title: Ginseng total saponin attenuates myocardial injury via anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ginseng total saponin (GTS) contains various ginsenosides. These ginsenosides are widely used for treating cardiovascular diseases in Asian communities. The aim of this study was to study the effects of GTS on cardiac injury after global ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) in isolated guinea pig hearts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were subjected to normothermic ischemia for 60 minutes, followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. GTS significantly increased aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output. Moreover, GTS significantly increased left ventricular systolic pressure and the maximal rate of contraction (+dP/dt max) and relaxation (-dP/dt max). In addition, GTS has been shown to ameliorate electrocardiographic changes such as the QRS complex, QT interval, and RR interval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GTS significantly suppressed the biochemical parameters (i.e., lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase-MB fraction, and cardiac troponin I levels) and normalized the oxidative stress markers (i.e., malondialdehyde, glutathione, and nitrite). In addition, GTS also markedly inhibits the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and nuclear factor-κB, and improves the expression of IL-10 in cardiac tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that GTS mitigates myocardial damage by modulating the biochemical and oxidative stress related to cardiac I/R injury.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju City, Korea.
authors.forename: Adithan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aravinthan
authors.affiliation: Innovative Technology Research Laboratory, Korean Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju City, Korea.
authors.forename: Paulrayer
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Antonisamy
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju City, Korea.
authors.forename: Chang-Won
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jonghee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju City, Korea.
authors.forename: Nam Soo
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju City, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Panax ginseng; antioxidative enzymes; cardioprotection; hemodynamics; myocardial infarction