title: Ocular Manifestations of Venomous Snake Bite over a One-year Period in a Tertiary Care Hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ocular manifestations in snake-bite injuries are quite rare. However, the unusual presentations, diagnosis and their management can pose challenges when they present to the ophthalmologist. Early detection of these treatable conditions can prevent visual loss in these patients who are systemically unstable and are unaware of their ocular condition. To address this, a study was conducted with the aim of identifying the various ocular manifestations of snake bite in a tertiary care center.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a one-year institute-based prospective study report of 12 snake bite victims admitted to a tertiary hospital with ocular manifestations between June 2013 to June 2014, which provides data about the demographic characteristics, clinical profiles, ocular manifestations, and their outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve cases of snake bite with ocular manifestations were included of which six were viper bites, three were cobra bites and three were unknown bites. Six patients presented with bilateral acute angle closure glaucoma (50%), two patients had anterior uveitis (16.6%) of which one patient had concomitant optic neuritis. One patient had exudative retinal detachment (8.3%), one patient had thrombocytopenia with subconjunctival hemorrhage (8.3%) and two patients had external ophthalmoplegia (16.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bilateral angle closure glaucoma was the most common ocular manifestation followed by anterior uveitis and external ophthalmoplegia. Snake bite can result in significant ocular morbidity in a majority of patients but spontaneous recovery with anti-snake venom, steroids and conservative management results in good visual prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Praveen Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Praveen Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Nirupama
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kasturi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Shashi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahuja
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017815:Elapidae; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015812:Glaucoma, Angle-Closure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009886:Ophthalmoplegia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D012910:Snake Venoms / Q000506:poisoning*; D063128:Tertiary Health Care; D013997:Time Factors; D014606:Uveitis, Anterior / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D017819:Viperidae; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins; D012910:Snake Venoms
keywords: Ocular manifestations; Snake bites; Venoms