title: Evaluation of pivot shift phenomenon while awake and under anaesthesia by different manoeuvres using triaxial accelerometer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluating pivot shift phenomenon is difficult due to its subjectivity, wide variation of testing manoeuvres, and difficulty in evaluating patients while awake. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pivot shift phenomenon using a triaxial accelerometer by two different manoeuvres, the pivot shift test as representative of flexion manoeuvre and N test as a representative of extension manoeuvre, and in two different conditions, awake and under anaesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-injured knee were included. Pivot shift test and N test were performed for both injured and uninjured legs while awake and under anaesthesia, with the acceleration measurements using a triaxial accelerometer (KiRA). The tests were also subjectively graded on a scale of 0-6 based on the modification of IKDC criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under anaesthesia, acceleration of ACL-injured knees was greater than that of uninjured knees in both pivot shift test (P < 0.001) and N test (P < 0.001) , whereas the acceleration value was greater in the N test. Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations between the acceleration and subjective grading in both tests, whereas the N test was more significant than the pivot shift test. On the other hand, there was no statistical significance in acceleration between ACL-injured and uninjured knees in either test while the patient was awake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The triaxial accelerometer was useful to objectively detect and quantitatively evaluate the pivot shift phenomenon by both the pivot shift test and N test under anaesthesia. The acceleration of ACL-injured knees was greater than that of uninjured knees, and the acceleration was correlated with the subjective manual grading, especially in the N test. On the other hand, its use while the patient was awake was likely limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnostic study of non-consecutive patients without a universally applied gold standard, Level III.
authors.affiliation: Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan. koga.orj@tmd.ac.jp.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan. koga.orj@tmd.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sekiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomomasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muneta
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000758:Anesthesia; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003243:Consciousness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Accelerometer; Anterior cruciate ligament; Pivot shift; Quantitative analysis; Rotational instability