title: Dietary-flavonoid-rich flowers of Rumex nervosus Vahl: Liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry profiling and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects.
abstract: Rumex nervosus is a plant species found widely in Eastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. In addition to its uses in traditional medicinal, the plant shows various biological activities, such as antiviral, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity. In this study, nine flavonols, six flavones, three flavanones, and one flavanol were characterized from the flowers of R. nervosus using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and literature data. Validation data indicated that the determination coefficients (R(2) ) were ≥ 0.9914. The limits of detection and quantification were in the ranges of 0.15-1.24 and 0.50-4.13 mg/L, respectively. Recoveries at 10 and 50 mg/L were 71.1-110.2 and 65.4-115.1%, with relative standard deviations of 7.4-40.1 and 2.1-13.0%, respectively. Quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (10) was the dominant component, contributing 30.8% of total flavonoids (1003.0 ± 26.2 mg/kg fresh flower sample), whereas luteolin 6-C-glucoside (3) was the lowest yielding compound (0.1%). The 19 flavonoids identified were characterized for the first time. In vitro anti-inflammatory studies showed that this mixture can suppress the production of inflammatory mediators, including inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, kappa B inhibitor, and interleukin-1β, by down-regulating the nuclear factor-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways. The results of this study may provide information for processing R. nervosus as a potential source of functional food.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kebede Taye
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Desta
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Life Sciences and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gon-Sup
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Life Sciences and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gyeong Eun
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yun-Hi
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of HealthSciences and Gyeongnam Regional Cancer Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Won Sup
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soo Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of High Technology Research, Busan Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Sung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abd El-Aty
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ho-Chul
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Chul
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D031804:Rumex / Q000737:chemistry*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005419:Flavonoids; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: Anti-inflammatory effects; Flavonoids; Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; Rumex nervosus