title: Mammographic detection of breast arterial calcification as an independent predictor of coronary atherosclerotic disease in a single ethnic cohort of African American women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accumulating data on predominantly Caucasian women suggests an association between breast arterial calcification (BAC) and coronary artery disease (CAD). We sought to comprehensively examine the correlation between mammographic BAC and CAD endpoints detected by cardiac computed tomography (CCT) in African American (AA) women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive AA women who underwent digital screening mammography and CCT were identified. In blinded fashion, mammographic and CCT studies were reviewed. Patient-related pertinent covariates were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-hundred-four AA women (median age, 52.5 years) were included. BAC was present in 42 women (20.6%). BAC was significantly associated with coronary artery calcium score >100 (odds ratio [OR], 7.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.75-21.29; P < 0.001), atherosclerotic luminal narrowing (OR, 9.99; CI, 3.65-27.32; P < 0.001), and stenosis ≥50% (OR, 5.48; CI, 1.97-15.23; P = 0.001) by CCT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In AA women, BAC is associated with increased probability of coronary calcification, atherosclerosis, and CAD on CCT.
authors.affiliation: Heart & Vascular Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. Electronic address: newallo@musc.edu.
authors.forename: Domnique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Newallo
authors.affiliation: Heart & Vascular Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Institute for Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: felix.meinel@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Felix G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Meinel
authors.affiliation: Heart & Vascular Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. Electronic address: schoepf@musc.edu.
authors.forename: U Joseph
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Schoepf
authors.affiliation: Heart & Vascular Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: stefanbaumann@gmx.at.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.affiliation: Heart & Vascular Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. Electronic address: dececco@musc.edu.
authors.forename: Carlo N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: De Cecco
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. Electronic address: leddyr@musc.edu.
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Leddy
authors.affiliation: Heart & Vascular Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Medical Imaging - North East Netherlands, Department of Radiology, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: r.vliegenthart@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Rozemarijn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vliegenthart
authors.affiliation: Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany. Electronic address: h.moellmann@kerckhoff-klinik.de.
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Möllmann
authors.affiliation: Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany. Electronic address: c.hamm@kerckhoff-klinik.de.
authors.forename: Christian W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hamm
authors.affiliation: Heart & Vascular Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. Electronic address: morrispa@musc.edu.
authors.forename: Pamela B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Heart & Vascular Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany. Electronic address: matthias.renker@web.de.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Renker
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D001940:Breast / Q000098:blood supply*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008327:Mammography; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013022:South Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000208:ethnology*
keywords: African American; Atherosclerosis; Breast arterial calcification; Computed tomography; Coronary artery disease; Mammography