title: Sex, Age, Symptoms and Illness Duration and Their Relation with Gyrification Index in Schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Gyrification Index (GI) represents the degree of cortical folding and is of special interest in schizophrenia, since alterations in cortical folding indirectly reflect white matter development and axonal connectivity underneath. To the best of our knowledge, very few studies have investigated the effect of sex on GI in schizophrenia. Differences in the GI between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls and the relation between sex, age symptoms and duration of illness with GI were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  T1-images were acquired from schizophrenia patients (24 males [SZ-M] and 24 females [SZ-F]) and healthy volunteers (24 males [NC-M] and 24 females [NC-F]) matched for age, sex and handedness. GI analyses were performed using the fully automated CIVET pipeline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly lower GI was found in patients relative to controls bilaterally in frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex. Sex differences were found: negative correlation was found between the duration of illness and the right parietal GI and right occipital GI in SZ-M, while SZ-F was found in the left frontal and bilateral temporal GI. Patients, regardless of sex, showed positive correlations between negative symptoms and GI in the right occipital. NC-F had greater GI values than SZ-F and both male groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since GI reflects, in part, alterations in cerebral development and connectivity, the decrease in GI observed in patients is in agreement with the neurodevelopmental model of disconnectivity in schizophrenia; in addition, we emphasize the importance of sex differences in schizophrenia.
authors.forename: Adham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mancini-Marïe
authors.forename: Uicheul
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiminez
authors.forename: Cherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fahim
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Potvin
authors.forename: Joshua A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Danièle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laverdure-Dupont
authors.forename: Audrey-Anne
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Dubé
authors.forename: Carine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Betrisey
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rainville
authors.forename: Alan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stip
authors.forename: Adrianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mendrek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D012016:Reference Values; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; C479694:Psr-1 protein, C elegans; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface
keywords: Age; Gyrification Index; Illness Duration; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Schizophrenia; Sex Differences; Symptoms