title: Prevalence and predictors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in people with bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the prevalence and predictors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in people with bipolar disorder. We also compared the prevalence of T2DM in people with bipolar disorder versus age- and gender-matched healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, EMBASE, PsycARTICLES, and CINAHL were searched from inception till October 23, 2014 using the medical subject headings terms bipolar disorder AND diabetes OR glucose. There was no language restriction. Observational studies including retrospective, cross-sectional, and prospective designs were eligible if they included participants with bipolar disorder diagnosed according to recognized diagnostic criteria (DSM or ICD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen studies were included (n = 18,060; 54.8% male).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two independent authors extracted data in accordance with the meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology guidelines and PRISMA statement. A random effects meta-analysis was utilized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of T2DM was 9.4% (95% CI, 6.5%-12.7%). Compared with age- and gender-matched controls (n = 783,049; 48.7% male), people with bipolar disorder (n = 6,595; 48.6% male) had double the risk of T2DM (relative risk = 1.98; 95% CI, 1.6-2.4, P < .001). No significant moderators were found. In an exploratory regression analysis, the variance in T2DM prevalence in the background population was associated with the variance in T2DM prevalence in people with bipolar disorder (5 studies, n = 4,983) (r(2) = 0.85, t = 4.09, P = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T2DM is significantly more common in people with bipolar disorder than in healthy controls of similar age and sex. The current meta-analysis furthermore indicates that changes in food, built, and social environments are needed in order to curb the diabetes epidemic in this high-risk population.
authors.affiliation: UPC KU Leuven campus Kortenberg, Leuvensesteenweg 517, B-3070 Kortenberg, Belgium Davy.Vancampfort@uc-kortenberg.be.
authors.forename: Davy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vancampfort
authors.forename: Alex J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Hert
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sienaert
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Probst
authors.forename: Roselien
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buys
authors.forename: Brendon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stubbs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence