title: Sciences of the brain: The long road to scientific maturity and to present-day reductionism.
abstract: When examined in a long-term perspective, brain sciences demonstrate certain conceptual consistencies as well as theoretical oppositions that have lasted for centuries, ever since Ancient Greece. The neurosciences have progressed more on the basis of technological than conceptual advances, and the constant recuperation of new techniques from other sciences have led to a continually reductionist view of the brain and its functions. In a different perspective, if not opposite to the reductionism, are the psychological constructs and those that constitute the functional unity of individuals, which are still mysterious. In fact, the gap between these two approaches has never been larger than it is now. This chapter discusses the enduring nature of some of these problems and their recent consequences.
authors.affiliation: Neurocentre Magendie, Inserm U862, Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo-Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux cedex, France. Electronic address: michel.le-moal@inserm.fr.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Le Moal
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo-Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux cedex, France; CNRS UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France; École pratique des hautes études, Paris, France. Electronic address: joel.swendsen@u-bordeaux.fr.
authors.forename: Joël
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Swendsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009488:Neurosciences
keywords: Brain and Society; Cerveau et Société; Conceptual Neuroscience; Neurosciences théoriques; Psychiatrie; Psychiatry; Reductionism; Réductionnisme