Atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (APGC/MS/MS) an alternative to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) for the determination of dioxins.
The use of a new atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization source for gas chromatography (APGC) coupled with a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS/MS) system, as an alternative to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), for the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs is described. The potential of using atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) coupled to a tandem quadrupole analyzer has been validated for the identification and quantification of dioxins and furans in different complex matrices. The main advantage of using the APCI source is the soft ionization at atmospheric pressure, which results in very limited fragmentation. APCI mass spectra are dominated by the molecular ion cluster, in contrast with the high energy ionization process under electron ionization (EI). The use of the molecular ion as the precursor ion in MS/MS enhances selectivity and, consequently, sensitivity by increasing the signal-to-noise ratios (S/N). For standard solutions of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, injections of 10 fg in the splitless mode on 30- or 60-m-length, 0.25 mm inner diameter (id), and 25 μm film thickness low-polarity capillary columns (DB5MS type), signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios of >10:1 were routinely obtained. Linearity was achieved in the region (correlation coefficient of r(2) > 0.998) for calibration curves ranging from 100 fg/μL to 1000 pg/μL. The results from a wide variety of complex samples, including certified and standard reference materials and samples from several QA/QC studies, which were previously analyzed by EI HRGC/HRMS, were compared with the results from the APGC/MS/MS system. Results between instruments showed good agreement both in individual congeners and toxic equivalence factors (TEQs). The data show that the use of APGC in combination with MS/MS for the analysis of dioxins has the same potential, in terms of sensitivity and selectivity, as the traditional HRMS instrumentation used for this analysis. However, the APCI/MS/MS system, as a benchtop system, is much easier to use.
MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University , 701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
Bert
B
van Bavel
MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University , 701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
Dawei
D
Geng
Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, University Jaume I , 12071 Castellón, Spain.
Laura
L
Cherta
Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, University Jaume I , 12071 Castellón, Spain.
Jaime
J
Nácher-Mestre
Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, University Jaume I , 12071 Castellón, Spain.
Tania
T
Portolés
MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University , 701 82 Örebro, Sweden.|Laboratory of Dioxins, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC , Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Manuela
M
Ábalos
Laboratory of Dioxins, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC , Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Jordi
J
Sauló
Laboratory of Dioxins, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC , Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Esteban
E
Abad
Waters Corporation, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Jody
J
Dunstan
Waters Corporation, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Rhys
R
Jones
EU Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis of Food , D-79114 Freiburg, Germany.
Alexander
A
Kotz
EU Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis of Food , D-79114 Freiburg, Germany.
Helmut
H
Winterhalter
EU Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis of Food , D-79114 Freiburg, Germany.
Rainer
R
Malisch
RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Wim
W
Traag
MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University , 701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
Jessika
J
Hagberg
MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University , 701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
Ingrid
I
Ericson Jogsten
Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, University Jaume I , 12071 Castellón, Spain.
Joaquim
J
Beltran
Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, University Jaume I , 12071 Castellón, Spain.
Félix
F
Hernández
D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D004147:Dioxins / Q000032:analysis*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation
D004147:Dioxins