title: Early Stage Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Imaging and Clinical-Pathologic Factors Associated with Recurrence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the imaging and clinical-pathologic factors associated with recurrence in patients with early stage triple-negative breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was approved by the institutional review board, and the requirement to obtain informed consent was waived. The authors evaluated 398 patients with stage I or II triple-negative breast cancer (median age, 48 years; range, 21-81 years) who were treated between January 2003 and December 2008. Data collected included preoperative breast magnetic resonance (MR) images, mammographic density, patient age, symptoms, family history of breast cancer, histologic tumor characteristics, tumor grade, tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node involvement, surgery type, margin status, and adjuvant treatment received. Multivariate analysis was performed by using a Cox proportional hazards model, and recurrence-free survival was estimated with the adjusted Kaplan-Meier method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 398 patients, 63 (15.8%) had recurrent disease after a median follow-up of 6.1 years. The absence of preoperative MR imaging (hazard ratio [HR] with multivariate analysis = 2.66; 95% confidence interval = 1.49, 4.75; P < .001), dense breast tissue (HR = 2.77; 95% confidence interval = 1.39, 5.51; P = .004), family history of breast cancer (HR = 2.32; 95% confidence interval = 1.10, 4.90; P = .028), and lymphovascular invasion (HR = 1.83; 95% confidence interval = 1.11, 3.03; P = .019) were found to be independently associated with recurrence. These same factors were also found to be associated with recurrence-free survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absence of preoperative MR imaging and the presence of dense breast tissue at mammography were associated with an increased risk of recurrence in patients with triple-negative breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (M.S.B., J.M.C., N.C., W.K.M.), Surgery (H.G.M., W.H., D.Y.N.), and Pathology (H.S.R., I.A.P.), Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
authors.forename: Min Sun
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (M.S.B., J.M.C., N.C., W.K.M.), Surgery (H.G.M., W.H., D.Y.N.), and Pathology (H.S.R., I.A.P.), Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeong-Gon
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (M.S.B., J.M.C., N.C., W.K.M.), Surgery (H.G.M., W.H., D.Y.N.), and Pathology (H.S.R., I.A.P.), Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
authors.forename: Wonshik
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (M.S.B., J.M.C., N.C., W.K.M.), Surgery (H.G.M., W.H., D.Y.N.), and Pathology (H.S.R., I.A.P.), Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (M.S.B., J.M.C., N.C., W.K.M.), Surgery (H.G.M., W.H., D.Y.N.), and Pathology (H.S.R., I.A.P.), Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
authors.forename: Han Suk
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (M.S.B., J.M.C., N.C., W.K.M.), Surgery (H.G.M., W.H., D.Y.N.), and Pathology (H.S.R., I.A.P.), Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
authors.forename: In-Ae
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (M.S.B., J.M.C., N.C., W.K.M.), Surgery (H.G.M., W.H., D.Y.N.), and Pathology (H.S.R., I.A.P.), Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (M.S.B., J.M.C., N.C., W.K.M.), Surgery (H.G.M., W.H., D.Y.N.), and Pathology (H.S.R., I.A.P.), Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
authors.forename: Nariya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (M.S.B., J.M.C., N.C., W.K.M.), Surgery (H.G.M., W.H., D.Y.N.), and Pathology (H.S.R., I.A.P.), Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
authors.forename: Woo Kyung
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Moon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003287:Contrast Media; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008536:Meglumine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D064726:Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C064572:gadobenic acid; D008536:Meglumine