title: Effects of bisphosphonates to treat osteoporosis in children with cerebral palsy: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In childhood and adolescence, some patients with cerebral palsy (CP) have long-term limited mobility, which can lead to secondary osteoporosis, Prevention and treatment strategies have been evaluated for the management of low bone mineral density (BMD) and fragility fractures. Currently, however, there are no established guidelines for the stratification and individualization of therapeutic interventions. Recently, an increasing number of studies have reported on the use of bisphosphonates to increase BMD in various pediatric conditions, and bisphosphonates have been suggested as a method to treat osteoporosis and prevent fractures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We performed the current meta-analysis to assess the effects of bisphosphonates on increasing BMD in children who have CP with secondary osteoporosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase from inception to April 2014 was performed with the following keywords: (bone disease, metabolic OR osteoporosis OR osteopenia) AND (child OR pediatric OR adolescent) AND (cerebral palsy) AND (bisphosphonate). Four studies were ultimately included in the meta-analysis: one randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study and three case-controlled studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Z-score of lumbar spine was significantly improved after bisphosphonates treatment compared with pre-treatment values (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.799; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.499-1.100; p<0.001). The Z-score of femur was also improved significantly compared with that of the baseline value (SMD, 0.748; 95% CI, 0.382-1.114; p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bisphosphonates have a significant effect on improving BMD in children with CP. Further standardization of treatment protocols including treatment dosage and duration needs to be established, and long-term follow up studies are needed.
authors.forename: Min Jeong
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Soo-Nyung
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: In-Sik
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sochung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Joonchul
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: YouNa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Inho
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seong-Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Koh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019468:Disease Management; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates