title: Glasgow Prognostic Score as a Prognostic Clinical Marker in T4 Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
abstract: Patients with clinical T4 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) have an unfavorable prognosis, mainly indicated by the response to chemoradiotherapy (CRT), crucial to estimating long-term survival. Other prognostic measures include systemic inflammatory or immunonutritional indices such as the Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) and Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) that have not been sufficiently documented.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study retrospectively evaluated 91 patients with T4 ESCC treated at our Hospital between 2000 and 2013. All patients initially received CRT, including 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and cisplatin or nedaplatin with concurrent 2-Gy/fraction radiation (total dose, 40-60 Gy). Curative tumor resection was undertaken in suitable patients on completing CRT. Patients were classified as GPS0, GPS1, or GPS2 based on C-reactive protein (CRP) ≤ 10 mg/l and albumin ≥ 35 g/l, CRP >10 mg/l or albumin <35 g/l, or CRP >10 mg/l and albumin <35 g/l, respectively. PNI was calculated as 10-times the serum albumin (g/dl)+0.005 × total lymphocyte count (/mm(3)). The impact of the pre-treatment GPS and PNI on the prognosis of patients with T4 ESCC was investigated in univariate and multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty (67%) patients responded to CRT (9 complete responses and 51 partial responses). Forty-one (45%) patients also underwent surgical resection of the residual tumor. The overall 5-year survival rate and median survival time were 27.0% and 11.8 months, respectively. In the cohort of CRT-plus-surgical resection, the 5-year survival rate was significantly higher than in the groups treated with CRT-alone (51.1% vs. 6.5%; p < 0.01). On multivariate analysis, good response to CRT [hazard ratio (HR) =0.449, p<0.01], GPS1/2 (HR=2.151, p=0.015), and surgical resection (HR=0.282, p<0.01) were significant prognostic factors, whereas PNI was not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GPS is a useful, simple survival marker for patients with T4 ESCC undergoing multimodal therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaichi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohira
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan k-naoshi@med.osaka-cu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Naoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsunobu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toyokawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muguruma
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kosei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: Glasgow Prognostic Score; Prognostic Nutritional Index; T4 Esophageal cancer