title: How Does Physical Activity Intervention Improve Self-Esteem and Self-Concept in Children and Adolescents? Evidence from a Meta-Analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis for the effects of physical activity intervention on self-esteem and self-concept in children and adolescents, and to identify moderator variables by meta-regression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A meta-analysis and meta-regression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant studies were identified through a comprehensive search of electronic databases. Study inclusion criteria were: (1) intervention should be supervised physical activity, (2) reported sufficient data to estimate pooled effect sizes of physical activity intervention on self-esteem or self-concept, (3) participants' ages ranged from 3 to 20 years, and (4) a control or comparison group was included. For each study, study design, intervention design and participant characteristics were extracted. R software (version 3.1.3) and Stata (version 12.0) were used to synthesize effect sizes and perform moderation analyses for determining moderators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies and 13 non-randomized controlled trial (non-RCT) studies including a total of 2991 cases were identified. Significant positive effects were found in RCTs for intervention of physical activity alone on general self outcomes (Hedges' g = 0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.14 to 0.45; p = 0.001), self-concept (Hedges' g = 0.49, 95%CI: 0.10 to 0.88, p = 0.014) and self-worth (Hedges' g = 0.31, 95%CI: 0.13 to 0.49, p = 0.005). There was no significant effect of intervention of physical activity alone on any outcomes in non-RCTs, as well as in studies with intervention of physical activity combined with other strategies. Meta-regression analysis revealed that higher treatment effects were associated with setting of intervention in RCTs (β = 0.31, 95%CI: 0.07 to 0.55, p = 0.013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intervention of physical activity alone is associated with increased self-concept and self-worth in children and adolescents. And there is a stronger association with school-based and gymnasium-based intervention compared with other settings.
authors.affiliation: Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China; School of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China.
authors.forename: Mingli
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
authors.forename: Qingsen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ming
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D015444:Exercise; D005190:Family; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D002666:Psychology, Child; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012572:School Health Services; D012649:Self Concept