title: Novel Optical Position Sensing for Miniaturized Applications and Validation in a Total Artificial Heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper describes the development and testing of various position sensing systems (PSSs) for miniaturized long-term applications with a focus on their validation in a total artificial heart (TAH). After a short description of the TAH's functioning principle, the special requirements for the PSS resulting from the application in a TAH are investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three PSS's were designed according to these requirements. A specially designed test method was used to first validate each PSS for general use in a miniaturized application. This test method validated the speed, resolution, and accuracy requirements for the PSS. In a second step, the PSS's were integrated in a TAH to measure its stroke position for the drive control. In this application, further requirements apart from miniaturization were considered. Each PSS's functionality in the TAH was validated in a mock circulation loop, which simulates the human circulatory system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two of the three designed PSS's showed satisfactory results for all tested requirements inside the pump, whereas the third PSS did not operate properly at full-pump capacity. The best performing PSS was chosen for further use in the TAH. It performed up to a beat rate of 220 b/m.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extensive validation resulted in an accurate, miniature PSS for a TAH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Besides the use in a TAH, the presented PSS's can be employed in a wide use of miniaturized applications. The introduced testing method allows the validation for general miniaturized applications, e.g., linear motor drives.
authors.forename: Benedikt A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: Yvonne M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Blaszczyk
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carstens
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lamping
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laumen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Finocchiaro
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Steinseifer
mesh_terms: D006354:Heart, Artificial; D006801:Humans; D008904:Miniaturization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*