title: Advanced Imaging in Femoroacetabular Impingement: Current State and Future Prospects.
abstract: Symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is now a known precursor of early osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip. In terms of clinical intervention, the decision between joint preservation and joint replacement hinges on the severity of articular cartilage degeneration. The exact threshold during the course of disease progression when the cartilage damage is irreparable remains elusive. The intention behind radiographic imaging is to accurately identify the morphology of osseous structural abnormalities and to accurately characterize the chondrolabral damage as much as possible. However, both plain radiographs and computed tomography (CT) are insensitive for articular cartilage anatomy and pathology. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques include magnetic resonance arthrography and biochemically sensitive techniques of delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC), T1rho (T1ρ), T2/T2* mapping, and several others. The diagnostic performance of these techniques to evaluate cartilage degeneration could improve the ability to predict an individual patient-specific outcome with non-surgical and surgical care. This review discusses the facts and current applications of biochemical MRI for hip joint cartilage assessment covering the roles of dGEMRIC, T2/T2*, and T1ρ mapping. The basics of each technique and their specific role in FAI assessment are outlined. Current limitations and potential pitfalls as well as future directions of biochemical imaging are also outlined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bittersohl
authors.affiliation: Center for Hip Preservation and Children's Orthopedics , San Diego, CA , USA.
authors.forename: Harish S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Hosalkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hesper
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lund University Hospital , Lund , Sweden.
authors.forename: Carl Johan
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Tiderius
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zilkens
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany.
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krauspe
keywords: MRI; T1rho mapping; T2 mapping; T2* mapping; cartilage; dGEMRIC; femoroacetabular impingement; hip