title: Continuous microwave flow synthesis of mesoporous hydroxyapatite.
abstract: We have successfully used continuous microwave flow synthesis (CMFS) technique for the template free synthesis of mesoporous hydroxyapatite. The continuous microwave flow reactor consisted of a modified 2.45GHz household microwave, peristaltic pumps and a Teflon coil. This cost effective and efficient system was exploited to produce semi-crystalline phase pure nano-sized hydroxyapatite. Effect of microwave power, retention time and the concentration of reactants on the phase purity, degree of crystallinity and surface area of the final product was studied in detail. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to study the phase purity and composition of the product, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the effect of process parameters on the morphology of hydroxyapatite. The TEM analysis confirmed the formation of spherical particles at low microwave power; however the morphology of the particles changed to mesoporous needle and rod-like structure upon exposing the reaction mixture to higher microwave power and longer retention time inside the microwave. The in-vitro ion dissolution behavior of the as synthesized hydroxyapatite was studied by determining the amount of Ca(2+) ion released in SBF solution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akram
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ammar Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Alshemary
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yi-Fan
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Wan Aini
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Wan Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials (CSNano), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hendrik O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Lintang
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials (CSNano), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. Electronic address: rafaqat@kimia.fs.utm.my.
authors.forename: Rafaqat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hussain
mesh_terms: D017886:Durapatite / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008872:Microwaves; D016062:Porosity
chemical_list: D017886:Durapatite
keywords: Biomaterial; Calcium phosphate; Continuous microwave flow synthesis; Hydroxyapatite; Orthopedic