title: A novel 3D method of locomotor analysis in adult zebrafish: Implications for automated detection of CNS drug-evoked phenotypes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Expanding the spectrum of organisms to model human brain phenotypes is critical for our improved understanding of the pathobiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Given the clear limitations of existing mammalian models, there is an urgent need for low-cost, high-throughput in-vivo technologies for drug and gene discovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we introduce a new automated method for generating 3D (X,Y,Z) swim trajectories in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio), to improve their neurophenotyping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the Track3D module of EthoVision XT video tracking software (Noldus Information Technology), this tool enhances the efficient, high-throughput 3D analyses of zebrafish behavioral responses. Applied to adult zebrafish behavior, this 3D method is highly sensitive to various classes of psychotropic drugs, including selected psychostimulant and hallucinogenic agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our present method offers a marked advance in the existing 2D and 3D methods of zebrafish behavioral phenotyping, minimizing research time and recording high-resolution, automatically synchronized videos with calculated, high-precision object positioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our novel approach brings practical simplicity and 'integrative' capacity to the often complex and error-prone quantification of zebrafish behavioral phenotypes. Illustrating the value of 3D swim path reconstructions for identifying experimentally-evoked phenotypic profiles, this method fosters innovative, ethologically relevant, and fully automated small molecule screens using adult zebrafish.
authors.affiliation: ZENEREI Research Center, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, ZNRC, Slidell, LA 70458, USA.
authors.forename: Adam Michael
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Noldus Information Technology BV, Nieuwe Kanaal 5, 6709 PA Wageningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grieco
authors.affiliation: Noldus Information Technology BV, Nieuwe Kanaal 5, 6709 PA Wageningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ruud A J
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Tegelenbosch
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA.
authors.forename: Evan J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kyzar
authors.affiliation: ZENEREI Research Center, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, ZNRC, Slidell, LA 70458, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: ZENEREI Research Center, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, ZNRC, Slidell, LA 70458, USA.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaluyeva
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition (RIMDN), CFST, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, Guangdong, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, Guangdong, China; Neuroscience Graduate Program, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, ZNRC, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; Noldus Information Technology BV, Nieuwe Kanaal 5, 6709 PA Wageningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lucas P J J
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Noldus
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition (RIMDN), CFST, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, Guangdong, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, Guangdong, China; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute of Natural Sciences, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia. Electronic address: avkalueff@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Allan V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kalueff
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D008238:Lysergic Acid Diethylamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D010622:Phencyclidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010641:Phenotype; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012984:Software; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D014612:Vaccines / Q000494:pharmacology; D014741:Video Recording / Q000379:methods; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C557119:NicVAX; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D014612:Vaccines; D008238:Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; D010622:Phencyclidine
keywords: Drug discovery; High-throughput screening; Neurophenotype; Video tracking; Zebrafish