Mechanism of triphenylmethane Cresol Red degradation by Trichoderma harzianum M06.
Cresol Red belongs to the triphenylmethane (TPM) class of dyes which are potentially carcinogenic or mutagenic. However, very few studies on biodegradation of Cresol Red were investigated as compared to other type dyes such as azo and anthraquinone dye. The aim of this work is to evaluate triphenylmethane dye Cresol Red degradation by fungal strain isolated from the decayed wood in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. Detailed taxonomic studies identified the organisms as Trichoderma species and designated as strain Trichoderma harzianum M06. In this study, Cresol Red was decolorized up to 88% within 30 days under agitation condition by Trichoderma harzianum M06. Data analysis revealed that a pH value of 3 yielded a highest degradation rate among pH concentrations (73%), salinity concentrations of 100 g/L (73%), and a volume of 0.1 mL of Tween 80 (79%). Induction in the enzyme activities of manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, laccase, 1,2- and 2,3-dioxygenase indicates their involvement in Cresol Red removal. Various analytical studies such as Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC), UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmed the biotransformation of Cresol Red by the fungus. Two metabolites were identified in the treated medium: 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (t R 7.3 min and m/z 355) and 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (t R 8.6 min and m/z 267). Based on these products, a probable pathway has been proposed for the degradation of Cresol Red by Trichoderma harzianum M06.
Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.|Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
Nurafifah Mohd
NM
Nor
Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. hadibarata@utm.my.|Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. hadibarata@utm.my.
Tony
T
Hadibarata
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
Meor Mohd Fikri Ahmad
MM
Zubir
Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.|Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
Zainab Mat
ZM
Lazim
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
Liyana Amalina
LA
Adnan
Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.|Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
Mohamad Ali
MA
Fulazzaky
D010637:Phenolsulfonphthalein / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000378:metabolism*
D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; C009743:Cresol red; D010637:Phenolsulfonphthalein
2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid; 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid; Cresol Red; Decolorization; Trichoderma harzianum M06; Triphenylmethane dye