title: Urinary isoflavone and lignan phytoestrogen levels and risk of uterine fibroid in Jamaican women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Isoflavones and lignans are phytoestrogens, and therefore, are able to bind to and activate estrogen receptors. The resultant estrogenic or antiestrogenic effect is dependent on the concentration of these phytoestrogens relative to endogenous estrogens and the site of their action, among others. Thus, isoflavones and lignans act as selective estrogen receptor modulators; having a beneficial effect in some tissues while simultaneously causing deleterious changes in others.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This case-control study investigates the relationship between urinary concentrations of genistein, daidzein, equol, and enterolactone, and the presence of uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) in Jamaican women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phytoestrogen concentration in spot urine samples from 157 uterine fibroid cases and 171 fibroid-free controls diagnosed by ultrasonography, were assessed by Time-resolved Fluoroimmnoassay. Statistical evaluations were performed using SPSS 12.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median concentration of urinary enterolactone was significantly different between uterine fibroid cases and controls (p=0.029). However, this was not observed to affect risk of uterine fibroid, as trends across quartiles of urine enterolactone did not differ significantly between cases and controls. Median urinary genistein (p=0.510), daidzein (p=0.838), equol (p=0.621), total isoflavones (0.510) and total phytoestrogens (p=0.084) were similar for both groups. Binary logistic regression analysis of quartiles of urine genistein, daidzein, equol, enterolactone, total isoflavones, and total phytoestrogens showed no association with uterine fibroid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uterine fibroid cases had a higher median urine concentration of enterolactone compared with controls. However, this was not observed to affect ones risk of fibroid. Neither was urine genistein, daidzein, equol total isoflavones, and total phytoestrogens observed to be associated with risk of uterine fibroid.
authors.affiliation: The University of the West Indies, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biochemistry Section, Mona, Jamaica. Electronic address: garfield-simon@ouhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Garfield A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: The University of the West Indies, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Mona, Jamaica. Electronic address: horace.fletcher@uwimona.edu.jm.
authors.forename: Horace M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.affiliation: The University of the West Indies, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biochemistry Section, Mona, Jamaica. Electronic address: kerith.golden@uwimona.edu.jm.
authors.forename: Kerith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Golden
authors.affiliation: The University of the West Indies, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biochemistry Section, Mona, Jamaica. Electronic address: norma.mcfarlaneanderson@uwimona.edu.jm.
authors.forename: Norma D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: McFarlane-Anderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000652:urine*; D007563:Jamaica / Q000453:epidemiology; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000652:urine*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D007529:Isoflavones; D048789:Phytoestrogens
keywords: Isoflavone; Jamaican women; Lignan; Phytoestrogens; Uterine fibroid