title: Dietary Sodium Consumption Predicts Future Blood Pressure and Incident Hypertension in the Japanese Normotensive General Population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although there is a close relationship between dietary sodium and hypertension, the concept that persons with relatively high dietary sodium are at increased risk of developing hypertension compared with those with relatively low dietary sodium has not been studied intensively in a cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted an observational study to investigate whether dietary sodium intake predicts future blood pressure and the onset of hypertension in the general population. Individual sodium intake was estimated by calculating 24-hour urinary sodium excretion from spot urine in 4523 normotensive participants who visited our hospital for a health checkup. After a baseline examination, they were followed for a median of 1143 days, with the end point being development of hypertension. During the follow-up period, hypertension developed in 1027 participants (22.7%). The risk of developing hypertension was higher in those with higher rather than lower sodium intake (hazard ratio 1.25, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.50). In multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, baseline sodium intake and the yearly change in sodium intake during the follow-up period (as continuous variables) correlated with the incidence of hypertension. Furthermore, both the yearly increase in sodium intake and baseline sodium intake showed significant correlations with the yearly increase in systolic blood pressure in multivariate regression analysis after adjustment for possible risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both relatively high levels of dietary sodium intake and gradual increases in dietary sodium are associated with future increases in blood pressure and the incidence of hypertension in the Japanese general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan (H.T.).
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takase
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-Renal Medicine and Hypertension, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan (T.S., G.K., N.O., Y.D.).
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-Renal Medicine and Hypertension, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan (T.S., G.K., N.O., Y.D.).
authors.forename: Genjiro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-Renal Medicine and Hypertension, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan (T.S., G.K., N.O., Y.D.).
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohte
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-Renal Medicine and Hypertension, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan (T.S., G.K., N.O., Y.D.) Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagoya Gakuin University, Seto, Japan (Y.D.).
authors.forename: Yasuaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dohi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008019:Life Style / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine; D013997:Time Factors; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary
keywords: blood pressure; diet; hypertension; lifestyle; prediction; salt