title: Nigella sativa oil attenuates chronic nephrotoxicity induced by oral sodium nitrite: Effects on tissue fibrosis and apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sodium nitrite, a food preservative, has been reported to increase oxidative stress indicators such as lipid peroxidation, which can affect different organs including the kidney. Here, we investigated the toxic effects of oral sodium nitrite on kidney function in rats and evaluated potential protective effects of Nigella sativa oil (NSO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received 80 mg/kg sodium nitrite orally in the presence or absence of NSO (2.5, 5, and 10 ml/kg) for 12 weeks. Morphological changes were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin, Mallory trichome, and periodic acid-Schiff staining. Renal tissues were used for measurements of oxidative stress markers, C-reactive protein, cytochrome C oxidase, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, pJNK/JNK, and caspase-3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NSO significantly reduced sodium nitrite-induced elevation in serum urea and creatinine, as well as increasing normal appearance of renal tissue. NSO also prevented reductions in glycogen levels caused by sodium nitrite alone. Moreover, NSO treatment resulted in dose-dependent significant reductions in fibrosis markers after sodium nitrite-induced 3- and 2.7-fold increase in MCP-1 and TGF-beta1, respectively. Finally, NSO partially reduced the elevated caspase-3 and pJNK/JNK.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NSO ameliorates sodium nitrite-induced nephrotoxicity through blocking oxidative stress, attenuation of fibrosis/inflammation, restoration of glycogen level, amelioration of cytochrome C oxidase, and inhibition of apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Tabuk , Saudi Arabia.|b Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Mansoura , Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohammed M H
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Al-Gayyar
authors.affiliation: c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Princess Noura bint Abulrahman University , Riyadh 11671 , KSA.
authors.forename: Hanan M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: d Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Tabuk , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alyoussef
authors.affiliation: e Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Mansoura , Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Tabuk , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohamed M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Darweish
authors.affiliation: f Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Mansoura , Egypt.
authors.forename: Amany A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: El-Hawwary
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D031881:Nigella sativa / Q000737:chemistry*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012977:Sodium Nitrite / Q000633:toxicity*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood; D029974:Carum
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D010938:Plant Oils; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014508:Urea; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003404:Creatinine; C104525:caraway oil; D053148:Caspase 3; D012977:Sodium Nitrite
keywords: Black cumin; CRP; Cytochrome C oxidase; Glycogen; MCP-1; TGF-beta1