title: Comparison of Scolicidal Effects of Amphotricin B, Silver Nanoparticles,_and Foeniculum vulgare Mill on Hydatid Cysts Protoscoleces.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgery is the preferred treatment for hydatid cyst (cystic echinococcosis, CE). At present, various scolicidal agents have been used for inactivation of protoscoleces during surgery, but they are associated with adverse side effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the scolicidal effects of amphotricin B, Silver nano particles, Foeniculum vulgare Mill, essential oil and hypertonic saline against protoscoleces of hydatid cyst on an in vitro model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Protoscoleces were aseptically aspirated from the naturally infected livers of sheep and goats. Various concentrations of AmB (2.5-20 mg/ml), Ag-NPs (0.5-4 mg/ml), F. vulgare essential oil (0.125-1 mg/ml) and hypertonic saline (10-20%) were used for 5-60 min. Eosin exclusion test was used to determine the viability of protoscoleces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximum protoscolicidal effect of AmB and Ag-NPs was found at concentrations of 20 and 4 mg/mL, resulting in only 82.3% and 71.6% of the protoscoleces after 60 min of incubation, respectively. In contrast, F. vulgare essential oil at concentration of 1 mg/ml and hypertonic saline 20% killed 100% protoscoleces after 5 and 10 min of exposure, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated weak scolicidal activity of AmB and Ag-NPs; whereas F. vulgare essential oil had potent scolicidal activity against protoscoleces of hydatid cyst that revealed the potential of F. vulgare as a natural source for the production of new scolicidal agent for use in hydatid cyst surgery. However, further studies will be needed to confirm these results by checking the essential oil and its active component in the in vivo model.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Surgery and the Research Center for Tropical and Infectious diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lashkarizadeh
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Surgery and the Research Center for Tropical and Infectious diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Keivan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asgaripour
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Ebrahim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saedi Dezaki
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fasihi Harandi
keywords: Ag-Nps; Cystic echinococcosis; Fennel; Fungizone; Hypertonic saline