title: Prescription, Dispensation, and Generic Medicine Replacement Ratios: Influence on Japanese Medicine Costs.
abstract: This study used publicly available data to examine the effect of the separation of dispensing and prescribing medicines between pharmacists in pharmacies and doctors in medical institutions (the separation system) and the generic medicine replacement ratio on the cost of various medicines in Japanese prefectures. For Japanese medical institutions, participation in the separation system is optional. Consequently, the expansion rate of the separation system for each administrative district is highly variable. In our multiple regression analysis, the dependent variables were the costs of daily medicines, specifically, total, internal, external, and injection medicines, as well as medical devices, and the independent variables were the expansion rate of the separation system and generic medicine replacement ratio. The expansion rate of the separation system showed a significant negative partial correlation with the daily costs of total, internal, and injection medicines as well as medical devices. Moreover, the rate of replacing brand name medicines with generic medicines showed a significant negative partial correlation with the daily costs of total and internal medicines. However, external and injection medicines and medical devices did not because only a few or no generic products of these types were sold in the Japanese market. Otherwise, expansion of the separation system was effective in reducing medicine costs, except in the case of external medicines. This suggests that the cost efficiency effect of the separation system does not function all the time.
authors.affiliation: Pascal pharmacy. pascal@nike.eonet.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yokoi
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tashiro
mesh_terms: D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000191:economics; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D005252:Fees, Pharmaceutical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D016568:Drugs, Generic; D055553:Prescription Drugs