title: Development of bio-composites with novel characteristics: Evaluation of phenol-induced antibacterial, biocompatible and biodegradable behaviours.
abstract: This paper describes a laccase-assisted grafting of gallic acid (GA) and thymol (T) as functional entities onto the previously developed P(3HB)-g-EC composite. GA-g-P(3HB)-g-EC and T-g-P(3HB)-g-EC bio-composites were prepared by laccase-assisted free radical-induced graft polymerisation of GA and T onto the P(3HB)-g-EC based composite using surface dipping and incorporation technique. The results of the antibacterial evaluation for the prepared composites indicated that 15GA-g-P(3HB)-g-EC, 15T-g-P(3HB)-g-EC and 20T-g-P(3HB)-g-EC composites possessed the strongest bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis NCTC 3610 and Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571 and Gram-negative Escherichia coli NTCT 10418 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 10662 strains. In this study, we have also tested GA-g-P(3HB)-g-EC and T-g-P(3HB)-g-EC bio-composites for their ability to support and maintain multilineage differentiation of human keratinocyte-like (HaCaT) skin cells in-vitro. From the cytotoxicity results, the tested composites showed 100% viability and did not induce any adverse effect on a HaCaT's morphology. Finally, in soil burial evaluation, a progressive increase in the degradation rate of GA-g-P(3HB)-g-EC and T-g-P(3HB)-g-EC bio-composites was recorded with the passage of time up to 6 weeks. In summary, our current findings suggest that GA-g-P(3HB)-g-EC and T-g-P(3HB)-g-EC bio-composites are promising candidates for biomedical type applications such as skin regeneration, multiphasic tissue engineering and/or medical implants.
authors.affiliation: Applied Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London W1 W 6UW, United Kingdom. Electronic address: hafiz.iqbal@my.westminster.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Hafiz M N
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: Applied Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London W1 W 6UW, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Godfrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kyazze
authors.affiliation: Applied Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London W1 W 6UW, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ian C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Locke
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tron
authors.affiliation: Applied Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London W1 W 6UW, United Kingdom. Electronic address: t.keshavarz@westminster.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Tajalli
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Keshavarz
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental / Q000187:drug effects; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D019800:Phenol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012987:Soil; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D012987:Soil; D019800:Phenol; D005707:Gallic Acid
keywords: Antibacterial; Bio-composite, Gallic acid; HaCaT compatible; Laccase; Thymol