title: Prevalence and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in Spanish adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examined the prevalence, characteristics and functions of Non-suicidal Self-injury (NSSI) among Spanish adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 1,864 adolescents aged between 12 and 19 years (Mean Age = 15.32, SD = 1.97, 51.45% girls). The participants completed a modified version of the self-report scale Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM; Lloyd, Kelley, &amp; Hope, 1997) to assess rates and methods of NSSI used during the last 12 months. They also indicated the functions of NSSI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NSSI behaviors are common among Spanish adolescents. More than half of the sample showed such behavior in the past year, and 32.2% had carried out severe NSSI behaviors. The functions of NSSI were examined by using confirmatory factor analyses. Results supported a hierarchical model consisting of two second-order factors: automatic reinforcement, which explained both positive and negative automatic reinforcement, and social reinforcement, which explained both positive and negative social reinforcement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These dimensions are critical to understand the factors that maintain NSSI behavior and have implications for treatments.
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Deusto.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calvete
authors.forename: Izaskun
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Orue
authors.forename: Leire
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aizpuru
authors.forename: Hardin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brotherton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002648:Child; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D015995:Prevalence; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012652:Self Mutilation / Q000453:epidemiology; D057566:Self Report; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult