title: Pre-deamidation of soy protein isolate exerts impacts on transglutaminase-induced glucosamine glycation and cross-linking as well as properties of the products.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transglutaminase (TGase) induces protein glycation and cross-linking, but results in lower solubility and digestibility due to excessive cross-linking. Deamidation of soy protein isolate (SPI) by HCl converts glutamine residues, and provides less opportunity for the two reactions. Two deamidated SPI products (DSPI1 and DSPI2) were thus glucosamine-glycated and cross-linked, to clarify the effects of pre-deamidation on the two reactions and properties of the products.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DSPI1 and DSPI2 had respective degrees of deamidation of 12.2% and 27.4%. They and SPI were used to generate three glycated and cross-linked products (GC-DSPI1, GC-DSPI2 and GC-SPI) containing glucosamine of 12.0, 4.4 and 19.7 g kg(-1) protein, respectively, which were reflected in their infrared spectra at two regions. These three (especially GC-SPI) had higher water-binding than SPI (8.2-12.6 versus 6.2 g g(-1) protein). GC-DSPI1 and GC-DSPI2 showed better enzymatic digestion than GC-SPI. Thermogravimetric and circular dichroism analyses verified that GC-DSPI1 and GC-DSPI2 had maximum degradation rates at temperatures 12-14 °C lower than GC-SPI, and possessed a more open secondary structure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SPI deamidation decreases forthcoming glycation and cross-linking, and gives the products higher digestibility, less increased hydration, lower thermal stability, and a more open secondary structure. Pre-deamidation is applicable to control the properties of GC-proteins. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xin-Tong
authors.initials: XT
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.|Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xin-Huai
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9682-5426
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D005511:Food Handling; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D030262:Soybean Proteins; D011503:Transglutaminases; D005944:Glucosamine
keywords: cross-linking; deamidation; glycation; property; soy protein isolate; transglutaminase