title: Perspectives on next steps in classification of oro-facial pain - part 1: role of ontology.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to review existing principles of oro-facial pain classifications and to specify design recommendations for a new system that would reflect recent insights in biomedical classification systems, terminologies and ontologies. The study was initiated by a symposium organised by the International RDC/TMD Consortium Network in March 2013, to which the present authors contributed. The following areas are addressed: problems with current classification approaches, status of the ontological basis of pain disorders, insufficient diagnostic aids and biomarkers for pain disorders, exploratory nature of current pain terminology and classification systems, and problems with prevailing classification methods from an ontological perspective. Four recommendations for addressing these problems are as follows: (i) develop a hypothesis-driven classification structure built on principles that ensure to our best understanding an accurate description of the relations among all entities involved in oro-facial pain disorders; (ii) take into account the physiology and phenomenology of oro-facial pain disorders to adequately represent both domains including psychosocial entities in a classification system; (iii) plan at the beginning for field-testing at strategic development stages; and (iv) consider how the classification system will be implemented. Implications in relation to the specific domains of psychosocial factors and biomarkers for inclusion into an oro-facial pain classification system are described in two separate papers.
authors.affiliation: University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ceusters
authors.affiliation: University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michelotti
authors.affiliation: New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Raphael
authors.affiliation: Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Durham
authors.affiliation: University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9266-9734
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ohrbach
mesh_terms: D064229:Biological Ontologies; D003226:Congresses as Topic; D032921:Consensus; D018865:Dental Research; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000145:classification*; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000145:classification*; D009626:Terminology as Topic
keywords: DC/TMD; chronic oro-facial pain; classification; ontology; temporomandibular disorders