title: Effectiveness of plant-derived proanthocyanidins on demineralization on enamel and dentin under artificial cariogenic challenge.
abstract: Dental caries is considered a disease of high prevalence and a constant problem in public health. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are substances that have been the target of recent studies aiming to control or treat caries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of a treatment with grape seed extract, under cariogenic challenge, to minimize or even prevent the onset of caries in the enamel and dentin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blocks of enamel and dentin (6.0x6.0 mm) were obtained from bovine central incisors, polished, and selected by analysis of surface microhardness (SH). The blocks were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=15), according to the following treatments: GC (control), GSE (grape seed extract), GF (fluoride - 1,000 ppm). The blocks were subjected to 6 daily pH cycles for 8 days. Within the daily cycling, the specimens were stored in buffered solution. The blocks were then analyzed for perpendicular and surface hardness and polarized light microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The means were subjected to statistical analysis using the ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD tests (p<0.05). For enamel SH, GF showed the highest hardness values. In the dentin, GF was also the one that showed higher hardness values, followed by GSE. Regarding the cross-sectional hardness values, all groups behaved similarly in both the enamel and dentin. The samples that were treated with GSE and fluoride (GF) showed statistically higher values than the control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the data obtained in this in vitro study, it is suggested that grape seed extract inhibits demineralization of artificial carious lesions in both the enamel and dentin, but in a different scale in each structure and in a smaller scale when compared to fluoride.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula Pereira da
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Endodontic and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael Simões
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Endodontic and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Flávia Sanches
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Ana Karina
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bedran-Russo
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mirela Sanae
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shinohara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects*; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects*; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000737:chemistry*; D006245:Hardness Tests; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008859:Microscopy, Polarization; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014089:Tooth Remineralization
chemical_list: D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D044945:Proanthocyanidins