title: Comparison of marine sampling methods for organic contaminants: Passive samplers, water extractions, and live oyster deployment.
abstract: Laboratory and field trials evaluated the efficacy of three methods of detecting aquatic pesticide concentrations. Currently used pesticides: atrazine, metolachlor, and diazinon and legacy pesticide dieldrin were targeted. Pesticides were extracted using solid-phase extraction (SPE) of water samples, titanium plate passive samplers coated in ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and eastern oysters (Crassostrea viginica) as biosamplers. A laboratory study assessed the extraction efficiencies and precision of each method. Passive samplers yielded the highest precision of the three methods (RSD: 3-14% EVA plates; 19-60% oysters; and 25-56% water samples). Equilibrium partition coefficients were derived. A significant relationship was found between the concentration in oyster tissue and the ambient aquatic concentration. In the field (Housatonic River, CT (U.S.)) water sampling (n = 5) detected atrazine at 1.61-7.31 μg L(-1), oyster sampling (n = 2×15) detected dieldrin at n.d.-0.096 μg L(-1) SW and the passive samplers (n = 5×3) detected atrazine at 0.97-3.78 μg L(-1) SW and dieldrin at n.d.-0.68 μg L(-1) SW.
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, 1080 Shennecossett Rd., Groton, CT 06340, USA. Electronic address: kristin.raub@uconn.edu.
authors.forename: Kristin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Raub
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, 1080 Shennecossett Rd., Groton, CT 06340, USA. Electronic address: penny.vlahos@uconn.edu.
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vlahos
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, 1080 Shennecossett Rd., Groton, CT 06340, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whitney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003237:Connecticut; D049896:Crassostrea / Q000378:metabolism*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D007306:Insecticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Atrazine; Biosampling; Diazinon; Dieldrin; Ethylene vinyl acetate; Metolachlor; Oysters; Passive sampler; Pesticide