title: Verbal and nonverbal indicators of quality of communication between care staff and residents in ethnoculturally and linguistically diverse long-term care settings.
abstract: Linguistic and ethnocultural diversity in long-term residential care is a growing trend in many urban settings. When long-term care staff and residents do not share the same language or ethnocultural background, the quality of their communication and care are jeopardized. There is very little research addressing how staff and residents communicate when they experience a mismatch in their language and ethnocultural backgrounds. Thus, the goals of the present study were to 1) document the verbal and nonverbal behaviours used by staff and residents in diverse interactions, and 2) identify and account for behaviours that either promoted or detracted from positive communication by drawing on principles from 'Communication Accommodation Theory'. Two long-term care facilities in British Columbia Canada were selected due to the diverse linguistic and ethnocultural backgrounds of their staff and residents. Twenty-seven staff and 27 residents consented to being video-recorded during routine activities (e.g., mealtimes, recreational activities). The recorded observations were transcribed, translated, and coded using qualitative descriptive and interpretive analyses. A number of verbal and nonverbal behaviours were identified and interpreted in relation to whether they promoted or detracted from positive communication. The findings point to considering a variety of proactive strategies that staff and administrators could employ to effectively accommodate to language and ethnocultural diversity in long-term care practice.
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, jeffs@audiospeech.ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Small
authors.forename: Sing Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Drance
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Globerman
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hulko
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: JoAnn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002170:Canada; D017028:Caregivers; D003142:Communication; D003704:Dementia / Q000523:psychology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012112:Residential Facilities; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D014741:Video Recording