title: Arabidopsis GERANYLGERANYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE 11 is a hub isozyme required for the production of most photosynthesis-related isoprenoids.
abstract: Most plastid isoprenoids, including photosynthesis-related metabolites such as carotenoids and the side chain of chlorophylls, tocopherols (vitamin E), phylloquinones (vitamin K), and plastoquinones, derive from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthesized by GGPP synthase (GGPPS) enzymes. Seven out of 10 functional GGPPS isozymes in Arabidopsis thaliana reside in plastids. We aimed to address the function of different GGPPS paralogues for plastid isoprenoid biosynthesis. We constructed a gene co-expression network (GCN) using GGPPS paralogues as guide genes and genes from the upstream and downstream pathways as query genes. Furthermore, knock-out and/or knock-down ggpps mutants were generated and their growth and metabolic phenotypes were analyzed. Also, interacting protein partners of GGPPS11 were searched for. Our data showed that GGPPS11, encoding the only plastid isozyme essential for plant development, functions as a hub gene among GGPPS paralogues and is required for the production of all major groups of plastid isoprenoids. Furthermore, we showed that the GGPPS11 protein physically interacts with enzymes that use GGPP for the production of carotenoids, chlorophylls, tocopherols, phylloquinone, and plastoquinone. GGPPS11 is a hub isozyme required for the production of most photosynthesis-related isoprenoids. Both gene co-expression and protein-protein interaction likely contribute to the channeling of GGPP by GGPPS11.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
authors.forename: M Águila
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Sola
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
authors.forename: M Victoria
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Barja
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Maite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colinas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Welsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Seminar for Statistics, ETH Zurich, Rämistrasse 101, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rütimann
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Seminar for Statistics, ETH Zurich, Rämistrasse 101, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bühlmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bigler
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gruissem
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Concepción
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vranová
mesh_terms: D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes; D010641:Phenotype; D010788:Photosynthesis; D018087:Plastids / Q000201:enzymology; D011106:Polyisoprenyl Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping; D013729:Terpenes / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D011106:Polyisoprenyl Phosphates; D013729:Terpenes; D002734:Chlorophyll; D002338:Carotenoids; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; C588179:GGPS1 protein, Arabidopsis; C002963:geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana; GGPPS11; gene paralogues; geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase