title: Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates liver fat accumulation by upregulating perilipin expression in adipose tissue of db/db obese mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ginsenoside Rb1 (G-Rb1), the major active constituent of ginseng, improves insulin sensitivity and exerts antidiabetic effects. We tested whether the insulin-sensitizing and antidiabetic effects of G-Rb1 results from a reduction in ectopic fat accumulation, mediated by inhibition of lipolysis in adipocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Obese and diabetic db/db mice were treated with daily doses of 20 mg/kg G-Rb1 for 14 days. Hepatic fat accumulation was evaluated by measuring liver weight and triglyceride content. Levels of blood glucose and serum insulin were used to evaluate insulin sensitivity in db/db mice. Lipolysis in adipocytes was evaluated by measuring plasma-free fatty acids and glycerol release from 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with G-Rb1. The expression of relevant genes was analyzed by western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  G-Rb1 increased insulin sensitivity and alleviated hepatic fat accumulation in obese diabetic db/db mice, and these effects were accompanied by reduced liver weight and hepatic triglyceride content. Furthermore, G-Rb1 lowered the levels of free fatty acids in obese mice, which may contribute to a decline in hepatic lipid accumulation. Corresponding to these results, G-Rb1 significantly suppressed lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and upregulated the perilipin expression in both 3T3-L1 adipocytes and mouse epididymal fat pads. Moreover, G-Rb1 increased the level of adiponectin and reduced that of tumor necrosis factor-α in obese mice, and these effects were confirmed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  G-Rb1 may improve insulin sensitivity in obese and diabetic db/db mice by reducing hepatic fat accumulation and suppressing adipocyte lipolysis; these effects may be mediated via the upregulation of perilipin expression in adipocytes.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Xizhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Lifang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Guoqiang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China ; Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Wenbin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shang
keywords: adipocyte; ginsenoside Rb1; insulin resistance; liver triglycerides; perilipin