title: Food Byproducts as a New and Cheap Source of Bioactive Compounds: Lignans with Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties from Crataegus pinnatifida Seeds.
abstract: During the process of manufacturing hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) juice and jam, a significant quantity of byproducts (leaves, seeds) is generated. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract of hawthorn seeds has led to the isolation of eight new lignans, hawthornnins A-H (1-8), and seven known analogues (9-15). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR and CD spectra. The radical-scavenging effects of all isolated compounds were investigated. 1-6 and 8 showed moderate activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), whereas 1-6 and 14 displayed good 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical-scavenging activities that were even more potent than that of trolox. In addition, all isolates were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities by detecting the nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production by the LPS-induced murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7, and compounds 1-7, 13, and 14 exhibited potent inhibition of NO and TNF-α production. The structure-activity relationships of isolated lignans were also examined, and the results obtained show that C. pinnatifida seeds can be regarded as a potential new and cheap source of antioxidants and inflammation inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: †School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, ‡Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, and #School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Xiao
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: †School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, ‡Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, and #School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: †School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, ‡Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, and #School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Le
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: †School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, ‡Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, and #School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Li-Li
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.affiliation: †School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, ‡Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, and #School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qing-Bo
authors.initials: QB
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: †School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, ‡Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, and #School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: †School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, ‡Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, and #School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ling-Zhi
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: †School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, ‡Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, and #School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shao-Jiang
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D027825:Crataegus / Q000737:chemistry*; D017705:Lignans / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D017705:Lignans; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014866:Waste Products
keywords: Crataegus pinnatifida; anti-inflammatory; antioxidant; food byproduct; hawthorn; lignans; seeds