title: MRI-based analysis of patellofemoral cartilage contact, thickness, and alignment in extension, and during moderate and deep flexion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several factors are believed to contribute to patellofemoral joint function throughout knee flexion including patellofemoral (PF) kinematics, contact, and bone morphology. However, data evaluating the PF joint in this highly flexed state have been limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate patellofemoral contact and alignment in low (0°), moderate (60°), and deep (140°) knee flexion, and then correlate these parameters to each other, as well as to femoral morphology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sagittal magnetic resonance images were acquired on 14 healthy female adult knees (RSRB approved) using a 1.5 T scanner with the knee in full extension, mid-flexion, and deep flexion. The patellofemoral cartilage contact area, lateral contact displacement (LCD), cartilage thickness, and lateral patellar displacement (LPD) throughout flexion were defined. Intra- and inter-rater repeatability measures were determined. Correlations between patellofemoral contact parameters, alignment, and sulcus morphology were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurement repeatability ICCs ranged from 0.94 to 0.99. Patellofemoral cartilage contact area and thickness, LCD, and LPD were statistically different throughout all levels of flexion (p<0.001). The cartilage contact area was correlated to LPD, cartilage thickness, sulcus angle, and epicondylar width (r=0.47-0.72, p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the patellofemoral joint throughout its range of motion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study agrees with past studies that investigated patellofemoral measures at a single flexion angle, and provides new insights into the relationship between patellofemoral contact and alignment at multiple flexion angles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study provides a detailed analysis of the patellofemoral joint in vivo, and demonstrates the feasibility of using standard clinical magnetic resonance imaging scanners to image the knee joint in deep flexion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, USA. Electronic address: bfreed@seas.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Benjamin R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.affiliation: Functional and Applied Biomechanics, National Institutes of Health, USA.
authors.forename: Frances T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, USA.
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Lerner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D057071:Patellofemoral Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Deep knee flexion; Knee; Patellofemoral biomechanics; Patellofemoral joint