title: Raloxifene neutralizes the adverse effects of glutamate on cultured neurons by regulation of calcium oscillations.
abstract: Calcium dyshomeostasis is an important pathology of memory impairment. However, the mechanism of how calcium dyshomeostasis impairs neurons has remained elusive. The aim of the present study was to reveal the influence of calcium dyshomeostasis on the expression of calcium memory‑associated proteins and the ability of raloxifene to neutralize the adverse effects of glutamate on cultured neurons by regulation of calcium oscillations. After neurons were treated with various concentrations of glutamate alone or with raloxifene, the expression of calcium memory‑associated proteins and the influence on calcium dyshomeostasis was assessed. The results indicated that glutamate regulated calcium oscillation waves and expression of calcium memory‑associated protein in a concentration‑dependent manner. Raloxifene increased the expression of these proteins as well as neuronal survival. It is therefore concluded that glutamate regulated calcium oscillations in a dose‑dependent manner, while raloxifene protected neurons from destruction through glutamate exposure and at the same time neutralized the decrease in expression of the memory‑associated proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Affiliated First Hospital of Shizuishan, Ningxia Medical University, Shizuishan, Ningxia 753200, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiangyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhendong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Medical College, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Wuhan Brain Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Meina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Teng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical College, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, Hubei 445000, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hongbin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory for Pulmonary Diseases of The Health Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory for Pulmonary Diseases of The Health Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jiwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory for Pulmonary Diseases of The Health Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D018698:Glutamic Acid; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride