title: How can we develop universal H5N1 vaccines.
abstract: Influenza outbreaks by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, such as H5N1, have caused significant morbidity and mortality in poultry and mammals. Though the risk of community-level spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) remains to be low since the transmission of influenza virus from animals to humans is not common, HPAI may acquire changes in receptor-binding specificity that lead to human to human transmission. Cases of sporadic infection in humans have been increasing every year and the continuous spread has posed a threat to animal and human health. Vaccination remains to be the most effective strategy to prevent and control the spread of influenza viruses. Other than conventional inactivated whole virus vaccine, several vaccine strategies have been adopted in order to universally defend against H5N1s infection, including subunit vaccine, viral vector-based vaccine, chimeric epitope vaccine strains and HA stalk-based vaccine.
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yunrui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore.|Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kwang
mesh_terms: D000075202:Contraindications; D006801:Humans; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines
keywords: H5N1; epitope chimeric; influenza; stalked based; subunit vaccine; universal vaccine; viral vector-based vaccine