Nanoparticles for Cardiovascular Imaging and Therapeutic Delivery, Part 1: Compositions and Features.
Imaging agents made from nanoparticles are functionally versatile and have unique properties that may translate to clinical utility in several key cardiovascular imaging niches. Nanoparticles exhibit size-based circulation, biodistribution, and elimination properties different from those of small molecules and microparticles. In addition, nanoparticles provide versatile platforms that can be engineered to create both multimodal and multifunctional imaging agents with tunable properties. With these features, nanoparticulate imaging agents can facilitate fusion of high-sensitivity and high-resolution imaging modalities and selectively bind tissues for targeted molecular imaging and therapeutic delivery. Despite their intriguing attributes, nanoparticulate imaging agents have thus far achieved only limited clinical use. The reasons for this restricted advancement include an evolving scope of applications, the simplicity and effectiveness of existing small-molecule agents, pharmacokinetic limitations, safety concerns, and a complex regulatory environment. This review describes general features of nanoparticulate imaging agents and therapeutics and discusses challenges associated with clinical translation. A second, related review to appear in a subsequent issue of JNM highlights nuclear-based nanoparticulate probes in preclinical cardiovascular imaging.
Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and.
John C
JC
Stendahl
Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut albert.sinusas@yale.edu.
Albert J
AJ
Sinusas
D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000378:metabolism; D010316:Particle Size; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals
cardiovascular disease; molecular imaging; nanoparticles; nuclear imaging; theranostics