title: Visual Inspection of Cervix With Acetic Acid as a Screening Modality for Cervical Cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess feasibility and suitability of visual inspection of cervix with acetic acid (VIA) in detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and compare it with Papanicolaou test.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a diagnostic accuracy cross-sectional study conducted at an Egyptian teaching hospital, where 784 women were offered Papanicolaou test, VIA, colposcopy, and cervical biopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histopathologically confirmed CIN 2/3 was noted in 26 cases (3.3%) and cervical cancer in 3 cases (0.4%). Twenty-seven (93.1%) of these 29 cases of CIN 2+, including one invasive cancer, were suggested by VIA. The test sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) to detect CIN 2+ were 93.1%, 90.6%, 26.6%, and 99.7%, respectively. Positive likelihood ratio (LR +) and negative likelihood ratio (LR-) for VIA were 9.90 (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.77-12.62) and 0.08 (95% CI, 0.02-0.29), respectively. Twenty-six cases (89.7%) of CIN 2+ were suggested by Papanicolaou test, whereas all 3 cancers were missed by this test. Papanicolaou test sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV to detect CIN 2+ were 89.7%, 99.1%, 78.8%, and 99.6%, respectively. Positive likelihood ratio and LR- for the Papanicolaou test were 96.7 (95% CI, 45.78-204.23) and 0.10 (95% CI, 0.04-0.3), respectively. Colposcopy suggested 28 cases (96.6%) of CIN 2+, including 2 cancers. Colposcopy sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV to detect CIN 2+ were 96.6%, 99.2%, 82.4%, and 99.9%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid is a feasible and suitable screening test for cervical cancer in under-resourced settings in developing countries. Its performance is comparable to the Papanicolaou test.
authors.affiliation: 1Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Zagazig University Students' Hospital, Zagazig, Egypt; 2Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Zagazig University Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig, Egypt; and 3Pathology Department, Zagazig University Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nooh
authors.forename: Mohamed El-Sayed
authors.initials: Mel-S
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.forename: Yehia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: El-Alfy
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology*; D003127:Colposcopy / Q000379:methods*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods*; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D019342:Acetic Acid