Dietary fiber intake and risk of colorectal cancer and incident and recurrent adenoma in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial.
BACKGROUND
Dietary fiber has been associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer. However, it remains unclear at which stage in the carcinogenic pathway fiber may act or which food sources of dietary fiber may be most beneficial against colorectal cancer development.


OBJECTIVE
The objective was to prospectively evaluate the association between dietary fiber intake and the risk of incident and recurrent colorectal adenoma and incident colorectal cancer.


METHODS
Study participants were identified from the intervention arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Participants received flexible sigmoidoscopy at baseline and 3 or 5 y after. Dietary fiber intake was measured by using a self-reported dietary questionnaire. The colorectal cancer, incident adenoma, and recurrent adenoma analyses were based on 57,774, 16,980, and 1667 participants, respectively. Unconditional logistic regression was used to assess the risk of incident and recurrent adenoma, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the risk of colorectal cancer across categories of dietary fiber intake, with adjustment for potential confounders.


RESULTS
Elevated total dietary fiber intake was associated with a significantly reduced risk of incident distal colorectal adenoma (ORhighest vs. lowest tertile of intake: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.91; P-trend = 0.003) but not recurrent adenoma (P-trend = 0.67). Although the association was not statistically significant for colorectal cancer overall (HR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.70, 1.03; P-trend = 0.10), a reduced risk of distal colon cancer was observed with increased total fiber intake (HR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.94; P-trend = 0.03). Protective associations were most notable for fiber originating from cereals or fruit.


CONCLUSIONS
This large, prospective study within a population-based screening trial suggests that individuals consuming the highest intakes of dietary fiber have reduced risks of incident colorectal adenoma and distal colon cancer and that this effect of dietary fiber, particularly from cereals and fruit, may begin early in colorectal carcinogenesis. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01696981.
Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, and.
Andrew T
AT
Kunzmann
Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, and h.coleman@qub.ac.uk.
Helen G
HG
Coleman
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD.
Wen-Yi
WY
Huang
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD.
Cari M
CM
Kitahara
Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, and.
Marie M
MM
Cantwell
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD.
Sonja I
SI
Berndt
D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods*; D002523:Edible Grain; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors
cancer risk; colorectal adenoma; colorectal cancer; dietary fiber; epidemiology