title: Effects of soccer vs swim training on bone formation in sedentary middle-aged women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined the effects of 15 weeks of soccer training and two different swimming training protocols on bone turnover in sedentary middle-aged women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-three premenopausal mildly hypertensive women [age: 45 ± 6 (± SD) years, height: 165 ± 6 cm, weight: 80.0 ± 14.1 kg, body fat: 42.6 ± 5.7 %, systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure: 138 ± 6/85 ± 3 mmHg] were randomized into soccer training (SOC, n = 21), high-intensity intermittent swimming (HS, n = 21), moderate-intensity swimming (MS, n = 21) intervention groups, and a control group (C, n = 20). The training groups completed three sessions per week for 15 weeks. DXA scans were performed and resting blood samples were drawn pre- and post-intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In SOC, plasma osteocalcin, procollagen type I N propeptide and C-terminal telopeptide increased (P < 0.05) by 37 ± 15, 52 ± 23 and 42 ± 18 %, respectively, with no changes in MS, HS and C. The intervention-induced increase in SOC was larger (P < 0.05) than in MS, HS and C. In SOC, leg BMC increased (P < 0.05) by 3.1 ± 4.5 %, with a larger increase in SOC than in C. Femoral shaft and trochanter bone mineral density (BMD) increased (P < 0.05) by 1.7 ± 1.9 and 2.4 ± 2.9 %, respectively, in SOC, with a greater (P < 0.05) change in SOC than in MS and C, whereas total body and total leg BMD did not change in any of the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, 15 weeks of soccer training with sedentary middle-aged women caused marked increases in bone turnover markers, with concomitant increases in leg bone mass. No changes in bone formation and resorption markers were seen after prolonged submaximal or high-intensity intermittent swimming training. Thus, soccer training appears to provide a powerful osteogenic stimulus in middle-aged women.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Jónas Broncksgøta 25, 3rd floor, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands. magnim@setur.fo.|Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Sciences, Center for Health and Human Performance, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. magnim@setur.fo.
authors.forename: Magni
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Eva W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Helge
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Jónas Broncksgøta 25, 3rd floor, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.
authors.forename: Liljan F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: The Faroese Confederation of Sports and Olympic Committee, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindenskov
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.
authors.forename: Pál
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Weihe
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The Faroese National Hospital, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.|Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.affiliation: Departments of Diagnostics and Medicine, Research Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Niklas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krustrup
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017697:Premenopause / Q000502:physiology; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012916:Soccer; D013550:Swimming
keywords: BMC; BMD; Bone turnover markers; Football; Team sports; Training