title: In-vivo degradation of middle-term highly cross-linked and remelted polyethylene cups: Modification induced by creep, wear and oxidation.
abstract: In this study Raman (RS) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic techniques were exploited to study 11 retrieved liners made of remelted highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE), with the intent to elucidate their in-vivo mechanical and chemical degradation. The retrievals had different follow-ups, ranging from a few months to 7 years of implantation time and belong to the first generation of highly cross-linked and remelted polyethylene clinically introduced in 1999, but still currently implanted. Raman assessments enabled to discriminate contributes of wear and creep on the total reduction of thickness in different locations of the cup. According to our results, although the most of the viscoelastic deformation occurred during the first year (bedding-in period), it progressed during the steady wear state up to 7 years with much lower but not negligible rate. Overall, the wear rate of this remelted HXLPE liner was low. Preliminary analysis on microtomed sections of the liners after in-vivo and in-vitro accelerated aging (ASTM F2003-02) enabled to obtain a phenomenological correlation between the oxidation index (OI) and the amount of orthorhombic phase fraction (αc), which can be easily non-destructively measured by RS. Profiles of αc obtained from different locations of the cups were used to judge the oxidative degradation of the 11 retrievals, considering also the ex-vivo time elapsed from the revision surgery to the spectroscopic experiments. Low but measurable level of oxidation was detected in all the short-term retrievals, while in the middle-term samples peaks of OI were observed in the subsurface (up to OI=4.5), presumably induced by the combined effect of mechanical stress, lipid absorption and prolonged ex-vivo shelf-aging in air.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu 514-8507, Mie, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu 514-8507, Mie, Japan. Electronic address: masahase@clin.medic.mie-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu 514-8507, Mie, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sudo
authors.affiliation: Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, 606-8585 Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pezzotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku Hirokoji Agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, 602-8566 Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Puppulin
mesh_terms: D008422:Materials Testing; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D044367:Phase Transition; D020959:Polyethylene / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D020959:Polyethylene
keywords: Creep; FT-IR; Oxidation; Raman spectroscopy; Retrievals; Total hip arthroplasty; UHMWPE; Wear