title: ATPL2 (MAP3K8)disease-risk polymorphism increases TPL2 expression thereby leading to increased pattern recognition receptor-initiated caspase-1 and caspase-8 activation, signalling and cytokine secretion.
abstract: IBD is characterised by dysregulated intestinal immune homeostasis and cytokine secretion. In the intestine, properly regulating pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated signalling and cytokines is crucial given the ongoing host-microbial interactions. TPL2 (MAP3K8, COT) contributes to PRR-initiated pathways, yet the mechanisms for TPL2 signalling contributions in primary human myeloid cells are incompletely understood and its role in intestinal myeloid cells is poorly defined. Furthermore, functional consequences for the IBD-risk locus rs1042058 inTPL2are unknown.
  
  
  
  We analysed protein, cytokine and RNA expression, and signalling in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) through western blot, ELISA, real-time PCR and flow cytometry.
  
  
  
  PRR-induced cytokine secretion was increased in MDMs from rs1042058TPL2GG risk individuals. TPL2 activation by the Crohn's disease-associated PRR nucleotide-oligomerisation domain (NOD)2 required PKC, and IKKβ, IKKα and IKKγ signalling. TPL2, in turn, significantly enhanced NOD2-induced ERK, JNK and NFκB signalling. We found that another major mechanism for the TPL2 contribution to NOD2 signalling was through ERK-dependent and JNK-dependent caspase-1 and caspase-8 activation, which in turn, led to early autocrine interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 secretion and amplification of long-term cytokines. Importantly,Salmonella typhimurium-induced cytokines from human intestinal myeloid-derived cells required TPL2 as well as autocrine IL-1β and IL-18. Finally, rs1042058 GG risk carrier MDMs from healthy individuals and patients with Crohn's disease had increased TPL2 expression and NOD2-initiated TPL2 phosphorylation, ERK, JNK and NFκB activation, and early autocrine IL-1β and IL-18 secretion.
  
  
  
  Taken together, the rs1042058 GG IBD-risk polymorphism inTPL2results in a gain-of-function by increasing TPL2 expression and signalling, thereby amplifying PRR-initiated outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Matija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hedl
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abraham
mesh_terms: D020170:Caspase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology*; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; C069937:MAP3K8 protein, human; D053181:Caspase 8; D020170:Caspase 1
keywords: IBD BASIC RESEARCH; IMMUNOLOGY; MACROPHAGES