Development of a text-messaging intervention to improve treatment adherence and post-treatment review of children with uncomplicated malaria in western Kenya.
BACKGROUND
Patients' low adherence to artemisinin-based combination therapy has been reported in areas of Kenya bordering the Lake Victoria region, where the burden of malaria remains high. A randomized controlled trial is underway to determine the efficacy of short message service (SMS) text reminders on adherence to artemether-lumefantrine and post-treatment review of children under the age of five. This paper reports on the iterative process of intervention and delivery system development.


METHODS
An intervention development workshop involving the research team and other stakeholders was held to determine the content of the text messages. Three focus group discussions were conducted to test caregivers' understanding of the messages developed during the workshop. The tested messages were refined and incorporated into an automated SMS distribution system and piloted with 20 caregivers drawn from facilities neighbouring the study sites. The automated SMS distribution system was repeatedly refined following the pilot and implemented at the start of the trial.


RESULTS
The content of SMS messages underwent major revisions following the focus group discussions. Technical terms and abbreviations were replaced with simplified general terms. Message sign-off was modified to reflect the name of health facility, removing references to health workers. Day 3 post-treatment review visit reminder was modified to state the purpose of the visit while wording 'day 28' was added to the last post-treatment review visit reminder to help the caregiver recall the appointment date. The unscheduled visit prompt was modified to reflect flexibility and practicality of taking the child back to the facility if unwell. Reception of SMS reminders during the pilot was low with only 169/240 (70%) of scheduled messages delivered to the caregivers. The automated distribution system underwent major refinement and repeated testing following the pilot until effective delivery of all scheduled messages was achieved and sustained over a period of 3 months.


CONCLUSIONS
Text message interventions should be carefully developed, tested and refined before implementation to ensure they are written in the most appropriate way for their target population. SMS distribution systems should be rigorously tested to ensure efficient delivery of the messages before they are deployed.
Department of Public Health Research, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust-University of Oxford Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. sgithinji@kemri-wellcome.org.
Sophie
S
Githinji
Department of Public Health Research, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust-University of Oxford Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. cjones@kemri-wellcome.org.|Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. cjones@kemri-wellcome.org.
Caroline
C
Jones
Department of Public Health Research, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust-University of Oxford Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. jmalinga@kemri-wellcome.org.
Josephine
J
Malinga
Department of Public Health Research, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust-University of Oxford Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. rsnow@kemri-wellcome.org.|Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. rsnow@kemri-wellcome.org.
Robert W
RW
Snow
Department of Public Health Research, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust-University of Oxford Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. atalisuna@kemri-wellcome.org.|Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. atalisuna@kemri-wellcome.org.
Ambrose
A
Talisuna
Department of Public Health Research, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust-University of Oxford Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. dzurovac@kemri-wellcome.org.|Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. dzurovac@kemri-wellcome.org.|Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. dzurovac@kemri-wellcome.org.
Dejan
D
Zurovac
D017028:Caregivers; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017010:Reminder Systems; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods*; D060145:Text Messaging