title: [The ECG of athletes].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There has been a long standing controversy on the role of a resting electrocardiogram (ECG) in the preparticipation examination of athletes, as well as in children and adolescents, in leisure time and competitive athletes. Besides other arguments, this was due to the limited validity, which led to false positive and false negative findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recent studies from different research groups yielded a significant improvement in establishing ECG criteria in athletes to discriminate normal from abnormal or pathological findings in athletes. This is additionally supported and improved by a software-based ECG device considering the new Seattle criteria. These new criteria from the Seattle conference reliably discriminate normal from abnormal findings. Frequent ECG findings in athletes, especially in those engaged in endurance sports are sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular (AV) block and signs of left ventricular hypertrophy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormal findings are related to structural left ventricular alterations due to cardiomyopathy, mainly hypertrophic with or without outflow tract obstruction, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) and dilated cardiomyopathy. The ECG findings suggestive of electrical conductance disorders are observed in channelopathies, Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome supraventricular arrhythmias or disturbances of cardiac conduction. The main diseases are long or short QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Atrial fibrillation, mostly paroxysmal, is also now more frequently observed especially in middle aged endurance athletes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interpretation of ECG in young and older athletes requires in-depth knowledge in cardiology and sports medicine. The interpretation can only be carried out by considering medical history, clinical examination and ethnicity. Profound and long-term experience of athlete's ECG interpretation is required to protect athletes and to prevent cardiac emergencies.
authors.affiliation: Innere Medizin, Kardiologie, Sportkardiologie, Praxis für Kardiologie, Daniel-Schürmann-Str. 14, 42853, Remscheid, Deutschland, herbert.loellgen@gmx.de.
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Löllgen
mesh_terms: D054537:Atrioventricular Block / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D059267:Cardiomegaly, Exercise-Induced; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013177:Sports; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000379:methods*