title: Different stress-related gene expression in depression and suicide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Suicide occurs in some, but not all depressed patients. So far, it remains unknown whether the studied stress-related candidate genes change in depression, suicide or both. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in, among other things, impulse control and inhibitory behavior and plays an important role in both suicide and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have employed qPCR to study 124 anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) brain samples, obtained from two brain banks, from: i) young depressed patients (average age 43 years) who committed suicide (MDD-S) and depressed patients who died from causes other than suicide (MDD-NS) and from ii) elderly depressed patients (average age 75 years) who did not commit suicide (DEP). Both cohorts were individually matched with non-psychiatric non-suicide control subjects. We determined the transcript levels of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis-regulating molecules (corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), CRH receptors, CRH binding protein, mineralocorticoid receptor/glucocorticoid receptor), transcription factors that regulate CRH expression, CRH-stimulating cytokines, chaperone proteins, retinoid signaling, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tropomyosin-related kinase B, cytochrome proteins, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and monoamines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the MDD-S group, expression levels of CRH and neuronal NOS-interacting DHHC domain-containing protein with dendritic mRNA (NIDD) were increased. Other changes were only present in the DEP group, i.e. decreased NIDD, and increased and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (5-HT1A) expression levels. Changes were found to be more pronounced in the anterior cingulate cortex than in the dorsolateral PFC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressed patients who committed suicide have different gene expression patterns than depressed patients who died of causes other than suicide.
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: X-R
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
authors.forename: S-F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: van Wamelen
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kamphuis
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: d.f.swaab@nin.knaw.nl.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Swaab
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology*; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013405:Suicide; D014015:Tissue Banks; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: Anterior cingulate cortex; Depression; Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; Gene expression; Suicide