title: Venous Obstruction in Asymptomatic Patients Undergoing First Implantation or Revision of a Cardiac Pacemaker or Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: A Retrospective Single Center Analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the incidence and possible risk factors of upper deep vein obstruction in patients both prior to first cardiac device implantation and before device revision.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of asymptomatic patients undergoing contrast venography prior to implantation or revision of a cardiac device from 09/2009 to 04/2012 were reviewed. Venograms were used to determine the presence of venous obstruction. Interrelations between the incidence of venous obstruction and patient- or device-related parameters were identified using Fisher's exact test and univariate logistic regression. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of venous obstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  456 patients met the inclusion criteria (330 males, 126 females, 67.8  ±  12.9 years). 100 patients underwent first implantation, and 356 patients underwent device revision (mean time since implantation 82.5  ±  75.3 months). Venous obstruction was present in 11.0 % and 30.1 % before implantation and revision, respectively. Only presence of ventricular escape rhythm was significantly related to venous occlusion (p < 0.001) prior to first implantation. Prior to revision, significant predictors were male sex (p = 0.01), time since implantation (p < 0.0001), presence of escape rhythm (p = 0.02), compromised coagulation (p = 0.02), phenprocoumon (p = 0.005), and peripheral arterial disease (p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although several risk factors could be identified, reliable prediction of venous obstruction was not possible. Therefore, we advocate performing venography in all patients prior to device revision or upgrade to avoid complications. In cases of first device implantation, the risks associated with venography should be weighed against the surprisingly high rate of deep upper vein obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Weis
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fimmers
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rajab
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Linhart
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Schild
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Nähle
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001132:Arm / Q000098:blood supply; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D010690:Phlebography; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery