title: Introduction of organic/hydro-organic matrices in inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and mass spectrometry: a tutorial review. Part I. Theoretical considerations.
abstract: Due to their outstanding analytical performances, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are widely used for multi-elemental measurements and also for isotopic characterization in the case of ICP-MS. While most studies are carried out in aqueous matrices, applications involving organic/hydro-organic matrices become increasingly widespread. This kind of matrices is introduced in ICP based instruments when classical "matrix removal" approaches such as acid digestion or extraction procedures cannot be implemented. Due to the physico-chemical properties of organic/hydro-organic matrices and their associated effects on instrumentation and analytical performances, their introduction into ICP sources is particularly challenging and has become a full topic. In this framework, numerous theoretical and phenomenological studies of these effects have been performed in the past, mainly by ICP-OES, while recent literature is more focused on applications and associated instrumental developments. This tutorial review, divided in two parts, explores the rich literature related to the introduction of organic/hydro-organic matrices in ICP-OES and ICP-MS. The present Part I, provides theoretical considerations in connection with the physico-chemical properties of organic/hydro-organic matrices, in order to better understand the induced phenomena. This focal point is divided in four chapters highlighting: (i) the impact of organic/hydro-organic matrices from aerosol generation to atomization/excitation/ionization processes; (ii) the production of carbon molecular constituents and their spatial distribution in the plasma with respect to analytes repartition; (iii) the subsequent modifications of plasma fundamental properties; and (iv) the resulting spectroscopic and non spectroscopic interferences. This first part of this tutorial review is addressed either to beginners or to more experienced scientists who are interested in the analysis of organic/hydro-organic matrices by ICP sources and would like to consider the theoretical background of effects induced by such matrices. The second part of this tutorial review will be dedicated to more practical consideration on instrumentation, such as adapted introductions devices, as well as instrumental and operating parameters optimization. The analytical strategies for elemental quantification in such matrices will also be addressed.
authors.affiliation: CEA Saclay, DEN, DANS, DPC, SEARS, Laboratoire de développement Analytique Nucléaire Isotopique et Elémentaire, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Electronic address: amelie.leclercq@cea.fr.
authors.forename: Amélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leclercq
authors.affiliation: CEA Saclay, DEN, DANS, DPC, SEARS, Laboratoire de développement Analytique Nucléaire Isotopique et Elémentaire, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Electronic address: anthony.nonell@cea.fr.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nonell
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Alicante, Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Nutricion y Bromatología, Ap. de Correos, 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain. Electronic address: jose.todoli@ua.es.
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Todolí Torró
authors.affiliation: CEA Saclay, DEN, DANS, DPC, SEARS, Laboratoire de développement Analytique Nucléaire Isotopique et Elémentaire, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Electronic address: carole.bresson@cea.fr.
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bresson
authors.affiliation: CEA Saclay, DEN, DANS, DPC, SEARS, Laboratoire de développement Analytique Nucléaire Isotopique et Elémentaire, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Electronic address: laurent.vio@cea.fr.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vio
authors.affiliation: CEA Saclay, DEN, DANS, DPC, SEARS, Laboratoire de développement Analytique Nucléaire Isotopique et Elémentaire, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Electronic address: thomas.vercouter@cea.fr.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vercouter
authors.affiliation: CEA Saclay, DEN, DANS, DPC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Electronic address: frederic.chartier@cea.fr.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chartier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry*; D058626:Plasma Gases / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; D058626:Plasma Gases; D012997:Solvents; D002244:Carbon
keywords: Carbon constituents; Inductively coupled plasma; Interferences; Mass spectrometry; Optical emission spectrometry; Organic matrices