title: Does autogenous bone graft work? A logistic regression analysis of data from 159 papers in the foot and ankle literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While autogenous cancellous iliac crest bone graft is the gold standard for foot and ankle surgery, it lacks Level I evidence. Although one third of all graft cases performed in the United States today rely on allograft, some surgeons believe no graft is necessary. We hypothesized that a systematic review of the foot and ankle literature would reveal that (1) autogenous bone graft during foot and ankle arthrodesis would demonstrate healing rates that were superior to the use of either using allograft or no bone graft at all, and (2) these differences would be even more dramatic in patients having risk factors that impair bone healing. To our knowledge, neither of these assessments to date has ever been performed with this body of literature. The goal of this study was to review the use and union rates of bone graft during foot and ankle arthrodesis and determine if autogenous bone graft was superior.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed to include articles between 1959 and 2012 using autograft, allograft, and/or no bone graft for foot and/or ankle arthrodesis. Case reports involving fewer than four patients, investigations failing to incorporate outcome data, those involving orthobiologic augmentation, and those including vascularized graft, xenograft, or pediatric patients were excluded. Recorded search results included patient demographics, comorbidities, pre-operative diagnosis, surgical procedure, bone graft type and indication, union rate, method of fixation, patient satisfaction, all outcome scores, definition of healing/success, and any listed complications including revision. Final data were stratified based upon the type of graft material.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This search generated 953 related articles, of which 159 studies (5327 patients) met inclusion criteria. The majority (153/159) were retrospective case series. Systematic review demonstrated a trend toward higher union rates for cancellous autograft (OR 1.39, p=0.11), structural autograft (OR 1.52, p=0.09), and cancellous allograft (OR 1.31, p=0.52) relative to no graft material, but none reached statistical significance. Compared to no graft, structural allograft trended toward worse performance (OR 0.62, p=0.17). The overall probability of union was 93.7% for cancellous autograft, 94.2% for structural autograft, 93.3% for cancellous allograft, 91.4% for no graft, and 86.9% for structural allograft. When only comparing the 19 papers that included a no graft arm (91.9% union rate), data revealed the highest union using cancellous autograft (95.1%, OR 1.73, p=0.09) and structural autograft (96.3%, OR 2.33, p=0.06) while only 76% for structural allograft. No significant statistical association existed between union rates and other recorded variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematic analysis of bone graft use in foot and ankle fusions favors the use of autograft and cancellous allograft for optimized healing rates, although no differences were statistically significant. If we assume that graft material been chosen for more complex procedures having lower anticipated union rates, then these data lend further support to the use of autograft and cancellous allograft.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, OrthoCarolina Foot and Ankle Institute, Charlotte, NC, United States.
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Lareau
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, United States.
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Deren
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, United States. Electronic address: amanda.fantry@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fantry
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South S-2323 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
authors.forename: Rafe M J
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Suite 3300, 3F, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: DiGiovanni
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000601:surgery; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D033023:Foot Joints / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007085:Ilium / Q000637:transplantation*; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous
keywords: Ankle; Arthrodesis; Autogenous bone graft; Foot