title: Complete mitochondrial genome database and standardized classification system for Canis lupus familiaris.
abstract: To contribute to the complete mitogenome database of the species Canis lupus familiaris and shed more light on its origin, we have sequenced mitochondrial genomes of 120 modern dogs from worldwide populations. Together with all the previously published mitogenome sequences of acceptable quality, we have reconstructed a global phylogenetic tree of 555 C. l. familiaris mitogenomes and standardized haplogroup nomenclature. The phylogenetic tree presented here and available online at http://clf.mtdna.tree.cm.umk.pl/ could be further used by forensic and evolutionary geneticists as well cynologists, for data quality control and unambiguous haplogroup classification. Our in-depth phylogeographic analysis of all C. l. familiaris mitogenomes confirmed that domestic dogs may have originated in East Asia during the Mesolithic and Upper Paleolithic time periods and started to expand to other parts of the world during Neolithic times.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Forensic Genetics, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 9 Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duleba
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Forensic Genetics, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 9 Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Skonieczna
authors.affiliation: Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 64 Wilcza Street, 00-679 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Wiesław
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bogdanowicz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Far-East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 18 Portovaya Street, 685000 Magadan, Russia.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Malyarchuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Forensic Genetics, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 9 Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Electronic address: tgrzyb@cm.umk.pl.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grzybowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D004285:Dogs; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial; D010802:Phylogeny; D019596:Wolves / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics
keywords: Dog; Haplogroup; Haplotype; Mitochondrial genome; Phylogenetic tree