title: Human Poisoning Through Atypical Routes of Exposure.
abstract: There are over 2 million human exposure cases reported to United States poison centers annually. Much of the data involves exposure through ingestion, dermal contact, inhalation, ocular, or parenteral routes. There is limited data characterizing exposure via atypical routes. We conducted a retrospective review of the California Poison Control System Database for a 24-month period from January 2012 to December 2013 for poison exposure that occurred through the otic, vaginal, or rectal route. There were a total of 634 cases involving single-route and single-substance atypical poison exposure. There were 287 (45%) cases of otic exposure, 190 (30.0%) cases of vaginal exposure, and 157 (25%) cases of rectal exposure. Five hundred forty (85%) of the cases were unintentional. Gasoline exposure through the otic route occurred in 83 (13.1%) cases, followed by hydrogen peroxide (4.7%), acetaminophen (3.8%), and miconazole (2.7%). Adverse effects occurred in 336 (53%) cases. No deaths were reported. The most common treatment was observation only, occurring in 396 (62.4%) cases. The majority of the cases did not warrant hospital evaluation (73.5%). This is the first retrospective characterization study of atypical routes of poison exposure. These results may provide education to providers and the public regarding risks of exposure to substances through atypical routes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Niharika
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Behal
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ruzly
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mantara
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. lcantrell@calpoison.org.|California Poison Control System, San Diego Division, 200 W. Arbor Dr., San Diego, 92103-8925, CA, USA. lcantrell@calpoison.org.
authors.forename: F Lee
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Cantrell
mesh_terms: D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000285:Administration, Rectal; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004423:Ear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011039:Poison Control Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011041:Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Otic; Poisoning; Rectal; Vaginal