title: Optical Imaging of Cardiac Action Potential.
abstract: This chapter reviews the major milestones and scientific achievements facilitated by optical imaging of the action potential in the heart over more than four decades since its introduction. We discuss the limitations of this technique, which sometimes are not fully recognized; the unresolved issues, such as motion artifacts, and the newest developments and future directions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA, pertsova@upstate.edu.
authors.forename: Arkady
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pertsov
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bernus
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D062308:Optogenetics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012756:Sheep; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D056969:Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes