title: Reflective oxygen saturation monitoring at hypothenar and its validation by human hypoxia experiment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) is an important parameter for healthcare, and wearable sensors and systems for SpO2 monitoring have become increasingly popular. The aim of this paper is to develop a novel SpO2 monitoring system, which detects photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals at hypothenar with a reflection-mode sensor embedded into a glove.
  
  
  METHODS
  A special photo-detector section was designed with two photodiodes arranged symmetrically to the red and infrared light-emitting diodes (LED) to enhance the signal quality. The reflective sensor was placed in a soft silicon substrate sewn in a glove to fit the surface of the hypothenar. To lower the power consumption, the LED driving current was reduced and energy-efficient electronic components were applied. The performance for PPG signal detection and SpO2 monitoring was evaluated by human hypoxia experiments. Accelerometer-based adaptive noise cancellation (ANC) methods applying the least mean squares (LMS) and recursive least squares (RLS) algorithms were studied to suppress motion artifact.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 20 subjects participated in the hypoxia experiment. The degree of comfort for wearing this system was accepted by them. The PPG signals were detected effectively at SpO2 levels from about 100-70%. The experiment validated the accuracy of the system was 2.34%, compared to the invasive measurements. Both the LMS and RLS algorithms improved the performance during motion. The total current consumed by the system was only 8 mA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is feasible to detect PPG signal and monitor SpO2 at the location of hypothenar. This novel system can achieve reliable SpO2 measurements at different SpO2 levels and on different individuals. The system is light-weighted, easy to wear and power-saving. It has the potential to be a solution for wearable monitoring, although more work should be conducted to improve the motion-resistant performance significantly.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China. vincentkahn78@gmail.com.|China Astronaut Research & Training Center, Beijing, China. vincentkahn78@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Aviation Medicine Engineering, Institute of Aviation Medicine, Beijing, China. czhengtao@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Zhengtao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing, China. zhengbozhang@126.com.
authors.forename: Zhengbo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China. deyuli@buaa.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Deyu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Aviation Medicine Engineering, Institute of Aviation Medicine, Beijing, China. yms1601@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mengsun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D002138:Calibration; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009068:Movement; D010092:Oximetry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D017156:Photoplethysmography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D059015:Wireless Technology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen