title: Copper Filtration and kVp: Effect on Entrance Skin Exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The selection of technical factors to produce an image is driven primarily by the patient, body part, and factors regarding the status of that patient or part. Analog receptor systems are restricted by the ranges of data they are able to record, as well as the quantity and quality of data required to record an image. Using digital receptors allows for a wider range of exposure factors because of the nature of the receptor systems and the data processing methods employed. Thus, factor selection can be more patient centered when using digital receptors to produce a radiograph.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the relationship between milliampere seconds (mAs), kilovoltage peak (kVp), and additional copper filtration with exposure indicators and entrance skin exposure (ESE) using both analog and digital receptors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Researchers conducted 2-tailed t-tests using Stata/IC version 11.2 software (StataCorp LP) to compare ESE from several trials using hip and knee phantoms. The analysis indicated that increasing kVp, adding 0.1 mm copper filtration, and correspondingly reducing mAs reduced ESE on a hip phantom by 64%, from 151 mR to 54.4 mR and reduced ESE on a knee phantom by 51%, from 27.2 mR to 13.4 mR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiology departments and radiologic technologists can consider these data when creating dose reduction protocols. The wider latitude range of digital radiography can be used to minimize patient exposure while still producing images of diagnostic quality within the acceptable exposure indicator range stated by the manufacturer.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barba
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Culp
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D011874:Radiometry
chemical_list: D003300:Copper