title: Effects of imidacloprid and clothianidin seed treatments on wheat aphids and their natural enemies on winter wheat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wheat aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the major pests of winter wheat and has posed a significant threat to winter wheat production in China. Although neonicotinoid insecticidal seed treatments have been suggested to be a control method, the season-long efficacy on pests and the impact on their natural enemies are still uncertain. Experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of imidacloprid and clothianidin on the control of aphids, the number of their natural enemies and the emergence rate and yield of wheat during 2011-2014.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Imidacloprid and clothianidin seed treatments had no effect on the emergence rate of winter wheat and could prevent yield losses and wheat aphid infestations throughout the winter wheat growing season. Furthermore, their active ingredients were detected in winter wheat leaves up to 200 days after sowing. Imidacloprid and clothianidin seed treatments had no adverse effects on ladybirds, hoverflies or parasitoids, and instead increased the spider-aphid ratios.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Wheat seeds treated with imidacloprid and clothianidin were effective against wheat aphids throughout the winter wheat growing season and reduced the yield loss under field conditions. Imidacloprid and clothianidin seed treatments may be an important component of the integrated management of wheat aphids on winter wheat. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.|Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Xuefeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Yunhe
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids; D000069601:Crop Protection / Q000379:methods*; D006146:Guanidines; D007093:Imidazoles; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects*; D013844:Thiazoles; D014908:Triticum / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D006146:Guanidines; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D013844:Thiazoles; C480342:clothianidin; C082359:imidacloprid
keywords: clothianidin; imidacloprid; seed treatment; wheat; wheat aphid