title: At14a-Like1 participates in membrane-associated mechanisms promoting growth during drought in Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: Limited knowledge of how plants regulate their growth and metabolism in response to drought and reduced soil water potential has impeded efforts to improve stress tolerance. Increased expression of the membrane-associated protein At14a-like1 (AFL1) led to increased growth and accumulation of the osmoprotective solute proline without negative effects on unstressed plants. Conversely, inducible RNA-interference suppression of AFL1 decreased growth and proline accumulation during low water potential while having no effect on unstressed plants. AFL1 overexpression lines had reduced expression of many stress-responsive genes, suggesting AFL1 may promote growth in part by suppression of negative regulatory genes. AFL1 interacted with the endomembrane proteins protein disulfide isomerase 5 (PDI5) and NAI2, with the PDI5 interaction being particularly increased by stress. PDI5 and NAI2 are negative regulatory factors, as pdi5, nai2, and pdi5-2nai2-3 mutants had increased growth and proline accumulation at low water potential. AFL1 also interacted with Adaptor protein2-2A (AP2-2A), which is part of a complex that recruits cargo proteins and promotes assembly of clathrin-coated vesicles. AFL1 colocalization with clathrin light chain along the plasma membrane, together with predictions of AFL1 structure, were consistent with a role in vesicle formation or trafficking. Fractionation experiments indicated that AFL1 is a peripheral membrane protein associated with both plasma membrane and endomembranes. These data identify classes of proteins (AFL1, PDI5, and NAI2) not previously known to be involved in drought signaling. AFL1-predicted structure, protein interactions, and localization all indicate its involvement in previously uncharacterized membrane-associated drought sensing or signaling mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115.
authors.forename: M Nagaraj
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115.
authors.forename: Yi-Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115 paulv@gate.sinica.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Verslues
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D055864:Droughts; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D019704:Protein Disulfide-Isomerases / Q000235:genetics*; D034622:RNA Interference; D012639:Seeds / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques
chemical_list: C000602972:AFL1 protein, Arabidopsis; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C539717:NAI2 protein, Arabidopsis; D010940:Plant Proteins; C054562:yellow fluorescent protein, Bacteria; D011392:Proline; C000602971:PDI5 protein, Arabidopsis; D019704:Protein Disulfide-Isomerases
keywords: At14a; clathrin adaptor AP2-2a; drought; protein disulfide isomerase; vesicle endocytosis