title: Effects of glucomannan/spirulina-surimi on liver oxidation and inflammation in Zucker rats fed atherogenic diets.
abstract: Cholesterolemia is associated with pro-oxidative and proinflammatory effects. Glucomannan- or glucomannan plus spirulina-enriched surimis were included in cholesterol-enriched high-saturated diets to test the effects on lipemia; antioxidant status (glutathione status, and antioxidant enzymatic levels, expressions and activities); and inflammation biomarkers (endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) in Zucker fa/fa rats. Groups of eight rats each received diet containing squid-surimi (C), squid-surimi cholesterol-enriched diet (HC), glucomannan-squid-surimi cholesterol-enriched diet (HG), or glucomannan-spirulina-squid-surimi cholesterol-enriched diet (HGS) over a period of 7 weeks. HC diet induced severe hyperlipemia, hepatomegalia, increased inflammation markers, and impaired antioxidant status significantly (at least p < 0.05) vs. C diet. HG diet decreased lipemia and liver size and normalized antioxidant status to C group levels, but increased TNF-α with respect to HC diet (p < 0.05). In general terms, 3 g/kg of spirulina in diet maintained the positive results observed in the HG diet but, in addition, increased inflammation index [eNOS/(eNOS + iNOS)] and decreased plasma TNF-α (both p < 0.05). In conclusion, glucomannan plus a small amount of spirulina blocks negative effects promoted by hypercholesterolemic diets. Although more studies are needed, present results suggest the utility of including glucomannan and/or spirulina as functional ingredients into fish derivates to be consumed by people on metabolic syndrome risk.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vázquez-Velasco
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: González-Torres
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: López-Gasco
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bastida
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benedí
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
authors.forename: María José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: González-Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. frasan@ucm.es.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Muniz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002790:Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D004036:Diet, Atherogenic / Q000009:adverse effects; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D006505:Hepatitis / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008351:Mannans / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D053545:Spirulina / Q000737:chemistry; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008351:Mannans; D014280:Triglycerides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C022901:(1-6)-alpha-glucomannan; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat; C532838:CYP7A1 protein, rat; D002790:Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Antioxidants; Glucomannan; Hypercholesterolemia; Inflammation; Spirulina; Squid-surimi