title: Sexually dimorphic effects of maternal dietary protein restriction on fetal growth and placental expression of 11β-HSD2 in the pig.
abstract: Placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2) inactivates glucocorticoids (GCs) to protect fetuses from over-exposure to maternal GCs, yet how maternal malnutrition affects placental 11β-HSD2 expression is unknown. In this study, Meishan sows were fed standard-protein (SP) or low-protein (LP, 50% of SP) diets and fetuses/newborn piglets were weighed and the corresponding placenta and umbilical cord blood were collected on gestational day 70 and the day of parturition. Significant growth retardation was observed in female, but not male, fetuses (P < 0.05) and the newborns (P < 0.01) of the LP group, which was accompanied by sexually dimorphic expression of 11β-HSD2 in placentas. Female fetuses in LP group showed significant decrease in placental 11β-HSD2 protein content (P < 0.05) and enzyme activity (P < 0.05), whereas male fetuses demonstrated significantly enhanced placental 11β-HSD2 activity (P < 0.05). Serum cortisol levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in male piglets compared to females, and the effects of maternal protein restriction on thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) in the umbilical cord blood were also sex dimorphic. Male piglets in LP group had significantly higher T3 (P < 0.01) and lower T4 (P < 0.01), whereas female piglets showed significantly lower T4 (P < 0.01) with no change in T3. As a result, male piglets in LP group exhibited significantly higher T3/T4 ratio compared to female counterparts. These results indicate that the effects of maternal protein restriction on placental 11β-HSD2 expression are gender-dependent in the pig, and thyroid hormones may be involved in such effects.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
authors.forename: Yueli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
authors.forename: Yimin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
authors.forename: Qinwei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
authors.forename: Runsheng
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
authors.forename: Shiyan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sui
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China. Electronic address: Zhao.ruqian@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ruqian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D043209:11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000821:Animal Feed; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000378:metabolism; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012737:Sex Factors; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development*; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D020738:Leptin; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D043209:11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2
keywords: 11β-HSD2; Maternal protein restriction; Meishan pigs; Placenta; Thyroid hormones