title: Metabolic network capacity of Escherichia coli for Krebs cycle-dependent proline hydroxylation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding the metabolism of the microbial host is essential for the development and optimization of whole-cell based biocatalytic processes, as it dictates production efficiency. This is especially true for redox biocatalysis where metabolically active cells are employed because of the cofactor/cosubstrate regenerative capacity endogenous in the host. Recombinant Escherichia coli was used for overproducing proline-4-hydroxylase (P4H), a dioxygenase catalyzing the hydroxylation of free L-proline into trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline with a-ketoglutarate (a-KG) as cosubstrate. In this whole-cell biocatalyst, central carbon metabolism provides the required cosubstrate a-KG, coupling P4H biocatalytic performance directly to carbon metabolism and metabolic activity. By applying both experimental and computational biology tools, such as metabolic engineering and (13)C-metabolic flux analysis ((13)C-MFA), we investigated and quantitatively described the physiological, metabolic, and bioenergetic response of the whole-cell biocatalyst to the targeted bioconversion and identified possible metabolic bottlenecks for further rational pathway engineering.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A proline degradation-deficient E. coli strain was constructed by deleting the putA gene encoding proline dehydrogenase. Whole-cell biotransformations with this mutant strain led not only to quantitative proline hydroxylation but also to a doubling of the specific trans-4-L-hydroxyproline (hyp) formation rate, compared to the wild type. Analysis of carbon flux through central metabolism of the mutant strain revealed that the increased a-KG demand for P4H activity did not enhance the a-KG generating flux, indicating a tightly regulated TCA cycle operation under the conditions studied. In the wild type strain, P4H synthesis and catalysis caused a reduction in biomass yield. Interestingly, the ΔputA strain additionally compensated the associated ATP and NADH loss by reducing maintenance energy demands at comparably low glucose uptake rates, instead of increasing the TCA activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The putA knockout in recombinant E. coli BL21(DE3)(pLysS) was found to be promising for productive P4H catalysis not only in terms of biotransformation yield, but also regarding the rates for biotransformation and proline uptake and the yield of hyp on the energy source. The results indicate that, upon a putA knockout, the coupling of the TCA-cycle to proline hydroxylation via the cosubstrate a-KG becomes a key factor constraining and a target to further improve the efficiency of a-KG-dependent biotransformations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany. eleni.theodosiou@ufz.de.|Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany. eleni.theodosiou@ufz.de.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Theodosiou
authors.affiliation: Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany. oliver.frick@ufz.de.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Frick
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany. bruno.buehler@ufz.de.|Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany. bruno.buehler@ufz.de.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bühler
authors.affiliation: Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany. andreas.schmid@ufz.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmid
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D055162:Biocatalysis; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D006900:Hydroxylation; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism*; D064828:Prolyl Hydroxylases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C080683:PutA protein, Bacteria; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D011392:Proline; D064828:Prolyl Hydroxylases