title: Learning to tune the antero-posterior propulsive forces during walking: a necessary skill for mastering upright locomotion in toddlers.
abstract: This study examines the process of learning to walk from a functional perspective. To move forward, one must generate and control propulsive forces. To achieve this, it is necessary to create and tune a distance between the centre of mass (CoM) and the centre of pressure (CoP) along the antero-posterior axis. We hypothesize that learning to walk consists of learning how to calibrate these self-generated propulsive forces to control such distance. We investigated this question with six infants (three girls and three boys) who we followed up weekly for the first 8 weeks after the onset of walking and then biweekly until they reached 14-16 weeks of walking experience. The infants' walking patterns (kinematics and propelling forces) were captured via synched motion analysis and force plate. The results show that the distance between the CoM and the CoP along the antero-posterior axis increased rapidly during the first months of learning to walk and that this increase was correlated with an increase in velocity. The initial small values of (CoM-CoP) observed at walking onset, coupled with small velocity are interpreted as the solution infants adopted to satisfy a compromise between the need to generate propulsive forces to move forward while simultaneously controlling the disequilibrium resulting from creating a with distance between the CoM and CoP.
authors.affiliation: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Groupe de Recherche Apprentissage et Contexte, Paris, France. blandine.bril@ehess.fr.|Université Paris Descartes, EDA-EA4071, Paris, France. blandine.bril@ehess.fr.
authors.forename: Blandine
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bril
authors.affiliation: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Groupe de Recherche Apprentissage et Contexte, Paris, France. luciledupuy@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Lucile
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dupuy
authors.affiliation: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Groupe de Recherche Apprentissage et Contexte, Paris, France. gilles.dietrich@parisdescartes.fr.|Université Paris Descartes, EDA-EA4071, Paris, France. gilles.dietrich@parisdescartes.fr.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. dcorbett@utk.edu.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corbetta
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Centre of mass; Centre of pressure; Learning; Longitudinal study; Lower limb kinematics; Propulsive forces; Walking