title: Treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: A network meta-analysis comparing efficacy and safety of anticoagulants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and vitamin K antagonists (VKA) are current treatment options for cancer patients suffering from acute venous thromboembolism (VTE). The role of direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for the treatment of VTE in cancer patients, particular in comparison with the current standard of care which is LMWH, remains unclear. In this network meta-analysis, we compared the relative efficacy and safety of LMWH, VKA, and DOAC for the treatment of cancer-associated VTE.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pre-specified search protocol identified 10 randomized controlled trials including 3242 cancer patients. Relative risks (RR) of recurrent VTE (efficacy) and major bleeding (safety) were analyzed using a random-effects meta-regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LMWH emerged as significantly superior to VKA with respect to risk reduction of recurrent VTE (RR=0.60, 95%CI:0.45-0.79, p<0.001), and its safety was comparable to VKA (RR=1.08, 95%CI:0.70-1.66, p=0.74). For the DOAC vs. VKA efficacy and safety comparison, the relative risk estimates were in favor of DOAC, but had confidence intervals that still included equivalence (RR for recurrent VTE=0.65, 95%CI:0.38-1.09, p=0.10; RR for major bleeding=0.72, 95%CI:0.39-1.37, p=0.32). In the indirect network comparison between DOAC and LMWH, the results indicated comparable efficacy (RR=1.08, 95%CI:0.59-1.95, p=0.81), and a non-significant relative risk towards improved safety with DOAC (RR=0.67, 95%CI:0.31-1.46, p=0.31). The results prevailed after adjusting for different risk of recurrent VTE and major bleeding between LMWH vs. VKA and DOAC vs. VKA studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The efficacy and safety of LMWH and DOACs for the treatment of VTE in cancer patients may be comparable.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Austrian Science Fund (FWF-SFB-54).
authors.affiliation: Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Posch
authors.affiliation: Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Königsbrügge
authors.affiliation: Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zielinski
authors.affiliation: Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pabinger
authors.affiliation: Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: cihan.ay@meduniwien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Cihan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ay
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D014812:Vitamin K
keywords: Cancer; Low-molecular-weight-heparin; Network meta analysis; Oral anticoagulants; Treatment; Venous thromboembolism