title: Combination immunotherapy in the treatment of chronic bilateral panuveitis and uveitic glaucoma during acute dengue fever infection in the Caribbean.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ocular manifestations of the dengue fever virus include bilateral panuveitis that can occur after the acute systemic infection has resolved. In most reported cases, the inflammation resolves with topical or systemic steroid therapy. We report a case of chronic, refractory bilateral panuveitis and uveitic glaucoma that began during the acute phase of the systemic infection and required treatment with oral steroids, multiple steroid-sparing agents, and surgical therapy for glaucoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 22-year-old male with acute systemic dengue fever presented with bilateral pain and decreased vision. Clinical examination revealed bilateral panuveitis with elevated intraocular pressures. Management required oral steroids, mycophenolate mofetil, cyclosporine, and bilateral glaucoma valve implantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case highlights the fact that dengue-associated panuveitis can begin in the acute stage of systemic infection and persist long after convalescence with progression to chronic bilateral panuveitis and uveitic glaucoma. Dengue-associated chronic panuveitis with uveitic glaucoma may be effectively managed with a combination of steroid-sparing oral immunosuppression and glaucoma surgery. This is, to our knowledge, the first case of bilateral refractory dengue-associated panuveitis from the Caribbean treated with combination steroid-sparing oral immunosuppression and bilateral glaucoma valve implantation.
authors.affiliation: Plssen Ophthalmology Consultants, Christiansted, United States Virgin Islands ; Department of Surgery, Juan F Luis Hospital, Christiansted, United States Virgin Islands.
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Plessen Healthcare, LLC, Christiansted, United States Virgin Islands ; Department of Medicine, Juan F Luis Hospital, Christiansted, United States Virgin Islands.
authors.forename: Jan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Tawakol
authors.affiliation: Plessen Healthcare, LLC, Christiansted, United States Virgin Islands ; Department of Medicine, Juan F Luis Hospital, Christiansted, United States Virgin Islands.
authors.forename: Tasnim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Plssen Ophthalmology Consultants, Christiansted, United States Virgin Islands ; Department of Surgery, Juan F Luis Hospital, Christiansted, United States Virgin Islands.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Capriotti
keywords: Ahmed glaucoma valve; cyclosporine A; mycophenolate mofetil