title: Temperature Measurement Inside Protective Headgear: Comparison With Core Temperatures and Indicators of Physiological Strain During Exercise in a Hot Environment.
abstract: Non-invasive temperature monitoring with a sensor inside protective headgear may be effective in detecting temperatures that are associated with heat illness. The purpose was to establish the relationship between in-hardhat temperatures (Tih) and core temperature (Tc) as measured by rectal (Tre) and esophageal (Tes) probes. Thirty males (age 24.57 ± 4.32 yrs.) completed two trials: continuous submaximal exercise (CSE) and a series of high intensity 30-s sprints (HIE) with a one-minute rest between each. Exercise in both conditions was in a 36(°)C environment (40% RH) while wearing a standard hardhat with sensors mounted on the forehead that were monitored remotely. Exercise continued until voluntary termination or until Tc reached 39.5(°)C. Temperatures, heart rate, cardiorespiratory, and perceptual responses were monitored throughout. A physiological strain index (PSI) was calculated from Tc and HR. The final temperatures in the CSE condition were 38.77 ± 0.41, 38.90 ± 0.49 and 39.29 ± 0.58(°)C and in the HIE condition, final temperatures were 38.76 ± 0.37, 38.91 ± 0.47, and 39.19 ± 0.57 f (o)C for Tih, Tre, and Tes, respectively. The PSI in CSE was 9.62 ± 062, 9.18 ± 1.11, and 10.04 ± 1.05, and in the HIE condition 9.67 ± 068, 9.29 ± 0.99. and 9.86 ± 1.02 based on Tih, Tre and Tes, respectively. The general agreement between the Tih and other temperature measures along with the consistency as indicated by a low coefficient of variation (approx. 1%) in the recordings of the Tih sensors at the point of termination suggest that this device, or similar devices, may have application as a warning system for impending heat-related problems.
authors.affiliation: a Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Texas Christian University , Fort Worth , Texas.
authors.forename: Joel B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: a Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Texas Christian University , Fort Worth , Texas.
authors.forename: Kelly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Goldston
authors.affiliation: a Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Texas Christian University , Fort Worth , Texas.
authors.forename: Amy N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: a Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Texas Christian University , Fort Worth , Texas.
authors.forename: Kelli M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Crisp
authors.affiliation: a Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Texas Christian University , Fort Worth , Texas.
authors.forename: Brian B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.affiliation: a Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Texas Christian University , Fort Worth , Texas.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kreutzer
authors.affiliation: a Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Texas Christian University , Fort Worth , Texas.
authors.forename: Diego X
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Montalvo
authors.affiliation: a Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Texas Christian University , Fort Worth , Texas.
authors.forename: Marcell G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: a Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Texas Christian University , Fort Worth , Texas.
authors.forename: Melody D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D005546:Forehead; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013821:Thermometers
keywords: hardhat; helmet; hyperthermia; monitoring; thermoregulation