title: Development of a novel larynx pacemaker multichannel array electrode: In vivo animal analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Electrical stimulation of posterior cricoarytenoid muscle offers a physiological approach to retain the function of the paralyzed larynx muscle after paralysis. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a durable, biocompatible, and atraumatic array electrode for inclusion in a larynx pacemaker. In addition to developing the electrode array, an evaluation methodology using in vivo multichannel electromyography was assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vivo test procedures for material evaluation: an animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over the research period, 42 array electrodes representing nine different prototypes were implanted in the triceps brachii muscle of 21 rats. Biocompatibility and atraumatic functions were evaluated via observation. Electrode function and durability were determined by comparison of daily electromyographic measurements of the muscle activity of the front leg (triceps brachii muscle) during locomotion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The used animal model demonstrated electrode material problems that could not be material evaluation from in vitro tests alone. Through use of this in vivo method, it was found that an array tip that is durable, biocompatible, and atraumatic should consist of many small electrode plates cast in flexible silicone. The connecting wires to the individual electrode plates should be Litz wire, which consists of multiple strands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The here demonstrated in vivo test method was a suitable animal model for designing and evaluating electrodes to be further developed for inclusion in human implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
authors.affiliation: Division for Motor Research, Pathophysiology and Biomechanics, Department for Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Faenger
authors.affiliation: Division for Motor Research, Pathophysiology and Biomechanics, Department for Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena.
authors.forename: Nikolaus P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Schumann
authors.affiliation: Division for Motor Research, Pathophysiology and Biomechanics, Department for Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena.|Institute of Systematic Zoology and Evolutionary Biology with Phyletic Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Division for Motor Research, Pathophysiology and Biomechanics, Department for Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena.|Berufsgenossenschaft Nahrungsmittel und Gastgewerbe, Geschäftsbereich Prävention, Außenstelle Erfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grassme
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena.
authors.forename: Orlando
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Guntinas-Lichius
authors.affiliation: Division for Motor Research, Pathophysiology and Biomechanics, Department for Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena.
authors.forename: Hans-Christoph
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Scholle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: EMG; Larynx pacemaker; electromyography; material evaluation; multichannel array electrode