High HIV Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors Among Female Sexual Partners of Male Injection Drug Users (MWID) in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Injection drug use is a major factor in acquiring and transmitting HIV in Vietnam. This analysis aims to present estimates of HIV infection and factors associated with HIV infection among female sex partners (FSP) of MWID in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2011 and 2013 among males who inject drugs (MWID) who then referred their FSP for a behavioral and biologic survey. In total, 445 MWID and FSPs were enrolled. HIV prevalence among MWID was 50 and 35 % among FSPs. Among FSPs, 60.3 % reported ever using illegal drugs and among those, 72.7 % reported ever injecting illicit drugs. Among FSP, injection drug for >1 year [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR), 95 % CI 2.94, 1.19-7.26), p value = <0.001] and having a male partner infected with HIV [(aOR 3.35: 1.97-5.69), p value = <0.001] were associated with HIV infection. The prevalence of HIV infection is high among FSP of MWID in HCMC and is highly associated with the injection drug use behavior of the FSP. Harm-reduction intervention programs that focus on the MWID-FSP couple or directly on the FSPs are required.
Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW, Sydney, Australia. p.nadol@student.unsw.edu.au.
Patrick
P
Nadol
Partners in Health Research (PHR), Hanoi, Vietnam.
Hoang
H
Tran
Abt Associates Inc., Cambridge, USA.
Theodore
T
Hammett
Abt Associates Inc., Cambridge, USA.
Son
S
Phan
US Agency for International Development (USAID), Hanoi, Vietnam.
Duong
D
Nguyen
Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
John
J
Kaldor
Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
Matthew
M
Law
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D055030:Drug Users / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012747:Sexual Partners; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D047568:Unsafe Sex / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology
Concentrated epidemic; Female sex partners; HIV/AIDS; Male injection drug users