title: Impact of cannabis use on prefrontal and parietal cortex gyrification and surface area in adolescents and emerging adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regions undergoing maturation with CB1 receptors may be at increased risk for cannabis-induced alterations. Here, we examine the relationships between cannabis use and prefrontal (PFC) and inferior parietal gyrification and surface area (SA) in youth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 33 cannabis users and 35 controls (ages 18-25). Exclusions included co-morbid psychiatric/neurologic disorders and heavy other drug use. Multiple regressions and Pearson r correlations examined the effects of cannabis use on gyrification, SA and cognition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cannabis use was associated with decreased gyrification in: ventral-medial PFC (RH: [FDR corrected p=.02], LH: [FDR corrected p=.02]); medial PFC (RH: [FDR corrected p=.02], LH: [FDR corrected p=.02]); and frontal poles (RH: [FDR corrected p=.02], LH: [FDR corrected p=.02]). No differences were observed in bilateral hemispheres, PFC, dorsolateral, ventrolateral, or inferior parietal ROIs. Cannabis use was associated with marginally decreased SA in left: medial PFC [FDR corrected p=.09], and ventral lateral PFC: [FDR corrected p=.09]. In cannabis users, increased gyrification was associated with improved working-memory performance in right medial (p=.003), ventral-medial (p=.03), and frontal pole ROIs (p=.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cannabis use was associated with reduced gyrification in PFC regions implicated in self-referential thought and social cognition. Results suggest that these gyrification characteristics may have cognitive implications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Garland Hall Rm 224, 2441 East Hartford Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States. Electronic address: Skyler.Shollenbarger@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Skyler G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Shollenbarger
authors.affiliation: McLean Hospital-Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States. Electronic address: JenessaPrice@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jenessa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Garland Hall Rm 224, 2441 East Hartford Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States. Electronic address: JonWieser@netzero.com.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wieser
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Garland Hall Rm 224, 2441 East Hartford Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States. Electronic address: Krista.Medina@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lisdahl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000473:pathology*; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D057566:Self Report; D012938:Social Perception; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cannabis; Cognition; Emerging adults; Gyrification; Marijuana; Prefrontal and parietal cortex