title: Extinction in a hyperdiverse endemic Hawaiian land snail family and implications for the underestimation of invertebrate extinction.
abstract: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List includes 832 species listed as extinct since 1600, a minuscule fraction of total biodiversity. This extinction rate is of the same order of magnitude as the background rate and has been used to downplay the biodiversity crisis. Invertebrates comprise 99% of biodiversity, yet the status of a negligible number has been assessed. We assessed extinction in the Hawaiian land snail family Amastridae (325 species, IUCN lists 33 as extinct). We did not use the stringent IUCN criteria, by which most invertebrates would be considered data deficient, but a more realistic approach comparing historical collections with modern surveys and expert knowledge. Of the 325 Amastridae species, 43 were originally described as fossil or subfossil and were assumed to be extinct. Of the remaining 282, we evaluated 88 as extinct and 15 as extant and determined that 179 species had insufficient evidence of extinction (though most are probably extinct). Results of statistical assessment of extinction probabilities were consistent with our expert evaluations of levels of extinction. Modeling various extinction scenarios yielded extinction rates of 0.4-14.0% of the amastrid fauna per decade. The true rate of amastrid extinction has not been constant; generally, it has increased over time. We estimated a realistic average extinction rate as approximately 5%/decade since the first half of the nineteenth century. In general, oceanic island biotas are especially susceptible to extinction and global rate generalizations do not reflect this. Our approach could be used for other invertebrates, especially those with restricted ranges (e.g., islands), and such an approach may be the only way to evaluate invertebrates rapidly enough to keep up with ongoing extinction.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Ecole pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Case postale 51, 55 rue Buffon, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Régnier
authors.affiliation: Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Ecole pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Case postale 51, 55 rue Buffon, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bouchet
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street NW, Washington, D.C., 20059, U.S.A.|Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., 20013, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., 20013, U.S.A.|Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 408, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, U.S.A.|Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96817, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Norine W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.affiliation: Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 408, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, U.S.A.|Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96817, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Carl C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96817, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Daniel J D
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Ecole pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Case postale 51, 55 rue Buffon, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Benoît
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fontaine
authors.affiliation: Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 408, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Cowie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D056727:Endangered Species; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D006254:Hawaii; D012908:Snails / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Amastridae; Hawaii; Hawái; IUCN Red List; Lista Roja UICN; conservation bias; conservation status; estado de conservación; extinción; extinction; impedimento taxonómico; sesgo de conservación; taxonomic impediment