Textile dyes induce toxicity on zebrafish early life stages.
Textile manufacturing is one of the most polluting industrial sectors because of the release of potentially toxic compounds, such as synthetic dyes, into the environment. Depending on the class of the dyes, their loss in wastewaters can range from 2% to 50% of the original dye concentration. Consequently, uncontrolled use of such dyes can negatively affect human health and the ecological balance. The present study assessed the toxicity of the textile dyes Direct Black 38 (DB38), Reactive Blue 15 (RB15), Reactive Orange 16 (RO16), and Vat Green 3 (VG3) using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos for 144 h postfertilization (hpf). At the tested conditions, none of the dyes caused significant mortality. The highest RO16 dose significantly delayed or inhibited the ability of zebrafish embryos to hatch from the chorion after 96 hpf. From 120 hpf to 144 hpf, all the dyes impaired the gas bladder inflation of zebrafish larvae, DB38 also induced curved tail, and VG3 led to yolk sac edema in zebrafish larvae. Based on these data, DB38, RB15, RO16, and VG3 can induce malformations during embryonic and larval development of zebrafish. Therefore, it is essential to remove these compounds from wastewater or reduce their concentrations to safe levels before discharging textile industry effluents into the aquatic environment.
FF-UFG, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.|FCFRP-USP, Department of Clinical, Toxicological, and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
Gisele Augusto Rodrigues
GA
de Oliveira
UTOX-PCB, Unit of Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Barcelona, Spain.
Joaquín
J
de Lapuente
FCFRP-USP, Department of Clinical, Toxicological, and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
Elisabet
E
Teixidó
UTOX-PCB, Unit of Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Barcelona, Spain.
Constança
C
Porredón
UTOX-PCB, Unit of Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Barcelona, Spain.
Miquel
M
Borràs
FCFRP-USP, Department of Clinical, Toxicological, and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
Danielle Palma
DP
de Oliveira
D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000002:abnormalities; D005306:Fertilization; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D013623:Tail / Q000473:pathology; D013783:Textile Industry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D015017:Yolk Sac / Q000187:drug effects; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000235:genetics*
D004396:Coloring Agents; D007220:Industrial Waste; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
Alternative to animal testing; Aquatic toxicity; Embryo-larval toxicity test; Malformation; Textile dye