title: Choice of injury scoring system in low- and middle-income countries: Lessons from Mumbai.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Injury is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Effective trauma surveillance is imperative to guide research and quality improvement interventions, so an accurate metric for quantifying injury severity is crucial. The objectives of this study are (1) to assess the feasibility of calculating five injury scoring systems--ISS (injury severity score), RTS (revised trauma score), KTS (Kampala trauma score), MGAP (mechanism, GCS (Glasgow coma score), age, pressure) and GAP (GCS, age, pressure)--with data from a trauma registry in a lower middle-income country and (2) to determine which of these scoring systems most accurately predicts in-hospital mortality in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective analysis of data from an institutional trauma registry in Mumbai, India. Values for each score were calculated when sufficient data were available. Logistic regression was used to compare the correlation between each score and in-hospital mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were sufficient data recorded to calculate ISS in 73% of patients, RTS in 35%, KTS in 35%, MGAP in 88% and GAP in 92%. ISS was the weakest predictor of in-hospital mortality, while RTS, KTS, MGAP and GAP scores all correlated well with in-hospital mortality (area under ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve 0.69 for ISS, 0.85 for RTS, 0.86 for KTS, 0.84 for MGAP, 0.85 for GAP). Respiratory rate measurements, missing in 63% of patients, were a major barrier to calculating RTS and KTS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the realities of medical practice in low- and middle-income countries, it is reasonable to modify the approach to characterising injury severity to favour simplified injury scoring systems that accurately predict in-hospital mortality despite limitations in trauma registry datasets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: adam.laytin@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Laytin
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Mumbai, India. Electronic address: drvineetkumar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vineet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: catherine.juillard@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Juillard
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Hospital, Mumbai, India. Electronic address: sarangbhakti@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bhakti
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarang
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Mumbai, India; Department of Surgery, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Hospital, Mumbai, India. Electronic address: alashoher@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lashoher
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Hospital, Mumbai, India. Electronic address: nroy@jhsph.edu.
authors.forename: Nobhojit
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: dickerr@sfghsurg.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Rochelle A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dicker
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D016015:Logistic Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014218:Triage / Q000379:methods; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: India; Injury scoring; Low- and middle-income countries; Trauma registry