title: Use of Smartphones as Adjuvant Tools for Cervical Cancer Screening in Low-Resource Settings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to evaluate the feasibility and performance of smartphone digital images for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) as an adjunct to a conventional visual inspection approach with acetic acid (VIA) and Lugol's iodine (VILI), in comparison with detection by histopathologic examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred women were primarily screened for human papillomavirus (HPV) using self-collected vaginal specimens. Human papillomavirus-positive women were then invited for VIA and VILI, which were interpreted as (i) nonpathological, (ii) pathological or, (iii) inconclusive. Cervical smearing, endocervical brushing, and cervical biopsies were performed. Digital images of the cervix were taken with a smartphone and evaluated offsite by experienced health care providers. Sensitivity and specificity for CIN2+ were compared between on-site and off-site observers, using histopathological diagnosis as the criterion standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-eight HPV-positive women were screened for cervical cancer. Overall, 7 cases of CIN2+ (8.0%) were diagnosed using biopsy specimens. The on-site physician obtained a sensitivity of 28.6% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3.7-71) and a specificity of 87.2% (95% CI, 77.7- 93.7). The off-site physicians obtained a sensitivity ranging between 42.9% (95% CI, 9.9-81.6; p = 1) and 85.7% (95% CI, 42.1-99.6; p = .13) and a specificity between 48.1% (95% CI, 36.5- 59.7; p < .001) and 79.2% (95% CI, 68.5-87.6; p = .10). Comparison between observers did not reach significance. Observers assessed 95.6% of all images as very good or acceptable for interpretation purpose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smartphone images may be a useful adjunct to conventional VIA and VILI for the detection of CIN2+ and improve cervical cancer screening in low-resource settings.
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Gynecology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; 2Saint-Damien Health-Care Center, Ambanja, Madagascar; and 3Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ricard-Gauthier
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wisniak
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Catarino
authors.forename: Annabelle Faure
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: van Rossum
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Meyer-Hamme
authors.forename: Raluca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Negulescu
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scaringella
authors.forename: Jeromine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jinoro
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vassilakos
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Petignat
mesh_terms: D065311:Adenocarcinoma in Situ / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010781:Photography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000068997:Smartphone; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology