Single-layer tungsten oxide as intelligent photo-responsive nanoagents for permanent male sterilization.
Permanent male sterilization has been recognized as useful tools for the development of neuter experimental animals and fattening livestock, as well as efficient control of pet overpopulation. Traditional routes such as surgical ways, chemical injections, and anti-fertility vaccines have addressed these crucial problems with idea outcomes. However, these routes usually bring out serious pain and infection towards animals, as well as induce long-term adverse reaction and immune suppression. Thus, a convenient, but non-surgical strategy for male sterilization under a mild manner is highly desirable. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate a novel platform for male sterilization by using single-layer WO2.72 nanosheets as smart photo-responsive sterilants. Upon a 980 nm irradiation, these nanoagents can possess intrinsic NIR-induced hyperthermia and sensitize the formation of singlet oxygen due to the cooperation of photothermal and photodynamic effects. Mechanism of cellular injury can be attributed to the denaturation of protein and apoptosis-related death. Moreover, long-term toxicity and possible metabolism route after testicular injection are discussed, indicating the neglectable systemic toxicity and high bio-compatibility of our nanoagents. Overall, our strategy can extremely overcome the shortcomings in various routine routes and suggest the new biological application of nanomaterials.
State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China.
Zhen
Z
Liu
Bethune Institute of Epigenetic Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
Xianjun
X
Liu
State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
Xiang
X
Ran
State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
Enguo
E
Ju
State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China. Electronic address: jren@ciac.ac.cn.
Jinsong
J
Ren
State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China. Electronic address: xqu@ciac.ac.cn.
Xiaogang
X
Qu
D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010087:Oxides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013245:Sterilization, Reproductive / Q000379:methods*; D014414:Tungsten / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity
D010087:Oxides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C511604:tungsten oxide; D014414:Tungsten
Male sterilization; Nanomaterials; Photo-responsive; Sterilants; Toxicity