title: Usefulness and feasibility of measuring ionized calcium in haemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measuring blood calcium level is recommended in haemodialysis (HD) patients. The Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes position states that the measurement of ionized calcium (ICa) level is preferred, but in the clinical setting, due to technical difficulties, total calcium (tCa) level is preferred to ICa.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to test the possibility of delayed ICa analysis using frozen serum, and so to identify the factors associated with predialysis ICa level and compare the ability of tCa and Alb-Ca to predict ICa level and finally to compare the survival rate according to the three calcium measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  All prevalent HD patients, dialysed by a native AV fistula in a 3 × 4 to 3 × 8 h schedule, had their predialysis ICa, tCa and Alb-Ca levels and usual mid-week biology recorded. Intergroup comparisons between ICa quartile were performed. Bland-Altman plots and linear regression were used to assess the differences between 30 fresh and frozen samples. Survival analyses were performed using ICa and tCa levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing fresh blood and frozen serum samples, linear regression (y = 0.98 + 0.02, r = 0.961) showed that the two methods were quite identical with the same mean ICa value (1.1 ± 0.1 mmol/L, P = 0.45). A total of 160 HD patients were included in the study. Hypocalcaemia, using ICa values, was highly prevalent in our population (40%) whereas hypercalcaemia was observed only in three cases (1.8%). In predicting ICa hypocalcaemia (<1.12 mmol/L, n = 64), the use of tCa was accurate in 48.4% of patients, and the use of Alb-Ca was accurate in only 17.2% of patients; tCa was not a predictive factor for hypercalcaemia (ICa > 1.32 mmol/L, n = 3); Alb-Ca value predicted hypercalcaemia in 2/3 of the patients. In predicting normocalcaemia, the use of tCa values was correct in 92.4% of patients and the use of Alb-Ca values in 88.1% of patients; only younger age (P = 0.03) and female sex (P = 0.01) were associated with higher ICa quartile. None of the three calcium measures was significantly associated with survival rate using log-rank and Cox models adjusted for age, dialysis vintage, diabetes and sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study, we report that (1) delayed ICa measure is feasible in dialysis patients using a freezing technique, (2) hypocalcaemia is highly prevalent in HD patients and poorly predicted by Alb-Ca level, (3) the main factor associated with ICa level is sex of the individual and (4) calcaemia is not associated with survival rate using any of the three methods.
authors.affiliation: Dialysis , NephroCare Tassin-Charcot , Sainte Foy-Les-Lyon , France.
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jean
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department , Laboratoire Novescia , Sainte Foy Les Lyon, Rhone Alpes, France.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Granjon
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department , Laboratoire Novescia , Sainte Foy Les Lyon, Rhone Alpes, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zaoui
authors.affiliation: Dialysis , NephroCare Tassin-Charcot , Sainte Foy-Les-Lyon , France.
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deleaval
authors.affiliation: Dialysis , NephroCare Tassin-Charcot , Sainte Foy-Les-Lyon , France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hurot
authors.affiliation: Dialysis , NephroCare Tassin-Charcot , Sainte Foy-Les-Lyon , France.
authors.forename: Christie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lorriaux
authors.affiliation: Dialysis , NephroCare Tassin-Charcot , Sainte Foy-Les-Lyon , France.
authors.forename: Brice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mayor
authors.affiliation: Dialysis , NephroCare Tassin-Charcot , Sainte Foy-Les-Lyon , France.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chazot
keywords: frozen sample; haemodialysis; ionized calcium; survival analysis