Ancient Neotropical origin and recent recolonisation: Phylogeny, biogeography and diversification of the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea).
We present the first dated higher-level phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of the butterfly family Riodinidae. This family is distributed worldwide, but more than 90% of the c. 1500 species are found in the Neotropics, while the c. 120 Old World species are concentrated in the Southeast Asian tropics, with minor Afrotropical and Australasian tropical radiations, and few temperate species. Morphologically based higher classification is partly unresolved, with genera incompletely assigned to tribes. Using 3666bp from one mitochondrial and four nuclear markers for each of 23 outgroups and 178 riodinid taxa representing all subfamilies, tribes and subtribes, and 98 out of 145 described genera of riodinids, we estimate that Riodinidae split from Lycaenidae about 96Mya in the mid-Cretaceous and started to diversify about 81Mya. The Riodinidae are monophyletic and originated in the Neotropics, most likely in lowland proto-Amazonia. Neither the subfamily Euselasiinae nor the Nemeobiinae are monophyletic as currently constituted. The enigmatic, monotypic Neotropical genera Styx and Corrachia (most recently treated in Euselasiinae: Corrachiini) are highly supported as derived taxa in the Old World Nemeobiinae, with dispersal most likely occurring across the Beringia land bridge during the Oligocene. Styx and Corrachia, together with all other nemeobiines, are the only exclusively Primulaceae-feeding riodinids. The steadily increasing proliferation of the Neotropical Riodininae subfamily contrasts with the decrease in diversification in the Old World, and may provide insights into factors influencing the diversification rate of this relatively ancient clade of Neotropical insects.
Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Powell Hall, 2315 Hull Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Electronic address: marianne.espeland@gmail.com.
Marianne
M
Espeland
Department of Systematic Biology-Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-127, USA. Electronic address: halljrios@yahoo.com.
Jason P W
JP
Hall
Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lake Shore Drive, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA. Electronic address: phil.devries@gmail.com.
Philip J
PJ
DeVries
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. Electronic address: dclees@gmail.com.
David C
DC
Lees
Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Electronic address: mcornwal@oeb.harvard.edu.
Mark
M
Cornwall
Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: t43018@ntnu.edu.tw.
Yu-Feng
YF
Hsu
The Experimental Forest, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Nantou, Taiwan. Electronic address: chiladessp@gmail.com.
Li-Wei
LW
Wu
Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics, University of Washington Bothell, Box 358500, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, WA 98011-8246, USA. Electronic address: danalc@uw.edu.
Dana L
DL
Campbell
Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Faculty of Biology & Soil Science, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Electronic address: gerard.talavera@csic.es.
Gerard
G
Talavera
Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: roger.vila@csic.es.
Roger
R
Vila
Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Electronic address: shaylasalzman@fas.harvard.edu.
Shayla
S
Salzman
Yale University, Yale College, PO Box 208241, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Electronic address: sophie.ruehr@yale.edu.
Sophie
S
Ruehr
Department of Biology, City College of New York, City University of New York, Convent Avenue at 138th Street, New York, NY 10031, USA. Electronic address: dlohman@ccny.cuny.edu.
David J
DJ
Lohman
Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Electronic address: npierce@oeb.harvard.edu.
Naomi E
NE
Pierce
D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002080:Butterflies / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D017344:Genes, Insect; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography
Biogeography; Diversification; Higher-level phylogeny; Hostplant; Metalmark butterflies; Styx