title: Deliberate ROS production and auxin synergistically trigger the asymmetrical division generating the subsidiary cells in Zea mays stomatal complexes.
abstract: Subsidiary cell generation in Poaceae is an outstanding example of local intercellular stimulation. An inductive stimulus emanates from the guard cell mother cells (GMCs) towards their laterally adjacent subsidiary cell mother cells (SMCs) and triggers the asymmetrical division of the latter. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) immunolocalization in Zea mays protoderm confirmed that the GMCs function as local sources of auxin and revealed that auxin is polarly accumulated between GMCs and SMCs in a timely-dependent manner. Besides, staining techniques showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) exhibit a closely similar, also time-dependent, pattern of appearance suggesting ROS implication in subsidiary cell formation. This phenomenon was further investigated by using the specific NADPH-oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium, the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine, menadione which leads to ROS overproduction, and H2O2. Treatments with diphenylene iodonium, N-acetyl-cysteine, and menadione specifically blocked SMC polarization and asymmetrical division. In contrast, H2O2 promoted the establishment of SMC polarity and subsequently subsidiary cell formation in "younger" protodermal areas. Surprisingly, H2O2 favored the asymmetrical division of the intervening cells of the stomatal rows leading to the creation of extra apical subsidiary cells. Moreover, H2O2 altered IAA localization, whereas synthetic auxin analogue 1-napthaleneacetic acid enhanced ROS accumulation. Combined treatments with ROS modulators along with 1-napthaleneacetic acid or 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, an auxin efflux inhibitor, confirmed the crosstalk between ROS and auxin functioning during subsidiary cell generation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that ROS are critical partners of auxin during development of Z. mays stomatal complexes. The interplay between auxin and ROS seems to be spatially and temporarily regulated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, 15781, Greece.
authors.forename: Pantelis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Livanos
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, 15781, Greece.
authors.forename: Basil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Galatis
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, 15781, Greece. papostol@biol.uoa.gr.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Apostolakos
mesh_terms: D060049:Asymmetric Cell Division; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D054046:Plant Stomata / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C030737:indoleacetic acid
keywords: Asymmetrical division; Auxin; Morphogenesis; Polarity; Reactive oxygen species; Stomatal complexes