title: Temporal variability of urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites, parabens and benzophenone-3 in a Belgian adult population.
abstract: In the present study, we investigated the temporal within-person variability of the exposure biomarker for phthalates, parabens and benzophenone-3 (BP3) in 32 Belgian adults, each providing 11 urine spots during 4 months. We calculated the intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC), the sensitivity and the specificity to assess the temporal reproducibility and to investigate the predictive ability of the spot measurements for these classes of chemicals. Additionally, we explored the temporal variability of the estimation of the cumulative risk of exposure to phthalates (hazard index; HI). We observed fair ICC ranging from 0.55 to 0.68 for parabens, monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP) and BP3, but lower ICC, from 0.20 to 0.49, for monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-oxo-hexyl phthalate (5-oxo-MEHP) and mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxy-hexyl phthalate (5-OH-MEHP). The ICC estimated for HI (0.49) reflected a moderate reproducibility. The measurements in spot samples were moderate to good predictor of the 4-month level of exposure for parabens, MEP, MnBP, MiBP, BP3 and HI (sensitivity ranging from 0.67 to 0.77), but lower predictor for MEHP, 5-oxo-MEHP, 5-OH-MEHP and MBzP (sensitivity ranging from 0.58 to 0.63). The sensitivity could be increased when several spot urinary levels were averaged to predict the long-term level of exposure. Globally, our results indicate that a single spot measurement seems to correctly represent the long-term exposure for parabens, BP3, MEP, MiBP and HI. Additional spot samples seemed to be needed for the proper exposure assessment of the other target compounds.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULg), CHU (B35), B-4000 Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege (ULg), CHU (B35), B-4000 Liege, Belgium. Electronic address: lucas.dewalque@chu.ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dewalque
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULg), CHU (B35), B-4000 Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege (ULg), CHU (B35), B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pirard
authors.affiliation: Plateforme Technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique, Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vandepaer
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULg), CHU (B35), B-4000 Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege (ULg), CHU (B35), B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Charlier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001530:Belgium; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D010226:Parabens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010226:Parabens; D010795:Phthalic Acids; C005290:oxybenzone
keywords: Benzophenone-3; Intra-individual variability; Parabens; Phthalates; Urinary spot samples