title: Adherence to the Australian dietary guidelines during pregnancy: evidence from a national study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess dietary intake of pregnant women against the Australian Dietary Guidelines with respect to the Five Food Group recommendations and determine predictors of adherence to the recommendations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional web-based survey. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women living in Australia. A national sample was recruited using an online panel provider and a South Australian sample was recruited through the antenatal clinic of a large public maternity hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 857 pregnant women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-six per cent, 29% and less than 10% of women met the recommendations for the fruit, dairy and other core food groups, respectively. None of the women met the recommendations for all Five Food Groups. Women who were born overseas and who were less physically active pre-pregnancy were less likely to adhere to the fruit and dairy recommendations. Women who smoked during pregnancy, were overweight pre-pregnancy and had lower household incomes were also less likely to meet the fruit recommendations; and women living in metropolitan areas were less likely to meet the vegetable recommendations. Sixty-one per cent believed their diet during this pregnancy was healthy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of pregnant women in Australia perceive their diets to be healthy yet they do not consume the recommended daily servings from the Five Food Groups. Intervention strategies are warranted, particularly those that increase women's ability to evaluate their diet and also encourage positive dietary changes. These strategies may increase adoption of dietary guidelines and optimise pregnancy and other long-term health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: 1Global Food Studies, Faculty of the Professions,University of Adelaide,Adelaide,South Australia,Australia.
authors.forename: Lenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Malek
authors.affiliation: 1Global Food Studies, Faculty of the Professions,University of Adelaide,Adelaide,South Australia,Australia.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Umberger
authors.affiliation: 2Women's & Children's Health Research Institute,North Adelaide,South Australia,Australia.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makrides
authors.affiliation: 2Women's & Children's Health Research Institute,North Adelaide,South Australia,Australia.
authors.forename: Shao J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D050177:Overweight; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014675:Vegetables; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Australia; Diet change; Dietary guidelines; Food group recommendations; Pregnancy