Physician smoking cessation counseling and adherence to a clinical practice guideline.
OBJECTIVE
The U.S. Public Health Service Clinical Practice Guideline recommends that physicians provide tobacco cessation interventions to their patients at every visit. While many studies have examined the extent to which physicians implement the guideline's "5 A's", few studies have examined the extent to which physicians implement the guideline's "5 R's" which are to be used in a Motivational Interviewing (MI) consistent style with smokers not ready to quit. This study examined the extent to which physicians in usual practice and without specific training administered the 5 R's including the use of an MI style.


METHODS
Thirty-eight physicians were audio recorded during their routine clinical practice conversations with smokers.Recordings were coded by independent raters on the implementation of each of the 5 A's, 5 R's and MI counseling style.


RESULTS
Results revealed that for patients not ready to quit smoking, physicians most frequently discussed the patient's personal relevance for quitting and the risks of smoking. Roadblocks and rewards were discussed relatively infrequently. MI skill code analyses revealed that physicians, on average, had moderate scores for acceptance and autonomy support, a low to moderate score for collaboration and low scores for empathy and evocation.


CONCLUSIONS
Results suggest that for the Clinical Guideline to be implemented appropriately physicians will need specialized training or will need to be able to refer patients to counselors with the necessary expertise. Counseling efforts could increase providers' willingness to implement guideline recommendations and therefore to enhance the person-centeredness of clinical care.
Clinical Health Psychology Doctoral Candidate, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
Sofie L
SL
Champassak
Professor, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
Delwyn
D
Catley
Assistant Professor, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
Sarah
S
Finocchario-Kessler
Research Assistant, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
Maghen
M
Farris
Associate Program Director, Internal Medicine Residency Program, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
Maniza
M
Ehtesham
Research Assistant, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
Rachel
R
Schoor
Director, Division of Health Services and Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, MO, USA.
Kathy
K
Goggin
Clinical guideline implementation; empathy; motivational interviewing; patient-provider communication; person-centered healthcare; physician counseling skills; physician perspectives; self-efficacy; smoking cessation counseling