title: Centrifugation stress reduces the responsiveness of spermatozoa to a capacitation stimulus in in vitro-aged semen.
abstract: Density gradient centrifugation of semen is commonly used in many assisted reproduction techniques. Although gradients have the potential to isolate and enrich motile and viable spermatozoa, the centrifugation force presents a stress factor to cell organelles and membranes. The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of density gradient centrifugation stress on sperm capacitation dynamics, cell stability and the ability of spermatozoa to specifically respond to bicarbonate in extended semen undergoing in vitro ageing. Extended boar semen (n = 7) was stored for 12, 24, 72 and 120 h respectively at 17 °C before centrifugation and incubation in variations of an in vitro capacitation medium. The number of viable, acrosome intact sperm and motility parameters as assessed by computer-assisted semen analysis did not change during storage. Kinetic changes in viability (plasma membrane integrity) and intracellular calcium levels (calcium influx) during in vitro capacitation were assessed after preparation of semen samples with both, a Percoll and a sucrose gradient centrifugation, either only Percoll, only sucrose centrifugation or no centrifugation. Changes in the viable sperm population that could be specifically attributed as a response to either bicarbonate or calcium were determined. In in vitro-aged (>12 h stored) spermatozoa, centrifugation reduced the proportion of spermatozoa which specifically responded to the capacitating stimulus bicarbonate. Concomitantly, centrifugation increased the proportion of spermatozoa responding to calcium in absence of bicarbonate, thus indicating an increased sensitivity to incubation per se. Absence of centrifugation steps during semen preparation, revealed a highly conserved ability of in vitro-aged spermatozoa to specifically respond to bicarbonate. In conclusion, density gradient centrifugation alters the physiological property of spermatozoa for controlled capacitation, which may influence the success rates of centrifuged semen in assisted reproductive technologies and confound interpretation of capacitation assays.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Reproductive Medicine of Clinics/Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Henning
authors.affiliation: Unit for Reproductive Medicine of Clinics/Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.affiliation: Unit for Reproductive Medicine of Clinics/Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Waberski
mesh_terms: D000177:Acrosome / Q000502:physiology; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002499:Centrifugation, Density Gradient; D015925:Cryopreservation; D008297:Male; D012661:Semen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D055101:Semen Analysis; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000379:methods; D013075:Sperm Capacitation / Q000502:physiology*; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000502:physiology*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D034421:Sus scrofa
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Percoll; capacitation; density gradient centrifugation; semen storage; spermatozoa