title: Inorganic Contaminants, Nutrient Reserves and Molt Intensity in Autumn Migrant Red-Necked Grebes (Podiceps grisegena) at Georgian Bay.
abstract: Red-necked grebes (Podiceps grisegena) are piscivorous waterbirds that breed on freshwater lakes in northwestern Canada and stop-over at the Great Lakes during autumn migration to molt feathers and replenish lipid and protein reserves. The objectives of this study were to (1) describe concentrations of, and correlations among, inorganic contaminants in a sample of autumn migrant red-necked grebes from the Great Lakes, (2) compare concentrations of inorganic contaminants to those in autumn migrant common loons from Schummer et al. (Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 62:704, 2011a), (3) evaluate if the inorganic elements are negatively associated with lipid and protein reserves, and (4) determine if nutrient reserves and molt intensity were correlated. None of the 14 contaminants analyzed were above threshold levels known to cause acute health problems in piscivorous birds. Body masses of plucked birds were within the normal reported range. Lipid reserves varied positively with hepatic concentrations of arsenic, copper, iron, nickel, lead, and selenium and negatively with mercury and magnesium. Protein reserves variety negatively with hepatic concentrations of arsenic, calcium, nickel, lead, and zinc and positively with aluminum, cadmium, and iron. A negative correlation was observed between chest molt and lipid reserves but not between nutrient reserves and other feather tracts. The relationships between lipid reserves and both mercury and selenium were consistent with current research on other piscivorous waterbirds at the Great Lakes and justify continued work to determine interactions of these contaminants in waterbirds that breed, stage, and winter in the region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A3K7, Canada. kholman6@alumni.uwo.ca.
authors.forename: Katie L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7766-8576
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.affiliation: Long Point Waterfowl, P.O. Box 160, Port Rowan, ON, N0E1M0, Canada. mschummer@longpointwaterfowl.org.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Schummer
authors.affiliation: Long Point Waterfowl, P.O. Box 160, Port Rowan, ON, N0E1M0, Canada.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Petrie
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, P3E2C6, Canada.
authors.forename: Yu-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, P3E2C6, Canada.
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Belzile
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000378:metabolism; D061006:Bays; D001717:Birds / Q000378:metabolism*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism; D002170:Canada; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005241:Feathers / Q000737:chemistry; D008628:Mercury / Q000378:metabolism; D012643:Selenium / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002104:Cadmium; D008628:Mercury; D012643:Selenium; D001151:Arsenic