title: How to Be a Male at Different Elevations: Ecology of Intra-Sexual Segregation in the Trawling Bat Myotis daubentonii.
abstract: Intra-sexual segregation is a form of social segregation widespread among vertebrates. In the bat Myotis daubentonii, males are disproportionately abundant at higher elevations, while females are restricted to lower altitude. Intra-male segregation is also known to occur yet its ecological and behavioural determinants are unclear. We studied male segregation along a river in Central Italy where we tested the following predictions: 1. Upstream ( > 1000 m a.s.l.) males will rely on scarcer prey; 2. To deal with this limitation and exploit a cooler roosting environment, they will employ more prolonged and deeper torpor than downstream (< 900 m a.s.l.) males; 3. Body condition will be better in downstream males as they forage in more productive areas; 4. To cope with less predictable foraging opportunities, upstream males will use more habitat types. Consistent with our predictions, we found that prey were less common at higher altitudes, where bats exhibited prolonged and deeper torpor. Body condition was better in downstream males than in upstream males but not in all summer months. This result reflected a decrease in downstream males' body condition over the season, perhaps due to the energy costs of reduced opportunities to use torpor and/or intraspecific competition. Downstream males mainly foraged over selected riparian vegetation whereas upstream males used a greater variety of habitats. One controversial issue is whether upstream males are excluded from lower elevations by resident bats. We tested this by translocating 10 upstream males to a downstream roost: eight returned to the high elevation site in 1-2 nights, two persisted at low altitude but did not roost with resident bats. These results are consistent with the idea of segregation due to competition. Living at high altitude allows for more effective heterothermy and may thus be not detrimental for survival, but by staying at lower altitude males increase proximity to females and potentially benefit from summer mating opportunities.
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research Unit, Laboratorio di Ecologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nardone
authors.affiliation: Forestry and Conservation, Cassino, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cistrone
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research Unit, Laboratorio di Ecologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Ivy
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Di Salvo
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research Unit, Laboratorio di Ecologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ariano
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Ecologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonello
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Migliozzi
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research Unit, Laboratorio di Ecologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Allegrini
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research Unit, Laboratorio di Ecologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ancillotto
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research Unit, Laboratorio di Ecologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fulco
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research Unit, Laboratorio di Ecologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy; School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Danilo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Russo
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal