title: Basic and clinical pharmacology contribution to extend anthelmintic molecules lifespan.
abstract: The correct use of pharmacology-based information is critical to design successful strategies for the future of parasite control in livestock animals. Integrated pharmaco-parasitological research approaches have greatly contributed to optimize drug activity. In an attempt to manage drug resistance in helminths of ruminants, combinations of two or more anthelmintics are being used or promoted, based on the fact that individual worms may have a lower degree of resistance to a multiple component formulation, when each chemical has a different mode of action compared to that observed when a single compound is used. However, as emphasized in the current review, the occurrence of potential pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic interactions between drug components highlights the need for deeper and integrated research to identify the advantages or disadvantages associated with the use of combined drug preparations. This review article provides integrated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic and clinical pharmacology information pertinent to preserve the traditional and modern active ingredients as practical tools for parasite control. Novel pharmacological data on derquantel and monepantel, as representatives of modern anthelmintics for use in livestock, is summarized here. The article also summarizes the pharmaco-parasitological knowledge considered critical to secure and/or extend the lifespan of the recently available novel molecules.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina. Electronic address: clanusse@vet.unicen.edu.ar.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lanusse
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lifschitz
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alvarez
mesh_terms: D000607:Aminoacetonitrile / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006376:Helminths / Q000187:drug effects; D007211:Indoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D010082:Oxepins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D010601:Pharmacology, Clinical; D012418:Ruminants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D013995:Time
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D007211:Indoles; D010082:Oxepins; C575297:derquantel; D000607:Aminoacetonitrile; C533978:monepantel
keywords: Anthelmintic pharmacology; Derquantel and monepantel; Drug combinations; Drug resistance; Novel anthelmintics