title: Multiple tissue response modifiers to promote angiogenesis and prevent the foreign body reaction around subcutaneous implants.
abstract: Dexamethasone-releasing PLGA poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microsphere/PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) hydrogel composite coatings have been shown to prevent the foreign body reaction (FBR) to subcutaneous implants in small and large animal models. Such coatings were developed to extend the lifetime of implantable biosensors. However, long-term exposure of tissue to low levels of dexamethasone results in a reduction in blood vessel density due to the anti-angiogenic effect of dexamethasone. This mild effect, while not threatening to the subject's health, may interfere with analyte detection and the sensor response time over the long-term. The present work is focused on the development of coatings that deliver combinations of three tissue response modifiers (TRMs): dexamethasone, VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and PDGF (platelet derived growth factor). Dexamethasone, VEGF and PDGF prevent the FBR, increase angiogenesis and promote blood vessel maturation (which increases blood flow), respectively. To minimize any potential interference among these three TRMs (for example, PDGF increases fibrosis), the relative doses of dexamethasone, VEGF and PDGF were adjusted. It was determined that: a) all three TRMs are required for maximum promotion of angiogenesis, blood vessel maturation and prevention of the FBR; b) VEGF has to be administered at higher doses than PDGF; c) an increase in dexamethasone dosing must be accompanied by a proportional increase in growth factor dosing; and d) modification of the TRM ratio can achieve a constant capillary density throughout the implantation period which is important for applications such as biosensors to maintain sensitivity and a stable sensor baseline. Moreover, an osmosis-driven process for encapsulation of proteins in PLGA microspheres that showed low burst release was developed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Michail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kastellorizios
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Fotios
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Papadimitrakopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. Electronic address: d.burgess@uconn.edu.
authors.forename: Diane J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Burgess
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004343:Drug Implants; D005549:Foreign-Body Reaction / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020100:Hydrogels; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010316:Particle Size; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D004343:Drug Implants; D020100:Hydrogels; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D003907:Dexamethasone; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol
keywords: Angiogenesis; Dexamethasone; Foreign body reaction; PLGA microspheres; Platelet dericed growth factor; Vascular endothelial growth factor