title: Nursing and midwifery practice for maintenance of vascular access device patency. A cross-sectional survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Up to 85% of hospital in-patients will require some form of vascular access device to deliver essential fluids, drug therapy, nutrition and blood products, or facilitate sampling. The failure rate of these devices is unacceptably high, with 20-69% of peripheral intravenous catheters and 15-66% of central venous catheters failing due to occlusion, depending on the device, setting and population. A range of strategies have been developed to maintain device patency, including intermittent flushing. However, there is limited evidence informing flushing practice and little is known about the current flushing practices.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to improve our understanding of current flushing practices for vascular access devices through a survey of practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey of nurses and midwives working in the State of Queensland, Australia was conducted using a 25-item electronic survey that was distributed via the local union membership database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1178 surveys were completed and analysed, with n=1068 reporting peripheral device flushing and n=584 reporting central device flushing. The majority of respondents were registered nurses (55%) caring for adult patients (63%). A large proportion of respondents (72% for peripheral, 742/1028; 80% for central, 451/566) were aware of their facility's policy for vascular access device flushing. Most nurses reported using sodium chloride 0.9% for flushing both peripheral (96%, 987/1028) and central devices (75%, 423/566). Some concentration of heparin saline was used by 25% of those flushing central devices. A 10-mL syringe was used by most respondents for flushing; however, 24% of respondents used smaller syringes in the peripheral device group. Use of prefilled syringes (either commercially prepared sterile or prefilled in the workplace) was limited to 10% and 11% respectively for each group. The frequency of flushing varied widely, with the most common response being pro re nata (23% peripheral and 21% central), or 6 hourly (23% peripheral and 22% central). Approximately half of respondents stated that there was no medical order or documentation for either peripheral or central device flushing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flushing practices for vascular access device flushing appear to vary widely. Specific areas of practice that warrant further investigation include questions about the efficacy of heparin for central device flushing, increasing adherence to the recommended 10mL diameter syringe use, increased use of prefilled flush syringes, identifying and standardising optimal volumes and frequency of flushing, and improving documentation of flush orders and administration.
authors.affiliation: Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR), Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Nursing Interventions for Hospitalised Patients (NCREN), Centre for Health Practice Innovation - Menzies Heath Institute, Griffith University, Qld, Australia; Centre of Clinical Nursing, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Qld, Australia. Electronic address: s.keogh@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keogh
authors.affiliation: Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR), Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Nursing Interventions for Hospitalised Patients (NCREN), Centre for Health Practice Innovation - Menzies Heath Institute, Griffith University, Qld, Australia; Centre of Clinical Nursing, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.affiliation: Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR), Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Nursing Interventions for Hospitalised Patients (NCREN), Centre for Health Practice Innovation - Menzies Heath Institute, Griffith University, Qld, Australia; Centre of Clinical Nursing, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.affiliation: Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR), Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Nursing Interventions for Hospitalised Patients (NCREN), Centre for Health Practice Innovation - Menzies Heath Institute, Griffith University, Qld, Australia; Centre of Clinical Nursing, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Niall
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.affiliation: Centre of Clinical Nursing, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR), Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Nursing Interventions for Hospitalised Patients (NCREN), Centre for Health Practice Innovation - Menzies Heath Institute, Griffith University, Qld, Australia; Centre of Clinical Nursing, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Claire M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rickard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000451:nursing*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008880:Midwifery; D011793:Queensland; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D062666:Vascular Access Devices
keywords: Flushing; Midwifery practice; Nursing practice; Patency; Survey; Vascular access device