title: Alcohol Consumption in Relation to Risk and Severity of Chronic Widespread Pain: Results From a UK Population-Based Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the reported level of alcohol consumption is associated with the likelihood of reporting chronic widespread pain (CWP) and, among persons with CWP, the associated disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a population-based study in 2 areas of the UK, participants self-completed a postal questionnaire. They were classified according to whether they met the American College of Rheumatology definition of CWP and whether the pain was disabling (Chronic Pain Grade III or IV). They reported their usual level of alcohol consumption. Potential confounding factors on which information was available included age, sex, cigarette smoking, employment status, self-reported weight and height, and level of deprivation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 13,574 persons participated (mean age 55 years, 57% women) of whom 2,239 (16.5%) had CWP; 28% reported never regularly consuming alcohol, 28% reported consuming up to 5 units/week, 20% reported 6-10 units/week, and 24% reported >10 units/week. Among persons with CWP, disability was strongly linked to level of alcohol consumption. Prevalence of disability decreased with increasing alcohol consumption up to 35 units/week (odds ratio [OR]21-35 units alcohol/week versus never drinkers 0.33 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.19-0.58]) adjusted for confounders. A similar relationship was found between reporting CWP and level of alcohol consumption (adjusted OR21-35 units alcohol/week versus never drinkers 0.76 [95% CI 0.61-0.94]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has demonstrated strong associations between level of alcohol consumption and both CWP and related disabilities. However, the available evidence does not allow us to conclude that the association is causal. The strength of the associations means that specific studies to examine this potential relationship are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Gary J. Macfarlane, PhD, MD(Hons), Marcus Beasley, BSc, MSc: School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.affiliation: Gary J. Macfarlane, PhD, MD(Hons), Marcus Beasley, BSc, MSc: School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beasley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology