title: Prenatal Exposure to Traffic-related Air Pollution and Child Behavioral Development Milestone Delays in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies suggest that prenatal exposure to outdoor air pollution is associated with unfavorable neurodevelopment in children. We examined associations between prenatal exposure to traffic-related air pollution and child behavioral development milestone delays, using data from a nationwide population-based longitudinal survey in Japan, where the participants were recruited in 2001 and followed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide concentrations during the 9 months before birth were obtained at the municipality level and assigned to the participants who were born in the corresponding municipality. We analyzed data from singleton births with linked pollution data available (N = 33,911 at the maximum). We used responses to survey questions about age-appropriate behaviors at ages 2.5 and 5.5 years as indicators of behavioral development. We conducted multilevel logistic regression analysis, adjusting for individual and municipality-level variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Air pollution exposure during gestation was positively associated with the risk of some developmental milestone delays at both ages. Specifically, air pollution was associated with verbal and fine motor development at age 2.5 years, and with behaviors related to inhibition and impulsivity at 5.5 years. In the fully-adjusted models, odds ratios following one-interquartile-range increase in nitrogen dioxide and suspended particulate matter were 1.24 (95% confidence interval: 1.07, 1.43) for inability to compose a two-phrase sentence at ages 2.5 and 1.10 (1.05, 1.16) for inability to express emotions at age 5.5 years, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal exposure to traffic-related air pollution was associated with behavioral development milestone delays of children in a nationally representative sample in Japan.
authors.affiliation: From the aDepartment of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan; bDepartment of Public Health and Public Policy, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; cFaculty of Letters, Department of Psychology, Kansai University, Osaka, Japan; dFaculty of Education, Department of Special Education, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan; and eDepartment of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yorifuji
authors.forename: Saori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kashima
authors.forename: Midory
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higa Diez
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kado
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanada
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Doi
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001335:Vehicle Emissions