title: An independent association of prenatal depression with wheezing and anxiety with rhinitis in infancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Different maternal psychological states during pregnancy have been associated with wheeze-rhinitis-eczema symptoms in children. However, previous studies were limited and it was unclear whether the type of prenatal psychological state was associated with a particular symptom. We examined the association of maternal depression and anxiety during pregnancy with wheeze-rhinitis-eczema symptoms in infancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a longitudinal birth cohort (GUSTO) of 1152 mother-child pairs, wheeze-rhinitis-eczema symptoms in the infants during the first year of life were collected by parental report. Maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed at 26 weeks of gestation using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Logistic regression analyses were performed with adjustment for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increased risk of wheezing was found in infants of pregnant women with probable depression (EPDS ≥ 15) [odds ratio (OR) = 1.85 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10-3.12)], and an increased risk of rhinitis was associated with maternal anxiety [STAI state ≥ 41: OR = 1.42 (95% CI 1.04-1.93); STAI trait ≥ 43: OR = 1.38 (95% CI 1.01-1.88)]. After adjusting for known risk factors for the development of allergic disease, these associations remained significant [EPDS ≥ 15: adjusted OR = 2.09 (95% CI 1.05-4.19); STAI state ≥ 41: adjusted OR = 1.82 (95% CI 1.17-2.82); STAI trait ≥ 43: adjusted OR = 1.70 (95% CI 1.10-2.61)]. However, maternal psychological states were not associated with infantile eczema.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that there may be an independent effect of prenatal depression on wheezing and anxiety on rhinitis in infancy.
authors.affiliation: KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tuck Seng
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore.|Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore City, Singapore.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore.|Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore City, Singapore.
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore.|Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore City, Singapore.|Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.
authors.forename: Oon Hoe
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Teoh
authors.affiliation: Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.
authors.forename: Lynette P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Shek
authors.affiliation: Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.
authors.forename: Bee Wah
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chee
authors.affiliation: MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.|NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore City, Singapore.|Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Gluckman
authors.affiliation: KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kwek
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.
authors.forename: Seang Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.affiliation: Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yap-Seng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore City, Singapore.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meaney
authors.affiliation: Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.|Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore City, Singapore.
authors.forename: Birit F P
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Broekman
authors.affiliation: KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore.|Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore City, Singapore.|Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.
authors.forename: Oh Moh
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Chay
authors.affiliation: Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Bever
authors.affiliation: KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore.|Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore City, Singapore.|Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012135:Respiratory Sounds; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: anxiety; depression; prenatal; rhinitis; wheeze