title: Analysis of putative mucosal SHIV susceptibility factors during repeated DMPA treatments in pigtail macaques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) has been associated in some studies with increased HIV susceptibility in women. We used a pigtail macaque model to document the effects of repeated DMPA treatments and their potential contribution to increased SHIV susceptibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine pigtails were administered 2.5, 1.5, or 0.5 mg/kg DMPA in study weeks one and four. Menstrual cycling, vaginal epithelial thickness, and other SHIV susceptibility factors were monitored for a mean of 24 study weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All DMPA treatments suppressed menstrual cycling and increased vaginal pH. The vaginal epithelium thinned naturally during baseline menstrual cycles (from mean of 351 to 161 μm in late-luteal phase). Following DMPA, the non-nucleated layer was temporarily absent. Two weeks post-second DMPA injection, mean epithelial thickness was 53, 45, and 167 μm for the descending doses, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All animals showed temporal vaginal epithelial thinning with loss of the non-nucleated layer, and vaginal pH changes post-DMPA injections.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Disease and Tuberculosis Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.affiliation: Total Solutions, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Shanon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Disease and Tuberculosis Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Tara R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Henning
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Jeltley
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Montague
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Sherif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaki
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Disease and Tuberculosis Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Garber
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Disease and Tuberculosis Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Janet M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McNicholl
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Disease and Tuberculosis Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Ellen N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Kersh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000821:virology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008254:Macaca nemestrina; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D011374:Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000821:virology*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000502:physiology*; D014621:Vagina / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D011374:Progesterone; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
keywords: contraception; non-human primates; transmission risk