title: Nonlinear parameters of surface EMG in schizophrenia patients depend on kind of antipsychotic therapy.
abstract: We compared a set of surface EMG (sEMG) parameters in several groups of schizophrenia (SZ, n = 74) patients and healthy controls (n = 11) and coupled them with the clinical data. sEMG records were quantified with spectral, mutual information (MI) based and recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) parameters, and with approximate and sample entropies (ApEn and SampEn). Psychotic deterioration was estimated with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and with the positive subscale of PANSS. Neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism (NIP) motor symptoms were estimated with Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS). Dyskinesia was measured with Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). We found that there was no difference in values of sEMG parameters between healthy controls and drug-naïve SZ patients. The most specific group was formed of SZ patients who were administered both typical and atypical antipsychotics (AP). Their sEMG parameters were significantly different from those of SZ patients taking either typical or atypical AP or taking no AP. This may represent a kind of synergistic effect of these two classes of AP. For the clinical data we found that PANSS, SAS, and AIMS were not correlated to any of the sEMG parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  with nonlinear parameters of sEMG it is possible to reveal NIP in SZ patients, and it may help to discriminate between different clinical groups of SZ patients. Combined typical and atypical AP therapy has stronger effect on sEMG than a therapy with AP of only one class.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Novel Methods in Physiology, Institute of High-Tech Biomedical Solutions, Petrozavodsk State University Petrozavodsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander Yu
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Meigal
authors.affiliation: Biosignal Analysis and Medical Imaging Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: German G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Miroshnichenko
authors.affiliation: Republican Psychiatric Hospital Matrosy, Russia.
authors.forename: Anna P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kuzmina
authors.affiliation: Biosignal Analysis and Medical Imaging Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Saara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rissanen
authors.affiliation: Biosignal Analysis and Medical Imaging Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Stefanos D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Georgiadis
authors.affiliation: Biosignal Analysis and Medical Imaging Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Pasi A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Karjalainen
keywords: antipsychotics; motor symptoms; mutual information; parkinsonism; recurrence quantification; schizophrenia; spectrum; surface EMG