title: Insecticide Resistance in Areas Under Investigation by the International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research: A Challenge for Malaria Control and Elimination.
abstract: Scale-up of the main vector control interventions, residual insecticides sprayed on walls or structures and/or impregnated in bed nets, together with prompt diagnosis and effective treatment, have led to a global reduction in malaria transmission. However, resistance in vectors to almost all classes of insecticides, particularly to the synthetic pyrethroids, is posing a challenge to the recent trend of declining malaria. Ten International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) located in the most malaria-endemic regions of the world are currently addressing insecticide resistance in the main vector populations, which not only threaten hope for elimination in malaria-endemic countries but also may lead to reversal where notable reductions in malaria have been documented. This communication illustrates the current status of insecticide resistance with a focus on the countries where activities are ongoing for 9 out of the 10 ICEMRs. Most of the primary malaria vectors in the ICEMR countries exhibit insecticide resistance, albeit of varying magnitude, and spanning all mechanisms of resistance. New alternatives to the insecticides currently available are still to be fully developed for deployment. Integrated vector management principles need to be better understood and encouraged, and viable insecticide resistance management strategies need to be developed and implemented.
authors.forename: Martha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Quiñones
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Jan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Conn
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Burkot
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bugoro
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Keven
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Guiyun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosas
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palomino
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: Henry D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Mawejje
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eapen
authors.forename: Jacqui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Mamadou B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Coulibaly
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Beier
authors.forename: Ashwani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects*; D001210:Asia, Southeastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007391:International Cooperation; D007843:Latin America / Q000453:epidemiology; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009032:Mosquito Control