title: History Teaches Us That Confronting Antibiotic Resistance Requires Stronger Global Collective Action.
abstract: Antibiotic development and usage, and antibiotic resistance in particular, are today considered global concerns, simultaneously mandating local and global perspectives and actions. Yet such global considerations have not always been part of antibiotic policy formation, and those who attempt to formulate a globally coordinated response to antibiotic resistance will need to confront a history of heterogeneous, often uncoordinated, and at times conflicting reform efforts, whose legacies remain apparent today. Historical analysis permits us to highlight such entrenched trends and processes, helping to frame contemporary efforts to improve access, conservation and innovation.
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine at Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Podolsky
authors.affiliation: Research Keeper at The Science Museum, London.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bud
authors.affiliation: Professor at the Section for Medical History and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gradmann
authors.affiliation: researcher at the Section for Medical History and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo.
authors.forename: Bård
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hobaek
authors.affiliation: doctoral candidate at the Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, University of Oxford.
authors.forename: Claas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kirchhelle
authors.affiliation: Professor at the Karolinska Institutet.
authors.forename: Tore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mitvedt
authors.affiliation: Research Fellow in History and Philosophy of Science, CSIC, Madrid.
authors.forename: María Jesús
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Santesmases
authors.affiliation: Research Scholar at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Thoms
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor at the Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, and in the Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital.
authors.forename: Dag
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berild
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor at the Section for Medical History and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kveim Lie
mesh_terms: D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D014943:Global Health; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D011050:Policy Making