Selected mucolytic, anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular drugs change the ability of neutrophils to form extracellular traps (NETs).
Neutrophils form the first line of host defense against infections that combat pathogens using two major mechanisms, the phagocytosis or the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The netosis (NET formation) exerts additional, unfavorable effects on the fitness of host cells and is also involved at the sites of lung infection, increasing the mucus viscosity and in the circulatory system where it can influence the intravascular clot formation. Although molecular mechanisms underlying the netosis are still incompletely understood, a role of NADPH oxidase that activates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the initiation of NETs has been well documented. Since several commonly used drugs can affects the netosis, our current study was aimed to determine the effects of selected mucolytic, anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular drugs on NET formation, with a special emphasis on ROS production and NADPH oxidase activity. The treatment of neutrophils with N-acetylcysteine, ketoprofen and ethamsylate reduced the production of ROS by these cells in a dose-dependent manner. NET formation was also modulated by selected drugs. N-acetylcysteine inhibited the netosis but in the presence of H2O2 this neutrophil ability was restored, indicating that N-acetylcysteine may influence the NET formation by modulating ROS productivity. The administration of ethamsylate led to a significant reduction in NET formation and this effect was not restored by H2O2 or S. aureus, suggesting the unexpected additional side effects of this drug. Ketoprofen seemed to promote ROS-independent NET release, simultaneously inhibiting ROS production. The results, obtained in this study strongly suggest that the therapeutic strategies applied in many neutrophil-mediated diseases should take into account the NET-associated effects.
Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland.
Marcin
M
Zawrotniak
Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland.
Andrzej
A
Kozik
Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland.
Maria
M
Rapala-Kozik
D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000737:chemistry; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival; D002974:Clemastine / Q000737:chemistry; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004979:Ethamsylate / Q000737:chemistry; D065206:Extracellular Traps / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000737:chemistry; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010587:Phagocytosis; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D004979:Ethamsylate; D007660:Ketoprofen; D002974:Clemastine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D000111:Acetylcysteine