title: Early osseointegration driven by the surface chemistry and wettability of dental implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of two different commercially available dental implants on osseointegration. The surfaces were sandblasting and acid etching (Group 1) and sandblasting and acid etching, then maintained in an isotonic solution of 0.9% sodium chloride (Group 2).
  
  
  METHODS
  X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed for surface chemistry analysis. Surface morphology and topography was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy (CM), respectively. Contact angle analysis (CAA) was employed for wetting evaluation. Bone-implant-contact (BIC) and bone area fraction occupied (BAFO) analysis were performed on thin sections (30 μm) 14 and 28 days after the installation of 10 implants from each group (n=20) in rabbits' tibias. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA at the 95% level of significance considering implantation time and implant surface as independent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 2 showed 3-fold less carbon on the surface and a markedly enhanced hydrophilicity compared to Group 1 but a similar surface roughness (p>0.05). BIC and BAFO levels in Group 2 at 14 days were similar to those in Group 1 at 28 days. After 28 days of installation, BIC and BAFO measurements of Group 2 were approximately 1.5-fold greater than in Group 1 (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surface chemistry and wettability implants of Group 2 accelerate osseointegration and increase the area of the bone-to-implant interface when compared to those of Group 1.
authors.affiliation: Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Suelen Cristina
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sartoretto
authors.affiliation: Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana Terezinha Neves Novellino
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Figueiredo Britto
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Resende
authors.affiliation: Orthodontics Department, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Calasans-Maia
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Mauro
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Granjeiro
authors.affiliation: Dental Clinical Research Center, Dentistry School, Fluminense Federal University, Nitero, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mônica Diuana
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Calasans-Maia
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D011817:Rabbits; D012016:Reference Values; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects; D013977:Tibia / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium