title: Alcohol and Exercise Affect Declining Kidney Function in Healthy Males Regardless of Obesity: A Prospective Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although lifestyle is associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases, there has been no sufficient evidence of lifestyles on incident chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of this prospective cohort study is to investigate the effects of lifestyles on kidney function in healthy people.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 7473 healthy people were enrolled in this Saitama Cardiometabolic Disease and Organ Impairment Study, Japan. Data on alcohol consumption, exercise frequency, and sleep duration were collected. The outcome event was incident CKD or decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by >25% in 3 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects were classified into four groups according to body mass index and gender. Mean ± standard deviation of age was 38.8±10.5 years; eGFR, 78.1±15.2 ml/min/1.73 m2. In the male groups, multivariate logistic regression models showed that the outcome events were associated with a small amount of alcohol consumed (20 to 140 g of alcohol/week) (ref. more than 140 g of alcohol/week); non-obese male, adjusted odds ratio 1.366 (95% confidence interval, 1.086, 1.718); obese male (body mass index ≥25), 1.634 (1.160, 2.302); and with frequent exercise (twice a week or more) (ref. no exercise); non-obese male, 1.417 (1.144, 1.754); obese male, 1.842 (1.317, 2.577). Sleep duration was not associated with the outcome events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that, regardless of obesity, a small amount of alcohol consumed and high exercise frequency were associated with the increased risk of loss of kidney function in the male groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Kyosai Hospital, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan; Center for life science and bioethics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiichiro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kanda
authors.affiliation: Saitama Citizens Medical Center, Saitama, Saitama, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Funabashi City Rehabilitation Hospital, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshitaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muneyuki
authors.affiliation: Saitama Health Promotion Corporation, Hikigun, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaname
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suwa
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medical Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama, Japan; Department of Metabolism, Kuki General Hospital, Kuki, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakajima
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology