title: Inverse Relationship between Coffee Consumption and Cerebral Microbleeds in Men, but Not Women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies evaluating the association between coffee consumption and neurovascular diseases have frequently yielded contradictory results. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of coffee consumption with small-vessel disease (SVD) incidence in a healthy urban population while accounting for multiple demographic and lifestyle risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study conducted from May 2013 through March 2014 included 455 participants (314 men and 141 women) aged 25 to 92 years. All subjects completed a questionnaire on coffee consumption and received a comprehensive neurologic examination, including magnetic resonance imaging, at St. Luke's International Hospital (Tokyo, Japan).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence of SVD was lower in male daily coffee drinkers than male nondrinkers and occasional drinkers, whereas incidence of white matter lesions was lower in female daily coffee drinkers than female nondrinkers or occasional drinkers. In multivariate analyses including age, sex, smoking status, and BMI, as well as coffee consumption, incidence of microbleeds was significantly lower in male daily coffee drinkers compared to nondrinkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily coffee consumption is associated with reduced risk of cerebral microbleeds in men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: mashino@luke.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinoda
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neuroendovascular Therapy, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Motoharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawatsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroendovascular Therapy, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uemura
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroendovascular Therapy, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasunari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niimi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee
keywords: Coffee consumption; beverage; microbleeds; small-vessel disease