Executive summary and conclusions from the European Hydration Institute Expert Conference on human hydration, health, and performance.
On April 7-8, 2014, the European Hydration Institute hosted a small group of experts at Castle Combe Manor House, United Kingdom, to discuss a range of issues related to human hydration, health, and performance. The meeting included 18 recognized experts who brought a wealth of experience and knowledge to the topics under review. Eight selected topics were addressed, with the key issues being briefly presented before an in-depth discussion. Presented here is the executive summary and conclusions from this meeting.
D. Benton is with the University of Wales Swansea, UK. H. Braun is with the German Sports University, Cologne, Germany. J.C. Cobo is with The Coca-Cola Company, Belgium. C. Edmonds is with the University of East London, UK. I. Elmadfa is with the University of Vienna, Austria. A. El-Sharkawy is with the University of Nottingham, UK. J. Feehally is with the University of Leicester, UK. R. Gellert is with the Szpital Bielański, Poland. J. Holdsworth is with the European Hydration Institute, UK. M. Kapsokefalou is with the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. W.L. Kenney is with the Penn State University, USA. J.B. Leiper is with the University of Dundee, UK. I.A. Macdonald is with the University of Nottingham, UK. C. Maffeis is with the University of Verona, Italy. R.J. Maughan is with the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. S.M. Shirreffs is with Glaxo SmithKline, United Kingdom. P. Toth-Heyn is with Semmelweiss University, Hungary. P. Watson is with Loughborough University, UK.
D
D
Benton
D. Benton is with the University of Wales Swansea, UK. H. Braun is with the German Sports University, Cologne, Germany. J.C. Cobo is with The Coca-Cola Company, Belgium. C. Edmonds is with the University of East London, UK. I. Elmadfa is with the University of Vienna, Austria. A. El-Sharkawy is with the University of Nottingham, UK. J. Feehally is with the University of Leicester, UK. R. Gellert is with the Szpital Bielański, Poland. J. Holdsworth is with the European Hydration Institute, UK. M. Kapsokefalou is with the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. W.L. Kenney is with the Penn State University, USA. J.B. Leiper is with the University of Dundee, UK. I.A. Macdonald is with the University of Nottingham, UK. C. Maffeis is with the University of Verona, Italy. R.J. Maughan is with the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. S.M. Shirreffs is with Glaxo SmithKline, United Kingdom. P. Toth-Heyn is with Semmelweiss University, Hungary. P. Watson is with Loughborough University, UK.
H
H
Braun
D. Benton is with the University of Wales Swansea, UK. H. Braun is with the German Sports University, Cologne, Germany. J.C. Cobo is with The Coca-Cola Company, Belgium. C. Edmonds is with the University of East London, UK. I. Elmadfa is with the University of Vienna, Austria. A. El-Sharkawy is with the University of Nottingham, UK. J. Feehally is with the University of Leicester, UK. R. Gellert is with the Szpital Bielański, Poland. J. Holdsworth is with the European Hydration Institute, UK. M. Kapsokefalou is with the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. W.L. Kenney is with the Penn State University, USA. J.B. Leiper is with the University of Dundee, UK. I.A. Macdonald is with the University of Nottingham, UK. C. Maffeis is with the University of Verona, Italy. R.J. Maughan is with the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. S.M. Shirreffs is with Glaxo SmithKline, United Kingdom. P. Toth-Heyn is with Semmelweiss University, Hungary. P. Watson is with Loughborough University, UK.
J C
JC
Cobo
D. Benton is with the University of Wales Swansea, UK. H. Braun is with the German Sports University, Cologne, Germany. J.C. Cobo is with The Coca-Cola Company, Belgium. C. Edmonds is with the University of East London, UK. I. Elmadfa is with the University of Vienna, Austria. A. El-Sharkawy is with the University of Nottingham, UK. J. Feehally is with the University of Leicester, UK. R. Gellert is with the Szpital Bielański, Poland. J. Holdsworth is with the European Hydration Institute, UK. M. Kapsokefalou is with the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. W.L. Kenney is with the Penn State University, USA. J.B. Leiper is with the University of Dundee, UK. I.A. Macdonald is with the University of Nottingham, UK. C. Maffeis is with the University of Verona, Italy. R.J. Maughan is with the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. S.M. Shirreffs is with Glaxo SmithKline, United Kingdom. P. Toth-Heyn is with Semmelweiss University, Hungary. P. Watson is with Loughborough University, UK.
C
C
Edmonds
D. Benton is with the University of Wales Swansea, UK. H. Braun is with the German Sports University, Cologne, Germany. J.C. Cobo is with The Coca-Cola Company, Belgium. C. Edmonds is with the University of East London, UK. I. Elmadfa is with the University of Vienna, Austria. A. El-Sharkawy is with the University of Nottingham, UK. J. Feehally is with the University of Leicester, UK. R. Gellert is with the Szpital Bielański, Poland. J. Holdsworth is with the European Hydration Institute, UK. M. Kapsokefalou is with the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. W.L. Kenney is with the Penn State University, USA. J.B. Leiper is with the University of Dundee, UK. I.A. Macdonald is with the University of Nottingham, UK. C. Maffeis is with the University of Verona, Italy. R.J. Maughan is with the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. S.M. Shirreffs is with Glaxo SmithKline, United Kingdom. P. Toth-Heyn is with Semmelweiss University, Hungary. P. Watson is with Loughborough University, UK.
I
I
Elmadfa
D. Benton is with the University of Wales Swansea, UK. H. Braun is with the German Sports University, Cologne, Germany. J.C. Cobo is with The Coca-Cola Company, Belgium. C. Edmonds is with the University of East London, UK. I. Elmadfa is with the University of Vienna, Austria. A. El-Sharkawy is with the University of Nottingham, UK. J. Feehally is with the University of Leicester, UK. R. Gellert is with the Szpital Bielański, Poland. J. Holdsworth is with the European Hydration Institute, UK. M. Kapsokefalou is with the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. W.L. Kenney is with the Penn State University, USA. J.B. Leiper is with the University of Dundee, UK. I.A. Macdonald is with the University of Nottingham, UK. C. Maffeis is with the University of Verona, Italy. R.J. Maughan is with the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. S.M. Shirreffs is with Glaxo SmithKline, United Kingdom. P. Toth-Heyn is with Semmelweiss University, Hungary. P. Watson is with Loughborough University, UK.
A
A
El-Sharkawy
D. Benton is with the University of Wales Swansea, UK. H. Braun is with the German Sports University, Cologne, Germany. J.C. Cobo is with The Coca-Cola Company, Belgium. C. Edmonds is with the University of East London, UK. I. Elmadfa is with the University of Vienna, Austria. A. El-Sharkawy is with the University of Nottingham, UK. J. Feehally is with the University of Leicester, UK. R. Gellert is with the Szpital Bielański, Poland. J. Holdsworth is with the European Hydration Institute, UK. M. Kapsokefalou is with the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. W.L. Kenney is with the Penn State University, USA. J.B. Leiper is with the University of Dundee, UK. I.A. Macdonald is with the University of Nottingham, UK. C. Maffeis is with the University of Verona, Italy. R.J. Maughan is with the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. S.M. Shirreffs is with Glaxo SmithKline, United Kingdom. P. Toth-Heyn is with Semmelweiss University, Hungary. P. Watson is with Loughborough University, UK.
J
J
Feehally
D. Benton is with the University of Wales Swansea, UK. H. Braun is with the German Sports University, Cologne, Germany. J.C. Cobo is with The Coca-Cola Company, Belgium. C. Edmonds is with the University of East London, UK. I. Elmadfa is with the University of Vienna, Austria. A. El-Sharkawy is with the University of Nottingham, UK. J. Feehally is with the University of Leicester, UK. R. Gellert is with the Szpital Bielański, Poland. J. Holdsworth is with the European Hydration Institute, UK. M. Kapsokefalou is with the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. W.L. Kenney is with the Penn State University, USA. J.B. Leiper is with the University of Dundee, UK. I.A. Macdonald is with the University of Nottingham, UK. C. Maffeis is with the University of Verona, Italy. R.J. Maughan is with the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. S.M. Shirreffs is with Glaxo SmithKline, United Kingdom. P. Toth-Heyn is with Semmelweiss University, Hungary. P. Watson is with Loughborough University, UK.
R
R
Gellert
D. Benton is with the University of Wales Swansea, UK. H. Braun is with the German Sports University, Cologne, Germany. J.C. Cobo is with The Coca-Cola Company, Belgium. C. Edmonds is with the University of East London, UK. I. Elmadfa is with the University of Vienna, Austria. A. El-Sharkawy is with the University of Nottingham, UK. J. Feehally is with the University of Leicester, UK. R. Gellert is with the Szpital Bielański, Poland. J. Holdsworth is with the European Hydration Institute, UK. M. Kapsokefalou is with the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. W.L. Kenney is with the Penn State University, USA. J.B. Leiper is with the University of Dundee, UK. I.A. Macdonald is with the University of Nottingham, UK. C. Maffeis is with the University of Verona, Italy. R.J. Maughan is with the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. S.M. Shirreffs is with Glaxo SmithKline, United Kingdom. P. Toth-Heyn is with Semmelweiss University, Hungary. P. Watson is with Loughborough University, UK.
J
J
Holdsworth
D. Benton is with the University of Wales Swansea, UK. H. Braun is with the German Sports University, Cologne, Germany. J.C. Cobo is with The Coca-Cola Company, Belgium. C. Edmonds is with the University of East London, UK. I. Elmadfa is with the University of Vienna, Austria. A. El-Sharkawy is with the University of Nottingham, UK. J. Feehally is with the University of Leicester, UK. R. Gellert is with the Szpital Bielański, Poland. J. Holdsworth is with the European Hydration Institute, UK. M. Kapsokefalou is with the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. W.L. Kenney is with the Penn State University, USA. J.B. Leiper is with the University of Dundee, UK. I.A. Macdonald is with the University of Nottingham, UK. C. Maffeis is with the University of Verona, Italy. R.J. Maughan is with the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. S.M. Shirreffs is with Glaxo SmithKline, United Kingdom. P. Toth-Heyn is with Semmelweiss University, Hungary. P. Watson is with Loughborough University, UK.
M
M
Kapsokefalou
D. Benton is with the University of Wales Swansea, UK. H. Braun is with the German Sports University, Cologne, Germany. J.C. Cobo is with The Coca-Cola Company, Belgium. C. Edmonds is with the University of East London, UK. I. Elmadfa is with the University of Vienna, Austria. A. El-Sharkawy is with the University of Nottingham, UK. J. Feehally is with the University of Leicester, UK. R. Gellert is with the Szpital Bielański, Poland. J. Holdsworth is with the European Hydration Institute, UK. M. Kapsokefalou is with the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. W.L. Kenney is with the Penn State University, USA. J.B. Leiper is with the University of Dundee, UK. I.A. Macdonald is with the University of Nottingham, UK. C. Maffeis is with the University of Verona, Italy. R.J. Maughan is with the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. S.M. Shirreffs is with Glaxo SmithKline, United Kingdom. P. Toth-Heyn is with Semmelweiss University, Hungary. P. Watson is with Loughborough University, UK.
W L
WL
Kenney
D. Benton is with the University of Wales Swansea, UK. H. Braun is with the German Sports University, Cologne, Germany. J.C. Cobo is with The Coca-Cola Company, Belgium. C. Edmonds is with the University of East London, UK. I. Elmadfa is with the University of Vienna, Austria. A. El-Sharkawy is with the University of Nottingham, UK. J. Feehally is with the University of Leicester, UK. R. Gellert is with the Szpital Bielański, Poland. J. Holdsworth is with the European Hydration Institute, UK. M. Kapsokefalou is with the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. W.L. Kenney is with the Penn State University, USA. J.B. Leiper is with the University of Dundee, UK. I.A. Macdonald is with the University of Nottingham, UK. C. Maffeis is with the University of Verona, Italy. R.J. Maughan is with the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. S.M. Shirreffs is with Glaxo SmithKline, United Kingdom. P. Toth-Heyn is with Semmelweiss University, Hungary. P. Watson is with Loughborough University, UK.
J B
JB
Leiper
D. Benton is with the University of Wales Swansea, UK. H. Braun is with the German Sports University, Cologne, Germany. J.C. Cobo is with The Coca-Cola Company, Belgium. C. Edmonds is with the University of East London, UK. I. Elmadfa is with the University of Vienna, Austria. A. El-Sharkawy is with the University of Nottingham, UK. J. Feehally is with the University of Leicester, UK. R. Gellert is with the Szpital Bielański, Poland. J. Holdsworth is with the European Hydration Institute, UK. M. Kapsokefalou is with the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. W.L. Kenney is with the Penn State University, USA. J.B. Leiper is with the University of Dundee, UK. I.A. Macdonald is with the University of Nottingham, UK. C. Maffeis is with the University of Verona, Italy. R.J. Maughan is with the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. S.M. Shirreffs is with Glaxo SmithKline, United Kingdom. P. Toth-Heyn is with Semmelweiss University, Hungary. P. Watson is with Loughborough University, UK.
I A
IA
Macdonald
D. Benton is with the University of Wales Swansea, UK. H. Braun is with the German Sports University, Cologne, Germany. J.C. Cobo is with The Coca-Cola Company, Belgium. C. Edmonds is with the University of East London, UK. I. Elmadfa is with the University of Vienna, Austria. A. El-Sharkawy is with the University of Nottingham, UK. J. Feehally is with the University of Leicester, UK. R. Gellert is with the Szpital Bielański, Poland. J. Holdsworth is with the European Hydration Institute, UK. M. Kapsokefalou is with the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. W.L. Kenney is with the Penn State University, USA. J.B. Leiper is with the University of Dundee, UK. I.A. Macdonald is with the University of Nottingham, UK. C. Maffeis is with the University of Verona, Italy. R.J. Maughan is with the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. S.M. Shirreffs is with Glaxo SmithKline, United Kingdom. P. Toth-Heyn is with Semmelweiss University, Hungary. P. Watson is with Loughborough University, UK.
