title: Effects of a 6-Week Indoor Hand-Bike Exercise Program on Health and Fitness Levels in People With Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of a 6-week indoor hand-bike exercise program on fasting insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels and physical fitness in people with spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  National rehabilitation center (outpatient).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants with SCI (N=15; exercise group: n=8, control group: n=7).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study involved 60-minute exercise sessions on an indoor hand-bike. Participants in the exercise group exercised 3 times per week for 6 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Health parameters (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference, percent body fat, insulin level, and HOMA-IR level) and fitness outcomes (peak oxygen consumption [Vo2peak], shoulder abduction and adduction, shoulder flexion and extension, and elbow flexion and extension).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participation in a 6-week exercise program using an indoor hand-bike significantly decreased BMI (baseline: 22.0±3.7 m/kg(2) vs postintervention: 21.7±3.5 m/kg(2), P=.028), fasting insulin (baseline: 5.4±2.9 μU/mL vs postintervention: 3.4±1.5 μU/mL, P=.036), and HOMA-IR (baseline: 1.0±0.6 vs postintervention: 0.6±0.3, P=.03) levels compared with those in the control group. Furthermore, this training program significantly increased Vo2peak and strength in shoulder abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension and elbow flexion and extension compared with those in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise using an indoor hand-bike appears to be an effective modality to improve body composition, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR levels and fitness in people with an SCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Leisure Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Il
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitative and Assistive Technology, The Korea National Rehabilitation Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyelim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Rehabilitation Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Bum-Suk
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Yonsei University, Wonju, Kangwondo, Korea. Electronic address: jongbae@yonsei.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jongbae
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Leisure Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Justin Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jeon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012047:Rehabilitation Centers; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids
keywords: Exercise; Insulin; Muscle strength; Rehabilitation; Spinal cord injuries