title: Patient Preferences for Injectable Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis in the United States: A Discrete-Choice Experiment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients' perceptions and experiences of medication efficacy, medication adverse events, dosing frequency, and dosing complexity have been found to influence adherence to injectable disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to quantify patient preferences for features of injectable DMTs for MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult patients in the United States (US) with a self-reported diagnosis of MS completed an online discrete-choice experiment survey to assess preference for a number of features of a hypothetical injectable DMT. Patients chose hypothetical treatments in paired comparisons, where each treatment was described by features or attributes, including the number of years until disability progression, the number of relapses in the next 4 years, injection time, the frequency of injections, the occurrence of flu-like symptoms (FLS), and severity of injection-site reactions. Random-parameters logit regression parameters were used to calculate preference weights of attribute levels and the relative importance of changes in treatment features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 205 patients who completed the survey, 192 provided sufficient data for analysis. The results indicated a broad range of tradeoffs that patients would be willing to make. With regard to this, the relative importance of an improvement in the number of years until disability progression from 1 to 2 (i.e., vertical distance between preference weights for these attribute levels) was 0.9 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5-1.2], the relative importance of this change was approximately equivalent to that of an improvement from 12 injections per month to two (mean 0.8, 95% CI 0.4-1.2), or approximately equivalent to a decrease from four to one relapses in the next 4 years (mean 0.8, 95% CI 0.5-1.2), or FLS 3 days after every injection to 3 days after some injections (mean 1.0, 95% CI 0.6-1.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that an improvement in treatment efficacy may be as important as a reduction in injection frequency or a reduction in some adverse events for patients who self-administer injectable DMTs for MS. Understanding the preferences of patients who use injectable treatments will inform the development of such treatments, which may in turn improve patient medication adherence and well-being.
authors.affiliation: RTI Health Solutions, 200 Park Offices Drive, Research Triangle Park, PO Box 12194, Durham, NC, 27709, USA. cpoulos@rti.org.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poulos
authors.affiliation: Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kinter
authors.affiliation: Pacific Economic Research, LLC, Bellevue, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Jui-Chen
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: John F P
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Bridges
authors.affiliation: RTI Health Solutions, 200 Park Offices Drive, Research Triangle Park, PO Box 12194, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Posner
authors.affiliation: University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Reder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002755:Choice Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D057240:Patient Preference / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012646:Self Administration / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D016903:Drug Monitoring