title: Effect of dietary nonphytate phosphorus content on ileal lymphocyte subpopulations and cytokine expression in the cecal tonsils and spleen of laying hens that were or were not orally inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of dietary nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) content on ileal lymphocyte subpopulations and cytokine expression in the cecal tonsils and spleen of hens that were or were not inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium.
  
  
  METHODS
  64 Salmonella-free hens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hens were fed a diet with 0.22% (control; n = 32) or 0.42% (high-P; 32) NPP for 6 weeks and then orally inoculated with S Typhimurium (5 × 10(7) CFUs) or PBSS. Tissues were obtained from 8 S Typhimurium-inoculated and 8 PBSS-inoculated hens from each group at 2 and 7 days postinoculation (DPI). Percentages of ileal CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were determined by flow cytometry. Cytokine mRNA expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For S Typhimurium-inoculated hens, plasma parathyroid hormone concentration was significantly increased and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentration was decreased in hens fed the high-P diet, compared with values in hens fed the control diet. Salmonella Typhimurium inoculation caused an increase in the percentage of ileal CD8+ lymphocytes and the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, interferon-γ, IL-12, and IL-18 in the cecal tonsils and spleen and a decrease in the expression of IL-4 and IL-10 in the cecal tonsils. Hens fed the high-P diet had significantly increased splenic expression of interferon-γ at 2 DPI and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-18 at 7 DPI, compared with hens fed the control diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggested there was a T-helper 1 cytokine reaction in the cecal tonsils and spleen of S Typhimurium-inoculated hens, and dietary NPP content altered calcium regulation hormone concentrations and affected splenic cytokine expression.
authors.forename: Shi P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yu H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Lei L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xue M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Jian P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qiu F
authors.initials: QF
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Ke Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002432:Cecum / Q000276:immunology; D002645:Chickens; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D007082:Ileum / Q000166:cytology; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary