title: Long-term outcomes after multilevel surgery including rectus femoris, hamstring and gastrocnemius procedures in children with cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Multilevel surgical intervention is a common approach for the correction of gait abnormalities in children with cerebral palsy (CP). The short-term outcomes for the combination of rectus femoris transfer, hamstring lengthening and gastrocnemius lengthening have been well documented using three-dimensional motion analysis. However, the impact of time, growth, and puberty on these short-term outcomes of this combination of procedures is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcomes of these procedures on gait in patients with CP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two patients underwent rectus femoris transfers, medial hamstring lengthenings and gastrocnemius lengthenings in combination with a selection of other soft tissue and/or bony procedures of the lower limb. All patients had a pre-operative motion analysis and post-operative analysis one and 11 years following surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant changes in both clinical and gait variables from pre to 1 year post surgery confirmed the short-term gait benefits of this combination of surgical procedures. Long-term follow-up data indicated that the passive range of motion gains noted 1 year after surgery were lost at the knee and ankle. However, the improvements in ankle dorsiflexion and knee extension at initial contact were maintained over 11 years. As well, peak ankle dorsiflexion in stance was maintained and peak ankle plantar flexor moments and powers did not show declines long-term. Peak knee flexion showed a decline over the long-term, however, the timing of peak knee flexion in swing was maintained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When compared to declines in gait kinematics in persons with CP without surgery, these results demonstrate the possible long-term benefits of surgical intervention.
authors.affiliation: Center for Motion Analysis, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 399 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06032, United States. Electronic address: sounpuu@connecticutchildrens.org.
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Õunpuu
authors.affiliation: Center for Motion Analysis, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 399 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06032, United States.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Solomito
authors.affiliation: Center for Motion Analysis, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 399 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06032, United States.
authors.forename: Katharine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Center for Motion Analysis, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 399 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06032, United States.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: DeLuca
authors.affiliation: Center for Motion Analysis, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 399 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06032, United States.
authors.forename: Kristan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pierz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000601:surgery; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Cerebral palsy; Gait analysis; Long-term outcomes; Multilevel surgery