title: Analysis of Age-Related Changes in Asian Facial Skeletons Using 3D Vector Mathematics on Picture Archiving and Communication System Computed Tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are marked differences in facial skeletal characteristics between Asian and Caucasian. However, ethnic differences in age-related facial skeletal changes have not yet been fully established. The aims of this study were to evaluate age-related changes in Asian midfacial skeletons and to explore ethnic differences in facial skeletal structures with aging between Caucasian and Asian.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 108 men (aged 20-79 years) and 115 women (aged 20-81 years). Axial CT images with a gantry tilt angle of 0 were analyzed. We measured three-dimensional (3D) coordinates at each point with a pixel lens cursor in a picture archiving and communication system (PACS), and angles and widths between the points were calculated using 3D vector mathematics. We analyzed angular changes in 4 bony regions, including the glabellar, orbital, maxillary, and pyriform aperture regions, and changes in the orbital aperture width (distance from the posterior lacrimal crest to the frontozygomatic suture) and the pyriform width (between both upper margins of the pyriform aperture).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 4 midfacial angles in females and glabellar and maxillary angles in males showed statistically significant decreases with aging. On the other hand, the orbital and pyriform widths did not show statistically significant changes with aging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that Asian midfacial skeletons may change continuously throughout life, and that there may be significant differences in the midfacial skeleton between both sexes and between ethnic groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ewha Womans University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Soo Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ewha Womans University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: So Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ewha Womans University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jee Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ewha Womans University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Wan
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ewha Womans University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. jhent@ewha.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jung Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bae
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000208:ethnology / Q000502:physiology*; D044466:Asian People; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011873:Radiology Information Systems; D056910:Republic of Korea; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult; D015050:Zygoma / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
keywords: Asian; Facial bones; aging; computed tomography; vector