title: Challenges Associated with Route of Administration in Neonatal Drug Delivery.
abstract: The administration of drugs to neonates poses significant challenges. The aim of this review was to provide insight into some of these challenges and resolutions that may be encountered with several of the most commonly used routes of administration and dosage forms in neonatal care, including oral, parenteral, transdermal, intrapulmonary, and rectal. Important considerations include fluctuations in stomach pH hours to years after birth, the logistics of setting up an intravenous infusion, the need for reduced particle size for aerosol delivery to the developing neonatal lung, and variation in perirectal venous drainage. Additionally, some of the recently developed technologies for use in neonatal care are described. While the understanding of neonatal drug delivery has advanced over the past several decades, there is still a deficiency of technologies and formulations developed specifically for this population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA.|Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, School of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Linakis
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Anita C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lala
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Spigarelli
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Natalie J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Medlicott
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Reith
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA.|Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.|Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA. catherine.sherwin@hsc.utah.edu.
authors.forename: Catherine M T
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sherwin
mesh_terms: D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations