title: Reliability of the modified Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88) for children with both Spastic Cerebral Palsy and Cerebral Visual Impairment: A preliminary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to adapt the Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88) for children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) and Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) and to determine the test-retest and interobserver reliability of the adapted version.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen paediatric physical therapists familiar with CVI participated in the adaptation process. The Delphi method was used to gain consensus among a panel of experts. Seventy-seven children with CP and CVI (44 boys and 33 girls, aged between 50 and 144 months) participated in this study. To assess test-retest and interobserver reliability, the GMFM-88 was administered twice within three weeks (Mean=9 days, SD=6 days) by trained paediatric physical therapists, one of whom was familiar with the child and one who wasn't. Percentages of identical scores, Cronbach's alphas and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were computed for each dimension level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All experts agreed on the proposed adaptations of the GMFM-88 for children with CP and CVI. Test-retest reliability ICCs for dimension scores were between 0.94 and 1.00, mean percentages of identical scores between 29 and 71, and interobserver reliability ICCs of the adapted GMFM-88 were 0.99-1.00 for dimension scores. Mean percentages of identical scores varied between 53 and 91. Test-retest and interobserver reliability of the GMFM-88-CVI for children with CP and CVI was excellent. Internal consistency of dimension scores lay between 0.97 and 1.00.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The psychometric properties of the adapted GMFM-88 for children with CP and CVI are reliable and comparable to the original GMFM-88.
authors.affiliation: Royal Dutch Visio, Centres of Expertise for Blind and Partially Sighted People, The Netherlands; Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: MasoudSalavati@visio.org.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salavati
authors.affiliation: Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Krijnen
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Adelante Center of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Valkenburg and Hoensbroek, The Netherlands; AVANSplus, Advanced Training for Professionals Working with Children with Movement Disabilities, Breda, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E A A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rameckers
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, Special Needs Education & Youth Care, Groningen, The Netherlands; De Noorderbrug, Centre for Persons with Disabilities and Chronic Illnesses, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Looijestijn
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C G B
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Maathuis
authors.affiliation: Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: van der Schans
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Australian Catholic University, School of Psychology, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Steenbergen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003697:Delphi Technique; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009048:Motor Skills; D015588:Observer Variation; D059825:Physical Therapists; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: CP; CVI; Children; GMFM-88