title: Enhanced production of Ca²⁺-polymalate (PMA) with high molecular mass by Aureobasidium pullulans var. pullulans MCW.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polymalic acid (PMA) has many applications in food and medical industries. However, so far it has not been commercially produced by fermentation. Therefore, it is very important how to develop an economical process for a large scale production of PMA by one step fermentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After over 200 strains of Aureobasidium spp. isolated from the mangrove systems in the South of China were screened for their ability to produce Ca(2+)-polymalate (PMA), it was found that Aureobasidium pullulans var. pullulans MCW strain among them could produce high level of Ca(2+)-PMA. The medium containing only 140.0 g/L glucose, 65.0 g/L CaCO3 and 7.5 g/L corn steep liquor was found to be the most suitable for Ca(2+)-PMA production. Then, 121.3 g/L of Ca(2+)-PMA was produced by A. pullulans var. pullulans MCW strain within 120 h at flask level. During 10-L batch fermentation, 152.52 g/L of Ca(2+)-PMA in the culture and 8.6 g/L of cell dry weight were obtained within 96 h, leaving 4.5 g/L of reducing sugar in the fermented medium. After purification of the Ca(2+)-PMA from the culture and acid hydrolysis of the purified Ca(2+)-PMA, HPLC analysis showed that A. pullulans var. pullulans MCW strain produced only one main component of Ca(2+)-PMA and the hydrolysate of the purified Ca(2+)-PMA was mainly composed of L-malic acid. Mw (the apparent molecular weight) of the purified PMA was 2.054 × 10(5) (g/moL) and the purified PMA was estimated to be composed of 1784 L-malic acids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was found that A. pullulans var. pullulans MCW strain obtained in this study could yield 152.52 g/L of Ca(2+)-PMA within the short time, the produced PMA had the highest molecular weight and the medium for production of Ca(2+)- PMA by this yeast was very simple.
authors.affiliation: College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, 266003, China. w84234102@sina.com.
authors.forename: Yu-Kuang
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, 266003, China. chizhe1108@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, 266003, China. pro.zhouhaixiang@163.com.
authors.forename: Hai-Xiang
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, 266003, China. liugl@ouc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guang-Lei
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, 266003, China. zhenming@sdu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhen-Ming
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Chi
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000378:metabolism*; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000378:metabolism; D005936:Glucans / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008293:Malates / Q000378:metabolism*; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011108:Polymers / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D005936:Glucans; D008293:Malates; D011108:Polymers; C121060:poly(malic acid); C009109:pullulan; D002118:Calcium