title: Apremilast: A Review in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis.
abstract: Apremilast (Otezla(®)) is an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor indicated for the twice-daily treatment of adults with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Its use in these patient populations has been assessed in two phase III clinical trial programmes (ESTEEM and PALACE). At 16 weeks in the two ESTEEM trials, apremilast reduced the severity and extent of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis, including nail, scalp and palmoplantar manifestations, versus placebo in adults, with these benefits generally being sustained over 52 weeks of treatment. Similarly, in three PALACE trials (PALACE 1-3), apremilast improved the signs and symptoms of PsA relative to placebo at 16 weeks in adults with active disease despite treatment with conventional synthetic and/or biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. These PsA benefits were generally sustained for up to 104 weeks of treatment; skin involvement, enthesitis and dactylitis also improved with the drug. Apremilast was generally well tolerated, with the most common adverse events being diarrhoea and nausea in the first year of treatment (usually occurring in the first 2 weeks after the first dose and resolving within 4 weeks) and nasopharyngitis and upper respiratory tract infection with continued treatment. Although further longer-term and comparative efficacy and tolerability data would be beneficial, the current clinical data indicate that apremilast is an effective and well tolerated option for the management of psoriasis and PsA in adults.
authors.affiliation: Springer, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, 0754, Auckland, New Zealand, demail@springer.com.
authors.forename: Emma D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Deeks
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D015535:Arthritis, Psoriatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D058988:Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D012074:Remission Induction; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D058988:Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors; D013792:Thalidomide; C505730:apremilast