title: Somatisation as a risk factor for incident depression and anxiety.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we aimed to examine somatisation as a risk factor for the onset of depressive and anxiety disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  4-year follow-up data from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA), a multisite cohort study of the course of depression and anxiety, was analysed. Participants (18-65 years) without a lifetime depressive or anxiety disorder at baseline were included (n=611). Somatisation was measured at baseline with the somatisation subscale of the 4 Dimensional Symptoms Questionnaire. Onset of depression and anxiety was assessed with the CIDI interview at 2-year and 4-year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Somatisation was a risk factor for the incidence of depression [Hazard Ratio per unit increase (HR); 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.13; 1.09-1.17] and anxiety [HR; 95% CI: 1.14; 1.09-1.18]. Associations attenuated but remained statistically significant after adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics, chronic somatic disorders, and baseline levels of (subclinical) depressive or anxiety symptoms [adjusted HR for depression; 95% CI: 1.06; 1.00-1.12, adjusted HR for anxiety; 95% CI: 1.13; 1.07-1.20].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persons who somatise have an increased risk of becoming depressed or anxious in subsequent years, over and above baseline levels of depressive or anxiety symptoms. They may represent a target group for prevention of depressive and anxiety disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, EMGO institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: s.kersten@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Sandra M A
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dijkstra-Kersten
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, EMGO institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sitnikova
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, EMGO institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Harm W J
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: van Marwijk
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, EMGO institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marloes M J G
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gerrits
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, EMGO institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannes C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: van der Wouden
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Brenda W J H
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Penninx
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, EMGO institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henriëtte E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: van der Horst
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Mental Health, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stephanie S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Leone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety disorder; Depressive disorder; Prospective cohort-study; Somatisation