title: In situ Fourier transform infrared analysis of live cells' response to doxorubicin.
abstract: The study of the response of cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs is of high importance due to the specificity of some drugs to certain types of cancer and the resistance of some specific cancer types to chemotherapy drugs. Our aim was to develop and apply the label-free and non-destructive Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method to determine the sensitivity of three different cancer cell-lines to a common anti-cancer drug doxorubicin at different concentrations and to demonstrate that information about the mechanism of resistance to the chemotherapy drug can be extracted from spectral data. HeLa, PC3, and Caco-2 cells were seeded and grown on an attenuated total reflection (ATR) crystal, doxorubicin was applied at the clinically significant concentration of 0.1-20 μM, and spectra of the cells were collected hourly over 20 h. Analysis of the amide bands was correlated with cell viability, which had been cross validated with MTT assays, allowing to determine that the three cell lines had significantly different resistance to doxorubicin. The difference spectra and principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted the subtle chemical changes in the living cells under treatment. Spectral regions assigned to nucleic acids (mainly 1085 cm(-1)) and carbohydrates (mainly 1024 cm(-1)) showed changes that could be related to the mode of action of the drug and the mechanism of resistance of the cell lines to doxorubicin. This is a cost-effective method that does not require bioassay reagents but allows label-free, non-destructive and in situ analysis of chemical changes in live cells, using standard FTIR equipment adapted to ATR measurements.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, SE1 9NH, UK.
authors.forename: Pedro L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Fale
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, SE1 9NH, UK.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Altharawi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, SE1 9NH, UK. Electronic address: ka_lung.chan@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: K L Andrew
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D004317:Doxorubicin
keywords: Chemotherapy; Drug resistance; Drug screening; Infrared spectroscopy; Living cells; Multi-bounce ATR