title: Cytokine gene polymorphisms in acute cellular rejection following living donor liver transplantation: analysis of 155 donor-recipient pairs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite improvements in immunosuppressive therapy, acute cellular rejection (ACR) remains an important cause of graft loss in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Recently, associations between cytokine gene polymorphisms in recipients and the occurrence of ACR have been reported. However, most studies did not investigate gene polymorphisms in donors or were limited by the number of cases investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 155 living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) patients treated at Nagoya University or Kyoto University from 2004 to 2009. The following gene polymorphisms in recipients and donors were analyzed: tumor necrosis factor A (TNF-A) T-1031C, interleukin 2 (IL-2) T-330G, IL-10C-819T, IL-13C-1111T, and transforming growth factor B (TGF-B) T29C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-seven recipients (30.3 %) developed early ACR. Of the investigated gene polymorphisms, the IL-13 -1111C/C genotype in recipients was significantly associated with a higher incidence of ACR relative to the other two genotypes (OR = 2.64, 95 % CI 1.19-5.86, p = 0.017), while we showed the lack of association between investigated gene polymorphisms in donors and ACR incidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IL-13 -1111C/C genotype in recipients might be a risk factor for ACR in LDLT, and this might contribute to individualized immunosuppression strategies for recipients. On the other hand, the current study showed no associations of cytokine gene polymorphisms in donors with ACR incidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplantation Surgery, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan. kamei@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hideya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kamei
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Satohiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplantation Surgery, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishigami
authors.affiliation: Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.affiliation: Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogura
authors.affiliation: Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumitaka
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oike
authors.affiliation: Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasutsugu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamajima
keywords: Gene polymorphisms; Graft rejection; Living donor liver transplantation