Self-reported strategies in decisions under risk: role of feedback, reasoning abilities, executive functions, short-term-memory, and working memory.
In decisions under objective risk conditions information about the decision options' possible outcomes and the rules for outcomes' occurrence are provided. Thus, deciders can base decision-making strategies on probabilistic laws. In many laboratory decision-making tasks, choosing the option with the highest winning probability in all trials (=maximization strategy) is probabilistically regarded the most rational behavior. However, individuals often behave less optimal, especially in case the individuals have lower cognitive functions or in case no feedback about consequences is provided in the situation. It is still unclear which cognitive functions particularly predispose individuals for using successful strategies and which strategies profit from feedback. We investigated 195 individuals with two decision-making paradigms, the Game of Dice Task (GDT) (with and without feedback), and the Card Guessing Game. Thereafter, participants reported which strategies they had applied. Interaction effects (feedback × strategy), effect sizes, and uncorrected single group comparisons suggest that feedback in the GDT tended to be more beneficial to individuals reporting exploratory strategies (e.g., use intuition). In both tasks, the self-reported use of more principled and more rational strategies was accompanied by better decision-making performance and better performances in reasoning and executive functioning tasks. The strategy groups did not significantly differ in most short-term and working-memory tasks. Thus, particularly individual differences in reasoning and executive functions seem to predispose individuals toward particular decision-making strategies. Feedback seems to be useful for individuals who rather explore the decision-making situation instead of following a certain plan.
Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Forsthausweg 2, 47057, Duisburg, Germany. johannes.schiebener@uni-due.de.
Johannes
J
Schiebener
Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Forsthausweg 2, 47057, Duisburg, Germany.|Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany.
Matthias
M
Brand
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D030141:Feedback, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005717:Games, Experimental; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011336:Probability; D012309:Risk-Taking; D057566:Self Report; D055815:Young Adult
Decisions under risk; Executive functions; Feedback; Reasoning; Strategies; Working memory