title: The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Project and Studies of Risk and Resilience in Maltreated Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project was initiated to develop, for research purposes, new ways of classifying mental disorders based on dimensions of observable behavior and neurobiological measures. This article reviews the rationale behind the RDoC program, its goals, and central tenets; discusses application of an RDoC framework to research with maltreated children; and highlights some clinical implications of this work.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published RDoC papers were reviewed, together with relevant preclinical and clinical studies that guide our work on risk and resilience in maltreated children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ultimate long-term goal of the RDoC initiative is precision medicine in psychiatry. In the interim, the RDoC initiative provides a framework to organize research to help develop the database required to derive a new psychiatric nomenclature that can appropriately match treatments to patients. The primary focus of RDoC is on neural circuitry, with levels of analyses that span from molecules to behavior. There has been some concern that the RDoC framework is reductionist, with an overemphasis on neural circuits and genetics; however, the briefly reviewed, burgeoning literature on neuroplasticity and epigenetics highlights that this concern is unwarranted, as one cannot study neural circuits and genetics without considering experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study of maltreated children has a number of advantages for the RDoC project, including the following: study of a subset of patients who are often not responsive to standard interventions; examination of a relatively homogenous sample with onset of psychopathology proposed to be associated with stress-related mechanisms; and well-established, relevant animal models to facilitate translational research.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine and Veteran's Administration Connecticut Health Care Center, New Haven, CT; Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore. Electronic address: joan.kaufman@kennedykrieger.org.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine and Veteran's Administration Connecticut Health Care Center, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gelernter
authors.affiliation: Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, University of Vermont, Burlington.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hudziak
authors.affiliation: Butler Hospital Mood Disorders Research Program, Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Audrey R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Tyrka
authors.affiliation: State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York City.
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Coplan
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D002665:Child Psychiatry; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: RDoC; maltreated children; risk and resilience