title: The role of nicotine, cotinine and caffeine on the electrochemical behavior and bacterial colonization to cp-Ti.
abstract: Although smoking promotes deleterious effect to bone healing, there is a lack of study investigating its role on the implant structure and biofilm growth. We hypothesized that nicotine, cotinine and caffeine would impair the corrosion resistance of commercially-pure titanium (cp-Ti) and would enhance Streptococcus sanguinis biofilm growth. Neither the smoking products nor the caffeine affected the corrosion tendency (P>.05) and the oxide layer resistance (P=.762) of cp-Ti. Lower capacitance values were noted in the presence of nicotine (P=.001) and cotinine (P=.0006). SEM showed no pitting corrosion, and the EDS spectra did not differ among groups. Nicotine (300μg/mL) induced higher surface roughness (P=.03) and greater surface change of cp-Ti. Nicotine at 3μg/mL, and cotinine at 0.3 and 3μg/mL increased the number of viable cells (P<.05). Biofilm exposed to nicotine (0.3, 3 and 30μg/mL) (P=.025, .030, .040, respectively) and cotinine (3 and 30μg/mL) (P=.027, .049, respectively) enhanced carbohydrate content. Biofilm biomass and protein content were similar among groups (P>.05). These findings suggest a greater biofilm accumulation in smokers, a risk factor that may lead to peri-implantitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, 13414-903. Electronic address: barao@fop.unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Valentim A R
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Barão
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Science, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, 13414-903.
authors.forename: Antonio P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ricomini-Filho
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Aracatuba Dental School, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil, 16015-050.
authors.forename: Leonardo P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Faverani
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, 13414-903.
authors.forename: Altair A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Del Bel Cury
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry, 801S Paulina, Chicago, IL, USA, 60612.
authors.forename: Cortino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sukotjo
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Aracatuba Dental School, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil, 16015-050.
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry, 801S Paulina, Chicago, IL, USA, 60612.
authors.forename: Judy Chia-Chun
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1611W Harrison, Chicago, IL, USA, 60612.
authors.forename: Mathew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Regiane C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: do Amaral
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, 13414-903.
authors.forename: Marcelo F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mesquita
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, 13414-903.
authors.forename: Wander J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Aracatuba Dental School, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil, 16015-050.
authors.forename: Wirley G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Assunção
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003343:Corrosion; D003367:Cotinine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D025802:Electric Capacitance; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000382:microbiology; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects; D014025:Titanium / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D010087:Oxides; D002110:Caffeine; D009538:Nicotine; D014025:Titanium; D003367:Cotinine
keywords: Biofilm; Caffeine; Corrosion; Cotinine; Dental implants; Electrochemistry; Nicotine