title: In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of the Bumped Kinase Inhibitor 1294 in the Related Cyst-Forming Apicomplexans Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum.
abstract: We report on the in vitro effects of the bumped kinase inhibitor 1294 (BKI-1294) in cultures of virulent Neospora caninum isolates Nc-Liverpool (Nc-Liv) and Nc-Spain7 and in two strains of Toxoplasma gondii (RH and ME49), all grown in human foreskin fibroblasts. In these parasites, BKI-1294 acted with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) ranging from 20 nM (T. gondii RH) to 360 nM (N. caninum Nc-Liv), and exposure of intracellular stages to 1294 led to the nondisjunction of newly formed tachyzoites, resulting in the formation of multinucleated complexes similar to complexes previously observed in BKI-1294-treated N. caninum beta-galactosidase-expressing parasites. However, such complexes were not seen in a transgenic T. gondii strain that expressed CDPK1 harboring a mutation (G to M) in the gatekeeper residue. In T. gondii ME49 and N. caninum Nc-Liv, exposure of cultures to BKI-1294 resulted in the elevated expression of mRNA coding for the bradyzoite marker BAG1. Unlike in bradyzoites, SAG1 expression was not repressed. Immunofluorescence also showed that these multinucleated complexes expressed SAG1 and BAG1 and the monoclonal antibody CC2, which binds to a yet unidentified bradyzoite antigen, also exhibited increased labeling. In a pregnant mouse model, BKI-1294 efficiently inhibited vertical transmission in BALB/c mice experimentally infected with one of the two virulent isolates Nc-Liv or Nc-Spain7, demonstrating proof of concept that this compound protected offspring from vertical transmission and disease. The observed deregulated antigen expression effect may enhance the immune response during BKI-1294 therapy and will be the subject of future studies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Winzer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aguado-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Mahbubur
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Vreni
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Balmer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Manser
authors.affiliation: SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis Miguel
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ortega-Mora
authors.affiliation: Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Kayode K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ojo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Erkang
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Dustin J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Maly
authors.affiliation: Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Wesley C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Van Voorhis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland andrew.hemphill@vetsuisse.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hemphill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003048:Coccidiosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D003049:Coccidiostats / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018688:Neospora / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D011247:Pregnancy; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D003049:Coccidiostats; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011494:Protein Kinases; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; C106179:BAG1 protein, Toxoplasma; C047168:SAG1 antigen, Toxoplasma; C115390:SAG1 protein, Neospora caninum