title: Communal farmers' perceptions of tick-borne diseases affecting cattle and investigation of tick control methods practiced in Zimbabwe.
abstract: Tick borne diseases (TBDs) are responsible for huge economic losses in cattle production in most African countries where the majority of cattle owners are the resource poor communal farmers. Governments have initiated and co-ordinate tick control programs with farmers required to contribute funds for their sustenance. The success of these programs will hinge upon the involvement of communal farmers in their design, implementation and evaluation. To this end, 313 communal farmers (approximately 8.4% response rate) were interviewed and 3 focus group discussions were carried out in the southern low-veld part of Zimbabwe with the objectives of investigating communal farmers' perceptions on TBDs affecting cattle, level of participation in government initiated tick control programs, other tick control methods practiced, types of acaricides used and their perceived effectiveness. There was a general awareness of TBDs with 67.7% (n=212) farmers being able to describe tick diseases with names or clinical and post-mortem signs. The diseases or problems frequently associated with ticks were cowdriosis (38%, n=119), mastitis (36.7%, n=115), anaplasmosis (36.1%, n=113), body damage (28.4%, n=89), babesiosis (24.6%, n=77) and poor body condition (16.6%, n=52). Cattle mortalities due to TBDs were reported by 23.8% (n=74) of the farmers. The plunge dip was consistently used by farmers (70.3%, n=220) to control ticks. Other tick control methods practiced were the hand spraying (67.4%, n=211), hand dressing (16.6%, n=52), traditional methods (5.4%, n=17), use of pour-ons (4.5%, n=14) and smearing (2.2%, n=7). The formamidines were the most common class of acaricide used (59.4%, n=186), followed by synthetic pyrethroids (29.1%, n=91), macro cyclic lactones (12.8%, n=40) and organophosphates (4.5%, n=14). Most farmers (75.2%, n=231) perceived these acaricides to be effective in controlling ticks. The results of focus group discussions showed that a number of factors influenced the success of government initiated tick control programs and these included inconsistent supply of acaricides, unaffordable dipping fees, lack of water, long distance to the dip tank, lack of information on dipping procedures and lack of knowledge on strategies for delaying acaricide resistance. This study demonstrates that while farmers can be a valuable source of information with regards to the epidemiology of tick borne diseases affecting their cattle, there is still need for further training in understanding the TBDs and strategies for their control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Entomology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Livestock and Wildlife Management, Midlands State University, 1 Senga Road, Private Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe. Electronic address: MSungirai@itg.be.
authors.forename: Marvelous
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sungirai
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Midlands State University, 1 Senga Road, Private Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Doreen Zandile
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Moyo
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Clercq
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Entomology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
authors.forename: Maxime
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madder
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D013983:Tick Control / Q000379:methods*; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D017282:Tick-Borne Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides
keywords: Communal farmers; Control; Epidemiology; Participatory; Tick-borne diseases; Ticks