title: Head and Neck Ultrasound Education-A Multimodal Educational Approach in the Predoctoral Setting: A Pilot Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With the increased implementation of ultrasound in medical education, it is important to continually improve instructional methods. In this study, we demonstrate that by augmenting the traditional methods of instructor demonstration and student practice on a healthy volunteer with additional modalities, such as didactic presentation, simulated pathologic cases, and simulated procedures, students gain a more comprehensive understanding of and confidence in ultrasound technique and pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multimodal curriculum was developed and applied to head and neck ultrasound sessions of our institution's Ultrasound Symposium. Participants were asked to fill out surveys rating each instructional modality as well as preinstructional and postinstructional confidence. The survey results were divided into a group of first- and second-year medical students who had previous ultrasound training and a group of third- and fourth-year students who were ultrasound "naïve."
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survey showed that the first- and second-year student group (n = 8) had an average preinstructional confidence of 4.14/10 compared to 1.44/10 in the third- and fourth-year student group (n = 9) (P = .003). Following the instructional sessions, the students' confidence increased respectively to 8.14/10 and 7.78/10 (P= .53), showing a 4.00 (96%) increase in the first- and second-year group and a 6.34 (440%) increase in the third- and fourth-year group. The combined results of all student teaching modality ratings showed that instructor demonstration was rated the highest (9.47) and computerized simulation lowest (8.25).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, our study shows that multimodal ultrasound instruction was beneficial in increasing both ultrasound-trained and ultrasound-naïve medical students' confidence in head and neck ultrasound.
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California USA (S.B., C.R., C.R.H.); and Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (S.L.), Emergency Medicine (V.A.D.), and Medicine, Division of Critical Care (V.A.D.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California USA. sbernard@llu.edu.
authors.forename: Stewart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California USA (S.B., C.R., C.R.H.); and Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (S.L.), Emergency Medicine (V.A.D.), and Medicine, Division of Critical Care (V.A.D.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California USA.
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California USA (S.B., C.R., C.R.H.); and Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (S.L.), Emergency Medicine (V.A.D.), and Medicine, Division of Critical Care (V.A.D.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California USA.
authors.forename: Carsten R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hamann
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California USA (S.B., C.R., C.R.H.); and Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (S.L.), Emergency Medicine (V.A.D.), and Medicine, Division of Critical Care (V.A.D.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California USA.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California USA (S.B., C.R., C.R.H.); and Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (S.L.), Emergency Medicine (V.A.D.), and Medicine, Division of Critical Care (V.A.D.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California USA.
authors.forename: Vi Am
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Dinh
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D003479:Curriculum; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011871:Radiology / Q000193:education* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: clinical education; gel phantom; head and neck ultrasound; medical students; ultrasound; ultrasound education