title: Authenticity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) geographical origin based on analysis of C, N, O and S stable isotope ratios: a preliminary case report in Korea, China and Philippine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the third largest food crop, relatively fewer studies have been reported on rice geographical origin based on light element isotope ratios in comparison with other foods such as wine, beef, juice, oil and milk. Therefore this study tries to discriminate the geographical origin of the same rice cultivars grown in different Asian countries using the analysis of C, N, O and S stable isotope ratios and chemometrics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The δ(15) NAIR , δ(18) OVSMOW and δ(34) SVCDT values of brown rice were more markedly influenced by geographical origin than was the δ(13) CVPDB value. In particular, the combination of δ(18) OVSMOW and δ(34) SVCDT more efficiently discriminated rice geographical origin than did the remaining combinations. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a clear discrimination between different rice geographical origins but not between rice genotypes. In particular, the first components of PCA discriminated rice cultivated in the Philippines from rice cultivated in China and Korea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest that analysis of the light element isotope composition combined with chemometrics can be potentially applicable to discriminate rice geographical origin and also may provide a valuable insight into the control of improper or fraudulent labeling regarding the geographical origin of rice worldwide. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ill-Min
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 406-772, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Kwang
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mayakrishnan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prabakaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002681:China; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry*; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D010679:Philippines; D056910:Republic of Korea; D013455:Sulfur / Q000737:chemistry*; D013460:Sulfur Isotopes
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D013460:Sulfur Isotopes; D013455:Sulfur; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: IRMS; chemometrics; isotope ratio; light elements; rice geographical origin