title: The gray matter alterations in major depressive disorder and panic disorder: Putative differences in the pathogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This is a comprehensive study to establish a diagnosis-specific gray matter deficit model for major depressive disorder (MDD) and panic disorder (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 53 patients with first-episode medication-naïve PD, 54 healthy controls and 53 patients with first-episode medication-naïve MDD in this study. They were age, handedness and gender matched. All participating subjects all received baseline structural scanning by the 3-Tesla magnetic resonance scanner. The optimized voxel-based morphometry was performed on the 3 groups of subjects and the ANOVA analysis was used to estimate the inter-group gray matter differences between each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PD group had higher gray matter volume than MDD group in the right medial frontal cortex and right temporal gyrus. The PD group had gray matter reductions in the right inferior frontal gyrus and right insula. The MDD group had gray matter reductions in bilateral medial frontal cortex, right superior frontal gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus and bilateral cerebellums.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The gray matter alterations of fronto-insula and fronto-temporo-cerebellum regions probably would be specific for PD and MDD respectively. In addition, the differences of gray matter volume in the fronto-temporal regions would be helpful to differentiate MDD from PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: stephenlai99@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chien-Han
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: ytwu@ym.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yu-Te
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Fronto-insula; Fronto-limbic-cerebellum; Fronto-temporal; Gray matter; Major depressive disorder; Panic disorder