title: Antiviral activities of whey proteins.
abstract: Milk contains an array of proteins with useful bioactivities. Many milk proteins encompassing native or chemically modified casein, lactoferrin, alpha-lactalbumin, and beta-lactoglobulin demonstrated antiviral activities. Casein and alpha-lactalbumin gained anti-HIV activity after modification with 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride. Many milk proteins inhibited HIV reverse transcriptase. Bovine glycolactin, angiogenin-1, lactogenin, casein, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, bovine lactoferrampin, and human lactoferrampin inhibited HIV-1 protease and integrase. Several mammalian lactoferrins prevented hepatitis C infection. Lactoferrin, methylated alpha-lactalbumin and methylated beta-lactoglobulin inhibited human cytomegalovirus. Chemically modified alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin and lysozyme, lactoferrin and lactoferricin, methylated alpha-lactalbumin, methylated and ethylated beta-lactoglobulins inhibited HSV. Chemically modified bovine beta-lactoglobulin had antihuman papillomavirus activity. Beta-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin, esterified beta-lactoglobulin, and esterified lactoferrindisplayed anti-avian influenza A (H5N1) activity. Lactoferrin inhibited respiratory syncytial virus, hepatitis B virus, adenovirus, poliovirus, hantavirus, sindbis virus, semliki forest virus, echovirus, and enterovirus. Milk mucin, apolactoferrin, Fe(3+)-lactoferrin, beta-lactoglobulin, human lactadherin, bovine IgG, and bovine kappa-casein demonstrated antihuman rotavirus activity.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, b021770@mailserv.cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Tzi Bun
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Randy Chi Fai
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Jack Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Denis Tsz Ming
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Ip
authors.forename: David Chi Cheong
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008322:Mammals; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D014780:Viruses / Q000187:drug effects*; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D000067816:Whey Proteins