title: The breeding biology of Red-Whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus) in Xishuangbanna, southwest China.
abstract: To fill the gap in breeding biology information about the Red-Whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus), in 2013, we studied the breeding biology of this species in Xishuangbanna, southwest China. The breeding began from February and continued until early August. The breeding strategy of P. jocosus was more flexible and their nests were only built in cultivated landscapes, whereas, no nest building in native tropical rain forest was found. Small open cup nests were built on 50 different plant species, and at heights ranging from 2.1±0.6 m above the ground (n=102). The mean clutch size was 2.53±0.51 eggs (n=40) and the mean egg mass was 2.81±0.25 g (n=60). The average incubation period was 11.1±0.5 days (n=14), and the average nestling period was 11.0±0.8 days (n=31). The overall nest success was 34.22%.The hatching and fledging showed either asynchrony or synchrony. Invertebrate food decreased with nestling age, whereas, plant food increased with nestling age. Moreover, distinct parental roles of the parents in nestling period were found. Compared with other passerine species, P. jocosus spent less time in incubating (58%). The clutch size, incubation and nestling period of the P. jocosus in southwest China were different from those of the P. jocosus in India.
authors.affiliation: The Faculty of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming Yunnan 650224, China;Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna Yunnan 666303, China.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna Yunnan 666303, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Xia
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: The Faculty of Ecotourism, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming Yunnan 650224, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: The Faculty of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming Yunnan 650224, China.gcuilw@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Liang-Wei
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna Yunnan 666303, China.quanrc@xtbg.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Rui-Chang
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Quan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D009425:Nesting Behavior; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Breeding biology; Incubation; Nestling; Parental roles; Red-Whiskered Bulbul