title: Dietary intake habits and controlled training on body composition and strength in elite female volleyball players during the season.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess dietary intake of elite female volleyball players (EFVPs, n = 22) during the first 11 weeks of the competitive season. Further, we compared findings for total energy intake and specific macronutrient distribution with the established recommendations for high-intensity athletes. Subjects also engaged in periodized training and we assessed changes in body composition (BC) and strength. Twenty-two EFVPs had dietary intake (7-day dietary recall and food-frequency questionnaire), BC (body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, fat mass, muscle mass), and 1-repetition maximum (1RM) strength (bench press, military press, back squat, power clean, clean and jerk, pull-over) assessed at baseline (T0, before preseason) and 11 weeks later (T11). Athletes consumed less total kilocalories and carbohydrates (CHO) compared with established recommendations (total kilocalories: 40.7 ± 5.2 kcal/(kg · day)(-1) vs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  50-80 kcal/(kg · day)(-1); CHO: 4.3 ± 0.6 g/(kg · day)(-1) vs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  5-8 g/(kg · day)(-1)). Further, subjects consumed greater protein (2.1 ± 0.4 g/(kg · day)(-1)) compared with recommendations (1.6-1.8 g/(kg · day)(-1)) and greater fat (36.1 ± 4.6% of total kilocalories) than recommendations (20%-35% of total kilocalories). There were improvements (p < 0.05) in BC from T0-T11 (body fat percentage: 17.9% ± 4.2%-16.8% ± 3.6%, -4.7% ± 7.4%; fat mass: 12.7 ± 4.2-11.9 ± 3.8 kg, -4.0% ± 9.2%; muscle mass: 42.8% ± 3.4%-43.3% ± 3.0%, +1.3 ± 3.1%) and 1RM strength (bench press: 39.1 ± 4.5-43.4 ± 4.9 kg; +11.4% ± 9.3%; clean and jerk: 29.7 ± 6.3-34 ± 5.8 kg; +17.7% ± 23.8%); however, there was no change (p > 0.05) in BMI or military press and pull-over. Back squat (p = 0.054; +33.0% ± 83.7%) and power clean (p = 0.056; +26.2% ± 49.0%) increases approached significance. Our findings indicate that EFVPs improved BC and strength despite a dietary intake different from recommendations. This is possibly due to different substrate utilization during exercise in females versus males, thus new recommendations should be considered for high-intensity athletes, which are sex-specific.
authors.affiliation: a ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Technical University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.|b Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Haro Volleyball Club, Nutrition Centre of La Rioja, 26200 Haro, La Rioja, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mielgo-Ayuso
authors.affiliation: c Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Zourdos
authors.affiliation: d Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Calleja-González
authors.affiliation: e Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, 20012 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
authors.forename: Aritz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urdampilleta
authors.affiliation: f Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Health, Exercise and Sport Sciences, Stari DIF, Deligradska 27, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Sergej M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ostojic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D054798:Volleyball
keywords: apport alimentaire; dietary intake; elite players; entraînement à la force; fatigue; joueurs de niveau élite; nutrition sportive; sports nutrition; strength training; volleyball