title: Experiences of facilitators or barriers in driving education from learner and novice drivers with ADHD or ASD and their driving instructors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about whether individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) experience any specific facilitators or barriers to driving education.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the facilitators or barriers to driving education experienced by individuals with ASD or ADHD who obtained a learner's permit, from the perspective of the learner drivers and their driving instructors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 33 participants with ASD or ADHD, and nine of their driving instructors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with ASD required twice as many driving lessons and more on-road tests than those with ADHD. Participants with ADHD repeated the written tests more than those with ASD. Driving license theory was more challenging for individuals with ADHD, whilst individuals with ASD found translating theory into practice and adjusting to "unfamiliar" driving situations to be the greatest challenges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obtaining a driving license was associated with stressful training experience.
authors.affiliation: a Mobility Centre Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Almberg
authors.affiliation: a Mobility Centre Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden.|b Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation , Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Sweden.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Selander
authors.affiliation: c School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University , Perth , Western Australia , Australia.|d CHILD, Institute of Disability Research, School of Education and Communication, Jönköping University , Jönköping , Sweden , and.
authors.forename: Marita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Falkmer
authors.affiliation: c School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University , Perth , Western Australia , Australia.
authors.forename: Sharmila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.affiliation: c School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University , Perth , Western Australia , Australia.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciccarelli
authors.affiliation: c School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University , Perth , Western Australia , Australia.|e Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences (IMH), Faculty of Health Sciences , Linköping University & Pain and Rehabilitation Centre , Linköping , Sweden.
authors.forename: Torbjörn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Falkmer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000193:education*; D004519:Education, Special / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
keywords: Asperger’s syndrome; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; autism; driver education; learner’s permit