title: A maintenance hemodialysis diabetic patient with unexplained pulmonary and gastrointestinal involvement.
abstract: A 50-year-old man with diabetes mellitus with diabetic retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, and end-stage renal disease on maintenance hemodialysis, presented with persistent cough and hiccups, continued to be unwell with weight loss, poor appetite, and recurrent respiratory symptoms such as wheezing and cough. Whole body positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan showed metabolically active lesions in liver, stomach/lesser sac, pancreas, and left sixth rib. As he had repeated bilateral transudative pleural effusion, left mini thoracotomy with pleural biopsy showed no evidence of granuloma or malignancy. Upper gastroscopy showed tiny gastric polyp; biopsy revealed benign lesion. Left posterior rib biopsy from the lesion and iliac crest biopsy showed no evidence of malignancy or granuloma. Further evaluation showed plasma chromogranin A -5737 μg/L (<100 μg/L) with a repeat value of 6950 μg/L (<100 μg/L). He was initiated on oral sunitinib 25 mg once a day and injection octreotide 20 mg subcutaneously once a month. The plasma chromogranin A level and his symptoms, however, showed an initial improvement, but gradually worsened after 4 months despite being on treatment. After 6 months, the patient developed a gangrenous lesion of his glans penis with necrosis. Due to severe pain on conservative measures, penectomy with perineal urethrostomy was performed. Biopsy of the lesion showed blood vessels with intimal calcifications and thrombosis suggesting penile necrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yuvaraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Georgi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurien
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koshy
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Sudhakshina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
mesh_terms: D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: challenging patients; clinical nephrology; complications