title: An update on the clinical pharmacology of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor alogliptin used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Alogliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor that is a class of relatively new oral hypoglycaemic drugs used in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), can be used as monotherapy or in combination with other anti-diabetic agents, including metformin, pioglitazone, sulfonylureas and insulin with a considerable therapeutic effect. Alogliptin exhibits favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles in humans. Alogliptin is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP2D6) and CYP3A4. Dose reduction is recommended for patients with moderate or worse renal impairment. Side effects of alogliptin include nasopharyngitis, upper-respiratory tract infections and headache. Hypoglycaemia is seen in about 1.5% of the T2DM patients. Rare but severe adverse reactions such as acute pancreatitis, serious hypersensitivity including anaphylaxis, angioedema and severe cutaneous reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome have been reported from post-marketing monitoring. Pharmacokinetic interactions have not been observed between alogliptin and other drugs including glyburide, metformin, pioglitazone, insulin and warfarin. The present review aimed to update the clinical information on pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and drug interactions, and to discuss the future directions of alogliptin.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Southern Medical University, Shunde, Foshan, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Wu
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Xu
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Zhi-Wei
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Tianxin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xueji
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
authors.forename: Yin-Xue
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.|Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Shu-Feng
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018819:Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D010880:Piperidines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014498:Uracil / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D010880:Piperidines; D014498:Uracil; D018819:Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; C520853:alogliptin
keywords: DPP-4 inhibitor; adverse effect; alogliptin; combination therapy; pharmacokinetics; type 2 diabetes (T2DM)