title: Application of MR virtual endoscopy in children with hydrocephalus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the performance of MR virtual endoscopy (MRVE) in children with hydrocephalus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and imaging data were collected from 15 pediatric patients with hydrocephalus and 15 normal control children. All hydrocephalus patients were confirmed by ventriculoscopy or CT imaging. The cranial 3D-T1 weighted imaging data from fast spoiled gradient echo scan (FSPGR) were transported to working station. VE images of cerebral ventricular cavity were constructed with Navigator software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cerebral ventricular MRVE can achieve similar results as ventriculoscopy in demonstrating the morphology of ventricular wall or intracavity lesion. In addition, MRVE can observe the lesion from distal end of obstruction, as well as other areas that are inaccessible to ventriculoscopy. MRVE can also reveal the pathological change of ventricular inner wall surface, and help determine patency of the cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle outlet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MR virtual endoscopy provides a non-invasive diagnostic modality that can be used as a supplemental approach to ventriculoscopy. However, its sensitivity and specificity need to be determined in the large study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The first affiliated hospital of Xi'an jiaotong university, No. 277, Yantaxi Road, Xi'an, 710061, China; Department of Radiology, Shenzhen children's Hospital, No. 7019, Yitian Road, Shenzhen, 518038, China; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Cailei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The first affiliated hospital of Xi'an jiaotong university, No. 277, Yantaxi Road, Xi'an, 710061, China; Department of Radiology, Shenzhen children's Hospital, No. 7019, Yitian Road, Shenzhen, 518038, China. Electronic address: yangjian1118@yeah.net.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The first affiliated hospital of Xi'an jiaotong university, No. 277, Yantaxi Road, Xi'an, 710061, China; Department of Radiology, Shenzhen children's Hospital, No. 7019, Yitian Road, Shenzhen, 518038, China.
authors.forename: Yungen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The first affiliated hospital of Xi'an jiaotong university, No. 277, Yantaxi Road, Xi'an, 710061, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen children's Hospital, No. 7019, Yitian Road, Shenzhen, 518038, China.
authors.forename: Jiangang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The first affiliated hospital of Xi'an jiaotong university, No. 277, Yantaxi Road, Xi'an, 710061, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen children's Hospital, No. 7019, Yitian Road, Shenzhen, 518038, China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The first affiliated hospital of Xi'an jiaotong university, No. 277, Yantaxi Road, Xi'an, 710061, China; Department of Radiology, Shenzhen children's Hospital, No. 7019, Yitian Road, Shenzhen, 518038, China.
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The first affiliated hospital of Xi'an jiaotong university, No. 277, Yantaxi Road, Xi'an, 710061, China; Department of Radiology, Shenzhen children's Hospital, No. 7019, Yitian Road, Shenzhen, 518038, China.
authors.forename: Xianlei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The first affiliated hospital of Xi'an jiaotong university, No. 277, Yantaxi Road, Xi'an, 710061, China; Department of Radiology, Shenzhen children's Hospital, No. 7019, Yitian Road, Shenzhen, 518038, China.
authors.forename: Longwei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The first affiliated hospital of Xi'an jiaotong university, No. 277, Yantaxi Road, Xi'an, 710061, China; Department of Radiology, Shenzhen children's Hospital, No. 7019, Yitian Road, Shenzhen, 518038, China.
authors.forename: Weiguo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000473:pathology*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012984:Software
keywords: Application; Approach; Children; Hydrocephalus; MR; Virtual endoscopy