title: Acoustic Voice Analysis of Young Turkish Speakers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One of the objective assessments of voice is acoustic analysis, particularly, the parameters fundamental frequency (F0), jitter, shimmer, and noise-to-harmonics ratio (NHR). Because the normative data for healthy native Turkish male and female speakers are lacking in the literature, this study aimed to obtain F0, perturbation parameters, and NHR in three sustained vowels (/Λ/, /i/, and /u/) among young Turkish speaking adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The native Turkish speakers with normal voice aged between 18 and 32 years were included in the study (44 women, 39 men). Voice samples were recorded using Computerized Speech Lab, and data were analyzed with the statistics software SPSS Statistics 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The F0 values of vowels /Λ/, /i/, and /u/ were greater for women (239.78 Hz, 251.97 Hz, and 250.29 Hz, respectively) than for men (127.11 Hz, 137.23 Hz, and 134.15 Hz, respectively). All shimmer values for all vowels and jitter values for /Λ/ and /u/ were found significantly low in men; however, no difference was found for jitter values of /i/ between genders. There is no effect of gender on NHR. Only in women, NHR of high vowels was found to be lower than that of vowel /Λ/.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a significant difference for F0 values between the genders as expected. Comparisons of perturbation values were significantly different for some pairs of vowels. There was no significant difference between NHR values between the genders. These findings can be compared with Turkish speakers who have different voice disorders for the further studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Voice Disorders Unit, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey. Electronic address: demirhanerhan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Erhan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Demirhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech and Language Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Elif Meryem
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Unsal
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech and Language Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cemil
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech and Language Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ertan
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010699:Phonation; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D014421:Turkey; D014833:Voice Quality; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Acoustic measurements; Fundamental frequency; Jitter; Noise-to-harmonics ratio; Normal voice; Shimmer; Turkish adults