title: Chemoprevention of chemical-induced skin cancer by Panax ginseng root extract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancer has emerged as a major health problem globally as a consequence to the increased longevity of the population, changing the environment and life style. Chemoprevention is a new and promising strategy for reducing cancer burden. Recently, some natural products have been identified for their chemopreventive activity to reduce the cancer incidence. Ginseng is known for its potential to treat various ailments in human beings. The present study was designed to explore the anticancer and antioxidative potential of Panax ginseng against chemical-induced skin carcinogenesis in mammals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Skin tumors were induced in Swiss albino mice by a single topical application of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (100 μg/100 μL acetone) and, 2 wks later, promoted by repeated applications of croton oil (thrice in a wk in 1% acetone) till the end of the experiment (i.e., 16 wk). Hydroalcoholic ginseng root extract at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight/d was orally administered at the peri-initiation, postinitiation, and peri-post-initiation stages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ginseng root extract treatment caused a significant reduction in tumor incidence, cumulative number of tumors, tumor yield, and tumor burden, as compared to the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-croton oil-treated control group. Further, biochemical assays revealed a significant enhancement in the levels of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, vitamin C, and total proteins but a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation levels in both the liver and skin with ginseng root extract treatment, as compared to carcinogen-treated control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that P. ginseng has the potential to become a pivotal chemopreventive agent that can reduce cancer in mammals.
authors.affiliation: Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
authors.forename: Jyoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
authors.forename: Pradeep K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Goyal
keywords: Panax ginseng; chemical carcinogenesis; chemoprevention; oxidative stress