title: Volumetric Cortical Bone Porosity Assessment with MR Imaging: Validation and Clinical Feasibility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a method to assess volumetric cortical bone porosity in clinically practical acquisition times by measuring the signal decay at only two echo times (TEs) as part of a single three-dimensional ultrashort TE (UTE) magnetic resonance (MR) examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was approved by the institutional review board and complied with HIPAA guidelines. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. A marker of cortical bone porosity called porosity index was defined as the ratio of UTE image intensities at a long and short TE, and the results were compared with biexponential analysis. Porosity index of midtibia cortical bone samples obtained from 16 donors was compared with ground-truth porosity by using micro-computed tomographic (CT) imaging and bone mineral density by peripheral quantitative CT scanner. Reproducibility of porosity index were tested in volunteers, and clinical feasibility was evaluated in postmenopausal women. Interparameter associations were assessed by using Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bone specimen porosity index was correlated with micro-CT imaging porosity (R(2) = 0.79) and pore size (R(2) = 0.81); age (R(2) = 0.64); peripheral quantitative CT scanner density (R(2) = 0.49, negatively); and pore water fraction (R(2) = 0.62) and T2* (R(2) = 0.64) by biexponential analysis. The reproducibility study yielded a coefficient of variation of 2.2% and intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.97. The study that involved postmenopausal women showed a wide range of porosity index (15%-38%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A two-point MR imaging method to assess cortical bone porosity in humans was conceived and validated. This approach has the potential for clinical use to assess changes in cortical bone porosity that result from disease or in response to therapy. (©) RSNA, 2015 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
authors.forename: Chamith S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Rajapakse
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
authors.forename: Mahdieh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bashoor-Zadeh
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
authors.forename: Wenli
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
authors.forename: Alexander C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
authors.forename: Felix W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Wehrli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016062:Porosity