title: Predictors of musculoskeletal pain in the upper extremities of individuals with spinal cord injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased demands on the upper extremities (UE) have been associated with a higher occurrence of musculoskeletal pain in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional retrospective study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to characterize SCI subjects with musculoskeletal pain in the UE and to determine which variables could predict musculoskeletal pain in these individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in SARAH Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Brasília, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred sixty-four electronic medical records were investigated through a retrospective, exploratory and descriptive analysis to identify individuals with UE pain. A logistic regression model was applied to estimate (odds ratios) whether gender, age, the level of injury, severity of injury, time of injury, body mass index, type of mobility and locomotion aid could predict the occurrence of musculoskeletal pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in the UE was 27.7%. The odds of having musculoskeletal pain were two times higher among woman and tetraplegic patients; those over 41 years of age had twice the frequency of pain than did those <24.7 years; <1 year of injury was a predictor of musculoskeletal pain, compared with the other quartiles (1.1-2.8, 2.9-6.8 and 6.9+ years of injury). There were no differences between the wheelchair and ambulatory individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female individuals, those with tetraplegia, aged >40 years and <1 year of injury showed an increased risk of musculoskeletal pain.
authors.affiliation: Spinal Cord Injury Neurorehabilitation Unit, SARAH Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Barbetta
authors.affiliation: Spinal Cord Injury Neurorehabilitation Unit, SARAH Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: A C G
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: Spinal Cord Injury Neurorehabilitation Unit, SARAH Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: F N M R
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Chagas
authors.affiliation: Spinal Cord Injury Neurorehabilitation Unit, SARAH Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Spinal Cord Injury Neurorehabilitation Unit, SARAH Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Casaro
authors.affiliation: Spinal Cord Injury Neurorehabilitation Unit, SARAH Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Poletto
authors.affiliation: Spinal Cord Injury Neurorehabilitation Unit, SARAH Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: de Carvalho Paiva Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Spinal Cord Injury Neurorehabilitation Unit, SARAH Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: T O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Ogashawara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D034941:Upper Extremity; D055815:Young Adult