Factors influencing the implementation of chronic care models: A systematic literature review.
BACKGROUND
The increasing prevalence of chronic disease faced by both developed and developing countries is of considerable concern to a number of international organisations. Many of the interventions to address this concern within primary healthcare settings are based on the chronic care model (CCM). The implementation of complex interventions such as CCMs requires careful consideration and planning. Success depends on a number of factors at the healthcare provider, team, organisation and system levels.


METHODS
The aim of this systematic review was to systematically examine the scientific literature in order to understand the facilitators and barriers to implementing CCMs within a primary healthcare setting. This review focused on both quantitative and qualitative studies which included patients with chronic disease (cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic respiratory disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, depression and HIV/AIDS) receiving care in primary healthcare settings, as well as primary healthcare providers such as doctors, nurses and administrators. Papers were limited to those published in English between 1998 and 2013.


RESULTS
The search returned 3492 articles. The majority of these studies were subsequently excluded based on their title or abstract because they clearly did not meet the inclusion criteria for this review. A total of 226 full text articles were obtained and a further 188 were excluded as they did not meet the criteria. Thirty eight published peer-reviewed articles were ultimately included in this review. Five primary themes emerged. In addition to ensuring appropriate resources to support implementation and sustainability, the acceptability of the intervention for both patients and healthcare providers contributed to the success of the intervention. There was also a need to prepare healthcare providers for the implementation of a CCM, and to support patients as the way in which they receive care changes.


CONCLUSIONS
This systematic review demonstrated the importance of considering human factors including the influence that different stakeholders have on the success or otherwise of the implementing a CCM.
South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. carol.davy@sahmri.com.
Carol
C
Davy
The George Institute for Global Health, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia. j.bleasel@neura.edu.au.
Jonathan
J
Bleasel
The George Institute for Global Health, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia. hliu@georgeinstitute.org.au.
Hueiming
H
Liu
The George Institute for Global Health, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia. mtchan@georgeinstitute.org.au.
Maria
M
Tchan
The George Institute for Global Health, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia. sponniah@au.pwc.com.
Sharon
S
Ponniah
South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. alex.brown@sahmri.com.
Alex
A
Brown
D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration; D011787:Quality of Health Care