Quality audits of radiotherapy centres in Latin America: a pilot experience of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
BACKGROUND
In Latin America radiotherapy quality varies significantly among hospitals, where highly equipped academic centers coexist with others not meeting minimal requirements. In 2007, the International Atomic Energy Agency published guidelines for auditing radiotherapy centers, known as the "Quality Assurance Team for Radiation Oncology" (QUATRO) audits. The present report summarizes a pilot experience with QUATRO audits to 12 radiotherapy centres.


METHODS
The findings from QUATRO audits conducted in 12 radiotherapy centres in Latin America between 2008 and 2013 were analysed. Events representing weaknesses or gaps in the process of radiotherapy were recorded. Relevant data for estimating human and technological needs of visited centres were processed. The main difficulties and strengths faced by institutions were also documented.


RESULTS
All 12 radiotherapy centres were successfully audited following the QUATRO method. IAEA provided a dosimetry kit for quality control. Forty percent of audited institutions were immersed in a health system that did not recognize cancer as a public health priority problem. With few exceptions, local training programs for physicists and technologists were scarce and research was not an activity of interest among physicians. Centres were provided with sufficient staff to meet the local demand, both in the case of radiation oncologists, physicists and radiation therapists. Three centres lacking the minimum infrastructure were identified. Three institutions did not perform gynaecological brachytherapy, and one installation delivered around 900 teletherapy treatments annually without simulation, planning or dosimetry equipment for that purpose. Recommendations to centres were classified as related to personnel, infrastructure, processes and institutional organizational aspects. Many recommendations warned governments about the evident need for allocating more budgetary resources to radiotherapy. Most recommendations pointed out different aspects related to strengthen human resources training and technological support to the audited centres. Scheduled follow-up visits were also stressed.


CONCLUSIONS
The QUATRO audits proved to be a valuable tool for identifying weaknesses in infrastructure, human resources and procedures in radiotherapy centres. Follow-up visits conducted by the IAEA or by regional or local organizations are necessary in order to evaluate outcomes and sustainability of implemented recommendations.
Applied Radiation Biology and Radiotherapy Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse 5, PO Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria. e.rosenblatt@iaea.org.
Eduardo
E
Rosenblatt
Applied Radiation Biology and Radiotherapy Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse 5, PO Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria. zubi.iaea@gmail.com.
Eduardo
E
Zubizarreta
Dosimetry and Medical Radiation Physics Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. j.izewska@iaea.org.
Joanna
J
Izewska
Radiotherapy Department, Fundación Escuela de Medicina Nuclear (FUESMEN), Mendoza, Argentina. sbinia@fuesmen.edu.ar.
Sergio
S
Binia
Radiotherapy Department, Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología (INOR), Havana, Cuba. yip@infomed.sld.cu.
Fernando
F
Garcia-Yip
Unit of Medicines and Health Technologies; Pan American Health Organization (PAHO); World Health Organization (WHO), Washington, USA. jimenezp@paho.org.
Pablo
P
Jimenez
D003133:Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities; D006801:Humans; D007390:International Agencies; D007843:Latin America; D008485:Medical Audit; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011786:Quality Control; D018787:Radiation Oncology / Q000592:standards*