title: Normative Data for the Cognitively Intact Oldest-Old: The Framingham Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND/STUDY CONTEXT: The number of individuals who reach extreme age is quickly increasing. Much of the current literature focuses on impaired cognition in extreme age, and debate continues regarding what constitutes "normal" cognition in extreme age. This study aimed to provide oldest-old normative data and to compare cognitive performances of cognitively intact elderly individuals from the Framingham Heart Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1302 individuals aged 65+ years from the Framingham Heart Study were separated into 5-year age bands and compared on cognitive tests. Multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted, adjusting for gender, the Wide Range Achievement Test-Third Edition (WRAT-III) Reading score, and cohort. Analyses also included comparisons between 418 individuals aged 80+ and 884 individuals aged 65-79, and comparisons within oldest-old age bands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normative data for all participants are presented. Significant differences were found on most tests between age groups in the overall analysis between young-old and oldest-old, and analysis of oldest-old age bands also revealed select significant differences (all ps <.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As aging increases, significant cognitive differences and increased variability in performances are evident. These results support the use of age-appropriate normative data for oldest-old individuals.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Minneapolis VA Healthcare System , Minneapolis , Minnesota , USA.
authors.forename: Ivy N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Jayandra J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Himali
authors.forename: Alexa S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Beiser
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Murabito
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seshadri
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Rhoda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Au
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies