Discovery and spectroscopy of the young jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager.
Directly detecting thermal emission from young extrasolar planets allows measurement of their atmospheric compositions and luminosities, which are influenced by their formation mechanisms. Using the Gemini Planet Imager, we discovered a planet orbiting the ~20-million-year-old star 51 Eridani at a projected separation of 13 astronomical units. Near-infrared observations show a spectrum with strong methane and water-vapor absorption. Modeling of the spectra and photometry yields a luminosity (normalized by the luminosity of the Sun) of 1.6 to 4.0 × 10(-6) and an effective temperature of 600 to 750 kelvin. For this age and luminosity, "hot-start" formation models indicate a mass twice that of Jupiter. This planet also has a sufficiently low luminosity to be consistent with the "cold-start" core-accretion process that may have formed Jupiter.
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94040, USA. bmacintosh@stanford.edu.
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Macintosh
Department of Astronomy, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Graham
Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Barman
Department of Astronomy, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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De Rosa
Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Konopacky
NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
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Marley
National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, British Columbia V9E 2E7, Canada. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.
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Marois
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Carl Sagan Center, 189 Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA. Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Nielsen
Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Pueyo
School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Post Office Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Rajan
Institut de Recherche sur les Exoplanètes, Départment de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Rameau
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Post Office Box 1663, MS F663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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Saumon
Department of Astronomy, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Wang
School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Post Office Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Patience
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94040, USA.
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Ammons
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California-Los Angeles, 430 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Arriaga
Institut de Recherche sur les Exoplanètes, Départment de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Artigau
Department of Astronomy, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Beckwith
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Carl Sagan Center, 189 Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
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Brewster
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada.
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Bruzzone
School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Post Office Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. Subaru Telescope, 650 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
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Bulger
NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. Science and Technology Research Institute, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK.
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Burningham
Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Burrows
Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Chen
Department of Astronomy, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Chiang
Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada.
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Chilcote
Department of Astronomy, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Dawson
Department of Astronomy, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Dong
Institut de Recherche sur les Exoplanètes, Départment de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Doyon
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada. National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, British Columbia V9E 2E7, Canada.
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Draper
Department of Astronomy, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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Duchêne
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California-Los Angeles, 430 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Esposito
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Fabrycky
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California-Los Angeles, 430 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Fitzgerald
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Follette
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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Fortney
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada. National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, British Columbia V9E 2E7, Canada.
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Gerard
Department of Physics, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1, UK. Gemini Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile.
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Goodsell
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3600 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Greenbaum
Gemini Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile.
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Hibon
University of Exeter, Astrophysics Group, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
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Hinkley
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Cotten
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California-Los Angeles, 430 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Hung
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
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Ingraham
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada. National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, British Columbia V9E 2E7, Canada.
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Johnson-Groh
Department of Astronomy, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Carl Sagan Center, 189 Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
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Kalas
Institut de Recherche sur les Exoplanètes, Départment de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Lafreniere
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California-Los Angeles, 430 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Larkin
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Lee
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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Line
Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Long
Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada.
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Maire
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Carl Sagan Center, 189 Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
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Marchis
National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, British Columbia V9E 2E7, Canada. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.
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Matthews
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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Max
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA.
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Metchev
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada.
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Millar-Blanchaer
Department of Astronomy, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Mittal
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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Morley
Steward Observatory, 933 North Cherry Avenue, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Morzinski
Department of Physics, University of California-Santa Barbara, Broida Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA.
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Murray-Clay
Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA.
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Oppenheimer
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94040, USA.
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Palmer
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA.
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Patel
Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Perrin
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94040, USA.
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Poyneer
Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Rafikov
Gemini Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile.
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Rantakyrö
Department of Engineering Science and Physics, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA. Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA.
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Rice
Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Camino El Observatorio 1515, Casilla 36-D, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.
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Rojo
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Carl Sagan Center, 189 Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
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Ruffio
Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Camino El Observatorio 1515, Casilla 36-D, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.
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Ruiz
Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, Universities Space Research Association, NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center, 2825 East Avenue P, Palmdale, CA 93550, USA. Gemini Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile.
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Sadakuni
National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, British Columbia V9E 2E7, Canada.
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Saddlemyer
Department of Astronomy, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Salama
Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Savransky
Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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Schneider
Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Sivaramakrishnan
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Song
Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Soummer
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
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Thomas
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.
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Vasisht
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.
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Wallace
School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Post Office Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Ward-Duong
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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Wiktorowicz
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3600 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Wolff
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California-Los Angeles, 430 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Zuckerman