title: Vitamin D and prostate cancer prognosis: a Mendelian randomization study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Decreased vitamin D levels have been associated with prostate cancer, but it is unclear whether this association is causal. A functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the group-specific component (GC) gene (T > G, rs2282679) has been associated with 25-hydroxy (25-OH) vitamin D and 1.25 dihydroxy (1.25-OH2) vitamin D levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  To examine the hypothesized inverse relationship between vitamin D status and prostate cancer, we studied the association between this SNP and prostate cancer outcome in the prospective PROCAGENE study comprising 702 prostate cancer patients with a median follow-up of 82 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GC rs2282679 genotypes were not associated with biochemical recurrence [hazard ratios (HR) 0.91, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.73-1.12; p = 0.36], development of metastases (HR 1.20, 95 % CI 0.88-1.63; p = 0.25) or overall survival (HR 1.10; 95 % CI 0.84-1.43; p = 0.50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A causal role of vitamin D status, as reflected by GC rs2282679 genotype, in disease progression and mortality in prostate cancer patients is unlikely.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Trummer
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, GKK Outpatient Department, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Langsenlehner
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krenn-Pilko
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Pieber
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Obermayer-Pietsch
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gerger
authors.affiliation: Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria. wilfried.renner@medunigraz.at.
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Langsenlehner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057182:Mendelian Randomization Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein
keywords: Genetics; Prostate cancer; Vitamin D