title: Structural mouthpart interaction evolved already in the earliest lineages of insects.
abstract: In butterflies, bees, flies and true bugs specific mouthparts are in close contact or even fused to enable piercing, sucking or sponging of particular food sources. The common phenomenon behind these mouthpart types is a complex composed of several consecutive mouthparts which structurally interact during food uptake. The single mouthparts are thus only functional in conjunction with other adjacent mouthparts, which is fundamentally different to biting-chewing. It is, however, unclear when structural mouthpart interaction (SMI) evolved since this principle obviously occurred multiple times independently in several extant and extinct winged insect groups. Here, we report a new type of SMI in two of the earliest wingless hexapod lineages--Diplura and Collembola. We found that the mandible and maxilla interact with each other via an articulatory stud at the dorsal side of the maxillary stipes, and they are furthermore supported by structures of the hypopharynx and head capsule. These interactions are crucial stabilizing elements during food uptake. The presence of SMI in these ancestrally wingless insects, and its absence in those crustacean groups probably ancestral to insects, indicates that SMI is a groundplan apomorphy of insects. Our results thus contradict the currently established view of insect mouthpart evolution that biting-chewing mouthparts without any form of SMI are the ancestral configuration. Furthermore, SMIs occur in the earliest insects in a high anatomical variety. SMIs in stemgroup representatives of insects may have triggered efficient exploitation and fast adaptation to new terrestrial food sources much earlier than previously supposed.
authors.affiliation: Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan blanke@uni-bonn.de.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blanke
authors.affiliation: Zentrum für Molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn 53113, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Rühr
authors.affiliation: Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rajmund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mokso
authors.affiliation: Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wilde
authors.affiliation: Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stampanoni
authors.affiliation: Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uesugi
authors.affiliation: Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryuichiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Machida
authors.affiliation: Zentrum für Molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn 53113, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Misof
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D007313:Insecta / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D009055:Mouth / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
keywords: Collembola; Diplura; entognathy; functional morphology; microCT