Sexually Transmitted Pathogens, Depression, and Other Manifestations Associated with Premenstrual Syndrome.
This study investigated whether sexually transmitted infections and lifestyle variables are associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) as well as particular manifestations commonly associated with PMS. Data were gathered from medical records of 500 regularly cycling women. The following infectious agents were investigated: human papillomavirus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrheae, Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida albicans, and Trichomonas vaginalis. Bivariate tests and multivariate logistic regressions were used to evaluate whether these pathogens were associated with headache, pain, nausea, and depression. Chlamydia trachomatis was significantly associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and two common manifestations of PMS: depression and pain. Trichomonas vaginalis was significantly correlated with headache and Gardnerella vaginalis with nausea. None of the illness manifestations was significantly associated with the tested lifestyle variables: dietary calcium supplementation, alcohol and drug use, exercise, and smoking. These associations provide a basis for assessment of infectious causation of PMS and several manifestations of illness that are commonly associated with PMS.
Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA, doylecar@ius.edu.
Caroline
C
Doyle
Walker A
WA
Swain
Holly A Swain
HA
Ewald
Christine L
CL
Cook
Paul W
PW
Ewald
D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications*; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D012907:Smoking; D055815:Young Adult