title: Ubiquitous distribution of helmchrome in phototactic swarmers of the stramenopiles.
abstract: Most swarmers (swimming cells) of the stramenopile group, ranging from unicellular protist to giant kelps (brown algae), have two heterogeneous flagella: a long anterior flagellum (AF) and a relatively shorter posterior flagellum (PF). These flagellated cells often exhibit phototaxis upon light stimulation, although the mechanism by which how the phototactic response is regulated remains largely unknown. A flavoprotein concentrating at the paraflagellar body (PFB) on the basal part of the PF, which can emit green autofluorescence under blue light irradiance, has been proposed as a possible blue light photoreceptor for brown algal phototaxis although the nature of the flavoprotein still remains elusive. Recently, we identified helmchrome as a PF-specific flavoprotein protein in a LC-MS/MS-based proteomics study of brown algal flagella (Fu et al. 2014). To verify the conservation of helmchrome, in the present study, the absence or presence and the localization of helmchrome in swarmers of various algal species were investigated. The results showed that helmchrome was only detected in phototactic swarmers but not the non-phototactic ones of the stramenopile group. Electron microscopy further revealed that the helmchrome detectable swarmers bear a conserved PFB-eyespot complex, which may serve as structural basis for light sensing. It is speculated that all three conserved properties: helmchrome, the PFB structure, and the eyespot apparatus, will be essential parts for phototaxis of stramenopile swarmers.
authors.affiliation: Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0013, Japan.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0013, Japan.
authors.forename: Chikako
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nagasato
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nadaku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nadaku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Marine Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, 917-0003, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitake
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takao
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horiguchi
authors.affiliation: Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0013, Japan. motomura@fsc.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Taizo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Motomura
mesh_terms: D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005407:Flagella / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005420:Flavoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008027:Light; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D000459:Phaeophyceae / Q000502:physiology; D055519:Photoreceptors, Plant / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000071444:Phototaxis / Q000502:physiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D000072417:Protein Domains; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D058009:Stramenopiles / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D005420:Flavoproteins; D055519:Photoreceptors, Plant
keywords: Brown algae; Flagella; Helmchrome; Photoreceptor; Phototaxis; Stramenopiles