title: Bathing Effects of Various Seawaters on Allergic (Atopic) Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions Induced by 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene in Hairless Mice.
abstract: We evaluated the preventive effects of four types of seawater collected in Republic of Korea on hairless mice with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene- (DNCB-) induced allergic/atopic dermatitis (AD). The anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by measuring tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α and interleukins (ILs). Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were measured to evaluate the antioxidant effects. Caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were observed to measure the antiapoptotic effects; matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 9 levels were also evaluated. Mice with AD had markedly higher clinical skin severity scores and scratching behaviors; higher TNF-α and ILs (1β, 10, 4, 5, and 13) levels; higher MDA, superoxide anion, caspase-3, PARP, and MMP-9 levels; and greater iNOS activity. However, the severity of AD was significantly decreased by bathing in seawaters, but it did not influence the dermal collagen depositions and skin tissue antioxidant defense systems. These results suggest that bathing in all four seawaters has protective effects against DNCB-induced AD through their favorable systemic and local immunomodulatory effects, active cytoprotective antiapoptotic effects, inhibitory effects of MMP activity and anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects.
authors.affiliation: Biological Oceanography & Marine Biology Division, KIOST, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Choong Gon
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Biological Oceanography & Marine Biology Division, KIOST, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Meehye
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Biological Oceanography & Marine Biology Division, KIOST, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Youn-Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Dokdo Research Center, East Sea Research Institute, KIOST, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Won Gi
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Min
authors.affiliation: Gyeongbuk Institute for Marine Bio-Industry, Gyeongbuk 787-813, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Hwan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea ; Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Su Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea ; Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chang Hyun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea ; Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soo Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Ha
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical History & Literature Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chang Hyun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea ; Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Joon
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea ; Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sae Kwang
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ku