title: Horizontal study of vaccinia virus infections in an endemic area: epidemiologic, phylogenetic and economic aspects.
abstract: Vaccinia virus (VACV), the etiological agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), is widespread in Brazil and present in most of the milk-producing regions. We conducted a horizontal study of BV in Bahia, a state of Brazil in which the production of milk is increasing. During 2011, human and bovine clinical samples were collected during outbreaks for BV diagnosis, virus isolation and molecular analysis. We collected data for epidemiological inferences. Vaccinia virus was detected in 87.7% of the analyzed outbreaks, highlighting the effective circulation of VACV in Bahia. The molecular data showed the spreading of group 1 Brazilian VACV to Bahia. We observed a seasonal profile of BV, with its peak in the drier and cooler season. Manual milking was observed in 96 % of the visited properties, showing its importance to viral spread in herds. Under-notification of BV, ineffective animal trade surveillance, and bad milking practices have contributed to the spread of VACV in Brazil.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Felipe L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Assis
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula M
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Franco-Luiz
authors.affiliation: Animal Defense Division, Agência Estadual de Defesa Agropecuária da Bahia, 481, Barão do Rio Branco street, Salvador, 46830-000, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Paim
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Graziele P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriel M F
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leandra B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Animal Defense Division, Agência Estadual de Defesa Agropecuária da Bahia, 481, Barão do Rio Branco street, Salvador, 46830-000, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanus
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giliane S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Trindade
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Erna G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Kroon
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil. jonatas.abrahao@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jônatas S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Abrahão
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D014615:Vaccinia / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology*; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology