title: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and athletes.
abstract: Recent case reports have described athletes previously exposed to repetitive head trauma while participating in contact sports who later in life developed mood disorders, headaches, cognitive difficulties, suicidal ideation, difficulties with speech, and aggressive behavior. Postmortem discoveries show that some of these athletes have pathologic findings that are collectively termed chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Current hypotheses suggest that concussions or perhaps blows to the head that do not cause the signs and symptoms necessary for making the diagnosis of concussion, so-called subconcussive blows, cause both the clinical and pathologic findings. There are, however, some athletes who participate in contact sports who do not develop the findings ascribed to CTE. Furthermore, there are people who have headaches, mood disorders, cognitive difficulties, suicidal ideation, and other clinical problems who have neither been exposed to repeated head trauma nor possessed the pathologic postmortem findings of those currently diagnosed with CTE. The current lack of prospective data and properly designed case-control studies limits the current understanding of CTE, leading to debate about the causes of the neuropathologic findings and the clinical observations. Given the potential for referral and recall bias in available studies, it remains unclear whether or not the pathologic findings made postmortem cause the presumed neurobehavioral sequela and whether the presumed risk factors, such as sports activity, cerebral concussions, and subconcussive blows, are solely causative of the clinical signs and symptoms. This article discusses the current evidence and the associated limitations.
authors.affiliation: From the Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention (W.M.), Waltham; the Brain Injury Center (W.M., R.M.), Sports Concussion Clinic, Division of Sports Medicine (W.M.), and Division of Emergency Medicine (W.M., R.M.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital (R.Z.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital; and the Berenson-Allen Center and Division of Interventional Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (A.P.-L.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. william.meehan@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Meehan
authors.affiliation: From the Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention (W.M.), Waltham; the Brain Injury Center (W.M., R.M.), Sports Concussion Clinic, Division of Sports Medicine (W.M.), and Division of Emergency Medicine (W.M., R.M.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital (R.Z.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital; and the Berenson-Allen Center and Division of Interventional Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (A.P.-L.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Rebekah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mannix
authors.affiliation: From the Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention (W.M.), Waltham; the Brain Injury Center (W.M., R.M.), Sports Concussion Clinic, Division of Sports Medicine (W.M.), and Division of Emergency Medicine (W.M., R.M.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital (R.Z.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital; and the Berenson-Allen Center and Division of Interventional Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (A.P.-L.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zafonte
authors.affiliation: From the Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention (W.M.), Waltham; the Brain Injury Center (W.M., R.M.), Sports Concussion Clinic, Division of Sports Medicine (W.M.), and Division of Emergency Medicine (W.M., R.M.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital (R.Z.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital; and the Berenson-Allen Center and Division of Interventional Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Neurology (A.P.-L.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D020208:Brain Injury, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D059020:Suicidal Ideation