title: Exposure of hairdressers to aromatic diamines: an interventional study confirming the protective effect of adequate glove use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many hairdressers leave their profession due to health problems, including occupational hand eczema, which has been associated with skin exposure to sensitising hair dye components such as paraphenylenediamine (PPD) and paratoluenediamine (PTD). Since the use of protective gloves is advised but without the short-term effect being known, our main goal was to attribute a significant biomarker reduction to adequate glove use, in a real work situation.
  
  
  METHODS
  11 hairdressers were studied over 2 weeks. In the first week, they worked as usual and (re)used their gloves. Thereafter, we intervened to improve glove use during the second week. In both weeks, workplace exposure data were collected through observations, and systemic exposure was quantified by biomonitoring of PPD and PTD. The effect of improved glove use and other exposure determinants was studied through mixed models analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed that improved glove use significantly reduced mean PTD concentrations from 24.1 before to 4.2 µg/g creatinine after the intervention (n=11, third day postshift). In addition, mean PTD concentrations increased during the first week (14 times elevated after three consecutive shifts), but not during the second week. For PPD, no effect of improved glove use and no accumulation effect were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study is the first to deliver evidence for a significant reduction in systemic exposure to PTD through improved glove use. Disposable gloves should never be reused. PTD biomonitoring is shown to be a practical tool to quantify recent dermal exposure to oxidative hair dye components.
authors.affiliation: Provikmo Occupational Health Services, Bruges, Belgium.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Geens
authors.affiliation: Provikmo Occupational Health Services, Bruges, Belgium.
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aerts
authors.affiliation: Provikmo Occupational Health Services, Bruges, Belgium.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borguet
authors.affiliation: Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Haufroid
authors.affiliation: Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lode
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Godderis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001505:Beauty Culture; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003959:Diamines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D017575:Gloves, Protective / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006202:Hair Dyes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D009790:Occupations; D014937:Work; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003959:Diamines; D006202:Hair Dyes
keywords: glove use; paraphenylenediamine; paratoluenediamine