Evaluation with contrast ultrasound of the prevalence of splenic infarction in left-sided infective endocarditis.
OBJECTIVE
To prospectively evaluate the prevalence of the embolization of the spleen in patients with definite left-sided infective endocarditis (IE) using a contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS).


METHODS
From March 2012 through September 2013, 18 consecutive patients (9 females and 9 males, aged 21-83 years) evaluated at our hospital and with definite left-sided IE according to the revised Duke criteria were enrolled. All of the patients gave informed written consent and the study was performed in conformity with the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. All of the patients were submitted to a CEUS of the spleen within 10 days after the definite diagnosis of IE. For the CEUS, a blood pool second-generation contrast agent and an ultrasound machine with a contrast harmonic imaging technology were used.


RESULTS
The splenic CEUS showed infarctions in 11 patients (61 %) and resulted positive in the 2 patients with negative echocardiography.


CONCLUSIONS
In this study, CEUS of the spleen, a repeatable and low-cost imaging technique, easily allowed the bedside detection of asymptomatic and even tiny infarctions and showed a high rate of embolization in patients with definite left-sided IE. Therefore, in the setting of IE (possible or definite), CEUS of the spleen has the potential to better define or accelerate the diagnosis itself.
Infectious Diseases Department, Azienda Ospedaliera S.Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
Guido
G
Menozzi
Internal Medicine Department, San Sebastiano Hospital, Via Mandriolo Superiore 11, 42015 Correggio (Reggio Emilia), Italy.
Valeria
V
Maccabruni
Infectious Diseases Department, Azienda Ospedaliera S.Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
Ermanno
E
Gabbi
Infectious Diseases Department, Azienda Ospedaliera S.Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
Giacomo
G
Magnani
Infectious Diseases Department, Azienda Ospedaliera S.Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
Elisa
E
Garlassi
Contrast; Embolization; Endocarditis; Spleen; Ultrasound