title: The azo dye Disperse Red 13 and its oxidation and reduction products showed mutagenic potential.
abstract: Common water pollutants, azo dyes and their degradation products have frequently shown toxicity, including carcinogenic and mutagenic effects, and can induce serious damage in aquatic organisms and humans. In the present study, the mutagenic potential of the azo dye Disperse Red 13 (DR13) was first evaluated using the Micronucleus Assay in human lymphocytes. Subsequently, in order to mimic hepatic biotransformation, controlled potential electrolysis was carried out with a DR13 solution using a Potentiostat/Galvanostat. In addition, a DR13 solution was oxidized using S9 (homogenate of rat liver cells). DR13 oxidation and the reduction products were identified using HPLC-DAD and GC/MS, and their mutagenic potential investigated by way of a Salmonella/microsome assay using TA98 and YG1041 strains, with no S9. The original azo dye DR13 induced chromosomal damage in human lymphocytes, and the respective oxidation and reduction products also showed mutagenic activity, as detected by the Salmonella/microsome assay. Furthermore sulfate 2-[(4-aminophenyl)ethylamino]-ethanol monohydrate, 2-chloro-4-nitro-benzamine, 4-nitro-benzamine and 2-(ethylphenylamine)-ethanol were identified as products of the DR13 reduction/oxidation reactions. Thus it was concluded that the contamination of water effluents with DR13 is a health risk not only due to the dye itself, but also due to the possibility of drinking contaminated water, considering the harmful compounds that can be produced after hepatic biotransformation.
authors.affiliation: USP, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil; UFMG, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; UIT, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Itaúna, Itaúna, MG 35680-142, Brazil. Electronic address: farahchequer@farmacia.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: Farah Maria Drumond
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Chequer
authors.affiliation: UNESP, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Instituto de Química de Araraquara, Araraquara, SP 14801-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago Mescoloto
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Lizier
authors.affiliation: NPPNS-USP, Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Felício
authors.affiliation: UNESP, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Instituto de Química de Araraquara, Araraquara, SP 14801-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Valnice Boldrin
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Zanoni
authors.affiliation: NPPNS-USP, Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hosana Maria
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Debonsi
authors.affiliation: NPPNS-USP, Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Norberto Peporine
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: USP, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Danielle Palma
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D009153:Mutagens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C556620:Disperse Red 13
keywords: Ames test; Azo dye; Biotransformation; Micronucleus Assay; Mutagenicity