title: Childhood Obesity: Causes, Consequences, and Management.
abstract: One-third of North American children are overweight or obese. Pathologic obesity accounts for only a small percentage of these cases. The vast majority are the result of a complex interaction of genetic and hormonal, nutritional, physical activity, and physical and social environmental factors. Obesity increases the risk for various cardiometabolic, pulmonary, and psychosocial complications for children, which often continues into adulthood. Multidisciplinary care, focusing on family-centered behavior change, is an evidence-based, essential part of the treatment, along with pharmacologic and surgical options for more complex cases. Prevention and early intervention strategies are key to reversing the obesity epidemic.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.
authors.forename: Muskaan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gurnani
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatric Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Birken
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada. Electronic address: jill.hamilton@sickkids.ca.
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamilton
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003376:Counseling; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000209:etiology; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D011322:Primary Prevention; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Adolescent; Cardiometabolic risk; Childhood; Lifestyle interventions; Obesity; Prevention