title: Flight-motor-driven respiratory airflow increases tracheal oxygen to nearly atmospheric level in blowflies (Calliphora vicina).
abstract: It is widely accepted that an efficient oxygen supply and removal of CO2 in small flying insects are sufficiently performed by diffusion with open spiracles. This paper shows that in the tethered flying blowfly, gas exchange occurs by autoventilation and unidirectional airflow. The air is inspired through the mesothoracic spiracles (Sp1) during the downstroke of the wings and is expired through the metathoracic spiracles (Sp2) during the upstroke. This directed airflow through the thoracic tracheal system was documented by pre-atrial pressure measurements at the Sp1 and Sp2, revealing a sub-atmospheric mean pressure at the Sp1 and an over-atmospheric mean pressure at the Sp2. In the mesothoracic air sacs, the mean pressure is sub-atmospheric, conditioned by the only slightly open spiracles. In a split flow-through chamber experiment, the CO2 released through the Sp2 confirmed this unidirectional respiratory gas flow, implicating an inner tracheal valve. In the thoracic tracheal system, the PO2  during flight exceeds the high resting PO2  by 1-2 kPa, reaching nearly atmospheric values. In the abdominal large air sacs, the PO2  drops during flight, probably due to the accumulation of CO2. Periodic heartbeat reversals continue during flight, with a higher period frequency than at rest, supporting the transport of CO2 via the haemolymph towards the metathoracic tracheae and abdominal air sacs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen 91058, Germany lutz.thilo.wasserthal@fau.de.
authors.forename: Lutz T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Wasserthal
mesh_terms: D000400:Air Sacs / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D004175:Diptera / Q000502:physiology*; D005426:Flight, Animal; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D014132:Trachea / Q000378:metabolism; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Air sac; Autoventilation; CO2 release; Gas exchange; H2O emission; Haemolymph; Insect respiration; O2 supply; Spiracles; Tracheae; Tracheal pressure