title: Heritability of cortical thickness changes over time in twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia.
abstract: Cortical thickness and surface area changes have repeatedly been found in schizophrenia. Whether progressive loss in cortical thickness and surface area are mediated by genetic or disease related factors is unknown. Here we investigate to what extent genetic and/or environmental factors contribute to the association between change in cortical thickness and surface area and liability to develop schizophrenia.
  
  
  
  Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study over a 5-year interval. Monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia were compared with healthy control twin pairs using repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) and structural equation modeling (SEM). Twins discordant for schizophrenia and healthy control twins were recruited from the twin cohort at the University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands. A total of 90 individuals from 46 same sex twin pairs were included: 9 MZ and 10 DZ discordant for schizophrenia and 14 MZ and 13 (11 complete and 2 incomplete) DZ healthy twin-pairs. Age varied between 19 and 57years.
  
  
  
  Higher genetic liability for schizophrenia was associated with progressive global thinning of the cortex, particularly of the left superior temporal cortex. Higher environmental liability for schizophrenia was associated with global attenuated thinning of the cortex, and including of the left superior temporal cortex. Cortical surface area change was heritable, but not significantly associated with higher genetic or environmental liability for schizophrenia.
  
  
  
  Excessive cortical thinning, particularly of the left superior temporal cortex, may represent a genetic risk marker for schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, A01.126, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hedman
authors.affiliation: Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, A01.126, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Neeltje E M
authors.initials: NEM
authors.lastname: van Haren
authors.affiliation: Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, A01.126, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G Caroline M
authors.initials: GCM
authors.lastname: van Baal
authors.affiliation: Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, A01.126, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.affiliation: Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, A01.126, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rachel G H
authors.initials: RGH
authors.lastname: Brans
authors.affiliation: Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, A01.126, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hugo G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Schnack
authors.affiliation: Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, A01.126, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: René S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.affiliation: Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, A01.126, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: H.E.Hulshoff@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Hilleke E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hulshoff Pol
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009929:Organ Size; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cortical thickness; Longitudinal; MRI; Schizophrenia; Surface area; Twins