title: Technology Use and Sleep Quality in Preadolescence and Adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to analyze differences between preadolescents and adolescents on the use of technology and to test the contribution of using Internet and mobile phone, and circadian preference on sleep quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited a sample of 850 (364 males) preadolescents and adolescents. Self-report questionnaires about sleep schedule, sleep wake behavior problems, circadian preferences, and the use of technology (e.g., Internet and mobile phone) were administered. Students were asked to fill out the School Sleep Habits Survey, a self-report questionnaire on the use of technology, the Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire (MPIQ), and the Shorter Promis Questionnaire (SPQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents reported more sleep problems, a tendency toward eveningness, and an increase of Internet and phone activities, as well as social network activities, while preadolescents were more involved in gaming console and television viewing. The regression analysis performed separately in the two age groups showed that sleep quality was affected by the circadian preference (eveningness) in both groups. Adolescents' bad sleep quality was consistently associated with the mobile phone use and number of devices in the bedroom, while in preadolescents, with Internet use and turning-off time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evening circadian preference, mobile phone and Internet use, numbers of other activities after 21:00, late turning off time, and number of devices in the bedroom have different negative influence on sleep quality in preadolescents and adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78-00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Oliviero
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bruni
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78-00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sette
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78-00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Lilybeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fontanesi
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78-00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baiocco
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78-00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Fiorenzo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78-00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D040421:Cell Phone / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D057566:Self Report; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013672:Technology; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: adolescence; circadian preferences; electronic media; preadolescence; sleep quality; technology