title: Technical characteristics of current cardiotocographic monitors.
abstract: Cardiotocographic (CTG) monitors are complex electronic devices developed to acquire, process and display foetal heart rate (FHR) and uterine contraction (UC) signals. This chapter describes the main characteristics of current CTG monitors, in order to allow a better understanding of the technology. An ultrasound transducer is used for the external monitoring of FHR signals, whereas a tocodynamometer is used for the external monitoring of UCs. These technologies are recommended for routine clinical use in both the antepartum and intrapartum periods. Foetal electrode and intrauterine pressure sensors provide internal monitoring of FHR and UC signals, respectively, which are more precise than external signals. They are only applicable during labour, after cervical dilatation and ruptured membranes, and they have established contraindications. The registration of foetal movements, simultaneous monitoring of twins and triplets, continuous maternal heart rate monitoring, monitoring of other maternal parameters, alarms, digital outputs and telemetry are other available characteristics in some CTG monitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: dcampos@med.up.pt.
authors.forename: Diogo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ayres-de-Campos
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Center for Medical Informatics, Medical School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Zilma
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Nogueira-Reis
mesh_terms: D015148:Cardiotocography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004566:Electrodes; D005260:Female; D005323:Fetal Monitoring; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal; D006801:Humans; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D011247:Pregnancy; D012535:Scalp; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014590:Uterine Contraction; D018590:Uterine Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
keywords: cardiotocography; foetal; foetal monitors; heart rate; monitoring; physiologic