Extensively Myxoid and Hyalinized Sinonasal Capillary Hemangiomas: A Clinicopathologic Study of 16 Cases of a Distinctive and Potentially Confusing Hemangioma Variant.
Capillary hemangiomas, the most common vascular tumors of the sinonasal region, are benign endothelial neoplasms, typically growing in an easily recognized lobular pattern. Some sinonasal capillary hemangiomas may show atypical features, such as high cellularity or mitotic activity, and represent more challenging diagnoses. Over the past several years we have seen in consultation a number of examples of sinonasal capillary hemangiomas displaying very striking stromal myxoid change and hyalinization, features that have received scant attention in the past. Available slides from 16 sinonasal capillary hemangiomas previously coded as showing such changes were retrieved from our archives. Submitting diagnoses included "query angiofibroma, rule out malignancy" (N=4), "vascular polyp, rule out malignancy" (N=3), "query malignant vascular tumor" (N=4), "sinonasal hemangiopericytoma" (N=1), and "benign vascular tumor" (N=1). Available radiographic studies often showed worrisome features. Grossly, the tumors ranged from 1.1 to 6.0 cm and appeared as ulcerated, vascular-appearing polyps. Microscopically, the tumors showed striking stromal myxoid change and/or hyalinization, which largely obscured the underlying lobular capillary arrangement. Within this myxohyaline matrix, a florid capillary proliferation was present, frequently with nonatypical mitotic activity. In some instances a branching, "hemangiopericytoma-like" vascular pattern was present in areas. The overall cellularity was low to moderate, and endothelial atypia or hyperchromatism was absent. Ulceration and thrombosis were frequently present. Immunostains to CD31, CD34, and SMA highlighted areas of lobular growth pattern inapparent on the routinely stained slides. Four tested cases were negative for androgen receptors and β-catenin. Follow-up from 12 patients revealed no local recurrences or metastases. Awareness of that sinonasal capillary hemangioma may show these unusual stromal changes, and the use of ancillary immunohistochemistry to highlight its lobular growth pattern should allow its confident distinction from more aggressive endothelial tumors (eg, angiosarcoma) and from nonendothelial tumors, including nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, solitary fibrous tumor, and sinonasal hemangiopericytoma-like tumor.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
Ruifeng
R
Guo
Andrew L
AL
Folpe
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001706:Biopsy; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D018324:Hemangioma, Capillary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006818:Hyalin; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D047368:Tumor Burden
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor