title: Impact of Anesthesia Protocols on In Vivo Bioluminescent Bacteria Imaging Results.
abstract: Infectious murine models greatly benefit from optical imaging using bioluminescent bacteria to non-invasively and repeatedly follow in vivo bacterial infection. In this context, one of the most critical parameters is the bioluminescence sensitivity to reliably detect the smallest number of bacteria. Another critical point is the anesthetic approaches that have been demonstrated to impact the bioluminescence flux emission in studies with luciferase-transfected tumor cells. However, this impact has never been assessed on bacteria bioluminescent models. To this end, we investigated the effects of four anesthesia protocols on the bioluminescence flux in a central venous catheter murine model (SKH1-hr(hr) mice) infected by a bioluminescent S. aureus Xen36 strain. Bioluminescence imaging was performed on mice anesthetized by either ketamine/xylazine (with or without oxygen supplementation), or isoflurane carried with air or oxygen. Total flux emission was determined in vivo daily for 3 days and ex vivo at the end of the study together with a CFU counting of the biofilm in the catheter. Bioluminescence flux differences appear between the different anesthetic protocols. Using a ketamine/xylazine anesthesia (with air), bacteria detection was impossible since the bioluminescence signal remains in the background signal. Mice anesthetized with isoflurane and oxygen led to a signal significantly higher to the background all along the kinetics. The use of isoflurane in air presents a bioluminescence signal similar to the use of ketamine/xylazine with oxygen. These data highlight the importance of oxygen to improve bioluminescence flux by bacteria with isoflurane as well as with ketamine/xylazine anesthetics. As a conclusion, we recommend the use of isoflurane anesthetic with oxygen to increase the bioluminescence sensitivity in this kind of study.
authors.affiliation: Voxcan, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chuzel
authors.affiliation: Sanofi Pasteur, Campus Mérieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Violette
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Voxcan, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vandamme
authors.affiliation: Voxcan, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Sanofi Pasteur, Campus Mérieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Odile
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Flety
authors.affiliation: Voxcan, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pager
authors.affiliation: Sanofi Pasteur, Campus Mérieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chabanel
authors.affiliation: Voxcan, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Magnier
authors.affiliation: Voxcan, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Foskolos
authors.affiliation: Voxcan, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Océane
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Petit
authors.affiliation: Sanofi Pasteur, Campus Mérieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Bachra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rokbi
authors.affiliation: Voxcan, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chereul
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D051379:Mice; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*; D014991:Xylazine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine; D007530:Isoflurane