title: Trimethylamine N-Oxide From Gut Microbiota in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Focus on Diet.
abstract: Low-protein diet is the recommended nutritional intervention for nondialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients because excess protein intake can damage kidney function and produce uremic toxins. Some of these toxins are generated from amino acids breakdown by gut microbiota as p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate that have been clearly associated with cardiovascular mortality in CKD patients. Another uremic toxin, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a degradation product of choline and L-carnitine (which come mainly from animal protein such as red meat and eggs) is now considered as a proatherogenic metabolite. In the present review, we will highlight the relationship between TMAO, diet and cardiovascular aspects, and the potential concerns about TMAO in nondialysis CKD patients.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Sciences Graduate Program, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: moraesmjc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cristiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Centre Hopitalier Lyon Sud, INSERM 1060, CENS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, Rhône-Alpes, France.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fouque
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Medicinal Plants and Derivatives PN 1, Department of Natural Products, Farmanguinhos/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Claudia F
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Sciences Graduate Program, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mafra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000382:microbiology; D002331:Carnitine / Q000097:blood; D002794:Choline / Q000097:blood; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004531:Eggs; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D006801:Humans; D008744:Methylamines / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D000069466:Red Meat; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D008744:Methylamines; C005855:trimethyloxamine; D002794:Choline; D002331:Carnitine