title: Entomological Monitoring and Evaluation: Diverse Transmission Settings of ICEMR Projects Will Require Local and Regional Malaria Elimination Strategies.
abstract: The unprecedented global efforts for malaria elimination in the past decade have resulted in altered vectorial systems, vector behaviors, and bionomics. These changes combined with increasingly evident heterogeneities in malaria transmission require innovative vector control strategies in addition to the established practices of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying. Integrated vector management will require focal and tailored vector control to achieve malaria elimination. This switch of emphasis from universal coverage to universal coverage plus additional interventions will be reliant on improved entomological monitoring and evaluation. In 2010, the National Institutes for Allergies and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) established a network of malaria research centers termed ICEMRs (International Centers for Excellence in Malaria Research) expressly to develop this evidence base in diverse malaria endemic settings. In this article, we contrast the differing ecology and transmission settings across the ICEMR study locations. In South America, Africa, and Asia, vector biologists are already dealing with many of the issues of pushing to elimination such as highly focal transmission, proportionate increase in the importance of outdoor and crepuscular biting, vector species complexity, and "sub patent" vector transmission.
authors.forename: Jan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Conn
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: Nigel W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Beebe
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Burkot
authors.forename: Mamadou B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Coulibaly
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chery
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eapen
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Keven
authors.forename: Maxwell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kilama
authors.forename: Ashwani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Steve W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quinones
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Reimer
authors.forename: Tanya L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Guiyun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000469:parasitology*; D001210:Asia, Southeastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D002489:Central America / Q000453:epidemiology; D004463:Ecology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology*; D007391:International Cooperation; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D009032:Mosquito Control; D011159:Population Surveillance; D013020:South America / Q000453:epidemiology