Doping Level of Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes Controls the Grafting Density of Functional Groups for DNA Assays.
The impact of different doping levels of boron-doped diamond on the surface functionalization was investigated by means of electrochemical reduction of aryldiazonium salts. The grafting efficiency of 4-nitrophenyl groups increased with the boron levels (B/C ratio from 0 to 20,000 ppm). Controlled grafting of nitrophenyldiazonium was used to adjust the amount of immobilized single-stranded DNA strands at the surface and further on the hybridization yield in dependence on the boron doping level. The grafted nitro functions were electrochemically reduced to the amine moieties. Subsequent functionalization with a succinic acid introduced carboxyl groups for subsequent binding of an amino-terminated DNA probe. DNA hybridization significantly depends on the probe density which is in turn dependent on the boron doping level. The proposed approach opens new insights for the design and control of doped diamond surface functionalization for the construction of DNA hybridization assays.
Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava , Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Ĺubomír
Ĺ
Švorc
Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
Daliborka
D
Jambrec
Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava , Ilkovičova 3, SK-812 19 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Marian
M
Vojs
Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
Stefan
S
Barwe
Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
Jan
J
Clausmeyer
Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava , Ilkovičova 3, SK-812 19 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Pavol
P
Michniak
Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava , Ilkovičova 3, SK-812 19 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Marián
M
Marton
Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
Wolfgang
W
Schuhmann
D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D001895:Boron / Q000737:chemistry*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis*; D018130:Diamond / Q000737:chemistry*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004566:Electrodes; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D013499:Surface Properties
D018130:Diamond; D004247:DNA; D001895:Boron
DNA hybridization; boron-doped diamond; diazonium cations; electrochemical grafting; surface functionalization