title: Dicamba and 2,4-D residues following applicator cleanout: A potential point source to the environment and worker exposure.
abstract: This paper presents a survey of pesticide residues in tanks following application and throughout the cleanout procedure as conducted by 46 volunteer operators across Colorado. While many pesticides were detected, this paper focuses on dicamba and 2,4-D, which were detected by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). An exponential decrease in concentration was observed with sequential rinses, although this decrease may be more rapid for more water-soluble pesticides. More than 95% of the pesticide in the prerinse solution was removed by the end of the third rinse in all but three operator samples. Concentrations after three rinses were 0.41 ± 0.25 and 3.3 ± 1.1 mg/L for dicamba and 2,4-D, respectively. These concentrations suggest that the recommended practice of three rinses may not be adequate to eliminate off-target effects or point sources of pesticide waste, and that the recommended standard of personal protective equipment is essential to prevent worker exposure to the chemicals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper demonstrates that the waste generated during cleanout of pesticide application devices constitutes a potential source of pollution and worker exposure. In particular, while the first rinse of pesticide containers is often treated as hazardous waste and reapplied to crops, the remaining rinses are not. This work demonstrates that the wastewater generated in subsequent rinses can have high enough concentrations to impact worker health, cause off-target effects on crops, and potentially constitute a point source of pesticides. The practical implication is for improved recommendations and regulations regarding pesticide applicators and their cleanout process.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA.
authors.forename: Penny P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.forename: Zichun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Thia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Delphine K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Farmer
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003120:Colorado; D003996:Dicamba / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D000067565:Farmers; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D003996:Dicamba; D006540:Herbicides; D062065:Wastewater