title: Analysis of advanced glycation endproducts in selected food items by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Presentation of a dietary AGE database.
abstract: The aim of this study was to validate an ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) in food items and to analyze AGEs in a selection of food items commonly consumed in a Western diet. N(ε)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), N(ε)-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) and N(δ)-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)-ornithine (MG-H1) were quantified in the protein fractions of 190 food items using UPLC-MS/MS. Intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were 2-29%. The calibration curves showed perfect linearity in water and food matrices. We found the highest AGE levels in high-heat processed nut or grain products, and canned meats. Fruits, vegetables, butter and coffee had the lowest AGE content. The described method proved to be suitable for the quantification of three major AGEs in food items. The presented dietary AGE database opens the possibility to further quantify actual dietary exposure to AGEs and to explore its physiological impact on human health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jean L J M
authors.initials: JLJM
authors.lastname: Scheijen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Egbert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Clevers
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Engelen
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pieter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Dagnelie
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brouns
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Coen D A
authors.initials: CDA
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: c.schalkwijk@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Casper G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Schalkwijk
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004032:Diet; D005524:Food Technology / Q000379:methods*; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced
keywords: Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs); Dietary database; Maillard reaction; Method validation; Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS)