title: Rituximab in the treatment of patients with systemic sclerosis. Our experience and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatment of systemic sclerosis (SSc) represents a great clinical challenge because of the complex disease pathogenesis including vascular, fibrotic, and immune T- and B-lymphocyte-mediated alterations. Therefore, SSc should be treated by combined or sequential therapies according to prevalent clinico-pathogenetic phenotypes. Some preliminary data suggest that rituximab (RTX) may downregulate the B-cell over expression and correlated immunological abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we describe a series of 10 SSc patients (4M and 6F, mean age 46±13.5SD years, mean disease duration 6.3±2.7SD years; 5 pts had limited and 5 diffuse SSc cutaneous subset) treated with one or more cycles of RTX (4 weekly infusions of 375mg/m(2)). The main indications to RTX were interstitial lung fibrosis, cutaneous, and/or articular manifestations unresponsive to previous therapies; ongoing treatments remained unchanged in all cases. The effects of RTX were evaluated after 6months of the first cycle and at the end of long-term follow-up period (37±21SD months, range 18-72months). An updated review of the world literature was also done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RTX significantly improved the extent of skin sclerosis in patients with diffuse SSc at 6months evaluation (modified Rodnan skin score from 25±4.3 to 17.2±4.6; p=.022). A clinical improvement of other cutaneous manifestations, namely hypermelanosis (7/7), pruritus (6/8), and calcinosis (3/6) was observed. Moreover, arthritis revealed particularly responsive to RTX showing a clear-cut reduction of swollen and tender joints in 7/8 patients; while lung fibrosis detected in 8/10 remained stable in 6/8 and worsened in 2/8 at the end of follow-up. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL6, IL15, IL17, and IL23, evaluated in 3 patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc, showed a more or less pronounced reduction after the first RTX cycle. These observations are in keeping with the majority of previous studies including 6 single case reports and 10 SSc series (from 5 to 43 pts), which frequently reported the beneficial effects of RTX on some SSc manifestations, particularly cutaneous sclerosis, along with the improvement/stabilization of lung fibrosis. Possible discrepancies among different clinical studies can be related to the etiopathogenetic complexity of SSc and not secondarily to the patients' selection and disease duration at the time of the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study and previous clinical trials suggest a possible therapeutical role of RTX in SSc, along with its good safety profile. The specific activity of RTX on B-cell-driven autoimmunity might explain its beneficial effects on some particular SSc clinical symptoms, namely the improvement of skin and articular involvement, and possibly the attenuation of lung fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Chair and Rheumatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Medical School, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Dilia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giuggioli
authors.affiliation: Chair and Rheumatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Medical School, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lumetti
authors.affiliation: Chair and Rheumatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Medical School, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colaci
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Poupak
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fallahi
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.affiliation: Chair and Rheumatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Medical School, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy. Electronic address: clferri@unimore.it.
authors.forename: Clodoveo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000473:pathology; D000069283:Rituximab / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000069283:Rituximab
keywords: Anti-CD20; Arthritis; Lung fibrosis; Rituximab; Scleroderma; Skin sclerosis; Systemic sclerosis