title: Elevated Endomyocardial Biopsy Macrophage-Related Markers in Intractable Myocardial Diseases.
abstract: Tissue macrophages can be activated by endogenous danger signals released from cells that are stressed or injured, leading to infiltration of inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils. We postulated that macrophage-related markers might be closely associated with the existence of endogenous danger signals, reflecting ongoing tissue injury in the absence of foreign substances. This study was designed to assess the ability of macrophage-related markers in endomyocardial biopsies to predict ongoing cardiac injury in non-inflammatory myocardial diseases. We examined levels of macrophage-related markers (CD68, CD163, CD45) in endomyocardial biopsies from patients (n = 86) with various myocardial diseases by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (n = 78) and immunohistochemistry (n = 56). Thirty-three patients without inflammatory cardiac disease such as myocarditis and sarcoidosis were classified as "improved" or "non-improved" defined as a 10% increase in left ventricular ejection fraction by echocardiograph and a value greater than 30% at the time of follow-up. All macrophage-related (MacR) markers levels were not higher in non-improved dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients than improved patients. However, patients with cardiac amyloidosis, cardiac Fabry disease, mitochondrial cardiomyopathy, and biventricular arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), which were categorized as "non-improvement diseases," had elevated macrophage-related markers compared to improved patients. Macrophage-related markers levels were increased in endomyocardial biopsy samples of patients with intractable myocardial diseases such as amyloidosis, mitochondrial disease, Fabry disease, and biventricular ARVC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan. hanawa@med.niigata-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hanawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukako
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoyasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kashimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Obata
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Komei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Minamino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001706:Biopsy; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D055815:Young Adult; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D015415:Biomarkers; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule; C516769:PTPRC protein, human
keywords: cardiomyopathy; endomyocardial biopsy; gene expression; inflammation; pathology