Consumption of soy isoflavone enriched bread in men with prostate cancer is associated with reduced proinflammatory cytokines and immunosuppressive cells.
We hypothesized that soy phytochemicals may have immunomodulatory properties that may affect prostate carcinogenesis and progression. A randomized, phase II trial was conducted in 32 patients with prostate cancer with asymptomatic biochemical recurrence but no measurable disease on standard staging studies. Patients were randomized to two slices of soy bread (34 mg isoflavones/slice) or soy bread containing almond powder daily as a source of β-glucosidase. Flow cytometry and bioplex assays were used to measure cytokines or immune cell phenotype in blood at baseline (day 0) and following intervention (day 56). Adequate blood samples were available at enrollment and day 56 and evaluated. Multiple plasma cytokines and chemokines were significantly decreased on day 56 versus baseline. Subgroup analysis indicated reduced TH1 (P = 0.028) and myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-associated cytokines (P = 0.035). TH2 and TH17 cytokines were not significantly altered. Phenotypic analysis revealed no change in CD8(+) or CD4(+) T cells but showed increased CD56(+) natural killer (NK) cells (P = 0.038). The percentage of cells with a T regulatory cell phenotype (CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+)) was significantly decreased after 56 days of soy bread (P = 0.0136). Significantly decreased monocytic (CD33(+)HLADR(neg)CD14(+)) MDSC were observed in patients consuming soy bread (P = 0.0056). These data suggest that soy bread modulates systemic soluble and cellular biomarkers consistent with limiting inflammation and suppression of MDSCs. Additional studies to elucidate impact on the carcinogenic process or as a complement to immune-based therapy are required.
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Arthur G. James and Richard Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio. The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio. Gregory.Lesinski@osumc.edu steven.clinton@osumc.edu.
Gregory B
GB
Lesinski
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Arthur G. James and Richard Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio.
Patrick K
PK
Reville
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Arthur G. James and Richard Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio.
Thomas A
TA
Mace
Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Gregory S
GS
Young
College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Jennifer
J
Ahn-Jarvis
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Arthur G. James and Richard Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio.
Jennifer
J
Thomas-Ahner
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio. College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Yael
Y
Vodovotz
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Arthur G. James and Richard Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio.
Zeenath
Z
Ameen
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Arthur G. James and Richard Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio.
Elizabeth
E
Grainger
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio. College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Kenneth
K
Riedl
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio. College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Steven
S
Schwartz
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Arthur G. James and Richard Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio. The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio. Gregory.Lesinski@osumc.edu steven.clinton@osumc.edu.
Steven K
SK
Clinton
D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001939:Bread; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D063646:Carcinogenesis; D018925:Chemokines; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007249:Inflammation; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009754:Nuts / Q000737:chemistry; D010641:Phenotype; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D000068181:Prunus dulcis / Q000737:chemistry; D063268:Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry*; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000166:cytology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000166:cytology; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000737:chemistry
D015415:Biomarkers; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D007529:Isoflavones; D063268:Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D001617:beta-Glucosidase