title: Green sonochemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles at varying concentrations of κ-carrageenan.
abstract: A green sonochemical method was developed for preparing silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in different concentrations of kappa carrageenan (κ-carrageenan). The κ-carrageenan was used as a natural eco-friendly stabilizer, and ultrasonic irradiation was used as a green reducing agent. The number of Ag-NPs increased with increasing κ-carrageenan concentrations. Formation of Ag/κ-carrageenan was determined by UV-visible spectroscopy where the surface plasmon absorption maximum was observed at 402 to 420 nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the Ag-NPs are of a face-centered cubic structure. The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum indicated the presence of Ag-NPs in κ-carrageenan. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image for the highest concentration of κ-carrageenan showed the distribution of Ag-NPs with an average particle size near to 4.21 nm. Scan electron microscopy (SEM) images illustrated the spherical shape of the Ag-NPs. The use of photo irradiation provides a green and economic feature to this work.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, r_supikhy@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Randa Fawzi
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Elsupikhe
authors.forename: Kamyar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shameli
authors.forename: Mansor B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Nor Azowa
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Norhazlin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zainudin