title: HPV Carcinomas in Immunocompromised Patients.
abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease worldwide and can result in pre-malignancies or overt malignancies of the skin and mucosal surfaces. HPV-related illnesses are an important personal and public health problem causing physical, mental, sexual and financial detriments. Moreover, this set of malignancies severely affects the immunosuppressed population, particularly HIV-positive patients and organ-transplant recipients. There is growing incidence of HPV-associated anogenital malignancies as well as a decrease in the average age of affected patients, likely related to the rising number of high-risk individuals. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of HPV-related malignancy. Current treatment options for HPV infection and subsequent disease manifestations include imiquimod, retinoids, intralesional bleomycin, and cidofovir; however, primary prevention with HPV vaccination remains the most effective strategy. This review will discuss anogenital lesions in immunocompromised patients, cutaneous warts at nongenital sites, the association of HPV with skin cancer in immunocompromised patients, warts and carcinomas in organ-transplant patients, HIV-positive patients with HPV infections, and the management of cutaneous disease in the immunocompromised patient.
authors.affiliation: Medical School, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Nicole.M.Reusser@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Reusser
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Studies, 1401 Binz, Suite 200, Houston, TX 77004, USA. cdowning@ccstexas.com.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Downing
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Studies, 1401 Binz, Suite 200, Houston, TX 77004, USA. JGuidry@ccstexas.com.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guidry
authors.affiliation: Medical School, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1401 Binz, Suite 200, Houston, TX 77004, USA. styring@ccstexas.com.
authors.forename: Stephen K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tyring
keywords: carcinogenesis; human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV); human papillomavirus (HPV); immunosuppression; skin cancer; vaccine