Association between maternal smoking, gender, and cleft lip and palate.
BACKGROUND
Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) represent the most common congenital anomalies of the face.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the relationship between maternal smoking, gender and CL/P.


METHODS
This is an epidemiological cross-sectional study. We interviewed 1519 mothers divided into two groups:


METHODS
mothers of children with CL/P (n=843) and


METHODS
mothers of children without CL/P (n=676). All mothers were classified as smoker or non-smoker subjects during the first trimester of pregnancy. To determine an association among maternal smoking, gender, and CL/P, odds ratios were calculated and the adjustment was made by a logistic regression model.


RESULTS
An association between maternal smoking and the presence of cleft was observed. There was also a strong association between male gender and the presence of cleft (OR=3.51; 95% CI 2.83-4.37). By binary logistic regression analysis, it was demonstrated that both variables were independently associated with clefts. In a multivariate analysis, male gender and maternal smoking had a 2.5- and a 1.5-time greater chance of having a cleft, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings are consistent with a positive association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and CL/P in male gender. The results support the importance of smoking prevention and introduction of cessation programs among women with childbearing potential.
Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.
Daniella Reis Barbosa
DR
Martelli
Patologia Bucal, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
Ricardo D
RD
Coletta
Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
Eduardo A
EA
Oliveira
Universidade José do Rosário Vellano (UNIFENAS), Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
Mário Sérgio Oliveira
MS
Swerts
Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.
Laíse A Mendes
LA
Rodrigues
Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
Maria Christina
MC
Oliveira
Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, MG, Brazil; Universidade José do Rosário Vellano (UNIFENAS), Alfenas, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: hmjunior2000@yahoo.com.
Hercílio
H
Martelli Júnior
D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
Cleft lip; Cleft palate; Fenda labial; Fenda palatina; Gravidez; Hábito de fumar; Pregnancy; Smoking