title: Psychophysical Effects of Increasing Oil Concentrations on Saltiness and Bitterness Perception of Oil-in-Water Emulsions.
abstract: Limited research has been done to investigate saltiness and bitterness perceptions of NaCl, KCl, and caffeine in emulsion systems. Saltiness and bitterness intensities of emulsions prepared with different concentrations of oil [0% (that is, solution), 20%, 40%, canola oil] and different concentrations of 3 tastants (NaCl [0.5% to 1.0%], KCl [0.5% to 1.5%], and caffeine [0.05 to 0.15%]) were measured using the Spectrum™ descriptive method (N = 16) and the Electronic-tongue (E-tongue). Linear regression and the Stevens' power law were used to model the taste intensities against the tastant concentrations. From the descriptive data, saltiness intensities in emulsions were higher than solutions, demonstrating a saltiness-enhancing effect imparted by oil. Bitterness intensities in emulsions were lower compared to those of solutions for caffeine, but they were similar for KCl. This demonstrated that oil suppressed bitterness for caffeine. E-tongue saltiness measurements were corresponding to those of the descriptive data; however, E-tongue bitterness intensities of KCl showed an opposite pattern.
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State Univ. Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803-4200, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Damir Dennis
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Torrico
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Food and Wine Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Witoon
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Prinyawiwatkul
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004581:Electronics; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry*; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010938:Plant Oils; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D011601:Psychophysics; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013649:Taste / Q000187:drug effects; D055697:Taste Perception; D014059:Tongue; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D010938:Plant Oils; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D014867:Water; D002110:Caffeine; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D011189:Potassium Chloride
keywords: Electronic-tongue; bitterness; oil-in-water emulsions; saltiness; sensory descriptive data