Sampling strategies for phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Europe.
The distribution of phlebotomine sand flies is widely reported to be changing in Europe. This can be attributed to either the discovery of sand flies in areas where they were previously overlooked (generally following an outbreak of leishmaniasis or other sand fly-related disease) or to true expansion of their range as a result of climatic or environmental changes. Routine surveillance for phlebotomines in Europe is localized, and often one of the challenges for entomologists working in non-leishmaniasis endemic countries is the lack of knowledge on how to conduct, plan and execute sampling for phlebotomines, or how to adapt on-going sampling strategies for other haematophagous diptera. This review brings together published and unpublished expert knowledge on sampling strategies for European phlebotomines of public health concern in order to provide practical advice on: how to conduct surveys; the collection and interpretation of field data; suitable techniques for the preservation of specimens obtained by different sampling methods; molecular techniques used for species identification; and the pathogens associated with sand flies and their detection methods.
Hacettepe University (HUESRL),Ankara,Turkey.
B
B
Alten
Ege University (EGE),Izmir,Turkey.
Y
Y
Ozbel
Hacettepe University,Medical Faculty (HU-MED),Ankara,Turkey.
K
K
Ergunay
Hacettepe University (HUESRL),Ankara,Turkey.
O E
OE
Kasap
Medical Entomology group, Emergency Response Department,Public Health England,Salisbury,UK.
B
B
Cull
University of Crete (UoC),Heraklion,Greece.
M
M
Antoniou
Institute of Public Health (IPH),Tirana,Albania.
E
E
Velo
UMR MIVEGEC (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - Universités Montpellier 1 et 2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD),Montpellier,France.
J
J
Prudhomme
Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII),Madrid,Spain.
R
R
Molina
UMR MIVEGEC (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - Universités Montpellier 1 et 2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD),Montpellier,France.
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AL
Bañuls
Avia GIS,Zoersel,Belgium.
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F
Schaffner
Avia GIS,Zoersel,Belgium.
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G
Hendrickx
ECDC,Stockholm,Sweden.
W
W
Van Bortel
Medical Entomology group, Emergency Response Department,Public Health England,Salisbury,UK.
J M
JM
Medlock
D000818:Animals; D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; D005060:Europe; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology*; D010691:Phlebotomus / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology*; D011156:Population Density; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods
Europe; Phlebotomus; sampling; sand flies