End-of-life care communications and shared decision-making in Norwegian nursing homes--experiences and perspectives of patients and relatives.
BACKGROUND
Involving nursing home patients and their relatives in end-of-life care conversations and treatment decisions has recently gained increased importance in several Western countries. However, there is little knowledge about how the patients themselves and their next-of-kin look upon involvement in end-of-life care decisions. The purpose of this paper is to explore nursing home patients' and next-of-kin's experiences with- and perspectives on end-of-life care conversations, information and shared decision-making.


METHODS
The study has a qualitative and explorative design, based on a combination of individual interviews with 35 patients living in six nursing homes and seven focus group interviews with 33 relatives. The data was analysed applying a "bricolage" approach". Participation was based on informed consent, and the study was approved by the Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics.


RESULTS
Few patients and relatives had participated in conversations about end-of-life care. Most relatives wanted such conversations, while the patients' opinions varied. With some exceptions, patients and relatives wanted to be informed about the patient's health condition. The majority wanted to be involved in the decision-making process, but leave the final decisions to the health professionals. Among the patients, the opinion varied; some patients wanted to leave the decisions more or less completely to the nursing home staff. Conversations about end-of-life care issues are emotionally challenging, and very few patients had discussed these questions with their family. The relatives' opinions of the patient's preferences were mainly based on assumptions; they had seldom talked about this explicitly. Both patients and relatives wanted the staff to raise these questions.


CONCLUSIONS
Nursing home staff should initiate conversations about preferences for end-of-life care, assisting patients and relatives in talking about these issues, while at the same time being sensitive to the diversity in opinions and the timing for such conversations. As the popularity of advance care planning increases in many Western countries, discussions of patients' and relatives' perspectives will be of great interest to a broader audience.
Centre for Medical Ethics, University of Oslo, P.b 1130 Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway. elisabeth.gjerberg@medisin.uio.no.
Elisabeth
E
Gjerberg
Centre for Medical Ethics, University of Oslo, P.b 1130 Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway. lillian.lillemoen@medisin.uio.no.
Lillian
L
Lillemoen
Centre for Medical Ethics, University of Oslo, P.b 1130 Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway. reidun.forde@medisin.uio.no.
Reidun
R
Førde
Centre for Medical Ethics, University of Oslo, P.b 1130 Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway. reidar.pedersen@medisin.uio.no.
Reidar
R
Pedersen
D000328:Adult; D032722:Advance Care Planning; D000368:Aged; D000066491:Clinical Decision-Making / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods; D003657:Decision Making; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000941:ethics*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000941:ethics*; D057240:Patient Preference / Q000523:psychology*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000941:ethics / Q000523:psychology