title: Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases.
abstract: The pathophysiologies of neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD), are far from being fully explained. Oxidative stress (OS) has been proposed as one factor that plays a potential role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Clinical and preclinical studies indicate that neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by higher levels of OS biomarkers and by lower levels of antioxidant defense biomarkers in the brain and peripheral tissues. In this article, we review the current knowledge regarding the involvement of OS in neurodegenerative diseases, based on clinical trials and animal studies. In addition, we analyze the effects of the drug-induced modulation of oxidative balance, and we explore pharmacotherapeutic strategies for OS reduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Niedzielska
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Smaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gawlik
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moniczewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stankowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Botaniczna 3, 31-503, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pera
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland. mal.fil@if-pan.krakow.pl.|Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland. mal.fil@if-pan.krakow.pl.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4321-7942
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Filip
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Antioxidant defense molecule; ESR—electron spin resonance; IST—immuno-spin trapping technique; Non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant; Oxidative stress biomarker; Parkinson’s disease