title: Spatio-temporal surveillance of water based infectious disease (malaria) in Rawalpindi, Pakistan using geostatistical modeling techniques.
abstract: One of the features of medical geography that has made it so useful in health research is statistical spatial analysis, which enables the quantification and qualification of health events. The main objective of this research was to study the spatial distribution patterns of malaria in Rawalpindi district using spatial statistical techniques to identify the hot spots and the possible risk factor. Spatial statistical analyses were done in ArcGIS, and satellite images for land use classification were processed in ERDAS Imagine. Four hundred and fifty water samples were also collected from the study area to identify the presence or absence of any microbial contamination. The results of this study indicated that malaria incidence varied according to geographical location, with eco-climatic condition and showing significant positive spatial autocorrelation. Hotspots or location of clusters were identified using Getis-Ord Gi* statistic. Significant clustering of malaria incidence occurred in rural central part of the study area including Gujar Khan, Kaller Syedan, and some part of Kahuta and Rawalpindi Tehsil. Ordinary least square (OLS) regression analysis was conducted to analyze the relationship of risk factors with the disease cases. Relationship of different land cover with the disease cases indicated that malaria was more related with agriculture, low vegetation, and water class. Temporal variation of malaria cases showed significant positive association with the meteorological variables including average monthly rainfall and temperature. The results of the study further suggested that water supply and sewage system and solid waste collection system needs a serious attention to prevent any outbreak in the study area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, drsaeed@fjwu.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Sheikh Saeed
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Neelam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.forename: Amna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Butt
authors.forename: Rabia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shabbir
authors.forename: Summra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erum
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D055904:Meteorology; D010154:Pakistan; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D063809:Satellite Imagery; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D014867:Water