title: Effect of whole-body vibration training on bone mass in adolescents with and without Down syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: Whole-body vibration training (WBV) attracts great interest as osteoporosis prevention strategy. Twenty-six adolescents with and without Down syndrome (DS) (13 DS; 12-18 years) performed 20 weeks of WBV. The results indicate that WBV seems to provoke a lesser response in adolescents with DS than in those without DS.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study aims to observe the differences between adolescents with and without DS in the effects of 20 weeks of WBV training, on bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six adolescents (13 DS; 12-18 years) were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry before and after the intervention (3/week, 10 repetitions (30-60 s) and 1-min rest, frequency 25-30 Hz and peak-to-peak displacement of 2 mm (peak acceleration 2.5-3.6 g)). Both, an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis designed to assess the effects on bone mass and a per-protocol analysis, designed to compare poor and high compliers, were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ITT analysis revealed significant increases in all BMC and BMD parameters (dz = 0.66 to 1.64; all p < 0.05) in the non-DS group, whilst DS group improved whole-body, subtotal (whole-body less head), upper limbs (ULIMBS), pelvis, lower limbs (LLIMBS) and spine BMC (dz = 0.75 to 1.76; all p < 0.05) and subtotal, pelvis, LLIMBS and spine BMD (dz = 0.73 to 1.28; all p < 0.05). Significantly greater increases were evident in the absolute and percent changes of the non-DS group over DS group (d = 0.88 to 3.85; all p < 0.05). ULIMBS BMD showed a tendency towards an interaction (f = 0.41 and p = 0.086) with higher increase for non-DS group. When a per-protocol analysis was considered, high-complier adolescents had 8.1 versus 5.3 % of gains in the spine BMC over poor-complier adolescents (d = 0.93; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twenty weeks of WBV training may improve BMC and BMD in clinically relevant skeletal sites in both groups. Nevertheless, this type of training seems to provoke a lesser response in adolescents with DS than in those without DS.
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna n° 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. amatute@unizar.es.|Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain. amatute@unizar.es.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matute-Llorente
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna n° 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. alg28@aber.ac.uk.|Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, UK. alg28@aber.ac.uk.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González-Agüero
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna n° 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. agomez@unizar.es.|Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, Spain. agomez@unizar.es.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gómez-Cabello
authors.affiliation: Juventus Football Club, Turin, Italy. jtous17@yahoo.com.|Sports Performance Lab, Sport Sciences Research Group, INEFC Av. de l'Estadi 12, 08038, Barcelona, Spain. jtous17@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tous-Fajardo
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna n° 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. gervicen@unizar.es.|Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain. gervicen@unizar.es.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vicente-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna n° 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. joseant@unizar.es.|Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain. joseant@unizar.es.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Casajús
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014732:Vibration / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary
keywords: Bone health; Down syndrome; Exercise; Osteoporosis; Vibration