title: Extrapolation of enalapril efficacy from adults to children using pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To extrapolate enalapril efficacy to children 0-6 years old, a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model was built using literature data, with blood pressure as the PD endpoint.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PK model of enalapril was developed from literature paediatric data up to 16 years old. A PD model of enalapril was fitted to adult literature response vs time data with various doses. The final PKPD model was validated with literature paediatric efficacy observations (diastolic blood pressure (DBP) drop after 2 weeks of treatment) in children of age 6 years and higher. The model was used to predict enalapril efficacy for ages 0-6 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A two-compartment PK model was chosen with weight, reflecting indirectly age as a covariate on clearance and central volume. An indirect link PD model was chosen to describe drug effect. External validation of the model's capability to predict efficacy in children was successful. Enalapril efficacy was extrapolated to ages 1-11 months and 1-6 years finding the mean DBP drop 11.2 and 11.79 mmHg, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mathematical modelling was used to extrapolate enalapril efficacy to young children to support a paediatric investigation plan targeting a paediatric-use marketing authorization application.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Irene-Ariadne
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Kechagia
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Research Operations, Pharmathen SA, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Lida
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kalantzi
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Aristides
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dokoumetzidis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004656:Enalapril / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004656:Enalapril
keywords: enalapril; paediatric investigation plan; pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic extrapolation