title: A high-protein breakfast prevents body fat gain, through reductions in daily intake and hunger, in "Breakfast skipping" adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine whether the daily consumption of normal-protein (NP) vs. high-protein (HP) breakfast meals improves appetite control, food intake, and body composition in "breakfast skipping" young people with overweight/obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-seven adolescents (age: 19 ± 1 years; BMI: 29.7 ± 4.6 kg m(-2)) completed a 12-week randomized controlled trial in which the adolescents consumed either a 1,464 kJ NP breakfast (13 g protein) or a HP breakfast (35 g protein) or continued to skip breakfast (CON). Pre- and post-study appetite, food intake, body weight, and body composition were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time-by-group interactions (P < 0.05) were detected for body fat mass, daily intake, and perceived hunger. Specifically, HP prevented fat mass gains over the 12 weeks (-0.4 ± 0.5 kg) vs. CON (+1.6 ± 0.9 kg; P = 0.02), whereas NP did not (+0.3 ± 0.5 kg). HP led to reductions in daily intake (-1,724 ± 954 kJ) vs. CON (+1,556 ± 745 kJ; P = 0.03), whereas NP did not (+494 ± 213 kJ). Lastly, only the HP group experienced reductions in daily hunger vs. CON (P < 0.05). However, when directly comparing the HP vs. NP groups, no differences were detected in any outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The daily addition of a HP breakfast improved indices of weight management as illustrated by the prevention of body fat gain, voluntary reductions in daily intake, and reductions in daily hunger in breakfast skipping adolescents with overweight/obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Heather J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Leidy
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Hoertel
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Steve M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Shafer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001069:Appetite Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D062408:Breakfast; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012527:Satiation
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins