title: Nectar vs. pollen loading affects the tradeoff between flight stability and maneuverability in bumblebees.
abstract: Bumblebee foragers spend a significant portion of their lives transporting nectar and pollen, often carrying loads equivalent to more than half their body mass. Whereas nectar is stored in the abdomen near the bee's center of mass, pollen is carried on the hind legs, farther from the center of mass. We examine how load position changes the rotational moment of inertia in bumblebees and whether this affects their flight maneuverability and/or stability. We applied simulated pollen or nectar loads of equal mass to Bombus impatiens bumblebees and examined flight performance in a wind tunnel under three conditions: flight in unsteady flow, tracking an oscillating flower in smooth flow, and flower tracking in unsteady flow. Using an inertial model, we estimated that carrying a load on the legs rather than in the abdomen increases a bee's moment of inertia about the roll and yaw axes but not the pitch axis. Consistent with these predictions, we found that bees carrying a load on their legs displayed slower rotations about their roll and yaw axes, regardless of whether these rotations were driven by external perturbations or self-initiated steering maneuvers. This allowed pollen-loaded bees to maintain a more stable body orientation and higher median flight speed in unsteady flow but reduced their performance when tracking a moving flower, supporting the concept of a tradeoff between stability and maneuverability. These results demonstrate that the types of resources collected by bees affect their flight performance and energetics and suggest that wind conditions may influence resource selection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Concord Field Station, Bedford, MA 01730; mountcastle@fas.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mountcastle
authors.affiliation: School of Aerospace Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Bundoora 3083, VIC, Australia mountcastle@fas.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Sridhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravi
authors.affiliation: Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Concord Field Station, Bedford, MA 01730;
authors.forename: Stacey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Combes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005426:Flight, Animal; D035264:Flowers; D009949:Orientation; D009991:Oscillometry; D057048:Plant Nectar; D011058:Pollen; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D057048:Plant Nectar
keywords: biomechanics; energetics; foraging; insect; turbulence