title: How to treat actinic keratosis? An update.
abstract: Actinic keratosis (AKs) is one of the most common skin lesions leading to an increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma and other skin malignancies. The lesions principally arise as a result of excessive ultraviolet (UV) exposure. AKs may regress spontaneously, remain stable or evolve to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. The risk of squamous cell carcinoma is significantly increased patients with more than 5 AKs. The main mechanisms involved in the formation of AK are inflammation, mutagenesis, oxidative stress, impaired apoptosis, immunosuppression, disregulation of cell growth and proliferation, and tissue remodeling. Human papilloma virus has also been correlated with the formation of some AKs. As an individual ages, his skin is exposed to increasing cumulative amounts of UV light and other environmental insults. This is especially true for the head, neck and forearms. These insults do not target only the skin where individual lesions develop, but also the surrounding area. In this area undetectable preclinical AK lesions or dysplastic cells may be present. The whole affected area is known as the 'field'. Therefore, management is divided into lesion-directed and field-directed therapies. Currently, the therapies in use are lesion-directed cryotherapy and/or excision, and field-directed topical agents: 5-fluorouracil, diclofenac, photodynamic therapy, imiquimod, and ingenol mebutate. Combining lesion- and field-directed therapies showed good results and several novel therapies are under investigation. Treatment is variable and personalized, what makes a gold standard management algorithm difficult to design. This review aims to describe the rationale behind the available treatment options for AKs based on current understanding of pathophysiology and epidemiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scalvenzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fabbrocini
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Monfrecola
keywords: 5-fluorouracil; actinic keratoses; actinic keratosis; diclofenac; field cancerization; imiquimod; ingenol mebutate; photodynamic therapy; treatment