title: Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Zurich, Switzerland--Atmospheric Concentrations and Emissions.
abstract: Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are of concern due to their potential for adverse health effects, bioaccumulation, persistence, and long-range transport. Data on concentrations of SCCPs in urban areas and underlying emissions are still scarce. In this study, we investigated the levels and spatial distribution of SCCPs in air, based on two separate, spatially resolved sampling campaigns in the city of Zurich, Switzerland. SCCP concentrations in air ranged from 1.8 to 17 ng·m(-3) (spring 2011) and 1.1 to 42 ng·m(-3) (spring 2013) with medians of 4.3 and 2.7 ng·m(-3), respectively. Both data sets show that atmospheric SCCP levels in Zurich can vary substantially and may be influenced by a number of localized sources within this urban area. Additionally, continuous measurements of atmospheric concentrations performed at one representative sampling site in the city center from 2011 to 2013 showed strong seasonal variations with high SCCP concentrations in summer and lower levels in winter. A long-term dynamic multimedia environmental fate model was parametrized to simulate the seasonal trends of SCCP concentrations in air and to back-calculate urban emissions. Resulting annual SCCP emissions in the city of Zurich accounted for 218-321 kg, which indicates that large SCCP stocks are present in urban areas of industrialized countries.
authors.affiliation: †Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.|‡Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pascal S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Diefenbacher
authors.affiliation: †Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.|§Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bogdal
authors.affiliation: ‡Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Andreas C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gerecke
authors.affiliation: †Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Glüge
authors.affiliation: ‡Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.affiliation: †Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.|∥Environmental Chemistry and Substance Dynamics, Leuphana University Lüneburg, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheringer
authors.affiliation: †Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hungerbühler
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry*; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D054879:Halogenation; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010232:Paraffin / Q000032:analysis*; D012621:Seasons; D013557:Switzerland
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D010232:Paraffin