title: Impact of HIV infection and smoking on lung immunity and related disorders.
abstract: HIV-infected persons not only have higher rates of smoking than the general population, but are also unusually vulnerable to the associated adverse health effects, both infective and noninfective in origin. Indeed, in the setting of well-organised care and availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV-infected smokers lose more life-years to smoking than to HIV infection per se, presenting a major challenge to healthcare providers. Not surprisingly, the respiratory system is particularly susceptible to the damaging interactive chronic inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of HIV and smoking, intensifying the risk of the development of opportunistic infections, as well as lung cancer and obstructive lung disorders. The impact of smoking on the immunopathogenesis and frequencies of these respiratory conditions in the setting of HIV infection, as well as on the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy, represent the primary focus of this review.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa theresa.rossouw@up.ac.za.
authors.forename: Theresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Rossouw
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal / Q000276:immunology*; D016867:Immunocompromised Host / Q000276:immunology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000276:immunology; D012907:Smoking / Q000276:immunology*