title: Osteoinductive potential of a novel biphasic calcium phosphate bone graft in comparison with autographs, xenografts, and DFDBA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since the original description of osteoinduction in the early 20th century, the study and development of innovative biomaterials has emerged. Recently, novel synthetic bone grafts have been reported with potential to form ectopic bone in vivo. However, their full characterization in comparison with other leading bone grafts has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the osteoinductive potential of bone grafts by comparing autogenous bone grafts, demineralized freeze-dried bone allografts (DFDBA), a commonly utilized natural bone mineral (NBM) from bovine origin (Bio-Oss), and a newly developed biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Grafts were compared in vitro for their ability to stimulate bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) migration, proliferation, and differentiation as assessed by quantitative real-time PCR for genes coding for bone markers including Runx2, collagen I, and osteocalcin. Furthermore, bone grafts were implanted in the calf muscle of 12 beagle dogs to determine their potential to form ectopic bone in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The in vitro results demonstrate that both autografts and DFDBA show potential for cell recruitment, whereas only autografts and BCP demonstrated the ability to differentiate BMSCs toward the osteoblast lineage. The in vivo ectopic bone model demonstrated that while NBM particles were not osteoinductive and autogenous bone grafts were resorbed quickly in vivo, ectopic bone formation was reported in DFDBA and in synthetic BCP grafts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The modifications in nanotopography and chemical composition of the newly developed BCP bone grafts significantly promoted ectopic bone formation confirming their osteoinductive potential. In conclusion, the results from this study provide evidence that synthetic bone grafts not only serve as a three-dimensional scaffold but are also able to promote osteoinduction.
authors.affiliation: Faculté de Medecine Dentaire, Pavillon de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.|Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.|Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Miron
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sculean
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST), Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shuang
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.|Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dieter D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Bosshardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.|Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buser
authors.affiliation: Faculté de Medecine Dentaire, Pavillon de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Fatiha
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chandad
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST), Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004285:Dogs; D005612:Freeze Drying; D064593:Heterografts; D006614:Hindlimb; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008903:Minerals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous
chemical_list: C077540:Bio-Oss; D015415:Biomarkers; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D008903:Minerals; C020243:calcium phosphate
keywords: bone grafts; natural bone mineral; osteoinduction; osteoinductive potential