title: Reproducibility and Validity of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Assessing Dietary Consumption via the Dietary Pattern Method in a Chinese Rural Population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to assess the reproducibility and validity of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that was developed to assess the overall dietary consumption via dietary pattern method in a rural population in southwest China.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 179 participants aged between 40 and 70 years old were included in this study. Participants administered FFQ at baseline (FFQ1) and one year later (FFQ2) to assess the reproducibility. Six 3-day 24-hour recalls (24HRs) were completed between the administrations of two FFQs to determine the validity. Dietary patterns from three separate dietary sources were derived by using principle component factor analysis. Comparisons between dietary pattern scores were made by using Pearson or intraclass correlation coefficient, cross-classification analysis, weighted kappa (κ) statistic and Bland-Altman analysis. The de-attenuated method was adopted to correct the monthly and seasonally variation and the partial correlation analysis was used correct the influence by total energy intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two major dietary factors, labeled as prudent pattern and processed food pattern, were identified. The prudent pattern was characterized by higher factor loadings of wheat, rice, fresh vegetables, bean products, nuts, red meat, white meat and fresh eggs; and the processed food pattern was characterized by higher factor loadings of pickled vegetables, preserved vegetables and salted meat. Between Two FFQs, intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.57 for prudent pattern and 0.55 for processed food pattern, partial Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.51 for the prudent pattern and 0.56 for the processed food pattern; weighted κ statistic ranged from 0.45 (for the prudent pattern) to 0.56 (for the processed food pattern). Between FFQs and 24HRs, de-attenuated correlation coefficients ranged from 0.54 to 0.78 for the prudent pattern and from 0.55 to 0.61 for the processed food pattern; partial Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.41 to 0.56 for the prudent pattern and from 0.42 to 0.44 for the processed food pattern; weighted κ statistic ranged from 0.42 to 0.46 for prudent pattern and from 0.43 to 0.60 for processed food pattern. The Bland-Altman plots and limits of agreement indicated that the deviation/divergence was not obvious for both of the patterns between FFQ1 and FFQ2 and between FFQs and 24HRs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study suggests that the FFQ is reasonably reproducible and valid to assess the overall dietary consumption via dietary pattern methods in the Chinese rural population.
authors.affiliation: JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Xudong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Occupational and Environmental Health Academy, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Xiaorong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Occupational and Environmental Health Academy, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Sihao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Therapeutic Vaccine, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qingkun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Xiangqian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lao
authors.affiliation: Hong Kong Occupational and Environmental Health Academy, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Ignatius Tak-Sun
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China; D015930:Diet Records; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012424:Rural Population; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires