title: On the origins of the linear no-threshold (LNT) dogma by means of untruths, artful dodges and blind faith.
abstract: This paper is an historical assessment of how prominent radiation geneticists in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s successfully worked to build acceptance for the linear no-threshold (LNT) dose-response model in risk assessment, significantly impacting environmental, occupational and medical exposure standards and practices to the present time. Detailed documentation indicates that actions taken in support of this policy revolution were ideologically driven and deliberately and deceptively misleading; that scientific records were artfully misrepresented; and that people and organizations in positions of public trust failed to perform the duties expected of them. Key activities are described and the roles of specific individuals are documented. These actions culminated in a 1956 report by a Genetics Panel of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) on Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation (BEAR). In this report the Genetics Panel recommended that a linear dose response model be adopted for the purpose of risk assessment, a recommendation that was rapidly and widely promulgated. The paper argues that current international cancer risk assessment policies are based on fraudulent actions of the U.S. NAS BEAR I Committee, Genetics Panel and on the uncritical, unquestioning and blind-faith acceptance by regulatory agencies and the scientific community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. Electronic address: edwardc@schoolph.umass.edu.
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Calabrese
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D016014:Linear Models; D009307:National Academy of Sciences, U.S.; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods; D015871:Scientific Misconduct; D020711:Threshold Limit Values; D014481:United States
keywords: Cancer; Dose–response; Ionizing radiation; LNT; Linear dose response; Mutation; Risk assessment