title: Hyperphosphatemia Is an Independent Risk Factor for Mortality in Critically Ill Patients: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phosphate imbalances or disorders have a high risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. It is unknown if this finding extends to mortality in patients presenting at an emergency room with or without normal kidney function.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross sectional analysis included all emergency room patients between 2010 and 2011 at the Inselspital Bern, Switzerland. A multivariable cox regression model was applied to assess the association between phosphate levels and in-hospital mortality up to 28 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  22,239 subjects were screened for the study. Plasma phosphate concentrations were measured in 2,390 patients on hospital admission and were included in the analysis. 3.5% of the 480 patients with hypophosphatemia and 10.7% of the 215 patients with hyperphosphatemia died. In univariate analysis, phosphate levels were associated with mortality, age, diuretic therapy and kidney function (all p<0.001). In a multivariate Cox regression model, hyperphosphatemia (OR 3.29, p<0.001) was a strong independent risk factor for mortality. Hypophosphatemia was not associated with mortality (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperphosphatemia is associated with 28-day in-hospital mortality in an unselected cohort of patients presenting in an emergency room.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dominik G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Haider
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolzt
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sufian S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sauter
authors.affiliation: Center of Laboratory Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alexander Benedikt
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Leichtle
authors.affiliation: Center of Laboratory Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Georg-Martin
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Fiedler
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Valentin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fuhrmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Aristomenis K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Exadaktylos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D054559:Hyperphosphatemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality*; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors