title: Dynapenic Obesity and Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged Japanese Men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The independent and combined associations of muscle strength and obesity on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Japanese men remain unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hand grip strength was cross-sectionally evaluated between 2011 and 2013 to assess muscle strength in 5039 male workers aged 40 to 64 years. Weight and height were measured, and overweight/obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥25 kg/m(2). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes, defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL and/or hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5% and/or self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes, was evaluated. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the prevalence of type 2 diabetes were obtained using a logistic regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 611 participants had type 2 diabetes, and 1763 participants were overweight/obese. After adjustment for covariates, we found an inverse association between muscle strength and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (P for trend <0.01). In addition, when the analyses were stratified by obesity status, the multivariable-adjusted OR per 2-standard-deviation increase in muscle strength was 0.64 (95% CI, 0.49-0.83) in the overweight/obese group, compared to a weaker relationship in the normal-weight group (OR 0.79 per 2-standard-deviation increase; 95% CI, 0.60-1.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dynapenia, an age-related decrease in muscle strength, is associated with increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes, and this relationship is stronger in overweight/obese middle-aged Japanese men than in normal-weight men.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University.
authors.forename: Ryoko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Susumu S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: I-Min
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Munehiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gando
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Motohiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyachi
authors.forename: Steven N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Blair
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence