Simulation-based training for determination of brain death by pediatric healthcare providers.
BACKGROUND
Low competency for determination of brain death (BD) and unfamiliarity with Japanese BD (JBD) criteria among pediatricians were highlighted in previous nationwide studies. Because the JBD criteria were amended in 2010 to allow organ donation from pediatric brain-dead donors, we created a 2-day training course to assess knowledge and improve skill in the determination and diagnosis of pediatric BD.


METHODS
The course consisted of two modules: a multistation round session and a group discussion session, and was bookended by a before and after 20-question test. In the multistation round session, participants rotated between stations staffed by expert faculty members. For hands-on skill development, we used the Sim Junior 3G™ simulation mannequin (Laerdal Medical, Wappingers Falls, NY, USA) for structured simulations. In the group discussion session, we implemented simulation-based role playing to practice decision making in prepared scenarios of complicated clinical situations. We investigated the participants' impressions of the course by self-scoring and questionnaires.


RESULTS
Of 147 pediatric healthcare providers from multiple specialties who participated in this course, 145 completed the entire process. The course was evaluated in three aspects with self-scoring and questionnaires: (1) value (4.58 ± 0.64; range 1-5); (2) time schedule (2.40 ± 0.61; range 1-3); and (3) difficulty (2.89 ± 0.43; range 1-5). Finally, participants scored the entire course program (9.64 ± 1.69; range 1-11). Various positive feedbacks were obtained from a total of 93 participants. Post-test scores (83.6 %) were significantly higher than pre-test scores (62.9 %).


CONCLUSIONS
This simulation-based course represents an effective method to train pediatric healthcare providers in determining BD in Japan and may improve baseline knowledge of BD among participants.
Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Sendagi 1-1-5, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603 Japan ; The Exploratory Committee for Brain Death Determination and Related Issues, The Japanese Society of Emergency Pediatrics, Shinjuku 1-15-11, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0022 Japan.
Takashi
T
Araki
Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Sendagi 1-1-5, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603 Japan.
Hiroyuki
H
Yokota
The Exploratory Committee for Brain Death Determination and Related Issues, The Japanese Society of Emergency Pediatrics, Shinjuku 1-15-11, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0022 Japan.
Kotaro
K
Ichikawa
The Exploratory Committee for Brain Death Determination and Related Issues, The Japanese Society of Emergency Pediatrics, Shinjuku 1-15-11, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0022 Japan.
Toshio
T
Osamura
The Exploratory Committee for Brain Death Determination and Related Issues, The Japanese Society of Emergency Pediatrics, Shinjuku 1-15-11, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0022 Japan.
Akira
A
Satomi
The Exploratory Committee for Brain Death Determination and Related Issues, The Japanese Society of Emergency Pediatrics, Shinjuku 1-15-11, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0022 Japan.
Tomomitsu
T
Tsuru
The Exploratory Committee for Brain Death Determination and Related Issues, The Japanese Society of Emergency Pediatrics, Shinjuku 1-15-11, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0022 Japan.
Minoru
M
Umehara
The Exploratory Committee for Brain Death Determination and Related Issues, The Japanese Society of Emergency Pediatrics, Shinjuku 1-15-11, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0022 Japan.
Takehiro
T
Niitsu
The Exploratory Committee for Brain Death Determination and Related Issues, The Japanese Society of Emergency Pediatrics, Shinjuku 1-15-11, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0022 Japan.
Tsuyoshi
T
Yamamoto
The Exploratory Committee for Brain Death Determination and Related Issues, The Japanese Society of Emergency Pediatrics, Shinjuku 1-15-11, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0022 Japan.
Kazutaka
K
Nishiyama
Brain death; Determination; Pediatric healthcare providers; Simulation; Training