title: Ethnic differences in types of social support from multiple sources after breast cancer surgery.
abstract: Diagnosis of and treatment for breast cancer (BCa) may require psychological adaptation and often involve heightened distress. Several types of social support positively relate to psychological adaptation to BCa, and negative support is associated with poorer adaptation. Although Hispanic women report greater distress than non-Hispanic White (NHW) women after diagnosis of BCa, no studies have examined ethnic differences in types of social support received from varying sources after surgery for BCa.
  
  
  
  Hispanic (N = 61) and NHW (N = 150) women diagnosed with early-stage BCa self-reported emotional, informational, instrumental, and negative support from five sources. Ethnic differences in levels of social support were compared using multiple regression analysis.
  
  
  
  When controlling for age, income, days since surgery, and stage of disease in multivariable models there were no ethnic differences in levels of emotional support from any source. Hispanic women reported greater informational support from adult women family members and children and male adult family members than did NHW women. Instrumental support from adult women family members was also greater among Hispanic than NHW women. Hispanic women reported higher negative support from husbands/partners and from children and male adult family members. When the number of years in the USA was controlled, Hispanic women showed greater informational support from adult women family members, children and male adult family members, and friends. Instrumental support from adult women family members remained greater in Hispanic women, but negative support no longer differed.
  
  
  
  Family is a greater source of informational and instrumental support for Hispanic than NHW women. Hispanic women reported higher negative support from male sources than did NHW women. Level of support from different sources may also depend on time spent in the USA. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether patterns and sources of social support shift over the course of BCa treatment.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Miami , Coral Gables , FL , USA.
authors.forename: Devika R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jutagir
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Miami , Coral Gables , FL , USA.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gudenkauf
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Miami , Coral Gables , FL , USA.
authors.forename: Jamie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stagl
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Miami , Coral Gables , FL , USA.|b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA.|c Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA.
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Carver
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Miami , Coral Gables , FL , USA.
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Bouchard
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Miami , Coral Gables , FL , USA.|b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA.|c Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lechner
authors.affiliation: c Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA.|d Department of Medicine , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glück
authors.affiliation: c Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA.|e Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA.
authors.forename: Bonnie B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Blomberg
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Miami , Coral Gables , FL , USA.|b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA.|c Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA.
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Antoni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D002173:Cancer Care Facilities; D005192:Family Health / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D033062:Friends / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012944:Social Support; D018454:Spouses / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Hispanic/Latino; acculturation; breast cancer; ethnicity; social support