title: Reducing risk, producing order: The surprisingly disciplinary world of needle exchange.
abstract: Emphasizing the reduction of risk over the cessation of drug use, needle exchange in the United States is often condemned for coddling its participants. Declining the punitive measures or unwavering teleology of criminal justice and drug treatment approaches, harm-reduction measures in general are faulted by naysayers for their refusal to establish clear normative boundaries for behavior modification. This article will seek to subvert such critiques by describing the ways in which disciplinary technologies suffused one needle exchange program in New York City. Drawing upon 1 year of participant observation at "Bronx Harm Reduction," this article will consider how the "minor procedures" of disciplinary power first characterized by Foucault (1977) worked to shape and organize different user bodies in needle exchange; it will further employ the work of Mitchell Dean to reflect upon the connections between program-level "technologies of agency" and government-led "technologies of performance." While conceding the overarching disciplinary transformation of late harm reduction, this article is specifically interested in the ramifications of this trajectory within one specific time and place. Namely, it postulates that attempts to "raise the bar" within a low-threshold program may serve to alienate or explicitly exclude certain service users.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McLEAN
keywords: Foucault; Harm reduction; discipline; governance; needle exchange