title: Retinal Nerve Fiber and Optic Disc Morphology in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Using the Heidelberg Retina Tomography 3.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use novel confocal scanning ophthalmoscopy technology to test hypothesis that HIV-seropositive patients without history of retinitis with a history of a low CD4 count are more likely to have damage to their retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) when compared to patients with high CD4 count. In addition, we compared optic disc morphologic changes with glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  171 patients were divided into four groups. The control group consisted of 40 eyes of 20 HIV-seronegative patients. The second group consisted of 80 eyes of 41 HIV-positive patients whose CD4 cell count never dropped below 100 (1.0 x 10(9)/L). The third group consisted of 44 eyes of 26 HIV-positive patients with a history of low CD4 counts <100. Fourth group consisted of 79 eyes of 79 patients with confirmed glaucoma who served as positive controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy was performed with the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT3) and data were analyzed with HRT3, software (Heyex version 1.5.10.0).
  
  
  METHODS
  Disc area, cup area, cup volume, rim volume, mean cup depth, maximum cup depth, cup-to-disc ration, mean RNFL thickness, and RNFL cross-sectional area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of the global optic nerve and cup parameters showed no difference in disk area among the four groups. There was also no difference in cup, rim volume, mean cup depth, or maximum cup depth among the first three groups but they were all different from glaucoma group. The RNFL was thinner in glaucoma and both HIV-positive groups compared to HIV-seronegative subjects. The cross sectional RNFL area was thinner in both high and low CD4 HIV-positive groups compared to HIV-seronegative group in the nasal and temporal/inferior sectors, respectively. Glaucoma group showed thinning in all sectors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV retinopathy results in retinal nerve fiber layer loss without structural optic nerve supportive tissue change. RNFL damage may occur early in HIV disease by mechanism different than in glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Jacobs Retina Center at the Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Dirk-Uwe
authors.initials: DU
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.affiliation: Jacobs Retina Center at the Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America; King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kozak
authors.affiliation: HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Retina Associates of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America.
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.affiliation: Hamilton Glaucoma Center at the Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Weinreb
authors.affiliation: Jacobs Retina Center at the Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America; Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Ro
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Jacobs Retina Center at the Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000473:pathology*; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology*; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000473:pathology; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology; D055351:Retinal Neurons / Q000473:pathology*; D012984:Software; D014054:Tomography / Q000379:methods