title: Worm Infections in Children.
abstract: • On the basis of research evidence, worm infections are important global child health conditions causing chronic disability that lasts from childhood into adulthood (Table 1). (2)(3) Evidence Quality: B • On the basis of research evidence, the major worm infections found in developing countries include ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm infection, and schistosomiasis; toxocariasis, enterobiasis, and cysticercosis are also found in poor regions of North America and Europe. (4)(9)(13) Evidence Quality: B • On the basis of expert consensus, children and adolescents are often vulnerable to acquiring large numbers of worms, ie, high-intensity infections (Fig 1)(21)(22)(23) Evidence Quality: D • On the basis of expert consensus and research evidence, moderate and heavy worm burdens cause increased morbidity because of growth and intellectual stunting in children and adolescents. Many of these effects may result from helminth-induced malnutrition. (21)(22)(23) Evidence Quality: C • On the basis of expert consensus and research evidence, worm infections are also commonly associated with eosinophilia. (48) (49) Evidence Quality: B • On the basis of research evidence as well as consensus, helminthes can cause inflammation in the lung (asthma), gastrointestinal tract (enteritis and colitis), liver (hepatitis and fibrosis), and urogenital tract. (7)(21)(22)(23)(27)(28)(40)(41)(43) Evidence Quality: B • On the basis of research evidence, microscopy techniques for diagnosis of worm infections in children often exhibit suboptimal sensitivities and specificities, necessitating new or improved diagnostic modalities such as polymerase chain reaction. (54)(55) Evidence Quality: A • On the basis of research evidence and expert consensus, mass drug administration (“preventive chemotherapy”) has becomea standard practice for ministries of health in low- and middle-income countries to control intestinal helminth infections and schistosomiasis. (67)(68) Evidence Quality: B.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (Sections of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine), National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Jill E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Weatherhead
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (Sections of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine), National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hotez
mesh_terms: D001196:Ascariasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D017229:Enterobiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006725:Hookworm Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D014257:Trichuriasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014481:United States