title: The effect of temperature on the male and female recombination landscape of barley.
abstract: Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is a crop of global significance. However, a third of the genes of barley are largely inaccessible to conventional breeding programmes as crossovers are localised to the ends of the chromosomes. This work examines whether crossovers can be shifted to more proximal regions simply by elevating growth temperature. We utilised a genome-wide marker set for linkage analysis combined with cytological mapping of crossover events to examine the recombination landscape of plants grown at different temperatures. We found that barley shows heterochiasmy, that is, differences between female and male recombination frequencies. In addition, we found that elevated temperature significantly changes patterns of recombination in male meiosis only, with a repositioning of Class I crossovers determined by cytological mapping of HvMLH3 foci. We show that the length of synaptonemal complexes in male meiocytes increases in response to temperature. The results demonstrate that the distribution of crossover events are malleable and can be shifted to proximal regions by altering the growth temperature. The shift in recombination is the result of altering the distribution of Class I crossovers, but the higher recombination at elevated temperatures is potentially not the result of an increase in Class I events.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth, University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK.
authors.forename: Dylan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth, University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK.
authors.forename: Glyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macaulay
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth, University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK.
authors.forename: Candida
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nibau
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth, University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wnetrzak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth, University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fallding
authors.affiliation: Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Colas
authors.affiliation: Information and Computational Sciences, The James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oakey
authors.affiliation: Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.|Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Robbie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waugh
authors.affiliation: Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ramsay
mesh_terms: D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D056426:Genetic Loci; D001467:Hordeum / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics*; D008540:Meiosis; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D013573:Synaptonemal Complex; D013696:Temperature
keywords: MLH3; barley (Hordeum vulgare); crossover; heterochiasmy; recombination; synaptonemal complex