Satisfaction with life, self-esteem and evaluation of mental health in people with tattoos or piercings.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to determine the level of life satisfaction and the various dimensions of self-esteem of pierced or tattooed people, and evaluate their mental health, compared to those without similar body modifications.


METHODS
The study was conducted on a sample of 449 people aged 16-58 years (mean age 26.7 ± 6.35), of whom 308 had body modifications: tattoo (n = 90), body piercings in places other than the ear lobe (n = 53), or both tattoos and piercings (n = 165). The control group consisted of 141 people without such modifications. The participants completed a questionnaire concerning their socio-demographic status, as well as the following psychological tests: The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory (MSEI) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28).


RESULTS
Our findings show no significant differences in terms of life satisfaction between the group with tattoos or piercings and the control group. People with body modifications were characterized by higher self-esteem, with regard to their competence and leadership abilities. They also display fewer symptoms of social impairment and sleep disorders than the control group.


CONCLUSIONS
Tattoos and piercings should not be considered as indicators of psychopathology.
Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz.
Anna J
AJ
Pajor
Private Medical Practice "Dermalar"
Grażyna
G
Broniarczyk-Dyła
Chair of Psychopathology and Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Lodz.
Julita
J
Świtalska
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D046288:Body Piercing / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D011209:Power, Psychological; D012649:Self Concept; D000068356:Self-Control / Q000523:psychology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D012933:Social Identification; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013653:Tattooing / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
body piercing; self-assessment; tattoo