title: Impact of NaCl reduction in Danish semi-hard Samsoe cheeses on proliferation and autolysis of DL-starter cultures.
abstract: Reduction of sodium chloride (NaCl) in cheese manufacturing is a challenge for the dairy industry. NaCl has a profound role on microbial development influencing cheese sensory and technological properties. The purpose of this work was to investigate how proliferation, distribution and autolysis of two commercial DL-starter cultures (C1 and C2) used in the production of Danish semi-hard Samsoe cheeses were affected by reduced NaCl levels. Cheeses containing <0.3% (unsalted), 2.3% (reduced-salt) and 3.4% (normal-salted) (w/v) NaCl in moisture were produced and analyzed during 12 weeks of ripening. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), distribution of bacteria as single cells or microcolonies, their viability in the cheeses and cell autolysis were monitored during ripening, as well as the impact of NaCl content and autolysis on the formation of free amino acids (FAA). Reduction of NaCl resulted in higher LAB counts at the early stages of ripening, with differences between the two DL-starter cultures. The unsalted cheeses produced with C1 had retained a significantly higher number of the initial LAB counts (cfu/g) after 1 and 2 weeks of ripening (i.e. 58% and 71%), compared to the normal-salted cheeses (i.e. 22% and 21%), whereas no significant difference was found between the reduced-salt (i.e. 31% and 35%) and normal-salted cheeses. At the later stages of ripening (i.e. 7 and 11 weeks) NaCl had no significant influence. For cheeses produced with C2, a significant influence of NaCl was only found in cheeses ripened for 7 weeks, where the unsalted and reduced-salt cheeses had retained a significantly higher number of the initial LAB counts (cfu/g) (i.e. 39% and 38%), compared to the normal-salted cheeses (i.e. 21%). In the Samsoe cheeses, bacteria were organized as single cells, in groups of 2-3 cells or in groups of ≥4 cells. During ripening the decrease in the number of viable bacteria was mainly due to a reduction in the number of viable bacteria organized in groups of ≥4 cells. A negative correlation between NaCl content and PepX activity was observed. At the end of ripening the total FAA content was lower in the unsalted cheeses, compared to the reduced- and normal-salted cheeses. In conclusion, NaCl had a significant influence on proliferation of both DL-starter cultures. However, the influence of NaCl on culture development was more pronounced in cheeses produced with DL-starter culture C1. As both texture and taste are parameters known to be affected by the development of the starter culture, the design of starter cultures for reduced NaCl cheeses is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Electronic address: lisesoe@food.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Søndergaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ryssel
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svendsen
authors.affiliation: Chr. Hansen A/S, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Høier
authors.affiliation: Arla Strategic Innovation Centre, Rørdrumvej 2, 8220 Brabrand, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, Postboks 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hammershøj
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, Postboks 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jean R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arneborg
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lene
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jespersen
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000187:drug effects*; D001433:Bacteriolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002611:Cheese / Q000382:microbiology*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D017045:Lactococcus / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D012965:Sodium Chloride
keywords: Autolysis; DL-starter cultures; Free amino acids; NaCl reduction; Semi-hard cheese; Viability