title: Cognitive and neurophysiological markers of ADHD persistence and remission.
abstract: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) persists in around two-thirds of individuals in adolescence and early adulthood.
  
  
  
  To examine the cognitive and neurophysiological processes underlying the persistence or remission of ADHD.
  
  
  
  Follow-up data were obtained from 110 young people with childhood ADHD and 169 controls on cognitive, electroencephalogram frequency, event-related potential (ERP) and actigraph movement measures after 6 years.
  
  
  
  ADHD persisters differed from remitters on preparation-vigilance measures (contingent negative variation, delta activity, reaction time variability and omission errors), IQ and actigraph count, but not on executive control measures of inhibition or working memory (nogo-P3 amplitudes, commission errors and digit span backwards).
  
  
  
  Preparation-vigilance measures were markers of remission, improving concurrently with ADHD symptoms, whereas executive control measures were not sensitive to ADHD persistence/remission. For IQ, the present and previous results combined suggest a role in moderating ADHD outcome. These findings fit with previously identified aetiological separation of the cognitive impairments in ADHD. The strongest candidates for the development of non-pharmacological interventions involving cognitive training and neurofeedback are the preparation-vigilance processes that were markers of ADHD remission.
authors.affiliation: Celeste H. M. Cheung, MSc, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK and Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Fruhling Rijsdijk, PhD, Gráinne McLoughlin, PhD, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK; Daniel Brandeis, PhD, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Tobias Banaschewski, MD, PhD, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Philip Asherson, MRC Psych, PhD, Jonna Kuntsi, PhD, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.
authors.forename: Celeste H M
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: Celeste H. M. Cheung, MSc, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK and Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Fruhling Rijsdijk, PhD, Gráinne McLoughlin, PhD, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK; Daniel Brandeis, PhD, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Tobias Banaschewski, MD, PhD, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Philip Asherson, MRC Psych, PhD, Jonna Kuntsi, PhD, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.
authors.forename: Fruhling
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rijsdijk
authors.affiliation: Celeste H. M. Cheung, MSc, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK and Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Fruhling Rijsdijk, PhD, Gráinne McLoughlin, PhD, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK; Daniel Brandeis, PhD, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Tobias Banaschewski, MD, PhD, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Philip Asherson, MRC Psych, PhD, Jonna Kuntsi, PhD, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.
authors.forename: Gráinne
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McLoughlin
authors.affiliation: Celeste H. M. Cheung, MSc, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK and Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Fruhling Rijsdijk, PhD, Gráinne McLoughlin, PhD, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK; Daniel Brandeis, PhD, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Tobias Banaschewski, MD, PhD, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Philip Asherson, MRC Psych, PhD, Jonna Kuntsi, PhD, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brandeis
authors.affiliation: Celeste H. M. Cheung, MSc, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK and Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Fruhling Rijsdijk, PhD, Gráinne McLoughlin, PhD, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK; Daniel Brandeis, PhD, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Tobias Banaschewski, MD, PhD, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Philip Asherson, MRC Psych, PhD, Jonna Kuntsi, PhD, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banaschewski
authors.affiliation: Celeste H. M. Cheung, MSc, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK and Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Fruhling Rijsdijk, PhD, Gráinne McLoughlin, PhD, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK; Daniel Brandeis, PhD, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Tobias Banaschewski, MD, PhD, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Philip Asherson, MRC Psych, PhD, Jonna Kuntsi, PhD, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Asherson
authors.affiliation: Celeste H. M. Cheung, MSc, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK and Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Fruhling Rijsdijk, PhD, Gráinne McLoughlin, PhD, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK; Daniel Brandeis, PhD, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Tobias Banaschewski, MD, PhD, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Philip Asherson, MRC Psych, PhD, Jonna Kuntsi, PhD, King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK jonna.kuntsi@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jonna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuntsi
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000293:Adolescent; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D018450:Disease Progression; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012075:Remission, Spontaneous; D035781:Siblings