title: Factors associated with maternal serum C-reactive protein throughout pregnancy: A longitudinal study in women of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the longitudinal changes of C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations during pregnancy and to assess whether socioeconomic, anthropometric, dietary, behavioral, and biochemical factors are associated with these changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective cohort study of 115 adult pregnant women, followed at gestational weeks 5 to 13, 20 to 26, and 30 to 36. Serum concentrations of CRP (mg/L) were measured by the immunoturbidimetric method with ultrasensitive kits (sensitivity 0.05 mg/dL). The statistics included descriptive analysis (mean + SD) and longitudinal linear mixed-effects models, reporting the β coefficient and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum CRP concentrations progressively increased throughout pregnancy (β = 0.121; 95% CI, 0.071-0.171). Parity (β = 1.579; 95% CI, 0.731-2.427) and prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) (β = 0.316; 95% CI, 0.053-0.587) were positively associated and dietary glycemic load was negatively associated (β = -0.203; 95% CI, -0.380 to -0.026) with CRP concentrations in the multiple model. Prepregnancy obese women presented a more pronounced increase of CRP concentrations compared with normal weight women (β = 0.210; 95% CI, 0.059-0.360 versus 0.115, respectively; 95% CI, 0.049-0.181). A statistically significant interaction was observed between parity and gestational age (β = -0.045; 95% CI, -0.084 to -0.005), indicating that the variation of CRP throughout pregnancy differed according to parity categories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CRP concentrations increased throughout pregnancy. Parity and prepregnancy BMI were positively associated and dietary glycemic load was negatively associated with concentrations of CRP.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Livia Costa
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Beatriz
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Franco-Sena
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Graduate Program in Epidemiology in Public Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rebelo
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dayana Rodrigues
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Farias
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jaqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lepsch
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natália da Silva
authors.initials: Nda S
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: gilberto.kac@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kac
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001938:Brazil; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D000067940:Glycemic Load; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Body mass index; C-Reactive protein; Dietary glycemic load; Parity; Pregnancy