title: Tackling virological failure in HIV-infected children living in Africa.
abstract: Drug resistance in HIV-infected children is one of the main contributors to antiretroviral treatment (ART) failure, especially in developing countries. Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest burden of pediatric HIV infection in the world. Herein, we systematically review the current status of ART failure in HIV-infected African children. A literature search for publications within 10 years was performed through PubMed to identify relevant articles. Included studies examined the impact of timing of ART initiation, criteria for diagnosing therapeutic failure, predictors of therapeutic failure, management strategies and future directions to minimize failure rates in these pediatric populations. Although there is scale-up of ART programs in Africa, novel therapeutic and management strategies are needed to overcome current challenges.
authors.affiliation: a 1 Département des Sciences Biologiques et Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada .
authors.forename: Mohammad-Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jenabian
authors.affiliation: b 2 Chronic Viral Illnesses Service and Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Cecilia T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Costiniuk
authors.affiliation: c 3 Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, and Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris V, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Ralph-Sydney
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Mboumba Bouassa
authors.affiliation: c 3 Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, and Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris V, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chapdeleine Mekue Mouafo
authors.affiliation: d 4 Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA .
authors.forename: Thomas V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Brogan
authors.affiliation: c 3 Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, and Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris V, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bélec
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents
keywords: Africa; HIV; antiretroviral treatment; children; resistance