title: Probing the interaction of the ipsilateral posterior parietal cortex with the premotor cortex using a novel transcranial magnetic stimulation technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Functional imaging studies have shown that control of planned movement involves a distributed network that involves the premotor (PMv) and posterior parietal cortices (PPC). Similarly, anatomical studies show that these regions are densely interconnected via white matter tracts. We therefore hypothesized that the PPC influence over the motor cortex is partly via a connection with the PMv.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a novel three-pulse ipsilateral transcranial magnetic stimulation technique, we preconditioned the PPC (80% RMT) at ISIs from 4-15 ms prior to stimulating the PMv and M1 at ISIs of 4 and 6 ms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As previously shown, PMv-M1 paired-pulse stimulation resulted in inhibition of the MEP (90% RMT, 4-6 ms) and PPC-M1 paired-pulse stimulation resulted in facilitation of the MEP (90% RMT, 4-8 ms). PPC-M1 paired-pulse stimulation at 80% RMT preconditioning had no effect on M1. PPC-PMv-M1 stimulation resulted in reversal of inhibition observed with PMv-M1 stimulation at ISIs ranging from 6 to 15 ms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reversal of inhibition observed with PPC-PMv-M1 stimulation suggests that the parietal connection to the PMv plays a role in the modulation of M1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to stimulate three intrahemispheric regions in order to test a disynaptic connection with M1. The described network may be important in a variety of movement disorders.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Jung E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Prachaya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Srivanitchapoom
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paine
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Nivethida
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thirugnanasambandam
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Sahana N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Kukke
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Electronic address: hallettm@ninds.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Connectivity; Motor cortex; Parietal cortex; Transcranial magnetic stimulation