Diabetes-related emotional distress instruments: a systematic review of measurement properties.
OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this study were to identify all available diabetes-related emotional distress instruments and evaluate the evidence regarding their measurement properties to help in the selection of the most appropriate instrument for use in practice and research.


METHODS
A systematic literature search was performed.


METHODS
PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched systematically for articles on diabetes-related emotional distress instruments.


METHODS
The Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments checklist was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the identified studies. The quality of results with respect to the measurement properties of each study was evaluated using Terwee's quality criteria. An ancillary meta-analysis was performed.


RESULTS
Of the 2345 articles yielded by the search, 19 full-text articles evaluating 6 diabetes-related emotional distress instruments were included in this study. No instrument demonstrated evidence for all measurement properties. The Problem Areas in Diabetes scale (PAID) was the most frequently studied and the best validated of the instruments. Pooled summary estimates of the correlation coefficient between the PAID and serum glycated hemoglobin revealed a positive but weak correlation.


CONCLUSIONS
No diabetes-related emotional distress instrument demonstrated evidence for all measurement properties. No instrument was better than another, although the PAID was the best validated and is thus recommended for use. Further psychometric studies of the diabetes-related emotional distress instruments with rigorous methodologies are required.
College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jiyeon.lee@cnu.ac.kr.
Jiyeon
J
Lee
Graduate School of Public Health, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ehlee@ajou.ac.kr.
Eun-Hyun
EH
Lee
College of Nursing, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ckimha@ajou.ac.kr.
Chun-Ja
CJ
Kim
Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: moonseungh@gmail.com.
Seung Hei
SH
Moon
D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D013315:Stress, Psychological
Diabetes; Emotional distress; Psychometric properties; Systematic review