title: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance phase contrast imaging.
abstract: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) phase contrast imaging has undergone a wide range of changes with the development and availability of improved calibration procedures, visualization tools, and analysis methods. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current state-of-the-art in CMR phase contrast imaging methodology, clinical applications including summaries of past clinical performance, and emerging research and clinical applications that utilize today's latest technology.
authors.affiliation: Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, 3740 McClintock Ave, EEB 406, Los Angeles, California, 90089-2564, USA. knayak@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Krishna S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. jfnielse@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Jon-Fredrik
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. mbernstein@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Matt A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. mmarkl@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markl
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK. p.gatehouse@rbht.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: D Gatehouse
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Imaging, Imaging Sciences Division, Kings's College London, London, UK. rene.botnar@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: M Botnar
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. david.saloner@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saloner
authors.affiliation: Center for Applied Medical Imaging, Siemens Corporation, Baltimore, MD, USA. christine.lorenz@siemens.com.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.affiliation: Imaging Physics Laboratory, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA. han.wen@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA. hub@pamf.org.
authors.forename: Bob
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: S Hu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. fredepstein@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: Frederick H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. jnoshin@emory.edu.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: N Oshinski
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. raman.1@osu.edu.
authors.forename: Subha V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Raman
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D055414:Myocardial Perfusion Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors