title: Concise Review: Human Dermis as an Autologous Source of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine.
abstract: The exciting potential for regenerating organs from autologous stem cells is on the near horizon, and adult dermis stem cells (DSCs) are particularly appealing because of the ease and relative minimal invasiveness of skin collection. A substantial number of reports have described DSCs and their potential for regenerating tissues from mesenchymal, ectodermal, and endodermal lineages; however, the exact niches of these stem cells in various skin types and their antigenic surface makeup are not yet clearly defined. The multilineage potential of DSCs appears to be similar, despite great variability in isolation and in vitro propagation methods. Despite this great potential, only limited amounts of tissues and clinical applications for organ regeneration have been developed from DSCs. This review summarizes the literature on DSCs regarding their niches and the specific markers they express. The concept of the niches and the differentiation capacity of cells residing in them along particular lineages is discussed. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of widely used methods to demonstrate lineage differentiation are considered. In addition, safety considerations and the most recent advancements in the field of tissue engineering and regeneration using DSCs are discussed. This review concludes with thoughts on how to prospectively approach engineering of tissues and organ regeneration using DSCs. Our expectation is that implementation of the major points highlighted in this review will lead to major advancements in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autologous dermis-derived stem cells are generating great excitement and efforts in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. The substantial impact of this review lies in its critical coverage of the available literature and in providing insight regarding niches, characteristics, and isolation methods of stem cells derived from the human dermis. Furthermore, it provides analysis of the current state-of-the-art regenerative approaches using human-derived dermal stem cells, with consideration of current guidelines, to assist translation toward therapeutic use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vapniarsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Boaz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nolta
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA athanasiou@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Kyriacos A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Athanasiou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053687:Adult Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000637:transplantation; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods; D017690:Cell Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D020405:Dermis / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology; D005855:Germ Layers / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D039902:Multipotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000637:transplantation; D044968:Regenerative Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D055153:Stem Cell Niche; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous / Q000379:methods
keywords: Adult dermis mesenchymal stem cells; Autologous tissue engineering; Bulge stem cells; Dermal papilla stem cells; Dermal sheath; Multilineage differentiation; Pericytes; Sebaceous gland stromal stem cells; Stemness