title: Normative Study of the Literacy Independent Cognitive Assessment in Illiterate and Literate Elderly Koreans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to provide normative data on the Literacy Independent Cognitive Assessment (LICA) and to explore the effects of age, education/literacy, and gender on the performance of this test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight hundred and eighty-eight healthy elderly subjects, including 164 healthy illiterate subjects, participated in this study. None of the participants had serious medical, psychiatric, or neurological disorders including dementia. Bivariate linear regression analyses were performed to examine the effects of age, education/literacy, and sex on the score in each of the LICA cognitive tests. The normative scores for each age and education/literacy groups are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bivariate linear regression analyses revealed that total score and all cognitive tests of the LICA were significantly influenced by both age and education/literacy. Younger and more-educated subjects outperformed older and illiterate or less-educated subjects, respectively, in all of the tests. The normative scores of LICA total score and subset score were presented according to age (60-64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-80, and ≥80 years) and educational levels (illiterate, and 0-3, 4-6, and ≥7 years of education).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results on demographic variables suggest that age and education should be taken into account when attempting to accurately interpret the results of the LICA cognitive subtests. These normative data will be useful for clinical interpretations of the LICA neuropsychological battery in illiterate and literate elderly Koreans. Similar normative studies and validations of the LICA involving different ethnic groups will help to enhance the dementia diagnosis of illiterate people of different ethnicities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Gul
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong Hye
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seol-Heui
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang-Pil
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jee H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jun-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Woo
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Age; Education; LICA; Literacy; Normative study