title: Aquaporins and Fetal Membranes From Diabetic Parturient Women: Expression Abnormalities and Regulation by Insulin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During pregnancy, aquaporins (AQPs) expressed in fetal membranes are essential for controlling the homeostasis of the amniotic volume, but their regulation by insulin was never explored in diabetic women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to investigate the involvement of AQPs 1, 3, 8, and 9 expressed in fetal membranes in diabetic parturient women and the control of their expression by insulin.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 129 fetal membranes in four populations (controls, type 1, type 2 [T2D], and gestational diabetes [GD]), we established an expression AQP profile. In a second step, the amnion was used to study the control of the expression and functions of AQPs 3 and 9 by insulin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of transcripts and proteins of AQPs was studied by quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA. We analyzed the regulation by insulin of the expression of AQPs 3 and 9 in the amnion. A tritiated glycerol test enabled us to measure the impact of insulin on the functional characteristics. Using an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, we analyzed the insulin intracellular signaling pathway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of AQP3 protein was significantly weaker in groups T2D and GD. In nondiabetic fetal membranes, we showed for the amnion (but not for the chorion) a significant repression by insulin of the transcriptional expression of AQPs 3 and 9, which was blocked by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In fetal membranes, the repression of AQP3 protein expression and functions observed in vivo is allowed by the hyperinsulinism described in pregnant women with T2D or GD.
authors.affiliation: Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases (D.B., M.R., G.M., C.P., D.G., L.B., V.S.), School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department (D.B., G.M., R.L. V.S.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biostatistics Unit Department (B.P.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg (P.D., I.F.), Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; and Integrative Genomics and Modelization of Metabolic Diseases (A.V.), EGID, School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg, Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bouvier
authors.affiliation: Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases (D.B., M.R., G.M., C.P., D.G., L.B., V.S.), School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department (D.B., G.M., R.L. V.S.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biostatistics Unit Department (B.P.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg (P.D., I.F.), Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; and Integrative Genomics and Modelization of Metabolic Diseases (A.V.), EGID, School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg, Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rouzaire
authors.affiliation: Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases (D.B., M.R., G.M., C.P., D.G., L.B., V.S.), School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department (D.B., G.M., R.L. V.S.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biostatistics Unit Department (B.P.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg (P.D., I.F.), Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; and Integrative Genomics and Modelization of Metabolic Diseases (A.V.), EGID, School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg, Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Geoffroy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marceau
authors.affiliation: Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases (D.B., M.R., G.M., C.P., D.G., L.B., V.S.), School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department (D.B., G.M., R.L. V.S.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biostatistics Unit Department (B.P.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg (P.D., I.F.), Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; and Integrative Genomics and Modelization of Metabolic Diseases (A.V.), EGID, School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg, Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prat
authors.affiliation: Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases (D.B., M.R., G.M., C.P., D.G., L.B., V.S.), School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department (D.B., G.M., R.L. V.S.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biostatistics Unit Department (B.P.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg (P.D., I.F.), Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; and Integrative Genomics and Modelization of Metabolic Diseases (A.V.), EGID, School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg, Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases (D.B., M.R., G.M., C.P., D.G., L.B., V.S.), School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department (D.B., G.M., R.L. V.S.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biostatistics Unit Department (B.P.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg (P.D., I.F.), Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; and Integrative Genomics and Modelization of Metabolic Diseases (A.V.), EGID, School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg, Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lemarié
authors.affiliation: Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases (D.B., M.R., G.M., C.P., D.G., L.B., V.S.), School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department (D.B., G.M., R.L. V.S.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biostatistics Unit Department (B.P.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg (P.D., I.F.), Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; and Integrative Genomics and Modelization of Metabolic Diseases (A.V.), EGID, School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg, Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deruelle
authors.affiliation: Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases (D.B., M.R., G.M., C.P., D.G., L.B., V.S.), School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department (D.B., G.M., R.L. V.S.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biostatistics Unit Department (B.P.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg (P.D., I.F.), Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; and Integrative Genomics and Modelization of Metabolic Diseases (A.V.), EGID, School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg, Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fajardy
authors.affiliation: Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases (D.B., M.R., G.M., C.P., D.G., L.B., V.S.), School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department (D.B., G.M., R.L. V.S.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biostatistics Unit Department (B.P.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg (P.D., I.F.), Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; and Integrative Genomics and Modelization of Metabolic Diseases (A.V.), EGID, School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg, Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gallot
authors.affiliation: Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases (D.B., M.R., G.M., C.P., D.G., L.B., V.S.), School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department (D.B., G.M., R.L. V.S.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biostatistics Unit Department (B.P.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg (P.D., I.F.), Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; and Integrative Genomics and Modelization of Metabolic Diseases (A.V.), EGID, School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg, Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Loïc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blanchon
authors.affiliation: Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases (D.B., M.R., G.M., C.P., D.G., L.B., V.S.), School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department (D.B., G.M., R.L. V.S.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biostatistics Unit Department (B.P.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg (P.D., I.F.), Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; and Integrative Genomics and Modelization of Metabolic Diseases (A.V.), EGID, School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg, Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vambergue
authors.affiliation: Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases (D.B., M.R., G.M., C.P., D.G., L.B., V.S.), School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department (D.B., G.M., R.L. V.S.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biostatistics Unit Department (B.P.), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg (P.D., I.F.), Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; and Integrative Genomics and Modelization of Metabolic Diseases (A.V.), EGID, School of Medicine Henri-Warembourg, Université Lille 2, PRES Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sapin
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051398:Aquaporin 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051400:Aquaporin 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020346:Aquaporins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005321:Extraembryonic Membranes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C109669:AQP9 protein, human; D020346:Aquaporins; D007328:Insulin; C108330:aquaporin 8; D051398:Aquaporin 1; D051400:Aquaporin 3