title: CSF hydrothorax without intrathoracic catheter migration in children with ventriculoperitoneal shunt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thoracic complications of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts have been extensively reported in the literature. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hydrothorax without catheter migration, however, has been rarely described and poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe development of pleural effusion and respiratory distress in a 3-year-old boy with no evidence of VP shunt catheter displacement on plain radiograph and stable ventricle size on rapid sequence magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain. Chest X-ray revealed complete opacity of right hemithorax. Pleural effusion was consistent with transudate. Beta-2 transferrin returned positive. The patient underwent externalization of VP shunt, and upon resolution of effusion, re-internalization with new distal shunt catheter. A literature review of CSF hydrothorax in children without intrathoracic shunt migration was performed. Eleven cases were identified in the English literature. Age at VP shunt placement ranged from birth to 8 years of age. Interval from VP shunt placement to CSF hydrothorax ranged from 1.5 months to 5 years. History of shunt revision was reported in two cases. Presenting symptoms also included ascites and inguinal hernia or hydrocele. Reported diagnostic studies consist of CSF culture, radionuclide shuntogram, beta-2 transferrin, and beta-trace protein. Laterality of the VP shunt and development of pleural effusion were predominantly right sided. Definitive surgical treatment included VA shunt, repositioning of the peritoneal catheter, and endoscopic choroid plexus coagulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CSF hydrothorax is a rare thoracic complication of VP shunt placement with no radiographic evidence of shunt migration or malfunction. Postulated mechanisms include limited peritoneal capacity to resorb CSF in children and microscopic communications present in congenital diaphragmatic hiatuses.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Joon-Hyung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Bauer
keywords: Cerebrospinal fluid hydrothorax; shunt malfunction; ventriculoperitoneal shunt