title: Pediatric facial fractures: Demographic determinants influencing clinical outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is limited data linking demographic determinants to clinical outcomes in facial trauma, particularly when comparing regional to national datasets; these are the aims of the present study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 10-year, retrospective single-institutional chart review was undertaken at Children's Hospital Colorado (CHC) to characterize a pediatric population with facial fractures. A comparative analysis between the CHC and National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) datasets was also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the CHC dataset, increased hospital stay was positively predicted by bilateral mandible fracture, skull, intracranial, spine, thoracic, abdominal, and limb injuries. Predictors of increased intensive-care unit (ICU) stay included skull, spine, and limb injuries. The CHC cohort had younger subjects, more females, fewer African Americans, and more Hispanics than the NTDB dataset. They were more likely to be injured by nonviolent activities than by altercations. Divergent facial and associated injuries between the datasets were found. Multivariate models showed longer length of hospital stay for the CHC group (P = .0085), but the NTDB group had higher ICU admission (P = .04) and longer lengths of ICU stay (P = .007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The demographic disparities (age, ethnicity, mechanism of injury, and injury type) resulted in divergent injury patterns and likely influenced clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  4.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine.|Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado.
authors.forename: Kenny H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Dexiang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Colorado Health Outcomes Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bronsert
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Keely M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Chevallier
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine.|Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado.
authors.forename: Jonathan N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Perkins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003120:Colorado / Q000453:epidemiology; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries*; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Pediatric; demographic; facial bone; fracture; hospital stay; intensive-care unit; trauma