title: Determination of selected cardiovascular active compounds in environmental aquatic samples--Methods and results, a review of global publications from the last 10 years.
abstract: In recent years cardiovascular diseases were the second most common cause of death worldwide. Therefore, the consumption of cardiovascular drugs is high, which might result in an increase of them in the environment. The major source of aquatic environmental contamination is still effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Unfortunately removal of cardiovascular active compounds and/or their metabolites in WWTP is still unsatisfactory. Among microbial and abiotic degradation of these compounds during wastewater processes, photolysis and photodegradation of cardiovascular drugs also play an important role. New formed compounds may be more toxic or retain the properties of parent compounds. Thus the main goal of this paper was to provide a detailed and comprehensive review of used analytical methods, coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, to determine the presence of cardiovascular compounds in surface waters as well as WTTPs effluents and influents. Exhaustive preparation for mass spectrometry detection and quantitation including samples pre-treatment, and the common problem of the matrix effect are thoroughly explored in this paper. Additionally, the article provides some hints in respect of recently noted problematic issue related to the availability of specific standards for the analysis of drug's metabolites. Furthermore, information concerning the metabolism of cardiovascular active compounds including differences in metabolism within enantiomers is described. This article also touches on the problems associated with environmental risk assessment due to the presence of cardiovasculars in the environment. The paper also tries to explain differences in concentrations among cardiovascular compounds between countries worldwide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, Warsaw PL-02097, Poland.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stankiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, Warsaw PL-02097, Poland. Electronic address: joanna.giebultowicz@wum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Giebułtowicz
authors.affiliation: APC Institute, Grójecka 22/24 lok. 4, Warsaw PL-02301, Poland.
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Stankiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, Warsaw PL-02097, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wroczyński
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, Warsaw PL-02097, Poland.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nałęcz-Jawecki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Cardiovascular compounds; Chirality; Enantiomers; Influent and effluent wastewater; Matrix effect; Metabolites