title: The temporary and accumulated effects of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease monkeys.
abstract: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a useful noninvasive technique of cortical brain stimulation for the treatment of neurological disorders. Clinical research has demonstrated tDCS with anodal stimulation of primary motor cortex (M1) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients significantly improved their motor function. However, few studies have been focused on the optimization of parameters which contributed significantly to the treatment effects of tDCS and exploration of the underline neuronal mechanisms. Here, we used different stimulation parameters of anodal tDCS on M1 for the treatment of aged advanced PD monkeys induced with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) administration, and then analyzed the temporary and accumulated effects of tDCS treatment. The results indicated anodal tDCS on M1 very significantly improved motor ability temporarily; importantly, the treatment effects of anodal tDCS on M1 were quantitatively correlated to the accumulated stimulation instead of the stimuli intensity or duration respectively. In addition, c-fos staining showed tDCS treatment effects activated the neurons both in M1 and substantia nigra (SN). Therefore, we propose that long time and continue anodal tDCS on M1 is a better strategy to improve the motor symptoms of PD than individual manipulation of stimuli intensity or duration.
authors.affiliation: 1] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences &Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoguang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences &Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences &Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 1] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences &Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
authors.forename: Baihui
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Medical imaging department, Kunming general hospital of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Medical imaging department, Kunming general hospital of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China.
authors.forename: Liqi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Medical imaging department, Kunming general hospital of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences &Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
authors.forename: Nanhui
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Kunming Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
authors.forename: Longbao
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lü
authors.affiliation: 1] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences &Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China [2] Kunming Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
authors.forename: Yuanye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: 1] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences &Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China [2] CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences &Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
authors.forename: Jiali
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences &Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
authors.forename: Zhengbo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
authors.forename: Baorong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 1] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences &Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China [2] CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China [3] Kunming Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
authors.forename: Xintian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000882:Haplorhini; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000378:metabolism; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase