title: Maturation defective myeloid dendritic cells in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients release inflammatory cytokines in response to endotoxin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the presence of elevated circulating endotoxin levels. The continuous presence of endotoxin might be responsible for inducing activation of the innate immune system resulting in chronic sub-clinical inflammation. This study examines the status of dendritic cells (DCs), an important component of innate immune system, in patients with NAFLD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation on maturation and activation of monocyte derived dendritic cells (mo-DCs) was evaluated in ten patients with NAFLD using flow cytometry, endocytosis assay, cytokine assay and mixed leukocyte reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the frequency of mo-DCs in NAFLD patients was similar to that of healthy controls, there was no upregulation in levels of HLA-DR, CD83, CD80 and CD86 on their surface in response to LPS stimulation ex vivo. Although the mo-DC from patients had higher endocytosing and lower allostimulatory capacities as compared to healthy controls indicating maturation defects yet they secreted significantly high amount of TNF-α and IL-6 suggesting higher activation state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that DCs in patients with NAFLD exhibit immature yet functionally activated phenotype in response to LPS stimulation as they secrete inflammatory cytokines which further contribute in exacerbating the symptoms. Inefficient antigen presentation in these patients might add another parameter while looking at the severity of disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India.
authors.forename: Deepa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duseja
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Radha K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Dhiman
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Yogesh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chawla
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India. skarora_in@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sunil K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Arora
keywords: Cytokines; Endotoxin; Inflammation; Myeloid dendritic cells; NAFLD