title: Patterns of Walkability, Transit, and Recreation Environment for Physical Activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diverse combinations of built environment (BE) features for physical activity (PA) are understudied. This study explored whether patterns of GIS-derived BE features explained objective and self-reported PA, sedentary behavior, and BMI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neighborhood Quality of Life Study participants (N=2,199, aged 20-65 years, 48.2% female, 26% ethnic minority) were sampled in 2001-2005 from Seattle / King County WA and Baltimore MD / Washington DC regions. Their addresses were geocoded to compute net residential density, land use mix, retail floor area ratio, intersection density, public transit, and public park and private recreation facility densities using a 1-km network buffer. Latent profile analyses (LPAs) were estimated from these variables. Multilevel regression models compared profiles on accelerometer-measured moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and self-reported PA, adjusting for covariates and clustering. Analyses were conducted in 2013-2014.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seattle region LPAs yielded four profiles, including low walkability/transit/recreation (L-L-L); mean walkability/transit/recreation (M-M-M); moderately high walkability/transit/recreation (MH-MH-MH); and high walkability/transit/recreation (H-HH). All measures were higher in the HHH than the LLL profile (difference of 17.1 minutes/day for MVPA, 146.5 minutes/week for walking for transportation, 58.2 minutes/week for leisure-time PA, and 2.2 BMI points; all p<0.05). Baltimore region LPAs yielded four profiles, including L-L-L; M-M-M; high land use mix, transit, and recreation (HLU-HT-HRA); and high intersection density, high retail floor area ratio (HID-HRFAR). HLU-HT-HRA and L-L-L differed by 12.3 MVPA minutes/day; HID-HRFAR and L-L-L differed by 157.4 minutes/week for walking for transportation (all p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patterns of environmental features explain greater differences in adults' PA than the four-component walkability index.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Science and Health Promotion, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona. Electronic address: marc.adams@asu.edu.
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.affiliation: Exercise Science and Health Promotion, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kurka
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California;
authors.forename: Terry L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California;
authors.forename: Kelli L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.affiliation: Schools of Population and Public Health and Community and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Lawrence D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California;
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Sallis
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy / Q000295:instrumentation; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004779:Environment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D011788:Quality of Life; D011998:Recreation; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D014186:Transportation; D014505:Urban Population; D016138:Walking; D055815:Young Adult