Differential effects of calcium- and vitamin D-fortified milk with FOS-inulin compared to regular milk, on bone biomarkers in Chinese pre- and postmenopausal women.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the effects of a high-calcium vitamin D-fortified milk with added FOS-inulin versus regular milk on serum parathyroid hormone, and bone turnover markers in premenopausal (Pre-M) and postmenopausal (PM) women over 12 weeks.


METHODS
Premenopausal women (n = 136, mean age 41 (±5) years) and postmenopausal women [n = 121, mean age 59 (±4) years] were recruited, and each age group randomised into two groups to take two glasses per day of control = regular milk (500 mg calcium per day) or intervention (Int) = fortified milk (1000 mg calcium for pre-M women and 1200 mg calcium for PM women, 96 mg magnesium, 2.4 mg zinc, 15 µg vitamin D, 4 g FOS-inulin per day). At baseline, week 4 and week 12 serum minerals and bone biochemical markers were measured and bone density was measured at baseline.


RESULTS
Mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) vitamin D3] levels among groups were between 49 and 65 nmol/L at baseline, and over the 12 weeks of supplementation, the fortified milk improved vitamin D status in both Int groups. CTx-1 and PINP reduced significantly in both Pre-M and PM groups over the 12 weeks, with the changes in CTx-1 being significantly different (P < 0.035) between PM control and PM Int groups at week 12. Parathyroid hormone levels were significantly reduced in all groups over time, except for control PM group where levels increased at 12 weeks.


CONCLUSIONS
The overall pattern of responses indicates that while both regular milk and fortified milk reduce bone resorption in young and older women, fortified milk is measurably more effective.
School of Food and Nutrition, Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand. m.c.kruger@massey.ac.nz.
Marlena C
MC
Kruger
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.|Institute of Gerontology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
Yoke Mun
YM
Chan
Consultant Statistician for Fonterra Cooperative Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand.
Barbara
B
Kuhn-Sherlock
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
Lee Ting
LT
Lau
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
ChinChin
C
Lau
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
Y S
YS
Chin
Fonterra Cooperative Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand.
Joanne M
JM
Todd
Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Linda M
LM
Schollum
D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D015519:Bone Density; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000517:prevention & control; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000097:blood; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007444:Inulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D024042:Collagen Type I; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007328:Insulin; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D014807:Vitamin D; D010758:Phosphorus; D007444:Inulin; D008274:Magnesium
25(OH) vitamin D3; Bone markers; Bone turnover; Calcium-fortified milk; Chinese women; Malaysia; Postmenopausal women; Premenopausal women; Vitamin D status