title: Clinical features and prognosis of paraquat poisoning: a review of 41 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Paraquat is a contact herbicide which is highly toxic to human. Deliberate self-poisoning with paraquat continues to be a major public health concern in many developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the data on cases of acute paraquat poisoning and to compare different variables between survivors and non-survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross sectional study, medical records of all paraquat intoxicated patients were reviewed at Taleghani hospital of Urmia, Iran, from 2007 to 2013, retrospectively. Demographics, clinical features and laboratory findings were evaluated. The variables compared between survivors and non-survivors were the amount of paraquat ingested, occurrence of vomiting after ingestion, time and place of hospital admission, length of hospital stay, leukocytosis, serum creatinine level and the outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 41 patients were evaluated. The mean ± standard deviation of patients' age were 31.6±16.9 years. The Length of hospital stay was 5.75±4.6 days. Most poisonings occurred in spring and summer. The in-hospital fatality rate was 46.3%. Statistically significant associations were found between the outcome of patients and the amount ingested (P=0.001), vomiting (P=0.004), early need to intensive cares (P=0.009), leukocytosis (P=0.001), serum creatinine levels (P=0.001), manifestations of acute hepatic (P<0.001) and respiratory failure (P=0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ingestion of more than 30 ml, prompt vomiting, early need to intensive cares, leukocytosis, and multi-organ failures are major determinants for fatal outcome of paraquat poisoning. It may be useful to educate health professionals and the general population about the serious consequences of exposure to paraquat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology, School of Medicine; Member of Food and Beverages Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delirrad
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Majidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Behzad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boushehri
keywords: Paraquat poisoning; deliberate self-harm; fatal outcome; herbicides; pesticides; suicide; toxicology