title: Effects of a Low Dose of Fish Oil on Inflammatory Markers of Brazilian HIV-Infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Randomized, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The benefits of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected subjects have been limited by an increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of a low dose of marine omega-3 fatty acids on inflammatory marker concentrations in HIV-infected subjects under antiretroviral therapy (ART).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled trial that investigated the effects of 3 g fish oil/day (540 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid-EPA plus 360 mg of docosahexaenoic acid-DHA) or 3 g soy oil/day (placebo) for 24 weeks in 83 male and non-pregnant female HIV-infected adults on ART.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences between groups for the measures at baseline. Multilevel analyses revealed no statistically significant relationship between the longitudinal changes in high sensitivity-C reactive protein (hs-CRP) (Wald Chi2 = 0.17, p = 0.918), fibrinogen (Wald Chi2 = 3.82, p = 0.148), and factor VIII (Wald Chi2 = 5.25, p = 0.073) with fish oil. No significant changes in interleukin-6 (IL6), interleukin-1 beta (IL1-beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) serum concentrations were observed with fish oil supplements for 12 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to placebo, a low dose of 900 mg omega-3 fatty acids (EPA plus DHA) in fish oil capsules did not change hs-CRP, fibrinogen, factor VIII, IL6, IL1-beta and TNF-alpha serum concentrations in HIV-infected subjects on ART. Further investigations should consider the assessment of more sensitive inflammatory markers or higher doses to evaluate the effects of marine omega-3 fatty acids in this population. Registered at the Nederlands Trial Register, Identifier no. NTR1798.
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13484-350, Brazil. julicristie.oliveira@fca.unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Julicristie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 01246-904, Brazil. phcrondo@usp.br.
authors.forename: Patrícia H C
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Rondó
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, 13036-225, Brazil. lourlima@uol.com.br.
authors.forename: Lourdes R A V
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, 13036-225, Brazil. lourlima@uol.com.br.
authors.forename: Elizabeth S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Fortuna
authors.affiliation: University College London, London WC1H 0EG, UK. j.yudkin@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yudkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001938:Brazil; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005169:Factor VIII / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D005395:Fish Oils; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D013024:Soybean Oil; D005169:Factor VIII; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid
keywords: AIDS; C reactive protein; HIV infection; factor VIII; fibrinogen; inflammation; interleukin 1-beta; interleukin 6; metabolic syndrome; tumor necrosis factor-alpha