Prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in asymptomatic Chinese children: a prospective, cross-sectional, population-based study.
BACKGROUND
Limited research has been published on current Helicobacter pylori infection rate in asymptomatic children in China.


OBJECTIVE
To assess current Helicobacter pylori infection rate, distribution characteristics and risk factors in Chinese asymptomatic children.


METHODS
A prospective, cross-sectional, population-based study was performed from 2009 to 2011 in three cities of China. Helicobacter pylori infection was diagnosed by a stool antigen test. Multi-stage cluster random sampling was used to select asymptomatic children including neonates. Socioeconomic details were obtained through a standardised questionnaire.


RESULTS
Among total of 3491 children (0-18 years), the global infection rate was 6.8% and there were no significant differences between genders. Age specific infection rate between regions was significantly different (P < 0.05). The infection rate significantly increased with age (P for trend <0.01). It was low during the newborn (0.6%) to preschool period and was significantly increased in high school students (13.5%) (P < 0.01). Multivariable regression indicated that hand sanitisation, individually served meals, higher education level of mother, above average living space and residence in urban areas were significantly protective against infection (OR 0.749, 0.698, 0.720, 0.838 and 0.770 respectively). Conversely, consuming meals in unsanitised conditions, sharing towels, receiving pre-chewed food from the mother, artificial feeding and family history of gastrointestinal disease were significantly associated with the risk of infection (OR 1.200, 1.965, 2.002, 1.071 and 2.093 respectively).


CONCLUSIONS
Helicobacter pylori infection rate increases with age in Chinese asymptomatic children and is common after 10 years of age. The rate of infection is related to socioeconomic status.
Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Children's Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Z
Ding
Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Children's Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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S
Zhao
Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China.
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S
Gong
Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Z
Li
Department of Pediatrics, West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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M
Mao
Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Children's Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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X
Xu
Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
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L
Zhou
D000293:Adolescent; D044466:Asian People; D058345:Asymptomatic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors