title: Cognitive remediation for older community-dwelling individuals with schizophrenia: a pilot and feasibility study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cognitive deficits are among the strongest predictors of function in individuals with schizophrenia. This relationship continues to be strong as these individuals grow older into their eight decade. Cognitive remediation (CR) improves cognition in individuals with schizophrenia. This study aims at assessing the feasibility and potential effect of CR in patients with schizophrenia 60 years of age or older.
  
  
  METHODS
  We adapted a CR protocol involving restorative and strategy-based methods over four cohorts of older outpatients with schizophrenia to target cognitive deficits associated with aging and schizophrenia. CR was provided in eight, 2-h weekly didactic sessions and online at-home exercises. Computerized drill and practice exercises were used with bridging to activities of daily life. Computer exercise selection and difficulty level parameters optimized adherence. Progression individually determined difficulty levels. We modified computer laboratory ergonomics to accommodate mobility needs. Participants were assessed at baseline and end-of-study using clinical and cognitive assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two participants enrolled: 18 (mean [SD] age: 69.8 [5.3]) completed CR. Mean (SD) global cognition T score from the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery was 27.7 (10) at baseline and 28.8 (9.7) at the completion of the study. These means are over 2 SD below the norms. The change in global cognition was not statistically significant (paired t(17) = -1.18, p = 0.25).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our pilot study suggests that CR is well tolerated by most older outpatients with schizophrenia. Future studies need to assess whether increasing the frequency or the number of CR sessions leads to significant improvement in cognition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Angela C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Golas
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Sawsan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kalache
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tsoutsoulas
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Benoit H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Mulsant
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bowie
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Tarek K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Rajji
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012073:Remedial Teaching; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: aging; cognition; cognitive remediation; geriatric; late-life; schizophrenia