title: Assessment of anticancer-treatment outcome in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer-going beyond PSA and imaging, a systematic literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the past years, there has been significant progress in anticancer drug development for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the current instruments to assess clinical treatment response have limitations and may not sufficiently reflect patient benefit. Our objective was to systematically identify tools to evaluate both patient benefit and clinical anticancer-treatment response as basis for an international consensus process and development of a specific pragmatic instrument for men with CRPC.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, Embase and CINAHL were searched to identify currently available tools to assess anticancer-treatment benefit, other than standard imaging procedures and prostate-specific antigen measurements, namely quality of life (QoL), detailed pain assessment, physical function and objective measures of other complex cancer-related syndromes in patients with CRPC. Additionally, all CRPC phase III trials published in the last 5 years were reviewed as well as studies using physical function tools in a general cancer population. The PRIMSA statement was followed for the systematic review process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search generated 1096 hits, 185 full-text papers were screened and finally 73 publications were included. Additional 89 publications were included by hand-search. We identified a total of 98 tools used in CRPC trials and grouped these into three categories: 22 tools assessing QoL domains and subgroups, 47 tools for pain assessment and 29 tools for objective measures, mainly physical function and assessment of skeletal disease burden.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A wide variety of assessment tools and also efforts to standardize and harmonize patient-reported outcomes and pain assessment were identified. However, the specific needs of the increasing CRPC population living longer with their incurable cancer are insufficiently captured and objective physical outcome measures are under-represented. In the age of new anticancer drug targets and principles, new methods to monitor patient relevant outcomes of antineoplastic therapy are of utmost importance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology and Haematology, Division of Oncology and Palliative Centre, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen,Switzerland silke.gillessen@kssg.ch.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology and Haematology, Division of Oncology and Palliative Centre, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen,Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Omlin
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncological Palliative Medicine, Division of Oncology and Palliative Centre, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen,Switzerland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology and Haematology, Division of Oncology and Palliative Centre, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen,Switzerland Division of Oncological Palliative Medicine, Division of Oncology and Palliative Centre, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen,Switzerland.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Strasser
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology and Haematology, Division of Oncology and Palliative Centre, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen,Switzerland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gillessen
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology and Haematology, Division of Oncology and Palliative Centre, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen,Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rothermundt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: anticancer-treatment response; castration-resistant prostate cancer; clinical benefit; physical function assessment; quality of life