title: Posterior Parietal Cortex Encoding of Dynamic Hand Force Underlying Hand-Object Interaction.
abstract: Major achievements of primate evolution are skilled hand-object interaction and tool use, both in part dependent on parietal cortex expansion. We recorded spiking activity from macaque inferior parietal cortex during directional manipulation of an isometric tool, which required the application of hand forces to control a cursor's motion on a screen. In areas PFG/PF, the activity of ∼ 70% neurons was modulated by the hand force necessary to implement the desired target motion, reflecting an inverse model, rather than by the intended motion of the visual cursor (forward model). The population vector matched the direction and amplitude of the instantaneous force increments over time. When exposed to a new force condition, that obliged the monkey to change the force output to successfully bring the cursor to the final target, the activity of a consistent subpopulation of neurons changed in an orderly fashion and, at the end of a "Wash-out" session, retained memory of the new learned association, at the service of predictive control of force. Our findings suggest that areas PFG/PF represent a crucial node of the distributed control of hand force, by encoding instantaneous force variations and serving as a memory reservoir of hand dynamics required for object manipulation and tool use. This is coherent with previous studies in humans showing the following: (1) impaired adaptation to a new force field under TMS parietal perturbation; (2) defective control of direction of hand force after parietal lesion; and (3) fMRI activation of parietal cortex during object manipulation requiring control of fine hand forces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skilled object manipulation and tool use are major achievements of primate evolution, both largely dependent on posterior parietal cortex (PPC) expansion. Neurophysiological and fMRI studies in macaque and humans had documented a crucial role of PPC in encoding the hand kinematics underlying these functions, leaving to premotor and motor areas the role of specifying the underlying hand forces. We recorded spiking activity from macaque PPC during manipulation of an isometric tool and found that population activity is not only modulated by the dynamic hand force and its change over time, but also retains memory of the exerted force, as a reservoir to guide of future hand action. This suggests parallel parietal encoding of hand dynamics and kinematics during object manipulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrari-Toniolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Visco-Comandini
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Odysseas
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Papazachariadis
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caminiti
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy alexandra.battagliamayer@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Battaglia-Mayer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: hand force; inferior parietal lobule; isometric action; parietal cortex; population vector; visuomotor trasformations