title: A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for postherpetic neuralgia.
abstract: Patients with herpes zoster can develop persistent pain after rash healing, a complication known as postherpetic neuralgia. By preventing zoster through vaccination, the risk of this common complication is reduced. We searched MEDLINE and Embase for studies assessing risk factors for postherpetic neuralgia, with a view to informing vaccination policy. Nineteen prospective studies were identified. Meta-analysis showed significant increases in the risk of postherpetic neuralgia with clinical features of acute zoster including prodromal pain (summary rate ratio 2.29, 95% confidence interval: 1.42-3.69), severe acute pain (2.23, 1.71-2.92), severe rash (2.63, 1.89-3.66), and ophthalmic involvement (2.51, 1.29-4.86). Older age was significantly associated with postherpetic neuralgia; for individual studies, relative risk estimates per 10-year increase ranged from 1.22 to 3.11. Evidence for differences by gender was conflicting, with considerable between-study heterogeneity. A proportion of studies reported an increased risk of postherpetic neuralgia with severe immunosuppression (studies, n = 3/5) and diabetes mellitus (n = 1/4). Systemic lupus erythematosus, recent trauma, and personality disorder symptoms were associated with postherpetic neuralgia in single studies. No evidence of higher postherpetic neuralgia risk was found with depression (n = 4) or cancer (n = 5). Our review confirms a number of clinical features of acute zoster are risk factors for postherpetic neuralgia. It has also identified a range of possible vaccine-targetable risk factors for postherpetic neuralgia; yet aside from age-associated risks, evidence regarding risk factors to inform zoster vaccination policy is currently limited.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Harriet J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: Sara L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Liam
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smeeth
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Clayton
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: Krishnan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhaskaran
authors.forename: Sinéad M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Langan
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D006562:Herpes Zoster / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D051474:Neuralgia, Postherpetic / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors