title: Relationship Between Tobacco Retailers' Point-of-Sale Marketing and the Density of Same-Sex Couples, 97 U.S. Counties, 2012.
abstract: The reasons for higher rates of smoking among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people than among heterosexual people are not well known. Research on internal migration and neighborhood selection suggests that LGB people are more likely to live in neighborhoods where the tobacco industry has historically targeted their marketing efforts (lower income, more racial/ethnic diversity). We used multi-level models to assess the relationship between the rate of same-sex couples per 1000 coupled households and 2012 marketing characteristics of tobacco retailers (n = 2231) in 1696 census tracts in 97 U.S. counties. We found no evidence of tobacco marketing at retailers differing by same-sex couple rates in census tracts with the exception of three findings in the opposite direction of our hypotheses: a small, significant positive relationship for the rate of same-sex male couples and the price of Newport Green (mentholated) cigarettes. For male and female same-sex couples, we also found a small negative relationship between tobacco advertisements and same-sex household rate. Tobacco retailers' tobacco marketing characteristics do not differ substantially by the rate of same-sex couples in their neighborhood in ways that would promote LGB health disparities. Further work is needed to determine if these patterns are similar for non-partnered LGB people.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. LEEJOSE14@ecu.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph G L
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7595, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. aog@med.unc.edu.|Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. aog@med.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Adam O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.affiliation: Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, USA. william.pan@duke.edu.|Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, USA. william.pan@duke.edu.
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. kurt_ribisl@unc.edu.|Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. kurt_ribisl@unc.edu.
authors.forename: Kurt M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ribisl
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006716:Homosexuality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D040541:Marketing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011156:Population Density; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States
keywords: commerce; health status disparities; homosexuality; marketing; residence characteristics; smoking