title: Intersex in fishes and amphibians: population implications, prevalence, mechanisms and molecular biomarkers.
abstract: Intersex is defined as the abnormal presence of both testicular and ovarian cells in gonads of gonochoristic animals. Its occurrence is widespread and reports on its presence in the gonads of vertebrates continues to increase. In this review, we use standardized terminology to summarize the current knowledge of intersex in gonochoristic fishes and amphibians. We describe the different indices that have been used to assess the severity of intersex and synthesize reports discussing the prevalence of intersex in relation to different types of pollutants. In addition, we evaluate the geographic distribution and chronology of the reported cases of intersex in fishes and amphibians, their pathological descriptions and severity and discuss species sensitivities. We also summarize molecular biomarkers that have been tested for early detection of intersex in wild populations and highlight additional biomarkers that target molecular pathways involved in gonadal development that require further investigation for use in the diagnosis of intersex. Finally, we discuss the needs for future research in this field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.|Department of Veterinary Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdel-Moneim
authors.affiliation: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Coulter
authors.affiliation: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Cecon T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Mahapatra
authors.affiliation: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Maria S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sepúlveda
mesh_terms: D000663:Amphibians; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000503:physiopathology*; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D006066:Gonads / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: amphibians; endocrine-disrupting chemicals; hormones; intersex; teleosts