title: Alternative testing methods for skin sensitization: NMR spectroscopy for probing the reactivity and classification of potential skin sensitizers.
abstract: Evaluating consumer products for potentially harmful side effects of chemical ingredients is important for the protection of both the consumer and those involved in the manufacturing process. In order to assess the risk potential of chemicals, regulatory agencies have encouraged the development of several in silico, in vitro, and in chemico methods as alternatives to eliminate or minimize the use of animals. To add structural information to the existing in chemico methods, an NMR-based method is proposed for probing the reactivity and classification of the potential electrophiles (E) using a model thiol, DCYA, as a nucleophile. The major advantage of the NMR method is the quantitation of the actual adduct, DCYA-E. The degree of reaction is here provided as a direct measurement of adduct formation and/or electrophile depletion, in contrast to other in chemico assays, e.g., ADRA and DPRA, where the reactivity is inferred from the quantification of the test nucleophile depletion. Moreover, the developed NMR method should serve as a qualitative and quantitative tool in understanding the site of reaction and other structural information associated with test sensitizer. This is particularly valuable and advantageous over methods encouraged by regulatory agencies, which merely provide quantification of the reaction but lack any structural information. Several compounds with multiple reaction sites were successfully tested with the proposed NMR method. Otherwise, these compounds have proven to be a challenge to identify and classify using existing alternative methods.
authors.forename: Amar G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Chittiboyina
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Avonto
authors.affiliation: The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rua
authors.forename: Ikhlas A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects*