title: Influence of consonant frequency on Icelandic-speaking children's speech acquisition.
abstract: A developmental hierarchy of phonetic feature complexity has been proposed, suggesting that later emerging sounds have greater articulatory complexity than those learned earlier. The aim of this research was to explore this hierarchy in a relatively unexplored language, Icelandic.
  
  
  
  Twenty-eight typically-developing Icelandic-speaking children were tested at 2;4 and 3;4 years. Word-initial and word-medial phonemic inventories and a phonemic implicational hierarchy are described.
  
  
  
  The frequency of occurrence of Icelandic consonants in the speech of 2;4 and 3;4 year old children was, from most to least frequent, n, s, t, p, r, m, l, k, f, ʋ, j, ɵ, h, kʰ, c, [Formula: see text], ɰ, pʰ, tʰ, cʰ, ç, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text].
  
  
  
  Consonant frequency was a strong predictor of consonant accuracy at 2;4 months (r(23) = -0.75), but the effect was weaker at 3;4 months (r(23) = -0.51). Acquisition of /c/, /[Formula: see text]/ and /l/ occurred earlier, relative to English, Swedish, Dutch and German. A frequency-bound practice effect on emerging consonants is proposed to account for the early emergence of /c/, /[Formula: see text]/ and /l/ in Icelandic.
authors.affiliation: a The National Hearing and Speech Institute of Iceland , Reykjavík , Iceland.|b University of Iceland , Reykjavík , Iceland.
authors.forename: Thóra
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Másdóttir
authors.affiliation: c University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Stephanie F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Stokes
mesh_terms: D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland; D008297:Male; D013060:Speech; D013068:Speech Production Measurement
keywords: Consonants; Icelandic; acquisition; phonological development; segment development