title: [The bionic hand].
abstract: The loss of the upper extremity implicates a grave insult in the life of the involved person. To compensate for the loss of function different powered prosthetic devices are available. Ever since their first development 70 years ago numerous improvements in terms of size, weight and wearing comfort have been developed, but issues regarding the control of upper extremity prostheses remain. Slow grasping speed, limited grip positions and especially failure to provide a sensory feedback limit the acceptance in patients. Recent developments are aimed to allow a more intuitive control of the prosthetic device and to provide a sensory feedback to the amputee. Targeted reinnervation reassignes existing muscles to different peripheral nerves thereby enabling them to fulfill alternate functions. Implanting electrodes into muscle bellies of the forearm allows a more accurate control of the prosthesis. Promising results are being achieved by implanting nerve electrodes by establishing bilateral communication between patient and prosthesis. The following review summarizes the current developments of bionic prostheses in the upper extremity.
authors.affiliation: 1 Universitätsklinik für Plastische und Handchirurgie, Inselspital, Bern.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Surke
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ducommun Dit Boudry
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vögelin
mesh_terms: D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D001701:Bionics / Q000639:trends*; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D016067:Nerve Transfer; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*