title: Translation and Validation of the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale Among Older Migrants Living in the Netherlands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We validate a translated version of the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS) for use among older migrants from Turkish and Moroccan descent and validate the original Dutch version of the same scale for Surinamese migrants in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data were derived from a population-based cross-sectional study among community-dwelling individuals aged 55 and older. In addition to translating the DJGLS for these ethnic groups, several statistical analyses were performed to assess the scale's reliability and validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DJGLS proved to be internally consistent and to have adequate convergent validity among all ethnic groups. Latent structure analysis confirmed the two latent factors (emotional and social subscales) in all groups, but also showed that fit was not optimal in most groups. Known groups validity was observed using functional limitations and subjective health as grouping variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide sufficient support for use of the translated version of the 11-item DJGLS among Turkish and Moroccan older migrants and use of the Dutch version for Surinamese older migrants as a reliable and valid measure of loneliness. Fit of latent structural models varied between good and poor. Further research is needed to investigate ethnic differences in levels and determinants of loneliness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. o.uysal@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Özgül
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Uysal-Bozkir
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, The Hague; University of Groningen, the Netherlands.|Department of Sociology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tineke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fokkema
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: MacNeil-Vroomen
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Theo G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: van Tilburg
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.|University Center for Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sophia E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: de Rooij
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008132:Loneliness / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009018:Morocco / Q000208:ethnology; D009426:Netherlands; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013532:Suriname / Q000208:ethnology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014175:Translating; D014421:Turkey / Q000208:ethnology
keywords: Cross-cultural; Loneliness; Older migrants; Prevalence; Psychometric properties