Local anesthetic injection deep to the fascia iliaca at the level of the inguinal ligament: the pattern of distribution and effects on the obturator nerve.
OBJECTIVE
The femoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, and obturator nerves (ONs) can reportedly be blocked using a single-injection deep to the fascia iliaca (FI) at the level of the inguinal ligament. Two commonly used methods (the FI compartment and 3-in-1 blocks) have produced inconsistent results with respect to local anesthetic distribution and effect on the ON. To date, no study of either method has been performed using advanced imaging techniques to document both needle placement and local anesthetic distribution. We report the outcome of a series of 3-in-1 and FI blocks performed using ultrasound to guide needle position and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to define local anesthetic distribution.


METHODS
Patients were prospectively studied, and images were interpreted using a randomized and blinded protocol.


METHODS
The study was performed in the perioperative area of an academic orthopedic specialty hospital.


METHODS
Ten patients (ASA 1-2) having anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction received either 3-in-1 or FI compartment blocks for postoperative analgesia using the surface landmarks described for these techniques.


METHODS
Ultrasound was used to position the injecting needle immediately deep to the FI. Local anesthetic distribution was studied using MRI.


METHODS
Patients were examined for motor and/or sensory function of the femoral, obturator, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to document the limits of injectate distribution.


RESULTS
Magnetic resonance imaging showed distribution of injectate over the surface of the iliacus and psoas muscles to the level of the retroperitoneum. No patient showed medial extension of injectate to the ON. At the level of the inguinal ligament, injectate extended laterally toward the anterior superior iliac spine and medially to the femoral vein. All patients had significant weakness with extension of the knee and sensory loss over the anterior, lateral, and medial thigh. No patient demonstrated decreased hip adductor strength.


CONCLUSIONS
Ultrasound and MRI show consistent superior extension of local anesthetic to the level of the retroperitoneum for both techniques. There was reliable clinical effect on the femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves. However, none of the injections produced evidence of ON block either at the level of the retroperitoneum or the inguinal ligament.
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, 30 N 1900 East, 3C444, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132. Electronic address: Jeff.swenson@hsc.utah.edu.
Jeffrey D
JD
Swenson
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, 30 N 1900 East, 3C444, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132. Electronic address: Jennifer.davis@hsc.utah.edu.
Jennifer J
JJ
Davis
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, 30 N 1900 East, 3C444, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132. Electronic address: Joshua.stream@hsc.utah.edu.
Joshua O
JO
Stream
Department of Radiology, University of Utah, 30 North 1900 East no. 1A071, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132. Electronic address: Julia.crim@hsc.utah.edu.
Julia R
JR
Crim
Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, 590 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108. Electronic address: Robert.burks@hsc.utah.edu.
Robert T
RT
Burks
Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, 590 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108. Electronic address: Patrick.greis@hsc.utah.edu.
Patrick E
PE
Greis
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005267:Femoral Nerve; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009339:Needles; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D009776:Obturator Nerve / Q000378:metabolism*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
D000779:Anesthetics, Local
Fascia iliaca block; Obturator nerve; Three-in-one block