title: Perinatal survival and health after maternal influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination: A cohort study of pregnancies stratified by trimester of vaccination.
abstract: Large cohort studies demonstrated the safety of vaccination with the AS03 adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine, but data on first trimester vaccination safety are limited. We conducted a nationwide register-based retrospective cohort study in Finland, included singleton pregnancies present on 01 November 2009 and followed them from 01 November 2009 until delivery. Pregnancies with abortive outcome, pregnancies that started before 01 February 2009 and pregnancies of women, who received the AS03 adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine prior to the onset of pregnancy, were excluded. Our main outcome measures were hazard ratios comparing the risk of stillbirth, early neonatal death, moderately preterm birth, very preterm birth, moderately low birth weight, very low birth weight, and being small for gestational age between pregnancies exposed and unexposed to maternal influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination. The study population comprised 43,604 pregnancies; 34,241 (78.5%) women were vaccinated at some stage during pregnancy. The rates of stillbirth, early neonatal death, moderately preterm birth, and moderately low birth weight were similar between pregnant women exposed and unexposed to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination. After adjusting for known risk factors, the relative rates were 0.90 (95% confidence interval 0.55-1.45) for very preterm birth, 0.84 (0.61-1.16) for very low birth weight, and 1.17 (0.98-1.40) for being small for gestational age. Also, in the subanalysis of 7839 women vaccinated during the first trimester, the rates did not indicate that maternal vaccination during the first trimester had any adverse impact on perinatal survival and health. The risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes was not associated with the exposure to the AS03 adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine. This study adds reassuring evidence on the safety of AS03 adjuvanted influenza vaccines when given in the first trimester and supports the recommendation of influenza vaccination to all pregnant women through all stages of pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: ulrike.baum@thl.fi.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Baum
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tuija
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leino
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gissler
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Terhi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kilpi
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jokinen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D000068104:Infant Health; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013185:Squalene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D050497:Stillbirth / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D055815:Young Adult; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D011136:Polysorbates; D013185:Squalene; C550253:AS03 adjuvant; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol
keywords: Pandemic influenza A(H1N1); Perinatal health; Perinatal survival; Pregnancy; Trimester; Vaccination; Vaccine safety