title: Relationship Between Physical Frailty and Low-Grade Inflammation in Late-Life Depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether physical frailty is associated with low-grade inflammation in older adults with depression, because late-life depression is associated with physical frailty and low-grade inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data of a cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary care and specialized mental health care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals aged 60 and older with depression according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria (N = 366).
  
  
  METHODS
  The physical frailty phenotype, defined as three out of five criteria (weight loss, weakness, exhaustion, slowness, low physical activity level), and three inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)) were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The physical frailty phenotype was not associated with inflammatory markers in linear regression models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle characteristics, and somatic morbidity. Of the individual criteria, handgrip strength was associated with CRP (β = -0.21, P = .002) and IL-6 (β = -0.25, P < .001), and gait speed was associated with NGAL (β = 0.15, P = .02). Principal component analysis identified two dimensions within the physical frailty phenotype: performance-based physical frailty (encompassing gait speed, handgrip strength, and low physical activity) and vitality-based physical frailty (encompassing weight loss and exhaustion). Only performance-based physical frailty was associated with higher levels of inflammatory markers (CRP: β = 0.14, P = .03; IL-6: β = 0.13, P = .06; NGAL: β = 0.14, P = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The physical frailty phenotype is not a unidimensional construct in individuals with depression. Only performance-based physical frailty is associated with low-grade inflammation in late-life depression, which might point to a specific depressive subtype.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Center Friesland, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.|University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Matheus H L
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Arts
authors.affiliation: University Medical Centre St. Radboud, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.|Nijmegen Mental Health Centre, Pro Persona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rose M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Collard
authors.affiliation: VU University Medical Center/GGZinGeest, Department Psychiatry/EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hannie C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Comijs
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Research Center, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Petrus J W
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Naudé
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Center Friesland, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roelof
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Risselada
authors.affiliation: University Medical Centre St. Radboud, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.|Mental Health Care Center GGNet, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Apeldoorn, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Naarding
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Oude Voshaar
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008019:Life Style; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D010641:Phenotype; D011379:Prognosis; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: C-reactive protein; depressive disorder; frailty; inflammation; interleukin-6; lipocalin-2; neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin