title: A Feedback Control Approach to Organic Drug Infusions Using Electrochemical Measurement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Target-controlled infusion of anesthesia is a closed-loop automated drug delivery method with a computer-aided control. Our goal is to design and test an automated drug infusion platform for propofol delivery in total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the proposed method, a dilution chamber with first-order exponential decay characteristics was used to model the pharmacodynamics decay of a drug. The dilution chamber was connected to a flow system through an electrochemical cell containing an organic film-coated glassy carbon electrode as working electrode. To set up the feedback-controlled delivery platform and optimize its parameters, ferrocene methanol was used as a proxy of the propofol. The output signal of the sensor was connected to a PI controller, which prompted a syringe pump for feedback-controlled drug infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The result is a bench-top drug infusion platform to automate the delivery of a propofol based on the measurement of concentration with an organic film-coated voltammetric sensor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To evaluate the performance characteristics of the infusion platform, the propofol concentration in the dilution chamber was monitored with the organic film-coated glassy carbon electrode and the difference between the set and measured concentrations was assessed. The feasibility of measurement-based feedback-controlled propofol delivery is demonstrated and confirmed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This platform will contribute to high-performance TIVA application of intravenous propofol anesthesia.
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Yaqin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kivlehan
authors.forename: Ernö
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chaum
mesh_terms: D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000379:methods*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005246:Feedback; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D015742:Propofol