title: Exposure of Surgeons to Magnetic Fields during Laparoscopic and Robotic Gynecologic Surgeries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure and compare levels of extremely-low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure to surgeons during laparoscopic and robotic gynecologic surgeries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Canadian Task Force I.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gynecologic surgeries at the Yonsei University Health System in Seoul, Korea from July to October in 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten laparoscopic gynecologic surgeries and 10 robotic gynecologic surgeries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intensity of ELF-MF exposure to surgeons was measured every 4 seconds during 10 laparoscopic gynecologic surgeries and 10 robotic gynecologic surgeries using portable ELF-MF measuring devices with logging capability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean ELF-MF exposures were .1 ± .1 mG for laparoscopic gynecologic surgeries and .3 ± .1 mG for robotic gynecologic surgeries. ELF-MF exposure levels to surgeons during robotic gynecologic surgery were significantly higher than those during laparoscopic gynecologic surgery (p < .001) after adjustment for duration of measurement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrated low levels of ELF-MF exposure to surgeons during robotic gynecologic surgery and conventional laparoscopic surgery, hoping to alleviate concerns regarding the hazards of MF exposure posed to surgeons and hospital staff.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jee Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jai Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Soo Beom
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. Electronic address: kdw@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Deok Won
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Tae
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Wun
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Ji
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hee Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D060526:Magnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D066231:Surgeons
keywords: Laparoscopic gynecologic surgery; Magnetic field hazard; Robotic gynecologic surgery; da Vinci Surgical System