title: Understanding breakage in curly hair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2005, the L'Oréal Institute for hair and skin research carried out a multiethnic study to investigate hair breakage in women residing in the U.S.A. In this study it was reported that a large percentage (96%) of the African-American respondents experience breakage. A combination of structural differences and grooming-induced stresses seem to contribute to the higher breakage incidence in the African-American group as the chemical composition of African-American hair is not significantly different from other ethnic groups. Some authors have proposed that the repeated elongation, torsion and flexion actions may affect the components of the hair fibre. However, considering the different properties of cuticle and cortex, one would expect a different wearing mechanism of each, leading to the ultimate failure of hair. Knowing in detail how each part of the structure fails can potentially lead to better ways to protect the hair from physical insults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate crack propagation and fracture mechanisms in African-American hair.
  
  
  METHODS
  Virgin hair of excellent quality was collected, with informed consent, from a female African-American volunteer. A series of controlled mechanical stresses was applied to 10-mm hair sections using a high-resolution mechanical stage (20 mN) up to the fracture of the fibre. The surface was monitored using scanning electron microscopy imaging during the stress application. X-ray tomographic microscopy images were acquired and quantified to detect changes in energy absorption as a function of applied stress that could be linked to increase in crack density.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of the mechanical response of hair combined with the two imaging techniques led us to propose the following mechanism of hair breakage: cuticle sliding; failure of the cuticle-cortex interface; nucleation of intercellular cracks and growth of cracks at the cuticle-cortex junction; and propagation of intercellular cracks towards the surface of the hair and final breakage when these cracks merge at the cuticular junction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray tomography provided new information about the fracture of hair. Mechanical damage from grooming and some environmental factors accumulate in hair creating internal cracks that eventually result in breakage at unpredictable sites and therefore a continuous care regimen for the hair throughout the life cycle of the fibres is recommended.
authors.affiliation: The L'Oréal Institute for Ethnic Hair and Skin Research, Chicago, IL, U.S.A.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Camacho-Bragado
authors.affiliation: L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Clark, NJ, U.S.A.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Balooch
authors.affiliation: The L'Oréal Institute for Ethnic Hair and Skin Research, Chicago, IL, U.S.A.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dixon-Parks
authors.affiliation: The L'Oréal Institute for Ethnic Hair and Skin Research, Chicago, IL, U.S.A.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.affiliation: L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Clark, NJ, U.S.A.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bryant
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D017356:Synchrotrons; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed