title: Utility of current sialendoscopes in the sinonasal cavity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the utility of current sialendoscopes in the paranasal sinuses in a cadaveric model and evaluated novel uses for sialendoscopes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Currently available sialendoscopes were used for visualisation and performing interventions in the paranasal sinuses. Ten cadaver heads were studied before and after dissection. Outcomes included ostia identification, sinus cannulation, success of mucosal biopsy collection and image clarity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Marchal and Erlangen sialendoscopes were found to be effective for both visualising and cannulating the sphenoid sinuses before and after dissection. Both types demonstrated poor maxillary ostia visualisation without dissection, but did allow treatment after antrostomy. Larger diameter sialendoscopes were associated with the lowest image distortion during maxillary ostia assessment. Mucosal biopsy collection within the sphenoid sinus, but not in the maxillary sinus, was possible before dissection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sialendoscopes can be used for visualisation and performing interventions in the sinonasal cavity, but their utility is mainly limited to the sphenoid sinus. They may be considered a minimally invasive method for drug delivery and/or biopsy collection in the post-operative setting for all sinuses. Design improvements are suggested.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery,The George Washington University,Washington,District of Columbia,Ohio,USA.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Kieliszak
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery,The George Washington University,Washington,District of Columbia,Ohio,USA.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery,The George Washington University,Washington,District of Columbia,Ohio,USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery,The George Washington University,Washington,District of Columbia,Ohio,USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Joshi
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy / Q000295:instrumentation; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000473:pathology; D013101:Sphenoid Sinus / Q000473:pathology; D014600:Utilization Review
keywords: Endoscopy; Nasal Sinuses; Nose Diseases; Paranasal Sinus Diseases