title: A novel microwave recipe for an antibiofilm titanium surface.
abstract: A microwave based method for the surface modification of titanium was demonstrated for biomedical applications. The surfaces were characterized using XRD, HR-SEM and Goniometer. The absence of rutile, anatase and brookite phases and the presence of an amorphous near-native oxide film were confirmed. The microwave oxidized (MWO) surfaces exhibited a significant antibiofilm activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In the presence and absence of the water pot, the oxidation times of 60 and 20min demonstrated a high antibiofilm property respectively. The surfaces turned more hydrophobic with increasing oxidation time. The viability of L6 cells remained unaffected on the MWO oxidized surfaces, signifying no loss in biocompatibility. This systematic study presents MWO as a promising technique for solving the biofilm problem faced by the otherwise robust titanium.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India; Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gopal
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
authors.forename: Venkatesan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nandakumar
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India. Electronic address: mukeshd@iitm.ac.in.
authors.forename: Mukesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doble
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000502:physiology*; D008872:Microwaves; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000502:physiology*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium
keywords: Antibiofilm; Biocompatibility; Biofilm; Inhibition; Microwave; Oxides; Pathogenic bacteria; Titanium