title: Nurses' perceptions of workplace culture in primary health care in Finland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to describe nurses' perceptions of workplace culture, especially in regard to stress levels, job satisfaction and the practice environment in primary health care.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Health care is facing many challenges related to its attractiveness as a place of employment and the maintenance of a sufficient workforce supply. Previous studies report increasing rates of nurse job dissatisfaction and intentions to leave their current positions both in Finland and also globally. Improving workplace culture is thus vital in meeting the challenges related to recruitment and retention.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional descriptive design was used to describe nurses' perceptions of workplace culture. Data were collected by questionnaire from 22 units in nine primary healthcare organizations in Finland, and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the respondents indicated that they were not certain whether their workplace culture was either positive or negative. Profession, age and work shift characteristics had an effect on the respondents' perceptions of workplace culture. Younger licensed practical and registered nurses assessed their workplace culture more positively, whereas older registered nurses and those working rotating rosters viewed workplace culture more negatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that both unit and demographic characteristics affect workplace culture. This survey highlights that a positive workplace culture is one of the key factors in retaining and recruiting nurses, and provides an essential evidence that may be considered by other healthcare organizations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurse managers and healthcare leaders need to address workload management and take into account the related variables that affect a unit's workplace culture.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Nursing Science, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hahtela
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Nursing Science, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Paavilainen
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McCormack
authors.affiliation: Science Centre, Pirkanmaa Hospital District and School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helminen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nursing and Health Research, University of Ulster, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Slater
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Nursing Science, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suominen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009740:Nursing Staff; D015279:Organizational Culture; D010559:Personnel Management; D011320:Primary Health Care; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Finland, Job Satisfaction; Practice Environment; Primary Health Care; Stress; Workplace Culture; nurse recruitment and retention; nursing shortage