title: Broadly available imaging devices enable high-quality low-cost photometry.
abstract: This paper demonstrates that, for applications in resource-limited environments, expensive microplate spectrophotometers that are used in many central laboratories for parallel measurement of absorbance of samples can be replaced by photometers based on inexpensive and ubiquitous, consumer electronic devices (e.g., scanners and cell-phone cameras). Two devices, (i) a flatbed scanner operating in transmittance mode and (ii) a camera-based photometer (constructed from a cell phone camera, a planar light source, and a cardboard box), demonstrate the concept. These devices illuminate samples in microtiter plates from one side and use the RGB-based imaging sensors of the scanner/camera to measure the light transmitted to the other side. The broadband absorbance of samples (RGB-resolved absorbance) can be calculated using the RGB color values of only three pixels per microwell. Rigorous theoretical analysis establishes a well-defined relationship between the absorbance spectrum of a sample and its corresponding RGB-resolved absorbance. The linearity and precision of measurements performed with these low-cost photometers on different dyes, which absorb across the range of the visible spectrum, and chromogenic products of assays (e.g., enzymatic, ELISA) demonstrate that these low-cost photometers can be used reliably in a broad range of chemical and biochemical analyses. The ability to perform accurate measurements of absorbance on liquid samples, in parallel and at low cost, would enable testing, typically reserved for well-equipped clinics and laboratories, to be performed in circumstances where resources and expertise are limited.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.
authors.forename: Dionysios C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Christodouleas
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nemiroski
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.
authors.forename: Ashok A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.|Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University , 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.|Kavli Institute for Bionano Science & Technology, Harvard University , 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Whitesides
mesh_terms: D003116:Color; D055615:Electrical Equipment and Supplies; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D010209:Paper; D010783:Photometry / Q000191:economics* / Q000295:instrumentation*