title: The effects of metal ion PCR inhibitors on results obtained with the Quantifiler(®) Human DNA Quantification Kit.
abstract: Forensic DNA samples may include the presence of PCR inhibitors, even after extraction and purification. Studies have demonstrated that metal ions, co-purified at specific concentrations, inhibit DNA amplifications. Metal ions are endogenous to sample types, such as bone, and can be introduced from environmental sources. In order to examine the effect of metal ions as PCR inhibitors during quantitative real-time PCR, 2800 M DNA was treated with 0.0025-18.750 mM concentrations of aluminum, calcium, copper, iron, nickel, and lead. DNA samples, both untreated and metal-treated, were quantified using the Quantifiler(®) Human DNA Quantification Kit. Quantification cycle (Cq) values for the Quantifiler(®) Human DNA and internal PCR control (IPC) assays were measured and the estimated concentrations of human DNA were obtained. Comparisons were conducted between metal-treated and control DNA samples to determine the accuracy of the quantification estimates and to test the efficacy of the IPC inhibition detection. This kit is most resistant to the presence of calcium as compared to all metals tested; the maximum concentration tested does not affect the amplification of the IPC or quantification of the sample. This kit is most sensitive to the presence of aluminum; concentrations greater than 0.0750 mM negatively affected the quantification, although the IPC assay accurately assessed the presence of PCR inhibition. The Quantifiler(®) Human DNA Quantification Kit accurately quantifies human DNA in the presence of 0.5000 mM copper, iron, nickel, and lead; however, the IPC does not indicate the presence of PCR inhibition at this concentration of these metals. Unexpectedly, estimates of DNA quantity in samples treated with 18.750 mM copper yielded values in excess of the actual concentration of DNA in the samples; fluorescence spectroscopy experiments indicated this increase was not a direct interaction between the copper metal and 6-FAM dye used to label the probe that targets human DNA in the Quantifiler(®) kit. Evidence of inhibition was observed for the human-specific assay at a lower metal concentration than detected by the IPC, for all metals examined except calcium. These results strongly suggest that determination of a "true negative" sample should not be based solely on the failure of the IPC to indicate the presence of a PCR inhibitor and indicate that amplification of all samples should be attempted, regardless of the quantification results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA. Electronic address: Laura.Gaydosh@unthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Laura Gaydosh
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Combs
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA. Electronic address: Joseph.Warren@unthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305070, Denton, TX 76203, USA. Electronic address: VivianHuynh@my.unt.edu.
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Huynh
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305070, Denton, TX 76203, USA. Electronic address: Jacastan@syr.edu.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castaneda
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305070, Denton, TX 76203, USA. Electronic address: Teresa.Golden@unt.edu.
authors.forename: Teresa D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Golden
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Electronic address: RRoby@jcvi.org.
authors.forename: Rhonda K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Roby
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D053803:Forensic Genetics; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D004247:DNA
keywords: 6-Carboxyfluorescein; DNA quantification; Fluorescence spectroscopy; Metal ions; PCR inhibition