title: Pyruvate dose response studies targeting the vital signs following hemorrhagic shock.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the optimal effective dose of sodium pyruvate in maintaining the vital signs following hemorrhagic shock (HS) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthetized, male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent computer-controlled HS for 30 minute followed by fluid resuscitation with either hypertonic saline, or sodium pyruvate solutions of 0.5 M, 1.0 M, 2.0 M, and 4.0 M at a rate of 5ml/kg/h (60 minute) and subsequent blood infusion (60 minute). The results were compared with sham and non- resuscitated groups. The animals were continuously monitored for mean arterial pressure, systolic and diastolic pressure, heart rate, pulse pressure, temperature, shock index and Kerdo index (KI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Sham group remained stable throughout the experiment. Non-resuscitated HS animals did not survive for the entire experiment due to non-viable vital signs and poor shock and KI. All fluids were effective in normalizing the vital signs when shed blood was used adjunctively. Sodium pyruvate 2.0 M was most effective, and 4.0 M solution was least effective in improving the vital signs after HS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future studies should be directed to use 2.0 M sodium pyruvate adjuvant for resuscitation on multiorgan failure and survival rate in HS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Pushpa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Makler
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vyacheslav
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Chalut
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carissa
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Rodriguez
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vanessa
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bodo
keywords: Blood infusion; hemorrhagic shock; kerdo index; resuscitation; sodium pyruvate