title: Sequence diversity and differential expression of major phenylpropanoid-flavonoid biosynthetic genes among three mango varieties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mango fruits contain a broad spectrum of phenolic compounds which impart potential health benefits; their biosynthesis is catalysed by enzymes in the phenylpropanoid-flavonoid (PF) pathway. The aim of this study was to reveal the variability in genes involved in the PF pathway in three different mango varieties Mangifera indica L., a member of the family Anacardiaceae: Kensington Pride (KP), Irwin (IW) and Nam Doc Mai (NDM) and to determine associations with gene expression and mango flavonoid profiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A close evolutionary relationship between mango genes and those from the woody species poplar of the Salicaceae family (Populus trichocarpa) and grape of the Vitaceae family (Vitis vinifera), was revealed through phylogenetic analysis of PF pathway genes. We discovered 145 SNPs in total within coding sequences with an average frequency of one SNP every 316 bp. Variety IW had the highest SNP frequency (one SNP every 258 bp) while KP and NDM had similar frequencies (one SNP every 369 bp and 360 bp, respectively). The position in the PF pathway appeared to influence the extent of genetic diversity of the encoded enzymes. The entry point enzymes phenylalanine lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-mono-oxygenase (C4H) and chalcone synthase (CHS) had low levels of SNP diversity in their coding sequences, whereas anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) showed the highest SNP frequency followed by flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H). Quantitative PCR revealed characteristic patterns of gene expression that differed between mango peel and flesh, and between varieties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of mango expressed sequence tags and availability of well-established reference PF biosynthetic genes from other plant species allowed the identification of coding sequences of genes that may lead to the formation of important flavonoid compounds in mango fruits and facilitated characterisation of single nucleotide polymorphisms between varieties. We discovered an association between the extent of sequence variation and position in the pathway for up-stream genes. The high expression of PAL, C4H and CHS genes in mango peel compared to flesh is associated with high amounts of total phenolic contents in peels, which suggest that these genes have an influence on total flavonoid levels in mango fruit peel and flesh. In addition, the particularly high expression levels of ANR in KP and NDM peels compared to IW peel and the significant accumulation of its product epicatechin gallate (ECG) in those extracts reflects the rate-limiting role of ANR on ECG biosynthesis in mango.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. v.hoang2@uq.edu.au.|Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. v.hoang2@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Van L T
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Agri-Science Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. David.Innes@daff.qld.gov.au.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Innes
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. n.shaw@uq.edu.au.|Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. n.shaw@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: P Nicholas
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. greg@pharmacy.uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Gregory R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Monteith
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. m.gidley@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gidley
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. r.dietzgen@uq.edu.au.|Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. r.dietzgen@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ralf G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Dietzgen
mesh_terms: D000217:Acyltransferases / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D027926:Anacardiaceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005638:Fruit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D014644:Genetic Variation; D031022:Mangifera / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050564:Trans-Cinnamate 4-Monooxygenase / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C038888:flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase; D050564:Trans-Cinnamate 4-Monooxygenase; D000217:Acyltransferases; C020141:flavanone synthetase; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase