title: Surgery for Conditions of Infectious Etiology in Resource-Limited Countries Affected by Crisis: The Médecins Sans Frontières Operations Centre Brussels Experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgery for infection represents a substantial, although undefined, disease burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Médecins Sans Frontières-Operations Centre Brussels (MSF-OCB) provides surgical care in LMICs and collects data useful for describing operative epidemiology of surgical need otherwise unmet by national health services. This study aimed to describe the experience of MSF-OCB operations for infections in LMICs. By doing so, the results might aid effective resource allocation and preparation of future humanitarian staff.
  
  
  METHODS
  Procedures performed in operating rooms at facilities run by MSF-OCB from July 2008 through June 2014 were reviewed. Projects providing specialty care only were excluded. Procedures for infection were described and related to demographics and reason for humanitarian response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 96,239 operations were performed at 27 MSF-OCB sites in 15 countries between 2008 and 2014. Of the 61,177 general operations, 7,762 (13%) were for infections. Operations for skin and soft tissue infections were the most common (64%), followed by intra-abdominal (26%), orthopedic (6%), and tropical infections (3%). The proportion of operations for skin and soft tissue infections was highest during natural disaster missions (p<0.001), intra-abdominal infections during hospital support missions (p<0.001) and orthopedic infections during conflict missions (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical infections are common causes for operation in LMICs, particularly during crisis. This study found that infections require greater than expected surgical input given frequent need for serial operations to overcome contextual challenges and those associated with limited resources in other areas (e.g., ward care). Furthermore, these results demonstrate that the pattern of operations for infections is related to nature of the crisis. Incorporating training into humanitarian preparation (e.g., surgical sepsis care, ultrasound-guided drainage procedures) and ensuring adequate resources for the care of surgical infections are necessary components for providing essential surgical care during crisis.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Davina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayman
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Surgery, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Barclay T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: 3 Médecins sans Frontières-Operational Centre Brussels , Surgical Unit, Brussels, Belgium .
authors.forename: Lynette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.affiliation: 3 Médecins sans Frontières-Operational Centre Brussels , Surgical Unit, Brussels, Belgium .
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trelles
authors.affiliation: 3 Médecins sans Frontières-Operational Centre Brussels , Surgical Unit, Brussels, Belgium .|4 Hospital Ahmad Sha Baba , Médecins sans Frontières, Kabul, Afghanistan .
authors.forename: Sanaulhaq
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saqeb
authors.affiliation: 3 Médecins sans Frontières-Operational Centre Brussels , Surgical Unit, Brussels, Belgium .|5 General Referral Hospital , Médecins sans Frontières, Niangara, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors.forename: Cheride
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kasonga
authors.affiliation: 3 Médecins sans Frontières-Operational Centre Brussels , Surgical Unit, Brussels, Belgium .|6 General Referral Hospital , Médecins sans Frontières, Masisi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors.forename: Theophile Kubuya
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Hangi
authors.affiliation: 3 Médecins sans Frontières-Operational Centre Brussels , Surgical Unit, Brussels, Belgium .|7 General Referral Hospital , Médecins sans Frontières, Lubutu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mupenda
authors.affiliation: 3 Médecins sans Frontières-Operational Centre Brussels , Surgical Unit, Brussels, Belgium .|8 District Headquarters Hospital , Médecins sans Frontières, Timurgara, Lower Dir, Pakistan .
authors.forename: Aamer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naseer
authors.affiliation: 9 Centre for Global Surgery, McGill University Health Centre , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland.|10 Surgeons over Seas (SOS) , New York, New York.
authors.forename: Adam L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kushner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003906:Developing Countries; D004190:Disasters; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult