title: Sucrose accumulation in sweet sorghum stems occurs by apoplasmic phloem unloading and does not involve differential Sucrose transporter expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) cultivars store non-structural carbohydrates predominantly as either starch in seeds (grain sorghums) or sugars in stems (sweet sorghums). Previous research determined that sucrose accumulation in sweet sorghum stems was not correlated with the activities of enzymes functioning in sucrose metabolism, and that an apoplasmic transport step may be involved in stem sucrose accumulation. However, the sucrose unloading pathway from stem phloem to storage parenchyma cells remains unelucidated. Sucrose transporters (SUTs) transport sucrose across membranes, and have been proposed to function in sucrose partitioning differences between sweet and grain sorghums. The purpose of this study was to characterize the key differences in carbohydrate accumulation between a sweet and a grain sorghum, to define the path sucrose may follow for accumulation in sorghum stems, and to determine the roles played by sorghum SUTs in stem sucrose accumulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dye tracer studies to determine the sucrose transport route revealed that, for both the sweet sorghum cultivar Wray and grain sorghum cultivar Macia, the phloem in the stem veins was symplasmically isolated from surrounding cells, suggesting sucrose was apoplasmically unloaded. Once in the phloem apoplasm, a soluble tracer diffused from the vein to stem parenchyma cell walls, indicating the lignified mestome sheath encompassing the vein did not prevent apoplasmic flux outside of the vein. To characterize carbohydrate partitioning differences between Wray and Macia, we compared the growth, stem juice volume, solute contents, SbSUTs gene expression, and additional traits. Contrary to previous findings, we detected no significant differences in SbSUTs gene expression within stem tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phloem sieve tubes within sweet and grain sorghum stems are symplasmically isolated from surrounding cells; hence, unloading from the phloem likely occurs apoplasmically, thereby defining the location of the previously postulated step for sucrose transport. Additionally, no changes in SbSUTs gene expression were detected in sweet vs. grain sorghum stems, suggesting alterations in SbSUT transcript levels do not account for the carbohydrate partitioning differences between cultivars. A model illustrating sucrose phloem unloading and movement to stem storage parenchyma, and highlighting roles for sucrose transport proteins in sorghum stems is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, 110 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. bihmidines@missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Saadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bihmidine
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, 110 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. bakerrf@missouri.edu.|University of Missouri Molecular Cytology Core, 120 Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA. bakerrf@missouri.edu.
authors.forename: R Frank
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, 110 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. cassandra.hoffner@sial.com.|Sigma-Aldrich Biotech, 545 S. Ewing, Saint Louis, MO, 63103, USA. cassandra.hoffner@sial.com.
authors.forename: Cassandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoffner
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, 110 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. braundm@missouri.edu.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Braun
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000378:metabolism; D045868:Sorghum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013395:Sucrose / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; C078729:sucrose transport protein, plant; D013395:Sucrose