A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of Qigong and Tai Chi for depressive symptoms.
BACKGROUND
Qigong and Tai Chi are the two most popular traditional Chinese exercises, known as mind-body movement therapies. Previous studies suggest that Qigong and Tai Chi may be beneficial in reducing depressive symptoms. This was the first study to systematically review and compare the effects of Qigong and Tai Chi on depressive symptoms.


METHODS
A systematic search of six electronic databases was undertaken through to February 2014, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which reported depressive symptoms measured by a depressive symptom rating scale. The standardized mean difference in depressive symptoms score between Qigong or Tai Chi and a control group (at the end of follow-up) was extracted as a primary outcome. The secondary outcome was the standardized mean gain in symptom score (SMG) relative to the baseline from individual arms of the RCTs for various forms of care including Qigong, Tai Chi, usual care, other exercise, education and miscellaneous interventions.


RESULTS
Thirty studies with a total of 2328 participants (823 males and 1505 females) were included. A significant effect was found for the Qigong interventions (Cohen's d -0.48 95% CI -0.48 to -0.12; SMG -0.52, 95% CI -0.79 to -0.26). There was no significant effect seen for Tai Chi for the primary endpoint. No mean change in symptom scores were seen for Tai Chi, usual care, other exercises, education and the 'miscellaneous' group in pre-post assessment in single arms. The Qigong results were found to be robust in sensitivity analyses.


CONCLUSIONS
Qigong appears to be beneficial for reducing depressive symptom severity. However, given the low quality of the included studies and the documented evidence of publication bias, these results should be viewed cautiously.
The Third Clinical School, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Wuhan Sport University, Wuhan, China; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Electronic address: xin.liu@uqconnect.edu.au.
Xin
X
Liu
Drug Arm Australia Library, Brisbane, Australia.
Justin
J
Clark
School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Service, Brisbane, Australia.
Dan
D
Siskind
School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Gail M
GM
Williams
School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Mental Health Service, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
Gerard
G
Byrne
Department of Culture and Art Teaching, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China.
Jiao L
JL
Yang
Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
Suhail A
SA
Doi
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064906:Qigong; D026302:Tai Ji; D055815:Young Adult
Depressive symptoms; Meta-analysis; Qigong; Tai Chi