title: Implementing cognitive therapies into routine psychosis care: organisational foundations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment outcomes for people diagnosed with psychosis remain suboptimal due in part to the limited systematic application of evidence based practice (Adm Policy Ment Health, 36: 1-7, 2009) [1]. The Implementation science literature identifies a number of factors organisationally that need to be considered when planning to introduce a particular EBP. Profiling these organisational characteristics at baseline, prior to commencement of service reform can determine the focus of a subsequent implementation plan. This study examined the organisational baseline factors existing in two services promoting the routine use of cognitive interventions for psychosis. One of the services studied has since undertaken organisational structural reform to facilitate the greater uptake of Evidence Based Practice (EBP). The results of this study were used to design an implementation strategy to make cognitive therapies a part of routine psychosis care.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred-and-six mental health staff from two metropolitan mental health services in Australia was surveyed to ascertain their attitudes, competencies and interest in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for psychosis (CBTp) and Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT). In addition perceptions of organisational values were profiled using the Organisational Culture Profile (OCP). Fifty five participants were excluded because they completed less than 50% of the survey. The final sample consisted of 51 participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  48.1% of surveys were completed. Over 50% of staff were interested in CBTp and CRT approaches to psychosis. Staff were aware of existing CBTp and CRT programs but these were not uniformly available throughout the services. Fourteen percent of staff identified as CBT therapist and 35% were trained CRT facilitators. Only 12% of staff were receiving therapy specific supervision. The Organisational Culture Profile (OCP) at baseline revealed highest scores amongst leadership, planning, and humanistic workplace domains, with communication receiving the lowest rating indicative of organisational weakness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Profiling the factors associated with successful implementation of service reform informed the implementation planning and the efficient deployment of resources in a mental health service introducing cognitive therapies for psychosis into routine clinical care. The majority of staff had positive attitudes to the evidence based cognitive therapies allowing a focus on training and supervision and the development of supporting organisational elements.
authors.affiliation: School Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia. Frances.dark@health.qld.gov.au.
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dark
authors.affiliation: School Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia. h.whiteford@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Harvey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Whiteford
authors.affiliation: Business School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia. n.ashkanasy@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Neal M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ashkanasy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosocial Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. c.harvey@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.affiliation: Metro South Mental Health District, Sanders Street, Upper Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia. David.crompton@health.qld.gov.au.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Crompton
authors.affiliation: Metro South Health District, 519 Kessels Road, Macgregor, QLD, 4109, Australia. ellie.newman@health.qld.gov.au.
authors.forename: Ellie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Newman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D005260:Female; D005582:Foundations; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services; D008875:Middle Aged; D010465:Perception; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome