title: In vitro studies on the stability in the proximal gastrointestinal tract and bioaccessibility in Caco-2 cells of chlorogenic acids from spent coffee grounds.
abstract: Spent coffee grounds are a potential commercial source of substantial amounts of chlorogenic acids (CGAs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability of spent coffee CGAs using in vitro simulated gastroduodenal digestion and to investigate their potential absorption using an in vitro Caco-2 model of human small intestinal epithelium. During in vitro digestion, lactones were partially degraded while caffeoylquinic and feruloylquinic acids were much more stable. Transport and metabolism studies showed that 1% of the total CGAs were absorbed and transported from the apical to the basolateral side of a Caco-2 cell monolayer after 1 h. Lactones and coumaroylquinic acids showed the rate of highest absorption. Caco-2 cells possessed low metabolic activity. In conclusion, spent coffee extracts contain large amounts of CGAs, which remained bioaccessible across the intestinal barrier, albeit to a relatively low degree.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutrition , Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain .
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Monente
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutrition , Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain .
authors.forename: Iziar A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.affiliation: b School of Medicine, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK , and.
authors.forename: Angelique
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stalmach
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutrition , Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain .
authors.forename: Maria Paz
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: de Peña
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutrition , Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain .
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cid
authors.affiliation: c Department of Nutrition , University of California , Davis , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crozier
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D001692:Biological Transport; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D040503:Coffea / Q000737:chemistry*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D002726:Chlorogenic Acid
keywords: Chlorogenic acids; in vitro bioaccessibility; in vitro gastrointestinal stability; spent coffee grounds