title: Comprehensive biometric, biochemical and histopathological assessment of nutrient deficiencies in gilthead sea bream fed semi-purified diets.
abstract: Seven isoproteic and isolipidic semi-purified diets were formulated to assess specific nutrient deficiencies in sulphur amino acids (SAA), n-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3 LC-PUFA), phospholipids (PL), P, minerals (Min) and vitamins (Vit). The control diet (CTRL) contained these essential nutrients in adequate amounts. Each diet was allocated to triplicate groups of juvenile gilthead sea bream fed to satiety over an 11-week feeding trial period. Weight gain of n-3 LC-PUFA, P-Vit and PL-Min-SAA groups was 50, 60-75 and 80-85 % of the CTRL group, respectively. Fat retention was decreased by all nutrient deficiencies except by the Min diet. Strong effects on N retention were found in n-3 LC-PUFA and P fish. Combined anaemia and increased blood respiratory burst were observed in n-3 LC-PUFA fish. Hypoproteinaemia was found in SAA, n-3 LC-PUFA, PL and Vit fish. Derangements of lipid metabolism were also a common disorder, but the lipodystrophic phenotype of P fish was different from that of other groups. Changes in plasma levels of electrolytes (Ca, phosphate), metabolites (creatinine, choline) and enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase) were related to specific nutrient deficiencies in PL, P, Min or Vit fish, whereas changes in circulating levels of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I primarily reflected the intensity of the nutritional stressor. Histopathological scoring of the liver and intestine segments showed specific nutrient-mediated changes in lipid cell vacuolisation, inflammation of intestinal submucosa, as well as the distribution and number of intestinal goblet and rodlet cells. These results contribute to define the normal range of variation for selected biometric, biochemical, haematological and histochemical markers.
authors.affiliation: 1Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group,Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal,IATS-CSIC,12595 Castellón,Spain.
authors.forename: Gabriel F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Ballester-Lozano
authors.affiliation: 1Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group,Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal,IATS-CSIC,12595 Castellón,Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benedito-Palos
authors.affiliation: 2Fish Pathology Group,Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal,IATS-CSIC,12595 Castellón,Spain.
authors.forename: Itziar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Estensoro
authors.affiliation: 2Fish Pathology Group,Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal,IATS-CSIC,12595 Castellón,Spain.
authors.forename: Ariadna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sitjà-Bobadilla
authors.affiliation: 3INRA,UR1067 NuMeA Nutrition,Metabolism Aquaculture,F-64310 Saint Pée-sur Nivelle,France.
authors.forename: Sadasivam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaushik
authors.affiliation: 1Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group,Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal,IATS-CSIC,12595 Castellón,Spain.
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pérez-Sánchez
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D000740:Anemia / Q000209:etiology; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size; D002794:Choline / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D004032:Diet; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000097:blood; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000473:pathology*; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000172:deficiency; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values; D021541:Sea Bream / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D004573:Electrolytes; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D018977:Micronutrients; D010743:Phospholipids; D010758:Phosphorus; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D013006:Growth Hormone; D003404:Creatinine; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D009584:Nitrogen; D002794:Choline
keywords: ALP alkaline phosphatase; CTRL control; Essential fatty acids; FA fatty acids; FM fishmeal; FO fish oil; GH growth hormone; Haematology; IGF insulin-like growth factors; Methionine; Min minerals; Minerals; PAS periodic acid–Schiff; PL phospholipids; Phospholipids; Phosphorus; SAA sulphur amino acids; VO vegetable oils; Vit vitamins; Vitamins; n-3 LC PUFA n-3 long-chain PUFA