title: Occurrence, genetic control and evolution of non-target-site based resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetolactate synthase (ALS) in the dicot weed Papaver rhoeas.
abstract: Non-target-site resistance (NTSR) to herbicides is a major issue for the chemical control of weeds. Whilst predominant in grass weeds, NTSR remains largely uninvestigated in dicot weeds. We investigated the occurrence, inheritance and genetic control of NTSR to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors in Papaver rhoeas (corn poppy) using progenies from plants with potential NTSR to the imidazolinone herbicide imazamox. NTSR to imazamox was inherited from parents over two successive generations. NTSR to tritosulfuron (a sulfonylurea) was observed in F1 generations and inherited in F2 generations. NTSR to florasulam (a triazolopyrimidine) emerged in F2 generations. Our findings suggest NTSR was polygenic and gradually built-up by accumulation over generations of loci with moderate individual effects in single plants. We also demonstrated that ALS alleles conferring herbicide resistance can co-exist with NTSR loci in P. rhoeas plants. Previous research focussed on TSR in P. rhoeas, which most likely caused underestimation of NTSR significance in this species. This may also apply to other dicot species. From our data, resistance to ALS inhibitors in P. rhoeas appears complex, and involves well-known mutant ALS alleles and a set of unknown NTSR loci that confer resistance to ALS inhibitors from different chemical families.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF), CNR, AGRIPOLIS, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy. Electronic address: laura.scarabel@ibaf.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scarabel
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue de Sully, F-21000 Dijon, France. Electronic address: fanny.pernin@dijon.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pernin
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue de Sully, F-21000 Dijon, France. Electronic address: delye@dijon.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Délye
mesh_terms: D000095:Acetolactate Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D000483:Alleles; D005075:Biological Evolution; D020090:Chromosome Segregation; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053209:Herbicide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000494:pharmacology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010207:Papaver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D057685:Plant Weeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D014227:Triazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006540:Herbicides; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D007093:Imidazoles; D014227:Triazines; D014508:Urea; D000095:Acetolactate Synthase; C520886:tritosulfuron; C494197:imazamox
keywords: Acetolactate synthase (ALS); Corn poppy (P. rhoeas); Evolution; Herbicide; Non-target-site-based resistance (NTSR); Polygenic control