title: Systemic and venous thromboembolism: think about paradoxical embolism.
abstract: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is one of the most important causes of paradoxical embolism; it is found in about 25-30% of the population. In most patients, it is asymptomatic and diagnosis is usually made during routine echocardiography. In a small proportion of patients, PFO is diagnosed after paradoxical embolism is suspected. We present a case of a middle-aged smoker who was admitted with lower limb deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, who developed acute upper limb ischaemia during his inpatient stay. Since doctors might dismiss such cases as routine, this report highlights the importance of detailed history taking and examination in patients with venous thromboembolism. Paradoxical embolism should always be considered as a possible diagnosis when managing patients with concomitant venous and arterial embolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta.
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cachia
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pace Bardon
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fsadni
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Montefort
mesh_terms: D004452:Echocardiography; D019320:Embolism, Paradoxical / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005121:Extremities / Q000098:blood supply; D054092:Foramen Ovale, Patent / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000150:complications*