Marijuana, phytocannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system, and male fertility.
Marijuana has the highest consumption rate among all of the illicit drugs used in the USA, and its popularity as both a recreational and medicinal drug is increasing especially among men of reproductive age. Male factor infertility is on the increase, and the exposure to the cannabinoid compounds released by marijuana could be a contributing cause. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is deeply involved in the complex regulation of male reproduction through the endogenous release of endocannabinoids and binding to cannabinoid receptors. Disturbing the delicate balance of the ECS due to marijuana use can negatively impact reproductive potential. Various in vivo and in vitro studies have reported on the empirical role that marijuana plays in disrupting the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, spermatogenesis, and sperm function such as motility, capacitation, and the acrosome reaction. In this review, we highlight the latest evidence regarding the effect of marijuana use on male fertility and also provide a detailed insight into the ECS and its significance in the male reproductive system.
Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa. ssdp@sun.ac.za.|American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 10681 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. ssdp@sun.ac.za.
Stefan S
SS
du Plessis
American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 10681 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. agarwaa@ccf.org.
Ashok
A
Agarwal
American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 10681 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. drsyriac@gmail.com.
Arun
A
Syriac
D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000633:toxicity; D002188:Cannabis / Q000633:toxicity*; D063388:Endocannabinoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*
D002186:Cannabinoids; D063388:Endocannabinoids
Endocannabinoid system; Estrogen; FSH; LH; Male infertility; Marijuana; Sperm motility; Sperm viability; Spermatozoa; Testosterone