title: Modelling combined effect of chloramine and copper on ammonia-oxidizing microbial activity using a biostability approach.
abstract: Continuous and batch laboratory experiments were used to evaluate the combined effects of copper and chloramine on ammonia oxidizing microbes present in otherwise high nitrifying water samples. The experimental data were analyzed using a biostability concept and quantified with the biostable residual concentratrion (BRC) of monochloramine, or the concentration that prevents the onset of nitrification. In the batch experiments, copper dosing ≥0.25 mg-Cu L(-1) resulted in complete inhibition of nitrification, and a lower copper dosing (0.1 mg-Cu L(-1)) delayed nitrification. The BRC was systematically lowered with the addition of copper. For example, a free-ammonium concentration of 0.1 mg-N L(-1) had a BRC of 0.73 mg-Cl2 L(-1) with no Cu, but addition of 0.1 mg-Cu L(-1) lowered the BRC to 0.16 mg-Cl2 L(-1), while addition of 0.25 mg-Cu L(-1) eliminated the need to add chloramine (BRC = 0). A non-competitive inhibition model fit the experimental data well with a copper threshold of 0.044 mg-Cu L(-1) and can be used to estimate Cu doses needed to prevent nitrification based on the chloramine concentration. Full scale systems applications need further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
authors.forename: Dipok Chandra
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Sarker
authors.affiliation: School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Institute of Infrastructure Engineering, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia. Electronic address: a.sathasivan@uws.edu.au.
authors.forename: Arumugam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sathasivan
authors.affiliation: Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, PO Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Rittmann
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D002700:Chloramines / Q000633:toxicity*; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; D000641:Ammonia; D003300:Copper; C030816:chloramine
keywords: Ammonium oxidising bacteria; Biostable residual concentration; Chloramine; Copper; Inhibition; Nitrification