title: Assessment of the injection behavior of commercially available bone BSMs for Subchondroplasty® procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone substitute materials (BSMs) have been commercially available for over 30 years and have been used extensively in orthopedic procedures. Some BSMs are described as "injectable." With rising focus on minimally invasive surgical procedures, the range of applications in which these materials are injectable is of clinical interest. Specifically, their performance in closed, pressurized environments in the trabecular bone with microdamage or abnormal bone remodeling have not been well characterized. This issue arises often in the presence of bone marrow lesions of the subchondral bone in early onset osteoarthritis. The objective was to evaluate the in vitro injectability of several common commercially available BSMs. It was hypothesized that some materials self-described as "injectable" would fail to function in a small microarchitecture in comparison to the large void areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mechanical testing was performed and force data was collected. Each sample was additionally radiographed and then imaged under micro-computed tomography (CT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the BSM materials failed to be successfully injected into a simulated trabecular model. Simplex™, AccuFill® and StrucSure™ materials were the only ones that were injected successfully. Many of the materials underwent phase separation at higher pressures and were not able to be deployed from the injection syringe. In addition, a clinically relevant difference was seen between the manners in which the materials interdigitated into the existing structure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AccuFill® was the only material able to inject in a closed model and demonstrate adequate implantation of BSM into the simulated trabecular bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injectability of BSMs is clinically relevant as the interest in minimally invasive surgical procedures is rising rapidly.
authors.affiliation: The City College of New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Dinely A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Colon
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Special Surgery, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Byung Jo Victor
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Campbell Clinic, University of Tennessee Department of Orthopaedics, UTCHS, USA; CEO InnoVision, Inc. Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas Anthony
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Special Surgery, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Frank P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Cammisa
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Special Surgery, NY, USA. Electronic address: AbjornsonC@hss.edu.
authors.forename: Celeste
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abjornson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001843:Bone Cements; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002102:Cadaver; D019245:Compressive Strength; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D018786:Bone Substitutes
keywords: Bone cement; Bone marrow edema; Microarchitecture; Minimally invasive; Subchondroplasty