title: Evaluation of Vibration Response Imaging (VRI) Technique and Difference in VRI Indices Among Non-Smokers, Active Smokers and Passive Smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vibration response imaging (VRI) is a new technology for lung imaging. Active smokers and non-smokers show differences in VRI findings, but no data are available for passive smokers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of VRI and to assess the differences in VRI findings among non-smokers, active smokers, and passive smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy subjects (n=165: 63 non-smokers, 56 active smokers, and 46 passive smokers) with normal lung function were enrolled. Medical history, physical examination, lung function test, and VRI were performed for all subjects. Correlation between smoking index and VRI scores (VRIS) were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VRI images showed progressive and regressive stages representing the inspiratory and expiratory phases bilaterally in a vertical and synchronized manner in non-smokers. Vibration energy curves with low expiratory phase and plateau were present in 6.35% and 3.17%, respectively, of healthy non-smokers, 41.07% and 28.60% of smokers, and 39.13% and 30.43% of passive smokers, respectively. The massive energy peak in the non-smokers, smokers, and passive-smokers was 1.77±0.27, 1.57±0.29, and 1.66±0.33, respectively (all P<0.001). A weak but positive correlation was observed between VRIS and smoking index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VRI can intuitively show the differences between non-smokers and smokers. VRI revealed that passive smoking can also harm the lungs. VRI could be used to visually persuade smokers to give up smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Hongying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Jichao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Jinying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Zhenyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012907:Smoking / Q000473:pathology*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D014732:Vibration
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution