title: Repeated dose of ketamine effect to the rat hippocampus tissue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine the neurotoxic effect of repeated ketamine administration on brain tissue and if neurotoxic effect was present, whether this effect continued 16 days later using histological stereological method, a quantitative and objective method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female rats were divided into three groups, each containing five rats. Rats in Group I were given 0.9% saline solution 4 times a day for 5 days. The rats in Groups II and III were given ketamine as intraperitoneal injections. Rats in Groups I and II were sacrificed on 5(th) day while the ones in Group III on 21(st) day. Cornu ammonis (CA) and gyrus dentatus (GD) regions in hippocampus tissue of rats were studied using optic fractionation method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significantly less number of cells in hippocampal CA and GD regions of rats from Groups II and III compared to the ones from Group I. Difference in cell number was also significantly higher in Group III than in Group II, but this difference was not as pronounced as the one between Groups III and I.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeated ketamine doses caused neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Niksar State Hospital, Tokat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehtap Okyay
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Karaca
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Süren
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zafer İsmail
authors.initials: Zİ
authors.lastname: Karaca
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Semih
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arıcı
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serkan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karaman
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hüseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aslan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ziya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serkan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doğru
keywords: Ketamine; NMDA; hippocampus; neurotoxicity; optic fractionation