title: Understanding Variation in 30-Day Surgical Readmission in the Era of Accountable Care: Effect of the Patient, Surgeon, and Surgical Subspecialties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Readmission is a target area of quality improvement in surgery. While variation in readmission is common, to our knowledge, no study has specifically examined the underlying etiology of this variation among a variety of surgical procedures performed in a large academic medical center.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the variability in 30-day readmission attributable to patient, surgeon, and surgical subspecialty levels in patients undergoing a major surgical procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of administrative claims data of patients discharged following a major surgical procedure at a tertiary care center between January 1, 2009, and, December 31, 2013. A total of 22,559 patients were included in this study and underwent a major surgical procedure performed by 56 surgeons practicing in 8 surgical subspecialties.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-hospital morbidity, 30-day readmission, and proportional variation in 30-day readmission at patient, surgeon, and surgical subspecialty levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 22,559 patients in this study, patient age, race/ethnicity, and payer type differed across surgical subspecialties. Preoperative comorbidity was common and noted in 65.1% of patients. Postoperative complications were noted in 21.6% of patients varying from 2.1% following breast, melanoma or endocrine surgery to 37.0% following cardiac surgery. The overall 30-day readmission was 13.2% (n = 2975). Readmission varied considerably across the 8 different surgical subspecialties, ranging from 24.8% following transplant surgery (n = 557) to 2.1% following breast, melanoma, or endocrine surgery (n = 32). After adjusting for patient- and surgeon-level variables, factors associated with readmission included African American race/ethnicity (odds ratio, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.11-1.36; P < .001), increasing comorbidity (Charlson Comorbidity Index score of 1: odds ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.02-1.32; P = .02; and a Charlson Comorbidity Index score of ≥2 : odds ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.24-1.53; P < .001), postoperative complication (odds ratio, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.08-1.32; P = .001), and an extended length of stay (odds ratio, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.61-1.96; P < .001). The majority of the variation in readmission was attributable to patient-related factors (82.8%) while surgical subspecialty accounted for 14.5% of the variability, and individual surgeon-level factors accounted for 2.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Readmission occurred in more than 1 in 10 patients, with considerable variation across surgical subspecialties. Variation in readmission was overwhelmingly owing to patient-level factors while only a minority of the variation was attributable to factors at the surgical subspecialty and individual surgeon levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Faiz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gani
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Yuhree
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Pawlik
mesh_terms: D060866:Accountable Care Organizations; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002983:Clinical Competence; D032882:Comprehension; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010819:Physician's Role; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013043:Specialties, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors