title: New grape stems-based liqueur: Physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation.
abstract: A number of traditional liqueurs are obtained by maceration of red fruits in aqueous ethanol liquor, namely sloe berries or sour cherry. On the other hand, the exploration of residual plant material derived from the winery industry (grape (Vitis vinifera L.) stems), which has been regarded as an interesting source of colored and uncolored (poly)phenols, could lead to an industrial alternative to the traditional distilled spirits produced, with valuable physicochemical and phytochemical properties. In the present work, vinification residues (grape stems) were used to produce a new beverage. The evaluation of the physic-chemical characteristics and phytochemical composition as well as the evolution of the determined parameters during maceration (90 and 180 days) allowed a number of interesting bioactive compounds to be identified. This new beverage is a liqueur with a high retention of phenolic compounds (ortho-diphenols, flavanols, flavonols, and anthocyanins), with interesting physic-chemical characteristics, that revealed significant antioxidant activity.
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal(1).
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal(1).
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gouvinhas
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal(1).
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal(1).
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal(1).
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal(1).
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal(1). Electronic address: rdperles@utad.pt.
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Domínguez-Perles
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D003116:Color; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Antioxidant activity; Liqueur; Phenolic compounds; Vitis vinifera L.; Wine-industry by-products