title: Updating the Cognitive Performance Scale.
abstract: This study presents the first update of the Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS) in 20 years. Its goals are 3-fold: extend category options; characterize how the new scale variant tracks with the Mini-Mental State Examination; and present a series of associative findings. Secondary analysis of data from 3733 older adults from 8 countries was completed. Examination of scale dimensions using older and new items was completed using a forward-entry stepwise regression. The revised scale was validated by examining the scale's distribution with a self-reported dementia diagnosis, functional problems, living status, and distress measures. Cognitive Performance Scale 2 extends the measurement metric from a range of 0 to 6 for the original CPS, to 0 to 8. Relating CPS2 to other measures of function, living status, and distress showed that changes in these external measures correspond with increased challenges in cognitive performance. Cognitive Performance Scale 2 enables repeated assessments, sensitive to detect changes particularly in early levels of cognitive decline.
authors.affiliation: Hebrew SeniorLife, Institute for Aging Research, Boston, MA, USA jnm@hsl.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Knight
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steel
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Health System, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perlman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Gerontology and Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Ann Arbor VA Healthcare Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Brant E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Fries
authors.affiliation: Hochschule fur Technik und Wirtschatt, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Vjenka
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Garms-Homolová
authors.affiliation: Versailles-Saint Quentin, En Yvelines (UVSQ) University, Laboratoire Santé, Environment Vieillissement, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Henrard
authors.affiliation: Ontario Home Care Research and Knowledge Exchange Chair, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hirdes
authors.affiliation: Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Public Healthcare Services Committee Administration, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ljunggren
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Geriatric Medicine, Centre for Online Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Len
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Unit for Research on Aging Society, Department of Sociology of Medicine, at The Chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szczerbińska
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: cognitive decline; cognitive impairment; elderly; geriatrics