title: The ins and outs of adrenergic signaling.
abstract: Adrenergic signaling, in particular signaling in the sympathetic nervous system, is a prime example of the control of an essential physiological system. It has served as a model system both for the control of mediator release and for receptor signaling and regulation. This review covers the historical development of the field and then addresses issues that represent key fields of ongoing research: the mechanisms and kinetics of receptor activation, temporal patterns of downstream signaling and signal bias, receptor mobility and aggregation, and signal compartmentation and specificity. The available evidence suggests that adrenergic signaling may involve complex spatiotemporal patterns, which give texture to the signaling process and may contain additional biological information.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany. lohse@toxi.uni-wuerzburg.de.|Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany. lohse@toxi.uni-wuerzburg.de.|Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany. lohse@toxi.uni-wuerzburg.de.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lohse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D000242:Cyclic AMP
keywords: Compartmentation; G-protein-coupled receptors; Receptor activation; Receptor kinetics; cAMP