title: Antilithiatic Activity of phlorotannin rich extract of Sarghassum Wightii on Calcium Oxalate Urolithiais - InVitro and In Vivo Evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urolithiasis is a common urological disorder responsible for serious human affliction and cost to the society with a high recurrence rate. The aim of the present study was to systematically evaluate the phlorotannin rich extract of Sargassum wightii using suitable in vitro and in vivo models to provide scientific evidence for its antilithiatic activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  To explore the effect of Sargassum wightii on calcium oxalate crystallization, in vitro assays like crystal nucleation, aggregation and crystal growth were performed. Calcium oxalate urolithiasis was induced in male Sprague dawley rats using a combination of gentamicin and calculi producing diet (5% ammonium oxalate and rat pellet feed). The biochemical parameters like calcium, oxalate, magnesium, phosphate, sodium and potassium were evaluated in urine, serum and kidney homogenates. Histopathological studies were also done to confirm the biochemical findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The yield of Sargassum wightii extract was found to be 74.5 gm/kg and confirmed by quantitative analysis. In vitro experiments with Sargassum wightii showed concentration dependent inhibition of calcium oxalate nucleation, aggregation and growth supported by SEM analysis. In the in vivo model, Sargassum wightii reduced both calcium and oxalate supersaturation in urine, serum and deposition in the kidney. The biochemical results were supported by histopathological studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of the present study suggest that Sargassum wightii has the ability to prevent nucleation, aggregation and growth of calcium oxalate crystals. Sargassum wightii has better preventive effect on calcium oxalate stone formation indicating its strong potential to develop as a therapeutic option to prevent recurrence of urolithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Andhrapradesh, India.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sujatha
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Andhrapradesh, India.
authors.forename: Kiranpal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Andhrapradesh, India.
authors.forename: Mursalin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vohra
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Andhrapradesh, India.
authors.forename: K Vijay
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Andhrapradesh, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sunitha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry; D003460:Crystallization; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D010070:Oxalates / Q000032:analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D044647:Sargassum / Q000737:chemistry*; D013634:Tannins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D010070:Oxalates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013634:Tannins; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D010758:Phosphorus; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium