title: Resilience and symptom reporting following mild traumatic brain injury in military service members.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between resilience and symptom reporting following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). It was hypothesized that, as resilience increases, self-reported symptoms would decrease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 142 US military service members who sustained a mTBI, divided into three resilience groups based on participants' responses on the Response to Stressful Experiences Scale: Moderate (n = 42); High (n = 51); and Very High (n = 49). Participants completed the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) and PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) within 12 months following injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant main effects for the NSI total score, cognitive cluster and affective cluster, as well as for the PCL-C total score, avoidance cluster and hyperarousal cluster. Pairwise comparisons revealed that there was a negative relationship between resilience and self-reported symptoms overall. Specifically, participants with higher resilience reported fewer post-concussion and PTSD-related symptoms than participants with lower levels of resilience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings underscore the important role that resilience plays in symptom expression in military service members with mTBI and suggest that research on targeted interventions to increase resilience in the acute phase following injury is indicated.
authors.affiliation: a The Pennsylvania State University, University Park , PA , USA .
authors.forename: Victoria C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Merritt
authors.affiliation: b Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center , Bethesda , MD , USA .|c Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , Bethesda , MD , USA .|d University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada .|e Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine , Bethesda , MD , USA , and.
authors.forename: Rael T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.affiliation: b Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center , Bethesda , MD , USA .|c Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , Bethesda , MD , USA .|e Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine , Bethesda , MD , USA , and.|f Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Louis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: French
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D057566:Self Report; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Mild traumatic brain injury; military service members; post-concussion symptoms; post-traumatic stress disorder; resilience