title: A Quantitative Profiling Tool for Diverse Genomic Data Types Reveals Potential Associations between Chromatin and Pre-mRNA Processing.
abstract: High-throughput sequencing, and genome-based datasets in general, are often represented as profiles centered at reference points to study the association of protein binding and other signals to particular regulatory mechanisms. Although these profiles often provide compelling evidence of these associations, they do not provide a quantitative assessment of the enrichment, which makes the comparison between signals and conditions difficult. In addition, a number of biases can confound profiles, but are rarely accounted for in the tools currently available. We present a novel computational method, ProfileSeq, for the quantitative assessment of biological profiles to provide an exact, nonparametric test that specific regions of the test profile have higher or lower signal densities than a control set. The method is applicable to high-throughput sequencing data (ChIP-Seq, GRO-Seq, CLIP-Seq, etc.) and to genome-based datasets (motifs, etc.). We validate ProfileSeq by recovering and providing a quantitative assessment of several results reported before in the literature using independent datasets. We show that input signal and mappability have confounding effects on the profile results, but that normalizing the signal by input reads can eliminate these biases while preserving the biological signal. Moreover, we apply ProfileSeq to ChIP-Seq data for transcription factors, as well as for motif and CLIP-Seq data for splicing factors. In all examples considered, the profiles were robust to biases in mappability of sequencing reads. Furthermore, analyses performed with ProfileSeq reveal a number of putative relationships between transcription factor binding to DNA and splicing factor binding to pre-mRNA, adding to the growing body of evidence relating chromatin and pre-mRNA processing. ProfileSeq provides a robust way to quantify genome-wide coordinate-based signal. Software and documentation are freely available for academic use at https://bitbucket.org/regulatorygenomicsupf/profileseq/.
authors.affiliation: Computational Genomics Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, E08003, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kremsky
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Biotecnología, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNComa), Bariloche, Argentina.
authors.forename: Nicolás
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bellora
authors.affiliation: Computational Genomics Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, E08003, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eyras
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D051379:Mice; D012322:RNA Precursors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012323:RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D012322:RNA Precursors