title: Initial assessment of patient handoff in accredited general surgery residency programs in the United States and Canada: a cross-sectional survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Communication errors are considered one of the major causes of sentinel events. Our aim was to assess the process of patient handoff among junior surgical residents and to determine ways in which to improve the handoff process.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted nationwide surveys that included all accredited general surgery residency programs in the United States and Canada.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 244 American and 17 Canadian accredited surgical residency programs contacted, 65 (27%) and 12 (71%), respectively, participated in the survey. Of the American and Canadian respondents, 66% and 69%, respectively, were from postgraduate year (PGY) 1, and 32% and 29%, respectively, were from PGY 2; 85 (77%) and 50 (96%), respectively, had not received any training about patient handoff before their surgical residency, and 27% and 64%, respectively, reported that the existing handoff system at their institutions did not adequately protect patient safety. Moreover, 29% of American respondents and 37% of Canadian respondents thought that the existing handoffs did not support continuity of patient care. Of the American residents, 67% and 6% reported receiving an incomplete handoff that resulted in minor and major patient harm, respectively. These results mirrored those from Canadian residents (63% minor and 7% major harm). The most frequent factor reported to improve the patient handoff process was standardization of the verbal handoff.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our survey results indicate that the current patient handoff system contributes to patient harm. More efforts are needed to establish standardized forms of verbal and written handoff to ensure patient safety and continuity of care.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of General Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que. (Saleem, Vassiliou); the Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Boston, Mass. (Paulus); and the Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Mass. (Parsons).
authors.forename: Abdulaziz M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Saleem
authors.affiliation: From the Department of General Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que. (Saleem, Vassiliou); the Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Boston, Mass. (Paulus); and the Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Mass. (Parsons).
authors.forename: Jessica K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.affiliation: From the Department of General Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que. (Saleem, Vassiliou); the Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Boston, Mass. (Paulus); and the Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Mass. (Parsons).
authors.forename: Melina C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Vassiliou
authors.affiliation: From the Department of General Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que. (Saleem, Vassiliou); the Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Boston, Mass. (Paulus); and the Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Mass. (Parsons).
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Parsons
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002170:Canada; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D019538:Health Care Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D062209:Patient Handoff / Q000592:standards*; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States