Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and self-reported mental health status in adult Danes.
OBJECTIVE
Vitamin D receptors and vitamin D-metabolising enzymes are present in the brain and in the central nervous system at sites responsible for the regulation of emotions and behaviour. This raises the hypothesis that low vitamin D is related to poor mental health. Our aim was to examine the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and the self-reported symptoms and diagnosis of depression and anxiety in the adult general population.


METHODS
Serum 25(OH)D was measured in three Danish population-based studies, including 5308 adults aged 18-64 years. After 5 years, 2004 participants were re-examined. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed by the Symptom Check List (SCL)-90-R, and self-reported doctor-diagnosed depression and anxiety was recorded by using a questionnaire.


RESULTS
Serum 25(OH)D was not associated with SCL average scores for depression and anxiety when analysed by quantile median regression adjusted for sex, age and other potential confounders. The β-coefficient and 95% confidence interval (CI) per 10 nmol/l serum 25(OH)D were 0.00 (-0.00 to 0.01) and P=0.23 for depression and -0.00 (-0.01 to 0.00) and P=0.19 for anxiety. Furthermore, no evidence of an association was observed with longitudinal changes (combining depression and anxiety score: β (95% CI)=0.00 (-0.00 to 0.00), P=0.90), with scores >90 percentiles (odds ratio (OR) (95% CI)=1.02 (0.98-1.07), P=0.32), or with self-reported history (OR (95% CI)=1.02 (0.97-1.07), P=0.47) or incidence (OR (95% CI)=1.02 (0.92-1.12), P=0.77) of doctor-diagnosed depression and/or anxiety.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that low serum 25(OH)D is not associated with self-reported symptoms/diagnosis of depression and anxiety.
Research Centre for Prevention and Health, The Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
L L N
LL
Husemoen
Research Centre for Prevention and Health, The Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
J F
JF
Ebstrup
Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
E L
EL
Mortensen
Research Centre for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Medicine M, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
P
P
Schwarz
Research Centre for Prevention and Health, The Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
T
T
Skaaby
Research Centre for Prevention and Health, The Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
B H
BH
Thuesen
Research Centre for Prevention and Health, The Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.|Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark.
T
T
Jørgensen
Research Centre for Prevention and Health, The Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.|Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
A
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0994-0184
A
Linneberg
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D003718:Denmark; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D057566:Self Report; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D055815:Young Adult
D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D