title: Meloidogyne incognita - rice (Oryza sativa) interaction: a new model system to study plant-root-knot nematode interactions in monocotyledons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plant-parasitic nematodes developed strategies to invade and colonize their host plants, including expression of immune suppressors to overcome host defenses. Meloidogyne graminicola and M. incognita are root-knot nematode (RKN) species reported to damage rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated in upland and irrigated systems. Despite M. incognita wide host range, study of the molecular plant - RKN interaction has been so far limited to a few dicotyledonous model plants. The aim of this study was to investigate if the rice cv. Nipponbare widely used in rice genomic studies could be used as a suitable monocotyledon host plant for studying M. incognita pathogenicity mechanisms. Here we compared the ability of M. graminicola and M. incognita to develop and reproduce in Nipponbare roots. Next, we tested if RKNs modulates rice immunity-related genes expression in galls during infection and express the Mi-crt gene encoding an immune suppressor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Root galling, mature females, eggs and newly formed J2s nematodes were obtained for both species in rice cultivated in hydroponic culture system after 4-5 weeks. Meloidogyne graminicola reproduced at higher rates than M. incognita on Nipponbare and the timing of infection was shorter. In contrast, the infection characteristics compared by histological analysis were similar for both nematode species. Giant cells formed from 2 days after infection (DAI) with M. graminicola and from 6 DAI with M. incognita. Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) data indicated that RKNs are able to suppress transcription of immune regulators genes, such as OsEDS1, OsPAD4 and OsWRKY13 in young galls. Four M. incognita reference genes (Mi-eif-3, Mi-GDP-2, Mi-Y45F10D.4, and Mi-actin) were selected for normalizing nematode gene expression studies in planta and in pre-parasitic J2s. Meloidogyne incognita expressed the immune suppressor calreticulin gene (Mi-crt) in rice roots all along its infection cycle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RKNs repress the transcription of key immune regulators in rice, likely in order to lower basal defence in newly-formed galls. The calreticulin Mi-CRT can be one of the immune-modulator effectors secreted by M. incognita in rice root tissues. Together, these data show that rice is a well suited model system to study host- M. incognita molecular interactions in monocotyledons.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, Montpellier, Cedex 5, 34394, France, Phong.Nguyen@ird.fr.
authors.forename: Phong Vũ
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Nguyễn
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bellafiore
authors.forename: Anne-Sophie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Petitot
authors.forename: Rana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haidar
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bak
authors.forename: Amina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abed
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gantet
authors.forename: Itamara
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mezzalira
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Almeida Engler
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fernandez