title: Significance of preoperative butyrylcholinesterase as an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence-free survival in patients with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is an alpha-glycoprotein found in the nervous system and liver. Its serum level is reduced in many clinical conditions, such as liver damage, inflammation, injury, infection, malnutrition, and malignant disease. In this study, we analyzed the potential prognostic significance of preoperative BChE levels in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated 535 patients with PCa who underwent RP from 1996-2014 at a single institution. Serum BChE was routinely measured in all patients before operation. Covariates included age, preoperative laboratory data [prostate-specific antigen (PSA), hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, BChE, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein], clinical T, biopsy Gleason score, D'Amico risk classification, and RP with/without neoadjuvant therapy. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify clinical factors associated with biochemical recurrence-free survival (BRFS). Univariate analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier and log-rank methods, and multivariate analysis was performed using a Cox proportional hazard model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median BChE level was 255 U/L (normal range 168-470 U/L). The median age of the enrolled patients was 68 years, and the median PSA level at diagnosis of PCa was 8.39 ng/mL. The median follow-up period was 65 months. The 5-year BRFS rate was 72.9 %. The 5-year BRFS rates in the BChE ≥ 168 and ≤ 167 U/L groups were 77.7 and 55.0 %, respectively (P < 0.001). In univariate analysis, BChE, cT, biopsy Gleason score, and D'Amico risk classification were significantly associated with BRFS. Multivariate analysis revealed that BChE was significantly associated with BRFS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study validated preoperative serum BChE levels as an independent prognostic factor for PCa after RP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan. goodwin@cc.hirosaki-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koie
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
authors.forename: Chikara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ohyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hatakeyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoneyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoneyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tobisawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hosogoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
authors.forename: Hayato
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirota
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000401:mortality*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: Biochemical recurrence-free survival; Biomarker; Butyrylcholinesterase; Prostate cancer