title: Anion homeostasis is important for non-lytic release of BK polyomavirus from infected cells.
abstract: BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a member of a family of potentially oncogenic viruses, whose reactivation can cause severe pathological conditions in transplant patients, leading to graft rejection. As with many non-enveloped viruses, it is assumed that virus release occurs through lysis of the host cell. We now show the first evidence for a non-lytic release pathway for BKPyV and that this pathway can be blocked by the anion channel inhibitor DIDS. Our data show a dose-dependent effect of DIDS on the release of BKPyV virions. We also observed an accumulation of viral capsids in large LAMP-1-positive acidic organelles within the cytoplasm of cells upon DIDS treatment, suggesting potential late endosome or lysosome-related compartments are involved in non-lytic BKPyV release. These data highlight a novel mechanism by which polyomaviruses can be released from infected cells in an active and non-lytic manner, and that anion homeostasis regulation is important in this pathway.
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
authors.forename: Gareth L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
authors.forename: Laura G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Caller
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK cmc56@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Colin M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Crump
mesh_terms: D017878:4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000838:Anions / Q000378:metabolism*; D001739:BK Virus / Q000502:physiology*; D001692:Biological Transport; D002460:Cell Line; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000378:metabolism; D057074:Virus Release / Q000187:drug effects; D014779:Virus Replication; D050994:Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D050994:Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels; D017878:4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid
keywords: BKPyV; DIDS; anion homeostasis; polyomavirus; virus release