title: Alcohol, Cannabinoids, and Opioids Abuse and Dependence Among Psychiatric Inpatients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While substance abuse among psychiatric patients is a widely known problem in clinical practice, there is no local study about prevalence and co-occurrence of substance abuse in north of Iran.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to determine the frequency of smoking, alcohol, opioid and cannabinoid substances, and prescription medicines abuse or dependence among Psychiatric Inpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional 2-year case register study was conducted on all (n = 492) psychiatric inpatients of Zare Psychiatric Hospital in Sari located in north of Iran. The data were obtained by using a standardized and validated questionnaire that contained demographic information along with information on co-morbid psychiatric problems and alcohol, cannabinoids, opioids, and cigarette usage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (± SD) age of samples was 39.9 (± 11.9) years and male:female ratio was 3.6. Opium with or without using other illicit substances was the most frequently abused substance (67%). Significant association were found between illicit substance abuse and demographic variables of male gender, a low level of literacy, living in the urban area, unemployment, cigarette smoking, and young age. There were statistically significant association between schizophrenia and substance abuse (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High prevalence of dual diagnosis warrants attention to the management of substance misuse while treating mental disorders, and should be incorporated in the holistic treatment plan of psychiatric inpatients.
authors.affiliation: Health Management and Economics Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran ; Medical Faculty, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Habibisaravi
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Soheil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Navaeinia
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Samaneh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farnia
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mehran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zarghami
keywords: Behavior, Addictive; Diagnosis, Dual; Psychiatry; Substance Abuse, Intravenous