title: Planckian Power Spectral Densities from Human Calves during Posture Maintenance and Controlled Isometric Contractions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between muscle anatomy and physiology and its corresponding electromyography activity (EMGA) is complex and not well understood. EMGA models may be broadly divided in stochastic and motor-unit-based models. For example, these models have successfully described many muscle physiological variables such as the value of the muscle fiber velocity and the linear relationship between median frequency and muscle fiber velocity. However they cannot explain the behavior of many of these variables with changes in intramuscular temperature, or muscle PH acidity, for instance. Here, we propose that the motor unit action potential can be treated as an electromagnetic resonant mode confined at thermal equilibrium inside the muscle. The motor units comprising the muscle form a system of standing waves or modes, where the energy of each mode is proportional to its frequency. Therefore, the power spectral density of the EMGA is well described and fit by Planck's law and from its distribution we developed theoretical relationships that explain the behavior of known physiological variables with changes in intramuscular temperature or muscle PH acidity, for instance.
  
  
  METHODS
  EMGA of the calf muscle was recorded during posture maintenance in seven participants and during controlled isometric contractions in two participants. The power spectral density of the EMGA was then fit with the Planckian distribution. Then, we inferred nine theoretical relationships from the distribution and compared the theoretically derived values with experimentally obtained values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The power spectral density of EMGA was fit by Planckian distributions and all the theoretical relationships were validated by experimental results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only by considering the motor unit action potentials as electromagnetic resonant modes confined at thermal equilibrium inside the muscle suffices to predict known or new theoretical relationships for muscle physiological variables that other models have failed to do.
authors.affiliation: Visual psychophysics and perception laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebéc, Canada.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lugo
authors.affiliation: Visual psychophysics and perception laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebéc, Canada.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Doti
authors.affiliation: Visual psychophysics and perception laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebéc, Canada.
authors.forename: Jocelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Faubert
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000465:Algorithms; D004576:Electromyography; D005221:Fatigue; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture