title: β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) and isomers: Distribution in different food web compartments of Thau lagoon, French Mediterranean Sea.
abstract: The neurotoxin BMAA (β-N-methylamino-l-alanine) and its isomer DAB (2,4-diaminobutyric acid) have been detected in seafood worldwide, including in Thau lagoon (French Mediterranean Sea). A cluster of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease associated with BMAA, has also been observed in this region. Mussels, periphyton (i.e. biofilms attached to mussels) and plankton were sampled between July 2013 and October 2014, and analyzed using HILIC-MS/MS. BMAA, DAB and AEG (N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine) were found in almost all the samples of the lagoon. BMAA and DAB were present at 0.58 and 0.83, 2.6 and 3.3, 4.0 and 7.2 μg g(-1) dry weight in plankton collected with nets, periphyton and mussels, respectively. Synechococcus sp., Ostreococcus tauri, Alexandrium catenella and eight species of diatoms were cultured and screened for BMAA and analogs. While Synechococcus sp., O. tauri and A. catenella did not produce BMAA under our culture conditions, four diatoms species contained both BMAA and DAB. Hence, diatoms may be a source of BMAA for mussels. Unlike other toxins produced by microalgae, BMAA and DAB were detected in significant amounts in tissues other than digestive glands in mussels.
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes, France. Electronic address: Damien.reveillon@ifremer.fr.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Réveillon
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Languedoc-Roussillon, UMR MARBEC (IRD - Ifremer - Univ. Montpellier - CNRS), Avenue Jean Monnet, CS30171 Sète, Cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abadie
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Séchet
authors.affiliation: Université de Montpellier, UMR MARBEC (IRD - Ifremer - Univ. Montpellier - CNRS), cc93, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Estelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Masseret
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Zouher
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Amzil
mesh_terms: D000599:Amino Acids, Diamino / Q000378:metabolism*; D000613:Aminobutyrates / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D020387:Food Chain; D005602:France; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D049878:Mytilus / Q000378:metabolism*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010933:Plankton / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000599:Amino Acids, Diamino; D000613:Aminobutyrates; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D009498:Neurotoxins; C001824:beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine; C028791:N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine; C005959:2,4-diaminobutyric acid; D005998:Glycine
keywords: BMAA; Chaetoceros sp.; Diatoms; HILIC-MS/MS; Mytilus galloprovincialis; Seston