title: Salmonella Infections in Childhood.
abstract: Salmonella are gram-negative bacilli within the family Enterobacteriaceae. They are the cause of significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Animals (pets) are an important reservoir for nontyphoidal Salmonella, whereas humans are the only natural host and reservoir for Salmonella Typhi. Salmonella infections are a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. They account for an estimated 2.8 billion cases of diarrheal disease each year. The transmission of Salmonella is frequently associated with the consumption of contaminated water and food of animal origin, and it is facilitated by conditions of poor hygiene. Nontyphoidal Salmonella infections have a worldwide distribution, whereas most typhoidal Salmonella infections in the United States are acquired abroad. In the United States, Salmonella is a common agent for food-borne–associated infections. Several outbreaks have been identified and are most commonly associated with agricultural products. Nontyphoidal Salmonella infection is usually characterized by a self-limited gastroenteritis in immunocompetent hosts in industrialized countries, but it may also cause invasive disease in vulnerable individuals (eg, children less than 1 year of age, immunocompromised). Antibiotic treatment is not recommended for treatment of mild to moderate gastroenteritis by nontyphoidal Salmonella in immunocompetent adults or children more than 1 year of age. Antibiotic treatment is recommended for nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in infants less than 3 months of age, because they are at higher risk for bacteremia and extraintestinal complications. Typhoid (enteric) fever and its potential complications have a significant impact on children, especially those who live in developing countries. Antibiotic treatment of typhoid fever has become challenging because of the emergence of Salmonella Typhi strains that are resistant to classically used first-line agents: ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol. The choice of antibiotics for the management of typhoid fever should be guided by the local resistance pattern. Recommendations include using an extended spectrum cephalosporin, azithromycin, or a fluoroquinolone. Fecal carriage of Salmonella is an important factor in the spread of the organism to healthy individuals. The most important measures to prevent the spread and outbreaks of Salmonella infections and typhoid fever are adequate sanitation protocols for food processing and handling as well as hand hygiene. In the United States, 2 vaccines are commercially available against Salmonella Typhi. The WHO recommends the use of these vaccines in endemic areas and for outbreak control.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, 653-1 West 8th Street, LRC-3, Pediatrics, L-13, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA.
authors.forename: Fernando J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Bula-Rudas
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, 653-1 West 8th Street, LRC-3, Pediatrics, L-13, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA; Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida Center for HIV/AIDS Research, Education and Service (UF CARES), 653-1 West 8th Street/LRC-3, Pediatrics, L-13, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA; Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Wolfson Children's Hospital, 800 Prudential Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32207, USA. Electronic address: mobeen.rathore@jax.ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Mobeen H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Rathore
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, 653-1 West 8th Street, LRC-3, Pediatrics, L-13, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA.
authors.forename: Nizar F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Maraqa
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D011634:Public Health; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Enteric fever; Nontyphoidal Salmonella; Salmonellosis; Typhoid