title: Environmentally Driven Increases in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity in Pima Indians and Non-Pimas in Mexico Over a 15-Year Period: The Maycoba Project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The global epidemics of type 2 diabetes and obesity have been attributed to the interaction between lifestyle changes and genetic predisposition to these diseases. We compared the prevalences of type 2 diabetes and obesity in Mexican Pima Indians, presumed to have a high genetic predisposition to these diseases, to those in their non-Pima neighbors, both of whom over a 15-year period experienced a transition from a traditional to a more modern lifestyle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and obesity in Mexican Pimas (n = 359) and non-Pima Mexicans (n = 251) were determined in 2010 using methods identical to those used in 1995.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During this 15-year period, age-adjusted diabetes prevalence was unchanged in Pima men (5.8% in 1995 vs. 6.1% in 2010) yet increased in non-Pima men from 0.0 to 8.6% (P < 0.05). Diabetes prevalence tended to increase in both Pima women (9.4 vs. 13.4%) and non-Pima women (4.8 vs. 9.5%). Age-adjusted prevalence of obesity increased significantly in all groups (6.6 vs. 15.7% in Pima men; 8.5 vs. 20.5% in non-Pima men; 18.9. vs 36.3% in Pima women; 29.5 vs. 42.9% in non-Pima women).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type 2 diabetes prevalence increased between 1995 and 2010 in non-Pima men, and to a lesser degree in women of both groups, but it did not increase in Pima men. Prevalence of obesity increased among Pimas and non-Pimas of both sexes. These changes occurred concomitantly with an environmental transition from a traditional to a more modernized lifestyle.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrición Pública y Salud, Coordinación de Nutrición, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, México.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Esparza-Romero
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrición Pública y Salud, Coordinación de Nutrición, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, México.
authors.forename: Mauro E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Valencia
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrición Pública y Salud, Coordinación de Nutrición, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, México.
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Urquidez-Romero
authors.affiliation: College of Health and Human Services, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ.
authors.forename: Lisa S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chaudhari
authors.affiliation: Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ rhanson@phx.niddk.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.affiliation: Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Knowler
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ravussin
authors.affiliation: Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ.
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: College of Health and Human Services, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ leslie.schulz@nau.edu.
authors.forename: Leslie O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Schulz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D055815:Young Adult