title: Association of Insulin Resistance With Cerebral Glucose Uptake in Late Middle-Aged Adults at Risk for Alzheimer Disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Converging evidence suggests that Alzheimer disease (AD) involves insulin signaling impairment. Patients with AD and individuals at risk for AD show reduced glucose metabolism, as indexed by fludeoxyglucose F 18-labeled positron emission tomography (FDG-PET).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether insulin resistance predicts AD-like global and regional glucose metabolism deficits in late middle-aged participants at risk for AD and to examine whether insulin resistance-predicted variation in regional glucose metabolism is associated with worse cognitive performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  This population-based, cross-sectional study included 150 cognitively normal, late middle-aged (mean [SD] age, 60.7 [5.8] years) adults from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention (WRAP) study, a general community sample enriched for AD parental history. Participants underwent cognitive testing, fasting blood draw, and FDG-PET at baseline. We used the homeostatic model assessment of peripheral insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Regression analysis tested the statistical effect of HOMA-IR on global glucose metabolism. We used a voxelwise analysis to determine whether HOMA-IR predicted regional glucose metabolism. Finally, predicted variation in regional glucose metabolism was regressed against cognitive factors. Covariates included age, sex, body mass index, apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype, AD parental history status, and a reference region used to normalize regional uptake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regional glucose uptake determined using FDG-PET and neuropsychological factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher HOMA-IR was associated with lower global glucose metabolism (β = -0.29; P < .01) and lower regional glucose metabolism across large portions of the frontal, lateral parietal, lateral temporal, and medial temporal lobes (P < .05, familywise error corrected). The association was especially robust in the left medial temporal lobe (R2 = 0.178). Lower glucose metabolism in the left medial temporal lobe predicted by HOMA-IR was significantly related to worse performance on the immediate memory (β = 0.317; t148 = 4.08; P < .001) and delayed memory (β = 0.305; t148 = 3.895; P < .001) factor scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that insulin resistance, a prevalent and increasingly common condition in developed countries, is associated with significantly lower regional cerebral glucose metabolism, which in turn may predict worse memory performance. Midlife may be a critical period for initiating treatments to lower peripheral insulin resistance to maintain neural metabolism and cognitive function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames2Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University, Ames.
authors.forename: Auriel A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Willette
authors.affiliation: Clinical Science Center, Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison4Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison.
authors.forename: Barbara B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Bendlin
authors.affiliation: Clinical Science Center, Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison.
authors.forename: Erika J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Starks
authors.affiliation: Clinical Science Center, Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison.
authors.forename: Alex C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Birdsill
authors.affiliation: Clinical Science Center, Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison4Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison5Geriatric.
authors.forename: Sterling C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison.
authors.forename: Bradley T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Christian
authors.affiliation: Clinical Science Center, Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison4Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison.
authors.forename: Ozioma C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Okonkwo
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison.
authors.forename: Asenath
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: La Rue
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison.
authors.forename: Bruce P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison.
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Koscik
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison.
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Jonaitis
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sager
authors.affiliation: Clinical Science Center, Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison5Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisco.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asthana
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D056865:Ideal Body Weight; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005947:Glucose