Antiseptic solutions modulate the paracrine-like activity of bone chips: differential impact of chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite.
OBJECTIVE
Chemical decontamination increases the availability of bone grafts; however, it remains unclear whether antiseptic processing changes the biological activity of bone.


METHODS
Bone chips were incubated with four different antiseptic solutions including (1) povidone-iodine (0.5%), (2) chlorhexidine diguluconate (0.2%), (3) hydrogen peroxide (1%) and (4) sodium hypochlorite (0.25%). After 10 min. of incubation, changes in the capacity of the bone-conditioned medium (BCM) to modulate gene expression of gingival fibroblasts was investigated.


RESULTS
Conditioned medium obtained from freshly prepared bone chips increased the expression of TGF-β target genes interleukin 11 (IL11), proteoglycan4 (PRG4), NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), and decreased the expression of adrenomedullin (ADM), and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in gingival fibroblasts. Incubation of bone chips with 0.2% chlorhexidine, followed by vigorously washing resulted in a BCM with even higher expression of IL11, PRG4 and NOX4. These findings were also detected with a decrease in cell viability and an activation of apoptosis signalling. Chlorhexidine alone, at low concentrations, increased IL11, PRG4 and NOX4 expression, independent of the TGF-β receptor I kinase activity. In contrast, 0.25% sodium hypochlorite almost entirely abolished the activity of BCM, whereas the other two antiseptic solutions, 1% hydrogen peroxide and 0.5% povidone-iodine, had relatively no impact respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
These in vitro findings demonstrate that incubation of bone chips with chlorhexidine differentially affects the activity of the respective BCM compared to the other antiseptic solutions. The data further suggest that the main effects are caused by chlorhexidine remaining in the BCM after repeated washing of the bone chips.
Department of Cranio Maxillofacial Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Kosaku
K
Sawada
Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
Jordi
J
Caballé-Serrano
Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.|Robert K. Schenk Laboratory of Oral Histology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Dieter D
DD
Bosshardt
Department of Cranio Maxillofacial Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Benoit
B
Schaller
Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Richard J
RJ
Miron
Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Daniel
D
Buser
Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.|Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.|Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Reinhard
R
Gruber
D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D019899:Paracrine Communication / Q000187:drug effects*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D004202:Disinfectants; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D002710:Chlorhexidine
Autografts, bone supernatant; TGF-β; antiseptic solution; bone; bone-conditioned medium; chlorhexidine; hydrogen peroxide; povidone-iodine; sodium hypochlorite