title: Efficacy and Safety of 2% and 4% Articaine for Lower Third Molar Surgery.
abstract: This double-blind crossover randomized clinical trial compared the efficacy of 2 concentrations of articaine, 2% (A2) and 4% (A4), with 1:200,000 epinephrine, for lower third molar removal. During 2 separate appointments with either A2 or A4, both similarly positioned lower third molars in 46 volunteers were extracted. The following were evaluated: onset and duration of anesthetic action on soft tissues, intraoperative bleeding, hemodynamic parameters, postoperative analgesia, and mouth opening and wound healing during the 7th postoperative day, along with the incidence, type, and severity of adverse reactions. Nearly identical volumes of both anesthetic solutions were used for each appointment: 3.4 ± 0.9 mL ≈ 68 mg of articaine (A2) and 3.3 ± 0.8 mL ≈ 132 mg of articaine (A4). Statistical analysis indicated no differences in onset or duration of anesthetic action on soft tissues or duration of postoperative analgesia evoked by A2 and A4 anesthetic solutions (P > 0.05). The surgeon's rating of intraoperative bleeding was considered minimal throughout all surgery with both anesthetic solutions. While transient changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation were observed, these factors were clinically insignificant and were uninfluenced by articaine concentration (P > 0.05). No systemic or local adverse reactions were observed in the preoperative and postoperative periods due to A2 or A4, but 1 case of bilateral paresthesia was observed. There were no significant differences between preoperative and postoperative (7th day) values of mouth opening and wound healing whether volunteers received A2 or A4 (P > 0.05). In conclusion, both A2 and A4, administered in equal volumes, were effective and safe during lower third molar surgery, and no significant differences were found between their efficacy and safety (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02457325).
authors.affiliation: Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Senes
authors.affiliation: Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.affiliation: Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Colombini-Ishikiriama
authors.affiliation: Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: P Z
authors.initials: PZ
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Dionísio
authors.affiliation: Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sant'ana
authors.affiliation: Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Brozoski
authors.affiliation: Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: J R P
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lauris
authors.affiliation: Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: F A C
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.affiliation: Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil cfsantos@fob.usp.br.
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002355:Carticaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000601:surgery*; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012449:Safety; D014081:Tooth Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010894:Piroxicam; D002355:Carticaine; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: epinephrine; hemodynamics; inferior alveolar nerve block; local anesthesia; pain; trismus