title: Crystallization Dynamics of Organolead Halide Perovskite by Real-Time X-ray Diffraction.
abstract: We analyzed the crystallization process of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite by observing real-time X-ray diffraction immediately after combining a PbI2 thin film with a CH3NH3I solution. A detailed analysis of the transformation kinetics demonstrated the fractal diffusion of the CH3NH3I solution into the PbI2 film. Moreover, the perovskite crystal was found to be initially oriented based on the PbI2 crystal orientation but to gradually transition to a random orientation. The fluctuating characteristics of the crystallization process of perovskites, such as fractal penetration and orientational transformation, should be controlled to allow the fabrication of high-quality perovskite crystals. The characteristic reaction dynamics observed in this study should assist in establishing reproducible fabrication processes for perovskite solar cells.
authors.affiliation: †National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.|‡Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyadera
authors.affiliation: †National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: §Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koganezawa
authors.affiliation: †National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
authors.forename: Takurou N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: †National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugita
authors.affiliation: †National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobutaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanigaki
authors.affiliation: †National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chikamatsu
mesh_terms: D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D004058:Diffusion; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012993:Solar Energy; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D010087:Oxides; C059910:perovskite; D007854:Lead; D014025:Titanium
keywords: anomalous diffusion; crystallization; grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering; organolead halide perovskite; solar cell; synchrotron-radiation X-ray diffraction