title: Mechanochemically Reduced SiO2 by Ti Incorporation as Lithium Storage Materials.
abstract: This study presents a simple and effective method of reducing amorphous silica (a-SiO2 ) with Ti metal through high-energy mechanical milling for improving its reactivity when used as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries. Through thermodynamic calculations, it is determined that Ti metal can easily take oxygen atoms from a-SiO2 by forming a thermodynamically stable SiO2-x /TiOx composite, meaning that electrochemically inactive a-SiO2 is partially reduced by the addition of Ti metal powder during milling. This mechanically reduced SiO2-x /TiOx composite anode exhibits a greatly improved electrochemical reactivity, with a reversible capacity of more than 700 mAh g(-1) and excellent cycle performance over 100 cycles. Furthermore, an enhancement in the mechanical and thermal stability of the composite during cycling can be mainly attributed to the in situ formation of the SiO2-x /TiOx phase. These findings provide new insight into the rational design of robust, high-capacity, Si-based anode materials, as well as their reaction mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Batteries Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-816 (Republic of Korea).|School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702 (Republic of Korea).
authors.forename: Kyungbae
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: WCU Multiscale Mechanical Design Division, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742 (Republic of Korea).
authors.forename: Janghyuk
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Advanced Batteries Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-816 (Republic of Korea).
authors.forename: Jaewoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Advanced Batteries Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-816 (Republic of Korea).
authors.forename: Ji-Sang
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: WCU Multiscale Mechanical Design Division, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742 (Republic of Korea).
authors.forename: Maenghyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: WCU Multiscale Mechanical Design Division, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742 (Republic of Korea).|Department of Materials Science and, Engineering and Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 (United States).
authors.forename: Kyeongjae
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Advanced Batteries Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-816 (Republic of Korea). parkms@keti.re.kr.
authors.forename: Min-Sik
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702 (Republic of Korea). jaehunkim@kookmin.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jae-Hun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Advanced Batteries Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-816 (Republic of Korea).
authors.forename: Young-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: anodes; batteries; nanocomposites; silicon dioxide; titanium