title: Effects of summer school participation and psychosocial outcomes on changes in body composition and physical fitness during summer break.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence suggests that adolescents gain more weight during the summer break than they do during the school year, and that participation in the summer school program is beneficial in maintaining their healthy lifestyle. It is known that obesity and physical fitness in adolescents can be affected by their socio-economic and psychological status, especially during a long school break. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of summer school participation and psychosocial outcomes on changes in body composition and physical fitness in underprivileged adolescents during the summer break.
  
  
  METHODS
  Body composition and physical fitness in 138 underprivileged adolescents were measured at the beginning and end of the summer break. A survey on socio-economic and psychological status was conducted at the beginning of the summer break. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used for data analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to establish a relation between psychological outcomes and changes in body composition and physical fitness during the summer break.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant increases in body weight (p = .003) and % body fat (p = .014) as well as a decrease in VO2max (p = .018) were found in summer school non-attendants during the summer whereas no significant changes were found in summer school attendants. Summer school non-attendants with lower psychosocial outcomes had a greater decline in physical fitness and weight gain; however, summer school attendants were not affected by psychosocial outcomes. The summer school program effectively prevented summer weight gain among underprivileged adolescents due to the structured environment, restricted food access, and scheduled time for exercise in addition to minimizing the effects of their psychosocial outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicated that summer school non-attendants may require comprehensive intervention for psychosocial outcomes and nutritional education to maintain body weight and physical fitness levels during the summer break.
authors.affiliation: Kinesiology Program, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Kyung-Shin
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Man-Gyoon
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: adolescent obesity; summer break; underprivileged adolescents; weight gain