title: Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells in a novel porous hydroxyapatite scaffold.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effect of bovine bone derived porous hydroxyapatite (BDHA) scaffold on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) compared with commercial hydroxyapatite (CHA) scaffold.
  
  
  METHODS
  The porosity and pore size were analyzed using micro-CT. The biocompatibility was demonstrated by alamar blue assay, and cell attachment through SEM and Hoechst staining. The osteogenic differentiation was demonstrated using biochemical assay and osteogenic gene expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BDHA and CHA scaffolds showed porosity of 76.6 ± 0.6 and 64.3 ± 0.3% and pore size diameter of 0.04-0.25 and 0.1-2.6 mm, respectively. hMSCs proliferation, ALP activity, osteocalcin secretion and osteogenic gene expression are comparable in both the scaffolds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrated that BDHA is biocompatible, supports cell adhesion and promotes proliferation and osteogenic differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NOCERAL, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.|Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
authors.forename: Genasan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krishnamurithy
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NOCERAL, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Malliga Raman
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Murali
authors.affiliation: Advanced Manufacturing & Material Processing Research Centre, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamdi
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NOCERAL, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Azlina Amir
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NOCERAL, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hanumantharao Balaji
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Raghavendran
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NOCERAL, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Tunku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamarul
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology; D002417:Cattle; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D016062:Porosity; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015675:Osteocalcin; D017886:Durapatite
keywords: hydroxyapatite; mesenchymal stromal cell; osteogenic differentiation; tissue engineering