title: Paediatric musculoskeletal interventional radiology.
abstract: Interventional radiology technique is now well established and widely used in the adult population. Through minimally invasive procedures, it increasingly replaces surgical interventions that involve higher percentages of invasiveness and, consequently, of morbidity and mortality. For these advantageous reasons, interventional radiology in recent years has spread to the paediatric age as well. The aim of this study was to review the literature on the development, use and perspectives of these procedures in the paediatric musculoskeletal field. Several topics are covered: osteomuscle neoplastic malignant and benign pathologies treated with invasive diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures such as radiofrequency ablation in the osteoid osteoma; invasive and non-invasive procedures in vascular malformations; treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts; and role of interventional radiology in paediatric inflammatory and rheumatic inflammations. The positive results that have been generated with interventional radiology procedures in the paediatric field highly encourage both the development of new ad hoc materials, obviously adapted to young patients, as well as the improvement of such techniques, in consideration of the fact that childrens' pathologies do not always correspond to those of adults. In conclusion, as these interventional procedures have proven to be less invasive, with lower morbidity and mortality rates as well, they are becoming a viable and valid alternative to surgery in the paediatric population.
authors.affiliation: 1 Interventional Radiology Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Gian L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-0699
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Natali
authors.affiliation: 1 Interventional Radiology Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Guglielmo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paolantonio
authors.affiliation: 1 Interventional Radiology Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fruhwirth
authors.affiliation: 1 Interventional Radiology Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alvaro
authors.affiliation: 1 Interventional Radiology Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: George K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Parapatt
authors.affiliation: 2 Imaging Department, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Toma'
authors.affiliation: 1 Interventional Radiology Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rollo
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015642:Radiology, Interventional