Increased left atrial size in obese children and its association with insulin resistance: a pilot study.
Subclinical cardiac abnormalities represent predisposing factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in obese subjects. The aim of this study was to evaluate early cardiac abnormalities in obese youth and the potential association with insulin resistance (IR). Thirty obese (12 males (M)/18 females (F); age = 11.5 ± 2.4 years; body mass index (BMI)-standard deviation score (SDS) = +2.1 ± 0.5) and 15 normal weight (10 M/5 F; age = 12.8 ± 3.1 years; BMI-SDS = +0.3 ± 0.9) children and adolescents underwent Doppler two-dimensional echocardiographic assessments of left atrial (LA) and ventricular (LV) geometry and LV diastolic function (peak early [E] and late waves, E wave deceleration time, myocardial flow velocities). Homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) was used as an IR index. LA size was increased in obese children, as indicated by higher LA diameter (4.9 ± 0.5 vs 4.1 ± 0.4 cm, p < 0.001), area (14.3 ± 2.5 vs 10.7 ± 2.0 cm(2), p < 0.001), and volume (33.8 ± 10.6 vs 23.7 ± 6.4 ml, p = 0.003). LV mass was also increased in obese children (87.0 ± 16.6 vs 68.8 ± 13.2 g, p = 0.003), who also showed subtle diastolic dysfunctions, as indicated by higher values of E (97.1 ± 14.3 vs 86.2 ± 11.9 cm/s, p = 0.02). All the above parameters were significantly associated with BMI-SDS (p < 0.05). In addition, HOMA-IR was independently associated with LA diameter, area, and volume (β = 0.314, p = 0.040; β = 0.415, p = 0.008; β = 0.535, p = 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
Obese children feature increased LA size, which emerged to be mainly correlated to, and possibly driven by IR, suggesting an increased CVD risk.


BACKGROUND
Left atrial and ventricular alterations have been reported in obese adults, and they represent predisposing factors for cardiovascular disease. There is some evidence suggesting that obese children show increased left ventricular mass and also increased atrial size, although with conflicting results.


BACKGROUND
Obese normotensive children showed a moderately increased atrial size, subtle alterations in left cardiac diastolic function, and ventricular mass. An association between insulin resistance and left cardiac changes was found, although its mechanism remains to be determined.
Department of Paediatrics, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 5, 66100, Chieti, Italy. m.marcovecchio@unich.it.|Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy. m.marcovecchio@unich.it.
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ML
Marcovecchio
Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy. gravina.mari@libero.it.|Institute of Cardiology, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy. gravina.mari@libero.it.
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Gravina
Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy. sgallina@unich.it.|Institute of Cardiology, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy. sgallina@unich.it.
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Gallina
Department of Paediatrics, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 5, 66100, Chieti, Italy. ebe.dadamo@yahoo.com.
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D'Adamo
Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy. r.decater@unich.it.|Institute of Cardiology, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy. r.decater@unich.it.
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De Caterina
Department of Paediatrics, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 5, 66100, Chieti, Italy. chiarelli@unich.it.|Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy. chiarelli@unich.it.
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Chiarelli
Department of Paediatrics, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 5, 66100, Chieti, Italy. amohn@unich.it.|Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy. amohn@unich.it.
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A
Mohn
Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy. grenda@unich.it.|Institute of Cardiology, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy. grenda@unich.it.
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Renda
D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000473:pathology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012307:Risk Factors
Cardiac function; Cardiovascular disease; HOMA-IR; Obesity