Higher Incidence of Hypospadias in Monochorionic Twins.
BACKGROUND
Hypospadias is associated with twinning. The incidence of hypospadias in monochorionic and dichorionic male twins is, however, yet to be determined.


METHODS
All medical records of monochorionic and dichorionic twins admitted to our neonatal nursery between January 2004 and August 2013 were reviewed for the presence of hypospadias.


RESULTS
A total of 350 monochorionic and 303 dichorionic male twins were included in the study. The incidence of hypospadias in monochorionic and dichorionic groups was 4% (14/350) and 1% (3/303) (p = .016) respectively. In 11 of the 15 twin couples, hypospadias occurred in the twin with the lowest birth weight. The rate of hypospadias in twin infants small-for-gestational-age group was 10% (6/60) compared with 2% (11/593) in the appropriate-for-gestational-age group (p = .002). In a multivariate analysis, both monochorionicity and small-for-gestational-age were independently associated with hypospadias, odds ratio 4.1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-14.7) and 6.1 (95% CI: 2.2-17.2) respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of hypospadias is four-fold higher in monochorionic twins compared with dichorionic twins. Hypospadias is also independently associated with small-for-gestational-age.
Division of Neonatology,Department of Pediatrics,Leiden University Medical Center,Leiden,The Netherlands.
Remco
R
Visser
Division of Neonatology,Department of Pediatrics,Leiden University Medical Center,Leiden,The Netherlands.
Nienke C M
NC
Burger
Department of Biostatistics,Leiden University Medical Center,Leiden,The Netherlands.
Erik W
EW
van Zwet
Department of Clinical Genetics,Leiden University Medical Center,Leiden,The Netherlands.
Yvonne
Y
Hilhorst-Hofstee
Division of Fetal Medicine,Department of Obstetrics,Leiden University Medical Center,Leiden,The Netherlands.
Monique C
MC
Haak
Department of Urology,Leiden University Medical Center,Leiden,The Netherlands.
Joop
J
van den Hoek
Division of Fetal Medicine,Department of Obstetrics,Leiden University Medical Center,Leiden,The Netherlands.
Dick
D
Oepkes
Division of Neonatology,Department of Pediatrics,Leiden University Medical Center,Leiden,The Netherlands.
Enrico
E
Lopriore
D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic
dichorionic; fetal growth restriction; hypospadia; monochorionic; twins