title: The inhibitory mechanism of crude saponin fraction from Korean Red Ginseng in collagen-induced platelet aggregation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Korean Red Ginseng has been used as a traditional oriental medicine to treat illness and to promote health for several thousand years in Eastern Asia. It is widely accepted that ginseng saponins, ginsenosides, are the major active ingredients responsible for Korean Red Ginseng's therapeutic activity against many kinds of illness. Although the crude saponin fraction (CSF) displayed antiplatelet activity, the molecular mechanism of its action remains to be elucidated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The platelet aggregation was induced by collagen, the ligand of integrin αIIβI and glycoprotein VI. The crude saponin's effects on granule secretion [e.g., calcium ion mobilization and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release] were determined. The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and p38 MAPK, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt was analyzed by immunoblotting. In addition, the activation of integrin αIIbβIII was examined by fluorocytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CSF strongly inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation and ATP release in a concentration-dependent manner. It also markedly suppressed [Ca(2+)]i mobilization in collagen-stimulated platelets. Immunoblotting assay revealed that CSF significantly suppressed ERK1/2, p38, JNK, PI3K, Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. In addition, our fraction strongly inhibited the fibrinogen binding to integrin αIIbβ3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our present data suggest that CSF may have a strong antiplatelet property and it can be considered as a candidate with therapeutic potential for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders involving abnormal platelet function.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Bo Ra
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Daegu Health College, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Su Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Chungbuk Health and Science University, Chungbuk, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Bok
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering and Regional Research Center, Inje University, Gyungnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Hwa-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Youl
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Man Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Rhee
keywords: Korean Red Ginseng; crude saponin fraction; mitogen-activated protein kinase; phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; platelet aggregation