title: Hospital management of suicidal behaviour and subsequent mortality: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-poisoning and self-injury are associated with a high risk of suicide or death from any cause but the effect of routine aspects of hospital management on mortality risk is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did a prospective cohort study using data for adults who had self-harmed presenting to five emergency departments in the UK between 2000 and 2010. We assessed the relation between four aspects of management (psychosocial assessment, medical admission, psychiatric admission, referral for mental health follow-up) and death by suicide or any cause within 12 months of presentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 38 415 individuals presenting with self-harm, 261 (0·7%) died by suicide and 832 (2·2%) died from any cause within 12 months. Most aspects of management were associated with a higher mortality risk in unadjusted analyses. Psychiatric admission was associated with the highest risks for both suicide (hazard ratio 2·35, 95% CI 1·59-3·45) and all-cause mortality (2·35, 2·04-2·72). After adjustment for baseline variables, the hazard ratios were generally smaller, particularly for psychiatric admission. There were significant interactions by sex, age, and history of self-harm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This was an observational study and so we cannot infer causation. However, our finding that clinical services seem to reserve the most intensive levels of treatment for patients at highest risk is reassuring. Aspects of routine management might be associated with a lower mortality risk but these effects vary by clinical subgroup.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  UK Department of Health.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Centre for Suicide Prevention, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust, Manchester, UK. Electronic address: nav.kapur@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Nav
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kapur
authors.affiliation: Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Centre for Suicide Prevention, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Steeg
authors.affiliation: Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Centre for Suicide Prevention, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Turnbull
authors.affiliation: Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Centre for Suicide Prevention, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.affiliation: Centre for Suicide Research, University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bergen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Suicide Research, University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hawton
authors.affiliation: Centre for Suicide Research, University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Galit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Geulayov
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.affiliation: Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.affiliation: Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.affiliation: Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Centre for Suicide Prevention, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Jayne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004637:Emergency Services, Psychiatric / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011216:Practice Management, Medical / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult