title: Essential oil of Artemisia vestita exhibits potent in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity: Investigation of the effect of oil on biofilm formation, leakage of potassium ions and survival curve measurement.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil of Artemisia vestita and to determine the antibacterial activity of the essential oil and its two major components, grandisol and 1,8‑cineole, against certain respiratory infection‑causing bacterial strains, in vitro and in vivo. The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed using gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry. A micro‑well dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of the essential oil and its major constituents. A model of Streptococcus pyogenes infection in mice was used to determine its in vivo activities. Lung and blood samples were obtained to assess bacterial cell counts. Toxicity evaluation of the essential oil and its components was completed by performing biochemical analysis of the serum, particularly monitoring aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, urea and creatinine. The essential oil exhibited potent antibacterial activity, whereas the two major constituents were less potent. The essential oil exhibited MIC values between 20 and 80 µg/ml, while the values of the two constituents were between 130 and 200 µg/ml. Scanning electron microscopy results demonstrated that the essential oil inhibited biofilm formation and altered its architecture. Survival curves indicated that the essential oil led to a reduction in the viability of different bacteria. The essential oil also induced significant leakage of potassium ions from S. pyogenes. The essential oil (100 µg/mouse) and grandisol (135 µg/mouse) significantly reduced the number of viable bacterial cells in the lungs (P<0.01). However, intake of 100 µg/mouse of essential oil or grandisol 135 µg/mouse once or twice each day for 9 days did not produce any toxic effects in the mice. In conclusion, the in vitro and in vivo results suggested that the essential oil of A. vestita and one of its major constituents, grandisol, can significantly inhibit the growth of different bacterial strains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430033, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver Disease, Zhongshan Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430033, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Dong-Hui
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430033, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019306:Artemisia / Q000737:chemistry*; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D058491:Bacterial Load; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077591:Eucalyptol; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013729:Terpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils; D013729:Terpenes; D014508:Urea; C013009:grandisol; D003404:Creatinine; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000077591:Eucalyptol; D011188:Potassium