Sex Differences in Dose Escalation and Overdose Death during Chronic Opioid Therapy: A Population-Based Cohort Study.
BACKGROUND
The use of opioids for noncancer pain is widespread, and more than 16,000 die of opioid-related causes in the United States annually. The patients at greatest risk of death are those receiving high doses of opioids. Whether sex influences the risk of dose escalation or opioid-related mortality is unknown.


RESULTS
We conducted a cohort study using healthcare records of 32,499 individuals aged 15 to 64 who commenced chronic opioid therapy for noncancer pain between April 1, 1997 and December 31, 2010 in Ontario, Canada. Patients were followed from their first opioid prescription until discontinuation of therapy, death from any cause or the end of the study period. Among patients receiving chronic opioid therapy, 589 (1.8%) escalated to high dose therapy and n = 59 (0.2%) died of opioid-related causes while on treatment. After multivariable adjustment, men were more likely than women to escalate to high-dose opioid therapy (adjusted hazard ratio 1.44; 95% confidence interval 1.21 to 1.70) and twice as likely to die of opioid-related causes (adjusted hazard ratio 2.04; 95% confidence interval 1.18 to 3.53). These associations were maintained in a secondary analysis of 285,520 individuals receiving any opioid regardless of the duration of therapy.


CONCLUSIONS
Men are at higher risk than women for escalation to high-dose opioid therapy and death from opioid-related causes. Both outcomes were more common than anticipated.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Eric
E
Kaplovitch
Chronic Disease and Pharmacotherapy Research Program, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Tara
T
Gomes
Chronic Disease and Pharmacotherapy Research Program, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Ximena
X
Camacho
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Chronic Disease and Pharmacotherapy Research Program, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Irfan A
IA
Dhalla
Chronic Disease and Pharmacotherapy Research Program, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Muhammad M
MM
Mamdani
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Chronic Disease and Pharmacotherapy Research Program, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
David N
DN
Juurlink
D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003643:Death; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid