title: Strategies to avoid a missed diagnosis of co-occurring concussion in post-acute patients having a spinal cord injury.
abstract: Research scientists and clinicians should be aware that missed diagnoses of mild-moderate traumatic brain injuries in post-acute patients having spinal cord injuries may approach 60-74% with certain risk factors, potentially causing clinical consequences for patients, and confounding the results of clinical research studies. Factors leading to a missed diagnosis may include acute trauma-related life-threatening issues, sedation/intubation, subtle neuropathology on neuroimaging, failure to collect Glasgow Coma Scale scores or duration of posttraumatic amnesia, or lack of validity of this information, and overlap in neuro-cognitive symptoms with emotional responses to spinal cord injuries. Strategies for avoiding a missed diagnosis of mild-moderate traumatic brain injuries in patients having a spinal cord injuries are highlighted in this perspective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kushner
keywords: brain concussion; complications; diagnosis; dual diagnosis; post-concussion syndrome; rehabilitation; spinal cord injuries; traumatic brain injury