title: Qualitative Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Root Dentin Irrigated with Sodium Hypochlorite, EDTA, or Chlorhexidine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chelating agents, and chlorhexidine (CHX), which are commonly used irrigants during endodontic treatment, have the potential to alter the physical and chemical properties of the dentin structure. The aim of this study was to use time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to qualitatively evaluate the chemical characteristics of dentin surface and compare it with dentin exposed to NaOCl, EDTA, or CHX.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four blocks of dentin from a root of a human maxillary molar were embedded in resin and trimmed with a microtome to expose the dentin. Samples were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups: (1) no irrigation treatment (sample A), (2) 2.5% NaOCl (sample B), (3) 17% EDTA (sample C), and (4) 2% CHX (sample D). Dentin surfaces were analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, which allowed characterization of dentin surface chemistry by both imaging and mass spectroscopic analysis obtained in high mass and spatial resolution modes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sample A revealed intense peaks characteristics of hydroxyapatite in addition to Na(+), K(+), CH4N(+), CN(-), CNO(-), Mg(+), F(-), and HCO2(-) peaks. Sample B showed severely decreased CH4N(+) and increased intensity of Cl(-). Sample C lacked Ca(+) and Mg(+) and showed decreased PO2(-) and PO3(-). Sample D exhibited a distinct presence of CHX. The spectral image of sample A displayed even distribution of Na(+) and Ca(+) on a smeared surface. The surfaces of samples B and D had patent dentinal tubules, whereas sample D showed an intense CHX signal. Sample C had some patent dentinal tubules and lacked Ca(+).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NaOCl removed protein components from the dentin matrix, EDTA removed calcium and magnesium ions from the dentin, and CHX formed an adsorbed layer on the dentin surface.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Kamil P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Kolosowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Rana N S
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Sodhi
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kishen
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: bettina.basrani@dentistry.utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Bettina R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Basrani
mesh_terms: D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003804:Dentin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects*; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008437:Maxilla; D008963:Molar / Q000737:chemistry; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018629:Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D004492:Edetic Acid; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: Chlorhexidine; EDTA; dentin; sodium hypochlorite; time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry