title: Anti-PD-1 and PD-L1 therapy for bladder cancer: what is on the horizon?
abstract: Oncologic therapeutics has evolved enormously as we entered the 21st century. Unfortunately, the treatment of advanced urothelial cancer has remained unchanged over the last two decades despite a better understanding of the genetic alterations in bladder cancer. Pathways such as the PI3K/AKT3/mTOR and FGFR have been implicated in urothelial bladder cancer. However, targeted therapies have not shown proven benefit yet and are still considered investigational. Recently, researchers have been successful in manipulating the systemic immune response to mount antitumor effects in melanoma, lung cancer and lymphoma. Historically, intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy has been highly active in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Early data suggest that immune checkpoint inhibitors will soon prove to be another cornerstone in the treatment armamentarium of advanced bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
authors.forename: Srinath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sundararajan
authors.affiliation: University of Nevada School of Medicine & US Oncology/Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89014, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Vogelzang
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
keywords: PD-1; PD-L1; bladder cancer; immunotherapy