title: Mass Spectrometric Confirmation of γ-Linolenic Acid Ester-Linked Ceramide 1 in the Epidermis of Borage Oil Fed Guinea Pigs.
abstract: Ceramide 1 (Cer1), a Cer species with eicosasphingenine (d20:1) amide-linked to two different ω-hydroxy fatty acids (C30wh:0:C32wh:1), which are, in turn, ester-linked to linoleic acid (LNA; 18:2n-6), plays a critical role in maintaining the structural integrity of the epidermal barrier. Prompted by the recovery of a disrupted epidermal barrier with dietary borage oil [BO: 36.5% LNA and 23.5% γ-linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3n-6)], in essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient guinea pigs, we further investigated the effects of BO on the substitution of ester-linked GLA for LNA in these two epidermal Cer1 species by LC-MS in positive and negative modes. Dietary supplementation of BO for 2 weeks in EFA-deficient guinea pigs increased LNA ester-linked to C32wh:1/d20:1 and C30wh:0/d20:1 of Cer1. Moreover, GLA ester-linked to C32wh:1/d20:1, but not to C30wh:0/d20:1, of Cer1 was detected, which was further confirmed by the product ions of m/z 277.2 for ester-linked GLA and m/z 802.3 for the deprotonated C32wh:1/d20:1. C20-Metabolized fatty acids of LNA or GLA were not ester-linked to these Cer1 species. Dietary BO induced GLA ester-linked to C32wh:1/d20:1 of epidermal Cer1.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyong-Oh
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Kunpyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Sanghun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: Cho-Hee
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Moon
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. choyunhi@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yunhi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002518:Ceramides / Q000378:metabolism*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004817:Epidermis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential / Q000172:deficiency; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017965:gamma-Linolenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002518:Ceramides; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential; D010938:Plant Oils; D017965:gamma-Linolenic Acid; C079363:borage oil
keywords: Borage oil; Ceramide 1; Epidermis; Guinea pigs; LC–MS; γ-Linolenic acid; γ-Linolenic acid ester-linked ceramide 1