title: Amelioration of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress indices in diabetic Wistar rats using methanol leaf extract of Bridelia micrantha (Hochst) Baill. (Euphorbiaceae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ethnopharmacological practitioners in Nigeria have used aqueous and ethanol extracts of Bridelia micrantha leaves to manage conditions associated with inflammation, and these include diabetes, chest pain, edema, arthritis and joint pains. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of methanol leaf extract of B. micrantha on chronic inflammation and oxidative stress which accompany diabetic conditions, in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino Wistar rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dried leaves were extracted by percolation in 80% methanol:water for 72 h after which the mixture was filtered using Whatman No. 1 (11 μm) filter papers. Acute toxicity studies were done using Wistar rats and given orally up to a dose of 2,000 mg/kg. The animals were monitored for 48 h. The experimental design involved five (5) groups of six (6) albino Wistar diabetic rats each. Groups A, B and C rats received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg B. micrantha respectively while groups D (negative control) and E (positive control) rats received 10 mL/kg normal saline and 200 mg/kg acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) respectively by gastric gavage for 7 days. Two sterilized cotton pellets (10 mg each) were implanted subcutaneously into both sides of the dorsal area of each diabetic rat in all the groups. Post cotton pellet implantation, rats in three groups (A, B and C) were treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg B. micrantha extract, while those in two groups (D and E) were treated with acetyl salicylic acid (ASA 200 mg/kg) and normal saline (10 mL/kg) respectively by gastric gavage for 7 days. Serum obtained from the animals on Day 8 of the cotton pellet test were used for malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The administration of the leaf extract up to a dose of 2,000 mg/kg to rats produced absolutely no death or observable signs of toxicity in 48 h. The cotton pellet granuloma weights in 200 mg/kg (44.88±1.2 mg), 400 mg/kg (42.10±1.2 mg) B. micrantha extract treated groups and ASA at 200 mg/kg (43.25±1.8 mg) were significantly lower compared to weight of granuloma (85.50±3.2 mg) obtained in the group treated with normal saline. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the 200 mg/kg (3.32±0.72 nmol/mL) and 400 mg/kg (1.88±1.27 nmol/mL) B. micrantha extract treated groups were significantly (p<0.05) lower compared to MDA level (6.88±0.79 nmol/mL) in the serum of normal saline treated group. Treatment of diabetic rats with the B. micrantha extract also caused significant (p<0.05) elevation in serum catalase, SOD and GSH levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study showed that B. micrantha methanol leaf extract significantly inhibited some chronic inflammation and oxidative stress parameters in diabetes mellitus.
authors.forename: Chinaka O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Nwaehujor
authors.forename: Rita I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Udegbunam
authors.forename: Julius O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Ode
authors.forename: Onyeka V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Asuzu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D019665:Euphorbiaceae; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006099:Granuloma / Q000188:drug therapy; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018515:Plant Leaves; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D010936:Plant Extracts; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione