title: Multimodal nonlinear endo-microscopy probe design for high resolution, label-free intraoperative imaging.
abstract: We present a portable, multimodal, nonlinear endo-microscopy probe designed for intraoperative oncological imaging. Application of a four-wave mixing noise suppression scheme using dual wavelength wave plates (DWW) and a polarization-maintaining fiber improves tissue signal collection efficiency, allowing for miniaturization. The probe, with a small 14 mm transversal diameter, includes a customized miniaturized two-axis MEMS (micro-electromechanical system) raster scanning mirror and micro-optics with an illumination laser delivered by a polarization-maintaining fiber. The probe can potentially be integrated into the arms of a surgical robot, such as da Vinci robotic surgery system, due to its minimal cross sectional area. It has the ability to incorporate multiple imaging modalities including CARS (coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering), SHG (second harmonic generation), and TPEF (two-photon excited fluorescence) in order to allow the surgeon to locate tumor cells within the context of normal stromal tissue. The resolution of the endo-microscope is experimentally determined to be 0.78 µm, a high level of accuracy for such a compact probe setup. The expected resolution of the as-built multimodal, nonlinear, endo-microscopy probe is 1 µm based on the calculation tolerance allocation using Monte-Carlo simulation. The reported probe is intended for use in laparoscopic or radical prostatectomy, including detection of tumor margins and avoidance of nerve impairment during surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Advanced MEMS, San Francisco, California, 94107, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas 77030, USA ; Department of Radiology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Kelvin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas 77030, USA ; Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas 77030, USA ; Department of Radiology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen T C
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Wong
keywords: (110.0110) Imaging systems; (220.0220) Optical design and fabrication