Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases and/or Carbapenemases-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Retail Chicken Meat in Zagazig, Egypt.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and to characterize extended-spectrum β-lactamases- and/or carbapenemases-producing Enterobacteriaceae among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from retail chicken meat in Zagazig, Egypt.


METHODS
One hundred and six Enterobacteriaceae isolates were collected from retail chicken meat samples purchased in Zagazig, Egypt in 2013. Species identification was done by MALDI-TOF MS. Screening for ESBL-E was performed by inoculation of isolates recovered from meat samples onto the EbSA (Cepheid Benelux, Apeldoorn, the Netherlands) selective screening agar. ESBL production was confirmed by combination disc diffusion test with clavulanic acid (Rosco, Taastrup, Denmark). Carbapenemases production was confirmed with double disk synergy tests. Resistance genes were characterized by PCR with specific primers for TEM, SHV, and CTX-M and carbapenemases (KPC, NDM, OXA-48, IMP and VIM). PCR products of CTX-M genes were purified and sequenced. Phylogenetic grouping of E. coli was performed by a PCR-based method.


RESULTS
Of these 106 isolates 69 (65.09%) were ESBL producers. Twelve (11.32%) of these isolates were also phenotypically class B carbapenemases producer. TEM genes were detected in 61 (57.55%) isolates. 49 (46.23%) isolates harbored CTX-M genes, and 25 (23.58%) carried genes of the SHV family. All CPE belonged to the NDM group. The predominant CTX-M sequence type was CTX-M-15 (89.80%). The majority (80%) of the ESBL-EC belonged to low virulence phylogroups A and B1.


CONCLUSIONS
This is the first study from Egypt reporting high rates of ESBLs and carbapenemases (65.09% and 11.32%, respectively) in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from retail chicken meat. These results raise serious concerns about public health and food safety as retail meat could serve as a reservoir for these resistant bacteria which could be transferred to humans through the food chain.
Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
H M
HM
Abdallah
Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
E A
EA
Reuland
Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
B B
BB
Wintermans
Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Public Health, Hengelo, the Netherlands; Microbiology and Infection Control, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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N
Al Naiemi
Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
A
A
Koek
Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
A M
AM
Abdelwahab
Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
A M
AM
Ammar
Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
A A
AA
Mohamed
Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
C M J E
CM
Vandenbroucke-Grauls
D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002645:Chickens; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004534:Egypt; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D058889:Molecular Typing; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C063912:carbapenemase