title: Coffee consumption and risk of hypertension in the Polish arm of the HAPIEE cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coffee consumption has been hypothesized to be associated with blood pressure (BP), but previous findings are not homogeneous. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between coffee consumption and the risk of developing hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on coffee consumption, BP and use of anti-hypertensive medicament were derived from 2725 participants of the Polish arm of the HAPIEE project (Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe) who were free of hypertension at baseline and followed up for an average of 5 years. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by multivariate logistic regression analyses and stratified for potential confounding factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coffee consumption was related to decreased age, smoking status and total energy intake. Compared with persons who drink <1 cup coffee per day, systolic BP was significantly associated with coffee consumption and the risk of hypertension was lower for individuals consuming 3-4 cups per day. Despite the analysis stratified by gender showed that the protective effect of coffee consumption on hypertension was significant only in women, the analysis after stratification by smoking status revealed a decreased risk of hypertension in non-smokers drinking 3-4 cups of coffee per day in both sexes (OR 0.41, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.79 for men and OR 0.54, 95% CI: 0.29, 0.99 for women). Upper category coffee consumption (>4 cups per day) was not related to significant increased risk of hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relation between coffee consumption and incidence of hypertension was related to smoking status. Consumption of 3-4 cups of coffee per day decreased the risk of hypertension in non-smoking men and women only.
authors.affiliation: Integrated Cancer Registry of Catania-Messina-Siracusa-Enna, Catania, Italy.|Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grosso
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Stepaniak
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Micek
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Topor-Madry
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stefler
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szafraniec
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pajak
mesh_terms: D040503:Coffea / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee