title: Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery for treating melanoma.
abstract: Melanoma originated from melanocytes is the most aggressive type of skin cancer with limited treatment options. New targeted therapeutic options with the discovery of BRAF and MEK inhibitors have shown significant survival benefits. Despite the recent progress, development of chemoresistance and systemic toxicity remains a challenge for treating metastatic melanoma. While the response from the first line of treatment against melanoma using dacarbazine remains only 5-10%, the prolonged use of targeted therapy against mutated oncogene BRAF develops chemoresistance. In this review, we will discuss the nanoparticle-based strategies for encapsulation and conjugation of drugs to the polymer for maximizing their tumor distribution through enhanced permeability and retention effect. We will also highlight photodynamic therapy and design of melanoma-targeted nanoparticles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA.
authors.forename: Vaibhav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mundra
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA.
authors.forename: Ram I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Mahato
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D053758:Nanoparticles; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003606:Dacarbazine
keywords: active targeting; metastatic melanoma; multidrug resistance; nanoparticles; photodynamic therapy; polymer–drug conjugate; tumor initiating cells