The Intestinal Transport of Bovine Milk Exosomes Is Mediated by Endocytosis in Human Colon Carcinoma Caco-2 Cells and Rat Small Intestinal IEC-6 Cells.
BACKGROUND
MicroRNAs play essential roles in gene regulation. A substantial fraction of microRNAs in tissues and body fluids is encapsulated in exosomes, thereby conferring protection against degradation and a pathway for intestinal transport. MicroRNAs in cow milk are bioavailable in humans.


OBJECTIVE
This research assessed the transport mechanism of bovine milk exosomes, and therefore microRNAs, in human and rodent intestinal cells.


METHODS
The intestinal transport of bovine milk exosomes and microRNAs was assessed using fluorophore-labeled bovine milk exosomes in human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells and rat small intestinal IEC-6 cells. Transport kinetics and mechanisms were characterized using dose-response studies, inhibitors of vesicle transport, carbohydrate competitors, proteolysis of surface proteins on cells and exosomes, and transepithelial transport in transwell plates.


RESULTS
Exosome transport exhibited saturation kinetics at 37°C [Michaelis constant (Km) = 55.5 ± 48.6 μg exosomal protein/200 μL of media; maximal transport rate = 0.083 ± 0.057 ng of exosomal protein · 81,750 cells(-1) · h(-1)] and decreased by 64% when transport was measured at 4°C, consistent with carrier-mediated transport in Caco-2 cells. Exosome uptake decreased by 61-85% under the following conditions compared with controls in Caco-2 cells: removal of exosome and cell surface proteins by proteinase K, inhibition of endocytosis and vesicle trafficking by synthetic inhibitors, and inhibition of glycoprotein binding by carbohydrate competitors. When milk exosomes, at a concentration of 5 times the Km, were added to the upper chamber in transwell plates, Caco-2 cells accumulated miR-29b and miR-200c in the lower chamber, and reverse transport was minor. Transport characteristics were similar in IEC-6 cells and Caco-2 cells, except that substrate affinity and transporter capacity were lower and higher, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
The uptake of bovine milk exosomes is mediated by endocytosis and depends on cell and exosome surface glycoproteins in human and rat intestinal cells.
Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.
Tovah
T
Wolf
Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.
Scott R
SR
Baier
Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE jzempleni2@unl.edu.
Janos
J
Zempleni
D000818:Animals; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004705:Endocytosis; D055354:Exosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism*; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism*; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D051381:Rats; D013499:Surface Properties; D057900:Transcytosis
C092350:FM 4-64; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006023:Glycoproteins; D035683:MicroRNAs; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
endocytosis; extracellular vesicles; intestinal cells; milk exosomes; uptake