title: Roles of alcohol drinking pattern in fatty liver in Japanese women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have reported an inverse association between moderate alcohol consumption and prevalence of fatty liver (FL) in men. We aimed to clarify this association in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected health checkup data from 4,921 Japanese women without concurrent liver disease (mean age 46.4 years) and performed a cross-sectional study to evaluate the influence of alcohol drinking patterns (frequency and amount) on the prevalence of FL as assessed by ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcohol consumption was reported in 30.8 % of participants, and FL was observed in 13.8 % (15.5 % nondrinkers, 10.1 % drinkers). Alcohol consumption was inversely associated with FL prevalence [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.79, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.63-0.98]. In analyses stratified by drinking frequency and/or amount of alcohol consumed, the risk of FL decreased for the following categories: 0.1-19.9 g/drinking day (AOR 0.61, 95 % CI 0.44-0.83) and 0.1-69.9 g/week (AOR 0.74, 95 % CI 0.55-0.98). The amount of alcohol consumed directly correlated with the prevalence of FL in daily drinkers (p < 0.05), whereas there was no correlation between the frequency of alcohol consumption and FL prevalence. Alanine aminotransferase levels were significantly lower for the following categories: 0.1-19.9 g/drinking day for 1-3 days a week (p = 0.016) and 0.1-69.9 g within 1-3 drinking days a week (p = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minimal alcohol consumption appears to have protective effects against nonalcoholic FL disease in women, although an increase in the amount of alcohol consumed appears to nullify the protective effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mitoyo General Hospital, 708 Himehama, Toyohama-cho, Kanonji, 769-1695, Japan. moriyaakio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moriya
authors.affiliation: Health Service Center, Okayama University, 2-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan. yiwasaki@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp.|Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan. yiwasaki@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.affiliation: Junpukai Health Maintenance Center, 2-3-1 Daiku, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0913, Japan. tamayuna@mail.goo.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Souhei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohguchi
authors.affiliation: Junpukai Health Maintenance Center, 2-3-1 Daiku, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0913, Japan. eizou-kayashima@junpukai.or.jp.
authors.forename: Eizo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kayashima
authors.affiliation: Junpukai Health Maintenance Center, 2-3-1 Daiku, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0913, Japan. JBH01210@nifty.com.
authors.forename: Tadahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mitsumune
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan. fikeda@md.okayama-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Fusao
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mitoyo General Hospital, 708 Himehama, Toyohama-cho, Kanonji, 769-1695, Japan. m-ando@mx8.tiki.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan. kazuhide@md.okayama-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuhide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
keywords: Alcohol consumption; Drinking frequency; Metabolic syndrome; Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; Ultrasonography