title: Urolithiasis in pregnancy: a cost-effectiveness analysis of ureteroscopic management vs ureteral stenting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of serial stenting vs ureteroscopy for treatment of urolithiasis during pregnancy as a function of gestational age (GA) at diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We built decision analytic models for a hypothetical cohort of pregnant women who had received a diagnosis of symptomatic ureteral calculi and compared serial stenting to ureteroscopy. We assumed ureteral stent replacement every 4 weeks during pregnancy, intravenous sedation for stent placement, and spinal anesthetic for ureteroscopy. Outcomes were derived from the literature and included stent infection, migration, spontaneous kidney stone passage, ureteral injury, failed ureteroscopy, postoperative urinary tract infection, sepsis, and anesthetic complications. Four separate analyses were run based on the GA at diagnosis of urolithiasis. Using direct costs and quality-adjusted life years, we reported the incremental costs and effectiveness of each strategy based on GA at kidney stone diagnosis and calculated the net monetary benefit. We performed 1-way and Monte-Carlo sensitivity analyses to assess the strength of the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ureteroscopy was less costly and more effective for urolithiasis, irrespective of GA at diagnosis. The incremental cost of ureteroscopy increased from -$74,469 to -$7631, and the incremental effectiveness decreased from 0.49 to 0.05 quality-adjusted life years for a kidney stone diagnosed at 12 and 36 weeks of gestation, respectively. The net monetary benefit of ureteroscopy progressively decreased for kidney stones that were diagnosed later in pregnancy. The model was robust to all variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ureteroscopy is less costly and more effective relative to serial stenting for urolithiasis, regardless of the GA at diagnosis. Ureteroscopy is most beneficial for women who received the diagnosis early during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Sciences, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wymer
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Evanston, IL.
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Plunkett
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL. Electronic address: spark@northshore.org.
authors.forename: Sangtae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005260:Female; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D015607:Stents / Q000191:economics; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: cost-effectiveness; pregnancy; ureteroscopy; urolithiasis