title: Inferring Phytoplankton, Terrestrial Plant and Bacteria Bulk δ¹³C Values from Compound Specific Analyses of Lipids and Fatty Acids.
abstract: Stable isotope mixing models in aquatic ecology require δ13C values for food web end members such as phytoplankton and bacteria, however it is rarely possible to measure these directly. Hence there is a critical need for improved methods for estimating the δ13C ratios of phytoplankton, bacteria and terrestrial detritus from within mixed seston. We determined the δ13C values of lipids, phospholipids and biomarker fatty acids and used these to calculate isotopic differences compared to the whole-cell δ13C values for eight phytoplankton classes, five bacterial taxa, and three types of terrestrial organic matter (two trees and one grass). The lipid content was higher amongst the phytoplankton (9.5±4.0%) than bacteria (7.3±0.8%) or terrestrial matter (3.9±1.7%). Our measurements revealed that the δ13C values of lipids followed phylogenetic classification among phytoplankton (78.2% of variance was explained by class), bacteria and terrestrial matter, and there was a strong correlation between the δ13C values of total lipids, phospholipids and individual fatty acids. Amongst the phytoplankton, the isotopic difference between biomarker fatty acids and bulk biomass averaged -10.7±1.1‰ for Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae, and -6.1±1.7‰ for Cryptophyceae, Chrysophyceae and Diatomophyceae. For heterotrophic bacteria and for type I and type II methane-oxidizing bacteria our results showed a -1.3±1.3‰, -8.0±4.4‰, and -3.4±1.4‰ δ13C difference, respectively, between biomarker fatty acids and bulk biomass. For terrestrial matter the isotopic difference averaged -6.6±1.2‰. Based on these results, the δ13C values of total lipids and biomarker fatty acids can be used to determine the δ13C values of bulk phytoplankton, bacteria or terrestrial matter with ± 1.4‰ uncertainty (i.e., the pooled SD of the isotopic difference for all samples). We conclude that when compound-specific stable isotope analyses become more widely available, the determination of δ13C values for selected biomarker fatty acids coupled with established isotopic differences, offers a promising way to determine taxa-specific bulk δ13C values for the phytoplankton, bacteria, and terrestrial detritus embedded within mixed seston.
authors.affiliation: Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Lammi, Finland.
authors.forename: Sami J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Taipale
authors.affiliation: Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Lammi, Finland.
authors.forename: Elina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peltomaa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiltunen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Roger I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria.
authors.forename: Martin W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Biasi
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Brett
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers; D018533:Biomass; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000737:chemistry*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D005227:Fatty Acids; D008055:Lipids