Randomized Clinical Trial of Virtual Reality Simulation Training for Transvaginal Gynecologic Ultrasound Skills.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the impact of virtual reality simulation training and theoretical teaching on the ability of inexperienced trainees to produce adequate virtual transvaginal ultrasound images.


METHODS
We conducted a randomized controlled trial with parallel groups. Participants included inexperienced residents starting a training program in Paris. The intervention consisted of 40 minutes of virtual reality simulation training using a haptic transvaginal simulator versus 40 minutes of conventional teaching including a conference with slides and videos and answers to the students' questions. The outcome was a 19-point image quality score calculated from a set of 4 images (sagittal and coronal views of the uterus and left and right ovaries) produced by trainees immediately after the intervention, using the same simulator on which a new virtual patient had been uploaded. Experts assessed the outcome on stored images, presented in a random order, 2 months after the trial was completed. They were blinded to group assignment. The hypothesis was an improved outcome in the intervention group. Randomization was 1 to 1.


RESULTS
The mean score was significantly greater in the simulation group (n = 16; mean score, 12; SEM, 0.8) than the control group (n = 18; mean score, 9; SEM, 1.0; P= .0302).


CONCLUSIONS
The quality of virtual vaginal images produced by inexperienced trainees was greater immediately after a single virtual reality simulation training session than after a single theoretical teaching session.
Hôpital Universitaire Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (C.C., M.D.); Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (G.E.C., Y.V.); Université René Descartes, Paris, France (G.E.C., Y.V.); Hôpital Poissy Saint-Germain en Laye, Saint-Germain en Laye, France (P.B.); and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (M.D.).
Coline
C
Chao
Hôpital Universitaire Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (C.C., M.D.); Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (G.E.C., Y.V.); Université René Descartes, Paris, France (G.E.C., Y.V.); Hôpital Poissy Saint-Germain en Laye, Saint-Germain en Laye, France (P.B.); and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (M.D.).
Gihad E
GE
Chalouhi
Hôpital Universitaire Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (C.C., M.D.); Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (G.E.C., Y.V.); Université René Descartes, Paris, France (G.E.C., Y.V.); Hôpital Poissy Saint-Germain en Laye, Saint-Germain en Laye, France (P.B.); and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (M.D.).
Philippe
P
Bouhanna
Hôpital Universitaire Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (C.C., M.D.); Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (G.E.C., Y.V.); Université René Descartes, Paris, France (G.E.C., Y.V.); Hôpital Poissy Saint-Germain en Laye, Saint-Germain en Laye, France (P.B.); and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (M.D.).
Yves
Y
Ville
Hôpital Universitaire Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (C.C., M.D.); Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (G.E.C., Y.V.); Université René Descartes, Paris, France (G.E.C., Y.V.); Hôpital Poissy Saint-Germain en Laye, Saint-Germain en Laye, France (P.B.); and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (M.D.). marc.dommergues@psl.aphp.fr.
Marc
M
Dommergues
D002983:Clinical Competence; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003479:Curriculum; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006176:Gynecology / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011871:Radiology / Q000193:education; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000066908:Simulation Training / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult
gynecologic ultrasound; randomized controlled trial; stimulation; training; transvaginal ultrasound; virtual reality