title: A Systematic Review of Economic Evaluations of the Use of Robotic Assisted Laparoscopy in Surgery Compared with Open or Laparoscopic Surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Robot assisted laparoscopic (RAL) surgery developed to overcome the limitations of laparoscopy to assist in surgical procedures, has high capital and operating costs. Systematically assembled evidence demonstrating its clinical and cost effectiveness would be helpful for its adoption by decision makers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarise the evidence on the cost-effectiveness of robot-assisted laparoscopic (RAL) surgery compared with relevant alternatives. Methods and results of identified studies were assessed to identify the deficiencies in evidence and areas for further research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies reporting both costs and outcomes for comparisons of RAL with laparoscopy and/or open surgery were systematically identified. Searches were conducted in February 2015 on MEDLINE, EMBASE and NHS EED. Quality of the included studies was assessed against a standard checklist for economic analyses. Length of hospital stay and operating time (determinants of cost), cost of intervention, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were extracted. To aid comparison, costs were converted into a common currency and price year (2014 US dollars).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-seven eligible studies were identified (full economic evaluation n = 6 and cost analysis n = 41). Economic models were used in 11 (23%) studies. Only three studies used a model considered representative of the disease and clinical pathway with a time-horizon allowing capture of relevant differences in outcomes across strategies. The cost of RAL varied substantially between uses, ranging from US$7011 for hysterectomy to over US$30,000 for radical cystectomy. The majority of estimates were between US$15,000 and US$25,000 per person. In part this difference is explained by the difference between studies in which costs were included. It was also identified to have higher costs than the alternatives it was compared against. Incremental cost per QALY for RAL radical prostatectomy was US$28,801-$31,763 over a 10-year period assuming 200 cases per annum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical evidence available for RAL overall and used within included studies is limited. RAL surgery costs were consistently higher than open and laparoscopic surgery. Therefore, in adopting the robotic technology decision makers need to take into account the cost effectiveness within their own systems. Economic models generated and published for radical prostatectomy and hysterectomy may be adapted to other health systems if the care pathway is similar to provide locally relevant data.
authors.affiliation: Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.|Health Economics Group, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Zafer
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tandogdu
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Group, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, 3rd Floor, Health Sciences Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, 3rd Floor, Health Sciences Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK. c.r.ramsay@abdn.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramsay
mesh_terms: D000086:Acetazolamide; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000191:economics*; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D000086:Acetazolamide