title: Ferulic Acid Alleviates Changes in a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome Induced by High-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet.
abstract: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Ferulic acid (FA) is the major phenolic compound found in rice oil and various fruits and vegetables. In this study, we examined the beneficial effects of FA in minimizing insulin resistance, vascular dysfunction and remodeling in a rat model of high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic changes, which is regarded as an analogue of metabolic syndrome (MS) in man. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high carbohydrate, high fat (HCHF) diet and 15% fructose in drinking water for 16 weeks, where control rats were fed with standard chow diet and tap water. FA (30 or 60 mg/kg) was orally administered to the HCHF and control rats during the last six weeks of the study. We observed that FA significantly improved insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles, and reduced elevated blood pressure, compared to untreated controls (p < 0.05). Moreover, FA also improved vascular function and prevented vascular remodeling of mesenteric arteries. The effects of FA in HCHF-induced MS may be realized through suppression of oxidative stress by down-regulation of p47phox, increased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability with up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and suppression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Our results suggest that supplementation of FA may have health benefits by minimizing the cardiovascular complications of MS and alleviating its symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ketmanee.879@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ketmanee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Senaphan
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. upa_ku@kku.ac.th.
authors.forename: Upa
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kukongviriyapan
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. weerapons@kkumail.com.
authors.forename: Weerapon
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sangartit
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ppoung@kku.ac.th.
authors.forename: Poungrat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pakdeechote
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. patc_pan@kku.ac.th.
authors.forename: Patchareewan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pannangpetch
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. parpra@kku.ac.th.
authors.forename: Parichat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prachaney
authors.affiliation: Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2ES, UK. s.e.greenwald@qmul.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. veerapol@kku.ac.th.
authors.forename: Veerapol
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kukongviriyapan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005632:Fructose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control*; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005632:Fructose; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C004999:ferulic acid; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat
keywords: endothelial dysfunction; ferulic acid; high-carbohydrate-high-fat diet; inflammation; metabolic syndrome; oxidative stress; vascular remodeling