title: Increased duration of co-contraction of medial knee muscles is associated with greater progression of knee osteoarthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As knee osteoarthritis (OA) cannot be cured, treatments that slow structural disease progression are a priority. Knee muscle activation has a potential role in OA pathogenesis. Although enhanced knee muscle co-contraction augments joint stability; this may speed structural disease progression by increased joint load.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the relationship between cartilage loss and duration of co-contraction of medial/lateral knee muscles in medial knee OA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medial (vastus medialis; semimembranosus) and lateral (vastus lateralis; biceps femoris) knee muscle myoelectric activity was recorded in 50 people with medial knee OA during natural speed walking at baseline. Medial tibial cartilage volume was measured from MRI at baseline and 12 months. Relationships between percent volume loss and duration of co-contraction of medial/lateral muscles around stance phase and ratio of duration of medial to lateral muscle co-contraction were evaluated with multiple linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Greater duration of medial muscle co-contraction and greater duration of medial relative to lateral co-contraction correlated positively with annual percent loss of medial tibial cartilage volume (P = 0.003). Estimated cartilage loss was 0.14 (95% confidence interval -0.23 to -0.05) greater for each increase in medial muscle co-contraction duration of 1% of the gait cycle. Lateral muscle co-contraction inversely correlated with cartilage loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data support the hypothesis that augmented medial knee muscle co-contraction underpins faster progression of medial knee OA. Increased duration of lateral muscle co-contraction protected against medial cartilage loss. Exercise and biomechanical interventions to change knee muscle activation patterns provide possible candidates to slow progression of knee OA.
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: p.hodges@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hodges
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia. Electronic address: w.vandenhoorn@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Wolbert
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van den Hoorn
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: timw@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Tim V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Wrigley
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: ranash@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Rana S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hinman
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: k.bowles.kab@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kelly-Ann
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bowles
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: flavia.cicuttini@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cicuttini
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: yuanyuan.wang@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: k.bennell@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bennell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002357:Cartilage Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Co-contraction; Disease progression; Electromyography; Knee osteoarthritis