title: Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome in children: Patient characteristics, diagnostic delays and associated complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to describe the demographical and clinical characteristics, diagnostic difficulties, and morbidity and mortality in children with hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cross-section descriptive study of children (<18 years of age) at an urban, tertiary, academic Children's Hospital diagnosed with HHS from January 2002 to December 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six patients met inclusion criteria for the diagnosis of HHS. Age ranged from 6 to 16 years with 4 (67%) patients younger than 13 years. Four (67%) patients were women and 5 (83%) were African-American. Body mass index (BMI)-for-age percentile was >97% in four (67%) patients. Three (60%) of five patients seen as outpatients were misdiagnosed, two cases were seen twice before an accurate diagnosis of HHS was made. There was one (17%) death. Complications included three patients with acute renal failure, one patient with seizures, and one patient with rhabdomyolysis and compartment syndrome leading to below the knee amputation. Malignant hyperthermia and ventricular arrhythmias occurred in the patient who expired. Three of the five patients who had autoantibody tests had positive results and were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Characteristics of children with HSS are variable for age, gender and BMI-for-age percentile and not predominately limited to obese male adolescent African-American. Delay in diagnosis is common and morbidity and mortality in paediatric HHS are significant. The subsequent diagnosis of patients presenting with HHS includes type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Losek
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; D005260:Female; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D006944:Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome; paediatrics