title: Stimulation of RAW264.7 macrophages by sulfated Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide in vitro.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to explore the immunomodulatory effects of sulfated K5 polysaccharide derivatives on RAW264.7 macro-phage cells, and to further elucidate the structure‑activity relationship. In the present study, chemically sulfated polysaccharides were derived from Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide (K5PS), and molecular weight determination, sugar analysis, and other physical and chemical characterizations were performed on the derived polysaccharides. Enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated that K5‑OS2 stimulated murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells to release TNF‑α and IL‑1β proinflammatory cytokines. K5‑OS2 also induced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase iNOS, which is responsible for the production of nitric oxide. In addition, K5‑OS2 markedly induced macrophage‑mediated cytotoxicity against cancer cells and promoted the phagocytic activity of the RAW264.7 cells. Therefore, K5‑OS2 activated macrophages and acted as a potent immunomodulator. Observations of the present study also indicated that sulfation modification enhanced the immune‑enhancing activity of K5PS, and that the high sulfation in the O‑position of K5PS may be required for the immunomodulatory activities of the Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide.
authors.affiliation: Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Haitian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jinghua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016667:Bacterial Capsules / Q000737:chemistry*; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000737:chemistry; D015870:Gene Expression; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000276:immunology; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D013431:Sulfates; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C050673:capsular polysaccharide K5; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse