title: Induction and characterization of a replication competent cervid endogenous gammaretrovirus (CrERV) from mule deer cells.
abstract: Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) were acquired during evolution of their host organisms after infection and mendelian inheritance in the germline by their exogenous counterparts. The ERVs can spread in the host genome and in some cases they affect the host phenotype. The cervid endogenous gammaretrovirus (CrERV) is one of only a few well-defined examples of evolutionarily recent invasion of mammalian genome by retroviruses. Thousands of insertionally polymorphic CrERV integration sites have been detected in wild ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) host populations. Here, we describe for the first time induction of replication competent CrERV by cocultivation of deer and human cells. We characterize the physical properties and tropism of the induced virus. The genomic sequence of the induced virus is phylogenetically related to the evolutionarily young endogenous CrERVs described so far. We also describe the level of replication block of CrERV on deer cells and its capacity to establish superinfection interference.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fábryová
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Tomáš
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hron
authors.affiliation: Military Health Institute, Department of Microbiology and Biological Research, 16001 Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kabíčková
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poss
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic. Electronic address: daniel.elleder@img.cas.cz.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elleder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003670:Deer / Q000821:virology*; D020077:Endogenous Retroviruses / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000648:ultrastructure / Q000821:virology; D017988:Gammaretrovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016679:Genome, Viral; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D014771:Virion / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014779:Virus Replication
keywords: Endogenous retrovirus; Retrovirus interference; Xenotropism