title: Antioxidant, cholinesterase inhibition activities and essential oil analysis of Nelumbo nucifera seeds.
abstract: Nelumbo nucifera seeds' essential oil (EO), crude extract and subsequent fractions were evaluated for their DPPH, ABTS and superoxide anion-free radical scavenging and cholinesterase inhibitory activities. The ethyl acetate fraction and EO showed outstanding antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 191, 450 μg/mL (DPPH), 123, 221 μg/mL (ABTS) and 69, 370 μg/mL (superoxide anion). The ethyl acetate fraction and EO also caused significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase with IC50 values of 70 ± 0.6, 64 ± 0.8 and 75 ± 0.3, 58 ± 0.2, in dose-dependent manner. The first ever gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the EO obtained from N. nucifera seeds resulted in identification of 19 constituents, mainly comprised of oxygenated sesquiterpenes responsible for their promising bioactivity. The crude and fractions revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides in phytochemical investigation.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology , Bannu 28100 , KP , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shahnaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology , Bannu 28100 , KP , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hidayatullah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: b Department of Chemistry , Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University , Sheringal, Dir 18000 , KP , Pakistan.|c Research Center of Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Haidian, 100085 Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Farman
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology , Bannu 28100 , KP , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Nayab
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: d Department of Biotechnology , University of Science and Technology , Bannu 28100 , KP , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Fahim Ullah
authors.initials: FU
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: d Department of Biotechnology , University of Science and Technology , Bannu 28100 , KP , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sami Ullah
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D031653:Nelumbo / Q000737:chemistry*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D012503:Saponins / Q000032:analysis; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012503:Saponins
keywords: GC–MS analysis; Nelumbo nucifera; antioxidant; cholinesterase inhibition; essential oil