title: Physical Principles of Nanoparticle Cellular Endocytosis.
abstract: This review article focuses on the physiochemical mechanisms underlying nanoparticle uptake into cells. When nanoparticles are in close vicinity to a cell, the interactions between the nanoparticles and the cell membrane generate forces from different origins. This leads to the membrane wrapping of the nanoparticles followed by cellular uptake. This article discusses how the kinetics, energetics, and forces are related to these interactions and dependent on the size, shape, and stiffness of nanoparticles, the biomechanical properties of the cell membrane, as well as the local environment of the cells. The discussed fundamental principles of the physiochemical causes for nanoparticle-cell interaction may guide new studies of nanoparticle endocytosis and lead to better strategies to design nanoparticle-based approaches for biomedical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Sulin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
authors.forename: Huajian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bao
mesh_terms: D001703:Biophysics; D004705:Endocytosis; D006801:Humans; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000187:drug effects; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010316:Particle Size
keywords: cellular uptake; coarse-grained model; endocytosis; ligand−receptor binding; membrane bending; membrane tension; nanomedicine; nanoparticles