title: Nanomedicine in the ROS-mediated pathophysiology: Applications and clinical advances.
abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in regulating normal cell physiological functions, but when produced in excess lead to the augmented pathogenesis of various diseases. Among these, ischemia reperfusion injury, Alzheimer's disease and rheumatoid arthritis are particularly important. Since ROS can be counteracted by a variety of antioxidants, natural and synthetic antioxidants have been developed. However, due to the ubiquitous production of ROS in living systems, poor in vivo efficiency of these agents and lack of target specificity, the current clinical modalities to treat oxidative stress damage are limited. Advances in the developing field of nanomedicine have yielded nanoparticles that can prolong antioxidant activity, and target specificity of these agents. This article reviews recent advances in antioxidant nanoparticles and their applications to manage oxidative stress-mediated diseases.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a purely physiological process in many disease conditions. However, excessive and uncontrolled production will lead to oxidative stress and further tissue damage. Advances in nanomedicine have provided many novel strategies to try to combat and counteract ROS. In this review article, the authors comprehensively highlighted the current status and future developments in using nanotechnology for providing novel therapeutic options in this field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, USA. Electronic address: salah.ahmed@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Salahuddin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004337:Drug Carriers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Antioxidant therapies; Nanomedicine; Oxidative stress; RNS; ROS