title: Are biological agents toxic to human chondrocytes and osteocytes?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of biological agents (BAs) on human chondrocytes and osteocytes in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary cell cultures obtained from gonarthrosis patients were divided into four groups, two of which were designated as control cultures of chondrocyte and osteocyte, and the other two groups were exposed to BAs administered via the culture medium. Cultured cells were characterized by immunophenotyping. Before and after administration of the agents, the cultures were observed by inverted and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The number of live cells and the proliferation rate were monitored by MTT assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rituximab and adalimumab were the least toxic agents to chondrocytes, whereas adalimumab and etanercept were to osteocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During periods of intense active inflammation, the concentration of the preferred BAs after inhibition of inflammation needs to be emphasized when their effects on cartilage and bone tissue are considered at the cellular level if the clinical practice is to continue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Bagcilar, 34214, Istanbul, Turkey. misyar2003@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Isyar
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, 59100, Tekirdag, Turkey. bulentbilir@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bilir
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacovigilance and Rational Drug Use Team, Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Health, State Hospital, 59100, Tekirdag, Turkey. ibrahimyilmaz77@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, 34668, Istanbul, Turkey. selamcakmak@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Selami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cakmak
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Namik Kemal University, 59100, Tekirdag, Turkey. duygusirin@nku.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Duygu Yasar
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Sirin
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, 59100, Tekirdag, Turkey. aliyeguzelant@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aliye Yildirim
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Guzelant
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Bagcilar, 34214, Istanbul, Turkey. mahirogullari@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mahir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahirogullari
mesh_terms: D000068879:Adalimumab / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D000368:Aged; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010011:Osteocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000069283:Rituximab / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D001685:Biological Factors; D000069283:Rituximab; D000068879:Adalimumab