title: Correlates of smoking status among women experiencing intimate partner violence: Substance use, posttraumatic stress, and coping.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking prevalence among women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) is two to three times higher than the prevalence among women nationally. Yet, research on cigarette smoking among this population of women is scarce.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined differences between daily smokers and non-smokers among a sample of 186 IPV-victimized women. Comparing these groups may identify key factors that could inform future research, and ultimately, smoking cessation interventions to improve women's health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that smokers and non-smokers differed in terms of alcohol and drug use problem severity, posttraumatic stress symptom severity, psychological and physical IPV victimization severity, and severity of use of psychological and physical IPV. Smokers fared worse on all domains where differences emerged. Findings of a logistic regression demonstrated that alcohol problem severity was related to daily smoking status; post hoc analysis revealed that the effect of alcohol problem severity was moderated by the level of Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) avoidance symptom severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest a sub-population of women experiencing IPV who smoke and incur additional risk for psychiatric symptom severity and maladaptive behaviors. This study suggests the need to examine factors such as IPV and its negative sequelae to inform smoking cessation research for women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study contributes to the scarce literature examining the intersections of PTSD, alcohol and drug use, and smoking. Examining these factors in the context of IPV, which is a highly prevalent problem, is critical to informing future treatment development investigations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Tami P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
authors.forename: Julianne C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.affiliation: Robert Bosch Healthcare Systems, Inc., Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Desreen N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Dudley
authors.affiliation: Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Carolyn M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mazure
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Sherry A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McKee
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000066511:Intimate Partner Violence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009511:New England / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult