title: Molecular landscape of prostate cancer: implications for current clinical trials.
abstract: Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a lethal disease, and improvement with androgen-deprivation therapy has plateaued. Next-generation sequencing studies have led to significant advances in our understanding of genomic alterations in prostate cancer. The most common genomic aberrations in this malignancy are the transcription factor fusion of TMPRSS2-ETS, and mutations in TP53, AR, RB1 and PTEN/PIK3CA. Some of these alterations are actionable by drugs available in the clinic. In addition, it was recently shown that aberrations in DNA repair genes, such as BRCA2 and ATM, are present in both somatic and germline form in a significant minority of prostate cancer; these abnormalities can be targeted by drugs such as platinums and PARP inhibitors. In the era of tumour profiling, targeting molecular alterations may provide an opportunity for new therapeutic approaches. Although there are promising new agents to attack a variety of genomic signal abnormalities, biomarker-matched therapy (other than for androgens) have been utilised in only 2.0% of clinical trials (September 2011 through September 2014; https://clinicaltrials.gov) for prostate cancer. Enhanced efforts to define subsets of patients with prostate cancer based on their molecular anomalies, and match them with cognate therapies, warrant investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, University of California, San Diego, United States. Electronic address: gkhemlina@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Galina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Khemlina
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, and Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, United States.
authors.forename: Sadakatsu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, and Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, United States.
authors.forename: Razelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kurzrock
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: Genetic aberrations; Molecular targeted therapy; Next-generation sequencing; Prostate cancer