title: Feasibility of real-time magnetic resonance imaging-guided endomyocardial biopsies: An in-vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if magnetic resonance (MR)-guided biopsy can improve the performance and safety of such procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A novel MR-compatible bioptome was evaluated in a series of in-vitro experiments in a 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. The bioptome was inserted into explanted porcine and bovine hearts under real-time MR-guidance employing a steady state free precession sequence. The artifact produced by the metal element at the tip and the signal voids caused by the bioptome were visually tracked for navigation and allowed its constant and precise localization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiac structural elements and the target regions for the biopsy were clearly visible. Our method allowed a significantly better spatial visualization of the bioptoms tip compared to conventional X-ray guidance. The specific device design of the bioptome avoided inducible currents and therefore subsequent heating. The novel MR-compatible bioptome provided a superior cardiovascular magnetic resonance (imaging) soft-tissue visualization for MR-guided myocardial biopsies. Not at least the use of MRI guidance for endomyocardial biopsies completely avoided radiation exposure for both patients and interventionalists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRI-guided endomyocardial biopsies provide a better than conventional X-ray guided navigation and could therefore improve the specificity and reproducibility of cardiac biopsies in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Dirk Lossnitzer, Sebastian A Seitz, Birgit Krautz, Florian André, Grigorios Korosoglou, Hugo A Katus, Henning Steen, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lossnitzer
authors.affiliation: Dirk Lossnitzer, Sebastian A Seitz, Birgit Krautz, Florian André, Grigorios Korosoglou, Hugo A Katus, Henning Steen, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.affiliation: Dirk Lossnitzer, Sebastian A Seitz, Birgit Krautz, Florian André, Grigorios Korosoglou, Hugo A Katus, Henning Steen, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krautz
authors.affiliation: Dirk Lossnitzer, Sebastian A Seitz, Birgit Krautz, Florian André, Grigorios Korosoglou, Hugo A Katus, Henning Steen, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schnackenburg
authors.affiliation: Dirk Lossnitzer, Sebastian A Seitz, Birgit Krautz, Florian André, Grigorios Korosoglou, Hugo A Katus, Henning Steen, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: André
authors.affiliation: Dirk Lossnitzer, Sebastian A Seitz, Birgit Krautz, Florian André, Grigorios Korosoglou, Hugo A Katus, Henning Steen, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Grigorios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Korosoglou
authors.affiliation: Dirk Lossnitzer, Sebastian A Seitz, Birgit Krautz, Florian André, Grigorios Korosoglou, Hugo A Katus, Henning Steen, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Hugo A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Katus
authors.affiliation: Dirk Lossnitzer, Sebastian A Seitz, Birgit Krautz, Florian André, Grigorios Korosoglou, Hugo A Katus, Henning Steen, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steen
keywords: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (imaging); Endomyocardial biopsy; Magnetic resonance imaging-guided interventions; Real-time imaging