title: Serum preadipocyte factor 1 concentrations and risk of developing diabetes: a nested case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether preadipocyte factor 1 could be a predictive marker for the development of diabetes in people without diabetes at baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population-based, nested case-control study of individuals who progressed to diabetes (n = 43) or prediabetes (n = 345) and control participants matched on age, sex and fasting plasma glucose concentration, who maintained normal glucose tolerance (n = 389) during a 4-year follow-up using data from the Chungju Metabolic disease Cohort Study. Circulating levels of preadipocyte factor 1 were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline serum preadipocyte factor 1 levels showed a stepwise decrease across the glucose tolerance status groups at follow-up (normal glucose tolerance: 10.02 ± 3.02 ng/ml; prediabetes: 9.48 ± 3.35 ng/ml; diabetes: 8.66 ± 3.29 ng/ml; P for trend, 0.0151). Individuals whose fasting plasma glucose level had increased or whose homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function had decreased at follow-up showed significantly lower levels of preadipocyte factor 1 compared with their control group counterparts. After adjusting for age, BMI, fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin levels, systolic blood pressure and triglycerides, the incidence of diabetes was nearly threefold higher in the lowest vs. the upper three quartiles of circulating preadipocyte factor 1 (relative risk 2.794; 95% CI 1.188-6.571; P = 0.0185). Notably, these findings were significant in women but not in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levels of circulating preadipocyte factor 1 may be a useful biomarker for identifying women at high risk of developing diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.|Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.|Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Catholic Institute of U-Healthcare, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.|Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.|Clinical Research Coordinating Centre, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.|Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.|Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.|Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012306:Risk; D012423:Rural Health; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; C512941:DLK1 protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins