title: Juglone exerts antitumor effect in ovarian cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Juglone is isolated from many species of the Juglandaceae family and used as an anti-viral, anti-bacterial, and anti-tumor therapeutic. Here, we evaluated juglone-induced antitumor effect in ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  MTT assay was performed to examine juglone anti-proliferative effect. Cell cycle and apoptosis were studied using flow cytometry in juglone-treated SKOV3 cells. To investigate molecular mechanism of cell cycle and apoptosis, protein expression levels were measured by Western blot analysis of cyclin D1, Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-9 and caspase-3. To investigate the motility of juglone-treated SKOV3 cell, Matrigel invasion assay was employed to characterize cell invasion. Also, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression levels were detected by western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Juglone significantly inhibited SKOV3 cell proliferation as shown by G0/G1 phase arrest, and this effect was mediated by inactivation of cyclin D1 protein (P<0.05). Juglone induced apoptosis in SKOV3 cell which was accompanied by caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation (P<0.05). Juglone decreased Bcl-2 levels and increased Bax and cytochrome c (Cyt c) levels (P<0.05). Juglone sufficiently inhibited invasion while evidently decreased MMP-2 expression (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that juglone could probably induce apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway and restrained cell invasiveness by decreasing MMP expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Jilin Medical College, Jilin, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Narcotization, Affiliated Hospital of Jilin Medical College, Jilin, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Yingxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Jilin Medical College, Jilin, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Jilin Medical College, Jilin, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Jilin Medical College, Jilin, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Liangzhong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Jilin Medical College, Jilin, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Jilin Medical College, Jilin, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Jilin Medical College, Jilin, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Duo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jilin Medical College, Jilin, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Liguo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: Apoptosis; Cell cycle arrest; Invasion; Juglone; Ovarian cancer