Photopigment self-screening and the determination of macular pigment absorbance using heterochromatic flicker photometry.
OBJECTIVE
Heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP) is commonly used to determine macular pigment optical density (MPOD). Since HFP in this application is a locus comparison method, an identical relative spectral response at each locus is required for a perfect measure. We know this requirement cannot be strictly true since the optical density of photopigments increases as the foveal center is approached. Thus, the self-screening effect would result in an underestimate of MPOD. An earlier study concluded that the underestimate is on the order of 30%. We examined this issue by manipulating photopigment optical density, and consequently the degree of selfscreening.


METHODS
A continuously exposed, 470 nm, background bleached cone photopigments over a range from 0 to 80%. MPOD was determined 10' and 30' from the foveal center. Two subjects were used in the main experiment. Five additional subjects were studied with just the 0% and 80% bleach levels. Spectral measures were obtained at 0% and 70% bleach levels for the two primary subjects.


RESULTS
Subjects in the main experiment showed MPOD estimates that increased with increasing bleaching. The effect, however, was small: one observer's MPOD increased 0.08 and 0.02 for the 10' and 30' loci, respectively; the other observer's values were 0.04 and 0.01 for the same loci. Comparable values were obtained for the other five subjects using the 0% and 80% bleach conditions. Spectral measures were consistent with the findings of the main experiment.


CONCLUSIONS
When self-screening is nearly abolished (80% bleach), a relatively small underestimation is revealed for the unbleached state. For the 1° target we show about 2-3% underestimation. Our 20' target reveals a larger underestimate (8-9%), consistent with longer photoreceptor outer-segments nearer the foveal center. We conclude that HFP yields values essentially independent of self-screening for targets of 1° diameter or greater. Smaller targets are less than 10% underestimated for near-zero bleach conditions.
Department of Psychology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA. Electronic address: william_smollon@brown.edu.
William E
WE
Smollon
Department of Psychology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA. Electronic address: billy_wooten@brown.edu.
Billy R
BR
Wooten
Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-3013, USA. Electronic address: bhammond@uga.edu.
Billy R
BR
Hammond
D003720:Densitometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D014975:Lutein / Q000378:metabolism; D065348:Macular Pigment / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D010783:Photometry / Q000379:methods*; D055214:Retinal Photoreceptor Cell Outer Segment / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult; D065146:Zeaxanthins / Q000378:metabolism
D065348:Macular Pigment; D065146:Zeaxanthins; C584722:meso-zeaxanthin; D014975:Lutein
Heterochromatic flicker photometry; Macular pigment; Outer-segments; Photopigment bleaching; Photopigments; Photoreceptors; Self-screening