title: The reliability, validity, sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of the Chinese version of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to translate the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale into Chinese and to evaluate the psychometric properties (reliability and validity) and the diagnostic properties (sensitivity, specificity and predictive values) of the Chinese version of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The accurate detection of early dementia requires screening tools with favourable cross-cultural linguistic and appropriate sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values, particularly for Chinese-speaking populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overall, 130 participants suspected to have cognitive impairment were enrolled in the study. A test-retest for determining reliability was scheduled four weeks after the initial test. Content validity was determined by five experts, whereas construct validity was established by using contrasted group technique. The participants' clinical diagnoses were used as the standard in calculating the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study revealed that the Chinese version of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale exhibited a test-retest reliability of 0.90, an internal consistency reliability of 0.71, an inter-rater reliability (kappa value) of 0.88 and a content validity index of 0.97. Both the patients and healthy contrast group exhibited significant differences in their cognitive ability. The optimal cut-off points for the Chinese version of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale in the test for mild cognitive impairment and dementia were 24 and 22, respectively; moreover, for these two conditions, the sensitivities of the scale were 0.79 and 0.76, the specificities were 0.91 and 0.81, the areas under the curve were 0.85 and 0.78, the positive predictive values were 0.99 and 0.83 and the negative predictive values were 0.96 and 0.91 respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Chinese version of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale exhibited sound reliability, validity, sensitivity, specificity and predictive values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This scale can help clinical staff members to quickly and accurately diagnose cognitive impairment and provide appropriate treatment as early as possible.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.|Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University Schools of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.|Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Schools of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Fen
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hui-Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jui-Chen
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Min-Huey
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuan-Mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: School of Gerontology Health Management, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Master Program in Long-term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mei-Ju
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Nursing, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.|School of Gerontology Health Management, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuei-Ru
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Chou
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013624:Taiwan; D014175:Translating
keywords: Chinese; Chinese version of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale; dementia; reliability; sensitivity; specificity; validity