title: Effects of individual, combined, and isolated physical activity behaviors on all-cause mortality and CVD-specific mortality: Prospective cohort study among U.S. adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the individual, combined, and isolated effects of movement-based behaviors (MBBs) on all-cause mortality and CVD-specific mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present prospective study included data from the 1999-2004 National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey, with follow-up data through December 31, 2006 (N=12,321 U.S. adults). Measures included self-report engagement in 4 MBBs (moderate-intensity exercise, vigorous-intensity exercise, muscular strength activities, and active transport), with all-cause mortality and CVD-specific mortality as the outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding all-cause mortality, the hazard ratio for those with 1 (vs. 0), 2 (vs. 0), and 3-4 (vs. 0) MBBs, respectively, was 0.61 (95% CI: 0.49-0.76), 0.49 (95% CI: 0.36-0.66), and 0.24 (95% CI: 0.16-0.37). The only MBBs independently associated with all-cause-mortality were vigorous exercise (HR=0.56; 95% CI: 0.41-0.76) and moderate-intensity exercise (HR=0.58; 95% CI: 0.45-0.74). When examining the isolation/exclusivity effects of the MBBs, the only MBB performed in isolation that was statistically significantly associated with all-cause mortality was "Only VPA" (HR=0.45; 95% CI: 0.23-0.86). CVD-specific mortality results were similar to the all-cause mortality results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was little evidence of a MBB isolation effect on mortality risk, but individuals engaging in more MBBs had a lower risk of all-cause mortality and CVD-specific mortality. These findings suggest that, in addition to promoting greater engagement in overall physical activity, recommendations for adults to engage in multiple MBBs may be advisable.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Behavior Research, The University of Mississippi, 229 Turner Center, University, MS 38677, USA. Electronic address: pdloprin@olemiss.edu.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Loprinzi
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Behavior Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA. Electronic address: redavis1@olemiss.edu.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D014481:United States
keywords: Active transport; Chronic disease; Epidemiology; Mortality; Physical activity; Resistance training