title: Diabetes in Pregnancy Adversely Affects the Expression of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β in the Hippocampus of Rat Neonates.
abstract: Diabetes during pregnancy causes a wide range of neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive abnormalities in offspring. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is widely expressed during brain development and regulates multiple cellular processes, and its dysregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse neurodegenerative and psychological diseases. This study was designed to examine the effects of maternal diabetes on GSK-3β messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and phosphorylation in the developing rat hippocampus. Female rats were maintained diabetic from a week before pregnancy through parturition, and male offspring was killed immediately after birth. We found a significant bilateral upregulation of GSK-3β mRNA expression in the hippocampus of pups born to diabetic mothers at P0, compared to controls. Moreover, at the same time point, there was a marked bilateral increase in the phosphorylation level of GSK-3β in the diabetic group. Unlike phosphorylation levels, there was a significant upregulation in hippocampal GSK-3β mRNA expression in the insulin-treated group, when compared to controls. The present study revealed that diabetes during pregnancy strongly influences the regulation of GSK-3β in the right/left developing hippocampi. These dysregulations may be part of the cascade of events through which diabetes during pregnancy affects the newborn's hippocampal structure and function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
authors.forename: Javad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hami
authors.affiliation: Medical Genetics Research Center (MGRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran.|Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Razieh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karimi
authors.affiliation: Medical Genetics Research Center (MGRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran.|Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haghir
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Genetics, Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gholamin
authors.affiliation: Medical Genetics Research Center (MGRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran. SadrnabaviA@mums.ac.ir.|Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran. SadrnabaviA@mums.ac.ir.|Molecular Medicine Research Department, Iranian Academic Centers for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi Branch, Mashhad, Iran. SadrnabaviA@mums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Ariane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadr-Nabavi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D005260:Female; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605508:Gsk3b protein, rat; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
keywords: Glycogen synthase kinase-3β; Hippocampus; Maternal diabetes; Rat newborn