title: [Eye lens radiation exposure during ureteroscopy with and without a face protection shield: Investigations on a phantom model].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Eye lens radiation exposure during radiologically-guided endoscopic procedures may result in radiation-induced cataracts; therefore, we investigated the ocular radiation exposure during ureteroscopy on a phantom model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using an Alderson phantom model and eye lens dosimeters, we measured the ocular radiation exposure depending on the number of X-ray images and on the duration of fluoroscopic imaging. The measurements were done with and without using a face protection shield.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We could demonstrate that a significant ocular radiation exposure can occur, depending on the number of X-ray images and on the duration time of fluoroscopy. Eye lens doses up to 0.025 mSv were recorded even using modern digital X-ray systems. Using face protection shields this ocular radiation exposure can be reduced to a minimum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommendations of a mean eye lens dosage of 20 mSv/year may be exceeded during repeated ureteroscopy by a high volume surgeon. Using a face protection shield, the eye lens dose during ureteroscopy could be reduced to a minimum in a phantom model. Further investigations will show whether these results can be transferred to real life ureteroscopic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Klinikum Bad Hersfeld, Seilerweg 29, 36251, Bad Hersfeld, Deutschland. gerhard.zoeller@klinikum-hef.de.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zöller
authors.affiliation: Auswertungsstelle, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, München, Deutschland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Figel
authors.affiliation: Auswertungsstelle, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, München, Deutschland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Denk
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Medizinische Physik und Strahlenschutz, Klinikum Fulda gAG, Fulda, Deutschland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Klinikum Bad Hersfeld, Seilerweg 29, 36251, Bad Hersfeld, Deutschland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sabo
mesh_terms: D065638:Absorption, Radiation; D002386:Cataract / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D000069079:Radiation Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: Alderson phantom; Cataract; Exposure time; Eye lens dose; Ureteroscopy