title: Astigmatism of the Ex Vivo Human Lens: Surface and Gradient Refractive Index Age-Dependent Contributions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We estimated the contribution of the gradient refractive index (GRIN) and lens surfaces to lens astigmatism and lens astigmatic angle as a function of age in human donor lenses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human lenses were imaged, ex vivo, with 3D-spectral optical coherence tomography (OCT) and their back focal length was measured using laser ray tracing. The contribution of lens surfaces and GRIN to lens astigmatism were evaluated by computational ray tracing on the GRIN lens and a homogenous equivalent index lens. Astigmatism magnitude and relative astigmatic angle of and between lens surfaces, GRIN lens, and lens with homogeneous refractive index were evaluated, and all results were correlated with age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The magnitude of astigmatism in the anterior lens surface decreased with age (slope = -0.005 diopters [D]/y; r = 0.397, P = 0.018). Posterior surface astigmatism and lens astigmatism were not age-dependent. Presence of GRIN did not alter significantly the magnitude or axis of the lens astigmatism. The astigmatism of GRIN lens and lens with homogeneous refractive index correlated with anterior lens surface astigmatism (GRIN, P = 3.9E - 6, r = 0.693; equivalent refractive index lens, P = 4.1E - 4, r = 0.565). The astigmatic angle of posterior surface, GRIN lens, and homogeneous refractive index lens did not change significantly with age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The axis of lens astigmatism is close to the astigmatic axis of the anterior lens surface. Age-related changes in lens astigmatism appear to be related to changes in the anterior lens astigmatism. The influence of the GRIN on lens astigmatism and the astigmatic axis is minor.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Birkenfeld
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Castro
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marcos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D001251:Astigmatism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008027:Light; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012031:Refractometry / Q000379:methods*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult