title: The effects of either resveratrol or exercise on macrophage infiltration and switching from M1 to M2 in high fat diet mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of either resveratrol supplementation or exercise training on macrophage infiltration and switching from M1 to M2 kupffer cells in high fat diet mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice were separated into 5 groups: normal diet (ND; n = 6), high-fat diet (HD; n = 6), high-fat diet with resveratrol (HR; n = 6), high-fat diet with exercise (HE; n = 6) or high-fat diet with resveratrol and exercise (HRE; n = 6). Resveratrol supplementation mice were orally gavaged with resveratrol (25mg/kg of body weight) dissolved in 50% propylene glycol. Exercise mice ran on a treadmill at 12-20 m/min for 30-60 min/day, 5 times/week for 12 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 12 weeks of intervention, the liver was analyzed. F4/80 expression was evaluated by western blot while CD11c and CD163 mRNA expressions were evaluated by RT-PCR. The weights of the body and liver were significantly increased in the HD and HR group compared to the ND group (p < 0.01). However, the weights were most effectively reduced in the HE and HRE groups compared to the HD group (p < 0.05). The macrophage marker, F4/80 expression was significantly lower in the HE and HRE groups compared to the HD group (p < 0.05). mRNA expression of the M1 macrophage marker, CD11c, in the HD group was significantly increased compared to the ND group (p < 0.01). mRNA expression of the M2 macrophage specific marker, CD163, in the HE and HRE groups were significantly increased compared to the HD group (p < 0.05). The mRNA expressions of TLR4, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, which induce pro-inflammatory cytokine production, were strongly decreased in the HR, HE, and HRE groups compared to the HD group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that moderate exercise training inhibits macrophage infiltration and up regulation of CD163 expression. However, resveratrol supplementation is not enough to ameliorate obesity-induced macrophage infiltration and switching.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jun Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Ran
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hee Geun
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Wang Lok
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: exercise; macrophage infiltration; obese; resveratrol; switching