title: Assessment of the in vivo genotoxicity of cadmium chloride, chloroform, and D,L-menthol as coded test chemicals using the alkaline comet assay.
abstract: As part of the Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM) international validation study of in vivo rat alkaline comet assays, we examined cadmium chloride, chloroform, and D,L-menthol under blind conditions as coded chemicals in the liver and stomach of Sprague-Dawley rats after 3 days of administration. Cadmium chloride showed equivocal responses in the liver and stomach, supporting previous reports of its poor mutagenic potential and non-carcinogenic effects in these organs. Treatment with chloroform, which is a non-genotoxic carcinogen, did not induce DNA damage in the liver or stomach. Some histopathological changes, such as necrosis and degeneration, were observed in the liver; however, they did not affect the comet assay results. D,L-Menthol, a non-genotoxic non-carcinogen, did not induce liver or stomach DNA damage. These results indicate that the comet assay can reflect genotoxic properties under blind conditions.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan. Electronic address: wada@iet.or.jp.
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukuyama
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyomu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D019256:Cadmium Chloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity; D002725:Chloroform / Q000633:toxicity*; D020552:Comet Assay / Q000379:methods*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008610:Menthol / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013270:Stomach / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D008610:Menthol; D002725:Chloroform; D019256:Cadmium Chloride
keywords: Cadmium chloride; Chloroform; Histopathology; In vivo rat comet assay; JaCVAM international validation study; d,l-Menthol