title: Multi-purpose rainwater harvesting for water resource recovery and the cooling effect.
abstract: The potential use of rainwater harvesting in conjunction with miscellaneous water supplies and a rooftop garden with rainwater harvesting facility for temperature reduction have been evaluated in this study for Hong Kong. Various water applications such as toilet flushing and areal climate controls have been systematically considered depending on the availability of seawater toilet flushing using the Geographic Information System (GIS). For water supplies, the district Area Precipitation per Demand Ratio (APDR) has been calculated to quantify the rainwater utilization potential of each administrative district in Hong Kong. Districts with freshwater toilet flushing prove to have higher potential for rainwater harvest and utilization compared to the areas with seawater toilet flushing. Furthermore, the effectiveness of using rainwater harvesting for miscellaneous water supplies in Hong Kong and Tokyo has been analyzed and compared; this revives serious consideration of diurnal and seasonal patterns of rainfall in applying such technology. In terms of the cooling effect, the implementation of a rooftop rainwater harvesting garden has been evaluated using the ENVI-met model. Our results show that a temperature drop of 1.3 °C has been observed due to the rainwater layer in the rain garden. This study provides valuable insight into the applicability of the rainwater harvesting for sustainable water management practice in a highly urbanized city.
authors.affiliation: School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Electronic address: alicia.kjan@cityu.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Kyoung Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Yun Fat
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Tobi Eniolu
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Morakinyo
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furumai
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D005618:Fresh Water; D006723:Hong Kong; D011891:Rain; D059027:Recycling / Q000379:methods*; D012623:Seawater; D013696:Temperature; D014038:Toilet Facilities; D014041:Tokyo; D062066:Water Resources / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Cooling effect; Miscellaneous water supplies; Rain garden; Rainwater harvesting; Toilet flushing