The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research.
Otosclerosis is a complex disease of the human otic capsule with highest incidence in adult Caucasians. So far, many possible etiological factors like genetics, HLA, autoimmunity, viruses, inflammation, and hormones have been investigated but still the development of the disease remains unclear. Currently, the surgical replacement of stapes (stapedotomy) remains the best possible treatment option. In this review, we analyze different etiological factors studied so far in otosclerosis pathophysiology and discuss most recent findings and possible new research pathways.
Discipline of Otorhinolaryngology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland. Electronic address: milan.rudic@yahoo.com.
M
M
Rudic
Discipline of Otorhinolaryngology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
I
I
Keogh
Global ENT Outreach, USA.
R
R
Wagner
Global ENT Outreach, USA; House Ear Clinic, LA, USA.
E
E
Wilkinson
Megbare Senayi General Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
N
N
Kiros
UMR-S 1159 Inserm, University Paris 6, France; AP-HP, La Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, University Paris 6, France.
E
E
Ferrary
UMR-S 1159 Inserm, University Paris 6, France; AP-HP, La Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, University Paris 6, France.
O
O
Sterkers
UMR-S 1159 Inserm, University Paris 6, France.
A
A
Bozorg Grayeli
University Medical School, Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb Division of Pathology, Croatia.
K
K
Zarkovic
Institute Ruđer Bošković, Zagreb, Croatia.
N
N
Zarkovic
D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015551:Autoimmunity; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008459:Measles virus; D010040:Otosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013199:Stapes / Q000503:physiopathology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
D006680:HLA Antigens; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D000804:Angiotensin II; D003094:Collagen
Hearing loss; Otosclerosis; Pathophysiology; Stapes