title: The role of experimental and computational structural approaches in 7TM drug discovery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Starting with the published X-ray structures of ligand-mediated 7TM proteins in 2007, experimental approaches, led by X-ray structure determinations, and computational approaches, led by docking and molecular dynamics, have converged to elaborate our understanding of this field and demonstrate their effectiveness in drug discovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors review the structural information that has emerged for ligand-mediated 7TM proteins, including the class A, B, C, and F receptors, focusing on the 7TM domains for the multi-domain proteins. The authors describe the key regions associated with ligand binding as well as features responsible for function such as activation versus inhibition and biased signaling. Furthermore, the authors summarize the effectiveness of computational studies to help clarify the structure-function information and their use for drug discovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is now a significant amount of structural information covering a range of 7TM protein classes (A, B, C, and F) and activation states. For these and closely related proteins, structure-based drug discovery has proven to be a powerful tool. More structural information is needed with respect to dimerization, 7TM proteins with β-arrestin to help in understanding the control of biased signaling, and full-protein structure determinations for non-class A proteins to help in understanding and controlling their functioning. Finally, the use of the existing structural information to target new sites on these proteins needs further exploration.
authors.affiliation: a 1 Stevens Institute of Technology, Center for Healthcare Innovation , 507 River Street, Hoboken, NJ, USA Sid.Topiol@gmail.com.|b 2 3D-2Drug , PO Box 184, Fair Lawn, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Sid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Topiol
authors.affiliation: a 1 Stevens Institute of Technology, Center for Healthcare Innovation , 507 River Street, Hoboken, NJ, USA Sid.Topiol@gmail.com.|b 2 3D-2Drug , PO Box 184, Fair Lawn, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabio
mesh_terms: D019390:Arrestins / Q000737:chemistry; D015195:Drug Design; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D000071557:beta-Arrestins
chemical_list: D019390:Arrestins; D008024:Ligands; D011506:Proteins; D000071557:beta-Arrestins
keywords: G-protein coupled receptors; GPCRs; X-ray structure; computer-aided drug discovery; docking; drug design