Indicated Prevention of Childhood Anxiety and Depression: Results From a Practice-Based Study up to 12 Months After Intervention.
OBJECTIVE
We investigated whether intervention effects of FRIENDS for Life, a school-based prevention program for children with anxiety or depression symptoms, were maintained over a period of 12 months after the intervention in a naturalistic setting.


METHODS
We used a quasi-experimental design, with 339 children in the intervention group and 157 in the control group (aged 8-13 years) in schools in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. We collected self-, teacher, and peer reports of anxiety and depression scores before and after intervention, and 6 and 12 months after intervention, from 2010 to 2012.


RESULTS
Intervention-group children reported a continuing and significant decrease in anxiety and depression scores compared with the control group. Twelve months after the intervention, participants' anxiety and depression levels were comparable to those of the general population. Girls reported a stronger decrease in anxiety scores than did boys. Teacher reports suggested no effects. Although classmates reported increased internalizing problems in intervention-group children immediately after intervention, these effects disappeared over time.


CONCLUSIONS
FRIENDS for Life, an indicated prevention program, yielded long-lasting and continuing reduction in anxiety and depression problems when implemented in daily school practice.
Mia P. Kösters and Marcel F. van der Wal are with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Mai J. M. Chinapaw is with the Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Marieke Zwaanswijk is with NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Hans M. Koot is with Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University, and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam.
Mia P
MP
Kösters
Mia P. Kösters and Marcel F. van der Wal are with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Mai J. M. Chinapaw is with the Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Marieke Zwaanswijk is with NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Hans M. Koot is with Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University, and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam.
Mai J M
MJ
Chinapaw
Mia P. Kösters and Marcel F. van der Wal are with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Mai J. M. Chinapaw is with the Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Marieke Zwaanswijk is with NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Hans M. Koot is with Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University, and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam.
Marieke
M
Zwaanswijk
Mia P. Kösters and Marcel F. van der Wal are with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Mai J. M. Chinapaw is with the Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Marieke Zwaanswijk is with NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Hans M. Koot is with Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University, and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam.
Marcel F
MF
van der Wal
Mia P. Kösters and Marcel F. van der Wal are with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Mai J. M. Chinapaw is with the Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Marieke Zwaanswijk is with NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Hans M. Koot is with Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University, and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam.
Hans M
HM
Koot
D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012572:School Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016896:Treatment Outcome