title: Distribution system water age can create premise plumbing corrosion hotspots.
abstract: Cumulative changes in chemical and biological properties associated with higher "water age" in distribution systems may impact water corrosivity and regulatory compliance with lead and copper action levels. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of water age and chemistry on corrosivity of various downstream premise plumbing pipe materials and configurations using a combination of controlled laboratory studies and a field survey. Examination of lead pipe, copper pipe with lead solder, and leaded brass materials in a replicated lab rig simulating premise plumbing stagnation events indicated that lead or copper release could increase as much as ∼440 % or decrease as much as 98 % relative to water treatment plant effluent. In field studies at five utilities, trends in lead and copper release were highly dependent on circumstance; for example, lead release increased with water age in 13 % of cases and decreased with water age in 33 % of conditions tested. Levels of copper in the distribution system were up to 50 % lower and as much as 30 % higher relative to levels at the treatment plant. In many cases, high-risks of elevated lead and copper did not co-occur, demonstrating that these contaminants will have to be sampled separately to identify "worst case" conditions for human exposure and monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA, smasters@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Sheldon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masters
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.forename: Amrou
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atassi
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis; D003343:Corrosion; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis; D012498:Sanitary Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C048399:brass; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc