title: Franciszek Neugebauer's Ichnograms as a Pioneering Diagnostic Method in Orthopedics in the 19th Century.
abstract: The aim of this paper is to present an original orthopedic diagnostic method from the late 19th century developed by Franciszek Neugebauer, a distinguished Polish physician. His technique of detecting skeletal abnormalities was an excellent coping method in the time before the first diagnostic imaging method - x-ray imaging - had been invented.
authors.affiliation: Department of History of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nowakowska-Zamachowska
mesh_terms: D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D008488:Medical Illustration; D009139:Musculoskeletal Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods*; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000379:methods*; D011044:Poland