title: Characterization of products from hydrothermal carbonization of orange pomace including anaerobic digestibility of process liquor.
abstract: In this study, the effect of the temperature and reaction time on hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of orange pomace was investigated. In addition, a set of anaerobic batch tests were performed to determine the resulting biogas and methane potential of the spent liquor. Hydrochar yields followed a decreasing trend with the increasing temperature, whereas reaction time had no considerably effect on the yield. The evolution of the H/C and O/C atomic ratios from the raw material to the hydrochars suggested that dehydration reactions prevail during HTC. The hydrochars tended to become enriched in Ca, Mg and P minerals by increasing HTC temperature. The heavy metal contents in hydrochars were found below limits and no PAH compound was detected. Anaerobic digestion tests showed that the aqueous phase from HTC can be used as feedstocks for biogas production.
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Studies, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ezgi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erdogan
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Studies, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Buse
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Atila
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; UK Biochar Research Center, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, UK.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mumme
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
authors.forename: M Toufiq
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Reza
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Asli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toptas
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elibol
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. Electronic address: jale.yanik@ege.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Jale
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yanik
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis; D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014866:Waste Products; C540010:biochar; D014867:Water; D002606:Charcoal; D002244:Carbon
keywords: Anaerobic digestion; Biogas; Hydrochar; Hydrothermal carbonization; Orange pomace