title: Update on prolactinomas. Part 1: Clinical manifestations and diagnostic challenges.
abstract: The authors provide an update on the clinical manifestations and diagnostic challenges of prolactinomas. Prolactinomas are the most common pituitary adenoma seen in clinical practice. Secondary causes of hyperprolactinemia should be ruled out by assessment of the clinical history, including current medications, physical examination, pregnancy test, routine biochemical analysis with a thyroid function test, and neuroimaging, before a confirmatory diagnosis of prolactinoma is made. Prolactinomas are associated with endocrine dysfunction, affecting gonadal function and causing neurological deficits due to mass effect. The progress in elucidating the pathogenesis of prolactinomas and advances in diagnostic methods, including more sensitive diagnostic hormone assays and neuroimaging, have enriched the current diagnostic approach and management. Making the correct diagnosis is crucial to implementing the appropriate therapy. Dopamine agonist therapy remains the first line of treatment for prolactinomas, as it is effective in normalizing serum prolactin levels and reducing tumor size. Surgery is typically indicated for patients who are resistant to medical therapy or intolerant of its adverse side effects, or for those experiencing progressive neurological deficits. Nevertheless, curative surgical resection as a primary mode of treatment for smaller prolactinomas has recently gained attention as an alternative to lifelong dopamine agonist treatment.
authors.affiliation: Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Suite 8100, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Anni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Suite 8100, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Jean Anderson
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eloy
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Couldwell
authors.affiliation: Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Suite 8100, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA. Electronic address: james.liu.md@rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D006966:Hyperprolactinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood*; D015175:Prolactinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D013101:Sphenoid Sinus
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D011388:Prolactin
keywords: Clinical manifestations; Dopamine agonist therapy; Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery; Hyperprolactinemia; Pituitary adenoma; Prolactin; Prolactinoma