title: Age, Sex, and Ethnic Variations in Inner and Outer Retinal and Choroidal Thickness on Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate age, sex, and ethnic variations in inner and outer retinal and choroidal thickness and foveal pit, using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-center observational cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety randomly selected, healthy individuals of white, black, and South Asian origin underwent SD OCT raster and enhanced depth imaging scan. Manual measurements of inner and outer retinal thickness and choroidal thickness up to 3 mm nasal and temporal to the fovea were performed. The age, sex, and ethnic differences in these parameters were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean inner retinal thickness was lower by approximately 12 μm in black subjects across the central retina compared to white subjects (P < .05). The central foveal thickness below the foveal pit was lower in eyes of blacks compared to South Asians (12 μm, P = .035) and white subjects (18 μm, P < .0001). The fovea was also significantly wider in eyes of black and South Asian subjects compared to white individuals. The inner retinal thickness decreased by 0.5 μm per year of age of subjects and was thinner by 6.1 μm (P < .02) in female compared to male subjects. The subfoveal choroidal thickness did not vary between ethnic groups but the temporal choroid was significantly thinner in black subjects (P < .05). The choroid showed an age-related decline in thickness of 2 μm per year of age of the subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interethnic differences include wider fovea, lower central foveal thickness, and thinner inner retina in eyes of black subjects compared to their white and South Asian counterparts.
authors.affiliation: King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Rinoza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bafiq
authors.affiliation: King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Raeba
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.affiliation: King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.affiliation: King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdel-Hey
authors.affiliation: King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: senswathi@aol.com.
authors.forename: Sobha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sivaprasad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000208:ethnology*; D002829:Choroid / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*; D006113:United Kingdom