title: Current perspectives on the dynamics of antibiotic resistance in different reservoirs.
abstract: Antibiotic resistance consists of a dynamic web. In this review, we describe the path by which different antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes disseminate among relevant reservoirs (human, animal, and environmental settings), evaluating how these events contribute to the current scenario of antibiotic resistance. The relationship between the spread of resistance and the contribution of different genetic elements and events is revisited, exploring examples of the processes by which successful mobile resistance genes spread across different niches. The importance of classic and next generation molecular approaches, as well as action plans and policies which might aid in the fight against antibiotic resistance, are also reviewed.
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: manuela.canica@insa.min-saude.pt.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caniça
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, Oporto, Portugal. Electronic address: vera.manageiro@insa.min-saude.pt.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Manageiro
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, Oporto, Portugal. Electronic address: daniela.dias@insa.min-saude.pt.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jones-Dias
authors.affiliation: INIAV - Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: lurdes.clemente@iniav.pt.
authors.forename: Lurdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Clemente
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, Oporto, Portugal; ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Oporto, Portugal. Electronic address: emneves@icbas.up.pt.
authors.forename: Eduarda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gomes-Neves
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal. Electronic address: ppoeta@utad.pt.
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poeta
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, Oporto, Portugal; Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: elsa.dias@insa.min-saude.pt.
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: eugenia.ferreira@insa.min-saude.pt.
authors.forename: Eugénia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000662:veterinary*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D020071:Interspersed Repetitive Sequences
keywords: Antibiotics; Dissemination; Mobilome; Reservoirs; Resistome