title: Red propolis ameliorates ischemic-reperfusion acute kidney injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a great problem in clinical practice. Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a complex pathophysiological process. Propolis is a natural polyphenol-rich resinous substance collected by honeybees from a variety of plant sources that has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. Red propolis (RP) protection in renal I/R injury was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats underwent unilateral nephrectomy and contralateral renal I/R (60 min). Rats were divided into four groups: (1) sham group, (2) RP group (sham-operated rats treated with RP), 3) IR group (rats submitted to ischemia) and (4) IR-RP (rats treated with RP before ischemia). At 48 h after reperfusion, renal function was assessed and kidneys were removed for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  I/R increased plasma levels of creatinine and reduced creatinine clearance (CrCl), and RP provided protection against this renal injury. Red propolis significantly improves oxidative stress parameters when compared with the IR group. Semiquantitative assessment of the histological lesions showed marked structural damage in I/R rats compared with the IR-RP rats. RP attenuates I/R-induced endothelial nitric oxide-synthase down regulation and increased heme-oxygenase expression in renal tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Red propolis protects kidney against acute ischemic renal failure and this protection is associated with reduced oxidative stress and eNOS and heme-oxygenase up regulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcus Felipe Bezerra
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Electronic address: alexandreliborio@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Alexandre Braga
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Libório
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Alagoas, Tabuleiro dos Martins, Maceió, AL 57072-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Teles
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Conceição da Silva
authors.initials: Cda S
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro Marcos Gomes
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gdayllon C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Meneses
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco Adelvane de Paulo
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diogo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miron
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Holanda
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alice Maria Costa
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D003404:Creatinine / Q000737:chemistry; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000737:chemistry; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011429:Propolis / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D008315:Malondialdehyde; D011429:Propolis; D003404:Creatinine; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); C491523:Hmox1 protein, rat
keywords: Acute kidney injury; Heme-oxygenase; Red propolis