title: Genomes by design.
abstract: Next-generation DNA sequencing has revealed the complete genome sequences of numerous organisms, establishing a fundamental and growing understanding of genetic variation and phenotypic diversity. Engineering at the gene, network and whole-genome scale aims to introduce targeted genetic changes both to explore emergent phenotypes and to introduce new functionalities. Expansion of these approaches into massively parallel platforms establishes the ability to generate targeted genome modifications, elucidating causal links between genotype and phenotype, as well as the ability to design and reprogramme organisms. In this Review, we explore techniques and applications in genome engineering, outlining key advances and defining challenges.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. [2] Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA.
authors.forename: Adrian D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Haimovich
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. [2] Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA. [3] Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. [2] Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA.
authors.forename: Farren J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Isaacs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018390:Gene Targeting / Q000379:methods; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016678:Genome; D005838:Genotype; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans