title: Proteomics analysis reveals differentially activated pathways that operate in peanut gynophores at different developmental stages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea. L) is one of the most important oil crops in the world. After flowering, the peanut plant forms aboveground pegs (gynophores) that penetrate the soil, giving rise to underground pods. This means of reproduction, referred to as geocarpy, distinguishes peanuts from most other plants. The molecular mechanism underlying geocarpic pod development in peanut is poorly understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To gain insight into the mechanism of geocarpy, we extracted proteins from aerial gynophores, subterranean unswollen gynophores, and gynophores that had just started to swell into pods. We analyzed the protein profiles in each of these samples by combining 1 DE with nanoLC-MS/MS approaches. In total, 2766, 2518, and 2280 proteins were identified from the three samples, respectively. An integrated analysis of proteome and transcriptome data revealed specifically or differentially expressed genes in the different developmental stages at both the mRNA and protein levels. A total of 69 proteins involved in the gravity response, light and mechanical stimulus, hormone biosynthesis, and transport were identified as being involved in geocarpy. Furthermore, we identified 91 genes that were specifically or abundantly expressed in aerial gynophores, including pectin methylesterase and expansin, which were presumed to promote the elongation of aerial gynophores. In addition, we identified 35 proteins involved in metabolism, defense, hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction, nitrogen fixation, and transport that accumulated in subterranean unswellen gynophores. Furthermore, 26 specific or highly abundant proteins related to fatty acid metabolism, starch synthesis, and lignin synthesis were identified in the early swelling pods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified thousands of proteins in the aerial gynophores, subterranean gynophores, and early swelling pods of peanut. This study provides the basis for examining the molecular mechanisms underlying peanut geocarpy pod development.
authors.affiliation: Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, P.R. China. chuanzhiz@126.com.
authors.forename: Chuanzhi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, P.R. China. zhaoshuzhen51@126.com.
authors.forename: Shuzhen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, P.R. China. houlei9042@qq.com.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, P.R. China. coldxia@126.com.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, P.R. China. jerryjswang@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jiangshan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, P.R. China. shzyyxgs@126.com.
authors.forename: Changsheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, P.R. China. liaiqin1970@163.com.
authors.forename: Aiqin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, P.R. China. 1273293917@qq.com.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, P.R. China. haasz@sohu.com.
authors.forename: Xinyou
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, P.R. China. xingjunw@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Xingjun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D010367:Arachis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020543:Proteome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D020543:Proteome