title: Update and Overview of Spinal Injuries in Canadian Ice Hockey, 1943 to 2011: The Continuing Need for Injury Prevention and Education.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify spinal injuries in Canadian ice hockey from 2006 to 2011 and to discuss data from 1943 to 2011 and impact of injury prevention programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data about spinal injuries with and without spinal cord injury in ice hockey have been collected by ThinkFirst's (now Parachute Canada) Canadian Ice Hockey Spinal Injuries Registry since 1981 through questionnaires from practitioners, ice hockey organizations, and media.
  
  
  METHODS
  All Canadian provinces and territories.
  
  
  METHODS
  All registered Canadian ice hockey players.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age, gender, level of play, location, mechanism of injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence, incidence rate, prevalence, and nature (morbidity) of the injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 2006 and 2011, 44 cases occurred, 4 (9.1%) of which were severe. The incidence in the recent years continues to be lower than the peak years. From 1943 to 2011, 355 cases have been documented, primarily males (97.7%) and cervical spine injuries (78.9%), resulting from impact with the boards (64.2%). Check or push from behind (36.0%) was still the most common cause of injury, although slightly lower during 2006 to 2011. From 1943 to 2011, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and British Columbia/Yukon had the highest injury rates. Ontario and Quebec continued to show markedly different injury rates, with Ontario more than twice that of Quebec.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current data for 2006 to 2011 indicate that spinal injuries in ice hockey continue to occur, although still at lower rates than the peak years 1982 to 1995. It is imperative to continue educating players and team officials about spinal injury prevention and to reinforce the rules against checking or pushing from behind to reduce the incidence of these serious injuries.
authors.affiliation: *Canadian Ice Hockey Spinal Injuries Registry, Parachute Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; †Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ‡University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; §Division of Health Care and Outcomes Research, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network; and ¶Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tator
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Provvidenza
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cassidy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006688:Hockey / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012042:Registries; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult