title: Digital radiography exposure indices: A review.
abstract: Digital radiography (DR) technologies have the advantage of a wide dynamic range compared to their film-screen predecessors, however, this poses a potential for increased patient exposure if left unchecked. Manufacturers have developed the exposure index (EI) to counter this, which provides radiographers with feedback on the exposure reaching the detector. As these EIs were manufacturer-specific, a wide variety of EIs existed. To offset this, the international standardised EI has been developed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM). The purpose of this article is to explore the current literature relating to EIs, beginning with the historical development of the EI, the development of the standardised EI and an exploration of common themes and studies as evidenced in the research literature. It is anticipated that this review will provide radiographers with a useful guide to understanding EIs, their application in clinical practice, limitations and suggestions for further research.
authors.affiliation: Medical Imaging Optimisation and Perception Group (MIOPeG), Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mothiram
authors.affiliation: Medical Imaging Optimisation and Perception Group (MIOPeG), Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Patrick C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.affiliation: Medical Imaging Optimisation and Perception Group (MIOPeG), Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.affiliation: Medical Imaging Optimisation and Perception Group (MIOPeG), Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robinson
keywords: Deviation index; digital radiography; exposure index; image quality; radiography