title: Thymoquinone Ameliorates Acute Renal Failure in Gentamicin-Treated Adult Male Rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gentamicin (GEN) is considered as a main aminoglycoside antibiotic medicine. The top therapeutic side effect of GEN is nephrotoxicity. The current research was proposed to determine the protective effect of thymoquinone (TQ) on GEN-induced acute renal failure (ARF).
  
  
  METHODS
  The rats were divided into 6 groups: sham group, control group, GEN-treated group and the TQ-treated groups. At the end of the research period, the serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) were measured. The kidneys were then removed for evaluating malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), interleukins IL-6, IL-10, IL-18 and IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GEN induced a raise in the levels of serum Cr, BUN and also the levels of MDA, IL-6, IL-18, IL-1β and TNF-α with decease in GSH, SOD, GPx and IL-10 in the kidney (p < 0.05). The data illustrated that the significant elevation in the levels of serum Cr, BUN, MDA, IL-6, IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α and also the reduction of GSH, SOD, SOD, GPx, IL-10 in the kidney were ameliorated in the TQ-treated groups versus the untreated group, in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present investigation proposes that TQ may be ameliorated ARF through modulation of the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samarghandian
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azimi-Nezhad
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mehrad-Majd
authors.forename: Seyed Reza
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Mirhafez
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005839:Gentamicins; D008297:Male; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D016227:Benzoquinones; D016207:Cytokines; D005839:Gentamicins; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D003404:Creatinine; C003466:thymoquinone