title: The Influence of Glycated Hemoglobin on the Cross Susceptibility Between Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontal Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodontal disease is a major complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between glycated hemoglobin and circulating levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5) in non-smoking patients suffering from T1DM, with and without periodontitis. In addition, to determine the effect of advanced glycation end products (AGE) in the presence and absence of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL5 expression by THP-1 monocytes and OKF6/TERT-2 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 104 participants in the study: 19 healthy volunteers, 23 patients with periodontitis, 28 patients with T1DM, and 34 patients with T1DM and periodontitis. Levels of blood glucose/glycated hemoglobin (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry [IFCC]) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Levels of IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL5 in plasma were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In vitro stimulation of OKF6/TERT-2 cells and THP-1 monocytes was performed with combinations of AGE and P. gingivalis LPS. Changes in expression of IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL5 were monitored by ELISA and real-time polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with diabetes and periodontitis had higher plasma levels of IL-8 than patients with periodontitis alone. Plasma levels of IL-8 correlated significantly with IFCC units, clinical probing depth, and attachment loss. AGE and LPS, alone or in combination, stimulated IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL5 expression in both OKF6/TERT-2 cells and THP-1 monocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated plasma levels of IL-8 potentially contribute to the cross-susceptibility between periodontitis and T1DM. P. gingivalis LPS and AGE in combination caused significantly greater expression of IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL5 from THP-1 monocytes and OKF6/TERT-2 cells than LPS alone.
authors.affiliation: Infection and Immunity Research Group; University of Glasgow Dental School; School of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences; School of Medicine; University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Lappin
authors.affiliation: Infection and Immunity Research Group; University of Glasgow Dental School; School of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences; School of Medicine; University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Infection and Immunity Research Group; University of Glasgow Dental School; School of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences; School of Medicine; University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.affiliation: Infection and Immunity Research Group; University of Glasgow Dental School; School of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences; School of Medicine; University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Treagus
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Raja A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Awang
authors.affiliation: Infection and Immunity Research Group; University of Glasgow Dental School; School of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences; School of Medicine; University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramage
authors.affiliation: Infection and Immunity Research Group; University of Glasgow Dental School; School of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences; School of Medicine; University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Nile
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D015850:Interleukin-6
keywords: Chemokines; cytokines; diabetes mellitus, type 1; glycosylation end products, advanced; periodontitis