title: Formaldehyde exposure in gross anatomy laboratory of Suranaree University of Technology: a comparison of area and personal sampling.
abstract: Cadavers are usually preserved by embalming solution which is composed of formaldehyde (FA), phenol, and glycerol. Therefore, medical students and instructors have a higher risk of exposure to FA inhalation from cadavers during dissection. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the FA exposure in indoor air and breathing zone of medical students and instructors during dissection classes in order to investigate the relationship between them. The indoor air and personal air samples in breathing zone were collected three times during anatomy dissection classes (in January, August, and October of 2014) with sorbent tubes, which were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The air cleaner machines were determined by weight measurement. Pulmonary function tests and irritation effects were also investigated. The mean of FA concentrations ranged from 0.117 to 0.415 ppm in the indoor air and from 0.126 to 1.176 ppm in the breathing zone of students and instructors. All the personal exposure data obtained exceeded the threshold limit of NIOSH and WHO agencies. The air cleaner machines were not significant difference. The pulmonary function of instructors showed a decrease during attention of classes and statistically significant decreasing in the instructors more than those of the students. Clinical symptoms that were observed in nose and eyes were irritations with general fatigue. We suggested that the modified exhaust ventilation and a locally ventilated dissection work table were considered for reducing FA levels in the gross anatomy dissection room.
authors.affiliation: School of Anatomy, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand. naruwan@sut.ac.th.
authors.forename: Naruwan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saowakon
authors.affiliation: School of Anatomy, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
authors.forename: Piyada
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ngernsoungnern
authors.affiliation: School of Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pornpun
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Watcharavitoon
authors.affiliation: School of Anatomy, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
authors.forename: Apichart
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ngernsoungnern
authors.affiliation: School of Anatomy, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
authors.forename: Rachain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kosanlavit
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D002102:Cadaver; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007753:Laboratories; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012130:Respiratory Hypersensitivity; D013337:Students, Medical; D014691:Ventilation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005557:Formaldehyde
keywords: Air sampling; Clinical symptoms; Formaldehyde (FA); Gross anatomy; Pulmonary function test