title: Mild desalination of various raw water streams.
abstract: For chemical industries, fresh water availability is a pre-requisite for sustainable operation. However, in many delta areas around the world, fresh water is scarce. Therefore, the E4 Water project (www.e4water.eu) comprises a case study at the Dow site in Terneuzen, The Netherlands, which is designed to develop commercial applications for mild desalination of brackish raw water streams from various origins to enable reuse in industry or agriculture. This study describes an effective two-stage work process, which was used to narrow down a broad spectrum of desalination technologies to a selection of the most promising techniques for a demonstration pilot at 2-4 m³/hour. Through literature study, laboratory experiments and multi-criteria analysis, nanofiltration and electrodialysis reversal were selected, both having the potential to attain the objectives of E4Water at full scale.
authors.affiliation: Dow Benelux BV, H. H. Dowweg 5, Hoek, NM 4542, The Netherlands E-mail: ckgroot@dow.com.
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Groot
authors.affiliation: Evides IW, Schaardijk 150, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W B P
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: van den Broek
authors.affiliation: University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Northwestern Switzerland, Grűndenstrasse 40, CH4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Loewenberg
authors.affiliation: TNO Water Treatment, Utrechtseweg 48, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koeman-Stein
authors.affiliation: TU Delft, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heidekamp
authors.affiliation: VITO nv, Boeretang 200, 2400 MOL, Belgium.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: de Schepper
mesh_terms: D009426:Netherlands; D054712:Salinity; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride; D062065:Wastewater