title: Generation of chlorine by-products in simulated wash water.
abstract: Free chlorine (FC) reacting with organic matter in wash water promotes the formation of chlorine by-products. This study aims to evaluate the dynamic impact of FC and organic load on the generation of haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs) in simulated wash water. Lettuce juice was sequentially added into FC solution with FC periodically replenished. Water samples were collected after each lettuce juice addition to measure water qualities and determine HAAs and THMs using US-Environmental-Protection-Agency (EPA) methods. Concentrations of 88-2103 μg/l of total HAAs and 20.79-859.47 μg/l of total THMs were detected during the study. Monobromoacetic, tribromoacetic, chlorodibromoacetic and trichloroacetic acid were the major HAAs components. Chloroform (trichloromethane) was the primary THMs present. A significant correlation of HAAs with chemical oxygen demand and THMs with FC was observed. Results indicated that optimizing wash water sanitizing systems to limit organic matters and maintain minimal effective FC concentration is critical.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Food Science Cluster, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA; Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, PO Box 6108, Morgantown, WV 20146, USA. Electronic address: cashen@mail.wvu.edu.
authors.forename: Cangliang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Advanced Materials Institute, Western Kentucky University, 2413 Nashville Road, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA. Electronic address: ami@wku.edu.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.affiliation: Waters Laboratory, Western Kentucky University, 2413 Nashville Road, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA. Electronic address: olivia.williams@wku.edu.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Advanced Materials Institute, Western Kentucky University, 2413 Nashville Road, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Food Science Cluster, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA. Electronic address: kawang.li615@topper.wku.edu.
authors.forename: KaWang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry*; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014867:Water; D002713:Chlorine
keywords: Bromodichloromethane (PubChem CID: 6359); Chlorodibromoacetic acid (PubChem CID: 115266); Dibromochloromethane (PubChem CID: 31296); Free chlorine; Haloacetic acids; Monobromoacetic acid (PubChem CID: 6227); Organic loads; Tribromoacetic acid (PubChem CID: 6415); Tribromomethane (PubChem CID: 5558); Trichloroacetic acid (PubChem CID: 6421); Trichloromethane (PubChem CID: 6212); Trihalomethanes