title: Assessing the Social Carrying Capacity of Diving Sites in Mabul Island, Malaysia.
abstract: This study has explored social carrying capacity of an underwater environment based on divers' perceived crowding. Two dimensions were assessed, the number of divers seen and the proximity of diver. Data were obtained from a survey of 132 divers dived in Mabul Island, Malaysia during 2013-2014. Photographs depicting four levels of diver number and four levels of diver proximity in different combinations were shown to the respondents for assessing their acceptability. Between the two variables, the "number of divers" was the most influential factor for divers' perceived crowding. Divers would start to feel unacceptably crowded if 8-9 divers were visible to them at one time. Based on this, it is likely that the use level of diving sites in Mabul Island has already exceeded its social carrying capacity. Implications for future research and diving tourism management for Mabul Island are also discussed in the paper.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liye
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. sschung@hkbu.edu.hk.
authors.forename: ShanShan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004242:Diving; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D062312:Islands; D008296:Malaysia; D011998:Recreation / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Crowding; Marine tourism; Scuba diving; Social carrying capacity