title: The current role of simulation in urological training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Simulation is becoming an increasingly popular educational tool in numerous surgical specialities, including urology. This article reviews the current role of urological simulators; discussing their need, availability, incorporation and current limitations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review of the electronic databases Medline, Embase and Google Scholar was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For increasingly limited urological training programs, simulation can act as a valuable adjunct to clinical training. Evidence suggests that simulation enables the trainee to bypass the early, error-prone part of the surgical learning curve. It should be incorporated into proficiency-based curricula, with junior trainees initially beginning with low fidelity simulators to grasp basic surgical skills before moving onto full-procedural simulation as they progress through their training. A wide variety of simulators of differing fidelity are currently available, teaching both technical (eg. cystoscopy) and non-technical (eg. communication) urological surgical skills. Whist numerous studies have assessed the face, content and construct validity of various urological simulators, further work needs to be undertaken to determine whether the skills learnt actually improve trainee performance in the operating room. Then, educators will be able to make informed decisions about whether these resource demanding (financially and in terms of demands on faculty) simulators are a worthwhile educational tool.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although further investigation is required, urological simulators appear to have a considerable role for developing both technical and non-technical urological skills in an increasingly restricted educational environment in modern urogynecology.
authors.affiliation: Cardiff University School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Preece
keywords: educational models; simulation; training; urology