title: Do Nanoparticle Physico-Chemical Properties and Developmental Exposure Window Influence Nano ZnO Embryotoxicity in Xenopus laevis?
abstract: The growing global production of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) suggests a realistic increase in the environmental exposure to such a nanomaterial, making the knowledge of its biological reactivity and its safe-by-design synthesis mandatory. In this study, the embryotoxicity of ZnONPs (1-100 mg/L) specifically synthesized for industrial purposes with different sizes, shapes (round, rod) and surface coatings (PEG, PVP) was tested using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX) to identify potential target tissues and the most sensitive developmental stages. The ZnONPs did not cause embryolethality, but induced a high incidence of malformations, in particular misfolded gut and abdominal edema. Smaller, round NPs were more effective than the bigger, rod ones, and PEGylation determined a reduction in embryotoxicity. Ingestion appeared to be the most relevant exposure route. Only the embryos exposed from the stomodeum opening showed anatomical and histological lesions to the intestine, mainly referable to a swelling of paracellular spaces among enterocytes. In conclusion, ZnONPs differing in shape and surface coating displayed similar toxicity in X. laevis embryos and shared the same target organ. Nevertheless, we cannot exclude that the physico-chemical characteristics may influence the severity of such effects. Further research efforts are mandatory to ensure the synthesis of safer nano-ZnO-containing products.
authors.affiliation: Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, POLARIS Research Centre, University of Milano Bicocca, 1 Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy. patrizia.bonfanti@unimib.it.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonfanti
authors.affiliation: Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, POLARIS Research Centre, University of Milano Bicocca, 1 Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy. elisa.moschini@unimib.it.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moschini
authors.affiliation: Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, POLARIS Research Centre, University of Milano Bicocca, 1 Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy. m.saibene2@campus.unimib.it.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saibene
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 26 via Celoria, 20133 Milan, Italy. renato.bacchetta@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bacchetta
authors.affiliation: Tec Star S.r.l., Viale Europa, 40, 41011 Campogalliano, Italy. rettighieri@tec-star.it.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rettighieri
authors.affiliation: Tec Star S.r.l., Viale Europa, 40, 41011 Campogalliano, Italy. calabri@tec-star.it.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calabri
authors.affiliation: Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, POLARIS Research Centre, University of Milano Bicocca, 1 Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy. anita.colombo@unimib.it.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.affiliation: Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, POLARIS Research Centre, University of Milano Bicocca, 1 Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy. paride.mantecca@unimib.it.
authors.forename: Paride
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mantecca
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000196:embryology / Q000209:etiology*; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D013723:Teratogens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D014982:Xenopus laevis; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D013723:Teratogens; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: FETAX; nanoparticles, Xenopus laevis; nanotoxicology; surface coating; zinc oxide