title: Prognostic value of the second ictal intracranial pattern for the outcome of epilepsy surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prognostic value of the second ictal pattern (SIP) that follows the first ictal pattern (FIP) seen at seizure onset in order to predict seizure control after epilepsy surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  SIPs were analysed in 344 electro-clinical and subclinical seizures recorded with intracranial electrodes in 63 patients. SIPs were classified as (a) electrodecremental event (EDE); (b) fast activity (FA); (c) runs of spikes; (d) spike-wave activity; (e) sharp waves; (f) alpha activity; (g) delta activity and (h) theta activity. Engel surgical outcome scale was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean follow-up period was 42.1 months (SD=30.1). EDE was the most common SIP seen (41%), followed by FA (19%), spike-wave activity (18%), alpha activity (8%), sharp-wave activity (8%), delta activity (3%), runs of spikes (2%) and theta activity (2%). EDE as SIP was associated with favourable outcome when compared with FA (p=0.0044) whereas FA was associated with poor outcome when compared with any other pattern (p=0.0389). FA as SIP tends to occur after EDE (75%) whereas EDE tends to evolve from a FIP containing FA (77%). SIP extent was focal in 46% of patients, lobar in 24%, multilobar in 14% and bilateral in 16%. There is a gradual decrease in the proportion of Engel grade I with the extent of SIP. Focal and delayed (in temporal lobe epilepsy) SIPs appear to be associated with better outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As SIP, EDE was associated with favourable surgical outcome whereas FA was associated with poor outcome, probably because outcome is dominated by FIP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EDE as SIP should not discourage surgery. However, FA as SIP should be contemplated with caution. SIP focality and latency can have prognostic value in epilepsy surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, King's College Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK; School of Medicine, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador. Electronic address: diego.jimenez_jimenez@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, King's College Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK; West Surrey Clinical Neurophysiology, St Peter's Hospital, Chertsey, UK; Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martín-López
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, King's College Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mojtaba A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Masood
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, NHS Trust London, UK.
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Selway
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, King's College Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valentín
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, King's College Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK; Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health Systems, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alarcón
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Epilepsy; Epilepsy surgery; Intracranial EEG; Invasive recordings; Second ictal pattern; Surgical outcome