title: Polymorphism in vkorc1 Gene of Natal Multimammate Mice, Mastomys natalensis, in Tanzania.
abstract: Resistance of rodents to anticoagulant rodenticides has emerged in several areas across the world. Single nucleotide mutations in the vkorc1 gene have been shown to elicit various levels of anticoagulant resistance, and these mutations are prevalent in several Rattus and Mus musculus populations. In sub-Saharan Africa, the Natal multimammate mouse, Mastomys natalensis, is one of the most damaging pests to crops, and anticoagulant poisons such as bromadiolone are frequently used to control these rodents in agricultural fields. Here, we investigate if vkorc1 shows any polymorphism in natural populations of M. natalensis. We sequenced the third exon of vkorc1 of 162 M. natalensis captured from 14 different agricultural sites in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. In addition to 6 SNPs in the noncoding flanking region, we detected 3 nonsynonymous SNPs in this exon: 10 animals (6.2%) carried a Leu108Val variant, 2 animals (1.2%) an Ala140Thr variant, and 1 animal (0.6 %) an Arg100His variant, all 3 in heterozygous form. Ala140Thr is just one residue from a mutation known to be involved in anticoagulant resistance in Rattus and Mus. While in vitro or in vivo experiments are needed to link vkorc1 genetic polymorphisms to level of VKOR activity and anticoagulant susceptibility, our results suggest that M. natalensis individuals may vary in their response to anticoagulant rodenticides. This is the first vkorc1 sequence data from a species outside the Rattus or Mus genera, and for the first time from a rodent species endemic to Africa.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (Gryseels, Leirs, and Goüy de Bellocq); Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania (Makundi); Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Studenec, Czech Republic (Goüy de Bellocq). sophie.gryseels@uantwerpen.be.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gryseels
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (Gryseels, Leirs, and Goüy de Bellocq); Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania (Makundi); Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Studenec, Czech Republic (Goüy de Bellocq).
authors.forename: Herwig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leirs
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (Gryseels, Leirs, and Goüy de Bellocq); Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania (Makundi); Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Studenec, Czech Republic (Goüy de Bellocq).
authors.forename: Rhodes
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Makundi
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (Gryseels, Leirs, and Goüy de Bellocq); Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania (Makundi); Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Studenec, Czech Republic (Goüy de Bellocq).
authors.forename: Joëlle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goüy de Bellocq
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D051189:Murinae / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012378:Rodenticides; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013636:Tanzania; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012378:Rodenticides; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases
keywords: anticoagulants; bromadiolone; poison resistance; polymorphism; rodent.