title: Enhanced tocopherol levels during early germination events in Chamaerops humilis var. humilis seeds.
abstract: Most angiosperms accumulate vitamin E in the form of tocopherols in seeds, exerting a protective antioxidant role. However, several palm trees principally accumulate tocotrienols, rather than tocopherols, in seeds, as it occurs in other monocots. To unravel the protective role of either tocopherols or tocotrienols against lipid peroxidation during seed germination in Chamaerops humilis var. humilis; seed viability, natural and induced germination capacity, seed water content, malondialdehyde levels (as an indicator of the extent of lipid peroxidation) and vitamin E levels (including both tocopherols and tocotrienols) were examined at various germination phases in a simulated, natural seed bank. At the very early stages of germination (operculum removal), malondialdehyde levels increased 2.8-fold, to decrease later up to 74%, thus indicating a transient lipid peroxidation at early stages of germination. Tocopherol levels were absent in quiescent seeds and did not increase during operculum removal, but increased later presumably dampening malondialdehyde accumulation. Thereafter, tocopherols continued increasing, while lipid peroxidation levels decreased. By contrast, tocotrienols levels remained constant or even decreased as germination progressed, showing no correlation with lipid peroxidation levels. We hypothesize that despite their high tocotrienol content, seeds synthesize tocopherols during germination to protect lipids from peroxidation events.
authors.affiliation: Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal, 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Siles
authors.affiliation: Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal, 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Leonor
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alegre
authors.affiliation: Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal, 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tijero
authors.affiliation: Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal, 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: smunne@ub.edu.
authors.forename: Sergi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Munné-Bosch
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D028023:Arecaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D018525:Germination; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D015394:Molecular Structure; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D024508:Tocotrienols / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000032:analysis; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D024508:Tocotrienols; D014867:Water; D014810:Vitamin E; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D024505:Tocopherols
keywords: Dormancy; Germination; Lipid peroxidation; Natural seed bank; Tocochromanols; Vitamin E