title: [Advances in immunomodulation of microbial unmethylated CpG DNA on animal intestinal tract--a review].
abstract: Unmethylated cytosine-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides motifs in bacterial DNA can be recognized by specific Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in intestinal cells. As one of the intestinal immunostimulatory factors, unmethylated CpG DNA can modulate intestinal innate immune responses directly and adaptive immune responses indirectly. There is a great prospect for unmethylated CpG DNA as an immunomodulator in the rapy of intestinal diseases. This article illustrated the basic concepts of unmethylated CpG DNA, the characteristics of TLR9. We also reviewed specific applications of unmethylated CpG DNA as adjuvants in modulating intestinal immune responses. At last, we elaborated the research and application prospects of CpG DNA in the future.
authors.forename: Kan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Haifeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial