title: Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) locomotion: gaits and ground reaction forces.
abstract: Locomotion of plantigrade generalists has been relatively little studied compared with more specialised postures even though plantigrady is ancestral among quadrupeds. Bears (Ursidae) are a representative family for plantigrade carnivorans, they have the majority of the morphological characteristics identified for plantigrade species, and they have the full range of generalist behaviours. This study compared the locomotion of adult grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis Linnaeus 1758), including stride parameters, gaits and analysis of three-dimensional ground reaction forces, with that of previously studied quadrupeds. At slow to moderate speeds, grizzly bears use walks, running walks and canters. Vertical ground reaction forces demonstrated the typical M-shaped curve for walks; however, this was significantly more pronounced in the hindlimb. The rate of force development was also significantly higher for the hindlimbs than for the forelimbs at all speeds. Mediolateral forces were significantly higher than would be expected for a large erect mammal, almost to the extent of a sprawling crocodilian. There may be morphological or energetic explanations for the use of the running walk rather than the trot. The high medial forces (produced from a lateral push by the animal) could be caused by frontal plane movement of the carpus and elbow by bears. Overall, while grizzly bears share some similarities with large cursorial species, their locomotor kinetics have unique characteristics. Additional studies are needed to determine whether these characters are a feature of all bears or plantigrade species.
authors.affiliation: University of Idaho, Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University Avenue, Moscow, ID 83844, USA shin0453@vandals.uidaho.edu.
authors.forename: Catherine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Shine
authors.affiliation: University of Idaho, Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University Avenue, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
authors.forename: Skylar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Penberthy
authors.affiliation: Washington State University, School of the Environment and School of Biological Sciences, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
authors.forename: Charles T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.affiliation: Washington State University, Department of Veterinary and Clinical Sciences, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
authors.forename: O Lynne
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: University of Idaho, Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University Avenue, Moscow, ID 83844, USA WWAMI Regional Medical Education Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
authors.forename: Craig P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: McGowan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb / Q000502:physiology; D005684:Gait; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000502:physiology; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D001503:Ursidae / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Mammal; Mediolateral forces; Plantigrade; Quadruped