title: Construct, content and face validity of the camera handling trainer (CHT): a new E-BLUS training task for 30° laparoscope navigation skills.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assessing construct, face and content validity of the camera handling trainer (CHT), a novel low-fidelity training device for 30° laparoscope navigation skills.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a custom-designed box trainer with clinically based graphic targets. A total of 117 participants, stratified according to their previous experience (novice, competent, expert), took part to a CHT session and subsequently were asked to fill out a survey to assess the impact of the CHT on their 30° laparoscope navigation skills. Sixty of them were also studied for task performance during a 1-h session, with multiple time measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All participants, regardless of the previous experience, significantly improved their performance after the CHT session. Regarding construct validity, the mean task performance on the last measurement for novice group was found to be comparable to the mean first attempt of both competent (p = 0.12) and expert (p = 0.24) participants. All participants agreed that "the CHT is a valid training tool" and that "the CHT should be part of the regular dry laboratory training sessions", assessing both face and content validity. Limitations include the need for assessment of predictive validity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CHT is a valid training tool for 30° laparoscope navigation and thus should be considered as one of the fundamental exercises during basic laparoscopic hands-on training sessions for urologists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Via Melacrino No. 1, 89100, Reggio Calabria, Italy. info@domenicoveneziano.it.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Veneziano
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minervini
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Northampton General Hospital NHS Trust, Northampton, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beatty
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Martin-Luther-University, Halle/Saale, Germany.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fornara
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Klinikum Heilbronn, Heilbronn, Germany.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gozen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Mini-invasive Surgery, Romolo Hospital, Rocca di Neto, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Langenhuijsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institut Montsouris Paris, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lunelli
authors.affiliation: Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Deirdre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Overgaauw
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Klinikum Heilbronn, Heilbronn, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rassweiler
authors.affiliation: Clinica Urologica I, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Bernardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rocco
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institut Montsouris Paris, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Rafael Sanchez
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Salas
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Shahrokh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shariat
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, SIM Portal, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Sweet
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simone
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Martin-Luther-University, Halle/Saale, Germany.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Springer
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Agostino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tuccio
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Cleynenbreugel
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Weibl
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Via Melacrino No. 1, 89100, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cozzupoli
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020706:Laparoscopes; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education*; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: 30° Laparoscopes; Basic laparoscopic skills; Camera handling trainer; E-BLUS; Hands-on training; Laparoscopic camera navigation