title: Impact of fruit juice and beverage portion size on snack intake in preschoolers.
abstract: It has been recommended that beverages other than 100% fruit juice, such as water, be served at meals and snacks for preschool-aged children to reduce excessive energy intake. Using a 2 × 2 × 2 design (between-subjects factor of order and within-subjects factors of beverage type and size), 26 children (3.9 ± 0.6 years of age, 50% female, 73% white, and 88.5% non-Hispanic or Latino) completed four, 20-min snack sessions consisting of 200 g of applesauce, 60 g of graham crackers, and either 6 oz. (approximately 180 g) or 12 oz. (approximately 360 g) of 100% berry fruit juice or water, to examine the influence of 100% fruit juice and the portion size of the provided fruit juice, on beverage, food, and overall snack intake. Mixed-factor analyses of covariance revealed a significant (p < 0.05) beverage type and size interaction for amount of beverage consumed, with the 12 oz. juice condition consuming the greatest amount of beverage (226.6 ± 116.4 g), and for energy consumed from food, with the 12 oz. water condition consuming more than the 12 oz. juice condition (117.7 ± 69.1 kcal vs. 88.5 ± 64.1 kcal). A main effect of beverage type was found on overall snack energy intake, with more overall energy consumed when juice was provided (175.4 ± 50.0 kcal vs. 104.8 ± 62.8 kcal, p < 0.001). Providing preschool-aged children with a larger size of beverage at a snack increased beverage and/or food intake, and serving 100% juice led to greater overall snack energy intake. Future research should examine the role of 100% fruit juice, and beverage portion size, in contributing to excessive daily energy intake in preschool-aged children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville TN 37996-1920, USA. Electronic address: enorton4@vols.utk.edu.
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville TN 37996-1920, USA. Electronic address: spoole3@vols.utk.edu.
authors.forename: Seletha A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville TN 37996-1920, USA. Electronic address: hraynor@utk.edu.
authors.forename: Hollie A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Raynor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060766:Drinking Water; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology; D064787:Portion Size; D062410:Snacks
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water
keywords: Beverage; Energy intake; Juice; Portion size; Preschool-aged children; Snack