title: Association of the 2011 ACGME Resident Duty Hour Reform with Postoperative Patient Outcomes in Surgical Specialties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 2011 ACGME resident duty hour reform implemented additional restrictions to existing duty hour policies. Our objective was to determine the association between this reform and patient outcomes among several surgical specialties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients from 5 surgical specialties (neurosurgery, obstetrics/gynecology, orthopaedic surgery, urology, and vascular surgery) were identified from the American College of Surgeons NSQIP. Data from 1 year before and 2 years after the reform was implemented were obtained for teaching and nonteaching hospitals. Hospital teaching status was defined based on the percentage of operations with a resident present intraoperatively. Difference-in-differences models were developed separately for each specialty and adjusted for patient demographics, comorbidities, procedural case-mix, and time trends. The association between duty hour reform and a composite measure of death or serious morbidity within 30 days of surgery was estimated for each specialty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The unadjusted rate of death or serious morbidity decreased during the study period in both teaching and nonteaching hospitals for all surgical specialties. In multivariable analyses, there were no significant associations between duty hour reform and the composite outcomes of death or serious morbidity in the 2 years post-reform for any surgical specialty evaluated (neurosurgery: odds ratio [OR] = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.75-1.08; p = 0.26; obstetrics/gynecology: OR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.71-1.30; p = 0.80; orthopaedic surgery: OR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.74-1.22; p = 0.70; urology: OR = 1.16; 95% CI, 0.89-1.51; p = 0.26; vascular surgery: OR = 1.07; 95% CI, 0.93-1.22; p = 0.35).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation of the 2011 ACGME resident duty hour reform was not associated with a significant change in patient outcomes for several surgical specialties in the 2 years after reform.
authors.affiliation: Division of Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Department of Surgery and Center for Healthcare Studies in the Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. Electronic address: rrajaram@facs.org.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajaram
authors.affiliation: Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Department of Surgery and Center for Healthcare Studies in the Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Jeanette W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Division of Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Department of Surgery and Center for Healthcare Studies in the Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Allison R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dahlke
authors.affiliation: Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Department of Surgery and Center for Healthcare Studies in the Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Meeks
authors.affiliation: Division of Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Clifford Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tarpley
authors.affiliation: Division of Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hoyt
authors.affiliation: Division of Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Department of Surgery and Center for Healthcare Studies in the Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Karl Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Bilimoria
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D018166:Health Care Reform / Q000458:organization & administration; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013043:Specialties, Surgical / Q000458:organization & administration*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000078329:Workforce