title: Childhood trauma is associated with depressive symptoms in Mexico City women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe childhood trauma and depressive symptoms in Mexican women and to explore the relationships between number and type of childhood traumatic events and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community-based sample of 100 women was interviewed using a demographic questionnaire, the Life Stressor Checklist-Revised (LSC-R), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Childhood trauma (trauma at or before 16 years of age) and depressive symptoms were described, and logistic and linear regressions were used to analyze the relationship between childhood traumatic events and current depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants reported a mean of 9.46 (standard deviation (SD): 4.18) lifetime traumas and 2.76 (SD: 2.34) childhood traumas. The mean CES-D score was 18.9 (SD: 12.0) and 36.0% of participants had clinically significant depression (CES-D > 24). Depression scores were correlated with lifetime trauma, childhood trauma, education level, employment status, and number of self-reported current medical conditions. Depression scores were not significantly correlated with age, marital status, number of children, or socioeconomic status. For every additional childhood trauma experienced, the odds of clinically significant depressive symptoms (CES-D > 24) increased by 50.0% (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 1.50; 95% confidence interval: 1.14-1.96), after controlling for number of children, age, education level, employment status, and number of self-reported medical conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated that the number of childhood trauma exposures is associated with current depression among urban Mexican women, suggesting a need for trauma-informed care in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Health Care Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, maria.openshaw@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Openshaw
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Health Care Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, maria.openshaw@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Health Care Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, maria.openshaw@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pilar Bernal
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: de Pheils
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Maria Eugenia
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mendoza-Flores
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Humphreys
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016361:Bankruptcy; D001601:Bereavement; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004190:Disasters; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D000068099:Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D014505:Urban Population; D014754:Violence