title: Fish Oil Supplementation does not Reduce Risks of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension, or Pre-Eclampsia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of gestational supplementation with fish oil on risks for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), and pre-eclampsia (PE) have not been confirmed. In this study, a meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of fish oil supplementation on these gestational complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled human trials that investigated the effects of fish oil supplementation in pregnant women were identified by a systematic search of Medline, Embase, and Cochrane's Library, and references of related reviews and studies up to December 2014. Relative risks (RRs) for GDM, PIH, and PE were the outcomes of interest. Fixed-effects or random-effects models were applied according to the heterogeneity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen comparisons from 11 published articles, including more than 5000 participants, were included. The results showed that fish oil supplementation was not associated with reduced risks for GDM (RR=1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85-1.32, p=0.60), PIH (RR=1.03, 95% CI: 0.89-1.20, p=0.66), or PE (RR=0.93, 95% CI: 0.74-1.16, p=0.51). No statistically significant heterogeneity was detected for the comparison of each outcome. The effects of fish oil on these gestational complications were consistent between women with low-risk and high-risk pregnancies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gestational supplementation with fish oil during the second or third trimester of pregnancy is not associated with reduced risks for GDM, PIH, or PE. Other possible benefits of fish oil supplementation during pregnancy warrant further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of the Air Force, Beijing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (301 Hospital), Beijing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Xinran
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of the Air Force, Beijing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of the Air Force, Beijing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Zhaohui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of the Air Force, Beijing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Chundong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of the Air Force, Beijing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tong
mesh_terms: D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D005395:Fish Oils