title: Psyclones: a roller coaster of life? Hidden synthetic cannabinoids and stimulants in apparently harmless products.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The urge to gain information on a new drug marketed online as 'Psyclone' has emerged after the death of a 38-year-old man in Bolton (UK). The fatality appeared to be a consequence of smoking this psychoactive product.
  
  
  METHODS
  From October to December 2013, qualitative searches of the Web have been carried out in English and Italian, using the keywords 'Psyclone', 'Psyclone legal high', 'Psyclone incense' and 'Psyclone research chemical' on the Google search engine and on the database provided by the Global Public Health Intelligence Network.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our research highlighted the existence of two psychoactive products labelled as Psyclone but with different contents and packaging: a herbal blend containing two synthetic cannabinoids (AKB-48 and 5f-PB-22) and a research chemical containing 50% ethylphenidate, 30% caffeine and 20% lidocaine. Desired and side effects of both compounds are explored in the paper.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Being sold as a legal product, Psyclone may appeal to recreational users, who remain unaware of its real content. This is a serious public health threat, which may lead to acute intoxications and fatalities. Further studies in the field, including Internet monitoring, are therefore required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy.|School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1377-9183
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santacroce
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Corazza
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martinotti
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.|Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco Saverio
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Bersani
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valeriani
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Giannantonio
mesh_terms: D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015198:Designer Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids; D015198:Designer Drugs
keywords: caffeine; ethylphenidate; novel psychoactive substances; synthetic cannabinoids