title: One-day high-fat diet induces inflammation in the nodose ganglion and hypothalamus of mice.
abstract: A high-fat diet (HFD) induces inflammation in systemic organs including the hypothalamus, resulting in obesity and diabetes. The vagus nerve connects the visceral organs and central nervous system, and the gastric-derived orexigenic peptide ghrelin transmits its starvation signals to the hypothalamus via the vagal afferent nerve. Here we investigated the inflammatory response in vagal afferent neurons and the hypothalamus in mice following one day of HFD feeding. This treatment increased the number of macrophages/microglia in the nodose ganglion and hypothalamus. Furthermore, one-day HFD induced expression of Toll-like receptor 4 in the goblet cells of the colon and upregulated mRNA expressions of the proinflammatory biomarkers Emr1, Iba1, Il6, and Tnfα in the nodose ganglion and hypothalamus. Both subcutaneous administration of ghrelin and celiac vagotomy reduced HFD-induced inflammation in these tissues. HFD intake triggered inflammatory responses in the gut, nodose ganglion, and subsequently in the hypothalamus within 24 h. These findings suggest that the vagal afferent nerve may transfer gut-derived inflammatory signals to the hypothalamus via the nodose ganglion, and that ghrelin may protect against HFD-induced inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
authors.forename: T M Zaved
authors.initials: TMZ
authors.lastname: Waise
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan; Department of Sports and Fitness, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, 55 Nakoyama, Yokone, Obu, 474-8651, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toshinai
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
authors.forename: Farhana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Naznin
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
authors.forename: Cherl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: NamKoong
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
authors.forename: Abu Saleh
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Md Moin
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakoda
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan. Electronic address: nakazato@med.miyazaki-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masamitsu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakazato
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000276:immunology*; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009620:Nodose Ganglion / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D020421:Vagus Nerve Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin
keywords: Ghrelin; High-fat diet; Inflammation; Nodose ganglion; Vagotomy