title: Resonance Frequency Analysis of Thermal Acid-Etched, Hydrophilic Implants During First 3 Months of Healing and Osseointegration in an Early-Loading Protocol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Safe loading of dental implants requires an optimal osseointegration. This osseointegration process during healing could be analyzed by resonance frequency analysis (RFA). The purpose of the study was to evaluate RFA changes during healing in splinted, early-loaded, thermal acid-etched, hydrophilic implants over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients received a minimum of two implants: an implant with the prosthetic abutment connection at the crestal bone level (bone level) and one with the prosthetic abutment connection at a 2.5-mm supracrestal site (tissue level). Implant stability was measured at weeks 0, 2, 3, and 12 using the Osstell device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-six implants were placed in 32 patients. By week 2, early-loaded tissue-level implants showed a significant drop in mean ± standard deviation (SD) implant stability quotient (ISQ) values of 2.2 ± 3.6 (P < .001). Changes in ISQ values were significant between weeks 3 and 12 and also between weeks 0 and 12, with mean differences of 4.2 (P < .001) and 2.8 (P < .001), respectively. Early-loaded bone-level implants show a significant change in ISQ of 2.3 ± 3.7 at week 2 (P < .01) and -1.3 ± 4.7 at week 12 when compared to an ISQ value of 2.9 ± 4.9 at week 3 (P < .01). Bone-level implants achieved higher ISQ values compared with tissue-level implants at weeks 0, 2, 3, and 12, with mean differences being 3.8 ± 5.5 (P < .01), 3.8 ± 6.1 (P < .01), 3.7 ± 6.7 (P < .01), and 2.3 ± 5.8 (P < .05), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found a significant dip in ISQ values, with the lowest point seen at week 2. ISQ values remained higher in bone-level implants throughout the process of healing and osseointegration.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Eekeren
authors.forename: Cares
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tahmaseb
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wismeijer
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000069343:Bone-Implant Interface / Q000502:physiology; D059605:Dental Implant-Abutment Design; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D057893:Immediate Dental Implant Loading / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013499:Surface Properties; D019415:Torque; D014732:Vibration; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants