title: Advanced imaging approaches for regenerative medicine: Emerging technologies for monitoring stem cell fate in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: The future of regenerative medicine relies on our ability to control stem cell fate in order to produce functional tissues. Stem cells are the preferred cell source for tissue engineering endeavors and regenerative medicine therapies due to their high potency and capacity for expansion. However, their potency also makes them very difficult to control, as they are in a constant state of flux. Therefore, in order to advance research in regenerative medicine, it is necessary to be able to monitor cell state and phenotype both in vitro and in vivo. This review will detail the imaging technologies currently in use to monitor stem cell phenotype, migration, and differentiation. In addition to providing examples of the most recent work in this area, we will also discuss the future of imaging technologies for regenerative medicine, and how current imaging modalities might be utilized to image specific cell functionality in order to track stem cell fate. The research area of imaging stem cells is progressing toward identifying mature and differentiating cells not only by phenotypic markers, but also by visualizing cell function. Many of the cutting-edge modalities detailed in this review have the potential to be harnessed toward this goal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States.|Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
authors.forename: Molly E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kupfer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States. ogle@umn.edu.|Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States. ogle@umn.edu.|Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States. ogle@umn.edu.|Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States. ogle@umn.edu.|Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States. ogle@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Brenda M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ogle
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000235:genetics; D058948:Cell Tracking / Q000379:methods*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D044968:Regenerative Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000648:ultrastructure*
keywords: Biological imaging platforms; Cell differentiation; Cell functionality; Extracellular matrix; Stem cell imaging