title: Clinical translation for endometrial cancer stem cells hypothesis.
abstract: Endometrial cancer is the most frequent gynecological malignancy in developed world. Cancer stem cells (CSC) are recognized as a small proportion of cells among the tumor cell population that are capable of self-renewal, aberrant differentiation, and escape homeostasis. This review aims to systematize the existing evidence of CSC of endometrial cancer and its clinical translation. In endometrial cancer, the cancer stem cell hypothesis has been studied in vitro using the isolation of colony forming units, side population with dye efflux capacity, and tumorospheres. The stem cell markers for endometrial cancer do not have uniform characteristics, albeit CD133 and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) were being associated with CSC phenotype. The application of endometrial CSC on xenograft models proves the tumorigenic capacity of this small group of cells. The metastatic process has been explained due to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in which CSC seems to have a critical role. The chemoresistance is characteristic of CSC that in endometrial cancer has been shown in CSC phenotype and associated with CSC markers. The most ambitious potential for CSC is the development of targeted therapies. Its application on endometrial cancer is still poor, being a future perspective for research.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal. mariaj.carvalho@sapo.pt.|Gynecology A Service, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Praceta Mota Pinto, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal. mariaj.carvalho@sapo.pt.|CIMAGO, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal. mariaj.carvalho@sapo.pt.
authors.forename: Maria João
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Unit of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.|CIMAGO, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.|IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Mafalda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laranjo
authors.affiliation: Unit of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.|CIMAGO, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.|IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Margarida
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abrantes
authors.affiliation: Gynecology A Service, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Praceta Mota Pinto, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Torgal
authors.affiliation: Unit of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.|CIMAGO, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.|IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria Filomena
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Botelho
authors.affiliation: CIMAGO, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Carlos Freire
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Cancer stem cell; Chemoresistance; Endometrial cancer; Metastasis