title: Resolving Australian analogs for an Eocene Patagonian paleorainforest using leaf size and floristics.
abstract: •
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The diverse early Eocene flora from Laguna del Hunco (LH) in Patagonia, Argentina has many nearest living relatives (NLRs) in Australasia but few in South America, indicating the differential survival of an ancient, trans-Antarctic rainforest biome. To better understand this significant biogeographic pattern, we used detailed comparisons of leaf size and floristics to quantify the legacy of LH across a large network of Australian rainforest-plot assemblages.•
  
  
  METHODS
  We applied vein scaling, a new method for estimating the original areas of fragmented leaves. We then compared leaf size and floristics at LH with living Australian assemblages and tabulated the climates of those where NLRs occur, along with additional data on climatic ranges of "ex-Australian" NLRs that survive outside of Australia.•
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vein scaling estimated areas as accurately as leaf-size classes. Applying vein scaling to fossil fragments increased the grand mean area of LH by 450 mm(2), recovering more originally large leaves. The paleoflora has a majority of microphyll leaves, comparable to leaf litter in subtropical Australian forests, which also have the greatest floristic similarity to LH. Tropical Australian assemblages also share many taxa with LH, and ex-Australian NLRs mostly inhabit cool, wet montane habitats no longer present in Australia.•
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vein scaling is valuable for improving the resolution of fossil leaf-size distributions by including fragmented specimens. The legacy of LH is evident not only in subtropical and tropical Australia but also in tropical montane Australasia and Southeast Asia, reflecting the disparate histories of surviving Gondwanan lineages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Merkhofer
authors.affiliation: Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wilf
authors.affiliation: Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA.
authors.forename: M Tyler
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kooyman
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 USA.
authors.forename: Lawren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sack
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 USA.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scoffoni
authors.affiliation: Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Trelew 9100, Chubut, Argentina.
authors.forename: N Rubén
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Cúneo
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D017753:Ecosystem; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification*; D005580:Fossils; D010163:Paleontology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification*; D065947:Rainforest
keywords: Gondwana; biogeography; leaf size; paleobotany; paleoclimate; paleoecology; rainforests; vein scaling