title: Toe Necrosis, Etiologies and Management, a Case Series.
abstract: Toe necrosis may have vast different etiologies. These include ischemia, embolus, and others. (1) The most common etiology is ischemia. It is a reduction in blood supply to a viable tissue that can lead to susceptibility to infection and tissue death. Peripheral ischemia, which is rooted in the lower limbs, is a major risk factor for toe necrosis because the basal metabolic requirements of tissue are not being sufficiently met. As a result, pain, ulcers, and gangrene commonly occur. (2) Other causes of direct and indirect toe necrosis and related lower limb gangrene include mechanical trauma, infectious, pharmacological sensitivity, cancer, blue toe syndrome, and other granulomatous diseases, such as Churg-Strauss syndrome. We present a case series of toes necrosis which resulted from different etiologies and their management.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Abdelfatah Abou
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Issa
authors.affiliation: Physiology & Pharmacology Department, West Virginia University School of Medicine, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Mackenzie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA ; Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simman
keywords: Amputation; Dry gangrene; Toe ischemia; Toe necrosis