title: 1H-MRS Measured Ectopic Fat in Liver and Muscle in Danish Lean and Obese Children and Adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This cross sectional study aims to investigate the associations between ectopic lipid accumulation in liver and skeletal muscle and biochemical measures, estimates of insulin resistance, anthropometry, and blood pressure in lean and overweight/obese children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasting plasma glucose, serum lipids, serum insulin, and expressions of insulin resistance, anthropometry, blood pressure, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy of liver and muscle fat were obtained in 327 Danish children and adolescents aged 8-18 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 287 overweight/obese children, the prevalences of hepatic and muscular steatosis were 31% and 68%, respectively, whereas the prevalences in 40 lean children were 3% and 10%, respectively. A multiple regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, body mass index z-score (BMI SDS), and pubertal development showed that the OR of exhibiting dyslipidemia was 4.2 (95%CI: [1.8; 10.2], p = 0.0009) when hepatic steatosis was present. Comparing the simultaneous presence of hepatic and muscular steatosis with no presence of steatosis, the OR of exhibiting dyslipidemia was 5.8 (95%CI: [2.0; 18.6], p = 0.002). No significant associations between muscle fat and dyslipidemia, impaired fasting glucose, or blood pressure were observed. Liver and muscle fat, adjusted for age, sex, BMI SDS, and pubertal development, associated to BMI SDS and glycosylated hemoglobin, while only liver fat associated to visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue and intramyocellular lipid associated inversely to high density lipoprotein cholesterol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatic steatosis is associated with dyslipidemia and liver and muscle fat depositions are linked to obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions, especially glycosylated hemoglobin, in children and adolescents, which suggest an increased cardiovascular disease risk.
authors.affiliation: The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Cilius Esmann
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Fonvig
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Elizaveta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chabanova
authors.affiliation: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ehm Astrid
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark.
authors.forename: Johanne Dam
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ohrt
authors.affiliation: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Oluf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; University of Southern Denmark, Faculty of Health Sciences, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Henrik S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.affiliation: The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens-Christian
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Holm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003718:Denmark; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000473:pathology; D016014:Linear Models; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000473:pathology*; D050177:Overweight; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology*; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D011627:Puberty; D012737:Sex Factors; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids