title: Is flexible ureterorenoscopy and laser lithotripsy the new gold standard for lower pole renal stones when compared to shock wave lithotripsy: Comparative outcomes from a University hospital over similar time period.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal lower pole stones pose difficulty in management due to anatomical variation, stone size, hardness and patient demographics. Flexible ureterorenoscopy and laser lithotripsy (FURSL) and shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) are preferred for stones 1-2 cm in size. We wanted to compare the outcomes of FURSL and SWL for lower pole stones during the same time period.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients who were treated for lower pole stones with FURSL and SWL during a 19-month period were included. The stone free rate (SFR) was defined as ≤3 mm fragments on follow-up imaging or stone free endoscopically. Data was recorded in an excel spreadsheet with SPSS version 21 used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 161 lower pole procedures were done (93 SWL and 63 FURSL). The mean stone size for SWL (7.4 mm; range: 4-16 mm) was significantly smaller than for FURSL (13.4 mm; 4-53 mm). The mean operating time and hospital stay for FURSL was 65 minutes (range: 30-160 minutes) and 0.5 days (range: 0-7 days) respectively. The SFR was significantly better (p <0.001) for FURSL (n = 63, 93%) compared to SWL (n = 23, 25%). There were 4 (6%) complications (3 Clavien II and 1 Clavien I) in the FURSL group (2 urosepsis, 1 UTI and 1 stent pain). Three patients in the SWL group (Clavien I) were readmitted with renal colic but there were no other complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FURSL for lower pole stones seems to be a much better alternative than SWL with a high SFR even for larger stones and seems to be the new gold standard for lower pole stone management.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Department of Urology, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burr
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Department of Urology, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Hiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Department of Urology, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Simmonds
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Department of Urology, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Bhaskar K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Somani
keywords: calculi; laser; lithotripsy; lower pole; stone; ureteroscopy