title: Comparison of Gene Expression in Peri-implant Soft Tissue and Oral Mucosal Tissue by Microarray Analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Implant placement entails disruption of the epithelial continuity, which can lead to various complications. Therefore, the area of mucosal penetration is of particular interest clinically. The goal of the present study was to compare gene expression in peri-implant soft tissue (PIST) with that in oral mucosal tissue (OMT) using microarray analysis, and to investigate which genes were specifically expressed in PIST.
  
  
  METHODS
  The bilateral upper first molars were extracted from 4-week-old rats and titanium alloy implants placed only in the left-side extraction sockets. Four weeks after surgery, samples were harvested from the left-side PIST and right-side OMT and total RNA samples isolated. Microarray analysis was used to compare gene expression in PIST and OMT, which was then confirmed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical staining was also performed to confirm protein level expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of genes expressed with more than a twofold change in PIST compared with OMT was 1,102, of which 750 genes were upregulated and 352 genes were downregulated. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of three selected genes-Ceacam1, Ifitm1, and MUC4-were more significantly expressed in PIST than in OMT(P < .01). Immunohistochemical localization of CEACAM1, IFITM1, and MUC4 was observed in PIST, but no immunoreaction was recognized in OMT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The result of microarray analysis showed that, because of implant placement, 750 genes were upregulated in PIST compared with OMT. CEACAM1, IFITM1, and MUC4 were specifically upregulated in PIST.
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Makabe
authors.forename: Hodaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Gentaro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Hideshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sekine
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshinari
authors.forename: Yasutomo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yajima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000032:analysis; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000032:analysis; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D015921:Dental Implants; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000737:chemistry; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D008963:Molar / Q000601:surgery; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry*; D055264:Mucin-4 / Q000032:analysis; D010519:Periodontium / Q000737:chemistry*; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D020390:Tooth Socket / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; C069847:CD66 antigens; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D003722:Dental Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; C524660:Muc4 protein, rat; D055264:Mucin-4; D011506:Proteins; C062010:leu-13 antigen; D014025:Titanium