title: Chimpanzee susceptibility to hepatitis C virus infection correlates with presence of Pt-KIR3DS2 and Pt-KIR2DL9: paired activating and inhibitory natural killer cell receptors.
abstract: Infection of humans and chimpanzees with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) results in either the resolution of the acute infection or its progression to a persistent infection associated with chronic liver disease. In cohorts of human patients, resolution of HCV infection has been associated with homozygosity for both C1(+)HLA-C and its cognate inhibitory receptor, KIR2DL3. Compared here are the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I factors of chimpanzees who resolve, or resist, HCV infection with those chimpanzees who progress to chronic infection. Analysis of Pt-KIR gene content diversity associated two of the 12 Pt-KIR with clinical outcome. Activating Pt-KIR3DS2 and inhibitory Pt-KIR2DL9 are strong receptors specific for the C2 epitope. They are encoded by neighboring genes within the Pt-KIR locus that are in strong linkage disequilibrium. HCV-infected chimpanzees with KIR genotypes containing Pt-KIR3DS2 and KIR2DL9 are significantly more likely to progress to chronic infection than infected chimpanzees lacking the genes (p = 0.0123 and p = 0.0045, respectively), whereas human HLA-B allotypes having the C1 epitope are unusual, such allotypes comprise about one quarter of the chimpanzee Patr-B allotypes. Homozygous C1 (+) Patr-B are enriched in chimpanzees with chronic HCV infection, and the compound genotype of homozygous C1 (+) Patr-B combined with either Pt-KIR3DS2 or Pt-KIR2DL9 is more strongly associated with disease progression than either factor alone (p = 0.0031 and p = 0.0013, respectively). Thus, despite similarities suggesting a common basis in disease resistance, there are substantial differences in the KIR and MHC class I correlations observed for HCV-infected humans and chimpanzees, consistent with the divergence of their KIR and MHC class I systems.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Fairchild D-159, 299 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.|Equipe ATIP, URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 Inserm U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Abi-Rached
authors.affiliation: Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Fairchild D-159, 299 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. lisbeth.guethlein@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Lisbeth A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Guethlein
authors.affiliation: Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Fairchild D-159, 299 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.affiliation: Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Fairchild D-159, 299 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018450:Disease Progression; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000502:physiology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000235:genetics*; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D054340:Receptors, KIR / Q000235:genetics*; D054347:Receptors, KIR3DL2 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D054340:Receptors, KIR; D054347:Receptors, KIR3DL2
keywords: Chimpanzee; Chronic infection; Hepatitis C virus; KIR; MHC