title: Association of Hippocampal Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Learning and Memory Deficits in HIV-1-Seropositive Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between cognitive impairment and hippocampal morphological and functional changes in HIV-seropositive patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty HIV+ patients who complain of memory decrease and 15 healthy volunteers were recruited. Performances of learning and memory were assessed using Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R). Bilateral hippocampal volume, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value, fractional anisotropy value, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy variables of bilateral hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus were detected by 3.0 T magnetic resonance scanner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significant differences in all cognitive outcomes but one between HIV+ and HIV- patients. There was a difference in the ADC value of left parahippocampal gyrus between mild-impairment group and severe-impairment group (P = 0.018). We found differences in the choline (Cho), Cho/creatinine (Cr), and N-acetylaspartate/Cr of left hippocampus (P = 0.002, P = 0.008, P = 0.002) and the Cho/Cr of right parahippocampal gyrus (P = 0.023) between HIV+ and HIV- patients and in the myoinositol of left hippocampus (P = 0.003) and the glutamate and glutamine of right hippocampus (P < 0.001) between mild-impairment group and severe-impairment group. We found significant positive correlations between N-acetylaspartate/Cr of left hippocampus and outcomes of HVLT-R and BVMT-R. There were significant negative correlations between ADC values of hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus and outcomes of HVLT-R and BVMT-R and between Cho and Cho/Cr of hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus and outcomes of HVLT-R and BVMT-R.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The performance of verbal learning and visual memory was significantly decreased in HIV-1-seropositive patients. The cognitive impairment of HIV infection was associated with conductive function and metabolic changes of hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus in this study.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China; †Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China; and ‡Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Man
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Haibo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography