title: A high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet method for Eschweilera nana leaves and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eschweilera nana Miers is a tree widely distributed in Cerrado, Brazil.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we aimed to describe its phytochemical properties and antioxidant and topical anti-inflammatory effects for the first time, as well validate an high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet/visible (HPLC-UV-Vis) method for the separation and quantification of the main components (hyperoside and rutin) in the hydroalcoholic extract of E. nana leaves.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structural identification of compounds in E. nana extract was performed by analysis of spectral data by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance, (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance and/or ESI/EM. The HPLC-UV-Vis method was validated according International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) parameters. The 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method were used for determination of in vitro antioxidant activities and the croton oil-induced inflammation for evaluation of in vivo anti-inflammatory effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyperoside, rutin, α-amirin, β-amirin, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol were identified in the hydroalcoholic extract of E. nana leaves. HPLC-UV-Vis was validated according to ICH parameters. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that the hydroalcoholic extract and methanol fraction showed significant antioxidant and topical anti-inflammatory effects, as they were able to reduce ear edema induced by croton-oil application.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research showed the first phytochemical study of E. nana extract and their biological activities may be associated with the presence of flavonoids in the extracts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Priscila M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Outuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nides S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Lazzeri
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lizziane M B
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: de Francisco
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ciomar A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bersani-Amado
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Izabel C P
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mara Lane C
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cardoso
keywords: Antioxidant activity; Eschweilera nana Miers; flavonoids; phytochemical composition; topic anti-inflammatory