title: Complexity and dynamics of switched human balance control during quiet standing.
abstract: In this paper, we use a combination of numerical simulations, time series analysis, and complexity measures to investigate the dynamics of switched systems with noise, which are often used as models of human balance control during quiet standing. We link the results with complexity measures found in experimental data of human sway motion during quiet standing. The control model ensuring balance, which we use, is based on an act-and-wait control concept, that is, a human controller is switched on when a certain sway angle is reached. Otherwise, there is no active control present. Given a time series data, we determine how does it look a typical pattern of control strategy in our model system. We detect the switched nonlinearity in the system using a frequency analysis method in the absence of noise. We also analyse the effect of time delay on the existence of limit cycles in the system in the absence of noise. We perform the entropy and detrended fluctuation analyses in view of linking the switchings (and the dead zone) with the occurrences of complexity in the model system in the presence of noise. Finally, we perform the entropy and detrended fluctuation analyses on experimental data and link the results with numerical findings in our model example.
authors.affiliation: School of Computing, Mathematics and Digital Technology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK. s.nema@mmu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Salam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nema
authors.affiliation: School of Computing, Mathematics and Digital Technology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK. P.Kowalczyk@mmu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kowalczyk
authors.affiliation: The School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK. i.loram@mmu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Loram
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019277:Entropy; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009038:Motion; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Detrended fluctuation analysis; Instantaneous frequency; Sample entropy; Switched system