title: Microbial Metabolism of Atovaquone and Cytotoxicity of the Produced Phase I Metabolite.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atovaquone is a hydroxynaphthoquinone with selective action in the mitochondrial respiratory chain of malaria parasite. It is employed for both the treatment and prevention of malaria, in a combination with proguanil. The aim of this study was to elucidate the in vitro metabolites from atovaquone and to evaluate their cytotoxic activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  The biotransformation of atovaquone was performed using Mucor rouxii NRRL 1894, Cunninghamella echinulata var. elegans ATCC 8688a and C. elegans ATCC 10028b, which have been reported as microbial models of mammalian drug metabolism. Experiments were also carried out with two probiotic strains from the human intestinal tract: Bifidobacterium sp. and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The phase I metabolite was isolated, its chemical structure was elucidated and its toxicity was evaluated using the neoplastic cell line SKBR-3 derived from human breast cancer and normal human fibroblast cell line GM07492-A. Cell cytotoxicity assays were also carried out with atovaquone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only the fungi were able to convert atovaquone to metabolite trans-3-[4'-(4″-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl)-1,2-dioxo-dihydro-1H-indene-3-carboxylic acid. The metabolite displayed 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 110.20 ± 2.2 and 108.80 ± 1.5 µmol/L against breast cancer cell line SKBR-3 and fibroblasts cell line GM07492-A, respectively. The IC50 values of atovaquone were 282.30 ± 1.8 and 340.50 ± 1.4 µmol/L against breast cancer and normal fibroblasts cell lines, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The produced metabolite was more toxic than atovaquone and was not selective to normal or cancer cell lines. The present study is the first to report the production of atovaquone metabolite.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eliane
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Silva
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Franca, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Av. Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201, Franca, 14404-600, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natália
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dos Santos Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Franca, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Av. Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201, Franca, 14404-600, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alves Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil. niege@fcfrp.usp.br.
authors.forename: Niege Araçari
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Jacometti Cardoso Furtado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D053626:Atovaquone / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy; D050216:Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I / Q000502:physiology*; D002727:Proguanil / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D002727:Proguanil; D053626:Atovaquone