title: Retrospective evaluation of xylitol ingestion in dogs: 192 cases (2007-2012).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the signalment, clinical signs, prevalence of decreased blood glucose concentration (BG), prevalence of increased liver values, treatment, and outcome in dogs known to have ingested xylitol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study from December 2007 to February 2012 SETTING: Three university teaching hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ninety-two client-owned dogs with known or suspected xylitol ingestion.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median ingested xylitol dose was 0.32 g/kg (range 0.03-3.64 g/kg). Clinical signs were present in 39 (20%) dogs on presentation to the veterinary teaching hospitals. The most common clinical sign was vomiting (n = 25), followed by lethargy (12). The median duration of clinical signs prior to presentation was 93 minutes (range 0-5,040 minutes). Dogs that developed clinical signs ingested a significantly higher dose of xylitol than those that were asymptomatic. Thirty dogs became hypoglycemic (BG ≤ 3.3 mmol/L [60 mg/dL]) at some time point during their hospitalization. When evaluating all dogs, there was a significant difference between the initial and lowest BGs. Thirty dogs had increased alanine aminotransferase activity or total serum bilirubin concentration. Dogs with increases in alanine aminotransferase activity or total serum bilirubin concentration had a significantly lower nadir BG. All dogs survived to discharge and 158 were known to be alive at 28 days. The rest were lost to follow up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prognosis for dogs evaluated by a veterinarian that ingest lower doses of xylitol and do not develop liver failure is excellent. Dogs ingesting xylitol should be hospitalized and monitored for variations in BG, because BG drops in most dogs following presentation. Additional studies are needed in dogs ingesting higher doses of xylitol before correlations between dose and the development of clinical signs or liver failure can be established. Treatment and prognosis for these dogs warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824.
authors.forename: Meghan R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: DuHadway
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536.
authors.forename: Claire R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, MN, 55455.
authors.forename: Katherine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824.
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Koenigshof
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000662:veterinary; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000662:veterinary; D011041:Poisoning / Q000662:veterinary; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014993:Xylitol / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014993:Xylitol
keywords: canine; chewing gum; hypoglycemia; intoxication; sugar substitute; toxicosis