title: Patterns of Phrenic Nerve Discharge after Complete High Cervical Spinal Cord Injury in the Decerebrate Rat.
abstract: Studies conducted since the second half of the 19th century have revealed spontaneous as well as pharmacologically induced phasic/rhythmic discharge in spinal respiratory motor outputs of cats, dogs, rabbits, and neonatal rats following high cervical transection (Tx). The extent to which these various studies validate the existence of a true spinal respiratory rhythm generator remains debated. In this set of studies, we seek to characterize patterns of spontaneous phasic/rhythmic, asphyxia-induced, and pharmacologically induced activity occurring in phrenic nerve (PhN) discharge after complete high cervical (C1-C2) spinal cord transection. Experiments were performed on 20 unanesthetized decerebrate Sprague-Dawley adult male rats. Patterns of spontaneous activity after spinalization included tonic, phasic, slow oscillatory, and long-lasting tonic discharges. Topical application of antagonists of GABAA and glycine receptors to C1- and C2- spinal segments induced left-right synchronized phasic decrementing activity in PhN discharge that was abolished by an additional C2Tx. Asphyxia elicited increases in tonic activity and left-right synchronized gasp-like bursts in PhN discharge, demonstrating the presence of spinal circuits that may underlie a spinal gasping-like mechanism. We conclude that intrinsic slow oscillators and a phasic burst/rhythm generator exist in the spinal cord of the adult rat. If present in humans, this mechanism may be exploited to recover respiratory function in patients sustaining severe spinal cord injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Michael George Zaki
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ghali
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Vitaliy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marchenko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003655:Decerebrate State; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012119:Respiration; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: breathing; gasping; respiration; spinal CPG; spinal cord transection