title: Risk of violence by inmates with childhood trauma and mental health needs.
abstract: Inmates who experienced childhood trauma have higher rates of institutional violence. However, the potential intermediate roles of co-occurring mental health and substance use needs and early justice involvement have not previously been considered. The current study examined the relationships between trauma, mental health, substance abuse, youth criminal charges, and institutional violence during the first 180 days of incarceration. As secondary aims, we explored whether these associations differed by sex or differed for inmates of Aboriginal ethnicity. Secondary data from prison records for all 5,154 inmates admitted to a federal prison during 2011 were collected. Path analysis was used to estimate the direct and indirect associations between trauma and institutional violence. Approximately 45% of inmates reported childhood trauma, which was associated with a higher prevalence of co-occurring mental health and substance abuse needs, and youth criminal charges. Although mental health, substance abuse, and youth criminal charges interacted with one another in predicting violence, their associations were similar for those with and without histories of trauma. A direct association between trauma and institutional incidents remained (Relative Risk [RR] = 1.38, 95% CI [1.07, 1.78]) after accounting for indirect associations through these co-occurring risk factors. There was insufficient evidence to suggest that these associations differed between men and women or between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal inmates. Given the high co-occurrence of multiple health and behavioral risk factors for inmates with traumatic histories, clarifying which factors are causally associated and reversible is needed to inform effective trauma informed care.
authors.affiliation: School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Branch, Correctional Service of Canada.
authors.forename: Gordana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eljdupovic
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.
authors.forename: Kwame
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.affiliation: School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Colman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000069586:Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002170:Canada; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011329:Prisoners; D012307:Risk Factors; D014754:Violence