title: Urban Malaria: Understanding its Epidemiology, Ecology, and Transmission Across Seven Diverse ICEMR Network Sites.
abstract: A major public health question is whether urbanization will transform malaria from a rural to an urban disease. However, differences about definitions of urban settings, urban malaria, and whether malaria control should differ between rural and urban areas complicate both the analysis of available data and the development of intervention strategies. This report examines the approach of the International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) to urban malaria in Brazil, Colombia, India (Chennai and Goa), Malawi, Senegal, and Uganda. Its major theme is the need to determine whether cases diagnosed in urban areas were imported from surrounding rural areas or resulted from transmission within the urban area. If infections are being acquired within urban areas, malaria control measures must be targeted within those urban areas to be effective. Conversely, if malaria cases are being imported from rural areas, control measures must be directed at vectors, breeding sites, and infected humans in those rural areas. Similar interventions must be directed differently if infections were acquired within urban areas. The hypothesis underlying the ICEMR approach to urban malaria is that optimal control of urban malaria depends on accurate epidemiologic and entomologic information about transmission.
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Krogstad
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arinaitwe
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arevalo-Herrera
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chery
authors.forename: Marcelo U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Daouda
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ndiaye
authors.forename: Don P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Mathanga
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eapen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000469:parasitology; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002947:Cities / Q000453:epidemiology; D003105:Colombia / Q000453:epidemiology; D004463:Ecology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology; D007391:International Cooperation; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D008295:Malawi / Q000453:epidemiology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum; D012675:Senegal / Q000453:epidemiology; D014195:Travel; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population