Colon Tumors with the Simultaneous Induction of Driver Mutations in APC, KRAS, and PIK3CA Still Progress through the Adenoma-to-carcinoma Sequence.
Human colorectal cancers often possess multiple mutations, including three to six driver mutations per tumor. The timing of when these mutations occur during tumor development and progression continues to be debated. More advanced lesions carry a greater number of driver mutations, indicating that colon tumors might progress from adenomas to carcinomas through the stepwise accumulation of mutations following tumor initiation. However, mutations that have been implicated in tumor progression have been identified in normal-appearing epithelial cells of the colon, leaving the possibility that these mutations might be present before the initiation of tumorigenesis. We utilized mouse models of colon cancer to investigate whether tumorigenesis still occurs through the adenoma-to-carcinoma sequence when multiple mutations are present at the time of tumor initiation. To create a model in which tumors could concomitantly possess mutations in Apc, Kras, and Pik3ca, we developed a novel minimally invasive technique to administer an adenovirus expressing Cre recombinase to a focal region of the colon. Here, we demonstrate that the presence of these additional driver mutations at the time of tumor initiation results in increased tumor multiplicity and an increased rate of progression to invasive adenocarcinomas. These cancers can even metastasize to retroperitoneal lymph nodes or the liver. However, despite having as many as three concomitant driver mutations at the time of initiation, these tumors still proceed through the adenoma-to-carcinoma sequence.
Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
Jamie N
JN
Hadac
Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
Alyssa A
AA
Leystra
Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
Terrah J
TJ
Paul Olson
Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
Molly E
ME
Maher
University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
Susan N
SN
Payne
Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
Alexander E
AE
Yueh
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
Alexander R
AR
Schwartz
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
Dawn M
DM
Albrecht
Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
Linda
L
Clipson
University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
Cheri A
CA
Pasch
University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. William S Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin.
Kristina A
KA
Matkowskyj
University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
Richard B
RB
Halberg
Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. William S Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin. ddeming@medicine.wisc.edu.
Dustin A
DA
Deming
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D058534:Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D017491:Genes, APC; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009154:Mutation; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000235:genetics*
D058534:Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); C546639:Pik3ca protein, mouse; C495971:Hras protein, mouse