Phytotoxic mechanisms of bur cucumber seed extracts on lettuce with special reference to analysis of chloroplast proteins, phytohormones, and nutritional elements.
Bioherbicides from plant extracts are an effective and environmentally friendly method to prevent weed growth. The present investigation was aimed at determining the inhibitory effect of bur cucumber seed extracts (BSE) on lettuce plant growth. Bur cucumber seeds were ground with water, and two different concentrations of seed extracts (10% and 20%) were prepared and applied to lettuce plants. Decreased plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, anProd. Type: FTPd leaf area were found in lettuce exposed to BSE as compared with controls. A significant reduction in lettuce biomass was observed in 20% BSE-treated plants due to the presence of higher amounts of phenolic content in the extracts. Moreover, a significant inhibitory chemical, 2-linoleoyl glycerol, was identified in BSE extracts. The mechanism of plant growth inhibition was assayed in lettuce proteins by 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and the LC-MS/MS method. In total, 57 protein spots were detected in plants treated with 20% BSE and control plants. Among these, 39 proteins were down-regulated and 18 proteins were up-regulated in plants exposed to 20% BSE as compared with controls. The presence of low levels of chlorophyll a/b binding protein and oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 1 in BSE-exposed plants reduced photosynthetic pigment synthesis and might be a reason for stunted plant growth. Indeed, the plant-growth stimulating hormone gibberellin was inhibited, and synthesis of stress hormones such as abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid were triggered in lettuce by the effects of BSE. Uptake of essential nutrients, Ca, Fe, Mg, K, S, and Mo, was deficient and accumulation of the toxic ions Cu, Zn, and Na was higher in BSE-treated plants. The results of this study suggest that extracts of bur cucumber seeds can be an effective eco-friendly bioherbicide for weed control that work by inhibiting mechanisms of photosynthesis and regulating phytohormones and nutritional elements.
School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
Seok-Min
SM
Lee
School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
Ramalingam
R
Radhakrishnan
School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
Sang-Mo
SM
Kang
Chemical Safety Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Republic of Korea.
Jin-Hyo
JH
Kim
Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agicultural Science, RDA, Republic of Korea.
In-Yong
IY
Lee
School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
Bong-Kyu
BK
Moon
School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
Byung-Wook
BW
Yoon
School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ijlee@knu.ac.kr.
In-Jung
IJ
Lee
D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D018533:Biomass; D018553:Cucumis sativus / Q000737:chemistry*; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000378:metabolism; D018545:Lactuca / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000633:toxicity*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D058728:Weed Control / Q000379:methods*
D003517:Cyclopentanes; D054883:Oxylipins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010940:Plant Proteins; C011006:jasmonic acid; D000040:Abscisic Acid; D020156:Salicylic Acid
Bioherbicide; Bur cucumber; Chloroplast proteins; Lettuce; Nutrients; Phyto-hormones