title: Impulsivity and sensitivity to amount and delay of reinforcement in an animal model of ADHD.
abstract: Previous research has been inconclusive about the degree of impulsivity displayed by spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), an animal model of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In the present set of experiments, concurrent-chains schedules were employed in order to explore SHR's impulsivity, sensitivity to delay, and sensitivity to amount of reinforcement; Wistar rats (WIS) were used as comparison group. In the three experiments - performed with different subjects - non-independent variable interval 30s schedules were presented in the initial links; the difference between experiments was in the terminal links. For exploring impulsivity, one of the terminal links (SS) was associated to a short delay (2s) and a small reinforcer (1 pellet), whereas the other terminal link (LL) was associated to a longer delay (28s) and a larger reinforcer (4 pellets). The results indicated a remarkably higher impulsivity in SHR. Because this impulsivity may have as potential mechanisms an increased sensitivity to delay and/or a decreased sensitivity to the amount of reinforcement, in experiments 2 and 3 these possibilities were examined. For assessing sensitivity to delay, the following pairs of fixed interval (FI) schedules were used in the terminal links in five conditions: 2-28, 6-24, 15-15, 24-6, 28-2s; the magnitude of reinforcement was 1 pellet in all conditions for both alternatives. For assessing sensitivity to amount, in five conditions the alternatives were associated with different magnitudes of reinforcement: 1-5 pellets, 2-4, 3-3, 4-2 and 5-1 in left-right alternatives, respectively; the delay to reinforcement was controlled by a FI 15s in all conditions and for both alternatives. The sensitivity to delay and the sensitivity to amount were calculated according to the Generalized Matching Law. The results indicated a higher sensitivity to delay in SHR, and the same sensitivity to amount in SHR and WIS rats. These results suggest that the increased sensitivity to delay influences the high level of impulsivity observed in SHR.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, Mexico. Electronic address: vladord@unam.mx.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Orduña
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D065786:Delay Discounting; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Concurrent-chains; Delay discounting; Generalized Matching Law; Impulsivity; Spontaneously hypertensive rat