title: Radon as a tracer of daily, seasonal and spatial air movements in the Underground Tourist Route "Coal Mine" (SW Poland).
abstract: The surveys of radon concentrations in the Underground Tourist Route "Coal Mine" were carried out using passive and active measurement techniques. Passive methods with application of Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors LR115 were used at 4 points in years 2004-2007 and at 21 points in year 2011. These detectors were exchanged at the beginning of every season in order to get information about seasonal and spatial changes of radon concentrations. The average radon concentration noted in this facility was 799 Bq m(-3) and is consistent with radon concentrations noted in Polish coal mines. Seasonal variations, observed in this underground tourist route, were as follows: the highest radon concentrations were noted during summers, the lowest during winters, during springs and autumns intermediate but higher in spring than in autumn. The main external factor that affected seasonal changes of radon concentrations was the seasonal variation of outside temperature. No correlation between seasonal variations of radon concentrations and seasonal average atmospheric pressures was found. Spatial variations of radon concentrations corresponded with air movements inside the Underground Tourist Route "Coal Mine". The most vivid air movements were noted along the main tunnel in adit and at the place located near no blinded (in the upper part) shaft. Daily variations of radon concentrations were recorded in May 2012 using RadStar RS-230 as the active measurement technique. Typical daily variations of radon concentrations followed the pattern that the highest radon concentrations were recorded from 8-9 a.m. to 7-8 p.m. and the lowest during nights. The main factor responsible for hourly variations of radon concentrations was the daily variation of outside temperatures. No correlations were found between radon concentration and other meteorological parameters such as atmospheric pressure, wind velocity or precipitation. Additionally, the influence of human factor on radon concentrations was noticed. As human factor, we consider open entrance door during restorations works carried out inside the underground facility. Comprehensive surveys of radon concentrations in the Underground Tourist Route "Coal Mine", which included hourly, seasonal and spatial measurements, have revealed that radon can be the excellent tracer of air movements inside the underground facilities that are not equipped with mechanical ventilation system. The main external factor that affects hourly, seasonal and even spatial changes of radon concentrations inside Underground Tourist Route "Coal Mine" is the variation of outside temperature. The maximum effective dose received by employees during 2000 working hours in a year was 5.8 mSv y(-1) and the minimum was 3.5 mSv y(-1). Tourist guides, who usually spend underground about 1000 h y(-1), received effective dose from 1.7 mSv y(-1) to 2.3 mSv y(-1). According to Polish Law, employees, receiving effective dose for occupational exposure higher than 1 mSv y(-1) but below 6 mSv y(-1), are allocated to category B of workers and the level of radiation in their place of work should be controlled and continuously monitored. The radiation monitoring system in the Underground Tourist Route "Coal Mine" does not exist. None of Polish tourist routes or caves has installed radiation monitoring system although effective doses received by employees, in some of them, exceed values defined by law. Effective dose received by tourist during one trip was lower than 0.001 mSv y(-1) and risk of cancer induction was lower than 0.00001%. The probability, that tourists inside the Underground Tourist Route "Coal Mine" receive effective dose exceeding allowable annual limit for members of the public of 1 mSv y(-1) does not exist. The Underground Tourist Route Coal Mine is a safe place for tourists from radiological point of view.
authors.affiliation: University of Wroclaw, Institute of Geological Sciences, Department of Economic Geology, pl. M. Borna 9, 50-204 Wroclaw, Poland. Electronic address: dagmara.tchorz@ing.uni.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Dagmara Eulalia
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Tchorz-Trzeciakiewicz
authors.affiliation: Geo2000, Rumiankowa 19, 54-512 Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Parkitny
mesh_terms: D000392:Air Movements; D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D059552:Caves; D006801:Humans; D008906:Mining; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D000069079:Radiation Exposure; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D011886:Radon / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive; D011886:Radon
keywords: Active and passive measurement techniques; Cancer risk; Effective dose; Radon; Seasonal; Underground tourist route; spatial and daily variations of radon concentrations