title: HypoAware: development and pilot study of a brief and partly web-based psychoeducational group intervention for adults with Type 1 and insulin-treated Type 2 diabetes and problematic hypoglycaemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to study the feasibility and acceptability of our partly online psychoeducational group intervention HypoAware targeted at adults with insulin-treated diabetes and hypoglycaemia problems in an uncontrolled multi-centre pilot study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a 4-week, party online, group intervention, based on key elements of the evidence-based Blood Glucose Awareness Training (BGAT) and with input from diabetes healthcare professionals and people with diabetes. We recruited adults with Type 1 and insulin-treated Type 2 diabetes with impaired hypoglycaemia awareness, frequent hypoglycaemic episodes and/or fear of hypoglycaemia. Feasibility was assessed by means of self-report questionnaires. Pre-post outcomes included self-reported frequency of mild hypoglycaemia, fear of hypoglycaemia, confidence in diabetes self-care, subjective health status, diabetes-specific and general psychological distress and emotional well-being.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Organization, recruitment, delivery of HypoAware, retention and compliance yielded no major problems, and both trainers and participants were very satisfied with the programme. The intervention materials required only minor changes. We obtained pre-post intervention measurements in 37 participants from eight hospitals with three drop-outs. Worries about hypoglycaemia, diabetes distress and confidence in self-care improved significantly (P < 0.05), although frequency of hypoglycaemia and hypoglycaemia awareness did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HypoAware is a new, feasible and acceptable intervention including online modules aimed to help adults with Type 1 and insulin-treated Type 2 diabetes reduce hypoglycaemia and related problems. A cluster-randomized controlled trial is planned to test effectiveness, combined with an economic evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S M P A
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rondags
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Medical Psychology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Snoek
mesh_terms: D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D000066498:Emotional Adjustment; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006126:Group Processes; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012306:Risk; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin