title: Dietary Intake, Changes in Lipid Parameters and the Risk of Hypertriglyceridemia: A Prospective Approach in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the association of dietary factors with 3-year changes in serum triglycerides (TG), HDL-C and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) among Iranian adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  This longitudinal study was conducted with 1938 adults. Demographics, anthropometrics and biochemical measurements, including serum (TG) and HDL-C and AIP, were assessed at baseline (2006 - 2008) and after a 3 year follow-up (2009 - 2011). Dietary data was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire at baseline. The associations of dietary factors with 3-year changes in lipid parameters were evaluated using linear regression models and the incidence of hypertriglyceridemia after 3 years was assessed using logistic regression models with adjustment for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the participants at baseline was 41.0 ± 13.0 years. Dietary energy density was negatively associated with HDL-C and positively associated with AIP changes (P < 0.05). A three-year change of serum TG was inversely related to energy intake from phytochemical rich foods, whole grains, and legumes (P < 0.05). Fast food intake was positively related to serum TG and AIP changes. Higher compared to lower intakes of dietary fiber and phytochemical-rich foods had similar impacts on a decreased risk of hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 0.58, 95 % CI = 0.34 - 1.00). Higher - compared to lower - dietary sodium to potassium ratios (Na/K ratio) increased the risk of hypertriglyceridemia by 63 % (OR = 0.1.63, 95 % CI = 0.34 - 1.00).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggested that more dense diets, and a higher intake of fast food and fat, could have undesirable effects on lipid and lipoprotein levels; in contrast, higher intakes of fiber, and phytochemical rich foods, especially whole grain and legumes, could have protective effects against undesirable changes in lipid and lipid profiles.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mirmiran
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bahadoran
authors.forename: Sahar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mirzaei
authors.forename: Fereidoun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azizi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids
keywords: HDL-C; atherogenic index of plasma; diet; triglycerides