title: Tracking the History and Ecological Changes of Rising Double-Crested Cormorant Populations Using Pond Sediments from Islands in Eastern Lake Ontario.
abstract: In the Laurentian Great Lakes region, the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) has seen a thousand-fold population increase in recent decades. These large colonies of birds now often conflict with socioeconomic interests, particularly due to perceived competition with fisheries and the destruction of terrestrial vegetation in nesting habitats. Here we use dated sediment cores from ponds on islands in eastern Lake Ontario that receive waste inputs from dense colonies of cormorants and ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) to chronicle the population rise of these species and assess their long-term ecological impacts. Modern water chemistry sampling from these sites reveals drastically elevated nutrient and major ion concentrations compared to reference ponds not influenced by waterbirds. Geochemical tracers in dated sediment cores, particularly δ15N and chlorophyll-a concentrations, track waterbird influences over time. Fossil diatom assemblages were dominated by species tolerant of hyper-eutrophic and polluted systems, which is in marked contrast to assemblages in reference sites. In addition to establishing long-term ecological impacts, this multi-proxy paleoecological approach can be used to determine whether islands of concern have been long-term nesting sites or were only recently colonized by cormorant or ring-billed gull populations across the Great Lakes, facilitating informed management decisions about controversial culling programs.
authors.affiliation: Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
authors.forename: Emily M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
authors.forename: Neal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Michelutti
authors.affiliation: Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shenstone-Harris
authors.affiliation: Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grooms
authors.affiliation: Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3H 5T4.
authors.forename: Chip
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weseloh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5.
authors.forename: Linda E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Kimpe
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5.
authors.forename: Jules M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Blais
authors.affiliation: Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Smol
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D060106:Lakes; D009425:Nesting Behavior; D009864:Ontario