N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC)-Directed Detoxification of Methacryloxylethyl Cetyl Ammonium Chloride (DMAE-CB).
Methacryloxylethyl cetyl ammonium chloride (DMAE-CB) is a polymerizable antibacterial monomer and has been proved as an effective strategy to achieve bioactive bonding with reliable bacterial inhibitory effects. However, the toxicity of DMAE-CB may hamper its wide application in clinical situations. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the toxicity of DMAE-CB and explore the possible protective effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis showed that chemical binding of NAC and DMAE-CB occurred in a time dependent manner. Pre-incubation of fourty-eight hours is required for adequate reaction between DMAE-CB and NAC. DMAE-CB reduced human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) viability in a dose-dependent manner. The toxic effects of DMAE-CB were accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and reduced glutathione (GSH) content. NAC alleviated DMAE-CB-induced oxidative stress. Annexin V/ Propidium Iodide (PI) staining and Hoechst 33342 staining indicated that DMAE-CB induced apoptosis. Collapsed mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and activation of caspase-3 were also observed after DMAE-CB treatment. NAC rescued hDPCs from DMAE-CB-induced apoptosis, accompanied by lower level of MMP loss and caspase-3 activity. This study assists to elucidate the mechanism underlying the cytotoxic effects of DMAE-CB and provides theoretical supports for the searching of effective strategies to reduce toxicity of quaternary ammonium dental monomers.
State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
Yang
Y
Jiao
State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
Sai
S
Ma
Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Xijing Hospital Affiliated to the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
Jing
J
Li
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tangdu hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
Lequn
L
Shan
State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of General and Emergency, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
Yingjie
Y
Wang
State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
Min
M
Tian
State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
Yanwei
Y
Yang
State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
Jinlong
J
Sun
State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
Jinghao
J
Ban
State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
Jihua
J
Chen
D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*
D008689:Methacrylates; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; C540902:methacryloxylethyl cetyl dimethyl ammonium; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D000111:Acetylcysteine