title: Health care provider perceptions of a query-based health information exchange: barriers and benefits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Health information exchange (HIE) systems are implemented nationwide to integrate health information and facilitate communication among providers. The Nebraska Health Information Initiative is a state-wide HIE launched in 2009.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive assessment of health care providers' perspectives on a query-based HIE, including barriers to adoption and important functionality for continued utilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  We surveyed 5618 Nebraska health care providers in 2013. Reminder letters were sent 30 days after the initial mailing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 615 questionnaires (11%) were completed. Of the 100 current users, 63 (63%) indicated satisfaction with HIE. The most common reasons for adoption among current or previous users of an HIE (N = 198) were improvement in patient care (N = 111, 56%) as well as receiving (N = 95, 48%) and sending information (N = 80, 40%) in the referral network. Cost (N = 233, 38%) and loss of productivity (N = 220, 36%) were indicated as the 'major barriers' to adoption by all respondents. Accessing a comprehensive patient medication list was identified as the most important feature of the HIE (N = 422, 69%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cost of HIE access and workflow integration are significant concerns of health care providers. Additional resources to assist practices plan the integration of the HIE into a sustainable workflow may be required before widespread adoption occurs. The clinical information sought by providers must also be readily available for continued utilization. Query-based HIEs must ensure that medication history, laboratory results and other desired clinical information be present, or long-term utilization of the HIE is unlikely.
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, Nebraska. glcochran@unmc.edu.
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Cochran
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, Nebraska.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lander
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, Nebraska.
authors.forename: Marsha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morien
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, Nebraska.
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Lomelin
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, Nebraska.
authors.forename: Harlan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sayles
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, Nebraska.
authors.forename: Donald G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Klepser
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003144:Communication Barriers; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000191:economics; D066275:Health Information Exchange / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008498:Medical Record Linkage; D054539:Medication Therapy Management; D009329:Nebraska; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D057188:Workflow
keywords: Nebraska; evaluation; health information exchange; provider