The structure of wheat bread influences the postprandial metabolic response in healthy men.
Postprandial high glucose and insulin responses after starchy food consumption, associated with an increased risk of developing several metabolic diseases, could possibly be improved by altering food structure. We investigated the influence of a compact food structure; different wheat products with a similar composition were created using different processing conditions. The postprandial glucose kinetics and metabolic response to bread with a compact structure (flat bread, FB) was compared to bread with a porous structure (control bread, CB) in a randomized, crossover study with ten healthy male volunteers. Pasta (PA), with a very compact structure, was used as the control. The rate of appearance of exogenous glucose (RaE), endogenous glucose production, and glucose clearance rate (GCR) was calculated using stable isotopes. Furthermore, postprandial plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, several intestinal hormones and bile acids were analyzed. The structure of FB was considerably more compact compared to CB, as confirmed by microscopy, XRT analysis (porosity) and density measurements. Consumption of FB resulted in lower peak glucose, insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (ns) responses and a slower initial RaE compared to CB. These variables were similar to the PA response, except for RaE which remained slower over a longer period after PA consumption. Interestingly, the GCR after FB was higher than expected based on the insulin response, indicating increased insulin sensitivity or insulin-independent glucose disposal. These results demonstrate that the structure of wheat bread can influence the postprandial metabolic response, with a more compact structure being more beneficial for health. Bread-making technology should be further explored to create healthier products.
Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. c.eelderink@umcg.nl.
Coby
C
Eelderink
Martijn W J
MW
Noort
Nesli
N
Sozer
Martijn
M
Koehorst
Jens J
JJ
Holst
Carolyn F
CF
Deacon
Jens F
JF
Rehfeld
Kaisa
K
Poutanen
Roel J
RJ
Vonk
Lizette
L
Oudhuis
Marion G
MG
Priebe
D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis*; D001944:Breath Tests; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D054795:Incretins / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D064787:Portion Size; D019518:Postprandial Period; D014908:Triticum; D055815:Young Adult
D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D001786:Blood Glucose; D054795:Incretins; D007328:Insulin; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D005934:Glucagon