title: Photocatalytic degradation of the antibiotic chloramphenicol and effluent toxicity effects.
abstract: Chloramphenicol sodium succinate (CAP, C15H15Cl2N2 Na2O8) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic exhibiting activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as other groups of microorganisms only partially removed by conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants. Thus, CAP and its metabolites can be found in effluents. The present work deals with the photocatalytic degradation of CAP using TiO2 as photocatalyst. We investigated the optimization of reaction contact time and concentration of TiO2 considering CAP and its by-products removal as well as effluent ecotoxicity elimination. Considering a CAP real concentration of 25mgL(-1), kinetic degradation curves were determined at 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2gL(-1) TiO2 after 5, 10, 30, 60 and 120min reaction time. Treated samples were checked for the presence of by-products and residual toxicity (V. fischeri, P. subcapitata, L. sativum and D. magna). Results evidenced that the best combination for CAP and its by-products removal could be set at 1.6gL(-1) of TiO2 for 120min with an average residual toxicity of approximately 10%, that is the threshold set for negative controls in most toxicity tests for blank and general toxicity test acceptability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Sa, Italy; Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, National Research Council (CNR IMA), C. da S. Loja Z.I. Tito Scalo, I-85050 Potenza, Italy; Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Claudio, 21, I-80127 Naples, Italy. Electronic address: glofrano@unisa.it.
authors.forename: Giusy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lofrano
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Campo della Celestia, 2737/b, I-30122 Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Libralato
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Sa, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adinolfi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonietta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siciliano
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Sa, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iannece
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guida
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Claudio, 21, I-80127 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giugni
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Campo della Celestia, 2737/b, I-30122 Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Volpi Ghirardini
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Sa, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carotenuto
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002384:Catalysis; D002701:Chloramphenicol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D031220:Lepidium sativum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C009495:titanium dioxide; D002701:Chloramphenicol; D014025:Titanium; C026016:chloramphenicol succinate
keywords: Advanced oxidation processes; Antibiotic chloramphenicol; Degradation by-products; TiO(2) photocatalysis; Toxicity removal