title: The Relationship between Natural Park Usage and Happiness Does Not Hold in a Tropical City-State.
abstract: Previous studies have shown that contact with urban green spaces can produce positive effects on people's stress, health and well-being levels. However, much of this research has been conducted in the temperate regions of Europe or North America. Additionally, most studies have only compared the effects of urban and natural areas on health and well-being, but not made a finer distinction between different types of urban green spaces. We tested the relationship between well-being and the access or use of different types of green spaces among young adults in Singapore, a tropical city-state. The results showed that extraversion and emotional stability increased subjective well-being, positive affect and life satisfaction and decreased stress and negative affect. In addition, we found that level of physical activity increased positive affect and health problems increased negative affect. Neither access to green spaces nor the use of green spaces in Singapore significantly affected the well-being metrics considered, contradicting findings in the temperate regions of the world. We hypothesize that the differences in temperature and humidity and the higher greenery and biodiversity levels outside parks in Singapore could explain this phenomenon. Our results thus question the universality of the relationship between well-being and park usage and highlight the need for more research into the multifaceted effects of green spaces on well-being in the tropics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore,14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: Le E
authors.initials: le E
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore,14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: Felix K S
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore,14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: Luis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Carrasco
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000068316:Parks, Recreational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012846:Singapore; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014329:Tropical Climate; D055815:Young Adult