title: Hemagglutinin gene shuffling among Clostridium botulinum serotypes C and D yields distinct sugar recognition of the botulinum toxin complex.
abstract: Clostridium botulinum strains produce a large-sized toxin complex (TC) that is composed of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), non-toxic non-hemagglutinin and three different hemagglutinins (HA-70, HA-33 and HA-17). HA components enhance toxin delivery across the intestinal cell wall in a sugar chain-dependent manner. Here we characterized the sugar recognition of serotype D strain 1873 (D-1873) botulinum L-TC. Most L-TCs produced by serotype C and D strains bind to cells via interactions between HA-33 and cell surface sialo-oligosaccharides. However, like the previously reported L-TC produced by serotype C strain Yoichi (C-Yoichi), D-1873 L-TC binds only to cells that have been treated with neuraminidase, indicating that they recognize asialo-oligosaccharides. The D-1873 HA-33 amino acid sequence is similar to that of C-Yoichi, but had lower similarity to the majority of serotype C and D HA-33s. A comparison of TC component primary structures for 12 serotype C and D strains suggested that at least three types of HA-33 genes exist, and these are shuffled among the serotype C and D strains independently of BoNT serotype. This shuffling produces the distinct sugar recognition of serotype C and D botulinum TCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan.
authors.forename: Keita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan.
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin-Ichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyashita
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Science, Hokkaido Bunkyo University, 5-196-1 Kogane-chuo, Eniwa, 061-1449, Japan.
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan y3sagane@bioindustry.nodai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshimasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sagane
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000235:genetics*; D032621:DNA Shuffling; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D004912:Erythrocytes; D006386:Hemagglutination Tests; D006388:Hemagglutinins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006736:Horses; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D006388:Hemagglutinins; D009844:Oligosaccharides; C096325:botulinum toxin type D; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; C096324:botulinum toxin type C
keywords: Clostridium botulinum; botulinum toxin; food borne botulism; gene shuffling; hemagglutinin; sialo-oligosaccharide