title: Low-Toxicity Diindol-3-ylmethanes as Potent Antifouling Compounds.
abstract: In the present study, eight natural products that belonged to di(1H-indol-3-yl)methane (DIM) family were isolated from Pseudovibrio denitrificans UST4-50 and tested for their antifouling activity against larval settlement (including both attachment and metamorphosis) of the barnacle Balanus (=Amphibalanus) amphitrite and the bryozoan Bugula neritina. All diindol-3-ylmethanes (DIMs) showed moderate to strong inhibitory effects against larval settlement of B. amphitrite with EC50 values ranging from 18.57 to 1.86 μM and could be considered as low-toxicity antifouling compounds since their LC50/EC50 ratios were larger than 15. Furthermore, the DIM- and 4-(di(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)phenol (DIM-Ph-4-OH)-treated larvae completed normal settlement when they were transferred to clean seawater after being exposed to those compounds for 24 h. DIM also showed comparable antifouling performance to the commercial antifouling biocide Sea-Nine 211(™) in the field test over a period of 5 months, which further confirmed that DIMs can be considered as promising candidates of environmentally friendly antifouling compounds.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
authors.forename: Kai-Ling
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Yongxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhuang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chang-Lun
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Chang-Yun
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Pei-Yuan
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Qian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001688:Biological Products / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002013:Bryozoa / Q000737:chemistry; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D001468:Thoracica / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D013844:Thiazoles; C080469:Kathon 930