title: Nonpharmacologic Pain Management Interventions in German Nursing Homes: A Cluster Randomized Trial.
abstract: The reported prevalence of pain among nursing home residents (NHRs) is high. Insufficient use of analgesics, the conventional pain management strategy, is often reported. Whether and to what extent nonpharmacologic therapies (NPTs) are used to manage the pain of NHRs in Germany is largely unknown. The aim of this cluster-randomized trial was to assess the NPTs provided and to enhance the application and prescription of NPTs in NHRs on an individual level. There were six nursing homes in the intervention group and six in the control group. There were 239 NHRs, aged ≥65 years, with an average Mini-Mental State Examination score of at least 18 at baseline. Pain management interventions (cluster level) included an online course for physicians and 1-day seminar for nurses. Data on NPT applied by nurses and therapeutic NPT prescribed by physicians were obtained from residents' nursing documentation. Face-to-face interviews with NHRs assessed the NPT received. At baseline, 82.6% of NHR (mean age 83 years) were affected by pain, but less than 1 in 10 received NPT. The intervention did not result in a significant increase in the NPT applied by nurses, but did significantly increase the therapeutic NPT prescribed by physicians. Residents were active in using NPT to self-manage their pain. Given the prevalence of pain in NHRs, there is a clear need to improve pain management in this population. Extended use of NPT offers a promising approach. We recommend that nurses provide residents with education on pain-management techniques to support them in taking a proactive role in managing their pain.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Sociology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: sonja.kalinowski@charite.de.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalinowski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Sociology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Budnick
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Sociology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ronny
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuhnert
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Könner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Sociology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kissel-Kröll
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kreutz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Sociology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dräger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017679:Cryotherapy; D005858:Germany; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008405:Massage; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010146:Pain / Q000451:nursing*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome