title: Mechanical, antibacterial and bond strength properties of nano-titanium-enriched glass ionomer cement.
abstract: The use of nanoparticles (NPs) has become a significant area of research in Dentistry. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the physical, antibacterial activity and bond strength properties of conventional base, core build and restorative of glass ionomer cement (GIC) compared to GIC supplemented with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanopowder at 3% and 5% (w/w). Material and Methods Vickers microhardness was estimated with diamond indenter. Compressive and flexural strengths were analyzed in a universal testing machine. Specimens were bonded to enamel and dentine, and tested for shear bond strength in a universal testing machine. Specimens were incubated with S. mutans suspension for evaluating antibacterial activity. Surface analysis of restorative conventional and modified GIC was performed with SEM and EDS. The analyses were carried out with Kolmogorov-Smirnov, ANOVA (post-hoc), Tukey test, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann Whitney. Results Conventional GIC and GIC modified with TiO2 nanopowder for the base/liner cement and core build showed no differences for mechanical, antibacterial, and shear bond properties (p>0.05). In contrast, the supplementation of TiO2 NPs to restorative GIC significantly improved Vickers microhardness (p<0.05), flexural and compressive strength (p<0.05), and antibacterial activity (p<0.001), without interfering with adhesion to enamel and dentin. Conclusion GIC supplemented with TiO2 NPs (FX-II) is a promising material for restoration because of its potential antibacterial activity and durable restoration to withstand the mastication force.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigación Interdisciplinaria, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Guanajuato, México.
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garcia-Contreras
authors.affiliation: Chairman of Dental Research Center "Dr. Keisaburo Miyata", Department of Orthodontics, Autonomous University State of Mexico, Toluca, México.
authors.forename: Rogelio Jose
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Scougall-Vilchis
authors.affiliation: Dental and Advanced Studies Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University State of Mexico, Toluca, México.
authors.forename: Rosalía
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Contreras-Bulnes
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakado, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakagami
authors.affiliation: Sustainable Chemistry Research Center, Autonomous University State of Mexico, Toluca, México.
authors.forename: Raul Alberto
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Morales-Luckie
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakado, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakajima
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006245:Hardness Tests; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D018583:Pliability; D012016:Reference Values; D033081:Shear Strength; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium