title: Addressing Antibiotic Resistance Requires Robust International Accountability Mechanisms.
abstract: A proposed international agreement on antibiotic resistance will depend on robust accountability mechanisms for real-world impact. This article examines the central aspects of accountability relationships in international agreements and lays out ways to strengthen them. We provide a menu of accountability mechanisms that facilitate transparency, oversight, complaint, and enforcement, describe how these mechanisms can promote compliance, and identify key considerations for a proposed international agreement on antibiotic resistance. These insights can be useful for bringing about the revolutionary changes that new international agreements aspire to achieve.
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor of Law and Director of the Global Strategy Lab at the University of Ottawa with courtesy appointments as an Assistant Professor of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics (Part-Time) at McMaster University and Adjunct Associate Professor of Global Health & Population at Harvard University. He previously worked or the Ontario Ministry of Health & Long-Term Care, World Health Organization, and the Executive Office of the United Nations Secretary-General.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of International Public Health at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health in Oslo, Norway, the Department of Global Public Health & Primary Care at the University of Bergen in Bergen, Norway, and the Global Strategy Lab at the University of Ottawa's Faculty of Law in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Trygve
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ottersen
mesh_terms: D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D012941:Social Responsibility