title: Resilience in Vulnerable Populations With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with chronic conditions and limited access to health care experience stressful challenges resulting from the burden of managing both their conditions and their daily life demands. Resilience provides a mechanism of adapting to stressful experiences. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesize the evidence about interventions to enhance resiliency in managing hypertension or type 2 diabetes in vulnerable populations and to assess the efficacy of these interventions on clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched multiple databases from early inception through February 2015 including randomized controlled trials that enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes or hypertension. All interventions that targeted resilience in vulnerable populations were included. Data were synthesized to describe the characteristics and efficacy of resiliency interventions. We pooled the total effects by calculating standardized mean difference using the random-effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final search yielded 17 studies. All studies were conducted in the United States and generally targeted minority participants. Resiliency interventions used diverse strategies; discussion groups or workshops were the most common approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions aimed at enhancing the resiliency of patients from vulnerable groups are diverse. Outcomes were not fully conclusive. There was some evidence that resiliency interventions had a positive effect on hemoglobin A1C levels but not blood pressure. The incorporation of resiliency-oriented interventions into the arsenal of preventing and managing chronic conditions appears to be an opportunity that remains to be better investigated and exploited, and there is need to pursue further understanding of the core components of any intervention that claims to enhance resilience.
authors.affiliation: CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: M Amalia
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pesantes
authors.affiliation: CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lazo-Porras
authors.affiliation: Knowledge and Evaluation Research (KER) Unit Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Abd Moain
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abu Dabrh
authors.affiliation: Knowledge and Evaluation Research (KER) Unit Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Jaime R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ávila-Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Knowledge and Evaluation Research (KER) Unit Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caycho
authors.affiliation: Knowledge and Evaluation Research (KER) Unit Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Georgina Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Villamonte
authors.affiliation: Knowledge and Evaluation Research (KER) Unit Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Grecia P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Pérez
authors.affiliation: CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Germán
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Málaga
authors.affiliation: CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernabé-Ortiz
authors.affiliation: CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. Electronic address: jaime.miranda@upch.pe.
authors.forename: J Jaime
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Miranda
mesh_terms: D054521:Cultural Competency; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000523:psychology*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000523:psychology*; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012648:Self Care; D035862:Vulnerable Populations / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin