title: No-React® Injectable BioPulmonic™ valves re-evaluated: discouraging follow-up results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The No-React® Injectable BioPulmonic™ valve (BioIntegral) was introduced for minimally invasive off-pump replacement of the pulmonary valve almost 10 years ago. We present our mid- to long-term follow-up results.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective analysis of all 7 patients treated at our institution at the median age of 9 (range 1-24) years. The children underwent cardiac catheterization when worsening strain on the right heart was suspected after examining their medical history and/or observing significant changes on echocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a median follow-up period lasting 5.2 (range 0.7-6.7) years, all patients presented the indication for recatheterization, particularly because the maximum instantaneous velocity measured by Doppler had revealed systolic gradients of a median 63 (dP 18-74) mmHg across the right ventricular outflow. Catheterization confirmed severe stenosis in 2, and moderate stenosis together with moderate insufficiency in 4 patients. We observed two principal failure mechanisms: technical problems resulting from poor alignment to the right ventricular outflow tract and structural problems leading to neointimal proliferation even in cases with appropriate prosthesis positioning. At median of 5.7 (0.7-7) years after implantation, 6 of the 7 patients underwent valve rereplacement. Redo surgery was necessary in 3, and percutaneous valve-in-valve implantation in the remaining 3 patients. Histological analysis of two explanted valves confirmed significant neointima proliferation and thickened valve cusps leading to stenosis of the graft.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These mid-term results after implantation of the No-React® Injectable BioPulmonic™ valve are disappointing. Graft failure was mainly due to neointimal formation and valve malposition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Congenital Heart Defects and Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany jochen.grohmann@universitaets-herzzentrum.de.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grohmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Congenital Heart Defects and Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Höhn
authors.affiliation: Department of Congenital Heart Defects and Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fleck
authors.affiliation: Department of Congenital Heart Defects and Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stiller
authors.affiliation: Department of Congenital Heart Defects and Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sigler
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kroll
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Friedhelm
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beyersdorf
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siepe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D011664:Pulmonary Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D011665:Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D011666:Pulmonary Valve Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Congenital heart disease; Minimally invasive revalvulation; No-react injectable valve; Stented valve; Valve-in-valve