title: When two obese parents are worse than one! Impacts on embryo and fetal development.
abstract: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in reproductive-age adults is increasing worldwide. While the effects of either paternal or maternal obesity on gamete health and subsequent fertility and pregnancy have been reported independently, the combination of having both parents overweight/obese on fecundity and offspring health has received minimal attention. Using a 2 × 2 study design in rodents we established the relative contributions of paternal and maternal obesity on fetal and embryo development and whether combined paternal and maternal obesity had an additive effect. Here, we show that parental obesity reduces fetal and placental weights without altering pregnancy establishment and is not dependent on an in utero exposure to a high-fat diet. Interestingly combined parental obesity seemed to accumulate both the negative influences of paternal and maternal obesity had alone on embryo and fetal health rather than an amplification, manifested as reduced embryo developmental competency, reduced blastocyst cell numbers, impaired mitochondrial function, and alterations to active and repressive embryonic chromatin marks, resulting in aberrant placental gene expression and reduced fetal liver mtDNA copy numbers. Further understanding both the maternal cytoplasmic and paternal genetic interactions during this early developmental time frame will be vital for understanding how developmental programming is regulated and for the proposition of interventions to mitigate their effects.
authors.affiliation: School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Freemasons Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Repromed, Dulwich, South Australia, Australia; and nicole.mcpherson@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: N O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.affiliation: School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Freemasons Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Repromed, Dulwich, South Australia, Australia; and.
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Repromed, Dulwich, South Australia, Australia; and.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Zander-Fox
authors.affiliation: School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia;
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fullston
authors.affiliation: School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia;
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia;
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Robker
authors.affiliation: School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Monash In Vitro Fertilisation Group, Richmond, Australia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lane
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst; D002452:Cell Count; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D020567:Fetal Weight; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria; D009765:Obesity; D009929:Organ Size; D018812:Paternal Exposure; D010920:Placenta; D011247:Pregnancy
keywords: blastocyst; embryo; fertility; infertility; obesity; oocyte; sperm