title: A prospective comparative study of clinical and functional outcomes between anatomic double bundle and single bundle hamstring grafts for arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite a number of studies comparing postoperative stability and function after anatomic single bundle and double bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, it remains unclear whether double bundle reconstruction has better functional outcome than single bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the subjective functional outcome as well as clinical stability in patients treated with either anatomic single bundle or anatomic double bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. We hypothesized that there would be no difference in the postoperative functional outcome and clinical stability between anatomical double bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions when compared to single bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively followed 40 patients out of which, 20 patients were operated for anatomic single bundle ACL reconstruction and other 20 patients underwent anatomic double bundle ACL reconstruction. Patient evaluation using the laxity tests and outcome scales was done preoperatively and at 12, 24 and 48 months after the surgery. Clinical stability was assessed by Lachman test, Pivot shift test and Delhi active test. Functional outcome was assessed by International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Lysholm and Modified Cincinnati scores. Patients in both groups were evaluated at regular intervals for a minimum period of 48 months (mean 51 months, range 48-56 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all subjective scores, double bundle group patients reported statistically significant higher scores compared to single bundle group patients. Graded stability results of the Lachman, and Pivot shift tests were significantly higher in the anatomically reconstructed double bundle patient group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that functional outcome and clinical stability may be better with anatomical double bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction as compared to anatomical single bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Vivek M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Morey
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Hira Lal
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Nag
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Buddhadev
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: Malabar Orthopaedic Clinic and The Avenue Hospital, Windsor, Melbourne, Victoria 3181, Australia.
authors.forename: Sukesh Rao
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sankineani
authors.affiliation: Forrest City Medical Center, 1601 New Castle Road, AR 72335, USA. Electronic address: sameernaranje@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sameer M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Naranje
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000379:methods*; D001182:Arthroscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013710:Tendons / Q000637:transplantation*
keywords: Anatomical double bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction; Single bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction