title: Caveolin-1 promotes tumor growth and metastasis via autophagy inhibition in hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Caveolin-1 is a member of the caveolae family of membrane proteins. Although some researchers have investigated the function of Caveolin-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma, the mechanism of Caveolin-1 action and its prognostic value in hepatocellular carcinoma remain unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caveolin-1 expression was measured in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and tissues using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunofluorescence assays. In in vitro experiments, Caveolin-1 was depleted using a short hairpin RNA lentiviral vector, and tumor cell behavior was analyzed. The effect of Caveolin-1 on hepatocellular carcinoma cell autophagy was investigated. Prognostic value of Caveolin-1 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in two cohorts that included a total of 721 hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that Caveolin-1 was overexpressed in highly metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and tumor tissues. Moreover, Caveolin-1 promoted hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis and inhibited autophagy. Finally, Caveolin-1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues was inversely correlated with patient overall survival and time to recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data obtained from cell lines suggest an oncogenic role for Caveolin-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma, Caveolin-1 contributed to hepatocellular carcinoma cell autophagy deficiency. Furthermore, Caveolin-1 may function as a novel prognostic indicator for hepatocellular carcinoma patients after curative resection, and combination of targeted therapy aimed at Caveolin-1 and autophagy modulation may represent an effective way to treat hepatocellular carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Ren
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Meng-Xin
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xi-Fei
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Liu-Xiao
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhen-Bin
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ying-Hao
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yuan-Fei
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Dong-Mei
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Shuang-Jian
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180, FengLin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: shi.yinghong@zs-hospital.sh.cn.
authors.forename: Ying-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D001343:Autophagy / Q000502:physiology*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary*; D051242:Caveolin 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C495540:CAV1 protein, human; D051242:Caveolin 1