title: Batch uniformity and energy efficiency improvements on a cabinet dryer suitable for smallholder farmers.
abstract: Drying can add value, facilitate transport and extend the storage life of agro-products; therefore, in developing countries with poorly established cool-chains, drying is particularly effective. Furthermore, drying within small-scale village-based enterprises contributes to rural development. However, most equipment suitable to such operations yields a product of non-uniform quality and shows low levels of energy efficiency. The aim of this research was to improve the batch uniformity and the energy efficiency of a cabinet dryer suitable for smallholder farmers. Experiments were carried out with the cooperation of a dryer manufacturer and a group of users. On each trial 144.5 kg of peeled and deseeded litchis were placed at the dryer's 17 trays, that were stacked atop each other. Moisture content (wet basis) was reduced from 87 to 23 % in about 15.5 h. It was found that a low-cost modification to the dryer chamber's air inlet was able to improve heat distribution and increase the uniformity of the fruit's moisture content. In the original design, at the end of the drying process, moisture content of the fruits on the top tray was 38 % while at the bottom tray was 12 %. The modification to the dryer reduced this disparity and the final moisture content of the fruits placed at the top tray was 25 % while at the bottom tray was 21 %. In addition, the modification reduced the dryer's air mass flow from 0.3 to 0.1 kg s(-1) without jeopardizing drying forces, consequently the dryer energy efficiency increased from 33 to 42 %.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 9, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Precoppe
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Silpakorn University, 73000 Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Serm
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Janjai
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Technology, Silpakorn University, 73000 Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Busarakorn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mahayothee
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 9, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Müller
keywords: Convection dryer; Heat consumption; Hot-air dryer; Lychee; Moisture content; Product homogeneity