title: Structural correlates of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: An ultra-high field multivariate morphometry study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persistent formal thought disorder (FTD) is one of the most characteristic features of schizophrenia. Several neuroimaging studies report spatially distinct neuroanatomical changes in association with FTD. Given that most studies so far have employed a univariate localisation approach that obscures the study of covarying interregional relationships, the present study focussed on the multivariate systemic pattern of anatomical changes that contribute to FTD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Speech samples from nineteen medicated clinically stable schizophrenia patients and 20 healthy controls were evaluated for subtle formal thought disorder. Ultra high-field (7T) anatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans were obtained from all subjects. Multivariate morphometric patterns were identified using an independent component approach (source based morphometry). Using multiple regression analysis, the morphometric patterns predicting positive and negative FTD scores were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphometric variations in grey matter predicted a substantial portion of inter-individual variance in negative but not positive FTD. A pattern of concomitant striato-insular/precuneus reduction along with frontocingular grey matter increase had a significant association with negative FTD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that concomitant increase and decrease in grey matter occur in association with persistent negative thought disorder in clinically stable individuals with schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Translational Neuroimaging for Mental Health, Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, UK; Early Intervention in Psychosis, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK. Electronic address: Lena.Palaniyappan@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Palaniyappan
authors.affiliation: Translational Neuroimaging for Mental Health, Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Jenaid
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.affiliation: Penticton Regional Hospital, Penticton, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Vijender
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Balain
authors.affiliation: Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, School of Physics, University of Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mougin
authors.affiliation: Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, School of Physics, University of Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Penny A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gowland
authors.affiliation: Translational Neuroimaging for Mental Health, Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Liddle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cingulate cortex; Disorganisation; Formal thought disorder; Grey matter volume; Insula; Morphometry; Striatum