title: Checklist and Scoring System for the Assessment of Soft Tissue Preservation in CT Examinations of Human Mummies.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop a checklist for standardized assessment of soft tissue preservation in human mummies based on whole-body computed tomography examinations, and to add a scoring system to facilitate quantitative comparison of mummies. Computed tomography examinations of 23 mummies from the Capuchin Catacombs of Palermo, Sicily (17 adults, 6 children; 17 anthropogenically and 6 naturally mummified) and 7 mummies from the crypt of the Dominican Church of the Holy Spirit of Vilnius, Lithuania (5 adults, 2 children; all naturally mummified) were used to develop the checklist following previously published guidelines. The scoring system was developed by assigning equal scores for checkpoints with equivalent quality. The checklist was evaluated by intra- and inter-observer reliability. The finalized checklist was applied to compare the groups of anthropogenically and naturally mummified bodies. The finalized checklist contains 97 checkpoints and was divided into two main categories, "A. Soft Tissues of Head and Musculoskeletal System" and "B. Organs and Organ Systems", each including various subcategories. The complete checklist had an intra-observer reliability of 98% and an inter-observer reliability of 93%. Statistical comparison revealed significantly higher values in anthropogenically compared to naturally mummified bodies for the total score and for three subcategories. In conclusion, the developed checklist allows for a standardized assessment and documentation of soft tissue preservation in whole-body computed tomography examinations of human mummies. The scoring system facilitates a quantitative comparison of the soft tissue preservation status between single mummies or mummy collections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau, Germany; Institute of Biomechanics, Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau, Germany, and Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panzer
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, SALK, Gemeinnützige Salzburger Landeskliniken Betriebsgesellschaft mbH, Christian-Doppler-Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mc Coy
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics, Research office, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hitzl
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Piombino-Mascali
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Rimantas
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jankauskas
authors.affiliation: EURAC-Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Albert R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Zink
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomechanics, Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau, Germany, and Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Augat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D057189:Checklist / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D002648:Child; D017408:Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards; D006257:Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008097:Lithuania; D009106:Mummies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012802:Sicily; D014021:Tissue Preservation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards