title: Aggression in US soldiers post-deployment: Associations with combat exposure and PTSD and the moderating role of trait anger.
abstract: Anger and aggression are among the most common issues reported by returning service members from combat deployments. However, the pathways between combat exposure and anger and aggression have not been comprehensively characterized. The present study aimed to characterize the relationship between trait anger, combat exposure, post-deployment PTSD, and aggression. U.S. Army soldiers (N = 2,420) were administered anonymous surveys assessing combat exposure, current PTSD symptoms and aggression, as well as trait anger items 3 months after returning from deployment to Afghanistan. PTSD symptom levels were related to aggression at higher levels of trait anger, but not evident among soldiers who had lower levels of trait anger. The pathway from combat exposure to PTSD, and then to aggression, was conditional upon levels of trait anger, such that the pathway was most evident at high levels of trait anger. This was the first study to our knowledge that concurrently modeled unconditional and conditional direct and indirect associations between combat exposure, PTSD, trait anger, and aggression. The findings can be helpful clinically and for developing screening protocols for combat exposed Soldiers. The results of this study suggest the importance of assessing and managing anger and aggression in soldiers returning from combat deployment. Anger is one of the most common complaints of returning soldiers and can have debilitating effects across all domains of functioning. It is imperative that future research efforts are directed toward understanding this phenomenon and developing and validating effective treatments for it.
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Military Psychiatry, Silver Spring, Maryland.
authors.forename: Joshua E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wilk
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Military Psychiatry, Silver Spring, Maryland.
authors.forename: Phillip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Quartana
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Military Psychiatry, Silver Spring, Maryland.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Clarke-Walper
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Military Psychiatry, Silver Spring, Maryland.
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Military Psychiatry, Silver Spring, Maryland.
authors.forename: Lyndon A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Riviere
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D000786:Anger / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: PTSD; anxiety; impulsivity; stress; trauma