title: The moderating effects of perceived emotional benefits on inhalant initiation among American Indian and white youth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhalant use co-occurs with emotional distress. Inhalant use may be a means of self-medicating distress, but more recent study focuses on the cognitive appraisal of personal benefits of using substances.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Objectives were to determine whether emotional distress variables predict early versus later initiation of inhalant use, whether such relationships differ between American Indian and white youth, and whether perceived emotional benefits of inhalant use moderates the relationship between emotional distress and stage of inhalant initiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from a study of 7-12th grade American Indian youth who live on or near reservations. A total of 856 students from 32 schools surveyed from 2009 to 2012, who reported having used inhalants (American Indian = 683; white = 173), were surveyed about age first use of inhalants, levels of emotional distress, and perceived benefits of inhalant use. SEM models were used to assess study objectives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depression and anger did not discriminate between early and later initiation. Lower self-esteem related to earlier initiation, but only among American Indian students. Perceived emotional benefits of inhalant use did not moderate the relationship between self-esteem and stage of initiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among middle school and high school American Indian and white youth living on or near American Indian reservations, emotional distress is not strongly related to stage of inhalant initiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings raise questions about the timing and strength of relationship between emotional distress and early inhalant initiation. Prospective studies are need to assess this relationship more fully.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Tri-Ethnic Center for Prevention Research, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
authors.forename: Randall C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Swaim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000786:Anger; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000523:psychology*; D058545:Inhalant Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012649:Self Concept; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*