title: Implementation of Competitive Food and Beverage Standards in a Sample of Massachusetts Schools: The NOURISH Study (Nutrition Opportunities to Understand Reforms Involving Student Health).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During 2012, Massachusetts adopted comprehensive school competitive food and beverage standards that closely align with Institute of Medicine recommendations and Smart Snacks in School national standards.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the extent to which a sample of Massachusetts middle schools and high schools sold foods and beverages that were compliant with the state competitive food and beverage standards after the first year of implementation, and complied with four additional aspects of the regulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational cohort study with data collected before implementation (Spring 2012) and 1 year after implementation (Spring 2013).
  
  
  METHODS
  School districts (N=37) with at least one middle school and one high school participated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percent of competitive foods and beverages that were compliant with Massachusetts standards and compliance with four additional aspects of the regulations. Data were collected via school site visits and a foodservice director questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multilevel models were used to examine change in food and beverage compliance over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More products were available in high schools than middle schools at both time points. The number of competitive beverages and several categories of competitive food products sold in the sample of Massachusetts schools decreased following the implementation of the standards. Multilevel models demonstrated a 47-percentage-point increase in food and 46-percentage-point increase in beverage compliance in Massachusetts schools from 2012 to 2013. Overall, total compliance was higher for beverages than foods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study of a group of Massachusetts schools demonstrated the feasibility of schools making substantial changes in response to requirements for healthier competitive foods, even in the first year of implementation.
authors.forename: Jessica A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Juliana F W
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gorski
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chaffee
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001628:Beverages; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005522:Food Services / Q000592:standards*; D058870:Food, Organic; D006801:Humans; D008404:Massachusetts; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012574:Schools / Q000592:standards*; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Beverage; Competitive; Food; Lunch; School