title: NGAL and other markers of inflammation as competitive or complementary markers for depressive symptom dimensions in heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is an inflammatory marker associated with the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF), the psychopathology of depression and the co-existing symptoms of depression in HF patients. The aim of this study is to determine whether the association of serum NGAL levels with depressive symptoms dimensions in HF is independent of well-known inflammatory markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum NGAL, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), its two soluble receptors; sTNFR1, sTNFR2, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and leukocytes were measured in 104 patients with HF at baseline and 12 months. Depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) at both timepoints. Correlations between NGAL and inflammatory markers and depressive symptoms dimensions were determined. The effect of hsCRP, IL-6, TNF-α, sTNFR1, sTNFR2 and leukocytes on the association of NGAL with depressive symptoms was determined and adjusted for time, demographics, cardiac disease severity, and kidney function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NGAL levels were significantly correlated with hsCRP, TNF-α, sTNFR1, sTNFR2 and leukocytes. NGAL was significantly associated with somatic depressive symptoms, independent of abovementioned markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum NGAL is an independent inflammatory marker for somatic depressive symptoms in HF and may function as an immunopathogen linking somatic symptoms of depression to HF.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Molecular Neurobiology , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.|b Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Centre , University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Petrus J W
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Naudé
authors.affiliation: c CoRPS, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology , Tilburg University , Tilburg , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paula M C
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Mommersteeg
authors.affiliation: a Department of Molecular Neurobiology , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Leonie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gouweleeuw
authors.affiliation: a Department of Molecular Neurobiology , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.|d University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ulrich L M
authors.initials: UL
authors.lastname: Eisel
authors.affiliation: c CoRPS, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology , Tilburg University , Tilburg , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Denollet
authors.affiliation: e Clinical Chemistry and Hematology Laboratory, Elisabeth Hospital , Tilburg , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lambertus W J J M
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Westerhuis
authors.affiliation: a Department of Molecular Neurobiology , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.|f Department of Cardiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Regien G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Schoemaker
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: C reactive protein; Lipocalin 2; cognitive and somatic depressive symptoms; interleukin-6; tumor necrosis factor alpha