title: Carotid stiffness change over the cardiac cycle by ultrafast ultrasound imaging in healthy volunteers and vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Arterial stiffness is related to age and collagen properties of the arterial wall and can be indirectly evaluated by the pulse wave velocity (PWV). Ultrafast ultrasound imaging, a unique ultrahigh frame rate technique (>10, 000 images/s), recently emerged enabling direct measurement of carotid PWV and its variation over the cardiac cycle. Our goal was to characterize the carotid diastolic-systolic arterial stiffening using ultrafast ultrasound imaging in healthy individuals and in vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (vEDS), in which collagen type III is defectuous.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrafast ultrasound imaging was performed on common carotids of 102 healthy individuals and 37 consecutive patients with vEDS. Results are mean ± standard deviation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carotid ultrafast ultrasound imaging PWV in healthy individuals was 5.6 ± 1.2 in early systole and 7.3 ± 2.0  m/s in end systole, and correlated with age (r = 0.48; P < 0.0001 and r = 0.68; P < 0.0001, respectively). Difference between early and end-systole PWV increased with age independently of blood pressure (r = 0.54; P < 0.0001). In patients with vEDS, ultrafast ultrasound imaging PWV was 6.0 ± 1.5 in early systole and 6.7 ± 1.5  m/s in end systole. Carotid stiffness change over the cardiac cycle was lower than in healthy people (0.021 vs. 0.057  m/s per mmHg; P = 0.0035).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrafast ultrasound imaging can evaluate carotid PWV and its variation over the cardiac cycle. This allowed to demonstrate the age-induced increase of the arterial diastolic-systolic stiffening in healthy people and a lower stiffening in vEDS, both characterized by arterial complications. We believe that this easy-to-use technique could offer the opportunity to go beyond the diastolic PWV to better characterize arterial stiffness change with age or other collagen alterations.
authors.affiliation: aService de Médecine Vasculaire, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Pôle Cardiovasculaire bCentre de Référence National Maladies Vasculaires Rares, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris - APHP, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, PARCC cInstitut Langevin Ondes et Images, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7587, Inserm, Paris dSuperSonic Imagine, Aix en Provence eCentre d'Investigation Clinique, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris - APHP, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France *Tristan Mirault and Mathieu Pernot contributed equally to the writing of this article.
authors.forename: Tristan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mirault
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pernot
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Couade
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niarra
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azizi
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Emmerich
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jeunemaître
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Mickaël
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanter
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Messas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004535:Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D014463:Ultrasonography; D059289:Vascular Stiffness / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult