title: Trends in Stranding and By-Catch Rates of Gray and Harbor Seals along the Northeastern Coast of the United States: Evidence of Divergence in the Abundance of Two Sympatric Phocid Species?
abstract: Harbor seals and gray seals are sympatric phocid pinnipeds found in coastal waters of the temperate and sub-Arctic North Atlantic. In the Northwest Atlantic, both species were depleted through a combination of subsistence hunts and government supported bounties, and are now re-occupying substantial portions of their original ranges. While both species appear to have recovered during the past 2 decades, our understanding of their population dynamics in US waters is incomplete. Here we describe trends in stranding and bycatch rates of harbor and gray seals in the North East United States (NEUS) over the past 16 years through an exploratory curve-fitting exercise and structural break-point analysis. Variability in gray seal strandings in Southern New England and bycatch in the Northeast Sink Gillnet Fishery were best described by fitting positive exponential and linear models, and exhibited rates of increase as high as 22%. In contrast, neither linear nor exponential models fit the oscillation of harbor seal strandings and bycatch over the study period. However, a breakpoint Chow test revealed that harbor seal strandings in the Cape Cod, Massachusetts region and harbor seal bycatch in the Northeast Sink Gillnet Fishery increased in the 1990s and then started declining in the early to mid-2000s. Our analysis indicates that ongoing variation in natural and anthropogenic mortality rates of harbor and gray seals in the NEUS is not synchronous, and likely represents diverging trends in abundance of these species as they assume new roles in the marine ecosystems of the region.
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University of Marine Laboratory, 135 Duke Marine Lab Rd., Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States of America.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University of Marine Laboratory, 135 Duke Marine Lab Rd., Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frungillo
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University of Marine Laboratory, 135 Duke Marine Lab Rd., Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States of America; Integrated Statistics, 16 Sumner Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ainsley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: International Fund for Animal Welfare, Marine Mammal Rescue and Research Program, 290 Summer St., Yarmouth Port, MA, 02675, United States of America.
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: International Fund for Animal Welfare, Marine Mammal Rescue and Research Program, 290 Summer St., Yarmouth Port, MA, 02675, United States of America.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.affiliation: Animal Rescue Program, Sea Research Foundation, 55 Coogan Blvd., Mystic, CT, 06355-1997, United States of America.
authors.forename: Janelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schuh
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University of Marine Laboratory, 135 Duke Marine Lab Rd., Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States of America.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Read
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D008954:Models, Biological; D046049:Phoca / Q000502:physiology*; D011157:Population Dynamics