title: Perspectives on next steps in classification of oro-facial pain - Part 3: biomarkers of chronic oro-facial pain - from research to clinic.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to review the current status of biomarkers used in oro-facial pain conditions. Specifically, we critically appraise their relative strengths and weaknesses for assessing mechanisms associated with the oro-facial pain conditions and interpret that information in the light of their current value for use in diagnosis. In the third section, we explore biomarkers through the perspective of ontological realism. We discuss ontological problems of biomarkers as currently widely conceptualised and implemented. This leads to recommendations for research practice aimed to a better understanding of the potential contribution that biomarkers might make to oro-facial pain diagnosis and thereby fulfil our goal for an expanded multidimensional framework for oro-facial pain conditions that would include a third axis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ceusters
authors.affiliation: Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nasri-Heir
authors.affiliation: Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alnaas
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Cairns
authors.affiliation: Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michelotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9266-9734
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ohrbach
mesh_terms: D064229:Biological Ontologies; D015415:Biomarkers; D003226:Congresses as Topic; D032921:Consensus; D018865:Dental Research; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000145:classification* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000145:classification* / Q000523:psychology; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: biomarkers; chronic oro-facial pain; classification; ontology; pain; temporomandibular disorders