title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in Thai patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphism and the presence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease and lupus nephritis (LN), including the association with disease severity in a Thai population.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective study, 187 SLE patients followed up for (at least) 7 years in a rheumatology clinic of an academic hospital were enrolled. Disease severity and damage score at diagnosis and every 6 months, including treatment outcome of the first episode of LN were retrieved from medical records. The ACE genotype of SLE patients were determined by polymerase chain reaction and compared with ACE genotype in 687 controls from a database of a Thai surveillance cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an association between ACE I/D polymorphism and the presence of SLE disease and LN (P < 0.001). Unexpectedly, the prevalence of DD genotype in SLE patients was lower than controls (OR 0.44 [95% CI 0.23-0.84], P = 0.013). The prevalence of ID genotype was not different between SLE patients and controls (OR 1.44 [95%CI 0.93-2.24], P = 0.102), but was higher in LN patients compared to controls (OR 1.77 [95% CI 1.14-2.72], P = 0.01). However, the ACE I/D polymorphism is not associated with SLE disease severity, either in patients with or without nephritis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DD genotype could not be used as a poor prognostic marker for SLE and LN susceptibility in a Thai population. However, ID genotype may be associated with risk to develop LN.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology, Research Center, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Umporn
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pitipakorn
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology, Research Center, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Parawee
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suwannalai
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Research Center, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Objoon
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Trachoo
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Center, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sasivimol
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rattanasiri
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Biology, Research Center, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sermsiri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chitphuk
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology, Research Center, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pintip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ngamjanyaporn
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Research Center, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Thanyachai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013785:Thailand; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C488034:ACE protein, human; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A
keywords: angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D polymorphism; angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism; lupus nephritis; systemic lupus erythematosus