title: Peripheral nerve field stimulation for trigeminal neuralgia, trigeminal neuropathic pain, and persistent idiopathic facial pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNFS) is a promising modality for treatment of intractable facial pain. However, evidence is sparse. We are therefore presenting our experience with this technique in a small patient cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of 10 patients (five men, five women) with intractable facial pain who underwent implantation of one or several subcutaneous electrodes for trigeminal nerve field stimulation were retrospectively analyzed. Patients' data, including pain location, etiology, duration, previous treatments, long-term effects and complications, were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients suffered from recurrent classical trigeminal neuralgia, one had classical trigeminal neuralgia and was medically unfit for microvascular decompression. Two patients suffered from trigeminal neuropathy attributed to multiple sclerosis, one from post-herpetic neuropathy, one from trigeminal neuropathy following radiation therapy and one from persistent idiopathic facial pain. Average patient age was 74.2 years (range 57-87), and average symptom duration was 10.6 years (range 2-17). Eight patients proceeded to implantation after successful trial. Average follow-up after implantation was 11.3 months (range 5-28). Using the visual analog scale, average pain intensity was 9.3 (range 7-10) preoperatively and 0.75 (range 0-3) postoperatively. Six patients reported absence of pain with stimulation; two had only slight constant pain without attacks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PNFS may be an effective treatment for refractory facial pain and yields high patient satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany johann.klein@uniklinikum-dresden.de.
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Sahr
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sandi-Gahun
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schackert
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Tareq A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Juratli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020433:Trigeminal Nerve Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D014277:Trigeminal Neuralgia / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Peripheral nerve field stimulation; neuromodulation; trigeminal neuralgia; trigeminal neuropathic pain