title: Current evidence on whether perinatal risk factors influence coeliac disease is circumstantial.
abstract: Coeliac disease is triggered by an interplay of environmental and genetic factors and is one of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases in children, occurring in about 1% of Europeans. Over the last few decades, there has been a growing interest in the role of the perinatal environment in coeliac disease and this review discusses the growing body of literature on coeliac disease and perinatal risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is still only circumstantial evidence that the perinatal environment influences coeliac disease development. Large-scale cohort studies and emerging scientific concepts, such as epigenetics, may help us establish the role of these environmental factors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mårild
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jonas F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Pediatrics, Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway.
authors.forename: Ketil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Størdal
mesh_terms: D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons
keywords: Autoimmune disease; Coeliac disease; Environmental factors; Genetic factors; Perinatal risk