title: Somatostatin Improved B Cells Mature in Macaques during Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion has been taken as an important pathophysiological process for multiple organ dysfunctions in critical patients. Recent studies reported that dual expression programs of the B cells receptors and Toll-like receptors on B-lymphocytes permit these ubiquitous cells to integrate both adaptive and innate immune functions. Our previous studies found that somatostatin inhibited the intestinal inflammatory injury after ischemia-reperfusion in macaques. However, the changes of B cells and the effects of somatostatin on B cells after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion were unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  15 macaques were divided into control, intestinal ischemia-reperfusion and somatostatin pretreatment groups. Immunohistochemistry was performed to identify the distributions of adaptive and innate immunity markers in the iliac mucosa. Hmy2.cir B lymphoblastoid cell line was cultured in vitro study. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure IgM, IL-6 and SIgA, and the expressions of B cells transcription factors, PAX-5 and BLIMP-1, were detected by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  B2 lymphocytes in normal Peyer's patches were presented the phenotype of PAX-5+CD20+CD5-. Ischemia-reperfusion increased the numbers and sizes of Peyer's patches but with PAX-5+CD20-CD5- B cells, an unmatured set of B cells. Somatostatin partly kept the phenotype of mature B cells during ischemia-reperfusion. The innate immunity of B cells was inhibited whereas the adaptive immunity was increased in the intestinal mucosa in the somatostatin group, compared to the ischemia-reperfusion group. In vitro, somatostatin significantly inhibited IL-6 and promoted IgM by increasing the expression of both PAX-5 and BLIMP-1 in the proinflammatory condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion resulted in the proliferation of unmatured B cells which were involved in the augmentation of innate immunity. Somatostatin, with a bi-directional regulation function on innate as well as adaptive immunity of B cells, greatly improved B cells mature in macaques during ischemia-reperfusion. Preventive supplements of somatostatin may greatly limit intestinal injury and bacterial translocation during ischemia-reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Chunhui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Peptides Related with Human Diseases, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Chengwei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000293:injuries*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D010581:Peyer's Patches / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D010641:Phenotype; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000276:immunology*; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D015850:Interleukin-6; D013004:Somatostatin