title: Management of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin osteomyelitis/osteitis in immunocompetent children-A systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) osteomyelitis/osteitis in immunocompetent children is a rare but serious complication of BCG immunization. Rationale for its treatment is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Due to the rarity of this complication, no randomized control trials has ever been conducted to evaluate methods of intervention. As such, we searched the literature for any reported BCG vaccination-related osteomyelitis/osteitis among immunecompetent children published before April 15, 2014. We summarized the data from different affected regions of the body by recording the number of reported cases, while noting outcomes and their medical and/or surgical interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 34 eligible studies gleaned from a screening of 804 articles, a total of 331 cases were enrolled. Involvement of the lower limbs was present in 55.6%, followed by the axial skeleton (26.0%), the upper limbs (15.4%), and multiple bones (3.0%). Of the 64 patients having records of detailed chemotherapy regimens, 45 patients (70%) received two or fewer drugs. Among the 80 patients with detailed surgical records, 50 (62.5%) received surgical procedures for diagnostic purposes. While there were uneventful outcomes for those receiving diagnostic procedures, 7 of the 30 (23.3%) patients receiving surgical interventions had major complications (p=0.002, Fisher's exact test). The overall prognosis was good with a 97.6% cure rate. Nevertheless, eight patients (2.4%) suffered major complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rationale for treatment of BCG osteomyelitis/osteitis in immunocompetent children is highly subjective. However, patients receiving diagnostic procedures instead of surgical interventions may avoid major complications. Because only a few of the publications had detailed treatment information, further studies are needed to identify proper treatments, while infant BCG vaccination is still in use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, No. 92, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd., Taipei 10449, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Li
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, No. 92, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd., Taipei 10449, Taiwan; MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, No. 42, Sec. 3, Zhongzheng Rd., Sanzhi Dist., 252, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Nan-Chang
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control, No. 6, Linsen S. Rd., Jhongjheng District, Taipei 10050, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pin-Hui
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control, No. 6, Linsen S. Rd., Jhongjheng District, Taipei 10050, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Angela Song-En
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, No. 92, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd., Taipei 10449, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Fu-Yuan
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, No. 92, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd., Taipei 10449, Taiwan; MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, No. 42, Sec. 3, Zhongzheng Rd., Sanzhi Dist., 252, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Sec. 1, Ren Ai Rd, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, No. 92, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd., Taipei 10449, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Sec. 1, Ren Ai Rd, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Daniel Tsung-Ning
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control, No. 6, Linsen S. Rd., Jhongjheng District, Taipei 10050, Taiwan; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei 10055, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, No. 8, Zhongshan S. Rd., Taipei 10041, Taiwan. Electronic address: pcanita.tw@cdc.gov.twg.
authors.forename: Pei-Chun
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003646:Debridement; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D001500:BCG Vaccine
keywords: BCG vaccine; Disease management; Osteitis; Osteomyelitis; Review