title: Psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-J) in patients with whiplash neck injury pain and/or low back pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) is useful for measuring fear of movement in patients with musculoskeletal pain, no psychometrically validated Japanese version is available. We evaluated the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the TSK-J (original 17-item version and shorter 11-item version).
  
  
  METHODS
  The data subset used in this psychometric testing was derived from a survey previously conducted to collect information on musculoskeletal pain due to motor vehicle accident. For reliability, internal consistency was assessed via Cronbach's alpha coefficient. For concurrent validity, Pearson correlation coefficients of the TSK-J with the pain catastrophizing scale (PCS), euroqol 5 dimension (EQ-5D), and numerical rating scales (NRSs) for pain in the neck and back were calculated. For known-group validity, the relationship between variables (e.g., depression, somatic symptoms, treatment period) and the TSK-J score was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 956 persons who had suffered from a motor vehicle accident were used in this analysis. For reliability, internal consistency was demonstrated, with Cronbach's alpha statistics of 0.850 (TSK-J17) and 0.919 (TSK-J11). For concurrent validity, significantly strong correlations were demonstrated between the TSK-J versions and PCS total score and subscales (r = 0.602-0.680). For known-group validity, as hypothesized, significantly higher TSK-J scores were observed in persons with depressive mood, somatic symptoms, and longer treatment period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present analysis showed that the Japanese versions of the TSK-J17 and TSK-J11 were psychometrically reliable and valid for detecting fear of movement in the Japanese population suffering from neck to back pain due to a motor vehicle accident.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Study Support, Inc, Daiei Bldg, 2F 1-11-20 Nishiki, Naka-ku, Nagoya, 460-0858, Japan. norimasa_kikuchi@jp-css.com.|Department of Public Health, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan. norimasa_kikuchi@jp-css.com.
authors.forename: Norimasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research and Management for Musculoskeletal Pain, 22nd Century Medical and Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsudaira
authors.affiliation: Clinical Study Support, Inc, Daiei Bldg, 2F 1-11-20 Nishiki, Naka-ku, Nagoya, 460-0858, Japan.|Department of Public Health, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research and Management for Musculoskeletal Pain, 22nd Century Medical and Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007564:Japan; D018953:Kinesiology, Applied / Q000379:methods*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult