title: Intake of Meat Mutagens and Risk of Prostate Cancer in a Cohort of U.S. Health Professionals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence relating heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCA), associated with high-temperature cooking methods, to prostate cancer risk is inconsistent.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a large U.S. cohort study, intakes of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) and a meat-derived mutagenicity (MDM) index were assessed using a cooking method questionnaire administered in 1996. Until 2010, 2,770 prostate cancer cases were observed among 26,030 participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intake of PhIP from red meat was statistically significantly associated with total prostate cancer risk (top vs. bottom quintile HR, 1.18; 95% confidence intervals; CI, 1.03-1.35), but not other HCAs (MeIQx, 1.12; 0.98-1.27, PhIP from white meat, 1.08; 0.95-1.22, DiMeIQx, 1.09; 0.97-1.21) or MDM (1.13; 1.00-1.28). For high-grade (Gleason sum 7 with pattern 4+3 and Gleason sum 8-10, n = 483 cases) and advanced cancers (n = 281), we only observed positive associations for PhIP from red meat (top vs. bottom quintile: high grade: HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.04-1.98, Ptrend = 0.03; advanced: HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.99-2.26; Ptrend = 0.12), but associations for advanced cancers did not reach statistical significance. Observed associations remained similar after adjustment for total, unprocessed, or processed red meat intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Observed positive associations between PhIP intake from red meat and prostate cancer, particularly high-grade and possibly also advanced prostate cancer, need to be confirmed in other studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results do not provide strong evidence that HCAs increase risk of prostate cancers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. sabine.rohrmann@uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rohrmann
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology Group, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany. Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nimptsch
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Platz
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Kana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000009:adverse effects; D003296:Cooking; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000009:adverse effects; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009153:Mutagens / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000009:adverse effects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: C513684:2-amino-1-methylbenzimidazole; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D007093:Imidazoles; D009153:Mutagens; D011810:Quinoxalines; C049584:2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine; C045421:3,4,8-trimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxalin-2-amine