title: A new flash-free orthodontic adhesive system: A first clinical and stereomicroscopic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the clinical and laboratory properties of the recently introduced APC flash-free orthodontic adhesive.
  
  
  METHODS
  After bonding of 80 brackets on human teeth (group A: APC flash-free adhesive n  =  40, group B: APC Plus adhesive n  =  40), the following measurements were recorded: time for bonding, stereomicroscopic evaluation of excess adhesive, color penetration (methylene blue, 0.5%/24 h), and Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) score after debonding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The time needed for bonding differed significantly between the two groups (A: 19.5 s/tooth vs B: 33.8 s/tooth). The adhesive excess, which was metrically measured from the bracket edge, ranged from 166.27 µm to 81.66 µm (group A) and 988.53 µm to 690.81 µm (group B). After methylene coloration in group A, 52 of 80 measurements showed discoloration on the bracket-adhesive and/or adhesive-enamel interface, while for group B, 78 of 80 were coloration positive. The ARI scores did not differ, with an average ARI score of 2.0 for group A and 2.8 for group B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The flash-free adhesive significantly reduced the time needed for the bonding process. The excess resin expanded 0.16 to 0.08 mm over the bracket margin. The new technology seems to facilitate a smooth and sufficient marginal surface of the adhesive, which clinically might improve reduction of plaque accumulation.
authors.affiliation: a  Research Fellow, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Mainz Medical Center Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Moritz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Foersch
authors.affiliation: b  Dental student, School of Dentistry, University Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.affiliation: c  Resident, Research Fellow, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Roman K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.affiliation: d  Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wehrbein
authors.affiliation: e  Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Collin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements; D017005:Dental Debonding; D003743:Dental Enamel; D006801:Humans; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D019279:Resin Cements
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements; D019279:Resin Cements
keywords: ARI; Adhesive excess; Flash-free; Orthodontic bracket; Stereomicroscopy