title: Synthesis and evaluation in rats of homologous series of [(18)F]-labeled dopamine D 2/3 receptor agonists based on the 2-aminomethylchroman scaffold as potential PET tracers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Agonist positron emission tomography (PET) tracers for dopamine D2/3 receptors (D2/3Rs) offer greater sensitivity to changes in endogenous dopamine levels than D2/3R antagonist tracers. D2/3R agonist tracers currently available for clinical research are labeled with the short-lived isotope carbon-11, which limits their use. We aimed to develop high-affinity D2R agonists amenable for labeling with the longer-living fluorine-18. Here, we report the evaluation as potential PET tracers of two homologous series of [(18)F]fluorinated tracers based on the 2-aminomethylchroman-7-ol (AMC) scaffold: (R)-2-((4-(2-fluoroalkoxy)benzylamino)methyl)chroman-7-ols (AMC13 homologues) and (R)-2-((2-(4-(4-(fluoroalkoxy)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethylamino)methyl)chroman-7-ols (AMC15 homologues). We varied the length of the (18)F-fluoroalkyl chain in these structures to balance brain penetration and non-specific binding of the radioligands by adjusting their lipophilicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tracers were evaluated in brain slices of Sprague-Dawley rats by in vitro autoradiography and in living rats by microPET imaging and ex vivo autoradiography. PET data were analyzed with one- and two-tissue compartmental models (1TCM/2TCM), simplified reference tissue model (SRTM), and Logan graphical analysis. Specificity of binding was tested by blocking D2/3R with raclopride.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Homologues with a shorter fluoroalkyl chain consistently showed greater D2/3R-specific-to-total binding ratios in the striatum than those with longer chains. The fluoroethoxy homologue of AMC13 ([(18)F]FEt-AMC13) demonstrated the highest degree of D2/3R-specific binding among the evaluated tracers: mean striatum-to-cerebellum uptake ratio reached 4.4 in vitro and 2.1/2.8 in vivo/ex vivo (PET/autoradiography). Striatal binding potential (BPND) relative to cerebellum was 0.51-0.63 depending on the estimation method. Radiometabolites of [(18)F]FEt-AMC13 did not enter the brain. In vitro, application of 10 μmol/L raclopride reduced D2/3R-specific binding of [(18)F]FEt-AMC13 in the striatum by 81 %. In vivo, pre-treatment with 1 mg/kg (2.9 μmol/kg) raclopride led to 17-39 % decrease in D2/3R-specific binding in the striatum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Varying the length of the [(18)F]fluoroalkyl chain helped improve the characteristics of the original candidate tracers. Further modifications of the current lead [(18)F]FEt-AMC13 can provide an agonist radiopharmaceutical suitable for D2/3R imaging by PET.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, shalgunoff@yandex.ru.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shalgunov
authors.forename: Jan-Peter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Wieringen
authors.forename: Henk M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: P Michel
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Fransen
authors.forename: Rudi A J O
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dierckx
authors.forename: Martin C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Booij
authors.forename: Philip H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Elsinga