title: Phylogenomic evidence for recombination of adenoviruses in wild gorillas.
abstract: Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) of species Human mastadenovirus B (HAdV-B) are genetically highly diverse and comprise several pathogenic types. AdVs closely related to members of HAdV-B infect African great apes and the evolutionary origin of HAdV-B has recently been determined in ancient gorillas. Genetic evidence for intra- and inter-species recombination has been obtained for AdVs of humans and captive great apes, but evidence from wild great apes is lacking. In this study, potential HAdV-B members of wild Eastern gorillas were analysed for evidence of recombination. One near-complete genome was amplified from primary sample material and sequenced, and from another six individuals genome fragments were obtained. In phylogenomic analysis, their penton base, pVII-pVI, hexon and fiber genes were compared with those of all publicly available HAdV-B full-genome sequences of humans and captive great apes. Evidence for intra-species recombination between different HAdV-B members of wild gorillas as well as between HAdV-B members of chimpanzees and gorillas was obtained. Since zoonotic AdVs have been reported to cause respiratory outbreaks in both humans and monkeys, and humans in West and Central Africa frequently hunt and butcher primates thereby increasing the chance of zoonotic transmission, such HAdV-B recombinants might widen the pool of potential human pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Division 12 'Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses affecting immunocompromised patients', Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hoppe
authors.affiliation: Division 12 'Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses affecting immunocompromised patients', Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.|P3 'Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms', Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Maude
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pauly
authors.affiliation: Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Maryke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Conservation Society, Grauer's Gorilla Project, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors.forename: Deo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kujirakwinja
authors.affiliation: Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors.forename: Radar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nishuli
authors.affiliation: Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors.forename: Dieu-Donné
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Boji Mungu-Akonkwa
authors.affiliation: P3 'Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms', Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Fabian H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Leendertz
authors.affiliation: Division 12 'Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses affecting immunocompromised patients', Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ehlers
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000257:Adenoviridae Infections / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D000350:Africa, Central; D000354:Africa, Western; D000818:Animals; D018420:Ape Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006071:Gorilla gorilla; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins