title: Simultaneous determination of four trace estrogens in feces, leachate, tap and groundwater using solid-liquid extraction/auto solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
abstract: A simple and selective high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with fluorescence detection was developed for the simultaneous measurement of trace levels of four estrogens (estrone, estradiol, estriol and 17α-ethynyl estradiol) in environmental matrices. For feces samples, solid-liquid extraction was applied with a 1:1 v/v mixture of acetonitrile and ethyl acetate as the extraction solvent. For liquid samples (e.g., leachate and groundwater), hydrophobic/lipophilic balanced automated solid-phase extraction disks were selected due to their high recoveries compared to conventional C18 disks. Chromatographic separations were performed on a reversed-phase C18 column gradient-eluted with a 45:55 v/v mixture of acetonitrile and water. The detection limits were down to 1.1 × 10(-2) (estrone), 4.11 × 10(-4) (estradiol), 5.2 × 10(-3) (estriol) and 7.18 × 10(-3) μg/L (17α-ethynyl estradiol) at excitation/emission wavelengths of 288/310 nm, with recoveries in the range of 96.9 ± 3.2-105.4 ± 3.2% (n = 3). The method was successfully applied to determine estrogens in feces and water samples collected at livestock farms and a major river in Northeast China. We observed relatively high abundance and widespread distribution of all four estrogens in our sample collections, implying the urgency for a comprehensive and intricate investigation of estrogenic fate and contamination in our researched area.
authors.affiliation: College of Environment of Resources, Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Environment of Resources, Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Yue-e
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Environment Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Mengyan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Environment of Resources, Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Ting-di
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Environment of Resources, Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004958:Estradiol / Q000032:analysis*; D004964:Estriol / Q000032:analysis*; D004970:Estrone / Q000032:analysis*; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000032:analysis*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005453:Fluorescence; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry*; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004970:Estrone; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D004958:Estradiol; D004964:Estriol
keywords: Estrogens; Fluorescence detection; High-performance liquid chromatography; Solid-liquid extraction; Solid-phase extraction