title: Effects of TNF-α blocking on experimental periodontitis and type 2 diabetes in obese diabetic Zucker rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is considered a key signalling modulator in the pathogenesis of both periodontitis (PD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). This study aims at elucidating the effect of TNF-α blocking on the interplay between PD and DM2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Obese diabetic Zucker rats and their lean littermates were divided into five treatment groups with or without periodontitis. Anti-TNF-α treatment was provided with Etanercept injections. Diabetic state was evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test, the homeostatic model assessment, free fatty acids and blood glucose. Systemic inflammation was assessed by measurement of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in plasma. Kidney complications were evaluated by real-time rtPCR, creatinine clearance rate, urinary albumin excretion and increase in weight. PD was evaluated by registration of alveolar bone level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 4 weeks the diabetic state was modified by Etanercept treatment with lower insulin levels and lower homeostatic model assessment. Furthermore, while kidney complications were reduced by Etanercept treatment, PD had no effect. PD was influenced by diabetic state, but the impact was attenuated by Etanercept treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study anti-TNF-α treatment improved glucose tolerance and compensated for the increased periodontal disease in obese diabetic Zucker. PD did not influence diabetic parameters assessed including complications of the rats kidneys.
authors.affiliation: Section for Periodontology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Morten Bay
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Grauballe
authors.affiliation: The Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.|Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.|Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jakob Appel
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Østergaard
authors.affiliation: Section for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schou
authors.affiliation: The Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.|Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flyvbjerg
authors.affiliation: Section for Periodontology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.|Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Palle
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Holmstrup
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001835:Body Weight; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000068800:Etanercept / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D013851:Thinness / Q000150:complications; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007328:Insulin; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000068800:Etanercept
keywords: TNF-α; Type 2 diabetes; animal models; obese diabetic Zucker rats; periodontitis