title: An integrated biodegradation and nano-oxidation used for the remediation of naphthalene from aqueous solution.
abstract: The remediation of toxic persistent organic contaminants in the environment has raised a need for effective cleanup methods. In this study, an integrated remediation technique based on biodegradation of naphthalene using Bacillus fusiformis and Fenton oxidation of their degraded metabolites using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI). A 99.0% naphthalene was biodegraded by B. fusiformis in 96h, while only 59.4% chemical oxygen demand (COD) was removed, indicating that the degraded metabolites existed in solution. To further degrade the metabolites, nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) was used as heterogeneous catalyst for Fenton-like oxidation of the metabolites after biodegradation lasting 40h. Results showed that the total the removal COD increased from 36.4% to 91.6% at pH 3.0, 1.0gL(-1) nZVI, 10.0mML(-1) H2O2 and temperature of 35°C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the aggregation and corrosion of nZVI. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the existence of Fe(0) and the presence of iron oxide (Fe(II)) and iron oxohydroxide (Fe(III)). A possible degradation pathway was proposed since two naphthalene metabolites (1-Naphthalenol and 1,4-Naphthalenedione) were detected by GC-MS.
authors.affiliation: Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian Province, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian Province, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian Province, China.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Mallavarapu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Megharaj
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Ravendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naidu
authors.affiliation: Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian Province, China; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Electronic address: Zuliang.chen@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: Zuliang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D001407:Bacillus / Q000254:growth & development*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012996:Solutions; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: C045076:Fenton's reagent; D009281:Naphthalenes; D012996:Solutions; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C031721:naphthalene; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007501:Iron
keywords: Biodegradation; Fenton-like oxidation; Hydroxyl radical; Naphthalene; nZVI