title: Evaluating Temporal Consistency in Marine Biodiversity Hotspots.
abstract: With the ongoing crisis of biodiversity loss and limited resources for conservation, the concept of biodiversity hotspots has been useful in determining conservation priority areas. However, there has been limited research into how temporal variability in biodiversity may influence conservation area prioritization. To address this information gap, we present an approach to evaluate the temporal consistency of biodiversity hotspots in large marine ecosystems. Using a large scale, public monitoring dataset collected over an eight year period off the US Pacific Coast, we developed a methodological approach for avoiding biases associated with hotspot delineation. We aggregated benthic fish species data from research trawls and calculated mean hotspot thresholds for fish species richness and Shannon's diversity indices over the eight year dataset. We used a spatial frequency distribution method to assign hotspot designations to the grid cells annually. We found no areas containing consistently high biodiversity through the entire study period based on the mean thresholds, and no grid cell was designated as a hotspot for greater than 50% of the time-series. To test if our approach was sensitive to sampling effort and the geographic extent of the survey, we followed a similar routine for the northern region of the survey area. Our finding of low consistency in benthic fish biodiversity hotspots over time was upheld, regardless of biodiversity metric used, whether thresholds were calculated per year or across all years, or the spatial extent for which we calculated thresholds and identified hotspots. Our results suggest that static measures of benthic fish biodiversity off the US West Coast are insufficient for identification of hotspots and that long-term data are required to appropriately identify patterns of high temporal variability in biodiversity for these highly mobile taxa. Given that ecological communities are responding to a changing climate and other environmental perturbations, our work highlights the need for scientists and conservation managers to consider both spatial and temporal dynamics when designating biodiversity hotspots.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Piacenza
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lindsey L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Thurman
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Allison K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Barner
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Cassandra E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Benkwitt
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America; Department of Biology, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kate S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Boersma
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Elizabeth B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Cerny-Chipman
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kurt E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Ingeman
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tye L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Kindinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lindsley
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Environmental Sciences and Marine Resource Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America; Department of Information Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jake
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jessica N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Reimer
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Chenchen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Selina S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Heppell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000502:physiology*; D044822:Biodiversity; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology*; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D014481:United States