title: Decadal acidification in the water masses of the Atlantic Ocean.
abstract: Global ocean acidification is caused primarily by the ocean's uptake of CO2 as a consequence of increasing atmospheric CO2 levels. We present observations of the oceanic decrease in pH at the basin scale (50 °S-36 °N) for the Atlantic Ocean over two decades (1993-2013). Changes in pH associated with the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 (ΔpHCant) and with variations caused by biological activity and ocean circulation (ΔpHNat) are evaluated for different water masses. Output from an Institut Pierre Simon Laplace climate model is used to place the results into a longer-term perspective and to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for pH change. The largest decreases in pH (∆pH) were observed in central, mode, and intermediate waters, with a maximum ΔpH value in South Atlantic Central Waters of -0.042 ± 0.003. The ΔpH trended toward zero in deep and bottom waters. Observations and model results show that pH changes generally are dominated by the anthropogenic component, which accounts for rates between -0.0015 and -0.0020/y in the central waters. The anthropogenic and natural components are of the same order of magnitude and reinforce one another in mode and intermediate waters over the time period. Large negative ΔpHNat values observed in mode and intermediate waters are driven primarily by changes in CO2 content and are consistent with (i) a poleward shift of the formation region during the positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode in the South Atlantic and (ii) an increase in the rate of the water mass formation in the North Atlantic.
authors.affiliation: Marine Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), E-36208 Vigo, Spain; aida@iim.csic.es.
authors.forename: Aida F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Ríos
authors.affiliation: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037;
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Resplandy
authors.affiliation: Marine Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), E-36208 Vigo, Spain;
authors.forename: Maribel I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: García-Ibáñez
authors.affiliation: Marine Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), E-36208 Vigo, Spain;
authors.forename: Noelia M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Fajar
authors.affiliation: Marine Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), E-36208 Vigo, Spain;
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Velo
authors.affiliation: Marine Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), E-36208 Vigo, Spain;
authors.forename: Xose A
authors.initials: XA
authors.lastname: Padin
authors.affiliation: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL 33149;
authors.forename: Rik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wanninkhof
authors.affiliation: Oceanography Department, Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany;
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steinfeldt
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, E-36200 Vigo, Spain.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosón
authors.affiliation: Marine Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), E-36208 Vigo, Spain;
authors.forename: Fiz F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Pérez
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D006802:Human Activities; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D014867:Water
keywords: anthropogenic carbon; climate model; ocean acidification; pH; water masses