title: Influence of kidney disease on drug disposition: An assessment of industry studies submitted to the FDA for new chemical entities 1999-2010.
abstract: In 1998, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released the first guidance for industry regarding pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in renally impaired patients. This study aimed to determine if the FDA renal PK guidance influenced the frequency and rigor of renal studies conducted for new chemical entities (NCEs). FDA-approved package inserts (APIs) and clinical pharmacology review documents were analyzed for 194 NCEs approved from 1999 to 2010. Renal studies were conducted in 71.6% of NCEs approved from 1999 to 2010, a significant increase over the 56.3% conducted from 1996 to 1997 (P = .0242). Renal studies were more likely to be completed in highly renally excreted drugs (fe ≥ 30%) compared with drugs with low renal excretion, fe < 30% (89.6% vs 65.8%, P = .0015). PK studies to assess the impact of dialysis were conducted for 31.7% of NCEs that had a renal study: a greater proportion of high fe NCEs were studied (44.2% vs 26.0%, P = .0335). No significant change in frequency or rigor of PK studies was detected over time. The majority of NCEs (76.3%) with a renal study provided specific dosing recommendations in the API. The adoption of the 1998 FDA guidance has resulted in improved availability of PK and drug-dosing recommendations, particularly for high fe drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Gary R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Matzke
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Ferris State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Dowling
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Samantha A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010601:Pharmacology, Clinical / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: dialysis; drug dosing; kidney function; new chemical entity; pharmacokinetics