Bears Show a Physiological but Limited Behavioral Response to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have the potential to revolutionize the way research is conducted in many scientific fields. UAVs can access remote or difficult terrain, collect large amounts of data for lower cost than traditional aerial methods, and facilitate observations of species that are wary of human presence. Currently, despite large regulatory hurdles, UAVs are being deployed by researchers and conservationists to monitor threats to biodiversity, collect frequent aerial imagery, estimate population abundance, and deter poaching. Studies have examined the behavioral responses of wildlife to aircraft (including UAVs), but with the widespread increase in UAV flights, it is critical to understand whether UAVs act as stressors to wildlife and to quantify that impact. Biologger technology allows for the remote monitoring of stress responses in free-roaming individuals, and when linked to locational information, it can be used to determine events or components of an animal's environment that elicit a physiological response not apparent based on behavior alone. We assessed effects of UAV flights on movements and heart rate responses of free-roaming American black bears. We observed consistently strong physiological responses but infrequent behavioral changes. All bears, including an individual denned for hibernation, responded to UAV flights with elevated heart rates, rising as much as 123 beats per minute above the pre-flight baseline. It is important to consider the additional stress on wildlife from UAV flights when developing regulations and best scientific practices.
Department of Fisheries, Wildlife & Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. Electronic address: mark.ditmer@gmail.com.
Mark A
MA
Ditmer
Plant Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
John B
JB
Vincent
Plant Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
Leland K
LK
Werden
Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
Jessie C
JC
Tanner
Atrial Fibrillation Solutions, Medtronic plc, Mounds View, MN 55112, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Timothy G
TG
Laske
Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Paul A
PA
Iaizzo
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Grand Rapids, MN 55744, USA.
David L
DL
Garshelis
Department of Fisheries, Wildlife & Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
John R
JR
Fieberg
D000401:Aircraft; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota; D058998:Remote Sensing Technology / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D001503:Ursidae / Q000502:physiology*