title: The Cellular Factor NXP2/MORC3 Is a Positive Regulator of Influenza Virus Multiplication.
abstract: Transcription and replication of influenza A virus are carried out in the nuclei of infected cells in the context of viral ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). The viral polymerase responsible for these processes is a protein complex composed of the PB1, PB2, and PA proteins. We previously identified a set of polymerase-associated cellular proteins by proteomic analysis of polymerase-containing intracellular complexes expressed and purified from human cells. Here we characterize the role of NXP2/MORC3 in the infection cycle. NXP2/MORC3 is a member of the Microrchidia (MORC) family that is associated with the nuclear matrix and has RNA-binding activity. Influenza virus infection led to a slight increase in NXP2/MORC3 expression and its partial relocalization to the cytoplasm. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments indicated an association of NXP2/MORC3 with the viral polymerase and RNPs during infection. Downregulation of NXP2/MORC3 by use of two independent short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) reduced virus titers in low-multiplicity infections. Consistent with these findings, analysis of virus-specific RNA in high-multiplicity infections indicated a reduction of viral RNA (vRNA) and mRNA after NXP2/MORC3 downregulation. Silencing of NXP2/MORC3 in a recombinant minireplicon system in which virus transcription and replication are uncoupled showed reductions in cat mRNA and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) protein accumulation but no alterations in cat vRNA levels, suggesting that NXP2/MORC3 is important for influenza virus transcription.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Influenza virus infections appear as yearly epidemics and occasional pandemics of respiratory disease, with high morbidity and occasional mortality. Influenza viruses are intracellular parasites that replicate and transcribe their genomic ribonucleoproteins in the nuclei of infected cells, in a complex interplay with host cell factors. Here we characterized the role of the human NXP2/MORC3 protein, a member of the Microrchidia family that is associated with the nuclear matrix, during virus infection. NXP2/MORC3 associates with the viral ribonucleoproteins in infected cells. Downregulation of NXP2/MORC3 reduced virus titers and accumulations of viral genomic RNA and mRNAs. Silencing of NXP2/MORC3 in an influenza virus CAT minireplicon system diminished CAT protein and cat mRNA levels but not genomic RNA levels. We propose that NXP2/MORC3 plays a role in influenza virus transcription.
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Darwin 3, Madrid, Spain CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Lorena S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Ver
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Darwin 3, Madrid, Spain CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marcos-Villar
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Darwin 3, Madrid, Spain CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Landeras-Bueno
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Darwin 3, Madrid, Spain CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Darwin 3, Madrid, Spain CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain jortin@cnb.csic.es.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ortín
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology*; D040901:Proteomics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; C551732:MORC3 protein, human