title: Cytotoxicity and effect of extraction methods on the chemical composition of essential oils of Moringa oleifera seeds.
abstract: Renewed interest in natural materials as food flavors and preservatives has led to the search for suitable essential oils. Moringa oleifera seed essential oil was extracted by solvent-free microwave and hydrodistillation. This study assessed its chemical constituents. Cytotoxicity of the oils was investigated using hatchability and lethality tests on brine shrimps. A total of 16 and 26 compounds were isolated from the hydrodistillation extraction (HDE) and solvent-free microwave extraction (SME) oils, respectively, which accounted for 97.515% and 97.816% of total identifiable constituents, respectively. At 24 h when the most eggs had hatched, values of the SME (56.7%) and HDE (60.0%) oils were significantly different (P<0.05) from those of sea water (63.3%) and chloramphenicol (15.0%). Larva lethality was different significantly (P<0.05) between HDE and SME oils at different concentrations and incubation periods. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of the oils was >1000 mg/ml recommended as an index for non-toxicity, which gives the oil advantage over some antioxidant, antimicrobial, therapeutic, and preservative chemicals.
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Plant and Economic Development Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; kayodermosnr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rowland Monday Ojo
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kayode
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Plant and Economic Development Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; AAfolayan@ufh.ac.za.
authors.forename: Anthony Jide
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Afolayan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction / Q000379:methods; D008422:Materials Testing; D029588:Moringa oleifera / Q000737:chemistry*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils
keywords: Cytotoxicity; Essential oil; Extraction methods; Moringa oleifera seed