title: Increased resting-state functional connectivity of visual- and cognitive-control brain networks after training in children with reading difficulties.
abstract: The Reading Acceleration Program, a computerized reading-training program, increases activation in neural circuits related to reading. We examined the effect of the training on the functional connectivity between independent components related to visual processing, executive functions, attention, memory, and language during rest after the training. Children 8-12 years old with reading difficulties and typical readers participated in the study. Behavioral testing and functional magnetic resonance imaging were performed before and after the training. Imaging data were analyzed using an independent component analysis approach. After training, both reading groups showed increased single-word contextual reading and reading comprehension scores. Greater positive correlations between the visual-processing component and the executive functions, attention, memory, or language components were found after training in children with reading difficulties. Training-related increases in connectivity between the visual and attention components and between the visual and executive function components were positively correlated with increased word reading and reading comprehension, respectively. Our findings suggest that the effect of the Reading Acceleration Program on basic cognitive domains can be detected even in the absence of an ongoing reading task.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Tzipi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horowitz-Kraus
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DiFrancesco
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Scott K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D011932:Reading; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Dual-networks top-down model; Dyslexia; Independent component analysis; Reading fluency; Resting-state fMRI