title: Gray Matter Volume Decrease Distinguishes Schizophrenia From Bipolar Offspring During Childhood and Adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is increasing support toward the notion that schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share neurodevelopmental underpinnings, although areas of divergence remain. We set out to examine gray matter volume characteristics of child and adolescent offspring of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder comparatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this 2-center study, magnetic resonance structural neuroimaging data were acquired in 198 children and adolescents (aged 6-17 years): 38 offspring of patients with schizophrenia, 77 offspring of patients with bipolar disorder, and 83 offspring of community controls. Analyses of global brain volumes and voxel-based morphometry (using familywise error correction) were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an effect of group on total cerebral gray matter volume (F = 3.26, p = .041), driven by a decrease in offspring of patients with schizophrenia relative to offspring of controls (p = .035). At a voxel-based level, we observed an effect of group in the left inferior frontal cortex/anterior insula (F = 14.7, p < .001), which was driven by gray matter volume reduction in offspring of patients with schizophrenia relative to both offspring of controls (p = .044) and of patients with bipolar disorder (p < .001). No differences were observed between offspring of patients with bipolar disorder and offspring of controls in either global or voxel-based gray matter volumes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This first comparative study between offspring of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder suggests that gray matter volume reduction in childhood and adolescence may be specific to offspring of patients with schizophrenia; this may index a greater neurodevelopmental impact of risk for schizophrenia relative to bipolar disorder during youth.
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain, and Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona. Electronic address: gernest@clinic.cat.
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sugranyes
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, and Biomedical Research Network Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de la Serna
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, and Biomedical Research Network Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid.
authors.forename: Soledad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: IDIBAPS, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, and CIBERSAM.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Gistau
authors.affiliation: IDIBAPS and Biomedical Research Network Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Grupo de Imagen Biomédica de la Universidad de Barcelona (GIB-UB).
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.affiliation: CIBERSAM and Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid.
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: IDIBAPS, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, and CIBERSAM.
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baeza
authors.affiliation: Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid.
authors.forename: Covadonga M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Diaz-Caneja
authors.affiliation: Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Gutierrez
authors.affiliation: CIBERSAM and Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid.
authors.forename: Joost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, and Image Diagnosis Center, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona.
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bargallo
authors.affiliation: IDIBAPS, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, and CIBERSAM; University of Barcelona.
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castro-Fornieles
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D059906:Neuroimaging; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: bipolar disorder; magnetic resonance imaging; schizophrenia