title: Observed emotion frequency versus intensity as predictors of socioemotional maladjustment.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess whether observed emotional frequency (the proportion of instances an emotion was observed) and intensity (the strength of an emotion when it was observed) uniquely predicted kindergartners' (N = 301) internalizing and externalizing problems. Analyses were tested in a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework with data from multireporters (reports of problem behaviors from teachers and parents) and naturalistic observations of emotion in the fall semester. For observed positive emotion, both frequency and intensity negatively predicted parent- or teacher-reported internalizing symptoms. Anger frequency positively predicted parent- and teacher-reported externalizing symptoms, whereas anger intensity positively predicted parent- and teacher-reported externalizing and parent-reported internalizing symptoms. The findings support the importance of examining both aspects of emotion when predicting maladjustment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Arizona State University.
authors.forename: Maciel M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Arizona State University.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.affiliation: T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Valiente
authors.affiliation: T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University.
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Spinrad
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Arizona State University.
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: VanSchyndel
authors.affiliation: T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University.
authors.forename: Anjolii
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.affiliation: T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University.
authors.forename: Rebecca H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University.
authors.forename: Kassondra M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University.
authors.forename: Jody
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Southworth
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Arizona State University.
authors.forename: Armando A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Piña
mesh_terms: D000786:Anger; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004644:Emotions; D005178:Faculty; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D019370:Observation; D010290:Parents; D012917:Social Adjustment