title: Cocaine-specific neuroplasticity in the ventral striatum network is linked to delay discounting and drug relapse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To contrast functional connectivity on ventral and dorsal striatum networks in cocaine dependence relative to pathological gambling, via a resting-state functional connectivity approach; and to determine the association between cocaine dependence-related neuroadaptations indexed by functional connectivity and impulsivity, compulsivity and drug relapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of 20 individuals with cocaine dependence (CD), 19 individuals with pathological gambling (PG) and 21 healthy controls (HC), and a prospective cohort study of 20 CD followed-up for 12 weeks to measure drug relapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  CD and PG were recruited through consecutive admissions to a public clinic specialized in substance addiction treatment (Centro Provincial de Drogodependencias) and a public clinic specialized in gambling treatment (AGRAJER), respectively; HC were recruited through community advertisement in the same area in Granada (Spain).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seed-based functional connectivity in the ventral striatum (ventral caudate and ventral putamen) and dorsal striatum (dorsal caudate and dorsal putamen), the Kirby delay-discounting questionnaire, the reversal-learning task and a dichotomous measure of cocaine relapse indicated with self-report and urine tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD relative to PG exhibit enhanced connectivity between the ventral caudate seed and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, the ventral putamen seed and dorsomedial pre-frontal cortex and the dorsal putamen seed and insula (P≤0.001, kE=108). Connectivity between the ventral caudate seed and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex is associated with steeper delay discounting (P≤0.001, kE=108) and cocaine relapse (P≤0.005, kE=34).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cocaine dependence-related neuroadaptations in the ventral striatum of the brain network are associated with increased impulsivity and higher rate of cocaine relapse.
authors.affiliation: Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.|Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Oren
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Contreras-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Albein-Urios
authors.affiliation: Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: José C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Perales
authors.affiliation: Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.|Centro Provincial de Drogodependencias, Diputación de Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martínez-Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vilar-López
authors.affiliation: Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.|Department of Psychology, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fernández-Serrano
authors.affiliation: Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.|School of Psychology, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lozano-Rojas
authors.affiliation: Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.|Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.|School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verdejo-García
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D065786:Delay Discounting / Q000187:drug effects; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000187:drug effects*; D012008:Recurrence; D066328:Ventral Striatum / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D003042:Cocaine
keywords: Cocaine; compulsivity; gambling; impulsivity; relapse; striatum