title: [Clinical features of strabismus in psychomotor retardation].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In psychomotor retardation there is an abnormal development of mental, sensory and motor skills associated with ocular manifestations. There are biological and psychosocial risk factors that predispose an individual to neurological damage. From 50% to 80% of patients with strabismus retardation have special features that differentiate it from the rest of strabismus in healthy patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the most common type of strabismus in patients with psychomotor retardation and their clinical features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with psychomotor retardation and strabismus were included. An ophthalmological examination was performed, as well as an evaluation of the characteristics of strabismus, including perinatal and post-natal history.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Esotropia was the most frequent squint with 65.3%, followed by exotropia with 32.7%. The variability in the squint magnitude was 60% in both types, and 6 patients had dissociated vertical deviation. Most of the patients started to present strabismus since they were born. The most frequent perinatal risk factors were threatened miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, foetal distress, and hypoxia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Esotropia is the most common type of strabismus in psychomotor retardation. The variability of squint magnitude is a characteristic in these patients. The moderate variability is the most frequent in both esotropia and exotropia. The most common refractive error is hyperopic astigmatism in esotropia and the myopic kind in exotropia.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Oftalmología, Clínica de Estrabismo, Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Secretaria de Salud, México D. F., México. Electronic address: beloca83@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: Belina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arias-Cabello
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Oftalmología, Clínica de Estrabismo, Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Secretaria de Salud, México D. F., México.
authors.forename: María Estela
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Arroyo-Yllanes
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Oftalmología, Clínica de Estrabismo, Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Secretaria de Salud, México D. F., México.
authors.forename: José Fernando
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Pérez-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Oftalmología, Clínica de Estrabismo, Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Secretaria de Salud, México D. F., México.
authors.forename: Anselmo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fonte-Vázquez
mesh_terms: D000033:Abortion, Threatened / Q000453:epidemiology; D000293:Adolescent; D001238:Asphyxia Neonatorum / Q000453:epidemiology; D001251:Astigmatism / Q000150:complications; D015984:Causality; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004948:Esotropia / Q000150:complications*; D005099:Exotropia / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005316:Fetal Distress / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D009759:Nystagmus, Pathologic / Q000150:complications; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Estrabismo; Factores de riesgo; Psychomotor disorder; Risk factors; Strabismus; Trastornos psicomotores