title: Validation of the UKPDS 82 risk equations within the Cardiff Diabetes Model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For end-users of diabetes models that include UKPDS 82 risk equations, an important question is how well these new equations perform. Consequently, the principal objective of this study was to validate the UKPDS 82 risk equations, embedded within an established type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model, the Cardiff Diabetes Model, to contemporary T2DM outcomes studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 100 validation endpoints were simulated across treatment arms of twelve pivotal T2DM outcomes studies, simulation cohorts representing each validation study's cohort profile were generated and intensive and conventional treatment arms were defined in the Cardiff Diabetes Model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall the validation coefficient of determination was similar between both sets of risk equations: UKPDS 68, R(2) = 0.851; UKPDS 82, R(2) = 0.870. Results stratified by internal and external validation studies produced MAPE of 43.77 and 37.82%, respectively, when using UKPDS 82, and MAPE of 40.49 and 53.92%, respectively when using UKPDS 68. Areas of lack of fit, as measured by MAPE were inconsistent between sets of equations with ACCORD demonstrating a noteworthy lack of fit with UKPPDS 68 (MAPE = 170.88%) and the ADDITION study for UKPDS 82 (MAPE = 89.90%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has demonstrated that the UKPDS 82 equations exhibit similar levels of external validity to the UKPDS 68 equations with the additional benefit of enabling more diabetes related endpoints to be modeled.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics and Outcomes Research Ltd, Cardiff, UK ; Centre for Health Economics, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McEwan
authors.affiliation: Health Economics and Outcomes Research Ltd, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: Health Economics and Outcomes Research Ltd, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Hayley
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: Klas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bergenheim
keywords: Cardiff Diabetes Model; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; UKPDS 82; Validation