The Association Between Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review.
This systematic review examines associations between parental socioeconomic disadvantage and childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Socioeconomic status (SES) was measured by parental income, education, occupation and marital status. Results were mixed by measure of SES with no one aspect being differentially related to ADHD. 42 studies were included in the review, of which 35 found a significant univariate association between socioeconomic disadvantage and ADHD. Meta-analyses of dimensions of SES and their association with ADHD indicate that children in families of low SES are on average 1.85-2.21 more likely to have ADHD than their peers in high SES families. In spite of substantial between-study heterogeneity, there is evidence for an association between socioeconomic disadvantage and risk of ADHD measured in different ways. This is likely mediated by factors linked to low SES such as parental mental health and maternal smoking during pregnancy.
Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School, South Cloisters, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK. a.e.russell@exeter.ac.uk.
Abigail Emma
0000-0002-2903-6264
AE
Russell
Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School, South Cloisters, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
Tamsin
T
Ford
Department of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
Rebecca
R
Williams
ESRC Centre for Genomics in Society (Egenis) and Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
Ginny
G
Russell
D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
ADHD; Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Health inequalities; SES; Socioeconomic disadvantage; Socioeconomic status