title: Therapeutic effects of intravenous administration of bone marrow stromal cells on sevoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation in neonatal rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sevoflurane exposure during the early postnatal period causes neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis in rodents. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have been shown to protect and repair the damaged central nervous system, for example in ischemic stroke models. In this study, we investigated whether intravenous administration of BMSCs ameliorated neurodegeneration, induced by sevoflurane exposure, in neonatal rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rat pups (postnatal day 7) were exposed to 2% sevoflurane for 6 h (vehicle group, n = 7). BMSCs were administered 30 min after induction of sevoflurane anesthesia (BMSCs group, n = 7). The pups were exposed to carrier gas only, as a negative control (mock anesthesia group, n = 4). We assessed the therapeutic effects of BMSC treatment by measuring expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), and levels of cleaved caspase-3, in brain tissues immediately following sevoflurane anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of the cleaved caspase-3 bands revealed that levels of activated caspase-3 were elevated in the vehicle group compared with the mock anesthesia group, indicating that a single exposure to sevoflurane at subclinical concentrations can precipitate neuronal apoptosis. BMSC treatment did not suppress apoptosis induced by sevoflurane exposure (compared with the vehicle group). The vehicle group had higher proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 protein levels compared with the mock anesthesia group, indicating that sevoflurane exposure induces IL-6 expression. BMSC treatment suppressed sevoflurane-induced increases in IL-6 expression, indicating that these cells can inhibit the neuroinflammation induced by sevoflurane exposure (vehicle group vs. BMSC group).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous administration of BMSCs reduces neuroinflammation, but does not attenuate apoptosis induced by sevoflurane exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: ZhongLiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Maiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Satomoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Koshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Makita
keywords: Apoptosis; Bone marrow stromal cells; Developing brain; Neuroinflammation; Sevoflurane