title: Fade to Green: A Biodegradable Stack of Microbial Fuel Cells.
abstract: The focus of this study is the development of biodegradable microbial fuel cells (MFCs) able to produce useful power. Reactors with an 8 mL chamber volume were designed using all biodegradable products: polylactic acid for the frames, natural rubber as the cation-exchange membrane and egg-based, open-to-air cathodes coated with a lanolin gas diffusion layer. Forty MFCs were operated in various configurations. When fed with urine, the biodegradable stack was able to power appliances and was still operational after six months. One useful application for this truly sustainable MFC technology includes onboard power supplies for biodegradable robotic systems. After operation in remote ecological locations, these could degrade harmlessly into the surroundings to leave no trace when the mission is complete.
authors.affiliation: Bristol BioEnergy Centre, University of the West of England, Bristol (UK).
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winfield
authors.affiliation: Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol (UK).
authors.forename: Lily D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.affiliation: Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol (UK).
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rossiter
authors.affiliation: Bristol BioEnergy Centre, University of the West of England, Bristol (UK).
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stinchcombe
authors.affiliation: Bristol BioEnergy Centre, University of the West of England, Bristol (UK).
authors.forename: X Alexis
authors.initials: XA
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Department, University of the West of England, Bristol (UK).
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greenman
authors.affiliation: Bristol BioEnergy Centre, University of the West of England, Bristol (UK).
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ieropoulos
mesh_terms: D001674:Bioelectric Energy Sources; D002244:Carbon; D002858:Chromium Alloys; D004531:Eggs; D004566:Electrodes; D005780:Gelatin; D010150:Paint; D011140:Polyurethanes; D012408:Rubber
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys; D011140:Polyurethanes; D002244:Carbon; D005780:Gelatin; D012408:Rubber
keywords: energy conversion; fuel cells; green chemistry; materials science; renewable resources