title: Variation analysis of streamflow and ecological flow for the twin rivers of the Miyun Reservoir Basin in northern China from 1963 to 2011.
abstract: In this paper, the Mann-Kendall test and F-test were combined to analyze the annual and seasonal streamflow variations and aberrance points for the twin rivers from 1963 to 2011. The Tennant method was subsequently used to evaluate the ecological flow assurance and deficit. Finally, the Double Mass Curve method was applied to identifying the human activities affecting the streamflow variations. The results were as follows: (1) Three similar stages of the streamflow variations were found for the twin rivers: fluctuations before 1980, the tiny downward trends from the 1980s to the 1990s, and the notably downward trends in the 2000s. (2) The seasonal streamflow also decreased continuously and dramatically, especially in summer, by 80.9% for the Chaohe River and 86.0% for the Baihe River. (3) During the spawning season, 83.3% and 73.1% of streamflow was not at the appropriate level for the Chaohe and Baihe Rivers, respectively, which indicated that the ecological environment was not optimal for the reproduction and breeding of aquatic organisms. While in other periods, the ecological flow assurance was better than that in spawning seasons for the Chaohe and Baihe Rivers, respectively. This indicated that the streamflow regimes of the twin rivers were not always optimal and conducive to the development of the aquatic ecosystem. (4) The streamflow variations of the twin rivers were influenced by increasingly intensive human activities such as changes of land use and land cover, and excessive exploitation and utilization of water resources. These influences were cumulative and showed a gradually increasing tendency. This research is helpful for understanding the streamflow regime and for forecasting of the regional extreme climate, such as drought and floods, and can provide a basis for decision making and formulating adaptive ecological security countermeasures in response to climate changes and human activities.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. Electronic address: Wangx@bnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Guangling
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Zhifeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Institute of Hydraulics & Estuary, Hangzhou 310020, China.
authors.forename: Peiyu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Yanpeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Chunhui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
keywords: Double Mass Curve; Ecological flow deficit; Mann–Kendall test; Streamflow variations; Twin rivers in northern China