title: Frequency and Severity of Parenteral Nutrition Medication Errors at a Large Children's Hospital After Implementation of Electronic Ordering and Compounding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Institute for Safe Medication Practices has stated that parenteral nutrition (PN) is considered a high-risk medication and has the potential of causing harm. Three organizations--American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.), American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, and National Advisory Group--have published guidelines for ordering, transcribing, compounding and administering PN. These national organizations have published data on compliance to the guidelines and the risk of errors. The purpose of this article is to compare total compliance with ordering, transcription, compounding, administration, and error rate with a large pediatric institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE) program was developed that incorporates dosing with soft and hard stop recommendations and simultaneously eliminating the need for paper transcription. A CPOE team prioritized and identified issues, then developed solutions and integrated innovative CPOE and automated compounding device (ACD) technologies and practice changes to minimize opportunities for medication errors in PN prescription, transcription, preparation, and administration. Thirty developmental processes were identified and integrated in the CPOE program, resulting in practices that were compliant with A.S.P.E.N. safety consensus recommendations. Data from 7 years of development and implementation were analyzed and compared with published literature comparing error, harm rates, and cost reductions to determine if our process showed lower error rates compared with national outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CPOE program developed was in total compliance with the A.S.P.E.N. guidelines for PN. The frequency of PN medication errors at our hospital over the 7 years was 230 errors/84,503 PN prescriptions, or 0.27% compared with national data that determined that 74 of 4730 (1.6%) of prescriptions over 1.5 years were associated with a medication error. Errors were categorized by steps in the PN process: prescribing, transcription, preparation, and administration. There were no transcription errors, and most (95%) errors occurred during administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that PN practices that conferred a meaningful cost reduction and a lower error rate (2.7/1000 PN) than reported in the literature (15.6/1000 PN) were ascribed to the development and implementation of practices that conform to national PN guidelines and recommendations. Electronic ordering and compounding programs eliminated all transcription and related opportunities for errors.
authors.affiliation: Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah mark.mackay@imail.org.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: MacKay
authors.affiliation: Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Collin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boehme
authors.affiliation: Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Jared
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cash
authors.affiliation: Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Jeffery
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zobell
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000032:analysis; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002331:Carnitine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D055695:Electronic Prescribing / Q000592:standards*; D002149:Energy Intake; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000592:standards*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000592:standards*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D010710:Phosphates; D000535:Aluminum; D002331:Carnitine; D002118:Calcium
keywords: medication errors; nutritional support; parental nutrition solutions; parenteral nutrition; pediatrics; total parenteral nutrition