title: State Policies Influence Medicare Telemedicine Utilization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medicare policy regarding telemedicine reimbursement has changed little since 2000. Many individual states, however, have added telemedicine reimbursement for either Medicaid and/or commercial payers over the same period. Because telemedicine programs must serve patients from all or most payers, it is likely that these state-level policy changes have significant impacts on telemedicine program viability and utilization of services from all payers, not just those services and payers affected directly by state policy. This report explores the impact of two significant state-level policy changes-one expanding Medicaid telemedicine coverage and the other introducing telemedicine parity for commercial payers-on Medicare utilization in the affected states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medicare claims data from 2011-2013 were examined for states in the Great Lakes region. All valid claims for live interactive telemedicine professional fees were extracted and linked to their states of origin. Allowed encounters and expenditures were calculated in total and on a per 1,000 members per year basis to standardize against changes in the Medicare population by state and year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medicare telemedicine encounters and professional fee expenditures grew sharply following changes in state Medicaid and commercial payer policy in the examined states. Medicare utilization in Illinois grew by 173% in 2012 (over 2011) following Medicaid coverage expansion, and Medicare utilization in Michigan grew by 118% in 2013 (over 2012) following adoption of telemedicine parity for commercial payers. By contrast, annual Medicare telemedicine utilization growth in surrounding states (in which there were no significant policy changes during these years) varied somewhat but showed no discernible pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although Medicare telemedicine policy has changed little since its inception, changes in state policies with regard to telemedicine reimbursement appear to have significant impacts on the practical viability of telemedicine programs that bill Medicare for telemedicine services.
authors.affiliation: 1 Upper Midwest Telehealth Resource Center , Terre Haute, Indiana.
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Neufeld
authors.affiliation: 2 Family and Community Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Doarn
authors.affiliation: 3 Health Policy Institute of Ohio , Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Reem
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aly
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013219:State Government; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States
keywords: Medicare; policy; reimbursement; state law; telemedicine