title: Integrated Treatment of Aqueous Extract of Solanum nigrum-Potentiated Cisplatin- and Doxorubicin-Induced Cytotoxicity in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells.
abstract: Chemotherapy is the main approach for treating advanced and recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the clinical performance of chemotherapy is limited by a relatively low response rate, drug resistance, and adverse effects that severely affect the quality of life of patients. The aqueous extract of Solanum nigrum (AE-SN) is a crucial ingredient in some traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas for treating cancer patients and exhibits antitumor effects in human HCC cells. Therefore, this study examined the tumor-suppression efficiency of AE-SN integrated with a standard chemotherapeutic drug, namely, cisplatin or doxorubicin, in human HCC cells, namely, Hep3B and HepJ5. The results suggested that the integrated treatment with AE-SN-potentiated cisplatin and doxorubicin induced cytotoxicity through the cleavage of caspase-7 and accumulation of microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain-3 A/1B II (LC-3 A/B II), which were associated with apoptotic and autophagic cell death, respectively, in both the Hep3B and HepJ5 cells. In conclusion, AE-SN can potentially be used in novel integrated chemotherapy with cisplatin or doxorubicin to treat HCC patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien-Kai
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Jeng
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Wowi
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Center, Taipei Medical University and Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University and Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Jia
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chen-Yen
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Choong
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Shian
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chen-Jei
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Chao
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chang