title: Review of the 2012 Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Outbreak in Domestic Ruminants in the United States.
abstract: An unusually large number of cases of Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) were observed in United States cattle and white-tailed deer in the summer and fall of 2012. USDA APHIS Veterinary Services area offices were asked to report on foreign animal disease investigations and state diagnostic laboratory submissions which resulted in a diagnosis of EHD based on positive PCR results. EHD was reported in the following species: cattle (129 herds), captive white-tailed deer (65 herds), bison (8 herds), yak (6 herds), elk (1 herd), and sheep (1 flock). A majority of the cases in cattle and bison were found in Nebraska, South Dakota, and Iowa. The majority of cases in captive white-tailed deer were found in Ohio, Iowa, Michigan, and Missouri. The most common clinical sign observed in the cattle and bison herds was oral lesions. The major observation in captive white-tailed deer herds was death. Average within-herd morbidity was 7% in cattle and bison herds, and 46% in captive white-tailed deer herds. The average within-herd mortality in captive white-tailed deer herds was 42%.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McCluskey
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Jefferson City, Missouri, United States of America.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Hearn
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mayr
mesh_terms: D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000821:virology*; D016164:Bison; D002417:Cattle; D003670:Deer; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000662:veterinary*; D005843:Geography; D018164:Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D012088:Reoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012418:Ruminants / Q000821:virology*; D012756:Sheep; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral