title: Variable density randomized stack of spirals (VDR-SoS) for compressive sensing MRI.
abstract: To develop a 3D sampling strategy based on a stack of variable density spirals for compressive sensing MRI.
  
  
  
  A random sampling pattern was obtained by rotating each spiral by a random angle and by delaying for few time steps the gradient waveforms of the different interleaves. A three-dimensional (3D) variable sampling density was obtained by designing different variable density spirals for each slice encoding. The proposed approach was tested with phantom simulations up to a five-fold undersampling factor. Fully sampled 3D dataset of a human knee, and of a human brain, were obtained from a healthy volunteer. The proposed approach was tested with off-line reconstructions of the knee dataset up to a four-fold acceleration and compared with other noncoherent trajectories.
  
  
  
  The proposed approach outperformed the standard stack of spirals for various undersampling factors. The level of coherence and the reconstruction quality of the proposed approach were similar to those of other trajectories that, however, require 3D gridding for the reconstruction.
  
  
  
  The variable density randomized stack of spirals (VDR-SoS) is an easily implementable trajectory that could represent a valid sampling strategy for 3D compressive sensing MRI. It guarantees low levels of coherence without requiring 3D gridding. Magn Reson Med 76:59-69, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.|Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valvano
authors.affiliation: Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.|Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Landini
authors.affiliation: Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Pisa, Italy.|Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Filomena
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Santarelli
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D044962:Data Compression / Q000379:methods*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018401:Sample Size; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: compressive Sensing MRI; random stack of spirals; variable density spirals