title: Different routes, same pathways: Molecular mechanisms under silver ion and nanoparticle exposures in the soil sentinel Eisenia fetida.
abstract: Use of nanotechnology products is increasing; with silver (Ag) nanoparticles particularly widely used. A key uncertainty surrounding the risk assessment of AgNPs is whether their effects are driven through the same mechanism of action that underlies the toxic effects of Ag ions. We present the first full transcriptome study of the effects of Ag ions and NPs in an ecotoxicological model soil invertebrate, the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Gene expression analyses indicated similar mechanisms for both silver forms with toxicity being exerted through pathways related to ribosome function, sugar and protein metabolism, molecular stress, disruption of energy production and histones. The main difference seen between Ag ions and NPs was associated with potential toxicokinetic effects related to cellular internalisation and communication, with pathways related to endocytosis and cilia being significantly enriched. These results point to a common final toxicodynamic response, but initial internalisation driven by different exposure routes and toxicokinetic mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK. Electronic address: novom@cf.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Novo
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK.
authors.forename: Elma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lahive
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Díez-Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matzke
authors.affiliation: Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Spurgeon
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK.
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svendsen
authors.affiliation: Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kille
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012834:Silver / Q000633:toxicity*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D012834:Silver; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV
keywords: Cryptic lineage; Ions; Nanoparticles; Silver; Soil sentinel; Toxicokinetics