title: Diversity and abundance of mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) in an urban park: larval habitats and temporal variation.
abstract: Urban parks are areas designated for human recreation but also serve as shelter and refuge for populations of several species of native fauna, both migratory and introduced. In Brazil, the effect of annual climate variations on Aedes aegypti and dengue epidemics in large cities like São Paulo is well known, but little is known about how such variations can affect the diversity of mosquito vectors in urban parks and the risk of disease transmission by these vectors. This study investigates the influence of larval habitats and seasonal factors on the diversity and abundance of Culicidae fauna in Anhanguera Park, one of the largest remaining green areas in the city of São Paulo. Species composition and richness and larval habitats were identified. Seasonality (cold-dry and hot-rainy periods) and year were considered as explanatory variables and the models selection approach was developed to investigate the relationship of these variables with mosquito diversity and abundance. A total of 11,036 specimens from 57 taxa distributed in 13 genera were collected. Culex nigripalpus, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus were the most abundant species. Bamboo internodes and artificial breeding sites showed higher abundance, while ponds and puddles showed greater richness. Significant relationships were observed between abundance and seasonality, with a notable increase in the mosquitos abundance in the warm-rainy periods. The Shannon and Berger-Parker indices were related with interaction between seasonality and year, however separately these predictors showed no relationship with ones. The increased abundance of mosquitoes in warm-rainy months and the fact that some of the species are epidemiologically important increase not only the risk of pathogen transmission to people who frequent urban parks but also the nuisance represented by insect bites. The findings of this study highlight the importance of knowledge of culicid ecology in green areas in urban environments.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, CEP 01246-904 SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antônio R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Medeiros-Sousa
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, CEP 01246-904 SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ceretti-Júnior
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, CEP 01246-904 SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriela C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Parques e Áreas Verdes, Prefeitura de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04030-090, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcello S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nardi
authors.affiliation: Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Prefeitura de São Paulo, São Paulo, 02031-020, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alessandra B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Vendrami
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, CEP 01246-904 SP, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil. Electronic address: mmarelli@usp.br.
authors.forename: Mauro T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Marrelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002947:Cities; D003715:Dengue / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004175:Diptera / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D007814:Larva / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology; D009032:Mosquito Control; D000068316:Parks, Recreational
keywords: Culicidae; Mosquito abundance; Mosquito diversity; Urban park