title: Feasibility of three-dimensional reconstruction and automated measurement of fetal long bones using 5D Long Bone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility of five-dimensional Long Bone (5D LB), a new technique that automatically archives, reconstructs images, and measures lengths of fetal long bones, to assess whether the direction of volume sweep influences fetal long bone measurements in three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound and 5D LB, and to compare measurements of fetal long bone lengths obtained with 5D LB and those obtained with conventional two-dimensional (2D) and manual 3D techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study included 39 singleton pregnancies at 26+0 to 32+0 weeks of gestation. Multiple pregnancies, fetuses with multiple congenital anomalies, and mothers with underlying medical diseases were excluded. Fetal long bones of the lower extremities-the femur, tibia, and fibula were measured by 2D and 3D ultrasound, and 5D LB, by an expert and non-expert examiner. First, we analyzed the 3D ultrasound and 5D LB data according to 2 different sweeping angles. We analyzed intra- and inter-observer variability and agreement between ultrasound techniques. Paired t-test, interclass correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman plot and Passing-Bablok regression were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no statistical difference between long bone measurements analyzed according to 2 different volume-sweeping angles by 3D ultrasound and 5D LB. Intra- and inter-observer variability were not significantly different among all 3 ultrasound techniques. Comparing 2D ultrasound and 5D LB, the interclass correlation coefficient for femur, tibia, and fibula was 0.91, 0.92, and 0.89, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  5D LB is reproducible and comparable with conventional 2D and 3D ultrasound techniques for fetal long bone measurement.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyewon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Han
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hee Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Won
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hye-Sung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Won
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Mi-Young
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Bo Hyon
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: Samsung Medison Research and Development Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang Hee
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Samsung Medison Research and Development Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Yoon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Samsung Medison Research and Development Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Junsang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ja-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kwon
keywords: 5D Long Bone; Fetal biometry; Fetal long bone; Three-dimensional ultrasound; Two-dimensional ultrasound