title: Hardware Removal Due to Infection after Open Reduction and Internal Fixation: Trends and Predictors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about trends and predictors of hardware related infection following open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of extremity fractures, one of the major causes of failure following ORIF. The present study was designed and conducted to determine trends and predictors of infection-related hardware removal following ORIF of extremities using a nationally representative database.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Nationwide Inpatient Sample data from 2002 to 2011 to identify cases of ORIF following upper and lower extremity fractures, as well as cases that underwent infection-related hardware removal following ORIF. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of infection-related hardware removal, controlling for patient demographics and comorbidities, hospital characteristics, site of fracture, and year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all ORIF procedures, the highest rate of hardware removal related to infection was observed in tarsal fractures (5.56%), followed by tibial (3.65%) and carpal (3.37%) fractures. Hardware removal rates due to infection increased in all fractures except radial/ulnar fractures. Tarsal fractures(odds ratio (OR)=1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04-1.09, P<0.001), tibial fractures (OR=1.04, 95% CI: 1.03-1.06, P<0.001) and those patients with diabetes mellitus (OR=2.64, 95% CI: 2.46-2.84, P<0.001), liver disease (OR=2.04, 95% CI: 1.84- 2.26, P<0.001), and rheumatoid arthritis (OR=2.06, 95% CI: 1.88-2.25 P<0.001) were the main predictors of infection-related removals; females were less likely to undergo removal due to infection (OR= 0.61, 95% CI: 0.59-0.63 P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hardware removal rates due to infection increased in all fractures except radial/ulnar fractures. Diabetes, liver disease, and rheumatoid arthritis were important predictors of infection-related hardware removal. The study identified some risk factors for hardwarerelated infection following ORIF, such as diabetes, liver disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, that should be studied further in an attempt to implement strategies to reduce rate of infection following ORIF.
authors.affiliation: The Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Mohammad R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rasouli
authors.affiliation: The Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.affiliation: The Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Mitchell G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Maltenfort
authors.affiliation: The Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Alisina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shahi
authors.affiliation: The Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Javad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parvizi
authors.affiliation: The Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Krieg
keywords: Hardware Removal; Infection; NIS; ORIF