Improving Clinical Workflow in Ambulatory Care: Implemented Recommendations in an Innovation Prototype for the Veteran's Health Administration.
BACKGROUND
Human factors workflow analyses in healthcare settings prior to technology implemented are recommended to improve workflow in ambulatory care settings. In this paper we describe how insights from a workflow analysis conducted by NIST were implemented in a software prototype developed for a Veteran's Health Administration (VHA) VAi2 innovation project and associated lessons learned.


METHODS
We organize the original recommendations and associated stages and steps visualized in process maps from NIST and the VA's lessons learned from implementing the recommendations in the VAi2 prototype according to four stages: 1) before the patient visit, 2) during the visit, 3) discharge, and 4) visit documentation. NIST recommendations to improve workflow in ambulatory care (outpatient) settings and process map representations were based on reflective statements collected during one-hour discussions with three physicians. The development of the VAi2 prototype was conducted initially independently from the NIST recommendations, but at a midpoint in the process development, all of the implementation elements were compared with the NIST recommendations and lessons learned were documented.


RESULTS
Story-based displays and templates with default preliminary order sets were used to support scheduling, time-critical notifications, drafting medication orders, and supporting a diagnosis-based workflow. These templates enabled customization to the level of diagnostic uncertainty. Functionality was designed to support cooperative work across interdisciplinary team members, including shared documentation sessions with tracking of text modifications, medication lists, and patient education features. Displays were customized to the role and included access for consultants and site-defined educator teams.


CONCLUSIONS
Workflow, usability, and patient safety can be enhanced through clinician-centered design of electronic health records. The lessons learned from implementing NIST recommendations to improve workflow in ambulatory care using an EHR provide a first step in moving from a billing-centered perspective on how to maintain accurate, comprehensive, and up-to-date information about a group of patients to a clinician-centered perspective. These recommendations point the way towards a "patient visit management system," which incorporates broader notions of supporting workload management, supporting flexible flow of patients and tasks, enabling accountable distributed work across members of the clinical team, and supporting dynamic tracking of steps in tasks that have longer time distributions.
Ohio State University.
Emily S
ES
Patterson
National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Svetlana Z
SZ
Lowry
National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Mala
M
Ramaiah
SAIS Bologna Center ; Johns Hopkins University.
Michael C
MC
Gibbons
NYU Langone Medical Center.
David
D
Brick
Apex Data Solutions, LLC.
Robert
R
Calco
NYU Langone Medical Center.
Greg
G
Matton
Vanderbilt University.
Anne
A
Miller
Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT.
Ellen
E
Makar
Veterans Health Administration ; UT Health School of Biomedical Informatics.
Jorge A
JA
Ferrer
health information technology; informatics; methods