title: Best bang for your buck: GPU nodes for GROMACS biomolecular simulations.
abstract: The molecular dynamics simulation package GROMACS runs efficiently on a wide variety of hardware from commodity workstations to high performance computing clusters. Hardware features are well-exploited with a combination of single instruction multiple data, multithreading, and message passing interface (MPI)-based single program multiple data/multiple program multiple data parallelism while graphics processing units (GPUs) can be used as accelerators to compute interactions off-loaded from the CPU. Here, we evaluate which hardware produces trajectories with GROMACS 4.6 or 5.0 in the most economical way. We have assembled and benchmarked compute nodes with various CPU/GPU combinations to identify optimal compositions in terms of raw trajectory production rate, performance-to-price ratio, energy efficiency, and several other criteria. Although hardware prices are naturally subject to trends and fluctuations, general tendencies are clearly visible. Adding any type of GPU significantly boosts a node's simulation performance. For inexpensive consumer-class GPUs this improvement equally reflects in the performance-to-price ratio. Although memory issues in consumer-class GPUs could pass unnoticed as these cards do not support error checking and correction memory, unreliable GPUs can be sorted out with memory checking tools. Apart from the obvious determinants for cost-efficiency like hardware expenses and raw performance, the energy consumption of a node is a major cost factor. Over the typical hardware lifetime until replacement of a few years, the costs for electrical power and cooling can become larger than the costs of the hardware itself. Taking that into account, nodes with a well-balanced ratio of CPU and consumer-class GPU resources produce the maximum amount of GROMACS trajectory over their lifetime.
authors.affiliation: Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kutzner
authors.affiliation: Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 17121, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Szilárd
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Páll
authors.affiliation: Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fechner
authors.affiliation: Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ansgar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esztermann
authors.affiliation: Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Bert L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.affiliation: Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grubmüller
mesh_terms: D019985:Benchmarking; D003198:Computer Simulation; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D012984:Software
keywords: GPU; MD; benchmark; energy efficiency; hybrid parallelization; molecular dynamics; parallel computing