title: Effects of amount and type of dietary fats on postprandial lipemia and thrombogenic markers in individuals with metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postprandial lipemia has been reported to affect endothelial function by thrombogenic and inflammatory pathways. We set out to investigate the impact of a) specific amount (50 g vs 20 g fat), and b) type of fatty acids (saturated, monounsaturated or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFA, MUFA, PUFA) on postprandial lipemia, thrombogenic and inflammatory factors in metabolic syndrome subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 subjects (15 men, 15 women) participated in a double-blind, randomized crossover design study with both the subjects and investigators blinded to treatments. Blood samples were collected at fasting and 30 min, hourly interval for a total of 6 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, lower triacylglycerol response was observed for low fat/high carbohydrate meal; whereas no difference was detected between the types of fatty acids. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for low fat/high carbohydrate meal was 70%, 81% and 61% lower than the SFA, MUFA and PUFA meals, respectively. The iAUC 0-6 h for triacylglycerol was 42% lower in women compared with the men (P = 0.024), with the similar trend observed for non-esterified fatty acids. There were significant meal × time interaction (P = 0.000) for plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and thromboxane B2 (P = 0.022) from baseline. No differences were observed between meals for plasma D-dimer, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and high sensitivity C-reactive protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that in metabolic syndrome subjects, only the amount of dietary fatty acids affects postprandial lipemia but both amount and type of dietary fats alter thrombogenic factors.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01571947).
authors.affiliation: Product Development and Advisory Services, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No.6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: kt.teng@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kim-Tiu
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: Product Development and Advisory Services, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No.6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: cyruschang26@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chee-Yan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: kanthi@ummc.edu.my.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kanthimathi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: atbtan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alexander Tong Boon
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Product Development and Advisory Services, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No.6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: sarnesar@mpob.gov.my.
authors.forename: Kalanithi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nesaretnam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D019518:Postprandial Period; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008055:Lipids
keywords: Cytokines; Dietary fats; Metabolic syndrome; Triacylglycerol