title: Food and drink purchasing habits out of school at lunchtime: a national survey of secondary school pupils in Scotland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Food and drink purchasing habits of pupils out of school at lunchtime may be contributing to poor dietary intakes and overweight and obesity. The aim of this study was to identify the places from which purchases were made, types of food and drinks purchased and, the reasons for purchasing food or drinks out of school.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey of the food and drinks purchasing habits of secondary school pupils (11-16 yrs) out of school at lunchtime was conducted in Scotland in 2010. A face-to-face interview and a self-completion questionnaire was designed to identify the food outlets used at lunchtime, types of food and drinks purchased and pupils' reasons for purchasing food or drinks out of school. Height and weight were measured and BMI centiles used to classify pupils as normal weight, overweight or obese. Results were compared by age group, sex, BMI group and level of socio-economic deprivation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 612 pupils who completed the survey, 97 % reported having access to places selling food or drinks out of school at lunchtime, and of these 63 % made purchases. A higher proportion of pupils from more deprived areas reported purchasing food or drinks out of school, but the proportion making purchases did not differ significantly by sex or BMI group. Supermarkets were the outlets from which pupils reported most often making purchases, with fewer purchasing food or drinks from fast food takeaways, and this did not differ significantly by socio-economic deprivation. Reasons for making purchases included availability of preferred food and drinks, some of which are restricted for sale in schools, and social reasons, such as wanting to be with friends. Sandwiches and non-diet soft drinks were items most commonly purchased, followed by confectionery and diet soft drinks. However, less than 10 % of all the secondary school pupils reported purchasing these foods every day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supermarkets, not just fast food outlets, should be considered when developing strategies to improve the dietary habits of pupils at lunchtime. The importance of food preferences and social reasons for purchasing food and drinks need to be acknowledged and integrated in future interventions.
authors.affiliation: Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. j.macdiarmid@abdn.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jennie I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Macdiarmid
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK. w.j.wills@herts.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Wendy J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wills
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health and Wellbeing Research, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK. l.f.masson@rgu.ac.uk.|Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. l.f.masson@rgu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Lindsey F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Masson
authors.affiliation: Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. l.craig@abdn.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Leone C A
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.affiliation: ScotCen for Social Research, Edinburgh, UK. catherine.bromley@ed.ac.uk.|Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. catherine.bromley@ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bromley
authors.affiliation: Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. g.mcneill@abdn.ac.uk.|Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. g.mcneill@abdn.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Geraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McNeill
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001835:Body Weight; D002253:Carbonated Beverages; D002648:Child; D003132:Commerce; D004032:Diet; D057140:Fast Foods; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D005522:Food Services; D033062:Friends; D006801:Humans; D062409:Lunch; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009765:Obesity; D050177:Overweight; D012574:Schools; D012606:Scotland; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires