title: Lean-seafood intake reduces cardiovascular lipid risk factors in healthy subjects: results from a randomized controlled trial with a crossover design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Observational studies have strongly indicated an association between fish consumption and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, but data from randomized controlled trials have been inconclusive.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our primary outcome in this study was to elucidate the potentials of the 2 main dietary protein sources lean seafood and nonseafood to modulate fasting and postprandial lipids in healthy subjects. We hypothesized that lean-seafood intake would reduce cardiovascular lipid risk factors in healthy subjects more than would the intake of nonseafood protein sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a randomized controlled trial with a crossover design. After 3-wk run-in periods and separated by a 5-wk washout period, 20 healthy subjects (7 men and 13 women) consumed 2 balanced diets that varied in main protein sources (60% of total dietary proteins from lean-seafood or nonseafood sources for 4 wk). At days 1 and 28 of each intervention, fasting and postprandial blood samples were collected before and after consumption, respectively, of test meals with cod or lean beef.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to the nonseafood intervention, the lean-seafood intervention reduced fasting (relative difference by diets: 0.31 mmol/L; P = 0.03) and postprandial (P = 0.01) serum triacylglycerol concentrations. The lower serum triacylglycerol concentration was associated with reduced fasting triacylglycerol in chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) (P = 0.004), reduced fasting VLDL particle size (P = 0.04), and a reduced postprandial concentration of medium-sized VLDL particles (P = 0.02). The lean-seafood intervention prevented the elevated ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol in the fasted serum (P = 0.03) and postprandial serum (P = 0.01) that was observed after the nonseafood intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dietary protein source determines fasting and postprandial lipids in healthy individuals in a manner that may have an effect on the long-term development of cardiovascular disease. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01708681.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Faculty of Education, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway;
authors.forename: Eli Kristin
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Aadland
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway;
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lavigne
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway;
authors.forename: Ingvild Eide
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Graff
authors.affiliation: Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and.
authors.forename: Øyvin
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paquette
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Education, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway;
authors.forename: Asle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holthe
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mellgren
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway; bli@nifes.no.
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liaset
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D002914:Chylomicrons / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005215:Fasting; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008079:Lipoproteins, VLDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012307:Risk Factors; D017747:Seafood; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D002914:Chylomicrons; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D008079:Lipoproteins, VLDL; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: cardiovascular disease; dietary protein; lifestyle; lipoproteins; risk factors