title: Accumulation of recalcitrant xylan in mushroom-compost is due to a lack of xylan substituent removing enzyme activities of Agaricus bisporus.
abstract: The ability of Agaricus bisporus to degrade xylan in wheat straw based compost during mushroom formation is unclear. In this paper, xylan was extracted from the compost with water, 1M and 4M alkali. Over the phases analyzed, the remaining xylan was increasingly substituted with (4-O-methyl-)glucuronic acid and arabinosyl residues, both one and two arabinosyl residues per xylosyl residue remained. In the 1M and 4M KOH soluble solids of spent compost, 33 and 49 out of 100 xylosyl residues, respectively, were substituted. The accumulation of glucuronic acid substituents matched with the analysis that the two A. bisporus genes encoding for α-glucuronidase activity (both GH115) were not expressed in the A. bisporus mycelium in the compost during fruiting. Also, in a maximum likelihood tree it was shown that it is not likely that A. bisporus possesses genes encoding for the activity to remove arabinose from xylosyl residues having two arabinosyl residues.
authors.affiliation: Wageningen University, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: edita.jurak@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Edita
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jurak
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: a.patyshakuliyeva@cbs.knaw.nl.
authors.forename: Aleksandrina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patyshakuliyeva
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: d.kapsokalyvas@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kapsokalyvas
authors.affiliation: Wageningen University, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: lia.xing90@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. Electronic address: mamj.vanzandvoort@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Marc A M J
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Zandvoort
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: r.devries@cbs.knaw.nl.
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: Wageningen University, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: harry.gruppen@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gruppen
authors.affiliation: Wageningen University, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: mirjam.kabel@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Mirjam A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kabel
mesh_terms: D000364:Agaricus / Q000201:enzymology*; D001089:Arabinose / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006868:Hydrolysis; D006878:Hydroxides / Q000737:chemistry; D008031:Lignin / Q000737:chemistry; D025282:Mycelium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D014908:Triticum / Q000378:metabolism; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014990:Xylans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006878:Hydroxides; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D012987:Soil; D014990:Xylans; D014867:Water; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D008031:Lignin; D001089:Arabinose; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; C096734:alpha-glucuronidase; C029943:potassium hydroxide
keywords: Agaricus bisporus; Compost; Expression; Lignin; Substitution; Xylan