title: Chemical analysis of fish bile extracts for monitoring endocrine disrupting chemical exposure in water: Bisphenol A, alkylphenols, and norethindrone.
abstract: The present study determined concentrations of estrogenic bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol, octylphenol (4-tert-octylphenol), butylphenol (4-tert-butylphenol), and progestogenic norethindrone by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in bile extracts from field fish from the Xin'an River and market fish in Shanghai, China. Compared with the field fish, endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) concentrations in market fish bile were at relatively high levels with high detectable rates. The average concentrations of BPA, nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-tert-butylphenol, and norethindrone in field fish bile were 30.1 µg/L, 203 µg/L, 4.69 µg/L, 7.84 µg/L, and 0.514 µg/L, respectively; in market fish bile they were 240 µg/L, 528 µg/L, 76.5 µg/L, 12.8 µg/L, and 5.26 µg/L, respectively; and in the surface water of Xin'an River they were 38.8 ng/L, 7.91 ng/L, 1.98 ng/L, 2.66 ng/L, and 0.116 ng/L, respectively. The average of total estrogenic activity of river water was 3.32 ng/L estradiol equivalents. High bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were discovered for all 5 EDCs (≧998-fold) in field fish bile. Furthermore, the authors analyzed the BCF value of BPA in fish bile after 30-d exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of BPA in the laboratory, and the analysis revealed that BCF in fish bile (BCF(Fish bile)) changed in an inverse concentration-dependent manner based on the log10-transformed BPA concentration in water. Strikingly, the data from the field study were well fitted within this trend. The data together suggested that analysis of fish bile extracts could be an efficient method for assessing waterborne EDCs exposure for aquatic biota.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Minghong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chenyuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Bentuo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiangjie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jingsi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D001646:Bile / Q000737:chemistry*; D002681:China; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D011786:Quality Control; D018570:Risk Assessment; D045483:Rivers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D009640:Norethindrone; D010636:Phenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Chemical analysis; Endocrine disrupting chemicals; Fish bile; Water