Transcriptome and proteome of the highly neurotoxic venom of Gloydius intermedius.
The venomics of Gloydius intermedius were investigated using expressed sequence tags (ESTs) analyses, 2D gel-electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF/TOF, and LC-MS/MS. A total of 1920 ESTs from the venom gland cDNA library were sequenced; 74% of them belonged to toxin-families. The four most abundant families among the toxin transcripts were: serine protease (SP, 36.2%), bradykinin potentiating peptide (25.3%), l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO, 13.1%), and phospholipase A2 (PLA2, 9.9%). Moreover, the full sequences of four PLA2s, eight SPs, cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP), C-type-lectin-like-protein (CTLP), hyaluronidase, metalloproteinase, and nerve growth factor were deduced from the cDNA sequences. Excluding the CRISP and hyaluronidase, most of the G. intermedius venom proteins bear 92-99% sequence identities to those of other pitviper venoms. The most abundant components are PLA2s (37%), SPs (20%) and LAAO (6%), while metalloproteinase, CTLP, and other components each account for <3% of the total venom proteins. The abundance of Gintexin (a crotoxin-like neurotoxin) and low levels of hemorrhagic metalloproteases, disintegrins and CTLPs highlight the great venom differences between G. intermedius and other hemorrhagic pitvipers. The bimorphism of hemorrhagic and neurotoxic venoms among Gloydius is confirmed; our results shed more lights on the co-evolution of both neurotoxicity and hypotension in some viperid venoms.
National Laboratory for Development of Endangered Drug Resources in Northwest China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, China; Innovation Center for Qinba Regions Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, China. Electronic address: yzhangmin@yahoo.com.
Zhang-Min
ZM
Yang
Innovation Center for Qinba Regions Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, China.
Yu-E
YE
Yang
Innovation Center for Qinba Regions Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, China.
Yu
Y
Chen
Innovation Center for Qinba Regions Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, China.
Jing
J
Cao
Innovation Center for Qinba Regions Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, China.
Cui
C
Zhang
Innovation Center for Qinba Regions Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, China.
Ling-Ling
LL
Liu
National Laboratory for Development of Endangered Drug Resources in Northwest China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, China. Electronic address: zzwang@snnu.edu.cn.
Zhe-Zhi
ZZ
Wang
Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
Xu-Min
XM
Wang
Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
Ying-Ming
YM
Wang
Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: bc201@gate.sinica.edu.tw.
Inn-Ho
IH
Tsai
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003435:Crotalid Venoms / Q000737:chemistry*; D003439:Crotoxin / Q000737:chemistry; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase / Q000737:chemistry; D050830:L-Amino Acid Oxidase / Q000737:chemistry; D045726:Metalloproteases / Q000737:chemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000737:chemistry; D054467:Phospholipases A2 / Q000737:chemistry; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000737:chemistry; D020543:Proteome; D040901:Proteomics; D030162:Reptilian Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein; D057057:Serine Proteases / Q000737:chemistry; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D059467:Transcriptome; D017819:Viperidae
D003435:Crotalid Venoms; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D020543:Proteome; D030162:Reptilian Proteins; D003439:Crotoxin; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor; D050830:L-Amino Acid Oxidase; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; D045726:Metalloproteases; D057057:Serine Proteases
Expressed sequence tag (EST); Gloydius intermedius; Pitviper venom evolution; Toxin family; Transcriptome