title: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions to corticosteroids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature on immediate hypersensitivity reactions to corticosteroids and classify them according to manifestations, routes of exposure, causative preparations, diagnostic tests, and management.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed search for English-language publications from January 1, 2004 through December 31, 2014 using search terms corticosteroid, glucocorticoid, or steroid combined with hypersensitivity, allergy, or anaphylaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Only reports of immediate hypersensitivity reactions that occurred sooner than 24 hours after administration of a corticosteroid were included. Excluded were reports on patients with delayed reactions, including contact dermatitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight articles fulfilled the criteria, reporting 120 reactions in 106 patients 2 to 90 years of age (55 male and 51 female). The most commonly reported manifestation was anaphylaxis in 60.8% (73 of 120) followed by urticaria and/or angioedema in 26.7%. Exposure to corticosteroid was through any route, with intravenous being the most common (44.2%, 53 of 120), followed by oral in 25.8% and intra-articular in 11.7%. Methylprednisolone was the most commonly implicated (40.8%) followed by prednisolone (20.0%). Some reacted to more than 1 preparation. Pharmacologically-inactive ingredients were implicated in 28.3%. Diagnosis was based primarily on medical history and in most cases was confirmed by challenge testing. Skin tests were positive in 74.1%. The vast majority of patients tolerated at least 1 alternative preparation, and very rarely desensitization was required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Corticosteroids seem to be rare causes of immediate hypersensitivity reactions but possibly are misdiagnosed or under-reported relative to their worldwide use. Physicians should be cognizant of this entity and identify safe alternative preparations.
authors.affiliation: Allergy & Immunology Section, Louisiana State University Health, Shreveport, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Adesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Allergy & Immunology Section, Louisiana State University Health, Shreveport, Louisiana. Electronic address: sbahna@lsuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Sami L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bahna
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000276:immunology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000276:immunology; D000799:Angioedema / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012882:Skin Tests; D014581:Urticaria / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D005938:Glucocorticoids