title: Imaging predictors of remission to anti-depressant medications in major depressive disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We review what is currently known about neuroimaging predictors of remission in major depressive disorder (MDD) after antidepressant medication (ADM) treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search found a total of twenty-seven studies comparing baseline neuroimaging findings in depressed patients who achieved remission with non-remitters following treatment with ADMs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen of these studies utilised structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These studies associated larger hippocampal (four studies) and cingulate volume (two studies) with remission. Two diffusion MRI studies identified a positive relationship between the fractional anisotropy of the cingulum bundle and remission. White matter signal hyperintensities were quantified in two papers - both observing decreased remission rates with increasing lesion burden. Nine studies on functional imaging met inclusion criteria - three using functional MRI, one with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and five which evaluated patients with positron emission tomography (PET). These findings were not convergent, with different regions of interest interrogated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studies were generally underpowered. Overall these data were heterogeneous with only a small number identifying concordant findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At present, the data remains inconsistent. The more promising biomarker of remission to ADMs appears to be hippocampal size, although this marker also has conflicting reports. Given remission should be the primary end-point of treatment, and that ADMs are the front-line treatment type for MDD, more focussed research is required to focus specifically on the imaging correlates of remission to ADMs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Kee F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute and Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Mayuresh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korgaonkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute and Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: stuart.grieve@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Stuart M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Grieve
mesh_terms: D016880:Anisotropy; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D058068:Endophenotypes; D005260:Female; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D059906:Neuroimaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D012074:Remission Induction / Q000379:methods; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D066127:White Matter / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents
keywords: Antidepressant medications; Major depressive disorder; Neuroimaging; Remission