title: Do Small Canopy Gaps Created by Japanese Black Bears Facilitate Fruiting of Fleshy-Fruited Plants?
abstract: Japanese black bears often break branches when climbing trees and feeding on fruit in canopies, thereby creating small canopy gaps. However, the role of black bear-created canopy gaps has not been evaluated in the context of multiple forest dynamics. Our hypothesis was that small canopy gaps created by black bears improve light conditions, which facilitates fruiting of adult fleshy-fruited plants located beneath the gaps, and also that this chain interaction depends on interactions among the size of gaps, improved light conditions, forest layers, and life form of plants. The rPPFD, size of black bear-created canopy gaps, and fruiting/non-fruiting of fleshy-fruited plants were investigated in five forest layers beneath black-bear-created canopy gaps and closed canopies of Mongolian oak (Quercus crispula). We found that light conditions improved beneath black bear-disturbed trees with canopy gaps of large size, and the effect of improvement of light conditions was reduced with descending forest layers. Fruiting of fleshy-fruited plants, especially woody lianas and trees, was facilitated by the improvement of light conditions accompanied by an increase in the size of black-bear-created gaps. Data from this study revealed that canopy disturbance by black bears was key for improving light conditions and accelerating fruiting of fleshy-fruited trees and woody lianas in the canopy layers in particular. Therefore, our hypothesis was mostly supported. Our results provide evidence that Japanese black bears have high potential as ecosystem engineers that increase the availability of resources (light and fruit in this study) to other species by causing physical state changes in biotic materials (branches of Q. crispula in this study).
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Tourism and Environmental Studies, Nagano University, Ueda, Nagano, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Gene Research, Department of Life Science, Research Center for Human and Environmental Sciences, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Restoration, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Washitani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D065928:Forests; D005638:Fruit / Q000502:physiology*; D005843:Geography; D007564:Japan; D008027:Light; D010944:Plants / Q000145:classification / Q000528:radiation effects; D029963:Quercus / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D014197:Trees / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D001503:Ursidae / Q000502:physiology*