title: Rice consumption and cancer incidence in US men and women.
abstract: While both the 2012 and 2014 Consumer Reports concerned arsenic levels in US rice, no previous study has evaluated long-term consumption of total rice, white rice and brown rice in relation to risk of developing cancers. We investigated this in the female Nurses' Health Study (1984-2010), and Nurses' Health Study II (1989-2009), and the male Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2008), which included a total of 45,231 men and 160,408 women, free of cancer at baseline. Validated food frequency questionnaires were used to measure rice consumption at baseline and repeated almost every 4 years thereafter. We employed Cox proportional hazards regression model to estimate multivariable relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). During up to 26 years of follow-up, we documented 31,655 incident cancer cases (10,833 in men and 20,822 in women). Age-adjusted results were similar to multivariable-adjusted results. Compared to participants with less than one serving per week, the multivariable RRs of overall cancer for individuals who ate at least five servings per week were 0.97 for total rice (95% CI: 0.85-1.07), 0.87 for white rice (95% CI: 0.75-1.01), and 1.17 for brown rice (95% CI: 0.90-1.26). Similar non-significant associations were observed for specific sites of cancers including prostate, breast, colon and rectum, melanoma, bladder, kidney, and lung. Additionally, the null associations were observed among European Americans and non-smokers, and were not modified by BMI. Long-term consumption of total rice, white rice or brown rice was not associated with risk of developing cancer in US men and women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Xuehong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Kana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Hongyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.|Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.|Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.|Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.|Department of Public Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.
authors.forename: Jiali
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.|Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.|Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012275:Oryza; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: and lung cancer; arsenic; bladder cancer; breast cancer; colorectal cancer; kidney cancer; melanoma; prostate cancer; rice