title: Epidemiology and Clinical Research Design, Part 2: Principles.
abstract: This is the third article covering core knowledge in scholarly activities for neonatal physicians. In this article, we discuss various principles of epidemiology and clinical research design. A basic knowledge of these principles is necessary for conducting clinical research and for proper interpretation of studies. This article reviews bias and confounding, causation, incidence and prevalence, decision analysis, cost-effectiveness, sensitivity analysis, and measurement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY ; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMasters University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Veena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Manja
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
authors.forename: Satyan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lakshminrusimha