title: Medication Nonadherence, "Professional Subjects," and Apparent Placebo Responders: Overlapping Challenges for Medications Development.
abstract: Nonadherence is a major problem in clinical trials of new medications. To evaluate the extent of nonadherence, this study evaluated pharmacokinetic sampling from 1765 subjects receiving active therapy across 8 psychiatric trials conducted between 2001 and 2011. With nonadherence defined as greater than 50% of plasma samples below the limit of quantification for study drug, the percentage of nonadherent subjects ranged from 12.8% to 39.2%. There was a trend toward increased nonadherence in studies with greater numbers of subjects, but an association with nonadherence was not apparent for other study design parameters or subject characteristics. For 2 trials with multiple recruitment sites in geographical proximity, several subjects attempted to simultaneously enroll at separate site locations. The construct of "professional subjects," those who enroll in trials only for financial gain, is gaining attention, and we therefore modeled the impact of professional subjects on medication efficacy trials. The results indicate that enrollment of professional subjects who are destined to succeed (those who will appear to achieve treatment success regardless of study drug assignment) can substantially increase both the apparent placebo response rate and the sample size requirement for statistical power, while decreasing the observed effect size. The overlapping nature of nonadherence, professional subjects, and placebo response suggests that these issues should be considered and addressed together. Following this approach, we describe a novel clinical trial design to minimize the adverse effects of professional subjects on trial outcomes and discuss methods to monitor adherence.
authors.affiliation: From the *Division of Pharmacotherapies and Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse, NIDA, NIH, Bethesda, MD; †Calhoun Cardiology Center and Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT; and ‡Innovative Medicines, Neurosciences, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, MA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McCann
authors.forename: Nancy M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Petry
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bresell
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Isacsson
authors.forename: Ellis
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D055118:Medication Adherence; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D018579:Patient Selection; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D015990:Placebo Effect; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012107:Research Design; D035842:Research Subjects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018401:Sample Size