title: The flavonoid p-hydroxycinnamic acid mediates anticancer effects on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in vitro: Implications for suppression of bone metastases.
abstract: Tumor invasion into bone tissues is associated with osteoclast and osteoblast recruitment, resulting in the liberation of growth factors from the bone matrix, which can feed back to enhance tumor growth resulting in the vicious cycle of bone metastasis. Activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in breast cancer cells has been shown to play a crucial role in the osteolytic bone metastasis of breast cancer in stimulating osteoclastogenesis. The flavonoid p-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) mediates bone anabolic and anti-catabolic effects by stimulating osteoblastic bone formation and suppressing osteoclastic bone resorption. However, the capacity of HCA to ameliorate the negative effects of breast cancer on bone cells has not been investigated. The present study was undertaken to determine the anticancer effects of HCA on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer bone metastatic cells in vitro models. Proliferation of MDA-MB‑231 cells was suppressed by culture with HCA (10-1000 nM) due to G1 and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. The suppressive effects of HCA were mediated through signaling pathways that are related to NF-κB, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), protein kinase C, calcium signaling, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and nuclear transcription activity. HCA was also found to induce death of confluent cancer cells. Furthermore, co-culture with MDA-MB-231 cells suppressed mineralization and stimulated osteoclastogenesis in bone marrow cells. These alterations were prevented by HCA (10-250 nM). The present study demonstrates that HCA possesses anticancer properties in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and alleviates the negative effects on osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis in vitro. HCA may have important applications in the treatment of breast cancer bone metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Neurobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Yagotoyama 150, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomiyasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shoji
authors.affiliation: The Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA.
authors.forename: M Neale
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Weitzmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D011422:Propionates; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D011422:Propionates; C495469:p-coumaric acid