title: The evolution in registration of clinical trials: a chronicle of the historical calls and current initiatives promoting transparency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quality of care is strongly influenced by evidence-based medicine, a large part of which is based on results obtained from clinical trials. If trials are conducted in secret, patient safety is at risk. Several mandates-legal, editorial, financial, and ethical-have tried to influence the disclosure of clinical trials, first by encouraging registration in publicly accessible registers and, second, by calling for the publication of results. Not all these initiatives have reached high rates of compliance, but the succession of national and international events over a few years gave an important boost to information disclosure. This article provides a chronicle of the succession of the events, from the historical calls to the recent EMA policy and WHO statement, and public consultations requested by the NIH, and the HHS, which will inevitably change the international panorama. The path of these new policies is moving towards more supervised clinical research. Individual scientific institutions can also contribute, at the local level, to such an ethical endeavor as is improving research transparency, by disclosing information on the trials coordinated by their own researchers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The way is long and complex, but, if everyone contributes there could be a prompt, worldwide diffusion of the findings of clinical trials, and therefore a more possible evidenced-based medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pansieri
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pandolfini
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy. maurizio.bonati@marionegri.it.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonati
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000266:history* / Q000592:standards*; D030881:Disclosure / Q000266:history* / Q000592:standards*; D032984:Ethics, Research; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D010380:Peer Review; D014481:United States; D014944:World Health Organization
keywords: Clinical trials as topic/legislation and jurisprudence; Government regulation; Publication bias; Registries