title: The psychometric performance of generic preference-based measures for patients with pressure ulcers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pressure ulcers are wounds that result from reduced mobility, and can have a significant impact on morbidity, mortality and quality of life. As pressure ulcers are a consequence of a wide range of conditions and interventions, it is unclear whether the best means of capturing the quality of life impacts is via generic or condition specific Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs). The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric performance of the generic EQ-5D and SF-6D amongst patients identified as having or being at risk of developing pressure ulceration.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey of patients who were using pressure relieving mattresses and other equipment was undertaken within inpatient and community settings using a handheld tablet and postal survey. Data on EQ-5D-3L, SF-12 (used to calculate SF-6D), an EQ-5D dignity bolt-on question, demographic and wound specific questions were collected. Convergent validity was assessed using Spearman's correlations, and agreement using Bland-Altman plots. Known group validity was assessed by examining whether the instruments discriminated between different pressure ulcer severity groups. Multivariate linear regression was used to examine the impact of a range of pressure ulcer related variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total number of participants was 307, including 273 from the acute setting (52% response rate) and 41 from the community (32%). SF-6D and EQ-5D were moderately correlated (0.61), suggesting that both instruments were capturing similar quality of life impacts. Both measures were able to significantly discriminate between groups based on the ulcer grade. Presence of a pressure ulcer and number of comorbidities were significant explanatory variables of EQ-5D and SF-6D score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that generic PROMs can effectively capture the impact of pressure ulcers on quality of life, although there are significant challenges in collecting data from this group of patients related to poor clinical condition and mental capacity. The most effective method for obtaining survey data was through the hand held devices and interviewers.
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, S5 7AU, UK. s.palfreyman@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palfreyman
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Regent Court, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK. Brendan.mulhern@chere.uts.edu.au.|Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, 1-59 Quay Street, Haymarket, Sydney, NSW2000, Australia. Brendan.mulhern@chere.uts.edu.au.
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mulhern
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D006113:United Kingdom