title: No evidence of a control group response in exercise randomised controlled trials in people with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: Increased control group responses (CGR) make it more difficult to establish the effectiveness of interventions to improve symptoms in schizophrenia. We conducted a meta-analysis of CGR within randomised control trials (RCTs) comparing exercise and a control condition in people with schizophrenia. We found no evidence of a CGR for total, positive or negative symptoms. Control group responses do not negatively impact exercise RCTs that have clearly demonstrated substantial beneficial effects of exercise in this population.
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom. Electronic address: brendonstubbs@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Brendon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stubbs
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Philip B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas: Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barreto Schuch
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, UPC KU Leuven, Campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Belgium.
authors.forename: Davy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vancampfort
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D035061:Control Groups; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Control group response; Exercise; Placebo response; Schizophrenia