title: Associations of body mass index, smoking, and alcohol consumption with prostate cancer mortality in the Asia Cohort Consortium.
abstract: Many potentially modifiable risk factors for prostate cancer are also associated with prostate cancer screening, which may induce a bias in epidemiologic studies. We investigated the associations of body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)), smoking, and alcohol consumption with risk of fatal prostate cancer in Asian countries where prostate cancer screening is not widely utilized. Analysis included 18 prospective cohort studies conducted during 1963-2006 across 6 countries in southern and eastern Asia that are part of the Asia Cohort Consortium. Body mass index, smoking, and alcohol intake were determined by questionnaire at baseline, and cause of death was ascertained through death certificates. Analysis included 522,736 men aged 54 years, on average, at baseline. During 4.8 million person-years of follow-up, there were 634 prostate cancer deaths (367 prostate cancer deaths across the 11 cohorts with alcohol data). In Cox proportional hazards analyses of all cohorts in the Asia Cohort Consortium, prostate cancer mortality was not significantly associated with obesity (body mass index >25: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.85, 1.36), ever smoking (HR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.84, 1.21), or heavy alcohol intake (HR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.74, 1.35). Differences in prostate cancer screening and detection probably contribute to differences in the association of obesity, smoking, or alcohol intake with prostate cancer risk and mortality between Asian and Western populations and thus require further investigation.
authors.forename: Jay H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Fowke
authors.forename: Dale F
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authors.lastname: McLerran
authors.forename: Prakash C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Jiang
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authors.forename: Xiao-Ou
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authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: Kunnambath
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authors.lastname: Ramadas
authors.forename: Shoichiro
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authors.lastname: Tsugane
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authors.forename: Woon-Puay
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authors.forename: Yoshikazu
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authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.forename: Ichiro
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authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Kotaro
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authors.lastname: Ozasa
authors.forename: Jian-Min
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authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Hideo
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authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Yoon-Ok
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authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Chien-Jen
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authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yumi
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authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: Keun-Young
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authors.forename: Habibul
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authors.lastname: Ahsan
authors.forename: Wen-Harn
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authors.forename: Mangesh
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authors.lastname: Pednekar
authors.forename: Dongfeng
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authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Yong-Bing
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authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sauvaget
authors.forename: Norie
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authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: Renwei
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authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Masako
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authors.lastname: Kakizaki
authors.forename: Yasutake
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomata
authors.forename: Waka
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ohishi
authors.forename: Lesley M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Oze
authors.forename: Dong-Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: San-Lin
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Sue K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Faruque
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Parvez
authors.forename: Shao-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jung Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Betsy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rolland
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thornquist
authors.forename: Ziding
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Daehee
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authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Potter
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001208:Asia; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Asia; alcohol drinking; mortality; obesity; prostate cancer; prostate-specific antigen; smoking