title: Changing central Pacific El Niños reduce stability of North American salmon survival rates.
abstract: Pacific salmon are a dominant component of the northeast Pacific ecosystem. Their status is of concern because salmon abundance is highly variable--including protected stocks, a recently closed fishery, and actively managed fisheries that provide substantial ecosystem services. Variable ocean conditions, such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), have influenced these fisheries, while diminished diversity of freshwater habitats have increased variability via the portfolio effect. We address the question of how recent changes in ocean conditions will affect populations of two salmon species. Since the 1980s, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events have been more frequently associated with central tropical Pacific warming (CPW) rather than the canonical eastern Pacific warming ENSO (EPW). CPW is linked to the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), whereas EPW is linked to the PDO, different indicators of northeast Pacific Ocean ecosystem productivity. Here we show that both coho and Chinook salmon survival rates along western North America indicate that the NPGO, rather than the PDO, explains salmon survival since the 1980s. The observed increase in NPGO variance in recent decades was accompanied by an increase in coherence of local survival rates of these two species, increasing salmon variability via the portfolio effect. Such increases in coherence among salmon stocks are usually attributed to controllable freshwater influences such as hatcheries and habitat degradation, but the unknown mechanism underlying the ocean climate effect identified here is not directly subject to management actions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8751; dpkilduff@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: D Patrick
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6755-5746
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Kilduff
authors.affiliation: School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0340.
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8751;
authors.forename: Louis W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Botsford
authors.affiliation: Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8751;
authors.forename: Steven L H
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Teo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057231:Climate Change; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D012474:Salmon; D015996:Survival Rate
keywords: North Pacific Gyre Oscillation; Pacific Decadal Oscillation; persistence; salmon; synchrony