title: Quantitative susceptibility mapping in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: detection of abnormalities in normal-appearing basal ganglia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) can be employed to detect abnormalities within normal-appearing basal ganglia on conventional MRI in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  For 33 SLE patients (13 NPSLE and 20 non-NPSLE patients) and 23 age/sex-matched controls, two radiologists independently measured the mean QSM and R2* values in various brain structures that appeared to be normal on conventional MR images. These values in each brain structure were compared among the two SLE groups and controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding the putamen, the NPSLE patients showed significantly higher QSM values than the non-NPSLE patients and controls (p < 0.05). For the lateral globus pallidus, both SLE groups showed significantly higher QSM values than the controls (p < 0.05). The R2* values were not significantly different between both SLE groups. The NPSLE patients showed a significant correlation between the mean QSM values in putamen and the disease duration (r = 0.63, p < 0.05). For the interobserver agreement, the QSM value was superior to the R2* value (0.690 vs. 0.446, Kendall W value).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  QSM can be used to identify increased susceptibility of the basal ganglia appearing to be normal on conventional MR images in NPSLE patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • QSM values in the putamen are significantly higher in NPSLE than non-NPSLE. • NPSLE patients show correlation between QSM values in the putamen and disease duration. • QSM is more sensitive than R2* mapping for detecting subtle changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ogasawara
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan. kakeda@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kakeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Keita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ide
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Issei
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moriya
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Futatsuya
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakayamada
authors.affiliation: The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Cornell University, MedImageMetric LLC, New York, NY, 10044, USA.
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Cornell University, MedImageMetric LLC, New York, NY, 10044, USA.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Korogi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020945:Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Basal ganglia; Iron; Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus; Quantitative susceptibility mapping; R2*mapping