title: A perforator from the ulnar artery and cutaneous nerve of the hypothenar area: An anatomical study for clinical application.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The hypothenar perforator flap is a recently introduced method for fingertip reconstruction, which offers excellent results but lacks adequate anatomic studies. The present study is aimed to clarify the anatomic characteristics of the hypothenar area to analyze the potential clinical application of sensate flaps and to access the reliability of hypothenar perforator arteries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 26 amputated forearms were used, and a percentage scattergram using an x-y-axis was created. The y-axis was a vertical line from the midpoint of pisiform base (0%) to the midvolar crease of the metacarpophalangeal joint (100%). The x-axis was a line perpendicular to the y-axis, and was quantified as a percentage value. We then studied the number of perforators, the diameter and length of the pedicle, and evaluated the differences between the zones and sexes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A reliable region for the hypothenar perforator flap, including more than two perforator arteries with an average diameter of over 1 mm, was mapped as 5%-20% on the x-axis and 10%-50% on the y-axis. The nerves appeared to occur more densely than the arteries, with 5%-15% on the x-axis and 25%-60% on the y-axis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most consistent area for sensate flap elevation was the region around 5%-15% on the x-axis and 25%-50% on the y-axis. We expect that our data concerning perforator artery and cutaneous nerve branches in the hypothenar area of the hand will aid in establishing appropriate clinical usage of the hypothenar perforator flap. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 37:49-56, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Ho
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Seong
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: In Beom
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Joon
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Jun
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005383:Finger Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D006225:Hand / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000294:innervation* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D061525:Perforator Flap / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000294:innervation*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation*; D017535:Ulnar Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery