title: Glyconanomaterials for biosensing applications.
abstract: Nanomaterials constitute a class of structures that have unique physiochemical properties and are excellent scaffolds for presenting carbohydrates, important biomolecules that mediate a wide variety of important biological events. The fabrication of carbohydrate-presenting nanomaterials, glyconanomaterials, is of high interest and utility, combining the features of nanoscale objects with biomolecular recognition. The structures can also produce strong multivalent effects, where the nanomaterial scaffold greatly enhances the relatively weak affinities of single carbohydrate ligands to the corresponding receptors, and effectively amplifies the carbohydrate-mediated interactions. Glyconanomaterials are thus an appealing platform for biosensing applications. In this review, we discuss the chemistry for conjugation of carbohydrates to nanomaterials, summarize strategies, and tabulate examples of applying glyconanomaterials in in vitro and in vivo sensing applications of proteins, microbes, and cells. The limitations and future perspectives of these emerging glyconanomaterials sensing systems are furthermore discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
authors.forename: Nanjing
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kitjanit
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Neranon
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: ramstrom@kth.se.
authors.forename: Olof
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ramström
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA; Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: mingdi_yan@uml.edu.
authors.forename: Mingdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D058948:Cell Tracking / Q000379:methods; D008024:Ligands; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D036103:Nanotechnology; D011506:Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D008024:Ligands; D011506:Proteins
keywords: Biosensing; Carbohydrates; Glyconanomaterials; Glycoscience; Nanotechnology