title: Inter-/Intra-observer Reliability of Hand Assessment Using Skin Detail: A Count-based Method.
abstract: Skin detail of the hand is used in photographic comparisons, yet its reliability has not been evaluated. This study examines a count-based method for documenting skin features. In Part I, 14 individuals counted skin features on 40 color images of the hand, three of which were repeated. An average correlation value of 0.557 was obtained for interobserver assessment; values ranged from 0.545 to 0.832 for intra-observer assessment. The variation in correlation values for hands suggests that there are certain distinguishing characteristics that increase reliability. In Part II, 17 examiners assessed 20 nonrepeated grayscale images of hands by circling skin features. An average correlation value of 0.674 was obtained, but visual assessment of examiner markings suggested some examiners grouped features whereas others viewed them individually. The results suggest further research is warranted, some hands may be more suitable for comparisons, and a standardized method for examining skin features is needed.
authors.affiliation: Defense Forensic Science Center, Documents & Digital Evidence, 4930 N 31st St., Forest Park, GA, 30297.
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.affiliation: Defense Forensic Science Center, Documents & Digital Evidence, 4930 N 31st St., Forest Park, GA, 30297.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Salyards
authors.affiliation: 24th Air Force, San Antonio, TX.
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hein
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D044707:Forensic Sciences; D006225:Hand / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D010781:Photography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: forensic science; human identification; image analysis; photographic comparison; skin manifestations; skin pigmentation