title: The Difference between Growth Factor Expression after Single and Multiple Fractures: Preliminary Results in Human Fracture Healing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Circulating levels of VEGF-A (Vascular Endothelia Growth Factor-A), TGF-β1 (Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1), and M-CSF (Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor) were found to be predictors of bone healing and therefore prognostic criteria of delayed bone healing or nonunion. The aim of this study was to evaluate a potential rise of these markers in patients with multiple fractures of long bones compared to patients with single fractured long bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  92 patients were included in the study and finally after excluding all female patients 45 male patients were left for final analysis and divided into the single or multiple fracture group. TGF-β1, M-CSF, and VEGF-A serum levels were analysed over a time period of two weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MCSF serum concentrations were higher in the group with multiple fractures as also TGF-β1 serum concentrations were at one and two weeks after trauma. No statistically significant difference was observed in the VEGF-A serum concentrations of both groups at either measurement point.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We did observe a correlation between the quantity of the M-CSF and TGF-β1 expressions in serum and the number of fractured bones; surprisingly there was no statistically significant difference in the serum levels between patients with single and multiple fractures of long bones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Binder
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eipeldauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gregori
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Höchtl-Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Gender Medicine Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Tiefenboeck
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hajdu
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Kambiz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sarahrudi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017102:Fracture Healing; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000097:blood; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor