title: Chlorhexidine decontamination of sputum for culturing Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the gold standard method for the laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, after effective decontamination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated squalamine and chlorhexidine to decontaminate sputum specimens for the culture of mycobacteria. Eight sputum specimens were artificially infected with 10(5) colony-forming units (cfu)/mL Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans as contaminants. In the second step, we tested chlorhexidine-based decontamination on 191 clinical specimens, (Chlorhexidine, 0.1, 0.5 and 0.7 %). In a last step, growth of contaminants and mycobacteria was measured in 75 consecutive sputum specimens using the routine NALC-NaOH decontamination protocol or with 0.7 % chlorhexidine decontamination and an inoculation on Coletsos medium. In the artificially model, contaminants grew in 100 % of the artificially infected sputum specimens decontaminated using 100 mg/mL squalamine, in 62.5 % of specimens decontaminated using N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine-Sodium Hydroxide (NALC-NaOH), and in 0 % of specimens decontaminated using 0.1 %, 0.35 %, or 1 % chlorhexidine (P < 0.05). These specimens yielded <10(2) cfu M. tuberculosis using NALC-NaOH and > 1.4.10(2) cfu M. tuberculosis when any concentration of chlorhexidine was used (P < 0.05). In the second step we found that 0.7 %-chlorhexidine yielded 0 % contamination rate, 3.2 % for 0.5 %-chlorhexidine and 28.3 % for 0.1 %-chlorhexidine. As for the 75 specimens treated in parallel by both methods we found that when using the standard NALC-NaOH decontamination method, 8/75 (10.7 %) specimens yielded M. tuberculosis colonies with a time to detection of 17.5 ± 3 days and an 8 % contamination rate. Additionally, 14 specimens yielded mycobacteria colonies (12 M. tuberculosis, and 2 Mycobacterium bolletii) (18.7 %) (P = 0.25), which has yielded a 100 % sensitivity for the chlorhexidine protocol. Time to detection was of 15.86 ± 4.7 days (P = 0.39) and a 0 % contamination rate (P < 0.05) using the 0.7 %-chlorhexidine protocol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our work we showed for the first time that chlorhexidine based decontamination is superior to the standard NALC-NaOH method in the isolation of M. tuberculosis from sputum specimens. We currently use 0.7 %-chlorhexidine for the routine decontamination of sputum specimens for the isolation of M. tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis mycobacteria on egg-lecithin containing media.
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire «Méditerranée Infection», AP-HM, 13005, Marseille, France. asmar.shady@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shady
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asmar
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire «Méditerranée Infection», AP-HM, 13005, Marseille, France. michel.drancourt@univ-amu.fr.|Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Faculté de Médecine, 27, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, Cedex 5, France. michel.drancourt@univ-amu.fr.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drancourt
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000378:metabolism*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000378:metabolism*; D002777:Cholestanols / Q000378:metabolism; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D002777:Cholestanols; C079655:squalamine; D002710:Chlorhexidine