title: Aggressive surgical resection does not improve survival in operable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with N2-3 status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of nodal status on response and clarify the optimal treatment for operable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed 1490 OSCC patients who underwent transthoracic esophagectomy and lymphadenectomy between December 1996 and December 2009 at the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. The surgical approach and the number of resected lymph nodes (LNs) were considered in the assessment of surgery. Patients were classified according to their nodal statuses (N0 vs N1 vs N2-3). Overall survival was defined as the time from the date of death or final follow-up. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and differences between curves were assessed by the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with prognosis. Statistical significance was assumed at a P < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With a median time from surgery to the last censoring date for the entire cohort of 72.2 mo, a total of 631 patients were still alive at the last follow-up and the median survival time was 35.5 mo. The surgical approach (left transthoracic vs Ivor-Lewis/tri-incisional) was verified as independent prognostic significance in patients with N0 or N1 status, but not in those with N2-3 status. Similar results were also observed with the number of resected LNs (≤ 14 vs ≥ 15). Compared with surgery alone, combined therapy achieved better outcomes in patients with N1 or N2-3 status, but not in those with N0 status. For those with N2-3 status, neither the surgical approach nor the number of resected LNs reached significance by univariate analysis, with unadjusted HRs of 0.826 (95%CI: 0.644-1.058) and 0.849 (95%CI: 0.668-1.078), respectively, and aggressiveness of surgery did not influence the outcome; the longest survival was observed in those patients who received the combined therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined therapy has a positive role in OSCC with LN metastasis, and aggressive surgical resection does not improve survival in patients with N2-3 status.
authors.affiliation: Yu-Zhen Zheng, Yi Hu, Hong Yang, Qian-Wen Liu, Kong-Jia Luo, Qing-Yuan Huang, Jun-Ying Chen, Jian-Hua Fu, Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Zhen
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Yu-Zhen Zheng, Yi Hu, Hong Yang, Qian-Wen Liu, Kong-Jia Luo, Qing-Yuan Huang, Jun-Ying Chen, Jian-Hua Fu, Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Yu-Zhen Zheng, Yi Hu, Hong Yang, Qian-Wen Liu, Kong-Jia Luo, Qing-Yuan Huang, Jun-Ying Chen, Jian-Hua Fu, Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Yu-Zhen Zheng, Yi Hu, Hong Yang, Qian-Wen Liu, Kong-Jia Luo, Qing-Yuan Huang, Jun-Ying Chen, Jian-Hua Fu, Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Xiao
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Ding-Lin
authors.affiliation: Yu-Zhen Zheng, Yi Hu, Hong Yang, Qian-Wen Liu, Kong-Jia Luo, Qing-Yuan Huang, Jun-Ying Chen, Jian-Hua Fu, Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Yu-Zhen Zheng, Yi Hu, Hong Yang, Qian-Wen Liu, Kong-Jia Luo, Qing-Yuan Huang, Jun-Ying Chen, Jian-Hua Fu, Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Yu-Zhen Zheng, Yi Hu, Hong Yang, Qian-Wen Liu, Kong-Jia Luo, Qing-Yuan Huang, Jun-Ying Chen, Jian-Hua Fu, Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Qian-Wen
authors.initials: QW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Yu-Zhen Zheng, Yi Hu, Hong Yang, Qian-Wen Liu, Kong-Jia Luo, Qing-Yuan Huang, Jun-Ying Chen, Jian-Hua Fu, Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Kong-Jia
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Yu-Zhen Zheng, Yi Hu, Hong Yang, Qian-Wen Liu, Kong-Jia Luo, Qing-Yuan Huang, Jun-Ying Chen, Jian-Hua Fu, Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Qing-Yuan
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Yu-Zhen Zheng, Yi Hu, Hong Yang, Qian-Wen Liu, Kong-Jia Luo, Qing-Yuan Huang, Jun-Ying Chen, Jian-Hua Fu, Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Ying
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Yu-Zhen Zheng, Yi Hu, Hong Yang, Qian-Wen Liu, Kong-Jia Luo, Qing-Yuan Huang, Jun-Ying Chen, Jian-Hua Fu, Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D059186:Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002681:China; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Esophageal neoplasm; Lymph nodes; Prognosis; Surgery