Alcohol intake and associated risk of major cardiovascular outcomes in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies.
BACKGROUND
The prevalence of alcohol intake is increasing among women in some populations. Alcohol consumption plays an important role in the risk of major cardiovascular outcomes and total mortality. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the association between alcohol intake and major cardiovascular outcomes or total mortality in women compared with men.


METHODS
We searched the PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases for relevant articles published prior to June 2014. Among these potential included prospective studies, the different dose categories of alcohol intake were compared with the lowest alcohol intake or non-drinkers between women and men for the outcomes of major cardiovascular or total mortality.


RESULTS
We included 23 prospective studies (18 cohorts) reporting data on 489,696 individuals. The summary relative risk ratio (RRR; female to male) for total mortality was significantly increased with moderate alcohol intake compared with the lowest alcohol intake (RRR, 1.10; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.00-1.21; P = 0.047); no such significance was observed with other levels of alcohol intake (low intake: RRR, 1.07; 95 % CI: 0.98-1.17; P = 0.143; heavy intake: RRR, 1.09; 95 % CI: 0.99-1.21; P = 0.084). There was no evidence of a sex difference in the relative risk for coronary disease, cardiac death, stroke, or ischemic stroke between participants with low to heavy alcohol intake compared with those who never consumed alcohol or had the lowest alcohol intake.


CONCLUSIONS
Women with moderate to heavy alcohol intake had a significantly increased risk of total mortality compared with men in multiple subpopulations. Control of alcohol intake should be considered for women, particularly for young women who may be susceptible to binge drinking.
Department of Teaching Affairs and Scientific Research, Shandong Medical College, Jinan, Shandong, China. zhengyanlinjinan@126.com.
Yan-Ling
YL
Zheng
Department of Ultrasonography, Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai, China. lianfengno7@126.com.
Feng
F
Lian
Department of Ultrasonography, Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai, China. shiqianno7@126.com.
Qian
Q
Shi
Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai, China. zhangchino7@126.com.
Chi
C
Zhang
Department of Rehabilitation Institute, Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai, China. ivy_chen89@163.com.
Yi-Wei
YW
Chen
Department of Rehabilitation Institute, Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai, China. zhou_ly@126.com.
Yu-Hao
YH
Zhou
Department of Health Statistics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. hejia63@yeah.net.
Jia
J
He
D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology
D000431:Ethanol