title: Cartilage lesions and ankle osteoarthrosis: review of the literature and treatment algorithm.
abstract: The main etiology of ankle osteoarthrosis is post-traumatic and its prevalence is highest among young individuals. Thus, this disease has a great socioeconomic impact and gives rise to significant losses of patients' quality of life. The objective of its treatment is to eliminate pain and keep patients active. Therefore, the treatment should be staged according to the degree of degenerative evolution, etiology, joint location, systemic condition, bone quality, lower-limb alignment, ligament stability and age. The treatment algorithm is divided into non-surgical therapeutic methods and options for surgical treatment. Joint preservation, joint replacement and arthrodesis surgical procedures have precise indications. This article presents a review on this topic and a proposal for a treatment algorithm for this disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre Leme Godoy
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco Kawamura
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Demange
authors.affiliation: Orthopedics and Rehabilitation Center, Hospital do Coração, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo Pires
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tulio Diniz
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro Nogueira
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Giglio
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Kantonsspital, Liestal, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hintermann
keywords: Ankle; Arthrodesis; Arthroplasty; Osteoarthritis; Osteotomy