title: The role of metabolic syndrome in heart failure.
abstract: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a highly prevalent condition in patients affected by heart failure (HF); however, it is still unclear whether, in the setting of cardiac dysfunction, it represents an adverse risk factor for the occurrence of cardiac events. The epidemiologic implications of MS in HF have been studied intensely, as many of its components contribute to the incidence and severity of HF. In particular, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and lipid abnormalities represent the main components that negatively influence disease progression and evolution. Yet, other components of the MS, i.e. overweight/obesity and high blood pressure, are favourably associated with outcome in HF patients. The aim of this review was to report epidemiology and prognostic role of MS in HF and to investigate current clinical implications and future research needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy fpperron@unina.it.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perrone-Filardi
authors.affiliation: SDN Foundation, Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paolillo
authors.affiliation: Academic Cardiology Unit, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Costanzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Savarese
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Trimarco
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Robert O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Bonow
mesh_terms: D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000150:complications; D005544:Forecasting; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Heart failure; Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity paradox