title: Dose-response relations between second-hand smoke exposure and depressive symptoms among middle-aged women.
abstract: A growing body of evidence indicates a strong association between smoking and depression. However, little is known about the possible effects of second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure on depression. This study aimed to examine the potential dose-response relation between SHS exposure and depressive symptoms among non-smoking middle-aged women. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a stratified three-stage sampling method. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale with a cut-off point of 16. Self-reported SHS exposure was defined as non-smokers׳ inhalation of the smoke exhaled from smokers on at least one day a week. The multivariable logistic regression analysis was completed with adjustment for potential confounders. Among 1280 middle-aged women, 19.4% were classified as having depressive symptoms. There was a 104% increased odds of depressive symptoms corresponding to SHS exposure in general (OR=2.04, 95% CI 1.48-2.79) using no exposure as reference. There were significant positive relations between SHS exposure in general and depressive symptoms in a dose-response manner. These significant trends were observed consistently whether SHS exposure occurred in homes or workplaces. Our findings suggest that long-term and regular SHS exposure is associated with a significant, dose-dependent increase in risk of depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: LiXia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Yanhui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Shudong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Electronic address: yangyigz@163.com.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Electronic address: chensidong1@126.com.
authors.forename: Sidong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Depressive symptoms; Epidemiology; Secondhand smoke; Smoking