title: Effects of repetitive low-level blast exposure on visual system and ocular structures.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether repetitive exposure to low-level blasts during military breacher training produces acute and cumulative damage to the ocular tissues or visual system. The effects of low-level blast exposure on high-contrast visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, oculomotor function, color vision, visual field (VF), pupillary light reflex, corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), macular thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and cup-to-disc ratio were assessed using a battery of standard clinical ophthalmic tests administered 10 times over a 2-year period. Data from nine breacher instructors (Cadre) were compared with data from four breacher engineers (CONTROL). The Cadre group showed higher vertical deviation at near than the CONTROL group over time. The VF mean deviation on the left eye that tended to be worse in the Cadre group was worse throughout the study, suggesting a decrease in VF sensitivity (Cadre: -0.20 +/- 0.15 dB;
  
  
  METHODS
  1.05 +/- 0.15 dB; p = 0.03). The Cadre group had a reduced ECD (right eye: Cadre 2,502 cells/mm(2) vs CONTROL 2,808 cells/mm(2), p = 0.05; left eye: Cadre 2,558 cells/mm(2) vs CONTROL 2,892 cells/mm(2), p = 0.04). These results suggest that even low-level primary blast has the potential to produce occult eye injury.
authors.affiliation: Sensory Research Division, U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Fort Rucker, AL;
authors.forename: José E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Capó-Aponte
authors.forename: Gina M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Jurek
authors.forename: David V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Leonard A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Temme
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Ahroon
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Riggs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004728:Endothelium, Corneal / Q000473:pathology*; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005133:Eye Movements; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Cone Contrast Test; accommodation; blast; endothelial cell density; frequency doubling technique; military; oculomotor function; pachymetry; specular microscopy; stereopsis