title: Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Associated With Metoclopramide Use in a Boy: Case Report and Review of the Literature.
abstract: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), an idiosyncratic reaction comprising muscular rigidity, altered level of consciousness, and autonomic dysfunction, is a rare but serious medical condition. It is most commonly precipitated by major tranquilizers such as butyrophenones, phenothiazines, and thioxanthines. Metoclopramide, a chlorbenzamide derivative with antidopaminergic properties, is widely used to treat nausea and emesis. We describe the first reported case of a boy who developed NMS in association with the use of this drug. A 13-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with a history of hyperthermia (42.6°C) and altered level of consciousness. He had recently had acute gastroenteritis and had been treated with metoclopramide 10 mg three times a day for 2 days. Vital signs were notable for hypotension, and physical examination revealed altered mental status with muscle rigidity. Laboratory testing revealed metabolic acidosis and increased prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times. He was actively cooled and received 3 rapid boluses, totaling 60 mL/kg, of isotonic crystalloids, for more than 20 minutes. Sepsis workup revealed no evidence of bacterial infection. He subsequently recovered fully and was discharged home with pediatric follow-up. This case represents the first description of NMS in association with metoclopramide in a healthy boy. It demonstrates the importance of considering this diagnosis early in the course of disease in patients with muscular rigidity, altered level of consciousness and autonomic dysfunction, and the need to rapidly respond to the physiological aberrations.
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dana-Dwek Children Hospital, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel; 2Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; 3Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and 4Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ichilov Hospital, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Osnat
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wittmann
authors.forename: Efraim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sadot
authors.forename: Orly
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bisker-Kassif
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scolnik
authors.forename: Oren
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tavor
authors.forename: Miguel M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Glatstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D065127:Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008787:Metoclopramide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009459:Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics; D065127:Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists; D008787:Metoclopramide