title: Three-dimensional nanometre localization of nanoparticles to enhance super-resolution microscopy.
abstract: Meeting the nanometre resolution promised by super-resolution microscopy techniques (pointillist: PALM, STORM, scanning: STED) requires stabilizing the sample drifts in real time during the whole acquisition process. Metal nanoparticles are excellent probes to track the lateral drifts as they provide crisp and photostable information. However, achieving nanometre axial super-localization is still a major challenge, as diffraction imposes large depths-of-fields. Here we demonstrate fast full three-dimensional nanometre super-localization of gold nanoparticles through simultaneous intensity and phase imaging with a wavefront-sensing camera based on quadriwave lateral shearing interferometry. We show how to combine the intensity and phase information to provide the key to the third axial dimension. Presently, we demonstrate even in the occurrence of large three-dimensional fluctuations of several microns, unprecedented sub-nanometre localization accuracies down to 0.7 nm in lateral and 2.7 nm in axial directions at 50 frames per second. We demonstrate that nanoscale stabilization greatly enhances the image quality and resolution in direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy imaging.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N), CNRS UMR5298, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Bordeaux University, Rue Francois Mitterand, 33400 Talence, France.|Institut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7587, PSL Research University, 1 rue Jussieu, Paris 75238, France.|Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), University Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8214, Orsay 91405, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bon
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), University Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8214, Orsay 91405, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bourg
authors.affiliation: Centre de photonique Biomédicale (CPBM/CLUPS/LUMAT) FR2764, University Paris-Sud, Orsay 91405, France.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lécart
authors.affiliation: CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel UMR7249, 13013 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Serge
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3093-9161
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Monneret
authors.affiliation: Institut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7587, PSL Research University, 1 rue Jussieu, Paris 75238, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fort
authors.affiliation: CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel UMR7249, 13013 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2145-5341
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), University Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8214, Orsay 91405, France.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lévêque-Fort