title: Long-Term Urban Market Dynamics Reveal Increased Bushmeat Carcass Volume despite Economic Growth and Proactive Environmental Legislation on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea.
abstract: Bushmeat hunting is extensive in west and central Africa as both a means for subsistence and for commercial gain. Commercial hunting represents one of the primary threats to wildlife in the region, and confounding factors have made it challenging to examine how external factors influence the commercial bushmeat trade. Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea is a small island with large tracts of intact forest that support sizeable populations of commercially valuable vertebrates, especially endemic primates. The island also has a low human population and has experienced dramatic economic growth and rapid development since the mid-1990's. From October 1997 - September 2010, we monitored the largest bushmeat market on Bioko in Malabo, recording over 197,000 carcasses for sale. We used these data to analyze the dynamics of the market in relation to political events, environmental legislation, and rapid economic growth. Our findings suggest that bushmeat hunting and availability increased in parallel with the growth of Equatorial Guinea's GDP and disposable income of its citizens. During this 13-year study, the predominant mode of capture shifted from trapping to shotguns. Consequently, carcass volume and rates of taxa typically captured with shotguns increased significantly, most notably including intensified hunting of Bioko's unique and endangered monkey fauna. Attempts to limit bushmeat sales, including a 2007 ban on primate hunting and trade, were only transiently effective. The hunting ban was not enforced, and was quickly followed by a marked increase in bushmeat hunting compared to hunting rates prior to the ban. Our results emphasize the negative impact that rapid development and unenforced legislation have had on Bioko's wildlife, and demonstrate the need for strong governmental support if conservation strategies are to be successful at preventing extinctions of tropical wildlife.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea.
authors.forename: Drew T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Woloszynek
authors.affiliation: School of Global Business, Arcadia University, Glenside, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Wayne A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Morra
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Shaya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honarvar
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology and Anthropology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Joshua M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Linder
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea.
authors.forename: Mary Katherine
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gonder
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea.
authors.forename: Gail W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Hearn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D057217:Economic Development; D016703:Equatorial Guinea; D008460:Meat