title: Caesarean section rates in subgroups of women and perinatal outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify factors that are associated with a relatively low caesarean section (CS) rate by examining the CS rate in various subgroups in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 685 452 births in the Netherlands Perinatal Registry from 2007 to 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  A modified classification system for CS was used to categorise all women into ten groups. Labour management, mode of delivery, maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality were assessed according to these ten groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caesarean section, labour induction, instrumental delivery, postpartum haemorrhage, perineal laceration, duration of second stage of labour, Apgar score, fetal and neonatal mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total CS rate was 15.6%. Term, nulliparous and parous women with a singleton pregnancy of a fetus in cephalic position and spontaneous onset of labour had CS rates of 9.6 and 1.9% and instrumental birth rates of 19.4 and 2.4%, respectively; 17.3% of births were induced. Among women with a previous CS and term, singleton pregnancies with a fetus in cephalic presentation, 71% had trial of labour, of which 75% had a successful vaginal birth. Of women with multiple gestation, 43% had CS. Women with CS due to 'failure to progress' in the second stage of labour had a median duration of second-stage pushing of almost 2 hours in nulliparas and >90 minutes in parous women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several obstetric practice patterns may have contributed to the relatively low overall CS rate in the Netherlands: a relatively low CS rate in term, singleton pregnancies of a fetus in cephalic position and spontaneous onset of labour, relatively low rate of labour induction, a high rate of a trial of labour after a previous CS, the use of vacuum and forceps, and a high proportion of women being taken care of by midwives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Netherlands has several practice patterns that may have contributed to its relatively low CS rate.
authors.affiliation: MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Midwifery Science, AVAG/EMGO, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Geerts
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Perinatal Registry, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hukkelhoven
authors.affiliation: KNOV, the Royal Dutch Midwifery Organisation, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Offerhaus
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zwart
authors.affiliation: Midwifery Science, AVAG/EMGO, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Jonge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012042:Registries
keywords: Caesarean section; classification; labour; maternal; the Netherlands