title: Alkaline comet assay in liver and stomach, and micronucleus assay in bone marrow, from rats treated with 2-acetylaminofluorene, azidothymidine, cisplatin, or isobutyraldehyde.
abstract: As part of the Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM) initiative international validation study of the in vivo rat alkaline comet assay (comet assay), we examined the ability of the assay to determine the genotoxicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), azidothymidine (AZT), cisplatin (CPN), and isobutyraldehyde (IBA) in liver and glandular stomach of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were given oral doses of test compound or control once daily for three days. High dose levels were approximately maximum tolerated doses and were based on preliminary range-finding studies. Tissues were harvested 3h after the final dose (48h after the initial dose). A bone marrow micronucleus assay (MN) was also conducted on the rats treated with AZT, CPN, and IBA. Acute toxic effects of treatment were determined primarily through histomorphologic analysis of liver and stomach but also by body weight and serum liver enzyme changes. The comet assay was conducted on fresh tissue preparations but frozen samples from two studies were also assayed. Statistically significant dose-related differences in comet % DNA in tail were found in liver and stomach for the genotoxin AZT and in liver for the genotoxin CPN, but not in liver or stomach for the non-genotoxin IBA. Statistically significant differences in % DNA in tail were measured in liver for the low and mid dose of the genotoxin AAF, but not the high dose. The comet assays of frozen liver suspensions from CPN- and AAF-treated rats yielded comparable results to the assays of fresh preparations. There were no indications of significant toxicity induced by any treatment. The micronucleus assay was positive for CPN and AZT and negative for IBA. In conclusion, the in vivo comet assay is capable of detecting genotoxic effects of a variety of chemicals and may fill an important role in the genotoxicity test battery.
authors.affiliation: Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA. Electronic address: andrew.kraynak@merck.com.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kraynak
authors.affiliation: Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Barnum
authors.affiliation: Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.affiliation: Current address:Novavax Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ykoruk
authors.affiliation: Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bennet
authors.affiliation: Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stoffregen
authors.affiliation: Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merschman
authors.affiliation: Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Freeland
authors.affiliation: Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Galloway
mesh_terms: D015073:2-Acetylaminofluorene / Q000633:toxicity; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000187:drug effects*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000633:toxicity; D020552:Comet Assay / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D015162:Micronucleus Tests / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013270:Stomach / Q000187:drug effects*; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D015215:Zidovudine; D015073:2-Acetylaminofluorene; C017439:isobutyraldehyde; D002945:Cisplatin
keywords: 2-Acetylaminofluorene (CASRN: 53-96-3); Azidothymidine (CASRN: 30516-87-1); Bone marrow micronucleus assay; Cisplatin (CASRN: 15663-27-1); In vivo comet assay; Isobutyraldehyde (CASRN: 78-84-2); JaCVAM validation study