title: Phytotoxicity evaluation of some commonly used shampoos using Brassica napus L.
abstract: Hair shampoos are among the most commonly used chemicals in everyday life. Since shampoos are a major component of domestic and municipal wastewater, they may affect plants when irrigated with wastewater. However, their effects on plants have never been investigated in detail. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of some commonly used hair shampoos on seed germination and seedling vigor of Brassica napus. Seeds of Brassica napus were exposed to different concentrations of hair shampoos, i.e., 0 (control), 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10 %. The obtained results revealed that germination was not very sensitive to shampoo stress and was significantly inhibited only at the highest tested concentration (10 %) of shampoo except in the case of one shampoo where it was inhibited at concentration of 1 % or above. The other tested parameters of Brassica napus were comparatively more sensitive than germination to shampoo stress. However, at lower concentrations of shampoos, stimulatory effects were also observed in some cases. Although no exact data is available on shampoo concentration in wastewater used for irrigation, it is unlikely that shampoo concentration in irrigation water reach so high and pose adversity to plants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Faiqa
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Naeem
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Faiza
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Memoona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Waheed
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Murad
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan. azizswabi@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Azizullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azizullah
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation; D029688:Brassica napus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects*; D006203:Hair Preparations / Q000633:toxicity*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006203:Hair Preparations; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Brassica napus; Germination; Growth; Phytotoxicity; Plant vigor; Shampoo