Atom-Level Understanding of the Sodiation Process in Silicon Anode Material.
Despite the exceptionally large capacities in Li ion batteries, Si has been considered inappropriate for applications in Na ion batteries. We report an atomic-level study on the applicability of a Si anode in Na ion batteries using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. While crystalline Si is not suitable for alloying with Na atoms, amorphous Si can accommodate 0.76 Na atoms per Si atom, corresponding to a specific capacity of 725 mA h g(-1). Bader charge analyses reveal that the sodiation of an amorphous Si electrode continues until before the local Na-rich clusters containing neutral Na atoms are formed. The amorphous Na0.76Si phase undergoes a volume expansion of 114% and shows a Na diffusivity of 7 × 10(-10) cm(2) s(-1) at room temperature. Overall, the amorphous Si phase turns out quite attractive in performance compared to other alloy-type anode materials. This work suggests that amorphous Si might be a competitive candidate for Na ion battery anodes.
†Department of Energy and Materials Engineering and Advanced Energy and Electronic Materials Research Center, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea.
Sung Chul
SC
Jung
‡Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
Dae Soo
DS
Jung
‡Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
Jang Wook
JW
Choi
†Department of Energy and Materials Engineering and Advanced Energy and Electronic Materials Research Center, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea.
Young-Kyu
YK
Han
Na ion battery; ab initio calculation; amorphous silicon; molecular dynamics; sodiation