title: Dynamics of respiratory and cardiac CSF motion revealed with real-time simultaneous multi-slice EPI velocity phase contrast imaging.
abstract: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics have been mostly studied with cardiac-gated phase contrast MRI combining signal from many cardiac cycles to create cine-phase sampling of one time-averaged cardiac cycle. The relative effects of cardiac and respiratory changes on CSF movement are not well understood. There is possible respiration-driven movement of CSF in ventricles, cisterns, and subarachnoid spaces which has not been characterized with velocity measurements. To date, commonly used cine-phase contrast techniques of velocity imaging inherently cannot detect respiratory velocity changes since cardiac-gated data acquired over several minutes randomizes respiratory phase contributions. We have developed an extremely fast, real-time, and quantitative MRI technique to image CSF velocity in simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) echo planar imaging (EPI) acquisitions of 3 or 6 slice levels simultaneously over 30s and observe 3D spatial distributions of CSF velocity. Measurements were made in 10 subjects utilizing a respiratory belt to record respiratory phases and visual cues to instruct subjects on breathing rates. A protocol is able to measure velocity within regions of brain and basal cisterns covered with 24 axial slices in 4 minutes, repeated for 3 velocity directions. These measurements were performed throughout the whole brain, rather than in selected line regions so that a global view of CSF dynamics could be visualized. Observations of cardiac and breathing-driven CSF dynamics show bidirectional respiratory motion occurs primarily along the central axis through the basal cisterns and intraventricular passageways and to a lesser extent in the peripheral Sylvian fissure with little CSF motion present in subarachnoid spaces. During inspiration phase, there is upward (inferior to superior) CSF movement into the cranial cavity and lateral ventricles and a reversal of direction in expiration phase.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Advanced MRI Technologies, Sebastopol, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Liyong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Advanced MRI Technologies, Sebastopol, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beckett
authors.affiliation: Biogen-Idec, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Advanced MRI Technologies, Sebastopol, CA, USA. Electronic address: david.feinberg@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Feinberg
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D055424:Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000502:physiology; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000502:physiology*; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012119:Respiration; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
keywords: CSF; Cardiac; EPI; Multiband; Phase contrast; Respiratory; Simultaneous multi-slice; Velocity