title: Palpation Versus Ultrasound-Guided Acromioclavicular Joint Intra-articular Corticosteroid Injections: A Retrospective Comparative Clinical Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common cause of pain arising from the acromioclavicular (AC) joint. The true incidence is unknown because of differences in the criteria used to define arthritis in various studies. The proper diagnosis of AC joint OA requires a thorough physical examination, radiographic findings, and a diagnostic local anesthetic injection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to assess the effects and safety of ultrasound (US) versus palpation-guided acromioclavicular (AC) joint intra-articular (IA) corticosteroid injection for patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the AC joint.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, compared clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital outpatient pain clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients with AC joint degenerative OA who had undergone US or palpation-guided AC joint IA corticosteroid injection between January 2012 and December 2013 at our outpatient clinic. One hundred consecutive patients identified from chart review met inclusion criteria. Patients (N = 50) in US guide AC joint IA steroid injection group were administered a mixture of 0.5% lidocaine (1 mL) with triamcinolone (20 mg/mL; 0.5 mL) and radiographic contrast material (0.5 mL) and patients (N = 50) in palpation-guided AC joint IA steroid injection group were administered a mixture of 0.5% lidocaine (1 mL) with triamcinolone (20 mg/mL; 0.5 mL) and 0.5 mL of radiographic contrast material. Results were measured using the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), Verbal Numeric pain Scale (VNS) at rest (VNSar), under local pressure (VNSlp) ,and the arm adduction test (VNSaat) at the joint space area before injections and at one, 3, and 6 months after the injections. Successful treatment occurred when patients obtained significant pain relief (as measured by > 50% improvement in the VNS score and 20 point improvement in the SPADI) at one, 3, and 6 months after the injections. Univariable analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between possible outcome predictors and therapeutic effect by using a chi-square test. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess whether injection method, injection accuracy, patients' age, gender, and duration of the disease were independent predictors of successful outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SPADI, VNSaat, VNSlp, and VNSar improved at one, 3, and 6 months after the injections in both groups. There was a statistically significantly greater improvement in the VNSlp score and SPDAI at 6 months and in the VNSaat score at 3 months and 6 months for US-guided group as compared with the palpation group. Successful treatment is defined as significant differences found between the groups or from the 3-month to 6-month outcomes. Multiple logistic regression and univariable analysis showed that the significant outcome predictors at 6-month follow-up was the injection accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limitations include the retrospective nature of the study, lack of evaluation of long-term effects , most of the injections were performed in patients with a BMI of less than 30 kg/m2, and the treatment procedures were conducted by the same physician.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  US-guided AC joint IA injection for the treatment of symptomatic AC joint OA resulted in better pain and functional status improvement than palpation-guided IA injection at the 6-month follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Sanggye Paik Hospita.
authors.forename: Ki Deok
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Tai Kon
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jihae
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Woo Yong
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jae Ki
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Yongbum
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000173:Acromioclavicular Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular / Q000379:methods; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010173:Palpation / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine