title: Prevalence and pattern of gluteus medius and minimus tendon pathology and muscle atrophy in older individuals using MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate gluteus medius and minimus tendon pathology and muscle atrophy in older individuals using MRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective MRI study of 185 individuals was performed. The inclusion criterion was age ≥50. Exclusion criteria were hip surgery, fracture, infection, tumor, or inadequate image quality. Greater trochanteric bursitis was graded none, mild, moderate, or severe. Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and iliopsoas tendinopathy was graded normal, tendinosis, low-grade partial tear, high-grade partial tear, or full thickness tear. Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia lata, and iliopsoas muscle atrophy was scored using a standard scale. Insertion site of tendinopathy and location of muscle atrophy were assessed. Descriptive and statistical analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was increasing greater trochanteric bursitis and gluteus medius and minimus tendinopathy and atrophy with advancing age with moderate to strong positive associations (p < 0.0001) for age and tendinopathy, age and atrophy, bursitis and tendinopathy, and tendinopathy and atrophy for the gluteus medius and minimus. There is a weak positive association (p < 0.0001) for age and tensor fascia lata atrophy, and no statistically significant association between age and tendinopathy or between age and atrophy for the iliopsoas. Fisher's exact tests were statistically significant (p < 0.0001) for insertion site of tendon pathology and location of muscle atrophy for the gluteus medius.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gluteus medius and minimus tendon pathology and muscle atrophy increase with advancing age with progression of tendinosis to low-grade tendon tears to high-grade tendon tears. There is an associated progression in atrophy of these muscles, which may be important in fall-related hip fractures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3737 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. Andrew.Chi@uphs.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 132 S. 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. Suzanne.Long@jefferson.edu.
authors.forename: Suzanne S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 132 S. 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. Adam.Zoga@jefferson.edu.
authors.forename: Adam C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Zoga
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 132 S. 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. Paul.Read@jefferson.edu.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Read
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 132 S. 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. Diane.Deely@jefferson.edu.
authors.forename: Diane M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Deely
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 132 S. 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. Laurence.Parker@jefferson.edu.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 132 S. 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. William.Morrison@jefferson.edu.
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Morrison
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology*; D002081:Buttocks / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Atrophy; Gluteus medius; Gluteus minimus; MRI; Tendinopathy; Tendon tear