Distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes and bacterial vaginosis presence in cervical samples from Paraguayan indigenous.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the frequency of human papillomavirus (HPV) types and to assess bacterial vaginosis (BV) possible associations with cervical infections in indigenous Paraguayan women of the Department of Presidente Hayes.


METHODS
This study included 181 sexually active women without cervical lesions. HPV typing was performed by polymerase chain reaction with primers PGMY 09/11 followed by reverse line hybridization. BV was diagnosed by the Nugent criteria using the results from a Gram stain smear.


RESULTS
Sixteen percent of women were positive for at least one high risk HPV type (HR-HPV). The most frequent genotypes were HPV 16 (4.4%), followed by HPV 58 (3.3%), HPV 45 (3.3%), HPV 53 (2.8%) and HPV 11 (2.8%). A significant association between HR-HPV and BV was observed (p=0.01). In addition, women with BV had a higher frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis (p=0.0007), Trichomonas vaginalis (p=0.00009), Mycoplasma hominis (p=0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
A large variety of HPV genotypes was detected and showed a slightly different pattern from previous studies on urban women in Paraguay, with the predominance of HR-HPV. Furthermore, the information of co-infections involved in BV could be useful for the improvement of national prevention programs, as well as for laboratory surveillance of these genital infections.
Department of Public Health, Health Sciences Research Institute (IICS), National University of Asuncion (UNA), Paraguay. Electronic address: pamemongelos@hotmail.com.
Pamela
P
Mongelos
Department of Public Health, Health Sciences Research Institute (IICS), National University of Asuncion (UNA), Paraguay. Electronic address: lauramendozatorres@gmail.com.
Laura Patricia
LP
Mendoza
Department of Public Health, Health Sciences Research Institute (IICS), National University of Asuncion (UNA), Paraguay. Electronic address: rodriguez_riveros@hotmail.com.
Isabel
I
Rodriguez-Riveros
Department of Public Health, Health Sciences Research Institute (IICS), National University of Asuncion (UNA), Paraguay. Electronic address: acastroma19@gmail.com.
Amalia
A
Castro
Department of Public Health, Health Sciences Research Institute (IICS), National University of Asuncion (UNA), Paraguay. Electronic address: gachegim@hotmail.com.
Graciela
G
Gimenez
Department of Public Health, Health Sciences Research Institute (IICS), National University of Asuncion (UNA), Paraguay. Electronic address: patriciaraujolopez@gmail.com.
Patricia
P
Araujo
Department of Public Health, Health Sciences Research Institute (IICS), National University of Asuncion (UNA), Paraguay. Electronic address: paezmalvina@yahoo.es.
Malvina
M
Paez
Cervical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, UNA, Paraguay. Electronic address: juvencastro@gmail.com.
Wilberto
W
Castro
Oncogenic Virus Service, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INEI) - ANLIS "Dr. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: jbasiletti@gmail.com.
Jorge
J
Basiletti
Oncogenic Virus Service, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INEI) - ANLIS "Dr. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: joavicgon@yahoo.com.ar.
Joaquín
J
González
Department of Clinical and microbiological analysis, IICS, UNA, Paraguay. Electronic address: gamechague@yahoo.com.
Gloria
G
Echagüe
Department of Clinical and microbiological analysis, IICS, UNA, Paraguay. Electronic address: nitadiazp@gmail.com.
Valentina
V
Diaz
Department of Clinical and microbiological analysis, IICS, UNA, Paraguay. Electronic address: nenalaspina@gmail.com.
Florentina
F
Laspina
Regional Hospital of Villa Hayes, Ministry of Public Health, Department of President Hayes, Paraguay. Electronic address: drtiago@hotmail.es.
Santiago
S
Ever
Health Center of Pozo Colorado, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Presidente Hayes, Paraguay. Electronic address: rcmareco@yahoo.es.
Ramón
R
Marecos
Molecular Applications Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Northeast National University, Corrientes, Argentina. Electronic address: delucagd@gmail.com.
Gerardo
G
Deluca
Oncogenic Virus Service, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INEI) - ANLIS "Dr. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: mapicconi@gmail.com.
María Alejandra
MA
Picconi
D000328:Adult; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D060085:Coinfection / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D019535:Mycoplasma hominis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D010239:Paraguay / Q000453:epidemiology; D014246:Trichomonas vaginalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016585:Vaginosis, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D055815:Young Adult
Bacterial vaginosis; Cervical samples; HPV genotypes; Indigenous population; Paraguay