title: Xanthan gum protects rabbit articular chondrocytes against sodium nitroprusside-induced apoptosis in vitro.
abstract: We have previously reported that intra-articular injection of xanthan gum (XG) could significantly ameliorate the degree of joint cartilage degradation and pain in experimental osteoarthritis (OA) model in vivo. In this present study, we evaluated the protective effect of XG against Sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced rabbit articular chondrocytes apoptosis in vitro. Rabbit articular chondrocytes were incubated with various concentrations of XG for 24h prior to 0.5mmol/L SNP co-treatment for 24h. The proliferation of chondrocytes was analyzed using MTT assay. The chondrocytes early apoptosis rates were evaluated using Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry. The morphology of apoptosis chondrocytes were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The loss/disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential was detected using rhodamin 123 by confocal microscope. The concentration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in cell culture supernatants was evaluated using ELISA assay. The results showed that XG could significantly reverse SNP-reduced cell proliferation and inhibited cell early apoptosis rate in a dose-dependent manner. XG alleviated loss/disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased the PGE2 level of chondrocytes cell culture supernatants in SNP-induced chondrocytes. These results of the present research strongly suggest that XG can protect rabbit articular chondrocytes against SNP-induced apoptosis in vitro.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China.
authors.forename: Qixin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China.
authors.forename: Xifan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China; Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Institute of Biopharmaceuticals of Shandong Province, Jinan 250101, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China. Electronic address: hgy19800223@163.com.
authors.forename: Guanying
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Institute of Biopharmaceuticals of Shandong Province, Jinan 250101, China.
authors.forename: Peixue
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
authors.forename: Yuewei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Institute of Biopharmaceuticals of Shandong Province, Jinan 250101, China.
authors.forename: Huarong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China.
authors.forename: Guan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China.
authors.forename: Zan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China.
authors.forename: Yuxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000633:toxicity*; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D009599:Nitroprusside; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D015232:Dinoprostone; C002563:xanthan gum
keywords: 3,5-Diphenyl-1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl) formazan (PubChem CID: 3634887); Apoptosis; Nitroprusside (PubChem CID: 11963622); Propidium iodide (PubChem CID: 104981); Rabbit chondrocytes; Rhodamin 123 (PubChem CID: 9929799); Sodium hyaluronate (PubChem CID: 3084049); Sodium nitroprusside; Xanthan gum; Xanthan gum (PubChem CID: 7107)