title: Cortical Activation Through Passive-Motion Functional MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Functional brain mapping is an important technique for neurosurgical planning, particularly for patients with tumors or epilepsy; however, mapping has traditionally involved invasive techniques. Existing noninvasive techniques require patient compliance and may not be suitable for young children. We performed a retrospective review of our experience with passive-motion functional MR imaging in anesthetized patients to determine the diagnostic yield of this technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of patients undergoing passive-motion fMRI under general anesthesia at a single institution over a 2.5-year period was performed. Clinical records were evaluated to determine the indication for fMRI, the ability to detect cortical activation, and, if present, the location of cortical activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 62 studies in 56 patients in this time period. The most common indication for fMRI was epilepsy/seizures. Passive-motion fMRI identified upper-extremity cortical activation in 105 of 119 (88%) limbs evaluated, of which 90 (86%) activations were in an orthotopic location. Lower-extremity cortical activation was identified in 86 of 118 (73%) limbs evaluated, of which 73 (85%) activations were in an orthotopic location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Passive-motion fMRI was successful in identifying cortical activation in most of the patients. This tool can be implemented easily and can aid in surgical planning for children with tumors or candidates for epilepsy surgery, particularly those who may be too young to comply with existing noninvasive functional measures.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (A.F.C., A.S., M.T.W.) Neurosurgery (A.F.C.) Le Bonheur Neuroscience Institute (A.F.C., A.S., M.T.W., J.W.W.), Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee achoudhri@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: A F
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3154-6319
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Choudhri
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine (R.M.P.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (A.F.C., A.S., M.T.W.) Le Bonheur Neuroscience Institute (A.F.C., A.S., M.T.W., J.W.W.), Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (A.F.C., A.S., M.T.W.) Le Bonheur Neuroscience Institute (A.F.C., A.S., M.T.W., J.W.W.), Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee Department of Radiology (M.T.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics (J.W.W.) Le Bonheur Neuroscience Institute (A.F.C., A.S., M.T.W., J.W.W.), Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wheless
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies