title: Perceptions of Competence, Strength, and Age Influence Voters to Select Leaders with Lower-Pitched Voices.
abstract: Voters prefer leaders with lower-pitched voices because they are perceived as stronger, having greater physical prowess, more competent, and having greater integrity. An alternative hypothesis that has yet to be tested is that lower-pitched voices are perceived as older and thus wiser and more experienced. Here the relationships between candidate voice pitch, candidate age, and electoral success are examined with two experiments. Study 1 tests whether voters discriminate on candidate age. The results show that male and female candidates in their 40s and 50s, the time in the lifecycle when voice pitch is at its lowest, are preferred over candidates in their 30s, 60s, and 70s. Study 2 shows that the preference for leaders with lower-pitched voices correlates with the perception that speakers with lower voices are stronger, more competent, and older, but the influence of perception of age on vote choice is the weakest of the three.
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, Department of Political Science, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America; Duke University, Department of Biology, Durham, NC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Casey A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Klofstad
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Department of Biology, Durham, NC, United States of America; Florida Atlantic University, Department of Biology, Boca Raton, FL, United States of America.
authors.forename: Rindy C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Department of Biology, Durham, NC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nowicki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002755:Choice Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D016743:Mental Competency; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010898:Pitch Perception; D011057:Politics; D035502:Trust; D014831:Voice; D055815:Young Adult