title: A reliable radiographic measurement for evaluation of normal distal tibiofibular syndesmosis: a multi-detector computed tomography study in adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Syndesmotic injury may be difficult to diagnose, and radiological evaluation is very important. The purpose of this study was to offer a series of reliable and repeatable normal tibiofibular syndesmosis parameters in diagnosing injuries of the syndesmosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) and radiographs of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis in 484 cases were retrospectively reviewed. Relevant parameters included the tibiofibular clear space (TCS), the tibiofibular overlap (TFO), the depth of the incisura fibularis (IFD), and the height of the incisura fibularis (IFH), which were measured by novel three-dimensional (3-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) techniques. The distance between the measuring plane of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis and the tibial plafond was measured. Intra- and inter-rater reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the root mean square standard deviation (RMS-SD), to determine measurement precision. Sex differences of parameters were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with body height as the covariate. Paired sample t-testing was used to compare parameters in different image modalities, including radiography, and 2-D and 3-D CT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reliability of the 3-D images measurement (ICC range, 0.907 to 0.972) was greater than that for the 2-D axial images (ICC range, 0.895 to 0.927), and the AP view radiographs (ICC range, 0.742 to 0.838). The intra-rater RMS-SD of the 3-D CT, 2-D CT and radiographic measurements were less than 0.94 mm, 0.26 mm, and 2.87 mm, respectively. The measuring plane of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis showed the sex difference, which was 12.1 mm proximal to the tibial plafond in the male group and 7.8 mm in the female group. In this plane, the parameters for tibiofibular syndesmosis were measured in different image modalities. All variables were significantly different between females and males (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3-D measurement technique could be helpful to identify the precise measurement planes for syndesmosis, which were not at the fixed level above the tibial plafond because of the sex difference. In this plane, reliable measurement results could be provided, in either 2-D or 3-D MDCT images.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, 200120 Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yanxi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, 200120 Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Minfei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, 200120 Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, 200120 Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Haobo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, 200120 Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dai
keywords: Anatomy; Ankle joint; Computer-assisted; Image processing; Imaging; Spiral computed; Three-dimensional; Tomography