title: Characterisation of microcontaminants in Darwin Harbour, a tropical estuary of northern Australia undergoing rapid development.
abstract: The detection of microcontaminants in aquatic environments raises concerns about their potential to exert ecotoxicological effects and impact human health. In contrast to freshwater habitats, little information is available on environmental concentrations in urban estuarine and marine environments. This study investigated an extensive range of organic and inorganic microcontaminants in the Darwin Harbour catchment, a tropical estuary in northern Australia undergoing rapid urbanisation and industrial development. We sampled wastewater effluent and surface water from seven sites in Darwin Harbour for pharmaceuticals and personal care products, alkylphenols, hormones, pesticides, herbicides and metals. In vitro bioassays were used to estimate the (anti)estrogenic and (anti)androgenic activities of samples. Seventy-nine of 229 organic microcontaminants analysed were detected at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 20 μg/L, with acesulfame, paracetamol, cholesterol, caffeine, DEET and iopromide detected at the highest concentrations in wastewater effluent (20 μg/L, 17 μg/L, 11 μg/L, 11 μg/L, 10 μg/L and 7.6 μg/L, respectively). Levels of estrogenic activity ranged from estradiol equivalency quotients (EEQs) of <0.10 to 6.29±0.16 ng/L while levels of androgenic activity ranged from dihydrotestosterone equivalency quotients (DHTEQs) of <3.50 to 138.23±3.71 ng/L. Environmental concentrations of organic microcontaminants were comparable to ranges reported from aquatic environments worldwide with sewage effluent discharges representing the dominant source of entry into Darwin Harbour. The measured concentration range of DEET was higher than ranges reported in previous studies.
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Darwin, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Arafura Timor Research Facility, 23 Ellengowan Drive, Darwin, Australia. Electronic address: veronica.french@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Veronica A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: French
authors.affiliation: Australian Institute of Marine Science, Arafura Timor Research Facility, 23 Ellengowan Drive, Darwin, Australia.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Codi King
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Northcott Research Consultants Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Northcott
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Darwin, Australia.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McGuinness
authors.affiliation: Australian Institute of Marine Science, Arafura Timor Research Facility, 23 Ellengowan Drive, Darwin, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parry
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D063366:Estuaries; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Emerging contaminants; Metals; Pharmaceuticals; Wastewater; Yeast androgen screen; Yeast estrogen screen