title: The impact of executive function on response to cognitive behavioral therapy in late-life depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Late-life depression (LLD) is a common and debilitating condition among older adults. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has strong empirical support for the treatment of depression in all ages, including in LLD. In teaching patients to identify, monitor, and challenge negative patterns in their thinking, CBT for LLD relies heavily on cognitive processes and, in particular, executive functioning, such as planning, sequencing, organizing, and selectively inhibiting information. It may be that the effectiveness of CBT lies in its ability to train these cognitive areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants with LLD completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery before enrolling in CBT. The current study examined the relationship between neuropsychological function prior to treatment and response to CBT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When using three baseline measures of executive functioning that quantify set shifting, cognitive flexibility, and response inhibition to predict treatment response, only baseline Wisconsin Card Sort Task performance was associated with a significant drop in depression symptoms after CBT. Specifically, worse performance on the Wisconsin Card Sort Task was associated with better treatment response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that CBT, which teaches cognitive techniques for improving psychiatric symptoms, may be especially beneficial in LLD if relative weaknesses in specific areas of executive functioning are present.
authors.affiliation: New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
authors.forename: Madeleine S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Goodkind
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gallagher-Thompson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Larry W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Shelli R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kesler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.|Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Anker
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.|Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.|Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flournoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mika P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.|Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ruth M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: O'Hara
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
keywords: cognitive behavioral therapy; executive function; late-life depression; neuropsychological performance; treatment response