title: Prenatal Programming and Toxicity (PPTOX) Introduction.
abstract: The developmental origin of health and disease hypothesis posits that early-life exposures, including prenatal, can influence disease outcomes throughout the entire lifespan of an organism. Over the past 30 years, scientific researchers have compiled robust epidemiological and mechanistic data showing the effects of early-life nutrition, chemical exposures, and stress on prenatal programing and toxicity. Using novel techniques in genomics and epigenetics, science is now establishing strong links between low-level early-life environmental exposures and the later development of noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease, reproductive effects, immune system function and cancer. Now scientists must engage with communities, industry, policy makers, and clinicians to leverage our newfound understanding of prenatal programing and toxicity into better health outcomes across the lifespan.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
authors.forename: Mark F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004626:Embryology / Q000379:methods; D004704:Endocrinology / Q000379:methods*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D057890:Epigenomics; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011634:Public Health; D012307:Risk Factors; D014116:Toxicology / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States