title: Leptin, IL-6, and suPAR reflect distinct inflammatory changes associated with adiposity, lipodystrophy and low muscle mass in HIV-infected patients and controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV-infected patients could exhibit accelerated ageing, since age-associated complications like sarcopenia; increased inflammation; lipodystrophy with loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue and/or gain of visceral adipose tissue (VAT); and cardiovascular disease occur at an earlier age. Inflammation is involved in age-associated complications. However, it is not understood whether it is the same inflammatory changes that are involved in the various ageing-associated complications. Our objective was to study whether leptin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) were associated distinctively with adiposity, lipodystrophy and sarcopenia, in HIV-infected patients and healthy Controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systemic leptin levels were significantly higher in patients with lipodystrophy than without, whereas there was no difference in IL-6 or suPAR levels. Leptin was significantly positively associated with fat mass index (FMI) and abdominal VAT, but not with lean mass index (LMI). IL-6 was significantly associated with both FMI and VAT, and low LMI. High suPAR was associated with low LMI, and weakly with high FMI and VAT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leptin reflected adiposity- and lipodystrophy-related inflammation, but not sarcopenia. IL-6 reflected both adiposity-, but also sarcopenia-related inflammation; and suPAR was a marker of sarcopenia-related inflammation. Our results indicate that different inflammatory processes can be active simultaneously contributing to the systemic low grade inflammatory state. Identifying major contributors to circulating leptin, IL-6, and suPAR levels could levels could therefore improve our understanding of which inflammatory processes are involved in the various age-related complications.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Langkilde
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: Janne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens Henrik
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: Frank Krieger
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 København Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerstoft
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eugen-Olsen
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark ; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ove
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Andersen
keywords: Aging; HIV; IL-6; Inflammation; Leptin; Lipodystrophy; Obesity; Sarcopenia; suPAR