title: Highly Conserved Mitochondrial Genomes among Multicellular Red Algae of the Florideophyceae.
abstract: Two red algal classes, the Florideophyceae (approximately 7,100 spp.) and Bangiophyceae (approximately 193 spp.), comprise 98% of red algal diversity in marine and freshwater habitats. These two classes form well-supported monophyletic groups in most phylogenetic analyses. Nonetheless, the interordinal relationships remain largely unresolved, in particular in the largest subclass Rhodymeniophycidae that includes 70% of all species. To elucidate red algal phylogenetic relationships and study organelle evolution, we determined the sequence of 11 mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) from 5 florideophycean subclasses. These mtDNAs were combined with existing data, resulting in a database of 25 florideophytes and 12 bangiophytes (including cyanidiophycean species). A concatenated alignment of mt proteins was used to resolve ordinal relationships in the Rhodymeniophycidae. Red algal mtDNA genome comparisons showed 47 instances of gene rearrangement including 12 that distinguish Bangiophyceae from Hildenbrandiophycidae, and 5 that distinguish Hildenbrandiophycidae from Nemaliophycidae. These organelle data support a rapid radiation and surprisingly high conservation of mtDNA gene syntheny among the morphologically divergent multicellular lineages of Rhodymeniophycidae. In contrast, we find extensive mitochondrial gene rearrangements when comparing Bangiophyceae and Florideophyceae and multiple examples of gene loss among the different red algal lineages.
authors.affiliation: Marine Ecosystem Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan, Korea Department of Marine Biology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Chan
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Bioresource Systematics Department, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon, Chungnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyeong Mi
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Su Yeon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: JunMo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Ga Hun
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Boo
authors.affiliation: Marine Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Wendy A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Wonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Gangman
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, University of Louisiana at Lafayette.
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, University of Louisiana at Lafayette.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fredericq
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Boo
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources and Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University.
authors.forename: Debashish
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea hsyoon2011@skku.edu.
authors.forename: Hwan Su
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D017124:Conserved Sequence; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D000461:Rhodophyta / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D026801:Synteny
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins
keywords: Florideophyceae; Rhodymeniophycidae; mitochondrial genome; ordinal relationship; red algal evolution; rhodophytes