title: Molecular Characterization of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Women and Their Vertically Infected Children.
abstract: Approximately 35 million people worldwide are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) around 3.2 million of whom are children under 15 years. Mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 accounts for 90% of all infections in children. Despite great advances in the prevention of MTCT in Brazil, children are still becoming infected. Samples from 19 HIV-1-infected families were collected. DNA was extracted and fragments from gag, pol, and env were amplified and sequenced directly. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed. Drug resistance analyses were performed in pol and env sequences. We found 82.1% of subtype B and 17.9% of BF recombinants. A prevalence of 43.9% drug resistance-associated mutations in pol sequences was identified. Of the drug-naive children 33.3% presented at least one mutation related to protease inhibitor/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor/nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (PI/NRTI/NNRTI) resistance. The prevalence of transmitted drug resistance mutations was 4.9%. On env we found a low prevalence of HR1 (4.9%) and HR2 (14.6%) mutations.
authors.affiliation: 1 Retrovirology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia , Salvador, Bahia, Brazil .|2 Laboratory of Hematology, Genetics and Computational Biology, Gonçalo Moniz Research Center , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil .
authors.forename: Sara Nunes
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.affiliation: 2 Laboratory of Hematology, Genetics and Computational Biology, Gonçalo Moniz Research Center , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil .|3 Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health , Rome, Italy .
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovanetti
authors.affiliation: 2 Laboratory of Hematology, Genetics and Computational Biology, Gonçalo Moniz Research Center , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil .
authors.forename: Filipe Ferreira de Almeida
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Rego
authors.affiliation: 4 Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban, South Africa .
authors.forename: Tulio de
authors.initials: Td
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: 4 Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban, South Africa .
authors.forename: Siva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Danaviah
authors.affiliation: 5 Specialized Center in Diagnosis , Care and Research, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil .
authors.forename: Maria Luiza Freire
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: 2 Laboratory of Hematology, Genetics and Computational Biology, Gonçalo Moniz Research Center , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil .
authors.forename: Luiz Carlos Junior
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Alcantara
authors.affiliation: 1 Retrovirology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia , Salvador, Bahia, Brazil .
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brites
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus