title: Efficacy of additional radiofrequency ablation after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) therapy is recommended in the guidelines as a monotherapy, although TACE is a non-curative therapy. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the efficacy of adding radiofrequency ablation (RFA) to TACE in patients with intermediate HCC, and to identify the factors that were associated with favorable survival in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-nine patients with intermediate HCC were enrolled in this retrospective study. Thirty-nine patients were treated with TACE alone and 20 patients were treated with additional RFA after TACE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recurrence-free survival rates at 0.5, 1 and 2 years for the additional RFA group were 32%, 19% and 13%, respectively, and these were significantly higher than those of the TACE group (8%, 3% and 0%, respectively; log-rank test, P = 0.001). The cumulative survival rates of the additional RFA group were significantly higher than those of the TACE group (log-rank test, P = 0.002), although this significant difference was not found in the subgroup of treatment naive patients because of small sample size. Multivariate analysis indicated male sex, lower total bilirubin, lower α-fetoprotein, lower des-γ-carboxyprothrombin, newly recurrent HCC nodules within the last 12 months and additional RFA as independent factors that were significantly associated with favorable overall survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional RFA of nodules insufficiently treated by TACE is effective therapy for obtaining favorable disease-free survival in patients with intermediate HCC, and leads to better overall survival particularly in recurrent patients.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Seishin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.affiliation: Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.|Department of Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asahina
authors.affiliation: Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishimura-Sakurai
authors.affiliation: Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.|Department of Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Sei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kakinuma
authors.affiliation: Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.affiliation: Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.affiliation: Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ootani
authors.affiliation: Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Fukiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kawai-Kitahata
authors.affiliation: Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.affiliation: Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Miyako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murakawa
authors.affiliation: Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Megumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tasaka-Fujita
authors.affiliation: Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Itsui
authors.affiliation: Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
keywords: intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma; overall survival; radiofrequency ablation; transarterial chemoembolization