title: Perfluorinated chemicals, PFOS and PFOA, enhance the estrogenic effects of 17β-estradiol in T47D human breast cancer cells.
abstract: Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are the two most popular surfactants among perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), with a wide range of uses. Growing evidence suggests that PFCs have the potential to interfere with estrogen homeostasis, posing a risk of endocrine-disrupting effects. This in vitro study aimed to investigate the estrogenic effect of these compounds on T47D hormone-dependent breast cancer cells. PFOS and PFOA (10(-12) to 10(-4)  M) were not able to induce estrogen response element (ERE) activation in the ERE luciferase reporter assay. The ERE activation was induced when the cells were co-incubated with PFOS (10(-10) to 10(-7)  M) or PFOA (10(-9) to 10(-7)  M) and 1 nM of 17β-estradiol (E2). PFOS and PFOA did not modulate the expression of estrogen-responsive genes, including progesterone (PR) and trefoil factor (pS2), but these compounds enhanced the effect of E2-induced pS2 gene expression. Neither PFOS nor PFOA affected T47D cell viability at any of the tested concentrations. In contrast, co-exposure with PFOS or PFOA and E2 resulted in an increase of E2-induced cell viability, but no effect was found with 10 ng ml(-1) EGF co-exposure. Both compounds also intensified E2-dependent growth in the proliferation assay. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was increased by co-exposure with PFOS or PFOA and E2, but not with EGF. Collectively, this study shows that PFOS and PFOA did not possess estrogenic activity, but they enhanced the effects of E2 on estrogen-responsive gene expression, ERK1/2 activation and the growth of the hormone-deprived T47D cells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.|Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pacharapan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sonthithai
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.
authors.forename: Tawit
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suriyo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.|Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.
authors.forename: Apinya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thiantanawat
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.|Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.
authors.forename: Piyajit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Watcharasit
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.|Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Mathuros
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruchirawat
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.|Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.|Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Jutamaad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Satayavivad
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002070:Butadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D002210:Caprylates / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000819:agonists* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000819:agonists* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D020218:Response Elements / Q000187:drug effects; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1 / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002070:Butadienes; D002210:Caprylates; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004967:Estrogens; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009570:Nitriles; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C051838:TFF1 protein, human; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; C113580:U 0126; D004958:Estradiol; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
keywords: T47D hormone-dependent human breast cancer cells; cell growth; estrogenic effect; perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS); perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)