title: Prediction and prognostication of neurological deterioration in patients with acute ICH: a hospital-based cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) are at high risk of neurological deterioration (ND). We aimed at establishing predictors of early ND (END) as well as late ND (LND) and at exploring the impact of neurological stability during the first week on long-term prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted this study as a retrospective cohort study. ND was evaluated based on the consciousness and severity of neurological symptoms. ND during the first 24 h after admission was defined as early ND and from 24 h to 7 days as LND. Patients were followed up until February 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 300 patients with acute ICH (≤4.5 h from symptom onset) who were admitted to our institution from March 2009 to January 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  Section of Acute Neurology, Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital is a specialised referral centre receiving patients with acute stroke from the entire capital region of Denmark.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that a spot sign on CT angiography (OR 10.7 CI 4.79 to 24.3) and extensive degree of interventricular haemorrhage (IVH) (OR 8.73 CI 2.87 to 26.5) were independent predictors of END, whereas a degree of comorbidity (Charlton Index), admission stroke severity and degree of IVH predicted LND. On follow-up imaging, haematoma expansion was independently associated with END (OR 6.1 CI 2.2 to 17.3), and expansion of IVH was independently associated with both END (OR 1.7 CI 1.2 to 2.3 per point increase) and LND (OR 2.3 CI 1.3 to 4.2 per point increase). ND during the first week was associated with a 1-year mortality of 60.5%, compared with 9.2% among the patients who remained stable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that stability during the first week entails an optimistic prognosis. A relatively easy and effective risk stratification of END and LND is possible on admission based on the spot sign, IVH and clinical parameters.
authors.affiliation: Section of Acute Neurology, Departments of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ovesen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anders Fogh
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Havsteen
authors.affiliation: Section of Acute Neurology, Departments of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krarup Hansen
authors.affiliation: Section of Acute Neurology, Departments of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sverre
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Engin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kurt
authors.affiliation: Section of Acute Neurology, Departments of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Christensen
mesh_terms: D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality; D003243:Consciousness; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006406:Hematoma / Q000150:complications*; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: STROKE MEDICINE