title: Type 1 diabetes mellitus in people with pharmacoresistant epilepsy: Prevalence and clinical characteristics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There have been inconsistent reports on the potential association between diabetes mellitus and epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined a consecutive cohort of 2016 people with pharmacoresistant epilepsy admitted to a tertiary medical centre.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 20 individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM); a point prevalence of 9.9 (95% CI: 6.4, 15.3) cases per 1000 individuals. This represents a more than two-fold increase relative to published prevalence estimates of T1DM in the general population. The onset of T1DM preceded that of epilepsy in 80% of individuals, by a median of 1.5 years. Individuals with T1DM were significantly more likely to have cryptogenic/unknown epilepsy relative to those with type 2 diabetes mellitus or without diabetes (85% versus 35% and 49%, p=0.045). All individuals with T1DM had focal epilepsy, the majority of which were temporal lobe in origin, although there was no evidence that this proportion was any different from those without T1DM (p>0.999).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of T1DM appears to be increased in people with pharmacoresistant epilepsy and is associated with cryptogenic/unknown epilepsy. These findings may have pathophysiological implications, especially in the context of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies.
authors.affiliation: NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, SL9 0RJ, UK.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Keezer
authors.affiliation: NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 21, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Novy
authors.affiliation: NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, SL9 0RJ, UK; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands. Electronic address: l.sander@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Josemir W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sander
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000069279:Drug Resistant Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies; Comorbidity; Epidemiology; Pharmacoresistant; Prevalence