title: Mini invasive skeletal muscle biopsy technique with a tri-axial end cut needle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Skeletal Muscle Biopsy is a minor surgical procedure for the diagnosis of different neuromuscular pathological conditions and has recently gained popularity also in the research field of age-related muscular modifications and sarcopenia. Few studies focused on the application of mini-invasive muscular biopsy in both normal and pathological conditions. The aim of our study was to describe a mini invasive ultrasound-guided skeletal muscular biopsy technique in complete spinal cord injured (SCI) patients and healthy controls with a tri-axial end-cut needle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Skeletal muscle biopsies were collected from 6 chronic SCI patients and 3 healthy controls vastus lateralis muscle with a tri-axial end cut needle (Biopince© - Angiotech). Muscle samples were stained for ATPase to determine fibers composition, moreover, gene expression of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and prostaglandin E2 receptor has been analyzed by Real Time RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the procedures were perfomed easily without failures and complications. Control tissue was macroscopically thicker than SCI one. Control specimen displayed an equal distribution of type I and type II fibers, while SCI sample displayed a prevalence of type II fibers SCI specimen displayed a significant reduction in COX-1 gene expression. This mini-invasive approach was easy, accurate and with low complication rate in performing skeletal muscle biopsy in both SCI patients and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This technique could be useful in conditions in which the overall quantity of specimen required is small like for molecular biology analysis. For histological diagnostic purposes and/or conditions in which the original tissue is already pathologically modified, this technique should be integrated with more invasive techniques.
authors.affiliation: Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy. marco.invernizzi@med.unipmn.it.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Invernizzi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizzi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carda
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cisari
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Molinari
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Renò
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology*; D009339:Needles; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation