title: Glyphosate-based herbicides reduce the activity and reproduction of earthworms and lead to increased soil nutrient concentrations.
abstract: Herbicide use is increasing worldwide both in agriculture and private gardens. However, our knowledge of potential side-effects on non-target soil organisms, even on such eminent ones as earthworms, is still very scarce. In a greenhouse experiment, we assessed the impact of the most widely used glyphosate-based herbicide Roundup on two earthworm species with different feeding strategies. We demonstrate, that the surface casting activity of vertically burrowing earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) almost ceased three weeks after herbicide application, while the activity of soil dwelling earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa) was not affected. Reproduction of the soil dwellers was reduced by 56% within three months after herbicide application. Herbicide application led to increased soil concentrations of nitrate by 1592% and phosphate by 127%, pointing to potential risks for nutrient leaching into streams, lakes, or groundwater aquifers. These sizeable herbicide-induced impacts on agroecosystems are particularly worrisome because these herbicides have been globally used for decades.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Mailin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gaupp-Berghausen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Peter-Jordan Straße 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Peter-Jordan Straße 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rewald
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Johann G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Zaller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000502:physiology*; D012098:Reproduction; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D000097797:Glyphosate