title: Observations on Attenuation of Local Electrogram Amplitude and Circuit Impedance During Atrial Radiofrequency Ablation: An In vivo Investigation Using a Novel Direct Endocardial Visualization Catheter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the temporal characteristics of atrial lesion growth (lesion surface area), local electrogram amplitude attenuation, and circuit impedance decrement during in vivo radiofrequency (RF) ablation with direct endocardial visualization (DEV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A direct endocardial visualization catheter was used for real-time endoscopic visualization of atrial endocardial surface during RF ablation. Videos of lesion growth (surface area), circuit impedance, and local electrogram amplitude were recorded during ablation in 11 ovine. Fifty-two atrial ablations at 12 W, 14 W, and 16 W power for 30 seconds were analyzed. During 30-second RF ablation, the lesion matured (90% of final lesion dimension) in the first 23.0 ± 5.8 seconds. The local electrogram amplitude attenuation (80% decrement) and circuit impedance attenuation (20% decrement from initial) occurred 13.8 ± 8.2 seconds and 13.1 ± 7.9 seconds, respectively, before lesion maturity in a significant proportion of 30 second atrial ablations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DEV observations suggest that in smooth atrial surface ablations with significant local electrogram and impedance decrement in the first 10 seconds, further extension of ablation for 10-15 seconds could deliver optimal surface dimensions; however, real-time measurement of depth was not possible.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Westmead Hospital, Australia.|Sydney Medical School, Australia.
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhaskaran
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Westmead Hospital, Australia.|Sydney Medical School, Australia.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chik
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Westmead Hospital, Australia.
authors.forename: Chrishan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nalliah
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Westmead Hospital, Australia.|Sydney Medical School, Australia.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pouliopoulos
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Westmead Hospital, Australia.|Sydney Medical School, Australia.|School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.affiliation: Sydney Medical School, Australia.|School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Doan Trang
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Westmead Hospital, Australia.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Midekin
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Westmead Hospital, Australia.
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Samanta
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Westmead Hospital, Australia.|Sydney Medical School, Australia.
authors.forename: Melad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farraha
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Westmead Hospital, Australia.|Sydney Medical School, Australia.
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Westmead Hospital, Australia.|Sydney Medical School, Australia.
authors.forename: Pramesh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kovoor
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Westmead Hospital, Australia.|Sydney Medical School, Australia.
authors.forename: Aravinda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thiagalingam
keywords: ablation efficacy; ablation safety ablation timing; atrial ablation; direct endocardial visualization; impedance decrement; local electrogram amplitude decrement; radiofrequency ablation