title: Prospective investigation of change in the prostate-specific antigens after various urologic procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most important marker in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with prostate cancer. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various urologic procedures in prostatic area on serum free and total PSA levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 62 patients (8 after digital rectal examination [DRE], 12 after transrectal ultrasonography [TRUS], 11 after rigid cystoscopy, 13 after prostatic massage, 8 after TRUS-guided prostate biopsy, and 10 after transurethral resection of prostate [TURP]) were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were taken from each patient before procedure and at 10, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prostate massage, rigid cystoscopy, TURP, and TRUS-guided prostate biopsy caused statistically significant rise in total and free PSA levels in the serum. There was no significant increase in total and free PSA levels in the serum after DRE and TRUS. The mean differences were greater for free PSA level in the serum for TURP, TRUS-guided prostate biopsy, prostate massage, and rigid cystoscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total and free PSA levels in the serum are altered by prostate massage, rigid cystoscopy, TRUS-guided prostate biopsy, and TURP. The PSA rises were related to the stimulation strength of the procedures. The total and free PSA levels were increased significantly from 10 minutes after procedures, except DRE and TRUS, and were increased to maximal level at 60 minutes after procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Hospital, Iksan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Chol
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yu Seob
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Li Tao
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dal Sik
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Medical School, Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Zoo
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Nam Cheol
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Tai Young
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Je Jong
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, College of Medicine, SungKyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Insuk
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: So
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea ; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea ; Biomedical Research Institute and Clinical Trial Center, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Kwan
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D051517:Digital Rectal Examination / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D020728:Transurethral Resection of Prostate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: diagnosis; marker; prostate cancer; prostate specific antigen (PSA); urologic procedures