title: Uranium concentration in blood samples of Southern Iraqi leukemia patients using CR-39 track detector.
abstract: The simple and effective technique of fission track etch has been applied to determine trace concentration of uranium in human blood samples taken from two groups of male and female participants: leukemia patients and healthy subjects group. The blood samples of leukemia patients and healthy subjects were collected from three key southern governorates namely, Basrah, Muthanna and Dhi-Qar. These governorates were the centers of intensive military activities during the 1991 and 2003 Gulf wars, and the discarded weapons are still lying around in these regions. CR-39 track detector was used for registration of induced fission tracks. The results show that the highest recorded uranium concentration in the blood samples of leukemia patients was 4.71 ppb (female, 45 years old, from Basrah) and the minimum concentration was 1.91 ppb (male, 3 years old, from Muthanna). For healthy group, the maximum uranium concentration was 2.15 ppb (female, 55 years old, from Basrah) and the minimum concentration was 0.86 ppb (male, 5 years old, from Dhi-Qar). It has been found that the uranium concentrations in human blood samples of leukemia patients are higher than those of the healthy group. These uranium concentrations in the leukemia patients group were significantly different (P< 0.001) from those in the healthy group.
authors.affiliation: School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia ; Department of Physics, College of Education, Al-Qadisiyah University, Qadisiyah, Iraq.
authors.forename: Anees A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Hamzawi
authors.affiliation: School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Jaafar
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.
authors.forename: Nada F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Tawfiq
keywords: CR-39; Human blood; Leukemia; SSNTDs; Southern Iraq; Uranium concentration