Hypnotics and Triazolobenzodiazepines--Best Predictors of High-Dose Benzodiazepine Use: Results from the Luxembourg National Health Insurance Registry.
BACKGROUND
Benzodiazepines are not all the same concerning their risk of high-dose use.


METHODS
We studied benzodiazepine use from the Luxembourg national records of all insured. We calculated the 12-year prevalence from 1995 to 2007. Benzodiazepine users were divided into 3 groups, short-term with no longer than 3-month intake, intermediate with multiple administration with at least a 1-year interruption, and continuous who never stopped. A high-dose user (HDU) was defined as a patient who received a higher dose than the yearly maximum usual therapeutic dose.


RESULTS
An average of 16.0% of the adult insured population received at least 1 benzodiazepine annually, 42.9% were older than 50, 55.9% were women, and 5.4% were HDUs. We found that 32.6% were short-term users, 49.0% intermediate and 18.4% continuous. Compared to diazepam, hypnotics had higher risks for high-dose use in at least 1 age group at first-benzodiazepine intake, the risks being greater in elderly subjects and women, the highest risks being with triazolam (adjusted odds ratio = 215.85; 95% confidence interval = 133.75-348.35) in the 69- to 105-year-old group at first-benzodiazepine intake. Anxiolytics had a low risk except for alprazolam and prazepam in the 69- to 105-year-old group at first-benzodiazepine intake, clonazepam and clobazam had the lowest risk in 18- to 43-year-olds at first-benzodiazepine intake. Alprazolam had dispensed volumes increased by threefold over the 12-year period.


CONCLUSIONS
All hypnotics had higher risks for high-dose use compared to diazepam in continuous users. Two anxiolytics, clonazepam and clobazam, had the lowest risks. Hypnotics and the triazolobenzodiazepines alprazolam and triazolam were most problematic. Elderly subjects and women are at greater risks.
Department of Addictology, Hôpitaux Robert Schuman - ZithaKlinik, Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
Jean-Marc
JM
Cloos
Valéry
V
Bocquet
Isabelle
I
Rolland-Portal
Paul
P
Koch
Guy
G
Chouinard
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies
D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D001569:Benzodiazepines