title: Photochemical degradation of imazosulfuron under simulated California rice field conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The photodegradation of imazosulfuron (IMZ), a potent broad-spectrum herbicide, was investigated under simulated rice field conditions. Previous reports have indicated that it is photolabile, but have failed to report radiation intensity or determine a quantum yield, precluding extrapolation to environmental rates. Therefore, the objective of this investigation was to determine the photolytic rate of IMZ under simulated rice field conditions and how it is influenced by environmental factors such as turbidity, salinity and temperature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IMZ was efficiently photolyzed in all solutions and fitted pseudo-first-order kinetics. Degradation was faster in HPLC-grade water than in field water. Field-relevant variances in temperature, turbidity and salinity did not significantly influence degradation. The experimentally derived quantum yield for direct photolysis (2.94 × 10(3) ) was used to predict the half-life of IMZ in a California rice field (3.6 days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aqueous photolysis is predicted to be an important process in the overall degradation of IMZ in the environment, regardless of variances in salinity, organic matter and temperature. Based on the predicted half-life of IMZ in a California rice field (3.6 days), state-mandated holding periods for field water post-IMZ application (30 days) are expected to allow for sufficient clearance of the herbicide (>98%), preventing significant contamination of the environment upon release of tailwater. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Caitlin C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Rering
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, California State University, Chico, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Monica A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, California State University, Chico, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Megan R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Keener
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, California State University, Chico, CA, USA.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tjeerdema
mesh_terms: D004777:Environment; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012275:Oryza; D010782:Photolysis; D011725:Pyridines / Q000737:chemistry*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000737:chemistry*; D054712:Salinity; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D011725:Pyridines; D011743:Pyrimidines; C433346:1-(2-chloroimidazo(1,2-a)pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-3-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)urea
keywords: herbicide; imazosulfuron; pesticide; photolysis; rice; sulfonylurea