title: Adapted Prescription Dose for Monte Carlo Algorithm in Lung SBRT: Clinical Outcome on 205 Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  SBRT is the standard of care for inoperable patients with early-stage lung cancer without lymph node involvement. Excellent local control rates have been reported in a large number of series. However, prescription doses and calculation algorithms vary to a great extent between studies, even if most teams prescribe to the D95 of the PTV. Type A algorithms are known to produce dosimetric discrepancies in heterogeneous tissues such as lungs. This study was performed to present a Monte Carlo (MC) prescription dose for NSCLC adapted to lesion size and location and compare the clinical outcomes of two cohorts of patients treated with a standard prescription dose calculated by a type A algorithm or the proposed MC protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were treated from January 2011 to April 2013 with a type B algorithm (MC) prescription with 54 Gy in three fractions for peripheral lesions with a diameter under 30 mm, 60 Gy in 3 fractions for lesions with a diameter over 30 mm, and 55 Gy in five fractions for central lesions. Clinical outcome was compared to a series of 121 patients treated with a type A algorithm (TA) with three fractions of 20 Gy for peripheral lesions and 60 Gy in five fractions for central lesions prescribed to the PTV D95 until January 2011. All treatment plans were recalculated with both algorithms for this study. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was calculated for GTV and PTV. Local control, overall survival and toxicity were compared between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  205 patients with 214 lesions were included in the study. Among these, 93 lesions were treated with MC and 121 were treated with TA. Overall survival rates were 86% and 94% at one and two years, respectively. Local control rates were 79% and 93% at one and two years respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups for overall survival (p = 0.785) or local control (p = 0.934). Fifty-six patients (27%) developed grade I lung fibrosis without clinical consequences. GTV size was a prognostic factor for overall survival (HR = 1.026, IC95% [1.01-1.041], p<0.001) and total dose was a prognostic factor for local control (HR = 0.924, IC95% [0.870-0.982], p = 0.011). D50 of the GTV calculated with MC correlated poorly with the D95 of the PTV calculated with TA (r = 0.116) for lesions with a diameter of 20 mm or less. For lesions larger than 20 mm, spearman correlation was higher (r = 0.618), but still insufficient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No difference in local control or overall survival was found between patients treated with a type A or a type B algorithm in our cohort. A size and location adapted GTV-based prescription method could be used with a type B algorithm. External validation of these results is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Academic Radiation Oncology Department, Oscar Lambret Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3 rue Frédéric Combemale, Lille, France; Faculty of Medicine, University Lille 2, Lille, France; ONCOLille, maison régionale de la recherche Clinique, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Emmanuel
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bibault
authors.affiliation: Academic Radiation Oncology Department, Oscar Lambret Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3 rue Frédéric Combemale, Lille, France; Faculty of Medicine, University Lille 2, Lille, France; ONCOLille, maison régionale de la recherche Clinique, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mirabel
authors.affiliation: Academic Radiation Oncology Department, Oscar Lambret Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3 rue Frédéric Combemale, Lille, France; Faculty of Medicine, University Lille 2, Lille, France; ONCOLille, maison régionale de la recherche Clinique, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lacornerie
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Department, Oscar Lambret Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3 rue Frédéric Combemale, Lille, France; ONCOLille, maison régionale de la recherche Clinique, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tresch
authors.affiliation: Academic Radiation Oncology Department, Oscar Lambret Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3 rue Frédéric Combemale, Lille, France; Faculty of Medicine, University Lille 2, Lille, France; ONCOLille, maison régionale de la recherche Clinique, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Reynaert
authors.affiliation: Academic Radiation Oncology Department, Oscar Lambret Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3 rue Frédéric Combemale, Lille, France; Faculty of Medicine, University Lille 2, Lille, France; ONCOLille, maison régionale de la recherche Clinique, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lartigau
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome