title: Sensitivity of various adiposity indices in identifying cardiometabolic diseases in Arab adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is a recognized risk factor for various cardiometabolic diseases and several indices are used clinically to assess overall cardiometabolic risk. This study aims to determine the sensitivity of six anthropometric indices [Body mass index (BMI), waist, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body adiposity index (BAI) and visceral adiposity index (VAI)] in determining diabetes mellitus type 2, coronary heart disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Saudi adults recruited from two independent cohorts (2008-2009 and 2013-2014).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 6,821 Saudi adults [2008-2009, N = 3,971 (1,698 males and 2,273 females); 2013-2014, N = 2,850 (926 males and 1,924 females)] aged 18-70 years old were included in this descriptive, cross-sectional study. Anthropometrics were obtained and fasting blood samples analyzed for glucose and lipids. BMI, WHR, WHtR, BAI and VAI were computed mathematically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VAI was the most sensitive index in determining DMT2 (AUC 0.72; p < 0.001) in the 2008-2009 cohort and MetS (AUC = 0.84; p < 0.001) in the 2013-2014 cohort. WHR was most discriminating for CHD in both cohorts (AUC 0.70 and 0.84 for 2008-2009 and 2013-2014, p values <0.001, respectively). WHtR was most sensitive but rather modest in determining hypertension (AUC 0.66; p < 0.001), while waist circumference was most sensitive for dyslipidemia (AUC 0.72; p < 0.001) in the 2008-2009 cohort and MetS (AUC 0.85; p < 0.001) in the 2013-2014 cohort. BAI was the least sensitive adiposity index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sensitivity of adiposity indices regarding cardiometabolic diseases highlight the importance of body fat distribution in determining overall cardiometabolic risk, with indices involving abdominal obesity being more clinically significant than BMI and BAI. The sensitivity of these adiposity indices should be noted in assessing a particular cardiometabolic disease.
authors.affiliation: Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. aldaghri2011@gmail.com.|Prince Mutaib Bin Abdullah Chair on Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box, 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. aldaghri2011@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nasser M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Al-Daghri
authors.affiliation: Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. omrattas@ksu.edu.sa.|Prince Mutaib Bin Abdullah Chair on Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box, 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. omrattas@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Omar S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Al-Attas
authors.affiliation: Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. wani.kaiser@gmail.com.|Prince Mutaib Bin Abdullah Chair on Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box, 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. wani.kaiser@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kaiser
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wani
authors.affiliation: Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. aalnaami@yahoo.com.|Prince Mutaib Bin Abdullah Chair on Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box, 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. aalnaami@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Abdullah M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Alnaami
authors.affiliation: Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. ssabico@ksu.edu.sa.|Prince Mutaib Bin Abdullah Chair on Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box, 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. ssabico@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Shaun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabico
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Lab Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. aalajl@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Abdulrahman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Ajlan
authors.affiliation: Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. chrousos@gmail.com.|First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, 11527, Athens, Greece. chrousos@gmail.com.
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Chrousos
authors.affiliation: Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. msa85@yahoo.co.uk.|Prince Mutaib Bin Abdullah Chair on Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box, 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. msa85@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Majed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Alokail
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000208:ethnology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018912:Arabs; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000208:ethnology; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids