title: Combined Flux Chamber and Genomics Approach Links Nitrous Acid Emissions to Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria and Archaea in Urban and Agricultural Soil.
abstract: Nitrous acid (HONO) is a photochemical source of hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide in the atmosphere that stems from abiotic and biogenic processes, including the activity of ammonia-oxidizing soil microbes. HONO fluxes were measured from agricultural and urban soil in mesocosm studies aimed at characterizing biogenic sources and linking them to indigenous microbial consortia. Fluxes of HONO from agricultural and urban soil were suppressed by addition of a nitrification inhibitor and enhanced by amendment with ammonium (NH4(+)), with peaks at 19 and 8 ng m(-2) s(-1), respectively. In addition, both agricultural and urban soils were observed to convert (15)NH4(+) to HO(15)NO. Genomic surveys of soil samples revealed that 1.5-6% of total expressed 16S rRNA sequences detected belonged to known ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea. Peak fluxes of HONO were directly related to the abundance of ammonia-oxidizer sequences, which in turn depended on soil pH. Peak HONO fluxes under fertilized conditions are comparable in magnitude to fluxes reported during field campaigns. The results suggest that biogenic HONO emissions will be important in soil environments that exhibit high nitrification rates (e.g., agricultural soil) although the widespread occurrence of ammonia oxidizers implies that biogenic HONO emissions are also possible in the urban and remote environment.
authors.affiliation: School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-2204, United States.
authors.forename: Nicole K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Scharko
authors.affiliation: Integrated Program in the Environment, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-2204, United States.
authors.forename: Ursel M E
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Schütte
authors.affiliation: School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-2204, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Berke
authors.affiliation: School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-2204, United States.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Banina
authors.affiliation: School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-2204, United States.
authors.forename: Hannah R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Peel
authors.affiliation: School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-2204, United States.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.affiliation: Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7005, United States.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hemmerich
authors.affiliation: School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-2204, United States.|Integrated Program in the Environment, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-2204, United States.
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-2204, United States.|Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States.
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Raff
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D001105:Archaea / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry; D020562:Betaproteobacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D007196:Indiana; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D058465:Nitrification; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D009608:Nitrous Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014507:Urbanization
chemical_list: D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012987:Soil; D000641:Ammonia; D009608:Nitrous Acid