title: Gardenia jasminoides extracts and gallic acid inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by suppression of JNK2/1 signaling pathways in BV-2 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJ, Cape Jasmine Fruit, Zhi Zi) has been traditionally used for the treatment of infectious hepatitis, aphthous ulcer, and trauma; however, the direct evidence is lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the effect of the GJ extract (GJ) and gallic acid (GA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation of BV-2 microglial cells and acute liver injury in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that the GJ extract and GA reduced LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and prostaglandin (PGE2) production in BV-2 cells. The GJ extract and GA significantly decreased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in LPS-treated rats. Furthermore, the water extract, but not the ethanol extract, of the GJ dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced JNK2/1 and slightly p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in BV-2 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these results indicate that the protective mechanism of the GJ extract involves an antioxidant effect and inhibition of JNK2/1 MAP kinase and COX-2 expressions in LPS-induced inflammation of BV-2 cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Technology Management, Chung Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Hung
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Finance, Chung Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Heng-Hung
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Technology Management, Chung Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Li-Hsing
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Lang
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.affiliation: Office of Physical Education, Chung Hua University Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: An-Ci
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Siao
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Leisure Management, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chang-Tsen
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research, Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kee-Ching
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Jeng
authors.affiliation: Office of Physical Education, Chung Hua University Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hou
keywords: BV-2[AGA1] cell; Gardenia jasminoides; MAPKs; NO; ROS