title: Dynamic urinary proteomic analysis reveals stable proteins to be potential biomarkers.
abstract: Human urinary proteome analysis is a convenient and efficient approach for understanding disease processes affecting the kidney and urogenital tract. Many potential biomarkers have been identified in previous differential analyses; however, dynamic variations of the urinary proteome have not been intensively studied, and it is difficult to conclude that potential biomarkers are genuinely associated with disease rather then simply being physiological proteome variations. In this paper, pooled and individual urine samples were used to analyze dynamic variations in the urinary proteome. Five types of pooled samples (first morning void, second morning void, excessive water-drinking void, random void, and 24 h void) collected in 1 day from six volunteers were used to analyze intra-day variations. Six pairs of first morning voids collected a week apart were used to study inter-day, inter-individual, and inter-gender variations. The intra-day, inter-day, inter-individual, and inter-gender variation analyses showed that many proteins were constantly present with relatively stable abundances, and some of these had earlier been reported as potential disease biomarkers. In terms of sensitivity, the main components of the five intra-day urinary proteomes were similar, and the second morning void is recommended for clinical proteome analysis. The advantages and disadvantages of pooling samples are also discussed. The data presented describe a pool of stable urinary proteins seen under different physiological conditions. Any significant qualitative or quantitative changes in these stable proteins may mean that such proteins could serve as potential urinary biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: Proteomics Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products, the China National Biotech Group, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Fuxin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Chinese National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ruifeng
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Proteomics Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Dexian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Proteomics Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. gaoyouhe@pumc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Youhe
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
keywords: Biomarker; Dynamic analysis; Stable protein; Urinary proteome