Role of inflammation in the process of clinical Kashin-Beck disease: latest findings and interpretations.
Kashin-Beck disease (KBD), a particular type of osteoarthritis (OA), and an endemic disease with articular cartilage damage and chondrocytes apoptosis, can affect many joints, and the most commonly affected joints are the knee, ankle, and hand. KBD has traditionally been classified as a non-inflammatory OA. However, recent studies have shown that inflammation has played an important role in the development of KBD. Nowadays, clinical KBD is not only an endemic disease, but also a combined result of many other non-endemic factors, which contains age, altered biomechanics, joint trauma and secondary OA. The characteristics of the developmental joint failure of advanced KBD, because of the biochemical and mechanical processes, are tightly linked with the interaction of joint damage and its immune response, as well as the subsequent state of chronic inflammation leading to KBD progression. In this review, we focus on the epidemiology, pathology, imaging, cytokines and transduction pathways investigating the association of inflammation with KBD; meanwhile, a wide range of data will be discussed to elicit our current hypotheses considering the role of inflammation and immune activation in KBD development.
School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. bbbishop@126.com.
Jing
J
Han
Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. wangweizhuo@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
Weizhuo
W
Wang
Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. chengjuan.qu@gmail.com.
Chengjuan
C
Qu
Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. liuryu@126.com.
Ruiyu
R
Liu
Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. liwenrong16888@163.com.
Wenrong
W
Li
Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. gzq75@163.com.
Zongqiang
Z
Gao
School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. guox@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
Xiong
X
Guo
D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D057767:Kashin-Beck Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
Immune response; Inflammation; Kashin-Beck disease