title: Point mutations of the mTOR-RHEB pathway in renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: Aberrations in the mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) axis are frequently reported in cancer. Using publicly available tumor genome sequencing data, we identified several point mutations in MTOR and its upstream regulator RHEB (Ras homolog enriched in brain) in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most common histology of kidney cancer. Interestingly, we found a prominent cluster of hyperactivating mutations in the FAT (FRAP-ATM-TTRAP) domain of mTOR in renal cell carcinoma that led to an increase in both mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities and led to an increased proliferation of cells. Several of the FAT domain mutants demonstrated a decreased binding of DEPTOR (DEP domain containing mTOR-interacting protein), while a subset of these mutations showed altered binding of the negative regulator PRAS40 (proline rich AKT substrate 40). We also identified a recurrent mutation in RHEB in ccRCC patients that leads to an increase in mTORC1 activity. In vitro characterization of this RHEB mutation revealed that this mutant showed considerable resistance to TSC2 (Tuberous Sclerosis 2) GAP (GTPase activating protein) activity, though its interaction with TSC2 remained unaltered. Mutations in the FAT domain of MTOR and in RHEB remained sensitive to rapamycin, though several of these mutations demonstrated residual mTOR kinase activity after treatment with rapamycin at clinically relevant doses. Overall, our data suggests that point mutations in the mTOR pathway may lead to downstream mTOR hyperactivation through multiple different mechanisms to confer a proliferative advantage to a tumor cell.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: Arindam P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Coric
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: Eun-Hee
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kirkman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ballestas
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Mitsuhiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikura
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: Mary-Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bjornsti
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sudarshan
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D000076225:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D017354:Point Mutation; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D000076205:Ras Homolog Enriched in Brain Protein; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C484523:AKT1S1 protein, human; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D009479:Neuropeptides; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; C490211:RHEB protein, human; D000076205:Ras Homolog Enriched in Brain Protein; C000624653:TSC2 protein, human; C000624655:Tsc2 protein, rat; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C556139:DEPTOR protein, human; C546842:MTOR protein, human; C546845:mTOR protein, rat; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D000076225:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins; D020123:Sirolimus
keywords: RHEB; mTOR; mutations; rapamycin; renal cancer