title: Cytoplasmic myosin-exposed apoptotic cells appear with caspase-3 activation and enhance CLL cell viability.
abstract: The degree of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) binding to myosin-exposed apoptotic cells (MEACs) correlates with worse patient outcomes, suggesting a link to disease activity. Therefore, we studied MEAC formation and the effects of MEAC binding on CLL cells. In cell line studies, both intrinsic (spontaneous or camptothecin-induced) and extrinsic (FasL- or anti-Fas-induced) apoptosis created a high percent of MEACs over time in a process associated with caspase-3 activation, leading to cytoplasmic myosin cleavage and trafficking to cell membranes. The involvement of common apoptosis pathways suggests that most cells can produce MEACs and indeed CLL cells themselves form MEACs. Consistent with the idea that MEAC formation may be a signal to remove dying cells, we found that natural IgM antibodies bind to MEACs. Functionally, co-culture of MEACs with CLL cells, regardless of immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region gene mutation status, improved leukemic cell viability. Based on inhibitor studies, this improved viability involved BCR signaling molecules. These results support the hypothesis that stimulation of CLL cells with antigen, such as those on MEACs, promotes CLL cell viability, which in turn could lead to progression to worse disease.
authors.affiliation: Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Magli
authors.affiliation: Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Catera
authors.affiliation: Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: X-J
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.affiliation: Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.|Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.|Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Rothstein
authors.affiliation: Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.|Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.|Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6018-5535
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barrientos
authors.affiliation: Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.|Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.|Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kolitz
authors.affiliation: Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.|Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.|Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.|Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.|Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.|Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.|Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chiorazzi
authors.affiliation: Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.|Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.|Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.|Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000201:enzymology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D009218:Myosins / Q000502:physiology*; D011947:Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D011947:Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell; D053148:Caspase 3; D009218:Myosins