title: Using an Individual Procedure Score Before and After the Advanced Surgical Skills Exposure for Trauma Course Training to Benchmark a Hemorrhage-Control Performance Metric.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Test with an individual procedure score (IPS) to assess whether an unpreserved cadaver trauma training course, including upper and lower limb vascular exposure, improves correct identification of surgical landmarks, underlying anatomy, and shortens time to vascular control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study of performance of 3 vascular exposure and control procedures (axillary, brachial, and femoral arteries) using IPS metrics by 2 colocated and trained evaluators before and after training with the Advanced Surgical Skills Exposure for Trauma (ASSET) course. IPS, including identification of anatomical landmarks, incisions, underlying structures, and time to completion of each procedure was compared before and after training using repeated measurement models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Audio-video instrumented cadaver laboratory at University of Maryland School of Medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 41 second to sixth year surgical residents from surgical programs throughout Mid-Atlantic States who had not previously taken the ASSET course were enrolled, 40 completed the pre- and post-ASSET performance evaluations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After ASSET training, all components of IPS increased and time shortened for each of the 3 artery exposures. Procedure steps performed correctly increased 57%, anatomical knowledge increased 43% and skin incision to passage of a vessel loop twice around the correct vessel decreased by a mean of 2.5 minutes. An overall vascular trauma readiness index, a comprehensive IPS score for 3 procedures increased 28% with ASSET Training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved knowledge of surface landmarks and underlying anatomy is associated with increased IPS, faster procedures, more accurate incision placement, and successful vascular control. Structural recognition during specific procedural steps and anatomical knowledge were key points learned during the ASSET course. Such training may accelerate acquisition of specific trauma surgery skills to compensate for shortened training hours, infrequent exposure to major vascular injuries, or when just-in-time training is necessary. IPS is a benchmark for competence in extremity vascular control.
authors.affiliation: Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Electronic address: cmack003@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Colin F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.affiliation: Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garofalo
authors.affiliation: US Airforce Center for the Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shackelford
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio.
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shalin
authors.affiliation: Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Kristy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pugh
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Hegang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Puche
authors.affiliation: US Airforce Center for the Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pasley
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarani
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bowyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019985:Benchmarking; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D014194:Traumatology / Q000193:education*
keywords: Medical Knowledge; Patient Care; Practice-Based Learning and Improvement; Systems-Based Practice; clinical competence; educational measurement instrument; hemorrhage-control skill; observational evaluation; open vascular surgical procedures; psychomotor performance; resident education