title: Procedural surgical skill assessment in laparoscopic training environments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to identify detailed differences in laparoscopic surgical processes between expert and novice surgeons in a training environment and demonstrate that surgical process modeling can be used for such detailed analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven expert surgeons each of whom had performed [Formula: see text] laparoscopic procedures were compared with 10 young surgeons each of whom had performed [Formula: see text] laparoscopic procedures, and five medical students. Each examinee performed a specific skill assessment task. During tasks, instrument motion was monitored using a video capture system. From the video, the corresponding workflow was recorded by labeling the surgeons' activities according to a predefined terminology. Activities represented manual work steps performed during the task, described by a combination of a verb (representing the action), a tool, and the involved structure. The results were described as the number of occurrences (times), average duration (seconds), total duration (seconds), minimal duration (seconds), maximal duration (seconds), and occupancy percentage (%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The terminology for describing the processes of this task included 10 actions, six tools, four structures, and three events for each hand. There were 63 combinations of different possible activities; significant differences in 12 activities were observed between the expert and novice groups (young surgeons and medical students). The expert group performed the task with fewer occurrences and shorter duration than did the novice group in the left hand.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified differences in surgical process between experts and novices in laparoscopic surgical simulation. Our proposed method would be useful for education and training in laparoscopic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. munenori@dem.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Munenori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uemura
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1099, 35000, Rennes, France.|LTSI, Université de Rennes 1, 35000, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jannin
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Medicine and Innovative Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Morimasa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akahoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Medicine and Innovative Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Obata
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Medicine and Innovative Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryota
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Souzaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Medicine and Innovative Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ieiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.|Department of Advanced Medicine and Innovative Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashizume
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education*; D061646:Operative Time; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Laparoscopic surgery; Surgical process model; Surgical skills; Surgical training