Nanoparticles in the fight against mosquito-borne diseases: bioactivity of Bruguiera cylindrica-synthesized nanoparticles against dengue virus DEN-2 (in vitro) and its mosquito vector Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).
Mosquitoes are blood-feeding insects serving as the most important vectors for spreading human pathogens and parasites. Dengue is a viral disease mainly vectored through the bite of Aedes mosquitoes. Its transmission has recently increased in urban and semi-urban areas of tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, becoming a major international public health concern. There is no specific treatment for dengue. Its prevention and control solely depend on effective vector control measures. Mangrove plants have been used in Indian traditional medicine for a wide array of purposes. In this research, we proposed a method for biosynthesis of antiviral and mosquitocidal silver nanoparticles (AgNP) using the aqueous extract of Bruguiera cylindrica leaves. AgNP were characterized using a variety of biophysical analyses, including UV-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Bruguiera cilyndrica aqueous extract and green-synthesized AgNP were tested against the primary dengue vector Aedes aegypti. AgNP were the most effective. LC50 values ranged from 8.93 ppm (larva I) to 30.69 ppm (pupa). In vitro experiments showed that 30 μg/ml of AgNP significantly inhibited the production of dengue viral envelope (E) protein in vero cells and downregulated the expression of dengue viral E gene. Concerning nontarget effects, we observed that the predation efficiency of Carassius auratus against A. aegypti was not affected by exposure at sublethal doses of AgNP. Predation in the control was 71.81 % (larva II) and 50.43 % (larva III), while in an AgNP-treated environment, predation was boosted to 90.25 and 76.81 %, respectively. Overall, this study highlights the concrete potential of green-synthesized AgNP in the fight against dengue virus. Furthermore, B. cylindrica-synthesized AgNP can be employed at low doses to reduce larval and pupal population of A. aegypti, without detrimental effects of predation rates of mosquito predators, such as C. auratus.
Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
Kadarkarai
K
Murugan
Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
Devakumar
D
Dinesh
Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
Manickam
M
Paulpandi
Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia.
Abdulaziz Dakhellah Meqbel
AD
Althbyani
Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
Jayapal
J
Subramaniam
Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
Pari
P
Madhiyazhagan
School of Life Science and Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
Lan
L
Wang
Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
Udaiyan
U
Suresh
Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
Palanisamy Mahesh
PM
Kumar
Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
Jagathish
J
Mohan
Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
Rajapandian
R
Rajaganesh
Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350013, China.
Hui
H
Wei
Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan.
Kandasamy
K
Kalimuthu
Texas A&M University System/Agri Life Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, TX, 79403, USA.
Megha N
MN
Parajulee
Department of Parasitology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Heinz
H
Mehlhorn
Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy. g.benelli@sssup.it.
Giovanni
G
Benelli
D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000821:virology; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003715:Dengue / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D043982:Rhizophoraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012834:Silver
Antiviral activity; Biotoxicity; EDX; FTIR; Nanobiotechnology; Nontarget effect; SEM; XRD; severe dengue