title: Shoulder function and scapular position in boxers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate differences in strength, shoulder range of motion and scapula position in a cohort of boxers in comparison with a control group of non-boxers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 boxers with 3 or more years of experience (years = 5.5 ± 3.1, sessions per week = 4.3 ± 0.7, age = 27.0 ± 6.8) and 20 control participants (age = 28.3 ± 4.6).
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were tested for isometric internal and external rotation strength measured with a hand held dynamometer, passive internal and external rotation measured via 2D video using a digital camera, and scapular function measured with a scoliometer and visual inspection by a trained researcher. Both arms (dominant and non-dominant) were tested to allow for comparison. Magnitude based inferences were used to find meaningful differences intra and inter group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Boxers had greater scapular dyskinesis (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.73 ×/÷ 3.37) and increased external rotation in the dominant arm (effect size (ES) = 0.70 ± 0.68) when compared to the non-boxer group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Boxers with 3 or more years of experience displayed symptoms that increase their risk of upper limb injury when compared to a control group.
authors.affiliation: Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, AUT University, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Electronic address: Lenetsky@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lenetsky
authors.affiliation: Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, AUT University, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 0627, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brughelli
authors.affiliation: Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, AUT University, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 0627, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Nigel K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001914:Boxing / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D053581:Muscle Strength Dynamometer; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D012540:Scapula / Q000502:physiology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Boxing; Combat sports; Scapular dyskinesis; Shoulder range of motion