title: Should clinical case definitions of influenza in hospitalized older adults include fever?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly persons. Fever is included in all standard definitions of influenza-like illness (ILI), yet older patients may have diminished febrile response to infection. Therefore, we examined the utility of various thresholds to define fever for case definitions of influenza in persons ≥ 65 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from two prospective surveillance studies for respiratory viral infection in adults hospitalized with acute cardiopulmonary illnesses with or without fever were examined. The highest temperature reported prior to admission or measured during the first 24 h after admission was recorded. The diagnosis of influenza was made by a combination of viral culture, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, antigen testing, and serology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2410 subjects (66% ≥ 65 years of age) were enrolled; 281 had influenza (261 influenza A, 19 influenza B, and one mixed influenza A and B). The commonly used definition of ILI (fever ≥ 37·8°C and cough) resulted in 57% sensitivity and 71% specificity in older adults. Receiver operating characteristic curves examining the various temperature thresholds combined with cough and/or sore throat showed the optimal balance between sensitivity and specificity to be 37·9°C (AUC 0·71) and 37·3°C (AUC 0·66), in younger and older persons, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical decision rules using the presence of cough and fever may be helpful when screening for influenza or empiric antiviral treatment when rapid influenza testing is not available; however, lower fever thresholds may be considered for elderly subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.|Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Ann R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Falsey
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baran
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.|Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Edward E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000821:virology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Clinical case definition; elderly; fever; influenza