title: Population pharmacokinetics of meropenem during continuous infusion in surgical ICU patients.
abstract: Continuous infusion of meropenem is a candidate strategy for optimization of its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile. However, plasma concentrations are difficult to predict in critically ill patients. Steady-state concentrations of meropenem were determined prospectively during continuous infusion in 32 surgical ICU patients (aged 21-85 years, body weight 55-125 kg, APACHE II 5-29, measured creatinine clearance 22.7-297 mL/min). Urine was collected for the quantification of renal clearance of meropenem and creatinine. Cystatin C was measured as an additional marker of renal function. Population pharmacokinetic models were developed using NONMEM(®) , which described total meropenem clearance and its relationship with several estimates of renal function (measured creatinine clearance CLCR , Cockcroft-Gault formula CLCG , Hoek formula, 1/plasma creatinine, 1/plasma cystatin C) and other patient characteristics. Any estimate of renal function improved the model performance. The strongest association of clearance was found with CLCR (typical clearance = 11.3 L/h × [1 + 0.00932 × (CLCR  - 80 mL/min)]), followed by 1/plasma cystatin C; CLCG was the least predictive covariate. Neither age, weight, nor sex was found to be significant. These models can be used to predict dosing requirements or meropenem concentrations during continuous infusion. The covariate CLCR offers the best predictive performance; if not available, cystatin C may provide a promising alternative to plasma creatinine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charit, é, Universit, ä, tsmedizin Berlin-Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200, Berlin, Germany.|Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12169, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kees
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12169, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Iris K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Minichmayr
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, University Hospital of Halle (Saale), 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12169, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Wicha
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Frieder
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kees
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12169, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kloft
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, University Hospital of Halle (Saale), 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steinke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D016638:Critical Illness; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000652:urine; D013502:General Surgery; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D000077731:Meropenem; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013845:Thienamycins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D055316:Cystatin C; D013845:Thienamycins; D003404:Creatinine; D000077731:Meropenem
keywords: critical care; cystatin C; nosocomial infection; pharmacodynamics; renal function