title: Surface Chemistry of Nanocellulose Fibers Directs Monocyte/Macrophage Response.
abstract: The effect of surface functionalization of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) on monocyte/macrophage (MM) behavior is investigated to understand how the physicochemical properties of nanocelluloses influence the interactions of such materials with biological systems. Films of anionic (a-), cationic (c-), and unmodified (u-) NFC were synthesized and characterized in terms of surface charge. THP-1 monocytes were cultured on the surface of the films for 24 h in the presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide, and the cell response was evaluated in terms of cell adhesion, morphology, and secretion of TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-1ra. The results show that MMs cultured on carboxymethylated-NFC films (a-NFC) are activated toward a proinflammatory phenotype, whereas u-NFC promotes a mild activation of the studied cells. The presence of hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium groups on c-NFC, however, does not promote the activation of MMs, indicating that c-NFC closely behaves as an inert material in terms of MM activation. None of the materials is able to directly activate the MMs toward an anti-inflammatory response. These results may provide a foundation for the design of future NFC-based materials with the ability to control MM activation and may expand the use of NFC in biomedical applications.
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University , Box 534, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Innventia AB , Drottning Kristinas väg 55, 11486 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ålander
authors.affiliation: Innventia AB , Drottning Kristinas väg 55, 11486 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lindström
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University , Box 534, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mihranyan
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University , Box 534, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strømme
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University , Box 534, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ferraz
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D002482:Cellulose