Understanding nurses' and physicians' fear of repercussions for reporting errors: clinician characteristics, organization demographics, or leadership factors?
BACKGROUND
Identifying and understanding factors influencing fear of repercussions for reporting and discussing medical errors in nurses and physicians remains an important area of inquiry. Work is needed to disentangle the role of clinician characteristics from those of the organization-level and unit-level safety environments in which these clinicians work and learn, as well as probing the differing reporting behaviours of nurses and physicians. This study examines the influence of clinician demographics (age, gender, and tenure), organization demographics (teaching status, location of care, and province) and leadership factors (organization and unit leadership support for safety) on fear of repercussions, and does so for nurses and physicians separately.


METHODS
A cross-sectional analysis of 2319 nurse and 386 physician responders from three Canadian provinces to the Modified Stanford patient safety climate survey (MSI-06). Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, multiple linear regression, and hierarchical linear regression.


RESULTS
Age, gender, tenure, teaching status, and province were not significantly associated with fear of repercussions for nurses or physicians. Mental health nurses had poorer fear responses than their peers outside of these areas, as did community physicians. Strong organization and unit leadership support for safety explained the most variance in fear for both nurses and physicians.


CONCLUSIONS
The absence of associations between several plausible factors including age, tenure and teaching status suggests that fear is a complex construct requiring more study. Substantially differing fear responses across locations of care indicate areas where interventions may be needed. In addition, since factors affecting fear of repercussions appear to be different for nurses and physicians, tailoring patient safety initiatives to each group may, in some instances, be fruitful. Although further investigation is needed to examine these and other factors in detail, supportive safety leadership appears to be central to reducing fear of reporting errors for both nurses and physicians.
Department of Geography and Planning / Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. evan.castel@utoronto.ca.
Evan S
ES
Castel
Health Policy & Management, York University, Toronto, Canada. lgins@yorku.ca.
Liane R
LR
Ginsburg
Health Policy & Management, York University, Toronto, Canada. szaheer@yorku.ca.
Shahram
S
Zaheer
School of Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada. htamim@yorku.ca.
Hala
H
Tamim
D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D019221:Mandatory Reporting; D019300:Medical Errors; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D061214:Patient Safety; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires