title: Improved properties of bone and cartilage tissue from 3D inkjet-bioprinted human mesenchymal stem cells by simultaneous deposition and photocrosslinking in PEG-GelMA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bioprinting of bone and cartilage suffers from low mechanical properties. Here we have developed a unique inkjet bioprinting approach of creating mechanically strong bone and cartilage tissue constructs using poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, gelatin methacrylate, and human MSCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The printed hMSCs were evenly distributed in the polymerized PEG-GelMA scaffold during layer-by-layer assembly. The procedure showed a good biocompatibility with >80% of the cells surviving the printing process and the resulting constructs provided strong mechanical support to the embedded cells. The printed mesenchymal stem cells showed an excellent osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation capacity. Both osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation as determined by specific gene and protein expression analysis (RUNX2, SP7, DLX5, ALPL, Col1A1, IBSP, BGLAP, SPP1, Col10A1, MMP13, SOX9, Col2A1, ACAN) was improved by PEG-GelMA in comparison to PEG alone. These observations were consistent with the histological evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inkjet bioprinted-hMSCs in simultaneously photocrosslinked PEG-GelMA hydrogel scaffolds demonstrated an improvement of mechanical properties and osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, suggesting its promising potential for usage in bone and cartilage tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, China.|Stemorgan Therapeutics, Albany, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Guifang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Arndt F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.affiliation: Stemorgan Therapeutics, Albany, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hubbell
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA.|Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yonezawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Danh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Truong
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Guohao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, China. xfc.cui@gmail.com.|Stemorgan Therapeutics, Albany, NY, USA. xfc.cui@gmail.com.|Clinic for Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany. xfc.cui@gmail.com.|Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA. xfc.cui@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D062028:Bioprinting / Q000379:methods*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000166:cytology*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000166:cytology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry*; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels; D008689:Methacrylates; C421283:poly(ethylene glycol)-dimethacrylate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols
keywords: Bone; Cartilage; Hydrogel; Inkjet bioprinting; Mesenchymal stem cells; Photopolymerization