How a New Health Intervention Affects the Health Systems? Learnings from Pentavalent Vaccine Introduction in India.
OBJECTIVE
To summarize the findings from a Post Introduction Evaluation (PIE) of pentavalent vaccine in Tamil Nadu and Kerala state of India and to understand how the health systems could be prepared for (prior to) introducing a new intervention and how such introduction could affect the health systems (afterwards).


METHODS
A post introduction evaluation (PIE) of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) as pentavalent (DPT + HepB + Hib) vaccine was conducted in Tamil Nadu and Kerala states of India in July-Aug 2012. The PIE was conducted as per World Health Organization PIE methods and tools specifically adapted for India. This PIE adopted a 'mixed method approach' with qualitative data focus.


RESULTS
The planning for the introduction of pentavalent vaccine provided opportunities to strengthen various functions of the health system i.e., piloting of Open Vial Policy, strengthening surveillance system, improving Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) reporting system and formation of the technical expert groups. It provided opportunity for bringing attention on the immunization programme in general as well. After the vaccine introduction, the beneficial effects were noted on stewardship (increased oversight by top level policy makers and programme managers), creating resources (investment and trainings of staff in immunization), service delivery (increased coverage with the vaccines and improved quality of services) and financing (increased financial allocation and reduced out of pocket expenditures as more people started attending public health facilities). The vaccine introduction was found to be associated with improvement in the health equity, efficiency and service utilization (effective coverage).


CONCLUSIONS
New vaccine introduction provides opportunities (both before and after) for strengthening the health systems in setting such as India. Preparing the health system for new challenges has potential to strengthen the health systems, if done in well-coordinated and planned manner. Considering that essential steps are largely similar, these lessons could be applicable for the introduction of other new health interventions in the similar settings.
World Health Organization Country Office for India, New Delhi, India. c.lahariya@gmail.com.|B7/24/2, First Floor, Safdarjung Enclave, Africa Avenue, New Delhi, 110029, India. c.lahariya@gmail.com.
Chandrakant
C
Lahariya
World Health Organization Country Office for India, New Delhi, India.
Renu
R
Paruthi
Department of Community Health Administration, National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India.
Madhulekha
M
Bhattacharya
D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006293:Health Promotion; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000379:methods*; D007194:India; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011634:Public Health; D017778:Vaccines, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*
D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D017778:Vaccines, Combined
Evaluations; Haemophilus influenzae type b; Health systems; India; Vaccines