title: Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) modulates Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in absence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with gastric cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), a multifunctional cytokine, acts as a key factor for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation. We investigated the role of TGF-β1 in latent and lytic stages of EBV in relation to Helicobacter pylori infection among patients with gastric cancer (GC) and peptic ulcer disease (PUD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Gastric mucosal TGF-β1 expression was determined in 95 EBV positive patients with gastroduodenal pathology [GC 40, PUD 19 and non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) 36] by quantitative real time PCR. Presence of H. pylori infection was diagnosed when either culture or any two of three tests (RUT, histopathology and specific ureA PCR) were positive. Serum level of TGF-β1 was detected among 60 patients using ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mucosal TGF-β1 mRNA expression was detected in 85 of 95 EBV positive patients and it was significantly higher in patients with GC (p=0.042). TGF-β1 expression tended to be higher among H. pylori non-infected than infected patients (3.80±6.24 vs. 2.07±2.50, p=0.085). Both mRNA and serum level had significant association with lytic stage of EBV in absence of H. pylori infection when compared with its presence (5.21±4.00 vs. 2.29±2.89, p=0.040 and 842.00 [669.55] vs. 662.63 [628.76], p=0.049; respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TGF-β1 expression was significantly associated with GC. TGF-β1 was higher both at expression and translational levels in lytic EBV infection without H. pylori suggests that H. pylori infection might play important role in preventing EBV reactivation through attenuated TGF-β1 expression. This might be a "wise host defense against EBV reactivation".
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania-School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Sanket Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India.
authors.forename: Jahanarah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Khatoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India. Electronic address: kashinprasad@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kashi Nath
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India.
authors.forename: Ravi Prakash
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India.
authors.forename: Aloukick Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India.
authors.forename: Sushil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India.
authors.forename: Uday Chand
authors.initials: UC
authors.lastname: Ghoshal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India.
authors.forename: Narendra
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krishnani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D020031:Epstein-Barr Virus Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000502:physiology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D014775:Virus Activation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
keywords: Epstein-Barr virus; Gastric cancer; Helicobacter pylori; Transforming growth factor beta 1