title: The Efficacy of Lumbosacral Spine Phantom to Improve Resident Proficiency in Performing Ultrasound-Guided Spinal Procedure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of a lumbosacral spine phantom to improve novices' proficiency in performing ultrasound-guided facet joint injection and medial branch block.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study in a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 30 participants with no experience of spinal ultrasonography were included and were allocated to one of two groups (control group, N = 10 and training group, N = 20).
  
  
  METHODS
  A lumbosacral spine phantom was prepared using a lumbosacral spine model embedded in a mixture of gelatin and psyllium husk. All participants were tested (test-1) following a basic education introductory program. Participants in the control group were then tested again after 1 week (test-2). Those in the training group received a further 3-h training, individually, and were tested again after 1 week (test-2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean performance scores on test-1 were 57.6 ± 6.0 in the control group and 57.3 ± 6.7 in the training group; and at test-2, 61.0 ± 8.6 and 91.7 ± 4.9 (P < 0.001), respectively. The median time of performance at test-1 was 158.3 ± 41.9 seconds in the control group and 185.3 ± 68.1 seconds in the training group; and at test-2, 146.9 ± 38.9 seconds and 69.9 ± 22.0 seconds (P < 0.001), respectively. In the training group, the mean self-rating level of proficiency scores were 2.2 ± 1.0 at pretraining, and 6.8 ± 0.8 at post-training, respectively (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Training using a gelatin-based spine phantom helped novices to acquire the skills necessary to perform ultrasound-guided lumbar facet joint injections and medial branch blocks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: So Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Sung
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hue Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Youngjune
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Hoon
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: Improved Proficiency; Phantom; Resident Training; Simulation; Ultrasound-Guided Procedure