title: A survey of UK fertility clinics' approach to surrogacy arrangements.
abstract: This paper draws on the findings of the first survey of surrogacy arrangements in Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) licensed fertility clinics since 1998. Given the complex social, ethical and legal issues involved, surrogacy continues to raise debate worldwide and fuel calls for increased domestic provision in developed countries. However, little is known about how recent changes have affected HFEA licensed clinics. A 24-item online survey was undertaken between August and October 2013, designed to improve understanding of recent trends and current practices associated with UK-based surrogacy, and consider the implications for future policy and practice in UK and cross-border surrogacy arrangements. The response rate was 51.4%, comprising 54 clinics. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and open-ended qualitative responses analysed for extending understanding. Of the participating clinics, 42.6% offered surrogacy (mostly gestational surrogacy). Heterosexual couples using gestational surrogacy were the largest group currently using services followed by male same-sex couples. Most clinics reported having encountered problems with surrogacy treatments, suggesting barriers still exist to expanding the UK provision of surrogacy arrangements. It is important that professionals are well informed about the legal implications of surrogacy and that clinics have consistent and appropriate operational protocols for surrogacy arrangements.
authors.affiliation: De Montfort University, Leicester, UK. Electronic address: wnorton@dmu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.affiliation: University of York, UK.
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crawshaw
authors.affiliation: De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Nicky
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.affiliation: De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Culley
authors.affiliation: De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Law
mesh_terms: D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057766:Policy; D011247:Pregnancy; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D013533:Gestational Carriers / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: assisted reproductive clinics; counselling; cross-border reproductive care; surrogacy; third-party reproduction