Network effects of deep brain stimulation.
The ability to differentially alter specific brain functions via deep brain stimulation (DBS) represents a monumental advance in clinical neuroscience, as well as within medicine as a whole. Despite the efficacy of DBS in the treatment of movement disorders, for which it is often the gold-standard therapy when medical management becomes inadequate, the mechanisms through which DBS in various brain targets produces therapeutic effects is still not well understood. This limited knowledge is a barrier to improving efficacy and reducing side effects in clinical brain stimulation. A field of study related to assessing the network effects of DBS is gradually emerging that promises to reveal aspects of the underlying pathophysiology of various brain disorders and their response to DBS that will be critical to advancing the field. This review summarizes the nascent literature related to network effects of DBS measured by cerebral blood flow and metabolic imaging, functional imaging, and electrophysiology (scalp and intracranial electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography) in order to establish a framework for future studies.
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
Ahmad
A
Alhourani
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
Michael M
MM
McDowell
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
Michael J
MJ
Randazzo
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
Thomas A
TA
Wozny
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
Efstathios D
ED
Kondylis
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
Witold J
WJ
Lipski
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
Sarah
S
Beck
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and.
Jordan F
JF
Karp
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Avniel S
AS
Ghuman
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania richardsonrm@upmc.edu.
R Mark
RM
Richardson
D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology
deep brain stimulation; electrocorticography; magnetoencephalography