title: Microwave assisted synthesis and characterization of magnesium substituted calcium phosphate bioceramics.
abstract: Hydroxyapatite is used extensively in hard tissue repair due to its biocompatibility and similarity to biological apatite, the mineral component of bone. It differs subtly in composition from biological apatite which contains other ions such as magnesium, zinc, carbonate and silicon (believed to play biological roles). Traditional methods of hydroxyapatite synthesis are time consuming and require strict reaction parameter control. This paper outlines synthesis of magnesium substituted hydroxyapatite using simple microwave irradiation of precipitated suspensions. Microwave irradiation resulted in a drastic decrease in ageing times of amorphous apatitic phases. Time taken to synthesize hydroxyapatite (which remained stable upon heat treatment at 900°C for 1h) reduced twelve folds (to 2h) as compared to traditionally required times. The effects of increasing magnesium concentration in the precursors on particle size, surface area, phase-purity, agglomeration and thermal stability, were observed using scanning electron microscopy, BET surface area analysis, X-ray diffraction and photo acoustic Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. Porous agglomerates were obtained after a brief heat-treatment (1h) at 900°C.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, M. A. Jinnah Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan; Medical Implant Technology Group (MEDITEG), Faculty of Bioscience and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nida Iqbal
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, M. A. Jinnah Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Kashif
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ijaz
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, M. A. Jinnah Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muniza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zahid
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, M. A. Jinnah Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdul S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Medical Implant Technology Group (MEDITEG), Faculty of Bioscience and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohammed Rafiq
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Abdul Kadir
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johore, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rafaqat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Chakshahzad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.lastname: Anis-Ur-Rehman
authors.affiliation: Clean Materials Technology Group, Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
authors.forename: Jawwad A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Darr
authors.affiliation: The Kroto Research Institute, North Campus, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK.
authors.lastname: Ihtesham-Ur-Rehman
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, M. A. Jinnah Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan. Electronic address: aqifanwar@ciitlahore.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Aqif A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Chaudhry
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D017886:Durapatite / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry*; D008872:Microwaves; D016062:Porosity
chemical_list: D017886:Durapatite; D008274:Magnesium
keywords: Bioceramics; Calcium phosphates; Magnesium substitution; Microwave synthesis