title: The emerging pharmacology and function of GPR35 in the nervous system.
abstract: G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that can be activated by kynurenic acid at high micromolar concentrations. A previously unappreciated mechanism of action of GPR35 has emerged as a Gαi/o-coupled inhibitor of synaptic transmission, a finding that has significant implications for the accepted role of kynurenic acid as a broad-spectrum antagonist of the NMDA, AMPA/kainite and α7 nicotinic receptors. In conjunction with previous findings that link agonism of GPR35 with significant reduction in nociceptive pain, GPR35 has emerged as a potential effector of regulation of mechanical sensitivity and analgesia of the Ret tyrosine kinase, and as a receptor involved in the transmission of anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin- potentially through affecting leucocyte rolling, adhesion and extravasation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of GPR35 have linked this receptor to coronary artery calcification, inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis, while chromosomal aberrations of the 2q37.3 locus and altered copy number of GPR35 have been linked with autism, Albight's hereditary osteodystrophy-like syndrome, and congenital malformations, respectively. Herein, we present an update on both the pharmacology and potential function of GPR35, particularly pertaining to the nervous system. This review forms part of a special edition focussing on the role of lipid-sensing GPCRs in the nervous system. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Lipid Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors in the CNS'.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Amanda E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.affiliation: Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Graeme.Milligan@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Milligan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
keywords: CNS; GPR35; Kynurenic acid; Pain; Synaptic transmission; Zaprinast