Circadian variation of salivary immunoglobin A, alpha-amylase activity and mood in response to repeated double-poling sprints in hypoxia.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the circadian variations in salivary immunoglobin A (sIgA) and alpha-amylase activity (sAA), biomarkers of mucosal immune function, together with mood during 2 weeks of repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) and normoxia (RSN).


METHODS
Over a 2-week period, 17 competitive cross-country skiers performed six training sessions, each consisting of four sets of five 10-s bouts of all-out double-poling under either normobaric hypoxia (FiO2: 13.8%, 3000 m) or normoxia. The levels of sIgA and sAA activity and mood were determined five times during each of the first (T1) and sixth (T6) days of training, as well as during days preceding (baseline) and after the training intervention (follow-up).


RESULTS
With RSH, sIgA was higher on T6 than T1 (P = 0.049), and sAA was increased on days T1, T6, and during the follow-up (P < 0.01). With RSN, sIgA remained unchanged and sAA was elevated on day T1 only (P = 0.04). Similarly, the RSH group demonstrated reduced mood on days T1, T6, and during the follow-up, while mood was lowered only on T1 with RSN (P < 0.01).


CONCLUSIONS
The circadian variation of sIgA and sAA activity, biomarkers of mucosal immune function, as well as mood were similar on the first day of training when repeated double-poling sprints were performed with or without hypoxia. Only with RSH did the levels of sIgA and sAA activity rise with time, becoming maximal after six training sessions, when mood was still lowered. Therefore, six sessions of RSH reduced mood, but did not impair mucosal immune function.
Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Institute for Sport Sciences, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. dennis.born@web.de.
Dennis-Peter
DP
Born
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland.|ISSUL Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Raphael
R
Faiss
Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Oestersund, Sweden.
Sarah Jean
SJ
Willis
Clinical Biopsychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
Jana
J
Strahler
ISSUL Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Gregoire P
GP
Millet
Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Oestersund, Sweden.
Hans-Christer
HC
Holmberg
Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Institute for Sport Sciences, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
Billy
B
Sperlich
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000378:metabolism*
D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D000516:alpha-Amylases
Circadian rhythm; Diurnal profile; Mood state; Psycho-immunological stress-response; XC skiing