title: Postprandial Effect of a High-Fat Meal on Endotoxemia in Arab Women with and without Insulin-Resistance-Related Diseases.
abstract: This study determined the effects of a high-fat meal on circulating endotoxin and cardiometabolic indices in adult Arab women. The cohort consisted of 92 consenting Saudi women (18 non-diabetic (ND)) control subjects; Age 24.4 ± 7.9 year; body mass index (BMI) 22.2 ± 2.2 Kg/m2), 24 overweight/obese (referred to as overweight-plus (overweight+)) subjects (Age 32.0 ± 7.8 year; BMI 28.5 ± 1.5 Kg/m2) and 50 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients (Age 41.5 ± 6.2 year; BMI 35.2 ± 7.7 Kg/m2). All were given a high-fat meal (standardized meal: 75 g fat, 5 g carbohydrate, 6 g protein) after an overnight fast of 12-14 h. Anthropometrics were obtained and fasting blood glucose, lipids, and endotoxin were serially measured for four consecutive postprandial hours. Endotoxin levels were significantly elevated prior to a high-fat meal in the overweight+ and T2DM than the controls (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the postprandial cardiometabolic changes led to a more detrimental risk profile in T2DM subjects than other groups, with serial changes most notable in glucose, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), and insulin levels (p-values < 0.05). The same single meal given to subjects with different metabolic states had varying impacts on cardiometabolic health. Endotoxemia is exacerbated by a high-fat meal in Arab subjects with T2DM, accompanied by a parallel increase in cardiometabolic risk profile, suggesting disparity in disease pathogenesis of those with or without T2DM through the altered cardiometabolic risk profile rather than variance in metabolic endotoxinaemia with a high-fat meal.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK. malsaif@ksu.edu.sa.|Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. malsaif@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Dara A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Al-Disi
authors.affiliation: Biomarkers Research Program, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. nasiruddin2006@gmail.com.|Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. nasiruddin2006@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nasser M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Al-Daghri
authors.affiliation: Biomarkers Research Program, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. nasiruddin2006@gmail.com.|Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. nasiruddin2006@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nasiruddin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia. dralfadda@hotmail.com.|Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia. dralfadda@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Assim A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Alfadda
authors.affiliation: Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia. sallam_reem@yahoo.com.|Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia. sallam_reem@yahoo.com.|Clinical Chemistry Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia. sallam_reem@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Reem M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Sallam
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. malsaif@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alsaif
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK. nasiruddin2006@gmail.com.|Biomarkers Research Program, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. nasiruddin2006@gmail.com.|Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. nasiruddin2006@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shaun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabico
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK. g.tripathi@warwick.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Gyanendra
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK.
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: McTernan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018912:Arabs; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000209:etiology; D004731:Endotoxins; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004731:Endotoxins; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Arab women; endotoxin; high fat meal; type 2 diabetes mellitus