title: MEASUREMENT: ACCOUNTING FOR RELIABILITY IN PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES.
abstract: When evaluating physician performance measures, physician leaders are faced with the quandary of determining whether departures from expected physician performance measurements represent a true signal or random error. This uncertainty impedes the physician leader's ability and confidence to take appropriate performance improvement actions based on physician performance measurements. Incorporating reliability adjustment into physician performance measurement is a valuable way of reducing the impact of random error in the measurements, such as those caused by small sample sizes. Consequently, the physician executive has more confidence that the results represent true performance and is positioned to make better physician performance improvement decisions. Applying reliability adjustment to physician-level performance data is relatively new. As others have noted previously, it's important to keep in mind that reliability adjustment adds significant complexity to the production, interpretation and utilization of results. Furthermore, the methods explored in this case study only scratch the surface of the range of available Bayesian methods that can be used for reliability adjustment; further study is needed to test and compare these methods in practice and to examine important extensions for handling specialty-specific concerns (e.g., average case volumes, which have been shown to be important in cardiac surgery outcomes). Moreover, it's important to note that the provider group average as a basis for shrinkage is one of several possible choices that could be employed in practice and deserves further exploration in future research. With these caveats, our results demonstrate that incorporating reliability adjustment into physician performance measurements is feasible and can notably reduce the incidence of "real" signals relative to what one would expect to see using more traditional approaches. A physician leader who is interested in catalyzing performance improvement through focused, effective physician performance improvement is well advised to consider the value of incorporating reliability adjustments into their performance measurement system.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Waterman
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sutter
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Burroughs
authors.forename: W Claiborne
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Dunagan
mesh_terms: D000066:Accounting / Q000379:methods*; D008486:Physician Executives; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards*