title: Reliability of Assessing Hand Osteoarthritis on Digital Photographs and Associations With Radiographic and Clinical Findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the reliability and construct validity of an atlas for grading hand osteoarthritis (OA) on photographs in a separate younger community-dwelling population than the development cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were community-dwelling adults (ages ≥50 years) in North Staffordshire, UK with hand pain or hand problems in the last year who attended a research clinic. High-quality photographs were taken in a standardized position. A photographic atlas was used to score hand joints (second and third distal interphalangeal [DIP], second and third proximal interphalangeal [PIP], and first carpometacarpal [CMC] joints) and joint groups (DIP, PIP, and CMC joints) for OA on a 0-3 scale. Hand radiographs were graded for OA using the Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) grading system. Clinical features (nodes, bony enlargement, and deformity) were determined by physical examination. Associations of photographic hand OA grades with radiographic OA and clinical features were determined to assess construct validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 558 participants (mean age 64 years, 62% women) were included in the analyses. Reliability for scoring OA on the photographs was good (mean intrarater intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] 0.77 and mean interrater ICC 0.71). At the joint level, photographic hand OA grade was positively associated with radiographic OA grade (Spearman's ρ = 0.19-0.57, P < 0.001) and the number of clinical features (Spearman's ρ = 0.36-0.59, P < 0.001). At the person level, individuals with higher global photographic OA scores had higher summed K/L scores and higher percentages meeting the American College of Rheumatology clinical hand OA criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This photographic scoring system was reliable and a good indicator of hand OA in a separate younger community-dwelling population than the development cohort. This method of data collection offers researchers a feasible alternative to physical examination and radiography.
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Primary Care Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: Landspitalinn University Hospital and University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Helgi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.affiliation: University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Gudrun P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Helgadottir
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Primary Care Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nicholls
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Primary Care Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van der Windt
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Primary Care Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Primary Care Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.
authors.forename: Krysia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dziedzic
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D050823:Hand Joints / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods*; D010808:Physical Examination; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index