title: Discordant circulating fetal DNA and subsequent cytogenetics reveal false negative, placental mosaic, and fetal mosaic cfDNA genotypes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) and Maternal Fetal Medicine (MFM) Societies recommended that abnormal cfDNA fetal results should be confirmed by amniocentesis and karyotyping. Our results demonstrate that normal cfDNA results inconsistent with high-resolution abnormal ultrasounds should be confirmed by karyotyping following a substantial frequency of incorrect cfDNA results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historical review of our ~4,000 signed prenatal karyotypes found ~24% of reported abnormalities would not have been detected by cfDNA. Akron Children's Hospital Cytogenetics Laboratory has completed 28 abnormal cfDNA cases among the 112 amniocenteses karyotyped.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following abnormal cfDNA results our karyotypes confirmed only 60% of the cfDNA results were consistent. Our cases found a normal cfDNA test result followed by a 20 weeks anatomical ultrasound detected a false negative trisomy 18 cfDNA result. One cfDNA result that reported trisomy 21 in the fetus was confirmed by karyotyping which also added an originally undetected balanced reciprocal translocation. Another reported karyotyped case followed by a repeated microarray of pure fetal DNA, together revealed one phenotypically normal newborn with a complex mosaic karyotype substantially decreasing the newborn's eventual reproductive fitness. This second case establishes the importance of karyotyping the placenta and cord or peripheral blood when inconsistent or mosaic results are identified following an abnormal cfDNA result with a normal newborn phenotype without a prenatal karyotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These Maternal Fetal Medicine referrals demonstrate that positive NIPT results identify an increased abnormal karyotypic frequency as well as a substantial proportion of discordant fetal results. Our results found: (1) a normal NIPT test result followed by a 20 week anatomical ultrasound detected a false negative trisomy 18 NIPT result, (2) a substantial proportion of abnormal NIPT tests identify chromosomal mosaicism that may or may not be confined to the placenta, (3) follow up karyotyping should be completed on the newborn placenta and peripheral blood when the amniocyte karyotype does not confirm the NIPT reported abnormality in order to identify ongoing risk of developing mosaic symptoms, and (4) karyotyping all high risk fetuses tested by amniocentesis defines the 24% of chromosome abnormalities not currently screened by NIPT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Akron Children's Hospital, One Perkins Square, Akron, OH, 44308, USA. sflebo@aol.com.
authors.forename: Roger V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Lebo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Akron Children's Hospital, One Perkins Square, Akron, OH, 44308, USA. rnovak@chmca.org.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.affiliation: Maternal Fetal Medicine, Akron Children's Hospital, One Perkins Square, Akron, OH, 44308, USA. KWolfe2@chmca.org.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.affiliation: Maternal Fetal Medicine, Akron Children's Hospital, One Perkins Square, Akron, OH, 44308, USA. mmichelson@chmca.org.
authors.forename: Melonie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Michelson
authors.affiliation: Maternal Fetal Medicine, Akron Children's Hospital, One Perkins Square, Akron, OH, 44308, USA. hrobinson@chmca.org.
authors.forename: Haynes
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Maternal Fetal Medicine, Akron Children's Hospital, One Perkins Square, Akron, OH, 44308, USA. Mmancuso@chmca.org.
authors.forename: Melissa S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mancuso
mesh_terms: D000649:Amniocentesis; D002871:Chromosome Banding; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X / Q000235:genetics; D020732:Cytogenetic Analysis; D004247:DNA / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000235:genetics; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007621:Karyotyping; D008297:Male; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D009030:Mosaicism; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D014178:Translocation, Genetic; D014314:Trisomy
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; C007293:DAPI; D004247:DNA