title: Cybersecurity vulnerabilities in medical devices: a complex environment and multifaceted problem.
abstract: The increased connectivity to existing computer networks has exposed medical devices to cybersecurity vulnerabilities from which they were previously shielded. For the prevention of cybersecurity incidents, it is important to recognize the complexity of the operational environment as well as to catalog the technical vulnerabilities. Cybersecurity protection is not just a technical issue; it is a richer and more intricate problem to solve. A review of the factors that contribute to such a potentially insecure environment, together with the identification of the vulnerabilities, is important for understanding why these vulnerabilities persist and what the solution space should look like. This multifaceted problem must be viewed from a systemic perspective if adequate protection is to be put in place and patient safety concerns addressed. This requires technical controls, governance, resilience measures, consolidated reporting, context expertise, regulation, and standards. It is evident that a coordinated, proactive approach to address this complex challenge is essential. In the interim, patient safety is under threat.
authors.affiliation: eHealth Research Group and Security Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Patricia Ah
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: eHealth Research Group and Security Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Woodward
keywords: cybersecurity; medical devices; risk; safety; security; wireless