title: Latent profile analyses of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression and generalized anxiety disorder symptoms in trauma-exposed soldiers.
abstract: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is comorbid with major depressive disorder (MDD; Kessler et al., 1995) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; Brown et al., 2001). We aimed to (1) assess discrete patterns of post-trauma PTSD-depression-GAD symptoms using latent profile analyses (LPAs), and (2) assess covariates (gender, income, education, age) in defining the best fitting class solution. The PTSD Checklist (assessing PTSD symptoms), GAD-7 scale (assessing GAD symptoms), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (assessing depression) were administered to 1266 trauma-exposed Ohio National Guard soldiers. Results indicated three discrete subgroups based on symptom patterns with mild (class 1), moderate (class 2) and severe (class 3) levels of symptomatology. Classes differed in symptom severity rather than symptom type. Income and education significantly predicted class 1 versus class 3 membership, and class 2 versus class 3. In conclusion, there is heterogeneity regarding severity of PTSD-depression-GAD symptomatology among trauma-exposed soldiers, with income and education predictive of class membership.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA; Brown University, Box Box G-BH, Division of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
authors.forename: Ateka A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Contractor
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Ruppert Health Center, Basement, Room # 0079, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA. Electronic address: http://www.jon-elhai.com.
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Elhai
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Ruppert Health Center, Basement, Room # 0079, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Ruppert Health Center, Basement, Room # 0079, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
authors.forename: Marijo B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Tamburrino
authors.affiliation: Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shirley
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Philip K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Health System, 2215 Fuller Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 500 S State St, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Liberzon
authors.affiliation: Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY, USA; School of Public Health, Boston University, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galea
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Calabrese
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology*; D040921:Stress Disorders, Traumatic / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Depression; GAD; Latent profile analyses; PTSD; Trauma-exposed soldiers