title: Thickness-Dependent Hydrophobicity of Epitaxial Graphene.
abstract: This article addresses the much debated question whether the degree of hydrophobicity of single-layer graphene (1LG) is different from that of double-layer graphene (2LG). Knowledge of the water affinity of graphene and its spatial variations is critically important as it can affect the graphene properties as well as the performance of graphene devices exposed to humidity. By employing chemical force microscopy with a probe rendered hydrophobic by functionalization with octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), the adhesion force between the probe and epitaxial graphene on SiC has been measured in deionized water. Owing to the hydrophobic attraction, a larger adhesion force was measured on 2LG Bernal-stacked domains of graphene surfaces, thus showing that 2LG is more hydrophobic than 1LG. Identification of 1LG and 2LG domains was achieved through Kelvin probe force microscopy and Raman spectral mapping. Approximate values of the adhesion force per OTS molecule have been calculated through contact area analysis. Furthermore, the contrast of friction force images measured in contact mode was reversed to the 1LG/2LG adhesion contrast, and its origin was discussed in terms of the likely water depletion over hydrophobic domains as well as deformation in the contact area between the atomic force microscope tip and 1LG.
authors.affiliation: National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Munz
authors.affiliation: National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K.
authors.forename: Cristina E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Giusca
authors.affiliation: U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375 United States.
authors.forename: Rachael L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Myers-Ward
authors.affiliation: U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375 United States.
authors.forename: D Kurt
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Gaskill
authors.affiliation: National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kazakova
keywords: Kelvin probe force microscopy; adhesion; chemical force microscopy; epitaxial graphene; friction; hydrophobic/hydrophilic; lateral force microscopy