title: Altered Levels of Fatty Acids and Inflammatory and Metabolic Mediators in Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Patients With Systolic Heart Failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adipose tissue has endocrine properties, secreting a wide range of mediators into the circulation, including factors involved in cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about the potential role of adipose tissue in heart failure (HF), and the aim of this study was to investigate epicardial (EAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue in HF patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients with systolic HF and 30 patients with normal systolic function undergoing thoracic surgery were included in the study. Plasma was sampled and examined with the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, whereas SAT and EAT biopsies were collected and examined by means of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and gas chromatography. Significantly higher expressions of mRNA encoding interleukin-6, adrenomedullin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, and fatty acid (FA)-binding protein 3, as well as higher levels of monounsaturated FA and palmitoleic acid, were seen in the EAT of HF patients, whereas the levels of docosahexaenoic acid were lower. Palmitoleic acid levels in EAT were correlated with 2 parameters of cardiac remodeling: increasing left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate adipose tissue depot-specific alterations of synthesis of FA and inflammatory and metabolic mediators in systolic HF patients. EAT may be a source of increased circulatory and myocardial levels of these mediators through endocrine actions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: l.e.lillerud@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Linn E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Fosshaug
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Christen P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ivar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Risnes
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Pavol
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bohov
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Rolf K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Berge
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ståle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nymo
authors.affiliation: K. G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Odd
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Geiran
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yndestad
authors.affiliation: Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gullestad
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Pål
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aukrust
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Leif E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Vinge
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Øie
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D054143:Heart Failure, Systolic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood*; D010496:Pericardium / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000378:metabolism; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005227:Fatty Acids; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C109794:pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76); D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Heart failure; adipose tissue; fatty acids; palmitoleic acid