title: Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Isotopic Yttrium-90-Labeled Rare Earth Fluoride Nanocrystals for Multimodal Imaging.
abstract: Isotopically labeled nanomaterials have recently attracted much attention in biomedical research, environmental health studies, and clinical medicine because radioactive probes allow the elucidation of in vitro and in vivo cellular transport mechanisms, as well as the unambiguous distribution and localization of nanomaterials in vivo. In addition, nanocrystal-based inorganic materials have a unique capability of customizing size, shape, and composition; with the potential to be designed as multimodal imaging probes. Size and shape of nanocrystals can directly influence interactions with biological systems, hence it is important to develop synthetic methods to design radiolabeled nanocrystals with precise control of size and shape. Here, we report size- and shape-controlled synthesis of rare earth fluoride nanocrystals doped with the β-emitting radioisotope yttrium-90 ((90)Y). Size and shape of nanocrystals are tailored via tight control of reaction parameters and the type of rare earth hosts (e.g., Gd or Y) employed. Radiolabeled nanocrystals are synthesized in high radiochemical yield and purity as well as excellent radiolabel stability in the face of surface modification with different polymeric ligands. We demonstrate the Cerenkov radioluminescence imaging and magnetic resonance imaging capabilities of (90)Y-doped GdF3 nanoplates, which offer unique opportunities as a promising platform for multimodal imaging and targeted therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, ‡Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, §Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, ∥Division of Thoracic Surgery, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Taejong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, ‡Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, §Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, ∥Division of Thoracic Surgery, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Ann-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chacko
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, ‡Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, §Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, ∥Division of Thoracic Surgery, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mikitsh
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, ‡Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, §Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, ∥Division of Thoracic Surgery, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Friedberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, ‡Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, §Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, ∥Division of Thoracic Surgery, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Pryma
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, ‡Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, §Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, ∥Division of Thoracic Surgery, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008674:Metals, Rare Earth / Q000737:chemistry; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry; D015019:Yttrium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008674:Metals, Rare Earth; D011868:Radioisotopes; D015019:Yttrium; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Cerenkov luminescence; GdF3; MRI; nanoplate; radioluminescence; yttrium-90