title: Visceral adiposity in persons with chronic spinal cord injury determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volume (VATvol) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in spinal cord injured (SCI) and able-bodied (AB) participants and to explore the relationships between VATvol and routine anthropometric measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three subjects with SCI and 126 healthy male AB controls were stratified as low risk [LR: waist circumference (WC) < 102 cm] and moderate to high risk (MHR: WC ≥ 102 cm) for identification of risk for cardiometabolic disease: AB-LR, SCI-LR, AB-MHR, and SCI-MHR. Anthropometrics and standard body composition measurements by DXA with analysis to derive VATvol were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparison of the four subgroups demonstrated the highest subcutaneous adipose tissue volume (SATvol) in the AB-MHR group (P < 0.01), and the highest VATvol in the SCI-MHR group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, when compared to the AB group, participants with SCI had a 27% increase in VATvol for every centimeter increase in WC and a 20% increase in VATvol for every unit increase in BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because cutoff values for the routine surrogate measures of adiposity underestimate visceral adiposity in persons with SCI, the risk of adverse metabolic consequences would also be underestimated, which necessitates adjustment of the these cutoff values or, preferably, to perform its direct measurement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, National Center of Excellence on the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cirnigliaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, National Center of Excellence on the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.|The Institute for Advanced Study of Rehabilitation and Sports Science, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA.|Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: LaFountaine
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Dengel
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Tyler A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, William Patterson University, Wayne, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Racine R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Emmons
authors.affiliation: Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, West Orange, New Jersey, USA.|Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kirshblum
authors.affiliation: Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, West Orange, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, National Center of Excellence on the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Asselin
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, National Center of Excellence on the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.|Medical Service, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.|Departments of Medicine and Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Spungen
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, National Center of Excellence on the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.|Medical Service, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.|Departments of Medicine and Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Bauman
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D055105:Waist Circumference