title: Large-scale contamination of microbial isolate genomes by Illumina PhiX control.
abstract: With the rapid growth and development of sequencing technologies, genomes have become the new go-to for exploring solutions to some of the world's biggest challenges such as searching for alternative energy sources and exploration of genomic dark matter. However, progress in sequencing has been accompanied by its share of errors that can occur during template or library preparation, sequencing, imaging or data analysis. In this study we screened over 18,000 publicly available microbial isolate genome sequences in the Integrated Microbial Genomes database and identified more than 1000 genomes that are contaminated with PhiX, a control frequently used during Illumina sequencing runs. Approximately 10% of these genomes have been published in literature and 129 contaminated genomes were sequenced under the Human Microbiome Project. Raw sequence reads are prone to contamination from various sources and are usually eliminated during downstream quality control steps. Detection of PhiX contaminated genomes indicates a lapse in either the application or effectiveness of proper quality control measures. The presence of PhiX contamination in several publicly available isolate genomes can result in additional errors when such data are used in comparative genomics analyses. Such contamination of public databases have far-reaching consequences in the form of erroneous data interpretation and analyses, and necessitates better measures to proofread raw sequences before releasing them to the broader scientific community.
authors.affiliation: DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Supratim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.affiliation: DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huntemann
authors.affiliation: DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ivanova
authors.affiliation: DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA ; King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Nikos C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Kyrpides
authors.affiliation: DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Amrita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pati
keywords: Comparative genomics; Contamination; Next-generation sequencing; PhiX