title: Accuracy of the ABC/2 Score for Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Systematic Review and Analysis of MISTIE, CLEAR-IVH, and CLEAR III.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ABC/2 score estimates intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) volume, yet validations have been limited by small samples and inappropriate outcome measures. We determined accuracy of the ABC/2 score calculated at a specialized reading center (RC-ABC) or local site (site-ABC) versus the reference-standard computed tomography-based planimetry (CTP).
  
  
  METHODS
  In Minimally Invasive Surgery Plus Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation-II (MISTIE-II), Clot Lysis Evaluation of Accelerated Resolution of Intraventricular Hemorrhage (CLEAR-IVH) and CLEAR-III trials. ICH volume was prospectively calculated by CTP, RC-ABC, and site-ABC. Agreement between CTP and ABC/2 was defined as an absolute difference up to 5 mL and relative difference within 20%. Determinants of ABC/2 accuracy were assessed by logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 4369 scans from 507 patients, CTP was more strongly correlated with RC-ABC (r(2)=0.93) than with site-ABC (r(2)=0.87). Although RC-ABC overestimated CTP-based volume on average (RC-ABC, 15.2 cm(3); CTP, 12.7 cm3), agreement was reasonable when categorized into mild, moderate, and severe ICH (κ=0.75; P<0.001). This was consistent with overestimation of ICH volume in 6 of 8 previous studies. Agreement with CTP was greater for RC-ABC (84% within 5 mL; 48% of scans within 20%) than for site-ABC (81% within 5 mL; 41% within 20%). RC-ABC had moderate accuracy for detecting ≥5 mL change in CTP volume between consecutive scans (sensitivity, 0.76; specificity, 0.86) and was more accurate with smaller ICH, thalamic hemorrhage, and homogeneous clots.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ABC/2 scores at local or central sites are sufficiently accurate to categorize ICH volume and assess eligibility for the CLEAR-III and MISTIE III studies and moderately accurate for change in ICH volume. However, accuracy decreases with large, irregular, or lobar clots.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: MISTIE-II NCT00224770; CLEAR-III NCT00784134.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Alastair J S
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Natalie L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Ullman
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Tim C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muschelli
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kornbluth
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Issam A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Awad
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mayo
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenblum
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ziai
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zuccarrello
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aldrich
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Sayona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: John
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Sagi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harnof
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Broaddus
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wijman
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vespa
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bullock
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cruz-Flores
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Stan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tuhrim
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.).
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.S.W.); Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (N.L.U., T.C.M., J.K., W.Z., D.F.H.); Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.M., M.R.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, IL (I.A.A.); Emissary International, LLC, Austin, TX (S.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (F.A.); Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.J., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel (S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond (W.C.B., R.B.); Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medicine, CA (C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (P.V.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.J.H.); St. Louis University, MO (S.C.-F.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (S.T.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (R.N.). dhanley@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Hanley
mesh_terms: D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
keywords: cerebral hemorrhage; controlled clinical trials, randomized; review, systematic; sensitivity and specificity; tissue-type plasminogen activator