The dynamic anatomy and patterning of skin.
The skin is often viewed as a static barrier that protects the body from the outside world. Emphasis on studying the skin's architecture and biomechanics in the context of restoring skin movement and function is often ignored. It is fundamentally important that if skin is to be modelled or developed, we do not only focus on the biology of skin but also aim to understand its mechanical properties and structure in living dynamic tissue. In this review, we describe the architecture of skin and patterning seen in skin as viewed from a surgical perspective and highlight aspects of the microanatomy that have never fully been realized and provide evidence or concepts that support the importance of studying living skin's dynamic behaviour. We highlight how the structure of the skin has evolved to allow the body dynamic form and function, and how injury, disease or ageing results in a dramatic changes to the microarchitecture and changes physical characteristics of skin. Therefore, appreciating the dynamic microanatomy of skin from the deep fascia through to the skin surface is vitally important from a dermatological and surgical perspective. This focus provides an alternative perspective and approach to addressing skin pathologies and skin ageing.
Plastic Surgery Research, Centre of Dermatology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
Richard
R
Wong
Center for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Stefan
S
Geyer
Center for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Wolfgang
W
Weninger
De la Main et Plastique Reconstructice, Institut Aquitain de la Main Bordeaux, Pessac, France.
Jean-Claude
JC
Guimberteau
Plastic Surgery Research, Centre of Dermatology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
Jason K
JK
Wong
D019521:Body Patterning; D006801:Humans; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation; D015595:Skin Aging; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena
ageing; architecture; dynamic anatomy; patterning; skin