title: Gender-dependent profile of heart rate turbulence parameters in patients after acute myocardial infarction treated invasively.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine whether gender is related to differences in heart rate turbulence (HRT) parameters and the authors' own predefined HRT categories comprising turbulence timing (TT) in patients at the early stage of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated invasively.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed 489 consecutive patients (147 females and 342 males, aged 63.9 ± 11.7 years) with AMI admitted to our department and treated invasively on admission to the hospital. On the fifth day after MI 24-h digital Holter recordings were performed to assess HRT, and the following HRT parameters were calculated in all patients using the HRTView pro-gram: turbulence onset (TO, %), slope (TS, ms/RR interval), and TT. The following values of HRT parameters were considered abnormal: TO ≥ 0, TS ≤ 2.5, and TT ≥ 10. Based on the abovementioned parameters, the authors defined their own HRT categories (A, B, C): A - comprising three normal parameters, B - one abnormal parameter, C - three abnormal parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TT was significantly later in women than in men: 7.5 ± 3.1 vs. 6.8 ± 3.1 (p < 0.05), respectively. When analysing the authors' own predefined HRT categories, significant differences between women and men were present in the occurrence of the category C, including all three abnormal HRT parameters: TO, TS, and TT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In women worse TT was present and all three abnormal HRT parameters occurred more frequently. HRT in women after AMI is profoundly altered compared to in men. This indicates greater autonomic dysfunction and higher risk for sudden cardiac death in women after AMI.
authors.affiliation: I Klinika Kardiologii, Wrodzonych Wad Serca i Elektroterapii SUM. bms@pro.onet.pl.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Średniawa
authors.forename: Katarzyna A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mitręga
authors.forename: Sylwia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cebula
authors.forename: Stanisław
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morawski
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kowalczyk
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Musialik-Łydka
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kalarus
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: acute myocardial infarction; heart rate turbulence; women