title: Approach to MR Imaging of the Elbow and Wrist: Technical Aspects and Innovation.
abstract: Wrist and elbow MR imaging technology is advancing at a dramatic rate. Wrist and elbow MR imaging is performed at medium and higher field strengths with more specialized surface coils and more variable pulse sequences and postprocessing techniques. High field imaging and improved coils lead to an increased signal-to-noise ratio and increased variety of soft tissue contrast options. Three-dimensional imaging is improving in terms of usability and artifacts. Some of these advances have challenges in wrist and elbow imaging, such as postoperative patient imaging, cartilage mapping, and molecular imaging. This review considers technical advances in hardware and software and their clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Dustin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Electronic address: gold@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Garry E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Gold
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D004551:Elbow Joint; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008670:Metals; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D014955:Wrist Joint
chemical_list: D008670:Metals
keywords: Cartilage mapping; Elbow; High field imaging; Isotropic imaging; MR imaging; Metallic implants; Phased array coils; Wrist