C
C
Maffeis
D. Benton is with the University of Wales Swansea, UK. H. Braun is with the German Sports University, Cologne, Germany. J.C. Cobo is with The Coca-Cola Company, Belgium. C. Edmonds is with the University of East London, UK. I. Elmadfa is with the University of Vienna, Austria. A. El-Sharkawy is with the University of Nottingham, UK. J. Feehally is with the University of Leicester, UK. R. Gellert is with the Szpital Bielański, Poland. J. Holdsworth is with the European Hydration Institute, UK. M. Kapsokefalou is with the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. W.L. Kenney is with the Penn State University, USA. J.B. Leiper is with the University of Dundee, UK. I.A. Macdonald is with the University of Nottingham, UK. C. Maffeis is with the University of Verona, Italy. R.J. Maughan is with the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. S.M. Shirreffs is with Glaxo SmithKline, United Kingdom. P. Toth-Heyn is with Semmelweiss University, Hungary. P. Watson is with Loughborough University, UK. r.maughan@lboro.ac.uk.
R J
RJ
Maughan
D. Benton is with the University of Wales Swansea, UK. H. Braun is with the German Sports University, Cologne, Germany. J.C. Cobo is with The Coca-Cola Company, Belgium. C. Edmonds is with the University of East London, UK. I. Elmadfa is with the University of Vienna, Austria. A. El-Sharkawy is with the University of Nottingham, UK. J. Feehally is with the University of Leicester, UK. R. Gellert is with the Szpital Bielański, Poland. J. Holdsworth is with the European Hydration Institute, UK. M. Kapsokefalou is with the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. W.L. Kenney is with the Penn State University, USA. J.B. Leiper is with the University of Dundee, UK. I.A. Macdonald is with the University of Nottingham, UK. C. Maffeis is with the University of Verona, Italy. R.J. Maughan is with the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. S.M. Shirreffs is with Glaxo SmithKline, United Kingdom. P. Toth-Heyn is with Semmelweiss University, Hungary. P. Watson is with Loughborough University, UK.
S M
SM
Shirreffs
D. Benton is with the University of Wales Swansea, UK. H. Braun is with the German Sports University, Cologne, Germany. J.C. Cobo is with The Coca-Cola Company, Belgium. C. Edmonds is with the University of East London, UK. I. Elmadfa is with the University of Vienna, Austria. A. El-Sharkawy is with the University of Nottingham, UK. J. Feehally is with the University of Leicester, UK. R. Gellert is with the Szpital Bielański, Poland. J. Holdsworth is with the European Hydration Institute, UK. M. Kapsokefalou is with the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. W.L. Kenney is with the Penn State University, USA. J.B. Leiper is with the University of Dundee, UK. I.A. Macdonald is with the University of Nottingham, UK. C. Maffeis is with the University of Verona, Italy. R.J. Maughan is with the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. S.M. Shirreffs is with Glaxo SmithKline, United Kingdom. P. Toth-Heyn is with Semmelweiss University, Hungary. P. Watson is with Loughborough University, UK.
P
P
Toth-Heyn
D. Benton is with the University of Wales Swansea, UK. H. Braun is with the German Sports University, Cologne, Germany. J.C. Cobo is with The Coca-Cola Company, Belgium. C. Edmonds is with the University of East London, UK. I. Elmadfa is with the University of Vienna, Austria. A. El-Sharkawy is with the University of Nottingham, UK. J. Feehally is with the University of Leicester, UK. R. Gellert is with the Szpital Bielański, Poland. J. Holdsworth is with the European Hydration Institute, UK. M. Kapsokefalou is with the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. W.L. Kenney is with the Penn State University, USA. J.B. Leiper is with the University of Dundee, UK. I.A. Macdonald is with the University of Nottingham, UK. C. Maffeis is with the University of Verona, Italy. R.J. Maughan is with the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. S.M. Shirreffs is with Glaxo SmithKline, United Kingdom. P. Toth-Heyn is with Semmelweiss University, Hungary. P. Watson is with Loughborough University, UK.
P
P
Watson
D003681:Dehydration; D004326:Drinking; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance
European Hydration Institute; executive summary; hydration; public health.