title: The opium poppy as a symbol of sleep in Bertel Thorvaldsen's relief of 1815.
abstract: Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen (1770-1844) is one of the most remarkable representatives of Neoclassicist sculptural art in Europe, which was largely inspired by the classical art and culture of Greek and Roman antiquity. A pair of marble reliefs, Night and Day, exhibited in the Thorvaldsen Museum (Copenhagen), marks the culmination of Thorvaldsen's relief art and is of particular interest to the history of sleep medicine. In the first relief, Night, an angel with her neck bent and eyes closed has two babies in her embrace and seems to be floating down in grief, with an owl hovering behind her. Her hair is also twined with opium poppies, the symbol of sleep and death in antiquity. Our findings suggest that this relief not only indicates a mythological association between the opium poppy and sleep but also has a strong connotation with the poppy's medicinal use for inducing sleep throughout the centuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of the History of Medicine, The Gevher Nesibe Institute of the History of Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey. Electronic address: htekiner@erciyes.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Halil
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tekiner
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: Muberra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kosar
mesh_terms: D003718:Denmark; D006666:History of Medicine; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D010207:Papaver / Q000187:drug effects*; D012613:Sculpture / Q000266:history*; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects*
keywords: Ancient medicine; History of medicine; Opium poppy; Sleep medicine