title: Opportunities and challenges in three-dimensional brown adipogenesis of stem cells.
abstract: The formation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) via brown adipogenesis has become a notable process due to its ability to expend energy as heat with implications in the treatment of metabolic disorders and obesity. With the advent of complexity within white adipose tissue (WAT) along with inducible brown adipocytes (also known as brite and beige), there has been a surge in deciphering adipocyte biology as well as in vivo adipogenic microenvironments. A therapeutic outcome would benefit from understanding early events in brown adipogenesis, which can be accomplished by studying cellular differentiation. Pluripotent stem cells are an efficient model for differentiation and have been directed towards both white adipogenic and brown adipogenic lineages. The stem cell microenvironment greatly contributes to terminal cell fate and as such, has been mimicked extensively by various polymers including those that can form 3D hydrogel constructs capable of biochemical and/or mechanical modifications and modulations. Using bioengineering approaches towards the creation of 3D cell culture arrangements is more beneficial than traditional 2D culture in that it better recapitulates the native tissue biochemically and biomechanically. In addition, such an approach could potentially protect the tissue formed from necrosis and allow for more efficient implantation. In this review, we highlight the promise of brown adipocytes with a focus on brown adipogenic differentiation of stem cells using bioengineering approaches, along with potential challenges and opportunities that arise when considering the energy expenditure of BAT for prospective therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Unser
authors.affiliation: Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203, USA.
authors.forename: Yangzi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203, USA. Electronic address: yxie@albany.edu.
authors.forename: Yubing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D052437:Adipocytes, Brown; D050156:Adipogenesis; D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000166:cytology; D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D013234:Stem Cells; D023822:Tissue Engineering
keywords: 3D culture; Adipogenesis; Brown adipocytes; Brown adipose tissue; Brown fat; Differentiation; Energy; Obesity; Stem cells; Tissue engineering