Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Spontaneous Osteoclastogenesis: Mechanisms Driving the Process and Clinical Relevance in Skeletal Disease.
In vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cells differentiate into osteoclasts under the influence of osteoclast-stimulating factors. However, accumulating evidence suggests spontaneous osteoclasts formation and activity in patients affected by local or systemic bone remodeling diseases in comparison with healthy controls. Therefore, within this review, we summarize the studies where spontaneous osteoclastogenesis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was observed in pathological conditions of the skeletal system. We indicate a linkage between immunoregulation by T cells and spontaneous osteoclasts formation with increased levels of tumor necrosis factors-α, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand and inteleukin-7 production. In the light of these results, it would be of crucial importance to deepen the correlation between systemic bone remodeling diseases and spontaneous osteoclastogenesis as well as to investigate in detail the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon and the clinical relevance in bone remodeling disease diagnosis and monitoring.
Rizzoli Research Innovation Technology Department, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations and Advanced Therapies, Bologna, Italy.
Francesca
F
Salamanna
Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy.
Melania
M
Maglio
Rizzoli Research Innovation Technology Department, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations and Advanced Therapies, Bologna, Italy.
Veronica
V
Borsari
Rizzoli Research Innovation Technology Department, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations and Advanced Therapies, Bologna, Italy.|Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy.|Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Tissue Engineering-Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering (PON01-00829), Palermo, Italy.
Gianluca
G
Giavaresi
Rizzoli Research Innovation Technology Department, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations and Advanced Therapies, Bologna, Italy.|Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy.
Nicolò Nicoli
NN
Aldini
Rizzoli Research Innovation Technology Department, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations and Advanced Therapies, Bologna, Italy.|Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy.
Milena
M
Fini
D000818:Animals; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology*; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology*