title: Radiostratigraphy and age structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
abstract: Several decades of ice-penetrating radar surveys of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have observed numerous widespread internal reflections. Analysis of this radiostratigraphy has produced valuable insights into ice sheet dynamics and motivates additional mapping of these reflections. Here we present a comprehensive deep radiostratigraphy of the Greenland Ice Sheet from airborne deep ice-penetrating radar data collected over Greenland by The University of Kansas between 1993 and 2013. To map this radiostratigraphy efficiently, we developed new techniques for predicting reflection slope from the phase recorded by coherent radars. When integrated along track, these slope fields predict the radiostratigraphy and simplify semiautomatic reflection tracing. Core-intersecting reflections were dated using synchronized depth-age relationships for six deep ice cores. Additional reflections were dated by matching reflections between transects and by extending reflection-inferred depth-age relationships using the local effective vertical strain rate. The oldest reflections, dating to the Eemian period, are found mostly in the northern part of the ice sheet. Within the onset regions of several fast-flowing outlet glaciers and ice streams, reflections typically do not conform to the bed topography. Disrupted radiostratigraphy is also observed in a region north of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream that is not presently flowing rapidly. Dated reflections are used to generate a gridded age volume for most of the ice sheet and also to determine the depths of key climate transitions that were not observed directly. This radiostratigraphy provides a new constraint on the dynamics and history of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phase information predicts reflection slope and simplifies reflection tracingReflections can be dated away from ice cores using a simple ice flow modelRadiostratigraphy is often disrupted near the onset of fast ice flow.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Geophysics, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: MacGregor
authors.affiliation: Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fahnestock
authors.affiliation: Institute for Geophysics, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas, USA ; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Ginny A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Catania
authors.affiliation: Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets, The University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Paden
authors.affiliation: Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets, The University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prasad Gogineni
authors.affiliation: Institute for Geophysics, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas, USA ; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: S Keith
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Institute for Geophysics, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas, USA ; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas, USA ; Now at Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute Reno, Nevada, USA.
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Rybarski
authors.affiliation: Institute for Geophysics, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas, USA ; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Alexandria N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Mabrey
authors.affiliation: Institute for Geophysics, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas, USA ; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Wagman
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, California, USA.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morlighem
keywords: Greenland Ice Sheet; ice core; ice-penetrating dynamics; ice-sheet dynamics