title: Population Structure of mtDNA Variation due to Pleistocene Fluctuations in the South American Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus, Illiger, 1815): Management Units for Conservation.
abstract: The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is one of the largest South American canids, and conservation across this charismatic carnivore's large range is presently hampered by a lack of knowledge about possible natural subdivisions which could influence the population's viability. To elucidate the phylogeographic patterns and demographic history of the species, we used 2 mtDNA markers (D-loop and cytochrome b) from 87 individuals collected throughout their range, in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Uruguay. We found moderate levels of haplotype and nucleotide diversity, and the 14 D-loop haplotypes were closely related. Genetic structure results revealed 4 groups, and when coupled with model inferences from a coalescent analysis, suggested that maned wolves have undergone demographic fluctuations due to changes in climate and habitat during the Pleistocene glaciation period approximately 24000 years before present (YBP). This genetic signature points to an event that occurred within the timing estimated for the start of the contraction of the Cerrado around 50000 YBP. Our results reveal a genetic signature of population size expansion followed by contraction during Pleistocene interglaciations, which had similar impacts on other South American mammals. The 4 groups should for now be considered management units, within which future monitoring efforts should be conducted independently.
authors.affiliation: From the Genética de la Conservación-Departamento de Biodiversidad y Genética -IIBCE- MEC Av. Italia 3318 Montevideo 11600, Uruguay (González, Cosse, and del Rosario Franco); Sección Genética Evolutiva Facultad de Ciencias UdelaR, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay (González); Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, NHB W630, MRC108, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012 (Emmons and Maldonado); Science and evaluation, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1133 Fifteenth St., N.W., Suite 1100 Washington, DC 20005 (Vynne); Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos, Departamento de Zootecnia / Universidade Estadual Paulista Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP-Brasil (Duarte); Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación, Reconquista 555, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Beccacesi); and Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Ave. NW, Washington DC 20008 (Maldonado). sugonza9@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: From the Genética de la Conservación-Departamento de Biodiversidad y Genética -IIBCE- MEC Av. Italia 3318 Montevideo 11600, Uruguay (González, Cosse, and del Rosario Franco); Sección Genética Evolutiva Facultad de Ciencias UdelaR, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay (González); Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, NHB W630, MRC108, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012 (Emmons and Maldonado); Science and evaluation, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1133 Fifteenth St., N.W., Suite 1100 Washington, DC 20005 (Vynne); Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos, Departamento de Zootecnia / Universidade Estadual Paulista Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP-Brasil (Duarte); Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación, Reconquista 555, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Beccacesi); and Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Ave. NW, Washington DC 20008 (Maldonado).
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cosse
authors.affiliation: From the Genética de la Conservación-Departamento de Biodiversidad y Genética -IIBCE- MEC Av. Italia 3318 Montevideo 11600, Uruguay (González, Cosse, and del Rosario Franco); Sección Genética Evolutiva Facultad de Ciencias UdelaR, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay (González); Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, NHB W630, MRC108, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012 (Emmons and Maldonado); Science and evaluation, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1133 Fifteenth St., N.W., Suite 1100 Washington, DC 20005 (Vynne); Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos, Departamento de Zootecnia / Universidade Estadual Paulista Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP-Brasil (Duarte); Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación, Reconquista 555, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Beccacesi); and Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Ave. NW, Washington DC 20008 (Maldonado).
authors.forename: María del Rosario
authors.initials: Mdel R
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: From the Genética de la Conservación-Departamento de Biodiversidad y Genética -IIBCE- MEC Av. Italia 3318 Montevideo 11600, Uruguay (González, Cosse, and del Rosario Franco); Sección Genética Evolutiva Facultad de Ciencias UdelaR, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay (González); Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, NHB W630, MRC108, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012 (Emmons and Maldonado); Science and evaluation, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1133 Fifteenth St., N.W., Suite 1100 Washington, DC 20005 (Vynne); Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos, Departamento de Zootecnia / Universidade Estadual Paulista Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP-Brasil (Duarte); Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación, Reconquista 555, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Beccacesi); and Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Ave. NW, Washington DC 20008 (Maldonado).
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Emmons
authors.affiliation: From the Genética de la Conservación-Departamento de Biodiversidad y Genética -IIBCE- MEC Av. Italia 3318 Montevideo 11600, Uruguay (González, Cosse, and del Rosario Franco); Sección Genética Evolutiva Facultad de Ciencias UdelaR, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay (González); Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, NHB W630, MRC108, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012 (Emmons and Maldonado); Science and evaluation, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1133 Fifteenth St., N.W., Suite 1100 Washington, DC 20005 (Vynne); Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos, Departamento de Zootecnia / Universidade Estadual Paulista Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP-Brasil (Duarte); Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación, Reconquista 555, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Beccacesi); and Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Ave. NW, Washington DC 20008 (Maldonado).
authors.forename: Carly
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vynne
authors.affiliation: From the Genética de la Conservación-Departamento de Biodiversidad y Genética -IIBCE- MEC Av. Italia 3318 Montevideo 11600, Uruguay (González, Cosse, and del Rosario Franco); Sección Genética Evolutiva Facultad de Ciencias UdelaR, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay (González); Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, NHB W630, MRC108, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012 (Emmons and Maldonado); Science and evaluation, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1133 Fifteenth St., N.W., Suite 1100 Washington, DC 20005 (Vynne); Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos, Departamento de Zootecnia / Universidade Estadual Paulista Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP-Brasil (Duarte); Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación, Reconquista 555, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Beccacesi); and Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Ave. NW, Washington DC 20008 (Maldonado).
authors.forename: José Maurício Barbanti
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: From the Genética de la Conservación-Departamento de Biodiversidad y Genética -IIBCE- MEC Av. Italia 3318 Montevideo 11600, Uruguay (González, Cosse, and del Rosario Franco); Sección Genética Evolutiva Facultad de Ciencias UdelaR, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay (González); Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, NHB W630, MRC108, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012 (Emmons and Maldonado); Science and evaluation, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1133 Fifteenth St., N.W., Suite 1100 Washington, DC 20005 (Vynne); Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos, Departamento de Zootecnia / Universidade Estadual Paulista Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP-Brasil (Duarte); Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación, Reconquista 555, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Beccacesi); and Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Ave. NW, Washington DC 20008 (Maldonado).
authors.forename: Marcelo D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Beccacesi
authors.affiliation: From the Genética de la Conservación-Departamento de Biodiversidad y Genética -IIBCE- MEC Av. Italia 3318 Montevideo 11600, Uruguay (González, Cosse, and del Rosario Franco); Sección Genética Evolutiva Facultad de Ciencias UdelaR, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay (González); Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, NHB W630, MRC108, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012 (Emmons and Maldonado); Science and evaluation, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1133 Fifteenth St., N.W., Suite 1100 Washington, DC 20005 (Vynne); Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos, Departamento de Zootecnia / Universidade Estadual Paulista Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP-Brasil (Duarte); Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación, Reconquista 555, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Beccacesi); and Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Ave. NW, Washington DC 20008 (Maldonado).
authors.forename: Jesús E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Maldonado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000235:genetics; D001118:Argentina; D001838:Bolivia; D001938:Brazil; D046028:Canidae / Q000235:genetics*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D051456:Gene Flow; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014583:Uruguay
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: climate change; conservation genetic units; gene flow; landscape fragmentation; maned wolf