title: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and wait-list outcomes in pediatric patients awaiting heart transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) reduce the incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in adults with end-stage heart failure; however, their efficacy in pediatric patients awaiting heart transplantation is not well established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to investigate the role of ICDs in preventing SCD and waiting list mortality as well as to determine risk factors for SCD in pediatric patients listed for heart transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We queried the United Network for Organ Sharing database for all pediatric patients (age ≤18 years) listed for heart transplantation (2005-2014). The Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify risk factors for SCD and all-cause mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 5072 mostly White (55%) male (55%) patients (mean age 6.2 ± 6.5 years) were identified, of whom 426 (8.3%) had ICD at listing. At 6 months, 65% underwent heart transplantation, 15% died (4% died of SCD), and 20% were alive. In a multivariable model, United Network for Organ Sharing status 1B (hazard ratio [HR] 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.29-0.95; P = .03), myocarditis (HR 0.19; 95% CI 0.05-0.77; P = .02), restrictive cardiomyopathy (HR 0.19; 95% CI 0.05-0.76; P = .02), and dilated cardiomyopathy (HR 0.32; 95% CI 0.20-0.52; P < .001) were associated with lower SCD risk, while younger age at listing (HR 0.94 per year; 95% CI 0.90-0.98; P = .003) was associated with higher SCD risk. ICD at listing was not associated with reduced SCD (P = .12), all-cause mortality, or delisting (P = .57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In pediatric patients listed for heart transplantation, the risk of SCD remains low and does not differ between patients with and without an ICD at listing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Iqbal
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: El-Assaad
authors.affiliation: Advanced Heart Failure Center, Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Sadeer G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Al-Kindi
authors.affiliation: Advanced Heart Failure Center, Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Guilherme H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Gerard J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio. Electronic address: azizp@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Aziz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014850:Waiting Lists / Q000401:mortality*
keywords: Heart transplant; Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; Pediatric; Sudden cardiac death