title: Dual identity among immigrants: Comparing different conceptualizations, their measurements, and implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article aims to make a contribution to the literature by comparing 3 existing and often used conceptualizations and measurements of immigrants' dual identity: (a) high levels of identification with separate ethnic and national identities (Studies 1 and 2), (b) dual self-identification (Study 1), and (c) the strength of dual identification (Study 2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Large-scale survey data are used in 2 studies, capturing 6 recent immigrant groups (Afghanis, Chinese, Iranians, Iraqis, Polish, and Somalis; Study 1, N = 5,877) and immigrants from Turkey (Study 2, N = 427) to The Netherlands. We investigate the associations between the different measures of dual identity as well as how each relates to indicators of intergroup relations (perceived subgroup respect and perceived discrimination) and immigrants' psychological outcomes (feeling at home in The Netherlands, happiness, affect toward the Dutch).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings show that dual self-identification differs most markedly from high identification on separate ethnic and national identities. The latter conceptualization largely overlaps with the strength of dual identification, both in terms of the classification of who is a dual identifier, as well as the associations with intergroup relations and immigrants' psychological outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings help to clarify discrepant approaches to dual identity in the existing literature and provide guidelines for future research into dual identity among immigrants in Western societies. In particular, they suggest that a distinction between dual self-identification and measures of group identification is needed.
authors.affiliation: ERCOMER.
authors.forename: Fenella
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fleischmann
authors.affiliation: ERCOMER.
authors.forename: Maykel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verkuyten
mesh_terms: D000346:Afghanistan / Q000208:ethnology; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007493:Iraq / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D011044:Poland / Q000208:ethnology; D012933:Social Identification; D012998:Somalia / Q000208:ethnology