title: Identification of Cryptosporidium Species in Fish from Lake Geneva (Lac Léman) in France.
abstract: Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite that can cause severe diarrhea in a wide range of vertebrates including humans, is increasingly recognized as a parasite of a diverse range of wildlife species. However, little data are available regarding the identification of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in wild aquatic environments, and more particularly in edible freshwater fish. To evaluate the prevalence of Cryptosporidiumspp. in fish from Lake Geneva (Lac Léman) in France, 41 entire fish and 100 fillets (cuts of fish flesh) were collected from fishery suppliers around the lake. Nested PCR using degenerate primers followed by sequence analysis was used. Five fish species were identified as potential hosts of Cryptosporidium: Salvelinus alpinus, Esox lucius, Coregonus lavaretus, Perca fluviatilis, and Rutilus rutilus. The presence of Cryptosporidium spp. was found in 15 out of 41 fish (37%), distributed as follows: 13 (87%) C. parvum, 1 (7%) C. molnari, and 1 (7%) mixed infection (C. parvum and C. molnari). C. molnari was identified in the stomach, while C. parvum was found in the stomach and intestine. C. molnari was also detected in 1 out of 100 analyzed fillets. In order to identify Cryptosporidium subtypes, sequencing of the highly polymorphic 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) was performed. Among the C. parvum positive samples, three gp60 subtypes were identified: IIaA15G2R1, IIaA16G2R1, and IIaA17G2R1. Histological examination confirmed the presence of potential developmental stages of C. parvum within digestive epithelial cells. These observations suggest that C. parvum is infecting fish, rather than being passively carried. Since C. parvum is a zoonotic species, fish potentially contaminated by the same subtypes found in terrestrial mammals would be an additional source of infection for humans and animals, and may also contribute to the contamination of the environment with this parasite. Moreover, the risk of human transmission is strengthened by the observation of edible fillet contamination.
authors.affiliation: Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Certad
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Descartes, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dupouy-Camet
authors.affiliation: Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Nausicaa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gantois
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Gestion des Agents Pathogènes en Agriculture, Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture de Lille, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Ourida
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hammouma-Ghelboun
authors.affiliation: Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Muriel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pottier
authors.affiliation: Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Guyot
authors.affiliation: Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Ecologie et Biodiversité, Faculté Libre des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Sadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benamrouz
authors.affiliation: Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Marwan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.affiliation: Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Groupe Hospitalier de l'Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Baptiste
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Delaire
authors.affiliation: Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Groupe Hospitalier de l'Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Colette
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Creusy
authors.affiliation: Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Viscogliosi
authors.affiliation: Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dei-Cas
authors.affiliation: Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Cecile Marie
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Aliouat-Denis
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Gestion des Agents Pathogènes en Agriculture, Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture de Lille, Lille, France; Laboratoire BioMEMS, Univ.Lille, CNRS, ISEN, Univ.Valenciennes, UMR 8520, IEMN, Institut d'Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, F 59 000, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Follet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D005399:Fishes / Q000469:parasitology*; D005602:France; D056426:Genetic Loci; D005843:Geography; D060106:Lakes; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S