title: The mitochondrial genome of the German wasp Vespula germanica (Fabricius, 1793) (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Vespidae).
abstract: The mitochondrial genome of the German wasp Vespula germanica (Fabricius, 1793) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (GenBank accession no. KR703583) was sequenced in the study. It represents the first mitochondrial genome from the genus Vespula. There are totally 163 42 bp in the currently sequenced portion of the genome, containing 13 protein-coding, two rRNA, and 18 tRNA genes and a partial A + T-rich region. Four tRNA genes of trnI, trnQ, trnM and trnY located at the downstream of the A + T-rich region were failed to sequence. At least two rearrangement events occurred in the sequenced region compared with the pupative ancestral arrangement of insects, corresponding to the translocation or remote inversion of tnnY from trnW-trnC-trnY cluster to the region of trnI-trnQ-trnM cluster and translocation of trnL1 from the downstream to the upstream of nad1 gene. All protein-coding genes start with ATN codons. Twelve and one protein-coding genes stop with termination codon TAA and T, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis using the Bayesian method based on all codon positions of the 13 protein-coding genes supports the monophyly of Vespidae and Formicidae. Within the Formicidae, the Myrmicinae and Formicinae form a sister group and then sister to the Dolichoderinae, while within the Vespidae, the Eumeninae sister to the lineage of Vespinae + Polistinae.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Entomology , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China .
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences , Beijing , China , and.|c College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang , China.
authors.forename: Yu-Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Entomology , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China .
authors.forename: Zai-Fu
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences , Beijing , China , and.
authors.forename: Shu-Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001482:Base Composition; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial; D059646:Genome Size; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014863:Wasps / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D000073336:Whole Genome Sequencing
keywords: Hymenoptera; Vespula germanica; mitochondrion genome; phylogeny