title: Outer Membrane Vesicle-Mediated Export of Processed PrtV Protease from Vibrio cholerae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are known to release from almost all Gram-negative bacteria during normal growth. OMVs carry different biologically active toxins and enzymes into the surrounding environment. We suggest that OMVs may therefore be able to transport bacterial proteases into the target host cells. We present here an analysis of the Vibrio cholerae OMV-associated protease PrtV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we demonstrated that PrtV was secreted from the wild type V. cholerae strain C6706 via the type II secretion system in association with OMVs. By immunoblotting and electron microscopic analysis using immunogold labeling, the association of PrtV with OMVs was examined. We demonstrated that OMV-associated PrtV was biologically active by showing altered morphology and detachment of cells when the human ileocecum carcinoma (HCT8) cells were treated with OMVs from the wild type V. cholerae strain C6706 whereas cells treated with OMVs from the prtV isogenic mutant showed no morphological changes. Furthermore, OMV-associated PrtV protease showed a contribution to bacterial resistance towards the antimicrobial peptide LL-37.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that OMVs released from V. cholerae can deliver a processed, biologically active form of PrtV that contributes to bacterial interactions with target host cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden; The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden.
authors.forename: Pramod K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Rompikuntal
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden; The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden.
authors.forename: Svitlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vdovikova
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden; The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marylise
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duperthuy
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tanya L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Åhlund
authors.affiliation: The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lundmark
authors.affiliation: Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oscarsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandkvist
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden; The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bernt Eric
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Uhlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden; The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sun Nyunt
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Wai
mesh_terms: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D021381:Protein Transport; D059748:Proteolysis; D014734:Vibrio cholerae / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D054804:Cathelicidins
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; C513132:PrtV protein, Vibrio cholerae; D054804:Cathelicidins