title: Pediatric solid organ injury operative interventions and outcomes at Harborview Medical Center, before and after introduction of a solid organ injury pathway for pediatrics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although nonoperative management has become the standard of care for solid organ injury, variability exists in the care patients receive, and there are limited data regarding nonoperative management in patients with high grades of organ injury and substantial overall injury. We aimed to evaluate operative intervention frequency, including splenectomy, and patient outcomes before and after institution of the pediatric solid organ injury pathway at Harborview Medical Center (HMC) in 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective cohort study conducted at HMC for all pediatric solid organ injury patients from 2001 to 2012. Patients were identified in the Harborview Trauma Registry via DRG International Classification of Diseases-9th Rev. (ICD-9) codes for the presence of liver and spleen injuries. Demographic information, clinical characteristics, and ICD-9 procedure codes were also obtained from the trauma registry. Outcomes including splenectomy, a related abdominal surgery (exploratory laparotomy, spleen or liver repair, or splenectomy), mortality, and length of stay were compared between periods before and after 2005, adjusted for Injury Severity Score (ISS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pediatric solid organ injury population at HMC (n = 712) has a high frequency of high-grade injury (35% Grade IV or V) and a high level of overall injury severity (median ISS, 21). Splenectomy was rare and remained stable over time despite an increase in severity of injury (from 2.4% to 0.8%, p = 0.44, among patients with isolated injury and from 4.0% to 3.3%, p = 0.78, among patients with nonisolated injury). Other abdominal surgeries also remained stable over time. Mortality decreased among patients with nonisolated injury (from 11.2% to 4.8%, p = 0.01). Length of stay decreased among patients with isolated organ injury, from a median of 4 days (interquartile range, 3-5 days) to 2 days (interquartile range, 2-3 days) (p < 0.0005) as well as within the lower ISS strata among patients with nonisolated organ injury (from a median of 4 days to 2 days among ISS < 12, p = 0.007; from 5 days to 3 days among ISS of 12-20, p = 0.0001; and from 7 days to 4 days among ISS of 21-33, p = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Care in the recent period (2005-2012) was associated with a stable, low frequency of splenectomy; decreased mortality for patients with nonisolated injury; and decreased hospital length of stay among most subsets of patients, suggesting improved care despite an increase in patients' severity of injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic study, level IV; epidemiologic study, level III.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (L.A.D., M.A.K.), Seattle Children's Hospital; Departments of Pediatrics (L.A.D., M.A.K., F.P.R.), and Epidemiology (F.P.R., N.S.W.), University of Washington; Department of Surgery (J.C.), Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Dervan
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cuschieri
authors.forename: Frederick P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Rivara
authors.forename: Noel S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D019091:Critical Pathways; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007902:Length of Stay; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013154:Spleen / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D013156:Splenectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome