Effects of pharmaceuticals present in aquatic environment on Phase I metabolism in fish.
The fate of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments is an issue of concern. Current evidence indicates that the risks to fish greatly depend on the nature and concentrations of the pharmaceuticals and might be species-specific. Assessment of risks associated with the presence of pharmaceuticals in water is hindered by an incomplete understanding of the metabolism of these pharmaceuticals in aquatic species. In mammals and fish, pharmaceuticals are primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450). Thus, CYP450 activity is a crucial factor determining the detoxification abilities of organisms. Massive numbers of toxicological studies have investigated the interactions of human pharmaceuticals with detoxification systems in various fish species. In this paper, we review the effects of pharmaceuticals found in aquatic environments on fish hepatic CYP450. Moreover, we discuss the roles of nuclear receptors in cellular regulation and the effects of various groups of chemicals on fish, presented in the recent literature.
University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic. Electronic address: vburkina@frov.jcu.cz.
Viktoriia
V
Burkina
University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic. Electronic address: vzlabek@frov.jcu.cz.
Vladimir
V
Zlabek
University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Food Science, P.O. Box 7051, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address: Galia.Zamaratskaia@slu.se.
Galia
G
Zamaratskaia
D000818:Animals; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
D029941:Fish Proteins; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
Aquatic invertebrates; Cytochromes P450; Drugs; Nuclear receptor