title: A framework for clinical reasoning in adult cardiology.
abstract: It is well known that an expert clinician formulates a diagnostic hypothesis with little clinical data. In comparison, students have difficulties in doing so. The mental mechanism of diagnostic reasoning is almost unconscious and therefore difficult to teach. The purpose of this essay (devoted to 2nd-year medical students) is to present an integrating framework to teach clinical reasoning in cardiology. By analyzing cardiology with a synthetic mind, it becomes apparent that although there are many diseases, the heart, as an organ, reacts to illness with only six basic responses. The clinical manifestations of heart diseases are the direct consequence of these cardiac responses. Considering the six cardiac responses framework, diagnostic reasoning is done in three overlapping steps. With the presented framework, the process of reasoning becomes more visual and needs less clinical data, resembling that of the expert clinician.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: de la Calzada
keywords: clinical deduction; diagnostic reasoning; education; teaching methods