title: Dietary exposure to benzoxazinoids enhances bacteria-induced monokine responses by peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
abstract: METHODS
  To examine potentially immunomodulating effects of dietary benzoxazinoids (BXs), present in cereal grains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen healthy volunteers were randomly distributed into two groups, who received diets with high or low content of BXs for 3 wk. After a week's wash-out, the groups switched diets. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or tetanus toxoid (TT). PBMCs from a healthy donor received the same stimuli in presence of serum from each participant receiving BXs. The production of monokines, T-cell cytokines and T-helper cell proliferation were assessed. A 3-wk diet with high BX content enhanced IL-1β responses against LPS and P. gingivalis, as well as TNF-α response against P. gingivalis, after 24 h of stimulation. Moreover, IL-6 was found to be increased after 7 days of stimulation with LPS. No effect was observed on T-cell cytokines or proliferation. BX levels in serum after a single meal did not modify cytokine responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High dietary intake of BXs enhances bacteria-induced production of pro-inflammatory monokines by PBMCs, but not T-cell responses; presumably due to intrinsic changes within PBMCs, built up over 3 wk of BX-rich diet, rather than to an immediate effects of BXs contained in serum.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Infectious Medicine and Rheumatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Dres
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Damgaard
authors.affiliation: Allergy Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark.
authors.forename: Bettina Margrethe
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Infectious Medicine and Rheumatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Thrombosis Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Yaseelan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Palarasah
authors.affiliation: Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Infectious Medicine and Rheumatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Michael Friberg Bruun
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark.
authors.forename: Khem Bahadur
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Adhikari
authors.affiliation: Allergy Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark.
authors.forename: Heidi Julius
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schnoor
authors.affiliation: Allergy Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark.
authors.forename: Nanna
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Juel-Berg
authors.affiliation: Allergy Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark.
authors.forename: Inge S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Fomsgaard
authors.affiliation: Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Infectious Medicine and Rheumatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Claus Henrik
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D015846:Monokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D048588:Benzoxazines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D015846:Monokines; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid
keywords: Benzoxazinoids; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharide; Monokines; Porphyromonas gingivalis