title: Comparing Online with Face-to-Face HELPP Intervention in Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence.
abstract: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health problem. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the HELPP (Health, Education on Safety, and Legal Support and Resources in IPV Participant Preferred) intervention among IPV survivors. A sequential, transformative mixed-methods design was used. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three study groups: Online (ONL), Face-to-Face (FTF), and Waitlist Control (WLC). The HELPP intervention was offered to 32 adult female participants who were 45.2% Asian, 32.3% White, and 22.5% Black. Outcome measures were anxiety, depression, anger, personal, and social support. In total, 64% (n  =  20) of the participants reported having experienced IPV before the age of 18. The anger mean score pre-test to post-test difference was significant for ONL (p < 0.001) and WLC (p  =  0.01). The personal and social support pre-test to post-test mean score differences were significant for ONL (p < 0.001; p < 0.001) and WLC (p  =  0.01; p  =  0.006), respectively. The HELPP intervention (1) decreased anxiety, depression, anger, and (2) increased personal and social support in the ONL group. The HELPP information and intervention was shown to be feasible, acceptable, and effective among IPV survivors compared with participants in the WLC group. The WLC participants displayed (1) increased levels of anxiety, depression, and anger and (2) decreased levels of personal and social support, post-intervention. Further research could be conducted to determine if e-mail alone or e-mail plus mobile devices are more useful modes of delivering interventions.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, School of Nursing, Department of Health and Community Systems , Pittsburgh, PA , USA.
authors.forename: Rose E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Constantino
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Braxter
authors.forename: Dianxu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Joseph David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Burroughs
authors.forename: Willa Marlene
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Doswell
authors.forename: Linden
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Juhae Grace
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Mary Lou
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Klem
authors.forename: James B D
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: W Brian
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Greene
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003419:Crisis Intervention; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008605:Mental Health Services; D008875:Middle Aged; D009862:Online Systems; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012944:Social Support; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D017216:Telemedicine; D055815:Young Adult