Toxic textile dyes accumulate in wild European eel Anguilla anguilla.
Dyes are used to stain inks, paints, textile, paper, leather and household products. They are omnipresent, some are toxic and may threaten our environment, especially aquatic ecosystems. The presence of residues of sixteen dyes (triarylmethanes, xanthenes, phenothiazines and phenoxazines) and their metabolites was analyzed in muscle tissue samples of individual yellow-phased European eels (Anguilla anguilla) from 91 locations in Belgian rivers, canals and lakes sampled between 2000 and 2009 using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Eel was contaminated by dyes in 77% of the sites. Malachite Green, Crystal Violet and Brilliant Green were present in 25-58% of the samples. Dye occurrence was related to the distribution of textile and dye production industries. This field study is the first large-scale survey to document the occurrence of artificial dyes in wildlife. Considering the annual amounts of dyes produced worldwide and the unintentional spillage during their use, our observations warrant additional research in other parts of the world. The presence of these highly toxic dyes in the European eel may form an additional threat to this critically endangered species. The contaminated eels should be considered as not suitable for consumption.
Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Duboislaan 14, B-1560 Hoeilaart, Belgium. Electronic address: claude.belpaire@inbo.be.
Claude
C
Belpaire
Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
Tim
T
Reyns
Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Gaverstraat 4, B-9500 Geraardsbergen, Belgium.
Caroline
C
Geeraerts
Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
Joris
J
Van Loco
D000811:Anguilla / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001530:Belgium; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D005840:Gentian Violet / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D013783:Textile Industry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
D004396:Coloring Agents; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C005095:malachite green; D005840:Gentian Violet
Belgium; Bioaccumulation; Crystal Violet; European eel; Malachite Green; Textile industry