title: [Nursing workload indices TISS-10, TISS-28, and NEMS : Higher workload with agitation and delirium is not reflected].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Financial resources for the treatment of ICU patients requiring high nursing workload are allocated within the German diagnostic-related groups (DRG) system in part through the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-10 (TISS-10). TISS-10, however, has never been validated. This study evaluated whether delirium and agitation in ICU were reflected by TISS-10, and also by the established workload indices TISS-28 and Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower (NEMS). Secondary aims were if indices correlated, and what effects delirium and agitation had on financial balances.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses were performed retrospectively in 521 datasets from 152 patients. Nursing workload was assessed with TISS-28, TISS-10, and NEMS, delirium with the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Units (CAM-ICU), and vigilance with the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). Revenues were retrieved from the institution's patient data management system, and costs calculated with the Budget Calculation Tool 2007 provided by the German Society of Anaesthesiologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Delirium was found in 36.2 % of patients (n = 55). TISS-28, TISS-10, and NEMS were not higher in patients with delirium, if corrected for mechanical ventilation. TISS-28, TISS-10, and NEMS were significantly higher in deeply sedated and comatose patients (RASS ≤ - 3, p < 0.001), but not in agitated (RASS ≥ 1) and lightly sedated patients (RASS - 1/- 2). TISS-10 and TISS-28 had a linear correlation (r (2)  = 0.864). Median financial balances were negative, but much more pronounced in patients with delirium that without (- 3174 € with delirium vs. - 1721 € without delirium, p = 0.0147).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The standard workload-scores (TISS-10, TISS-28, NEMS) do not reflect higher daily workload associated with patients with delirium and agitation.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland. u.guenther@uni-bonn.de.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Guenther
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Koegl
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Theuerkauf
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maylahn
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Andorfer
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weykam
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muders
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Deutschland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Putensen
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000191:economics; D064648:Critical Care Nursing / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003693:Delirium / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing*; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups / Q000191:economics; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016526:Workload
keywords: Confusion; Costs and cost analysis; Nursing; Restlessness; Scoring methods