title: Effect of unilateral and simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation on tinnitus: A Prospective Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of cochlear implantation on tinnitus perception in patients with severe bilateral postlingual sensorineural hearing loss and to demonstrate possible differences between unilateral and bilateral cochlear implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight adult patients were included in this prospective study, as part of a multicenter randomized controlled trial investigating the benefits of bilateral cochlear implantation versus unilateral cochlear implantation. Pre- and postoperative tinnitus perception scores were evaluated, before and 1 year after implantation on three tinnitus questionnaires; the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), the Tinnitus Questionnaire (TQ), and a visual analogue scale for tinnitus burden.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before implantation, the tinnitus prevalence was 42.1% (16 of 38) in the whole study group. One year after implantation, the tinnitus questionnaire scores had decreased in 71.4% according to the TQ and 80.0% according to the THI. Tinnitus was induced after cochlear implantation in six patients, five in the bilateral and one in the unilateral group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that cochlear implantation is effective in the reduction of tinnitus in patients with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss who suffered from preoperative tinnitus. Conversely, tinnitus may also increase or even be induced by the cochlear implantation itself. Cochlear implant candidates should be well informed about these possible consequences before undergoing surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  2b.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7869-1313
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Zon
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht.
authors.forename: Yvette E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Smulders
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht.
authors.forename: Geerte G J
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Ramakers
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stegeman
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht.
authors.forename: Adriana L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht.
authors.forename: Gijsbert A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Van Zanten
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stokroos
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hendrice
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen.
authors.forename: Rolien H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Free
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen.
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maat
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden.
authors.forename: Johan H M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Frijns
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Emmanuel A M
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mylanus
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wendy J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Huinck
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht.
authors.forename: Vedat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Topsakal
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht.
authors.forename: Rinze A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Tange
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht.
authors.forename: Wilko
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grolman
mesh_terms: D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D005260:Female; D006312:Hearing Loss, Bilateral / Q000601:surgery*; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Tinnitus; Tinnitus Handicap Inventory; Tinnitus Questionnaire; bilateral cochlear implantation; cochlear implantation