title: Self-assembled betulinic acid augments immunomodulatory activity associates with IgG response.
abstract: Studies relating to the adjuvanic role of self assembly, nanosized betulinic acid (SA-BA) are relatively limited. The concept of immunostimulatory activity of SA-BA is based on the activation of immune system against cancer antigen. This study showed that SA-BA, a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from the bark of the Ziziphus jujube tree, elevated the immunological functions of cancer antigen in anticancer immunotherapy. We found that, SA-BA pulsed human macrophages secreted elevated level of pro-inflammatory cytokines with an increased CD4(+) cell population. Pulse macrophages were also significantly arrested the KG-1A and K562 cell growth in vitro setup at 1:10 ratio for 48h. The use of TNF-α inhibitors confirmed the association between SA-BA with TNF-α function. SA-BA pulsed macrophages displayed substantial T cell allostimulatory capacity and promoted the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The adjuvanticity of SA-BA was proved by the generation of in vivo IgG response. Collectively, these findings will enrich the biomedical applications of SA-BA as a potent immune stimulating agent. Moreover, the macrophage stimulating efficacy of SA-BA might be an effective way in the cancer immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721 102, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Dash
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721 102, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Sourav
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chattopadhyay
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721 102, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Satyajit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tripathy
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721 102, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Shib Shankar
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dash
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721 102, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Balaram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721 102, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Debasis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur-613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Santanu Kar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mahapatra
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721 102, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Braja Gopal
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Bag
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721 102, West Bengal, India. Electronic address: sroy.vu@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Somenath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000187:drug effects; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D020014:K562 Cells; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000187:drug effects; D000094062:Betulinic Acid
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D016207:Cytokines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D014315:Triterpenes; D000094062:Betulinic Acid
keywords: Cytotoxicity; IgG; SA-BA; T cells; TNF- α