title: Annurca peel extract: from the chemical composition, through the functional activity, to the formulation and characterisation of a topical oil-in-water emulsion.
abstract: The aim of this study was to produce a hydro-alcoholic safe antioxidant Malus pumila Miller cv Annurca peel extract (APE) useful as functional ingredient in an oil-in-water emulsion. Results showed that APE contains a hydroxycinnamic acid (chlorogenic acid), flavonol glycosides (quercetin derivatives) and a dihydrochalcone, phloridzin (phloretin-2-O-glucoside). The isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) content was quantified in 0.3% w/w of extract. APE showed a significant and concentration-dependent free-radical scavenging activity correlated to its polyphenols content. No cytotoxic effect was observed in primary human epidermal keratinocyte adults and dermal fibroblast cell lines. The formulative approach led to produce a stable emulsion able to load a high amount of APE, up to 6.0% w/w. The homogenous distribution of APE in the emulsion was clearly demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy analysis. The emulsion resulted able to enhance the in vitro release rate of APE through synthetic membranes with respect to the raw material.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano , SA 84084 , Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sansone
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano , SA 84084 , Italy.
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano , SA 84084 , Italy.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mencherini
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano , SA 84084 , Italy.
authors.forename: Anna Lisa
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Piccinelli
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano , SA 84084 , Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gazzerro
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano , SA 84084 , Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Picerno
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano , SA 84084 , Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano , SA 84084 , Italy.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Del Gaudio
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano , SA 84084 , Italy.
authors.forename: Massimilano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Essolito
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano , SA 84084 , Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Campiglia
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano , SA 84084 , Italy.
authors.forename: Rita P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Aquino
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry*; D002460:Cell Line; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D005960:Glucosides; D006027:Glycosides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis; D011794:Quercetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004655:Emulsions; D005419:Flavonoids; D005960:Glucosides; D006027:Glycosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; C532085:quercetin 3'-O-glucoside; C016527:isoquercitrin; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; D011794:Quercetin
keywords: Annurca peel extract (APE); chemical analysis; formulation stability; free-radical scavenger; in vitro permeation test; topical emulsion