The potential of at-home prediction of the formation of urolithiasis by simple multi-frequency electrical conductivity of the urine and the comparison of its performance with urine ion-related indices, color and specific gravity.
It is important to control daily diet, water intake and life style as well as monitor the quality of urine for urolithiasis prevention. For decades, many ion-related indices have been developed for predicting the formation of urinary stones or urolithiasis, such as EQUILs, relative supersaturation (RSS), Tiselius indices (TI), Robertson risk factor algorithms (RRFA) and more recently, the Bonn risk index. However, they mostly demand robust laboratory analysis, are work-intensive, and even require complex computational programs to get the concentration patterns of several urine analytes. A simple and fast platform for measuring multi-frequency electrical conductivity (MFEC) of morning spot urine (random urine) to predict the onset of urolithiasis was implemented in this study. The performance thereof was compared to ion-related indices, urine color and specific gravity. The concentrations of relevant ions, color, specific gravity (SG) and MFEC (MFEC tested at 1, 10, 100, 5001 KHz and 1 MHz) of 80 random urine samples were examined after collection. Then, the urine samples were stored at 4 °C for 24 h to determine whether sedimentation would occur or not. Ion-activity product index of calcium oxalate (AP(CaOx) EQ2) was calculated. The correlation between AP(CaOx) EQ2, urine color, SG and MFEC were analyzed. AP(CaOx) EQ2, urine color and MFEC (at 5 frequencies) all demonstrated good prediction (p = 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, respectively) for stone formation. The positive correlation between AP(CaOx) EQ2 and MFEC is also significant (p = 0.01). MFEC provides a good metric for predicting the onset of urolithiasis, which is comparable to conventional ion-related indices and urine color. This technology can be implemented with much ease for objectively monitoring the quality of urine at points-of-care or at home.
Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.
Angelito A
AA
Silverio
Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.
Wen-Yaw
WY
Chung
Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.
Cheanyeh
C
Cheng
Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science and Technology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC.
Hai-Lung
HL
Wang
Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science and Technology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC.
Chien-Min
CM
Kung
Department of Urology, West Garden Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
Jun
J
Chen
Department of Urology, Ten-Chen General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC. ntubala@hotmail.com.|Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. ntubala@hotmail.com.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC. ntubala@hotmail.com.
Vincent F S
VF
Tsai
D000328:Adult; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000737:chemistry*; D004032:Diet; D004326:Drinking; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000067716:Point-of-Care Testing; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D013046:Specific Gravity; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000652:urine*; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*
D002129:Calcium Oxalate
Behavioral modification; Multi-frequency electrical conductivity; Supersaturation; Urolithiasis