title: The effects of silver nanoparticles on intact wastewater biofilms.
abstract: Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have strong antibacterial properties, which may adversely affect biological wastewater treatment processes. To determine the overall effect, intact biofilm samples were collected from the rotating biological contactor at the local wastewater treatment plant and treated with 200 mg Ag/L Ag-NPs for 24 h. The biofilm uptake of Ag-NPs was monitored with transmission electron microscopy. Forty-five minutes after Ag-NP application, Ag-NPs were seen in the biofilm extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). After 24 h, Ag-NPs had entered certain microbial cells, while other cells contained no observable Ag-NPs. Some cells were dying after the uptake of Ag-NPs. However, there was no significant reduction in cultivable bacteria in the biofilms, based on heterotrophic plate counts (HPC). While this may indicate that wastewater biofilms are highly resistant to Ag-NPs, the HPC represents only a small portion of the total microbial population. To further investigate the effects of Ag-NPs, a GeoChip microarray was used to directly detect changes in the functional gene structure of the microbial community in the biofilm. A clear decrease (34.6% decreases in gene number) in gene diversity was evident in the GeoChip analysis. However, the complete loss of any specific gene was rare. Most gene families present in both treated and untreated biofilms. However, this doesn't necessarily mean that there was no change in these families. Signal intensity decreased in certain variants in each family while other variants increased to compensate the effects of Ag-NPs. The results indicate that Ag-NP treatment decreased microbial community diversity but did not significantly affect the microbial community function. This provides direct evidence for the functional redundancy of microbial community in engineered ecosystems such as wastewater biofilms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Zhiya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, The University of Oklahoma Norman, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Joy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Van Nostrand
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, The University of Oklahoma Norman, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Jizhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
keywords: GeoChip; antibacterial effects; functional stability; silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs); wastewater biofilms