title: Treatment of gummy smile: Nasal septum dysplasia as etiologic factor and therapeutic target.
abstract: Various techniques to improve gummy smile exist. Depending on the individual etiology, previous approaches have focused on osseous, dental, and soft-tissue aspects. On the basis of the identification of nasal septum dysplasia as etiologic factor of gummy smile, we propose a novel strategy for the improvement in the treatment of excessive gingival exposure. In this prospective controlled study, 121 Asian patients with gummy smile and 150 volunteers were examined and compared with regard to the developmental status of the nasal septal cartilage reflected by the columella upward maximum movability (CUMM) as objective measurement parameter. A total of 46 patients with significantly increased CUMM underwent surgical treatment for excessive gingival exposure by septum cartilage reinforcement and, where required, additional extension using an autologous cartilage graft or an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) implant. Gingival exposure at the fullest smile was photographed, measured, and analyzed before and 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery, and all possible complications were recorded. The results were evaluated in a patient satisfaction survey. CUMM showed a significant statistical difference between the patients desiring treatment for gummy smile (5.6 ± 0.92 mm) and volunteers (3.1 ± 0.76 mm), (p < 0.05). In the 46 patients who underwent surgical correction of gummy smile, the measured maximum gingival exposure at the fullest smile was 4.52 ± 1.7 mm preoperatively and significantly decreased to 1.79 ± 0.26 mm at 6 months postoperatively (p < 0.05). The overall complication rate was low, including transient stiffness of smile, implant deformation, and acute infection. The postoperative results were highly satisfactory in terms of aesthetic smile. This study proposes a novel strategy of reinforcement and extension of the nasal septum cartilage for the improvement of gummy smile confirming septal cartilage dysplasia as the etiologic factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Trauma, Hand and Plastic Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Herrler
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qingfeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: dr_daicc@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Chuanchang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005881:Gingiva / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055171:Nasal Cartilages / Q000601:surgery*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D012904:Smiling; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene
keywords: Etiology; Gummy smile; Nasal septum; Surgical treatment