title: Artemisia princeps Inhibits Biofilm Formation and Virulence-Factor Expression of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria.
abstract: In this study, we used ethanol extract of A. princeps and investigated its antibacterial effects against MRSA. Ethanol extract of A. princeps significantly inhibited MRSA growth and organic acid production during glucose metabolism at concentrations greater than 1 mg/mL (P < 0.05). MRSA biofilm formation was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and safranin staining. A. princeps extract was found to inhibit MRSA biofilm formation at concentrations higher than 2 mg/mL significantly (P < 0.05). Bactericidal effects of the A. princeps were observed using confocal laser microscopy, which showed that A. princeps was bactericidal in a dose-dependent manner. Using real-time PCR, expression of mecA, an antibiotic-resistance gene of MRSA, was observed, along with that of sea, agrA, and sarA. A. princeps significantly inhibited mecA, sea, agrA, and sarA, mRNA expression at the concentrations greater than 1 mg/mL (P < 0.05). The phytochemical analysis of A. princeps showed a relatively high content of organic acids and glycosides. The results of this study suggest that the ethanol extract of A. princeps may inhibit proliferation, acid production, biofilm formation, and virulence gene expressions of MRSA, which may be related to organic acids and glycosides, the major components in the extract.
authors.affiliation: College of Education, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Na-Young
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Wonkwang Research Institute for Food Industry, Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea ; Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kang-Ju
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D019306:Artemisia / Q000737:chemistry*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D037521:Virulence Factors