title: Delivery of retinoic acid to LNCap human prostate cancer cells using solid lipid nanoparticles.
abstract: In this study retinoic acid (RTA) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were optimized by tuning the process parameters (pressure/temperature) and using different lipids to develop nanodispersions with enhanced anticancer activity. The RTA-SLN dispersions were produced by high-pressure homogenization and characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, stability, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and in vitro drug release. Thermal and X-ray analysis showed the RTA to be in the amorphous state, whilst microscopic images revealed a spherical shape and uniform particle size distribution of the nanoparticles. Anticancer efficiency was evaluated by incubating RTA-SLNs with human prostate cancer (LNCap) cells, which demonstrated reduced cell viability with increased drug concentrations (9.53% at 200 ug/ml) while blank SLNs displayed negligible cytotoxicity. The cellular uptake of SLN showed localization within the cytoplasm of cells and flow cytometry analysis indicated an increase in the fraction of cells expressing early apoptotic markers, suggesting that the RTA loaded SLNs are able to induce apoptosis in LNCap cells. The RTA-SLN dispersions have the potential to be used for prostate anticancer treatment.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
authors.forename: Mushfiq H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Akanda
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Slipper
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
authors.forename: Babur Z
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Chowdhry
authors.affiliation: Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, The John Arbuthnott Building, Glasgow G40NR, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lamprou
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Getti
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK. Electronic address: D.Douroumis@gre.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Douroumis
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004337:Drug Carriers; D065546:Drug Liberation; D004355:Drug Stability; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005612:Freeze Drying; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012995:Solubility; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008055:Lipids; D014212:Tretinoin
keywords: Cytotoxicity; Flow cytometry; Prostate cancer; Retinoic acid; Solid lipid nanoparticles