Accumulation status, sources and phytoavailability of metals in greenhouse vegetable production systems in Beijing, China.
The accumulation status, sources and phytoavailability of selected metals in greenhouse vegetable production systems in peri-urban areas of Beijing were investigated. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb in greenhouse soils were 8.44, 0.25, 69.0, 0.09 and 22.0 mg kg(-1), dw, respectively. According to principal component analysis, As, Cd, Cr and Hg are mainly from anthropogenic source, but Pb is likely from natural source. Metal concentrations in all vegetable samples were decreased in the order of Cr>As>Pb>Cd>Hg. Compared with root and fruit vegetables, leaf vegetables had relatively high concentrations and transfer factors of heavy metals, except for Cd. By including soil pH, OM and greenhouse soil metals, 10 empirical models were derived using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis to predict heavy metal concentrations in the edible parts of different vegetables. Among the different vegetable groups, the highest intakes of metals occurred through consumption of leaf vegetables for the two age groups, except for Cd. The HI value of the studied metals were all below 1, indicating that consumption of vegetables grown in greenhouse soils was of low risk to consumers in our study area.
Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 100097 Beijing, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, 100097 Beijing, China.
Li
L
Xu
Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 100097 Beijing, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, 100097 Beijing, China. Electronic address: luax@nercita.org.cn.
Anxiang
A
Lu
Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 100097 Beijing, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, 100097 Beijing, China.
Jihua
J
Wang
Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 100097 Beijing, China.
Zhihong
Z
Ma
Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 100097 Beijing, China.
Ligang
L
Pan
Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 100097 Beijing, China.
Xiaoyuan
X
Feng
Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 100097 Beijing, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, 100097 Beijing, China.
Yunxia
Y
Luan
D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D000068476:Beijing; D001682:Biological Availability; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D001151:Arsenic
Cluster analysis; Empirical models; Hazard index; Principal component analysis; Transfer factor