title: Heart failure in patients with diabetes undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risk after acute coronary syndromes. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention is the most effective method of reperfusion for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction and can limit the ischaemic damage to the left ventricle. However, there are few data on the impact of diabetes mellitus on the risk of heart failure following primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 958 ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention, of whom 263 (27.5%) had diabetes mellitus, with 67 (7.0%) treated with insulin. The primary end points of the study were re-admission for heart failure. Secondary end points were all-cause mortality and recurrent infarctions. The follow-up period was 5 years after hospital discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulative incidence of re-admission for heart failure was 8.4%, 15.2% and 26.7% in patients without diabetes mellitus, non-insulin-treated and insulin-treated diabetes mellitus, respectively. Compared with patients without diabetes mellitus, the adjusted hazard ratio for heart failure was 1.95 (95% confidence intervals 1.30-2.93) and 3.09 (95% confidence intervals 1.71-5.60) in non-insulin-treated and insulin-treated diabetes mellitus, respectively. The corresponding hazard ratios for mortality were 1.03 (95% confidence intervals 0.68-1.55) and 2.04 (95% confidence intervals 1.22-3.42), respectively. There was a J-shaped association between fasting glucose levels in the acute phase and risk of mortality (P=0.0001) and a direct association with heart failure (P=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite modern treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction and high levels of guideline-based medical care, diabetes mellitus had an independent adverse effect on the risk of re-admissions for heart failure, which was particularly high among insulin-treated patients.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center.
authors.forename: Samia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Massalha
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center.
authors.forename: Lior
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luria
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Medical School, Israel.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kerner
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Medical School, Israel.
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roguin
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center.
authors.forename: Eitan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abergel
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Medical School, Israel.
authors.forename: Haim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hammerman
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Medical School, Israel.
authors.forename: Monther
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boulos
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dragu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Medical School, Israel.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kapeliovich
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Medical School, Israel.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beyar
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Medical School, Israel.
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nikolsky
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Medical School, Israel daronson@tx.technion.edu.il.
authors.forename: Doron
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aronson
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010359:Patient Readmission; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000401:mortality*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D012008:Recurrence; D000072657:ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: Diabetes; heart failure; myocardial infarction; primary angioplasty; treatment outcome