majority of participants recognized symptoms of cervical cancer including inter-menstrual bleeding (85%), post-menopausal bleeding (84%), and offensive vaginal discharge (83%). 70% of participants believed that cervical cancer is preventable and 92% believed that it could be cured if diagnosed at an early stage.
  
  
  
  Recognition of cervical cancer risk factors and symptoms was high among study participants. Targeted interventions including increasing availability of HPV vaccination, population-based cervical screening and diagnostic services can translate high awareness into actual benefits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Amos D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Mwaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Orach
authors.affiliation: Management Science for Health, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Were
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lyratzopoulos
authors.affiliation: Kampala Cancer Registry, Department of Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wabinga
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014454:Uganda; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*
keywords: awareness; cervical cancer; health seeking; perceived causes; post-conflict northern Uganda; risk factors