title: Effect of Selected Volatiles on Two Stored Pests: The Fungus Fusarium verticillioides and the Maize Weevil Sithophilus zeamais.
abstract: New agronomic practices and technology enabled Argentina a larger production of cereal grains, reaching a harvest yield of 26.5 million metric tons of maize, of which, about 40% was exported. However, much of the maize production is lost annually by the attack of fungi and insects (2.6 million tons). In this study, the antifungal effect of selected volatiles on Fusarium verticillioides, its mycotoxin production, and the repellent and insecticidal activities against the weevill Sithophilus zeamais, an insect vector of F. verticillioides, were evaluated. The compounds tested were (2E)-2-hexenal, (2E)-2-nonenal, (2E,6Z)-2,6-nonadienal, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, pentanal, 2-decanone, and 3-decanone, which occur in the blend of volatile compounds emitted by various cereal grains. The most active antifungals were the aldehydes (2E)-2-nonenal, (2E)-2-hexenal, and (2E,6Z)-2,6-nonadienal (minimum inhibitory concentration values of <0.03, 0.06, and 0.06 mM, respectively). The occurrence of fumonisin B1 also was prevented because these compounds completely inhibited fungal growth. The best insecticidal fumigant activities against the maize weevil were shown by 2-decanone and 3-decanone (lethal concentration ≤ 54.6 μL/L (<0.28 mM)). Although, all tested compounds showed repellent activity against S. zeamais at a concentration of 4 μL/L, (2E,6Z)-2,6-nonadienal was the most active repellent compound. These results demonstrate the potential of (2E,6Z)-2,6-nonadienal to be used as a natural alternative to synthetic pesticides on F. verticillioides and S. zeamais.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBiV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - ICTA , Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina.|Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN - UNC, Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina.
authors.forename: María P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Zunino
authors.affiliation: Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBiV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - ICTA , Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina.|Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN - UNC, Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina.
authors.forename: Jimena M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Herrera
authors.affiliation: Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBiV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - ICTA , Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina.|Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN - UNC, Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina.
authors.forename: Romina P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Pizzolitto
authors.affiliation: CIBICI (CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria , Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina.
authors.forename: Héctor R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Rubinstein
authors.affiliation: Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBiV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - ICTA , Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina.|Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN - UNC, Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina.
authors.forename: Julio A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Zygadlo
authors.affiliation: Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBiV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - ICTA , Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina.|Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), FCEFyN - UNC, Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina.
authors.forename: José S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dambolena
mesh_terms: D020001:1-Butanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061353:Food Storage; D005670:Fusarium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D000441:Hexanols / Q000494:pharmacology; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048889:Weevils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D003313:Zea mays / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000441:Hexanols; D007306:Insecticides; D009183:Mycotoxins; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C013166:2-nonenal; C036260:1-hexanol; D020001:1-Butanol; C046012:pentanal
keywords: Fusarium verticillioides; Sitophilus zeamais; fumonisin B1; kernels; volatile organic compounds