title: Carpal Ligament Injuries, Pathomechanics, and Classification.
abstract: Carpal instability is a complex array of maladaptive and posttraumatic conditions that lead to the inability of the wrist to maintain anatomic relationships under normal loads. Many different classification schemes have evolved to explain the mechanistic evolution and pathophysiology of carpal instability, including 2 of the most common malalignment patterns: volar intercalated segment instability and the more common dorsal intercalated segment instability. Recent classifications emphasize the relationships within and between the rows of carpal bones. Future research is likely to unify the disparate paradigms used to describe wrist instability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Electronic address: openelfar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Elfar
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D017760:Bone Malalignment / Q000503:physiopathology; D002348:Carpal Bones / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050824:Carpal Joints / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Carpal instability; Carpal ligament injuries; Classification; Pathomechanics; Perilunate instability