title: Biochemical properties of retinoid-converting enzymes and biotechnological production of retinoids.
abstract: Retinoids are a class of compounds that are forms of vitamin A and include retinal, retinol, retinoic acid, and retinyl ester. Retinal is involved in visual cycle, retinol has anti-infective, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-wrinkle functions, and retinoic acid is used to treat acne and cancer. Retinol, retinoic acid, and retinyl ester are used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. In this article, the biochemical properties and active sites and reaction mechanisms of retinoid-converting enzymes in animals and bacteria, including retinol dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, aldo-keto reductase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase, are reviewed. The production of retinoids, using retinoid-producing enzymes and metabolically engineered cells, is also described. Uncharacterized bacterial proteins are suggested as retinoid-converting enzymes, and the production of retinoids using metabolically engineered cells is proposed as a feasible method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Hye
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Kyoung-Rok
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Deok-Kun
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000074408:Aldo-Keto Reductases; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012176:Retinoids / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012176:Retinoids; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; D000074408:Aldo-Keto Reductases; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase; C022520:retinol dehydrogenase; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase