title: Optional real-time display of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in the microscopic field of view: avoiding communication failures in the operating room.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) in neurosurgery has improved patient safety and outcomes. However, a pitfall in the use of IONM remains unsolved. Currently, there is no feasible way for surgeons to interpret IONM waves themselves during operations. Instead, they have to rely on verbal feedback from a neurophysiologist. This method is prone to communication failures, which can lead to delayed or false interpretation of the data. Direct visualization of IONM waves is a way to alleviate this problem and make IONM more effective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microscope-integrated IONM (MI-IONM) was used in 163 cranial and spinal cases. We evaluated the feasibility, system stability and how well the system integrated into the surgical workflow. We used an IONM system that was connected to a surgical microscope. All IONM modalities used at our institution could be visualized as required, superimposed on the surgical field in the eyepiece of the microscope without obstructing the surgeon's field of vision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of MI-IONM was safe and reliable. It furthermore provided valuable intraoperative information. The system merely required a short learning curve. Only minor system problems without impact on surgical workflow occurred. MI-IONM proved to be especially useful in surgical cases where careful monitoring of nerve function is required, e.g., cerebellopontine angle surgery. Here, direct assessment of surgical action and IONM wave change was provided to the surgeon, if necessary (on-off control).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MI-IONM is a useful extension of conventional IONM that provides optional real-time functional information to the surgeon on demand.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Veit M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Stoecklein
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Mandy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.affiliation: Inomed Medizintechnik GmbH, Emmendingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rudi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mattmüller
authors.affiliation: Inomed Medizintechnik GmbH, Emmendingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Anika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schaper
authors.affiliation: Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Oberkochen, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rudolph
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Joerg C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tonn
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany. Christian.Schichor@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schichor
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D064795:Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: Acoustic neuroma; Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring; Microscope integration