title: Adult attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and psychosis: Epidemiological evidence from a population survey in England.
abstract: Despite both having some shared features, evidence linking psychosis and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is sparse and inconsistent. Hypotheses tested were (1) adult ADHD symptoms are associated with auditory hallucinations, paranoid ideation and psychosis (2) links between ADHD symptoms and psychosis are mediated by prescribed ADHD medications, use of illicit drugs, and dysphoric mood. The Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007 (N=7403) provided data for regression and multiple mediation analyses. ADHD symptoms were coded from the ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). Higher ASRS total score was significantly associated with psychosis, paranoid ideation and auditory hallucinations despite controlling for socio-demographic variables, verbal IQ, autism spectrum disorder traits, childhood conduct problems, hypomanic and dysphoric mood. An ASRS score indicating probable ADHD diagnosis was also significantly associated with psychosis. The link between higher ADHD symptoms and psychosis, paranoia and auditory hallucinations was significantly mediated by dysphoric mood, but not by use of amphetamine, cocaine or cannabis. In conclusion, higher levels of adult ADHD symptoms and psychosis are linked and dysphoric mood may form part of the mechanism. Our analyses contradict the traditional clinical view that the main explanation for people with ADHD symptoms developing psychosis is illicit drugs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK; Early Intervention Service, Swanswell Point, Coventry CV14FH, UK. Electronic address: s.marwaha@warwick.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marwaha
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 67-73 Riding House St., London W1W 7EJ, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bebbington
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK.
authors.forename: Swaran P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, OX3 4JX, UK.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Winsper
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, OX3 4JX, UK; Highfield Adolescent Unit, Warneford Hospital, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Broome
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs
keywords: ADHD; Cannabis; Cocaine; Depression; Psychosis