title: From estimating activation locality to predicting disorder: A review of pattern recognition for neuroimaging-based psychiatric diagnostics.
abstract: Psychiatric disorders are increasingly being recognised as having a biological basis, but their diagnosis is made exclusively behaviourally. A promising approach for 'biomarker' discovery has been based on pattern recognition methods applied to neuroimaging data, which could yield clinical utility in future. In this review we survey the literature on pattern recognition for making diagnostic predictions in psychiatric disorders, and evaluate progress made in translating such findings towards clinical application. We evaluate studies on many criteria, including data modalities used, the types of features extracted and algorithm applied. We identify problems common to many studies, such as a relatively small sample size and a primary focus on estimating generalisability within a single study. Furthermore, we highlight challenges that are not widely acknowledged in the field including the importance of accommodating disease prevalence, the necessity of more extensive validation using large carefully acquired samples, the need for methodological innovations to improve accuracy and to discriminate between multiple disorders simultaneously. Finally, we identify specific clinical contexts in which pattern recognition can add value in the short to medium term.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: t.wolfers@donders.ru.nl.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wolfers
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.affiliation: Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christian F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Beckmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.affiliation: Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, LondonUnited Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andre F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Marquand
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Autism spectrum disorder; Bipolar disorder; Magnetic resonance imaging; Major depressive disorder; Mental disorders; Obsessive compulsive disorder; Pattern recognition; Post-traumatic stress disorder; Psychiatric diagnostics; Psychiatric disorders; Schizophrenia; Social anxiety disorder; Specific phobia