title: Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency in Multiple Sclerosis: A Failed Concept.
abstract: In 2009 Paolo Zamboni et al. implicated that chronic cerebral venous congestion lead to the development of multiple sclerosis. In this review, we examined the role of chronic cerbrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis and the proposed therapy entailing venous angioplasty and stenting of extracranial veins with available evidence to date.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kugler
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Parag J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
authors.forename: Cheong Jun
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency; Liberation procedure; Multiple sclerosis