title: What proportion of women refers moderate to severe pain during office hysteroscopy with a mini-hysteroscope? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mini-hysteroscopy is believed to be pain-free or in the least bearable. Office procedures are therefore usually performed without analgesia or anesthesia. Is it indeed as tolerable as papers and authors suggest?
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate what proportion of women reports moderate to severe discomfort during examination using the smaller diameter scopes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Online sources were search with key words "hysteroscopy" and "pain" from 2000 to December 2014. Thirty-five articles were retrieved for detailed analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and well-designed prospective trials (PT) studying pain as main outcome, in office mini-hysteroscopy in at least one arm. Studies or arms within a study where conscientious sedation, anesthesia, or non-steroidal drugs were used were excluded. Chosen data collected was the number of women referring moderate to severe pain compared to total women with intervention in the arm or study. Authors were contacted to try to retrieve unpublished data for analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a meta-analysis from eight studies (six RCT and two PT) comparing pain reported as moderate or severe to total women in mini-hysteroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A meta-analysis estimated the pooled prevalence of pain (>3-10 on 10 cm visual analog scale) for all studies and by two subgroups: (1) RCT and (2) PT. Due to significant heterogeneity between studies, we used the random effects model. Results revealed a high prevalence of pain in outpatient mini-hysteroscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Office mini-hysteroscopy is painful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Centre Tondela-Viseu, Avda. Rei D.Duarte, 3504-509, Viseu, Portugal. antoniosantospaulo@sapo.pt.|Health Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal. antoniosantospaulo@sapo.pt.
authors.forename: Antonio Augusto Santos
authors.initials: AAS
authors.lastname: Paulo
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Centre Tondela-Viseu, Viseu, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria Helena Ruivo
authors.initials: MHR
authors.lastname: Solheiro
authors.affiliation: Farmacia Avenida, Mangualde, Portugal.
authors.forename: Carolina Oliveira Santos
authors.initials: COS
authors.lastname: Paulo
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Vera Mónica Almeida
authors.initials: VMA
authors.lastname: Afreixo
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care; D005260:Female; D006176:Gynecology; D006801:Humans; D020702:Hysteroscopes; D015907:Hysteroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D009819:Office Visits; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
keywords: Hysteroscopy; Mini-hysteroscopy; Office hysteroscopy; Pain