title: TiO2 nanoparticles-induced apoptosis of primary cultured Sertoli cells of mice.
abstract: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), as largest production and use of nanomaterials, have been demonstrated to have a potential toxicity on reproductive system. However, the mechanism underlying male reproductive toxicity of TiO2 NPs remains limited. Thus, our study was designed to examine the cellular viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and expression of apoptotic cytokines in primary cultured Sertoli cells isolated from mice under TiO2 NPs exposure. Results showed that TiO2 NPs exposure from 5 to 30 μg/mL resulted in reduction of cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase release, and induction of apoptosis or death on Sertoli cells. TiO2 NPs could migrate to Sertoli cells, which induced mitochondria-mediated or endoplasmic-reticulum-mediated apoptotic changes including elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and reductions in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and releases of cytochrome c into the cytosol. In addition, upregulation of cytochrome c, Bax, caspase-3, glucose-regulated protein 78, and C/EBP homologous protein and caspase-12 protein expression, and downregulation of bcl-2 protein expression in primary cultured Sertoli cells induced by TiO2 NPs treatment. All of the results suggested that ROS generation may play a critical role in the initiation of TiO2 NPs-induced apoptosis by mediation of the disruption of ΔΨm, the cytochrome c release, and further the activation of caspase cascade and unfolded protein response signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.|Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.|School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fashui
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.|Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.|School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.|Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.|School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yingjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuguan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ze
authors.affiliation: Library of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.|Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.|School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yajing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.|Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.|School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yushuang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.|Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.|School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lingqun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012708:Sertoli Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase
keywords: apoptosis; endoplasmic reticulum stress; mitochondrial stress; primary cultured Sertoli cells; titanium dioxide nanoparticles