title: Clinical Epidemiology of Extubation Failure in the Pediatric Cardiac ICU: A Report From the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical epidemiology of extubation failure in a multicenter cohort of patients treated in pediatric cardiac ICUs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study using prospectively collected clinical registry data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium registry.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients admitted to the CICU at Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of all mechanical ventilation episodes in the registry from October 1, 2013, to July 31, 2014. The primary outcome of extubation failure was reintubation less than 48 hours after planned extubation. Repeated-measures analysis using generalized estimating equations to account for within patient and center correlation was performed to identify risk factors for extubation failure. Adjusted extubation failure rates for each hospital were calculated using logistic regression controlling for patient factors. Of 1,734 mechanical ventilation episodes (1,478 patients at eight hospitals) ending in a planned extubation, there were 100 extubation failures (5.8%). In multivariable analysis, only longer duration of mechanical ventilation was significantly associated with extubation failure (p = 0.01); the failure rate was 4% when ventilated less than 24 hours, 9% after 24 hours, and 13% after 7 days. For 503 patients intubated and extubated in the cardiac operating room, 15 patients (3%) failed extubation within 48 hours (12 within 24 hr). Case-mix-adjusted extubation failure rates ranged from 1.1% to 9.8% across hospitals. Patients failing extubation had greater median cardiac ICU length of stay (15 vs 3 d; p < 0.001) and in-hospital mortality (7.9 vs 1.2%; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though extubation failure is uncommon overall, there may be opportunities to improve extubation readiness assessment in patients ventilated more than 24 hours. These data suggest that extubation in the operating room after cardiac surgery can be done with a low failure rate. We observed variation in extubation failure rates across hospitals, and future investigation must elucidate the optimal strategies of high-performing centers to reduce ventilation time while limiting extubation failures.
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI. 2Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital and University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA. 3Department of Critical Care Medicine and Department of Paediatrics, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada. 4Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Cardiac Center at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 5Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. 6Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX. 7Department of Critical Care Medicine and Cardiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC. 8Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 9Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Cardiac Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 10Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 11Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. 12Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 13Michigan Congenital Heart Outcomes Research and Discovery Unit, University of Michigan Congenital Heart Center, Ann Arbor, MI. 14The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gaies
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tabbutt
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Geoffrey L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Alten
authors.forename: Lara S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Shekerdemian
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klugman
authors.forename: Ravi R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Thiagarajan
authors.forename: J William
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gaynor
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Nicolson
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Donohue
authors.forename: Sunkyung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Sara K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Pasquali
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D060666:Airway Extubation; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003325:Coronary Care Units; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D015300:Ventilator Weaning; D055815:Young Adult