title: Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used in Antakya: A multicultural district in Hatay Province of Turkey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have compiled information about the medicinal plants used in folk medicine in the district of Antakya. Since its establishment by King Seleucus I in 300 B.C., Antakya (old Antioch) has hosted nearly 20 civilizations. Antakya, neighboring Northwestern Syria, is located on the western end of the "Silk Road" and was one of the great centers of Graeco-Roman world. Today, Antakya is a cosmopolitan city in which Arabic and Turkish are widely spoken, and where distinct ethnic and religious communities, such as Arab Alawite, Arab Christian, Arab Sunni, Turk Sunni, Armenian, and Jewish, have been living together in harmony for centuries. In addition, the rich flora in the vicinity of Antakya also renders the area interesting in terms of ethnobotanical fieldwork.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to compile the information about plants used for medicinal purposes by local people in the district of Antakya. This city is a significant region in terms of ethnobotanical fieldwork, owing to its cosmopolitan structure, long history, relatively preserved traditional community structure, and rich flora. Furthermore, we sought to compare the ethnomedicinal data geographically, cross-culturally, and historically.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ethnobotany of medicinal plants used in the district of Antakya has been investigated through two separate studies; one was conducted in 1975, interviewing 29 people, and the other was conducted in 2011-2013, interviewing 182 people. The use value (UV) and informant consensus factor (FIC) values of the plants were calculated. In order to interpret the authenticity and sources of the compiled ethnomedicinal information, previous publications that contain information about the similar medicinal uses of plants identified in our region were reviewed and evaluated meticulously. A comparison with the data obtained from other regions of Turkey and from other Mediterranean regions, as well as a cross-cultural analysis between the ethnic groups within the study area, was performed by implementation of the Jaccard index (JI) RESULTS: Throughout the study, information about 202 medicinal plant taxa was compiled. Among these plants, 39 have either not yet been mentioned in ethnobotanical or medicinal studies, or have been used for a medicinal purpose other than those encountered in the literature review. The ethnomedicinal information we gathered from the study area exhibits close similarities to the ethnomedicinal information of other Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries where Arabic is spoken, as well as to that of Northern and Western Mediterranean countries where Latin languages are spoken. In addition to these similarities, in most cases, this ethnomedicinal information shows hybrid features of ethnomedicinal knowledge from Eastern and Western Mediterranean countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on a literature survey, we found that the cited medicinal uses for 43 plants have also been corroborated by other various biological testings. This finding strongly suggests the importance of ethnobotanical studies in the development of new medicines. We believe that this study has compiled rich ethnomedicinal information that reflects the cosmopolitan structure of Antakya in a very good way.
authors.affiliation: Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, 31040 Antakya, Hatay, Turkey. Electronic address: yeldaguzel@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yelda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Güzel
authors.affiliation: Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, 31040 Antakya, Hatay, Turkey. Electronic address: mehmet_semme_51@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Güzelşemme
authors.affiliation: Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, 34452 Beyazit-Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: mahmut.miski@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mahmut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miski
mesh_terms: D018864:Cultural Diversity; D019448:Ethnobotany / Q000379:methods*; D006484:Hemorrhoids / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D007565:Jaundice / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology; D008519:Medicine, Traditional / Q000379:methods*; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology; D014421:Turkey / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D028321:Plant Preparations
keywords: Antakya; Comparison; Cross-cultural; Diachronic analysis; Ethnomedicine; Multicultural old city; Turkey