title: Are older adults living in more equal counties healthier than older adults living in more unequal counties? A propensity score matching approach.
abstract: We assessed the potential contextual effect of income inequality on health by: 1) comparing individuals with similar socioeconomic status (SES) but who reside in counties with different levels of income inequality; and 2) examining whether the potential effect of county-level income inequality on health varies across SES groups. We used the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative study of Americans over the age of 50. Using propensity score matching, we selected SES-comparable individuals living in high-income inequality counties and in low-income inequality counties. We examined differences in self-rated overall health outcomes and in other specific physical/mental health outcomes between the two groups using logistic regression (n = 34,994) and imposing different sample restrictions based on residential duration in the area. We then used logistic regression with interactions to assess whether, and if so how, health outcomes differed among participants of different SES groups defined by wealth, income, and education. In bivariate analyses of the unmatched full sample, adults living in high-income inequality counties have worse health outcomes for most health measures. After propensity score matching, adults in high-income inequality counties had worse self-rated health status (AOR = 1.12; 95% CI 1.04-1.19) and were more likely to report diagnosed psychiatric problems (AOR = 1.08; 95% CI 0.99-1.19) than their matched counterparts in low-income inequality counties. These associations were stronger with longer-term residents in the area. Adverse health outcomes associated with living in high-income inequality counties were significant particularly for individuals in the 30(th) or greater percentiles of income/wealth distribution and those without a college education. In summary, after using more precise matching methods to compare individuals with similar characteristics and addressing measurement error by excluding more recently arrived county residents, adults living in high-income inequality counties had worse reported overall physical and mental health than adults living in low-income inequality counties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, United States. Electronic address: hwajungc@umich.edu.
authors.forename: HwaJung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Michigan, United States; Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, United States; Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, United States.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burgard
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, United States; Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Irma T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Elo
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, United States; Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, United States.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heisler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006306:Health Surveys; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057216:Propensity Score; D057566:Self Report; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Contextual effects; Health disparity; Income-inequality; Propensity score matching; U.S. adult health