title: Risk of Anterior Femoral Notching in Navigated Total Knee Arthroplasty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We retrospectively investigated the prevalence of femoral anterior notching and risk factors after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using an image-free navigation system.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 148 consecutive TKAs in 130 patients beginning in July 2005. Seventy knees (62 patients) underwent conventional TKA, and 78 knees (68 patients) received navigated TKA. We investigated the prevalence of femoral anterior notching and measured notching depth by conventional and navigated TKA. Additionally, the navigated TKA group was categorized into two subgroups according to whether anterior femoral notching had occurred. The degree of preoperative varus deformity, femoral bowing, and mediolateral suitability of the size of the femoral component were determined by reviewing preoperative and postoperative radiographs. The resection angle on the sagittal plane and the angle of external rotation that was set by the navigation system were checked when resecting the distal femur. Clinical outcomes were compared using range of motion (ROM) and the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAX) scores between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of anterior femoral notching by conventional TKA was 5.7%, and that for navigated TKA was 16.7% (p = 0.037). Mean notching depth by conventional TKA was 2.92 ± 1.18 mm (range, 1.8 to 4.5 mm) and 3.32 ± 1.54 mm (range, 1.55 to 6.93 mm) by navigated TKA. Preoperative anterior femoral bowing was observed in 61.5% (p = 0.047) and both anterior and lateral femoral bowing in five cases in notching group during navigated TKA (p = 0.021). Oversized femoral components were inserted in 53.8% of cases (p = 0.035). No differences in clinical outcomes for ROM or the HSS and WOMAX scores were observed between the groups. A periprosthetic fracture, which was considered a notching-related side effect, occurred in one case each in the conventional and navigated TKA groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgeons should be aware of the risks associated with anterior femoral notching when using a navigation system for TKA. A modification of the femoral cut should be considered when remarkable femoral bowing is observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Ju Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Il
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000293:injuries; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Anterior femur; Navigation; Notching; Total knee arthroplasty