title: Changes in baseball batters' brain activity with increased pitch choice.
abstract: In baseball, one factor necessary for batters to decide whether to swing or not depends on what type of pitch is thrown. Oftentimes batters will look for their pitch (i.e., waiting for a fastball). In general, when a pitcher has many types of pitches in his arsenal, batters will have greater difficulty deciding upon the pitch thrown. Little research has been investigated the psychophysiology of a batters decision-making processes. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to determine how brain activation changes according to an increase in the number of alternatives (NA) available. A total of 15 male college baseball players participated in this study. The stimuli used in this experiment were video clips of a right-handed pitcher throwing fastball, curve, and slider pitches. The task was to press a button after selecting the fastball as the target stimulus from two pitch choices (fastball and curve), and then from three possibilities (fastball, curve, and slider). Functional and anatomic image scanning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) runs took 4 and 5[Formula: see text]min, respectively. According to our analysis, the right precentral gyrus, left medial frontal gyrus, and right fusiform gyrus were activated when the NA was one. The supplementary motor areas (SMA) and primary motor cortex were activated when there were two alternatives to choose from and the inferior orbitofrontal gyrus was specifically activated with three alternatives. Contrary to our expectations, the NA was not a critical factor influencing the activation of related decision making areas when the NA was compared against one another. These findings highlight that specific brain areas related to decision making were activated as the NA increased.
authors.affiliation: * Department of Physical Education, Kyungpook National University, Daehak ro 80 Bukgu, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Kwangmin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: * Department of Physical Education, Kyungpook National University, Daehak ro 80 Bukgu, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Jingu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: * Department of Physical Education, Kyungpook National University, Daehak ro 80 Bukgu, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Asif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: * Department of Physical Education, Kyungpook National University, Daehak ro 80 Bukgu, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Woojong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: † Department of Kinesiology, Western Illinois University, Macomb IL, 61455, USA.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Radlo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes / Q000523:psychology; D001484:Baseball / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Brain activation; baseball; decision making; fMRI; number of pitches