title: Celect Inferior Vena Cava Wall Strut Perforation Begets Additional Strut Perforation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify risk factors for strut perforation following Celect inferior vena cava (IVC) filter (IVCF) placement and to use finite element modeling to predict the mechanical impact of long-dwelling filters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-one patients with three computed tomography (CT) studies were evaluated following Celect IVCF placement (2007-2013). Three-dimensional finite element models of the Celect IVCF were developed to simulate mechanical deformation of the IVCF encountered in vivo. Simulated forces applied by the primary struts on the IVC wall were measured as a function of luminal area and tilt angle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although 33 patients (36%) showed primary strut perforation on initial follow-up CT, 60 patients (66%) showed progressive perforation over time (P < .0001), with 72 patients (79%) showing primary strut perforation on the final CT (average, 554 d). Female patients (P = .004) and those with malignancy history (P = .01) had significantly higher perforation rates at a given time. Caval area also decreased after primary filter strut perforation, and we therefore proposed that this was the mechanism for progressive perforation. Consistent with this mechanism, three-dimensional finite element modeling demonstrated increasing strut force with decreasing IVC diameter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Celect IVCF primary strut perforation is progressive over time and is more common in female patients and those with a history of malignancy. In addition, this progressive perforation may be predicted by three-dimensional finite element modeling. These patient populations may require closer follow-up after IVCF placement to prevent or reduce the risk for filter complication or worsening perforation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University,395 W. 12th Ave., Suite 424, Columbus, OH 43210; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 395 W. 12th Ave., Suite 424, Columbus, OH 43210. Electronic address: joshua.dowell@osumc.edu.
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Dowell
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University,395 W. 12th Ave., Suite 424, Columbus, OH 43210.
authors.forename: Jordan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Castle
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 395 W. 12th Ave., Suite 424, Columbus, OH 43210.
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schickel
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University,395 W. 12th Ave., Suite 424, Columbus, OH 43210.
authors.forename: Urbina K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 395 W. 12th Ave., Suite 424, Columbus, OH 43210.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zielinski
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University,395 W. 12th Ave., Suite 424, Columbus, OH 43210; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 395 W. 12th Ave., Suite 424, Columbus, OH 43210.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McLoney
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University,395 W. 12th Ave., Suite 424, Columbus, OH 43210.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University,395 W. 12th Ave., Suite 424, Columbus, OH 43210.
authors.forename: Xiangyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 395 W. 12th Ave., Suite 424, Columbus, OH 43210.
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghadiali
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D057772:Vascular System Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016306:Vena Cava Filters / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult