title: Antimicrobial Susceptibility/Resistance of Streptococcus Pneumoniae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pneumococcal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, whose treatment is threatened with an increase in the number of strains resistant to antibiotic therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The main goal of this research was to investigate the presence of antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance of S. pneumoniae.
  
  
  METHODS
  Taken are swabs of the nose and nasopharynx, eye and ear. In vitro tests that were made in order to study the antimicrobial resistance of pneumococci are: disk diffusion method and E-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resistance to inhibitors of cell wall synthesis was recorded at 39.17%, protein synthesis inhibitors 19.67%, folate antagonists 47.78% and quinolone in 1.11%. S. pneumoniae has shown drug resistance to erythromycin in 45%, clindamycin in 45%, chloramphenicol-0.56%, rifampicin-6.11%, tetracycline-4.67%, penicillin-G in 4.44%, oxacillin in 73.89%, ciprofloxacin in 1.11% and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in 5.34% of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The highest resistance pneumococcus showed to erythromycin, clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and these should be avoided in the treatment. The least resistance pneumococcus showed to tetracycline, rifampicin, chloramphenicol, penicillin-G and ciprofloxacin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cantonal hospital, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Emina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karcic
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Mufida
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aljicevic
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Institute for Public Health of Canton Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Sabaheta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bektas
authors.affiliation: Departmenr of Radiology, General hospital "Dr. Abdulah Nakaš", Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Bekir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karcic
keywords: antibiotics; pneumococcus; resistance; susceptibility