title: Combination Effect of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 Polymorphisms and Risk of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Progression of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) could be due to oxidative stress especially through reactive oxygen species (ROS). Detoxification of ROS is largely performed by Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), therefore polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 genes which decrease enzymes activity could affect SLE susceptibility. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of GSTM1 (deletion), GSTT1 (deletion) and GSTP1 (Ile105Val) polymorphisms on SLE susceptibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples of 163 SLE patients and 180 age, sex and ethnically matched controls. GSTs genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-multiplex procedure or polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GSTT1 null genotype frequency was higher in SLE patients than controls. NO association observed between GSTM1 null genotype or GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism with SLE. Nevertheless combination of GSTT1 null/ GSTM1 null genotypes showed 2.8-fold increase in risk of SLE. Moreover the combination of GSTT1 null/ GSTM1 null/GSTP1 Ile/Val and Val/Val genotypes increased the SLE risk about 8 fold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Present data suggest that GSTT1 null/ GSTM1 null/GSTP1 Ile/Val and Val/Val genotypes might largely contribute to the pathogenesis of SLE.
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran ; Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Saeedeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salimi
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran ; Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakhaee
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jafari
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Danial
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jahantigh
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahnaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandooghi
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zakeri
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences; Zahedan, Iran ; Pregnancy Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahnaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahrakipour
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Anoosh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naghavi
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran ; Dept. of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Farzaneh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farajian-Mashhadi
keywords: Gene; Glutathione S-transferase; Polymorphism; Systemic lupus erythematosus