title: Attention is necessary for subliminal instrumental conditioning.
abstract: The capacity of humans and other animals to provide appropriate responses to stimuli anticipating motivationally significant events is exemplified by instrumental conditioning. Interestingly, in humans instrumental conditioning can occur also for subliminal outcome-predicting stimuli. However, it remains unclear whether attention is necessary for subliminal instrumental conditioning to take place. In two experiments, human participants had to learn to collect rewards (monetary gains) while avoiding punishments (monetary losses), on the basis of subliminal outcome-predicting cues. We found that instrumental conditioning can proceed subconsciously only if spatial attention is aligned with the subliminal cue. Conversely, if spatial attention is briefly diverted from the subliminal cue, then instrumental conditioning is blocked. In humans, attention but not awareness is therefore mandatory for instrumental conditioning, thus revealing a dissociation between awareness and attention in the control of motivated behavior.
authors.affiliation: Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Italy.
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mastropasqua
authors.affiliation: 1] Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Italy [2] Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turatto
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time; D055815:Young Adult