title: Genotypes of infectious bronchitis viruses circulating in the Middle East between 2009 and 2014.
abstract: We are reporting on the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) genotypes circulating within seven Middle East countries and the alterations in genotype distributions between 2009 and 2014. Tissue samples on FTA cards were received over the six-year period. Viral RNA was extracted using phenol chloroform and subjected to nested RT-PCR targeting a 393 bp region of the S1 gene before being followed by sequencing. From the 461 submitted samples, 363 were IBV positive by RT-PCR (77.01%). Of these, 355 (97.80%) gave sequences that can be genotyped. They belonged to six genotypes; 793B (43.66%), IS/1494/06 (18.31%), Massachusetts (Mass) (12.96%), IS/885/00 (11.27%), Q1 (11.27%) and D274 (2.25%). The prominence of 793B is not surprising, given that 793B vaccine strains are widely used in the Middle East. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the majority of 793B (67.13%) and Mass (81.13%) strains were closely related to vaccine strains based on 99-100% homology with the partial-S1 gene. Vaccinal strains belonging to the D274 genotype were present but only at a low level. Variable proportions of 793B, Mass, D274, IS/1494/06, IS/885/00 and Q1 field strains were identified in different countries. After 2012, the 793B field strain showed distinct clustering compared to strains from earlier years. Translated amino acid alterations were minimal but still may have played an important role in the persistence of this virus despite the use of live 793B vaccines. Huge challenges for an efficient protection against virulent IBVs and chicken production are posed by co-circulating793B, Mass and D274 viruses with less than 99% homology to the respective vaccine strains, along with the recently emerged variant IBVs, despite active IBV vaccination strategies in the Middle East, continuous surveillance of IBV genotypes is essential in formulating optimal control strategies, including the choice and development of new vaccine strains and formulation of vaccination programmes.
authors.affiliation: University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK. Electronic address: gana@liv.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kannan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ganapathy
authors.affiliation: University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.affiliation: University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forrester
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D001351:Infectious bronchitis virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008877:Middle East / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins
keywords: Epidemiology; Genotyping, Middle East; Infectious bronchitis virus