Albuterol Delivery via Facial and Tracheostomy Route in a Model of a Spontaneously Breathing Child.
BACKGROUND
Some pediatric patients receiving therapeutic aerosols undergo tracheostomy, and others who are tracheostomized continue requiring inhaled therapies upon decannulation. It is unknown whether a dose adjustment is required. Different devices are available for facial and tracheostomy delivery, and in some instances, the assisted technique is used. We hypothesized that the change from face mask to tracheostomy would result in a decrease in the lung dose.


METHODS
A breathing simulator connected in series to a filter holder and an anatomically correct head model of a child was used. The drug captured in the filter was termed the lung dose. Breathing patterns with tidal volumes of 50, 155, and 300 mL were tested. Albuterol hydrofluoroalkane (pressurized metered-dose inhaler [pMDI]) with an AeroChamber Mini (face and 4.5-mm tracheostomy), AeroTrach (4.5-mm tracheostomy), and AeroChamber (face) and albuterol (2.5 mg/3 mL) with a continuous output nebulizer (face and 4.5-mm tracheostomy) were tested. Masks were used for facial delivery. Four units of each device were tested. Particle size of the pMDI was measured by cascade impaction. Albuterol concentration was determined via spectrophotometry (276 nm).


RESULTS
Switching from facial to tracheostomy delivery increased lung dose with nebulizer (all breathing patterns). When a pMDI was used, lung dose was unchanged or increased for the 50- and 155-mL and decreased for the 300-mL breathing pattern. The use of the assisted technique increased lung dose only during nebulization with the 300-mL breathing pattern. The particle size of the pMDI decreased by 19-23% when traveling through the tracheostomy tube, which retained < 4% and < 26% of the nominal dose of a nebulizer and pMDI, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
The effect of changing the delivery route from face to tracheostomy was variable and depended on the delivery device and the breathing pattern. There is no advantage of using the assisted technique to enhance aerosol delivery.
College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
Brandy
B
Cooper
Pulmonology Section, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas and the Pediatric Aerosol Research Laboratory, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas. BerlinskiAriel@uams.edu.
Ariel
A
Berlinski
D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005145:Face; D006801:Humans; D008397:Masks; D036501:Metered Dose Inhalers; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010316:Particle Size; D012119:Respiration; D013990:Tidal Volume; D014139:Tracheostomy
D000336:Aerosols; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D000420:Albuterol
aerosol; artificial airway; drug delivery; jet nebulizer; metered dose inhaler; tracheostomy; valved-holding chamber