title: α-tocopherol decreases interleukin-1β and -6 and increases human β-defensin-1 and -2 secretion in human gingival fibroblasts stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Periodontitis, a disease associated with chronic inflammation, results in significant destruction of periodontal tissues. Uncontrolled, periodontal disease negatively affects general patient health. We sought to evaluate the effect of α-tocopherol on gingival fibroblast behavior following exposure to Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary human gingival fibroblasts were cultured for 24 and 48 h with α-tocopherol at various concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 200 μm) in the presence or absence of 1 μg/mL of LPS. At the end of each time point, cell adhesion and growth were evaluated by means of optical microscope observations and MTT assay. The secretion levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 and human β-defensins 1 and 2 were measured by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Finally, an in vitro scratch wound assay was performed to investigate the effect of α-tocopherol on fibroblast migration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  α-tocopherol alone had no adverse effect on cell adhesion and morphology. Fibroblast proliferation increased in the presence of α-tocopherol with and without LPS. α-tocopherol alone had no effect on inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β and IL-6) secretion. Interestingly, following cell exposure to P. gingivalis LPS, α-tocopherol significantly (p < 0.01) decreased the secretion of these two cytokines and increased human β-defensin-1 and -2 secretion. Finally, α-tocopherol increased the healing rate of the gingival fibroblasts from 12 h up to 48 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that α-tocopherol may play an active role in countering the damaging effect of LPS by reducing inflammatory cytokines, increasing β-defensins and promoting fibroblast growth, migration and wound healing.
authors.affiliation: Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.|Groupe de Recherche sur les Biofilms et la Biocontamination des Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Annaba, Annaba, Algeria.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Derradjia
authors.affiliation: Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alanazi
authors.affiliation: Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Groupe de Recherche sur les Biofilms et la Biocontamination des Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Annaba, Annaba, Algeria.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Djeribi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Semlali
authors.affiliation: Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rouabhia
mesh_terms: D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000187:drug effects*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C406407:DEFB1 protein, human; C106641:DEFB4A protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D023083:beta-Defensins; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol
keywords: cytokines; gingival fibroblasts; lipopolysaccharide; wound healing; α-tocopherol; β-defensins