Effect of sound frequency and initial concentration on the sonochemical degradation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS).
Perfluoooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is a perfluorinated compound (PFC) highly resistant to conventional advance oxidation processes, which was widely used in industrial activities due to its surfactant nature, olephobic-hydrophobic properties, and chemical inertness. Sonochemical treatment has been suggested as an effective approach to treat aqueous solutions containing minimal levels of PFCs. This study investigates PFOS sonochemical degradation and its dependency on the initial concentration (10-460 μM), and the applied sound frequency (25 and 500 kHz, and 1 MHz). PFOS was degraded by sonochemical treatment at concentrations as high as 460 μM, as demonstrated by fluoride release and total organic content data. PFOS degradation rate was higher at megasonic frequencies (1MHz) compared to ultrasonic frequencies (25-500 kHz). PFOS degradation was controlled by saturation kinetics as indicated by an increase in PFOS degradation rate with increasing PFOS concentration until a maximum, after which the degradation rate was independent of the concentration. The saturation conditions were dependent on the sound frequency, and they were reached at a lower concentration under 1 MHz (100 μM) compared to the 500 kHz frequency (>460 μM). Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that high PFOS concentration can be effectively sonochemically treated using megasonic frequencies.
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210012, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ, USA. Electronic address: luciar@email.arizona.
Lucia
L
Rodriguez-Freire
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210012, Tucson, AZ, USA. Electronic address: hsejar85@gmail.com.
Rajesh
R
Balachandran
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ, USA. Electronic address: rsierra@email.arizona.edu.
Reyes
R
Sierra-Alvarez
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210012, Tucson, AZ, USA. Electronic address: manishk@email.arizona.edu.
Manish
M
Keswani
Kinetics; Megasonic; PFOS; Perfluorocarbons; Sonochemistry; Sonolysis; Ultrasonic