title: Likelihood of Null Effects of Large NHLBI Clinical Trials Has Increased over Time.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We explore whether the number of null results in large National Heart Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) funded trials has increased over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified all large NHLBI supported RCTs between 1970 and 2012 evaluating drugs or dietary supplements for the treatment or prevention of cardiovascular disease. Trials were included if direct costs >$500,000/year, participants were adult humans, and the primary outcome was cardiovascular risk, disease or death. The 55 trials meeting these criteria were coded for whether they were published prior to or after the year 2000, whether they registered in clinicaltrials.gov prior to publication, used active or placebo comparator, and whether or not the trial had industry co-sponsorship. We tabulated whether the study reported a positive, negative, or null result on the primary outcome variable and for total mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  17 of 30 studies (57%) published prior to 2000 showed a significant benefit of intervention on the primary outcome in comparison to only 2 among the 25 (8%) trials published after 2000 (χ2=12.2,df= 1, p=0.0005). There has been no change in the proportion of trials that compared treatment to placebo versus active comparator. Industry co-sponsorship was unrelated to the probability of reporting a significant benefit. Pre-registration in clinical trials.gov was strongly associated with the trend toward null findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number NHLBI trials reporting positive results declined after the year 2000. Prospective declaration of outcomes in RCTs, and the adoption of transparent reporting standards, as required by clinicaltrials.gov, may have contributed to the trend toward null findings.
authors.affiliation: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.affiliation: Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America.
authors.forename: Veronica L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Irvin
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D054555:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.); D011643:Publishing; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012042:Registries; D012107:Research Design; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States