title: Development of a heptaplex PCR assay for identification of Staphylococcus aureus and CoNS with simultaneous detection of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staphylococcal toxicity and antibiotic resistance (STAAR) have been menacing public health. Although vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) is currently not as widespread as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), genome evolution of MRSA into VRSA, including strains engineered within the same patient under anti-staphylococcal therapy, may build up to future public health concern. To further complicate diagnosis, infection control and anti-microbial chemotherapy, non-sterile sites such as the nares and the skin could contain both S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), either of which could harbour mecA the gene driving staphylococcal methicillin-resistance and required for MRSA-VRSA evolution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A new heptaplex PCR assay has been developed which simultaneously detects seven markers for: i) eubacteria (16S rRNA), ii) Staphylococcus genus (tuf), iii) Staphylococcus aureus (spa), iv) CoNS (cns), v) Panton-Valentine leukocidin (pvl), vi) methicillin resistance (mecA), and vii) vancomycin resistance (vanA). Following successful validation using 255 reference bacterial strains, applicability to analyse clinical samples was evaluated by direct amplification in spiked blood cultures (n = 89) which returned 100 % specificity, negative and positive predictive values. The new assay has LoD of 1.0x10(3) CFU/mL for the 16S rRNA marker and 1.0x10(4) CFU/mL for six other markers and completes cycling in less than one hour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The speed, sensitivity (100 %), NPV (100 %) and PPV (100 %) suggest the new heptaplex PCR assay could be easily integrated into a routine diagnostic microbiology workflow. Detection of the cns marker allows for unique identification of CoNS in mono-microbial and in poly-microbial samples containing mixtures of CoNS and S. aureus without recourse to the conventional elimination approach which is ambiguous. In addition to the SA-CoNS differential diagnostic essence of the new assay, inclusion of vanA primers will allow microbiology laboratories to stay ahead of the emerging MRSA-VRSA evolution. To the best of our knowledge, the new heptaplex PCR assay is the most multiplexed among similar PCR-based assays for simultaneous detection of STAAR.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Healthcare Associated Infections, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences Building, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. okolie.charles@lmu.edu.ng.|Centre for Advanced Research and Development, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria. okolie.charles@lmu.edu.ng.
authors.forename: Charles Emeka
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Okolie
authors.affiliation: Centre for Healthcare Associated Infections, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences Building, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. karl.wooldridge@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Karl G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Wooldridge
authors.affiliation: Centre for Healthcare Associated Infections, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences Building, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. david.turner@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David P J
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Centre for Healthcare Associated Infections, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences Building, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. alan.cockayne@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cockayne
authors.affiliation: Centre for Healthcare Associated Infections, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences Building, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. richard.james@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: James
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013997:Time Factors; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D037521:Virulence Factors