title: Ti-6Al-4V triply periodic minimal surface structures for bone implants fabricated via selective laser melting.
abstract: Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures have already been shown to be a versatile source of biomorphic scaffold designs. Therefore, in this work, Ti-6Al-4V Gyroid and Diamond TPMS lattices having an interconnected high porosity of 80-95% and pore sizes in the range of 560-1600 μm and 480-1450 μm respectively were manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) for bone implants. The manufacturability, microstructure and mechanical properties of the Ti-6Al-4V TPMS lattices were evaluated. Comparison between 3D micro-CT reconstructed models and original CAD models of the Ti-6Al-4V TPMS lattices shows excellent reproduction of the designs. The as-built Ti-6Al-4V struts exhibit the microstructure of columnar grains filled with very fine and orthogonally oriented α' martensitic laths with the width of 100-300 nm and have the microhardness of 4.01 ± 0.34 GPa. After heat treatment at 680°C for 4h, the α' martensite was converted to a mixture of α and β, in which the α phase being the dominant fraction is present as fine laths with the width of 500-800 nm and separated by a small amount of narrow, interphase regions of dark β phase. Also, the microhardness is decreased to 3.71 ± 0.35 GPa due to the coarsening of the microstructure. The 80-95% porosity TPMS lattices exhibit a comparable porosity with trabecular bone, and the modulus is in the range of 0.12-1.25 GPa and thus can be adjusted to the modulus of trabecular bone. At the same range of porosity of 5-10%, the moduli of cortical bone and of the Ti-6Al-4V TPMS lattices are in a similar range. Therefore, the modulus and porosity of Ti-6Al-4V TPMS lattices can be tailored to the levels of human bones and thus reduce or avoid "stress shielding" and increase longevity of implants. Due to the biomorphic designs, and high interconnected porosity and stiffness comparable to human bones, SLM-made Ti-6Al-4V TPMS lattices can be a promising material for load bearing bone implants.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, Devon, United Kingdom. Electronic address: c.yan@exeter.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Chunze
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, Devon, United Kingdom. Electronic address: l.hao@exeter.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, Devon, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.affiliation: College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, Devon, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D001842:Bone and Bones; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008422:Materials Testing; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D044367:Phase Transition; D016062:Porosity; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; C031462:titanium alloy (TiAl6V4); D014025:Titanium
keywords: Additive manufacturing; Porous materials; Selective laser melting; Titanium alloys; Triply periodic minimal surface