title: The role of visualization and 3-D printing in biological data mining.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biological data mining is a powerful tool that can provide a wealth of information about patterns of genetic and genomic biomarkers of health and disease. A potential disadvantage of data mining is volume and complexity of the results that can often be overwhelming. It is our working hypothesis that visualization methods can greatly enhance our ability to make sense of data mining results. More specifically, we propose that 3-D printing has an important role to play as a visualization technology in biological data mining. We provide here a brief review of 3-D printing along with a case study to illustrate how it might be used in a research setting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present as a case study a genetic interaction network associated with grey matter density, an endophenotype for late onset Alzheimer's disease, as a physical model constructed with a 3-D printer. The synergy or interaction effects of multiple genetic variants were represented through a color gradient of the physical connections between nodes. The digital gene-gene interaction network was then 3-D printed to generate a physical network model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The physical 3-D gene-gene interaction network provided an easily manipulated, intuitive and creative way to visualize the synergistic relationships between the genetic variants and grey matter density in patients with late onset Alzheimer's disease. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this novel method of biological data mining visualization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
authors.forename: Talia L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zieselman
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
authors.forename: Douglas P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
authors.forename: Solomon G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Saykin
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA ; Division of Informatics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6021 USA.
authors.forename: Jason H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Moore