title: Steroid hyperglycemia: Prevalence, early detection and therapeutic recommendations: A narrative review.
abstract: Steroids are drugs that have been used extensively in a variety of conditions. Although widely prescribed for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, glucocorticoids have several side effects, being hyperglycemia one of the most common and representative. In the present review, we discuss the main epidemiologic characteristics associated with steroid use, with emphasis on the identification of high risk populations. Additionally we present the pathophysiology of corticosteroid induced hyperglycemia as well as the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics associated with steroid use. We propose a treatment strategy based on previous reports and the understanding of the mechanism of action of both, the different types of glucocorticoids and the treatment options, in both the ambulatory and the hospital setting. Finally, we present some of the recent scientific advances as well as some options for future use of glucocorticoids.
authors.affiliation: Héctor Eloy Tamez-Pérez, Dania Lizet Quintanilla-Flores, Alejandra Lorena Tamez-Peña, Internal Medicine Service, "Dr. José Eleuterio González" University Hospital and School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, México.
authors.forename: Héctor Eloy
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Tamez-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Héctor Eloy Tamez-Pérez, Dania Lizet Quintanilla-Flores, Alejandra Lorena Tamez-Peña, Internal Medicine Service, "Dr. José Eleuterio González" University Hospital and School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, México.
authors.forename: Dania Lizet
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Quintanilla-Flores
authors.affiliation: Héctor Eloy Tamez-Pérez, Dania Lizet Quintanilla-Flores, Alejandra Lorena Tamez-Peña, Internal Medicine Service, "Dr. José Eleuterio González" University Hospital and School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, México.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Héctor Eloy Tamez-Pérez, Dania Lizet Quintanilla-Flores, Alejandra Lorena Tamez-Peña, Internal Medicine Service, "Dr. José Eleuterio González" University Hospital and School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, México.
authors.forename: José Gerardo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: González-González
authors.affiliation: Héctor Eloy Tamez-Pérez, Dania Lizet Quintanilla-Flores, Alejandra Lorena Tamez-Peña, Internal Medicine Service, "Dr. José Eleuterio González" University Hospital and School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, México.
authors.forename: Alejandra Lorena
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Tamez-Peña
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Hyperglycemia; Insulin; Steroid; Treatment