title: Dendrimer-coupled sonophoresis-mediated transdermal drug-delivery system for diclofenac.
abstract: The purpose of the present study was to develop a novel transdermal drug-delivery system comprising a polyamidoamine dendrimer coupled with sonophoresis to enhance the permeation of diclofenac (DF) through the skin. The novel transdermal drug-delivery system was developed by using a statistical Plackett-Burman design. Hairless male Wistar rat skin was used for the DF-permeation study. Coupling media concentration, ultrasound-application time, duty cycle, distance from probe to skin, and a third-generation polyamidoamine-dendrimer concentration were selected as independent variables, while in vitro drug release was selected as a dependent variable. Independent variables were found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). DF gel without dendrimer and ultrasound treatment to skin (passive delivery, run 13) showed 56.69 µg/cm(2) cumulative drug permeated through the skin, while the DF-dendrimer gel without sonophoresis treatment (run 14) showed 257.3 µg/cm(2) cumulative drug permeated through the skin after 24 hours. However, when the same gel was applied to sonophoresis-treated skin, drastic permeation enhancement was observed. In the case of run 3, the cumulative drug that permeated through the skin was 935.21 µg/cm(2). It was concluded that dendrimer-coupled sonophoresis-mediated transdermal drug delivery system has the potential to enhance the permeation of DF through the skin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasonography, Tongxiang Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiaxing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wei-Jiang
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Gao-Yi
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Cong-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Records and Statistics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fei-Ni
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D050091:Dendrimers; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D065546:Drug Liberation; D005782:Gels; D008297:Male; D010539:Permeability; D011073:Polyamines / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012869:Skin Absorption; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D050091:Dendrimers; D005782:Gels; C531249:Poly(amidoamine); D011073:Polyamines; D004008:Diclofenac
keywords: permeation enhancers; polyamidoamine; sonophoresis; stratum corneum; ultrasound