title: Exploratory survey study of long-term users of nicotine replacement therapy in Danish consumers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) has been approved in several countries for smokers who are unable or unwilling to quit smoking. However, information on basic characteristics, degree of nicotine dependence, health status and contentment with long-term use of NRT is scarce. The aim of this study was to collect information on the characteristics of long-term NRT users, having used NRT for at least 12 months, reasons for, and contentment with, their continued use of NRT including reasons for wishing to quit or sustain use and an estimation of their degree of nicotine dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Through advertisements in three national Danish newspapers, long-term NRT users were recruited to answer a short questionnaire about basic characteristics, health status and satisfaction with using NRT. A modified version of the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) questionnaire was applied to estimate nicotine dependence. Linear regression was used to test association between time to first NRT and daily dosage of NRT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 92 respondents were included in the data analysis. A majority of 88% wished to quit NRT for the following reasons: costs of NRT, being tired of feeling addicted and fear of adverse health effects. Scoring on the modified HSI scale was 22.0% low, 68.0% moderate and 9.3% high dependent. Of the respondents, 67.0% used NRT within the first 30 min after waking. A validation check found a significant linear association between the two items in the modified HSI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant majority of users wished to quit NRT because of the cost of products, being tired of feeling addicted and fear of adverse health consequences. The majority of these users were moderate to high nicotine dependent. The strong association found between time to first NRT and NRT dosages used per day gives reason to believe the validity of the modified HSI. Further studies are required for confirmation. Better counselling of long-term users on the benefits of using NRT compared to smoking should be provided, for those who are chronically dependent, as well as support to stop long-term use of NRT if wanted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. gb@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Gitte
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Borup
authors.affiliation: The Danish Patient Compensation Association, Copenhagen, Denmark. Kim.Lyngby.Mikkelsen@Patienterstatningen.dk.
authors.forename: Kim Lyngby
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Mikkelsen
authors.affiliation: Danish Centre for Sleep Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark. philipt@dadlnet.dk.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tønnesen
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. llc@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Lona Louring
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Christrup
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003258:Consumer Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003718:Denmark; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013995:Time; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000628:therapy*