title: Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Two decades of clinical experience with immunomodulatory treatments for multiple sclerosis point to distinct immunological pathways that drive disease relapses and progression. In light of this, we discuss our current understanding of multiple sclerosis immunopathology, evaluate long-standing hypotheses regarding the role of the immune system in the disease and delineate key questions that are still unanswered. Recent and anticipated advances in the field of immunology, and the increasing recognition of inflammation as an important component of neurodegeneration, are shaping our conceptualization of disease pathophysiology, and we explore the potential implications for improved healthcare provision to patients in the future.
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology and MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
authors.forename: Calliope A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dendrou
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology and MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.|Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fugger
authors.affiliation: Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Manuel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Friese
mesh_terms: D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy