title: Prevalence, Correlates, and Outcomes of Omphalocele in the United States, 1995-2005.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the trends in the prevalence, epidemiologic correlates, and 1-year survival of omphalocele using 1995-2005 data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Network in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 2,308 cases of omphalocele over 11 years from 12 state population-based birth defects registries. We used Poisson regression to estimate prevalence and risk factors for omphalocele and Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate survival patterns and hazard ratios, respectively, to examine isolated compared with nonisolated cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Birth prevalence of omphalocele was 1.92 per 10,000 live births with no consistent trend over time. Neonates with omphalocele were more likely to be male (prevalence ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-1.34), born to mothers 35 years of age or older (prevalence ratio 1.77, 95% CI 1.54-2.04) and younger than 20 years (prevalence ratio 1.34, 95% CI 1.14-1.56), and of multiple births (prevalence ratio 2.22, 95% CI 1.85-2.66). The highest proportion of neonates with omphalocele had congenital heart defects (32%). The infant mortality rate was 28.7%, with 75% of those occurring in the first 28 days. The best survival was for isolated cases and the worst for neonates with chromosomal defects (hazard ratio 7.75, 95% CI 5.40-11.10) and low-birth-weight neonates (hazard ratio 7.51, 95% CI 5.86-9.63).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of omphalocele has remained constant from 1995 to 2005. Maternal age (younger than 20 years and 35 years or older), multiple gestation, and male sex are important correlates of omphalocele, whereas co-occurrence with chromosomal defects and very low birth weight are consistent determinants of 1-year survival among these neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  II.
authors.affiliation: Birth Defects Surveillance Program, Department of Community and Family Health, and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and the National Birth Defects Prevention Network, Houston, and the Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas; the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; the North Carolina Birth Defects Monitoring Program, State Center for Health Statistics, Division of Public Health, Raleigh, North Carolina; and the New York State Department of Health, Troy, New York.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Jason L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Salemi
authors.forename: Jean Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: Rema
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: Marcia L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Feldkamp
authors.forename: Lisa K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Marengo
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Charlotte M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Druschel
authors.forename: Russel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rickard
authors.forename: Russell S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kirby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D025063:Chromosome Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006554:Hernia, Umbilical / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D050498:Live Birth / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology