Short-term high-fat diet increases postprandial trimethylamine-N-oxide in humans.
The gut microbiota plays an obligatory role in the metabolism of nutrients containing trimethylamine moieties, such as L-carnitine and choline, leading to the production of the proatherogenic trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). We hypothesized that a short-term, high-fat diet would increase fasting and postprandial plasma concentrations of TMAO in response to a high-fat meal challenge. Following a 2-week eucaloric control diet, 10 nonobese men (18-30 years) consumed a eucaloric, high-fat diet (55% fat) for 5 days. Plasma TMAO was measured after a 12-hour fast and each hour after for 4 hours following a high-fat meal (63% fat) at baseline and after the high-fat diet using ultraperformance liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry. Fasting plasma TMAO did not increase significantly following the high-fat diet (1.83 ± 0.21 vs 1.6 ± 0.24 μmol/L). However, plasma TMAO was higher at hour 1 (2.15 ± 0.28 vs 1.7 ± 0.30 μmol/L), hour 2 (2.3 ± 0.29 vs 1.8 ± 0.32 μmol/L), hour 3 (2.4 ± 0.34 vs 1.58 ± 0.19 μmol/L), and hour 4 (2.51 ± 0.33 vs 1.5 ± 0.12 μmol/L) (all P < .05) following the high-fat diet as compared with the baseline postprandial response. In conclusion, a short-term, high-fat diet does not increase fasting plasma TMAO concentrations but appears to increase postprandial TMAO concentrations in healthy, nonobese, young men. Future studies are needed to determine the mechanisms responsible for these observations.
The Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, 295 West Campus Dr, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061; The Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, 1981 Kraft Dr, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060; The Metabolic Phenotyping Core, 1981 Kraft Dr, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060. Electronic address: nabilb@vt.edu.
Nabil E
NE
Boutagy
The Department of Food Science and Technology, 360 Duck Pond Dr, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060; The Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, 1981 Kraft Dr, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060. Electronic address: andrewn@vt.edu.
Andrew P
AP
Neilson
The Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, 295 West Campus Dr, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061; The Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, 1981 Kraft Dr, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060. Electronic address: kroster@vt.edu.
Kristin L
KL
Osterberg
The Department of Food Science and Technology, 360 Duck Pond Dr, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060. Electronic address: ats315@vt.edu.
Andrew T
AT
Smithson
The Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, 295 West Campus Dr, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Electronic address: retessa@vt.edu.
Tessa R
TR
Englund
The Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, 295 West Campus Dr, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061; The Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, 1981 Kraft Dr, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060. Electronic address: bdavy@vt.edu.
Brenda M
BM
Davy
The Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, 295 West Campus Dr, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061; The Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, 1981 Kraft Dr, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060; The Metabolic Phenotyping Core, 1981 Kraft Dr, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060. Electronic address: hulvermw@vt.edu.
Matthew W
MW
Hulver
The Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, 295 West Campus Dr, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061; The Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, 1981 Kraft Dr, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060; The Metabolic Phenotyping Core, 1981 Kraft Dr, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060. Electronic address: kdavy@vt.edu.
Kevin P
KP
Davy
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001622:Betaine / Q000097:blood; D002331:Carnitine / Q000097:blood; D002794:Choline / Q000097:blood; D004036:Diet, Atherogenic; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005215:Fasting; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008744:Methylamines / Q000097:blood*; D016877:Oxidants; D019518:Postprandial Period; D055815:Young Adult
D008744:Methylamines; D016877:Oxidants; D001622:Betaine; C005855:trimethyloxamine; D002794:Choline; D002331:Carnitine
High-fat diet; Trimethylamine-N-oxide; UPLC-MS/MS