title: Organochlorine pesticides and prostate cancer, Is there an association? A meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The results of epidemiological studies about exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and risk of prostate cancer (PC) are inconclusive. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between exposure to specific OCPs and PC.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of science databases for case-control and cohort studies published till March 2015 that provided data about exposure to OCPs and PC. We also contacted authors and hand-searched references of the included articles. We calculated pooled estimates using random effects model and explored heterogeneity between studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We systematically reviewed 15 articles and based our meta-analysis on 10 articles covering nine case-control studies and a large prospective cohort study. Pooled estimates of PC for highest versus lowest exposed category to p,p'-DDE was 1.02 (0.69-1.35), I (2) = 12.7 %, p = 0.333, trans-nonachlor, 0.88 (0.45-1.31), I (2) = 0.00 %, p = 0.892, oxychlordane, 0.91 (0.46-1.35), hexachlorobenzene, 0.88 (0.18-1.57), I (2) = 36.0 %, p = 0.210 from combining results of studies that applied serum OCPs measurements among the general population. For DDT, stratifying studies by exposed population revealed homogeneity, pooled estimate for serum level measurement for the highest exposed versus the lowest exposed of the general population was 0.81 (0.95-1.26), I (2) = 0.00 %, p = 0.400, and for occupational exposure 1.30 (0.94-1.67), I (2) = 13.4 %, p = 0.315. A positive but also insignificant association was obtained for pooling results for high exposure to lindane among farmers and pesticide applicators, 1.56 (0.82-2.29), I (2) = 41.7 %, p = 0.180.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The existing epidemiological data do not support the hypothesis that exposure to specific OCPs is associated with an increased incidence of PC in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Avenida de Madrid, 11, 18071, Granada, Spain. annelewis@correo.ugr.es.|Department of Occupational Health and Industrial Medicine, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. annelewis@correo.ugr.es.
authors.forename: Anne-Mary
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lewis-Mikhael
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Avenida de Madrid, 11, 18071, Granada, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs. GRANADA), Servicio Andaluz de Salud/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olmedo-Requena
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Avenida de Madrid, 11, 18071, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martínez-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Avenida de Madrid, 11, 18071, Granada, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs. GRANADA), Servicio Andaluz de Salud/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Aurora
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bueno-Cavanillas
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Avenida de Madrid, 11, 18071, Granada, Spain. jjmoleon@ugr.es.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. jjmoleon@ugr.es.|Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs. GRANADA), Servicio Andaluz de Salud/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain. jjmoleon@ugr.es.
authors.forename: José Juan
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Moleón
mesh_terms: D002706:Chlordan / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene / Q000009:adverse effects; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006581:Hexachlorobenzene / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010575:Pesticides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010575:Pesticides; D002706:Chlordan; C008743:oxychlordane; C001870:nonachlor; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D006581:Hexachlorobenzene
keywords: Epidemiology; Meta-analysis; Organochlorine pesticides; Prostate cancer