title: Efficient generation of volatile cadmium species using Ti(III) and Ti(IV) and application to determination of cadmium by cold vapor generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CVG-ICP-MS).
abstract: In this study, a highly efficient chemical vapor generation (CVG) approach is reported for determination of cadmium (Cd). Titanium (III) and titanium (IV) were investigated for the first time as catalytic additives along with thiourea, L-cysteine and potassium cyanide (KCN) for generation of volatile Cd species. Both Ti(III) and Ti(IV) provided the highest enhancement with KCN. The improvement with thiourea was marginal (ca. 2-fold), while L-cysteine enhanced signal slightly only with Ti(III) in H2SO4. Optimum CVG conditions were 4% (v/v) HCl + 0.03 M Ti(III) + 0.16 M KCN and 2% (v/v) HNO3+ 0.03 M Ti(IV) + 0.16 M KCN with a 3% (m/v) NaBH4solution. The sensitivity was improved about 40-fold with Ti(III) and 35-fold with Ti(IV). A limit of detection (LOD) of 3.2 ng L-1was achieved with Ti(III) by CVG-ICP-MS. The LOD with Ti(IV) was 6.4 ng L-1which was limited by the blank signals in Ti(IV) solution. Experimental evidence indicated that Ti(III) and Ti(IV) enhanced Cd vapor generation catalytically; for best efficiency mixing prior to reaction with NaBH4was critical. The method was highly robust against the effects of transition metal ions. No significant suppression was observed in the presence of Co(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) up to 1.0 μg mL-1. Among the hydride forming elements, no interference was observed from As(III) and Se(IV) at 0.5 μg mL-1level. The depressive effects from Pb(II) and Sb(III) were not significant at 0.1 μg mL-1while those from Bi(III) and Sn(II) were marginal. The procedures were validated with determination of Cd by CVG-ICP-MS in a number certified reference materials, including Nearshore seawater (CASS-4), Bone ash (SRM 1400), Dogfish liver (DOLT-4), Mussel tissue (SRM 2976) and Domestic Sludge (SRM 2781).
authors.affiliation: Jackson State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson, MS 39217 USA.
authors.forename: Zikri
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.affiliation: Jackson State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson, MS 39217 USA ; Erciyes University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: Vedat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.affiliation: Jackson State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson, MS 39217 USA.
authors.forename: LaKeysha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rose
keywords: Cadmium; Chemical vapor generation; Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; Titanium (III); Titanium (IV)