title: Prediction of fracture risk in patients with osteoporosis: a brief review.
abstract: Osteoporosis, a well-defined and growing public health problem, is a disease characterized by increased bone turnover and decreased bone mass with associated skeletal fragility, resulting in an increased risk of fracture. It is often unrecognized until the late stages when fragility fractures have occurred. In adults, early recognition of the disease prior to the occurrence of fractures followed by timely and efficient initiation of appropriate treatment can reduce fracture risk. In this article, we review clinical modalities available to effectively predict fracture risk in patients with osteoporosis. Bone mineral density and presence of clinical risk factors may be combined to provide a more comprehensive osteoporotic fracture risk assessment. Use of FRAX may serve as a general guideline for clinical management and deciding a threshold for cost-effective pharmacological intervention. Elevated bone turnover markers are predictive of high fracture risk and can provide additional clinical information as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Osteoporosis & Metabolic Bone Disease Center, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
authors.forename: Rod Marianne
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Arceo-Mendoza
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Osteoporosis & Metabolic Bone Disease Center, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Camacho
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: DXA; FRAX; bone; bone mineral density; bone scan; bone turnover markers; fracture; fragility fractures; osteopenia; osteoporosis