Value of two-phase dynamic multidetector computed tomography in differential diagnosis of post-inflammatory strictures from esophageal cancer.
OBJECTIVE
To characterize the computed tomography (CT) findings in patients with post-inflammatory esophageal strictures (corrosive and peptic) and reveal the optimal scanning phase protocols for distinguishing post-inflammatory esophageal stricture and esophageal cancer.


METHODS
Sixty-five patients with esophageal strictures of different etiology were included in this study: 24 patients with 27 histopathologically confirmed corrosive strictures, 10 patients with 12 peptic strictures and 31 patients with esophageal cancer were evaluated with a two-phase dynamic contrast-enhanced MDCT. Arterial and venous phases at 10 and 35 s after the attenuation of 200 HU were obtained at the descending aorta, with a delayed phase at 6-8 min after the start of injection of contrast media. For qualitative analysis, CT scans of benign strictures were reviewed for the presence/absence of the following features: "target sign", luminal mass, homogeneity of contrast medium uptake, concentric wall thickening, conically shaped suprastenotic dilatation, smooth boundaries of stenosis and smooth mucous membrane at the transition to stenosis, which were compared with a control group of 31 patients who had esophageal cancer. The quantitative analysis included densitometric parameter acquisition using regions-of-interest measurement of the zone of stenosis and normal esophageal wall and the difference between those measurements (ΔCT) at all phases of bolus contrast enhancement. Esophageal wall thickening, length of esophageal wall thickening and size of the regional lymph nodes were also evaluated.


RESULTS
The presence of a concentric esophageal wall, conically shaped suprastenotic dilatation, smooth upper and lower boundaries, "target sign" and smooth mucous membrane at the transition to stenosis were suggestive of a benign cause, with sensitivities of 92.31%, 87.17%, 94.87%, 76.92% and 82.05%, respectively, and specificities of 70.96%, 89.66%, 80.65%, 96.77% and 93.55%, respectively. The features that were most suggestive of a malignant cause were eccentric esophageal wall thickening, tuberous upper and lower boundaries of stenosis, absence of mucous membrane visualization, rupture of the mucous membrane at the upper boundary of stenosis, cup-shaped suprastenotic dilatation, luminal mass and enlarged regional lymph nodes with specificities of 92.31% 94.87%, 67.86%, 100%, 97.44%, 94.87% and 82.86%, respectively and sensitivities of 70.97%, 80.65%, 96.77%, 80.65%, 54.84%, 87.10% and 60%, respectively. The highest tumor attenuation occurred in the arterial phase (mean attenuation 74.13 ± 17.42 HU), and the mean attenuation difference between the tumor and the normal esophageal wall (mean ΔCT) in the arterial phase was 23.86 ± 19.31 HU. Here, 11.5 HU of ΔCT in the arterial phase was the cut-off value used to differentiate esophageal cancer from post-inflammatory stricture (P = 0.000). The highest attenuation of post-inflammatory strictures occurred in the delayed phase (mean attenuation 71.66 ± 14.28 HU), and the mean ΔCT in delayed phase was 34.03 ± 15.94 HU. Here, 18.5 HU of ΔCT in delayed phase was the cut-off value used to differentiate post-inflammatory stricture from esophageal cancer (P < 0.0001).


CONCLUSIONS
The described imaging findings reveal high diagnostic significance in the differentiation of benign strictures from esophageal cancer.
Grigory G Karmazanovsky, Svetlana A Buryakina, Evgeny V Kondratiev, Department of Radiology, Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
Grigory G
GG
Karmazanovsky
Grigory G Karmazanovsky, Svetlana A Buryakina, Evgeny V Kondratiev, Department of Radiology, Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
Svetlana A
SA
Buryakina
Grigory G Karmazanovsky, Svetlana A Buryakina, Evgeny V Kondratiev, Department of Radiology, Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
Evgeny V
EV
Kondratiev
Grigory G Karmazanovsky, Svetlana A Buryakina, Evgeny V Kondratiev, Department of Radiology, Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
Qin
Q
Yang
Grigory G Karmazanovsky, Svetlana A Buryakina, Evgeny V Kondratiev, Department of Radiology, Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
Dmitry V
DV
Ruchkin
Grigory G Karmazanovsky, Svetlana A Buryakina, Evgeny V Kondratiev, Department of Radiology, Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
Dmitry V
DV
Kalinin
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019540:Area Under Curve; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
Corrosive stricture; Esophageal cancer; Multidetector computed tomography; Peptic stricture