title: Primary renal squamous cell carcinoma mimicking the renal cyst: a case report and review of the recent literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal squamous cell carcinoma is a rare neoplasm with poor prognosis. Chronic irritation from nephrolithiasis and/or pyelonephritis is the leading cause.
  
  
  METHODS
  We described a 51-year-old male patient who was admitted because of left flank pain. Ultrasonography showed a renal cyst containing calculus. However, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and CT scan revealed an irregular-shaped mass derived from a calculi-containing cyst. Ultrasound guided biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of renal squamous cell carcinoma. The patient refused any further therapeutic management and died six months later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our present case emphasizes that the careful diagnostic work-up and use of multiple imaging modalities in cases of unusual renal calculi is quite necessary, since they may carry the risk of co-existing hidden malignancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Qingchun Road 79, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, China. urojiang@126.com.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Qingchun Road 79, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, China. urowcj@126.com.
authors.forename: Chaojun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Qingchun Road 79, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, China. urochen@yeah.net.
authors.forename: Shanwen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. zjulyw@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. ultraxjj@126.com.
authors.forename: Jianjian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Qingchun Road 79, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, China. xielp@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D006801:Humans; D052177:Kidney Diseases, Cystic / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*