title: Survey of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and their associated Cas proteins (CRISPR/Cas) systems in multiple sequenced strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years the emergence of multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains has been an increasingly common event. This opportunistic species is one of the five main bacterial pathogens that cause hospital infections worldwide and multidrug resistance has been associated with the presence of high molecular weight plasmids. Plasmids are generally acquired through horizontal transfer and therefore is possible that systems that prevent the entry of foreign genetic material are inactive or absent. One of these systems is CRISPR/Cas. However, little is known regarding the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and their associated Cas proteins (CRISPR/Cas) system in K. pneumoniae. The adaptive immune system CRISPR/Cas has been shown to limit the entry of foreign genetic elements into bacterial organisms and in some bacteria it has been shown to be involved in regulation of virulence genes. Thus in this work we used bioinformatics tools to determine the presence or absence of CRISPR/Cas systems in available K. pneumoniae genomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The complete CRISPR/Cas system was identified in two out of the eight complete K. pneumoniae genomes sequences and in four out of the 44 available draft genomes sequences. The cas genes in these strains comprises eight cas genes similar to those found in Escherichia coli, suggesting they belong to the type I-E group, although their arrangement is slightly different. As for the CRISPR sequences, the average lengths of the direct repeats and spacers were 29 and 33 bp, respectively. BLAST searches demonstrated that 38 of the 116 spacer sequences (33%) are significantly similar to either plasmid, phage or genome sequences, while the remaining 78 sequences (67%) showed no significant similarity to other sequences. The region where the CRISPR/Cas systems were located is the same in all the Klebsiella genomes containing it, it has a syntenic architecture, and is located among genes encoding for proteins likely involved in metabolism and resistance to antibiotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CRISPR/Cas system is not widely distributed in K. pneumoniae genomes, those present most likely belong to type I-E with few differences from the arrangement of the cse3 gene and most of the spacers have not been are not described yet. Given that the CRISPR/Cas system is scarcely distributed among K. pneumoniae genomes it is not clear whether it is involved in either immunity against foreign genetic material or virulence. We consider that this study represents a first step to understand the role of CRISPR/Cas in K. pneumoniae.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Bacteriología Médica y, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11340, Mexico, D.F., Mexico. marthal_19@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: Martha Lorena
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ostria-Hernández
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioinformática Genómica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11340, Mexico, D.F., Mexico. iepnncb@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Carlos Javier
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Vallejo
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Genética Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11340, Mexico, D.F., Mexico. jaig19@gmail.com.
authors.forename: J Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ibarra
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Bacteriología Médica y, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11340, Mexico, D.F., Mexico. chelacastro@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Graciela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castro-Escarpulli
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D064113:CRISPR-Cas Systems; D064112:Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D030562:Databases, Protein; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D023281:Genomics; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000235:genetics*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008970:Molecular Weight; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins