title: Cervical pedicle screw fixation at C6 and C7: A cadaveric study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cervical pedicle screw fixation is an effective method for treating traumatic and non traumatic injuries. But many studies have reported higher incidence of cervical pedicle penetration, so many research efforts have aimed at improving the accuracy of cervical screw fixation. Most of the anatomical studies on cervical pedicle screw placement previously published focused on the measurements of anatomical parameters, the entry point of pedicle screw is vague. We preliminarily designed a C3, C4 and C5 pedicle screw fixation method that had clear entry point and clinical cases confirmed that this method is feasible and safe. So we did this study of cervical pedicle screw fixation for C6 and C7 vertebrae.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen cervical vertebrae specimens were prepared and bilateral pedicle screws were manually inserted into C6 and C7. The intersection of the horizontal line through the midpoint of the transverse process root and the vertical line through the intersection of the posterolateral and posterior planes of the isthmus was the entry point. The screws were inserted along the axis of the pedicle, with the screw axis coinciding with the pedicle. The pedicle was truncated axially and sagittally along the trajectory and the narrowest pedicular height (PH), pedicular width (PW), overall length of the screw channel (LSC), transverse angle (E) and vertical angle (F) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In C6, the PW and PH were 6.12 ± 0.78 and 7.48 ± 0.81 mm, respectively. In C7, the PW and PH were 6.85 ± 0.73 and 8.03 ± 0.38 mm, respectively. The LSC was 30.83 ± 0.91 mm. Two E angles were identified, namely E1 and E2 and their values were 89.61 ± 1.24 and 59.71 ± 1.10°, respectively. Meanwhile, F averaged 75.86 ± 1.12°.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intersection of the horizontal line through the midpoint of the transverse process root and vertical line through the intersection of the posterolateral and posterior planes of the isthmus can be used as an entry point for C6 and C7 pedicle screw fixation. The screws should be inserted at 60 or 90° with the posterolateral isthmus in the horizontal plane and at 75° with the posterior isthmus in the sagittal plane. The LSC should not exceed 30 mm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China.
authors.forename: Jingchen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China.
authors.forename: Yulong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China.
authors.forename: Yuntao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China.
authors.forename: Qingsan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhu
keywords: C6; C7; Spine; bone screw; cadaver; cervical vertebra; clavicle; fracture fixation; pedicle screw; vertebrae