title: From bladder to systemic syndrome: concept and treatment evolution of interstitial cystitis.
abstract: Interstitial cystitis, presently known as bladder pain syndrome, has been recognized for over a century but is still far from being understood. Its etiology is unknown and the syndrome probably harbors different diseases. Autoimmune dysfunction, urothelial leakage, infection, central and peripheral nervous system dysfunction, genetic disease, childhood trauma/abuse, and subsequent stress response system dysregulation might be implicated. Management is slowly evolving from a solo act by the end-organ specialist to a team approach based on new typing and phenotyping of the disease. However, oral and invasive treatments are still largely aimed at the bladder and are based on currently proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms. Future research will better define the disease, permitting individualization of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dinis
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULHT, Lisbon, Portugal ; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Joana Tavares
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ; Department of Urology, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ; Department of Urology, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Ca Tony
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Buffington
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ; Department of Urology, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dinis
keywords: bladder pain syndrome; concept; treatment