title: Primary and secondary reconstruction of complex craniofacial defects using polyetheretherketone custom-made implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes using polyetheretherketone (PEEK) patient-specific prostheses produced by computer-aided design and manufacturing for primary and secondary reconstruction in patients with craniofacial defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 13 patients who underwent reconstruction for craniofacial defects using PEEK patient-specific implants (PSI). Eight patients underwent single-step primary reconstruction using individual custom-made surgical guides and custom-made prostheses during the same surgery; five patients underwent delayed reconstruction. The material used to manufacture the implants was PEEK in 13 cases. All patients underwent esthetic examination, ophthalmological examination, and radiological evaluation during the preoperative and follow-up periods. The operation duration and short- and long-term complications were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The shape and global position of the implants were satisfactory in each case. Fitting of the implant during surgery required extensive adaptation in 1 case and minor in 11 cases. Of 13 implants, 11 adequately restored a morphological complex area with satisfactory cosmetic results. No complications related to the implants were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reconstruction for cranio-facial defects using PEEK computer-aided designed and manufactured implants is a promising new technique that allows for accurate restoration of the complex 3D anatomy of the craniofacial region.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gerbino
authors.affiliation: Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Torino, Italy. Electronic address: emanuele.zavattero@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zavattero
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, University of Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zenga
authors.affiliation: Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca Antonella
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.affiliation: Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garzino-Demo
authors.affiliation: Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Sid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berrone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001577:Benzophenones; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D000069343:Bone-Implant Interface / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004172:Diplopia / Q000145:classification; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007659:Ketones / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061646:Operative Time; D009918:Orbital Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D007659:Ketones; D011108:Polymers; C063834:polyetheretherketone; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols
keywords: Cranio-facial defects; Custom-made implant; Orbital; Peek; Reconstruction