title: A simple, efficient, and sensitive method for simultaneous detection of anti-HIV drugs atazanavir, ritonavir, and tenofovir by use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: In the treatment of HIV infection, a combination of anti-HIV drugs is commonly used in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). One such combination recommended for clinical therapy consists of the two HIV protease inhibitors atazanavir and ritonavir and the HIV nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir. The detection of plasma and cell drug concentrations provides an assessment of actual drug exposure and patient compliance. We thus developed a simple, efficient, and sensitive method to simultaneously extract and detect these three drugs in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The use of a liquid-liquid extraction followed by protein precipitation provided a simple process, yielding a high recovery rate for all three drugs in plasma (>92%) and in cells (>86%). The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay was able to detect 0.01, 0.25, and 2.5 pg (2, 50, and 500 pg/ml, respectively) in 5 μl for atazanavir, ritonavir, and tenofovir, respectively. Validation of the method exhibited high precision and accuracy. This method was subsequently applied to a primate study to determine the concentrations of all three drugs in both plasma and cell samples. This validated method can be useful for an evaluation of drug concentrations in biological samples in an efficient and sensitive manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Josefin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koehn
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Freeling
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Jinghua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA rodneyho@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Rodney J Y
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069446:Atazanavir Sulfate / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D000068698:Tenofovir / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000069446:Atazanavir Sulfate; D000068698:Tenofovir; D019438:Ritonavir