Diagnostic value of drain amylase for detecting intrathoracic leakage after esophagectomy.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the value of elevated drain amylase concentrations for detecting anastomotic leakage (AL) after minimally invasive Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy (MI-ILE).


METHODS
This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data in two hospitals in the Netherlands. Consecutive patients undergoing MI-ILE were included. A Jackson-Pratt drain next to the dorsal side of the anastomosis and bilateral chest drains were placed at the end of the thoracoscopic procedure. Amylase levels in drain fluid were determined in all patients during at least the first four postoperative days. Contrast computed tomography scans and/or endoscopic imaging were performed in cases of a clinically suspected AL. Anastomotic leakage was defined as any sign of leakage of the esophago-gastric anastomosis on endoscopy, re-operation, radiographic investigations, post mortal examination or when gastro-intestinal contents were found in drain fluid. Receiver operator characteristic curves were used to determine the cut-off values. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, risk ratio and overall test accuracy were calculated for elevated drain amylase concentrations.


RESULTS
A total of 89 patients were included between March 2013 and August 2014. No differences in group characteristics were observed between patients with and without AL, except for age. Patients with AL were older than were patients without AL (P = 0.01). One patient (1.1%) without AL died within 30 d after surgery due to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anastomotic leakage that required any intervention occurred in 15 patients (16.9%). Patients with proven anastomotic leakage had higher drain amylase levels than patients without anastomotic leakage [median 384 IU/L (IQR 34-6263) vs median 37 IU/L (IQR 26-66), P = 0.003]. Optimal cut-off values on postoperative days 1, 2, and 3 were 350 IU/L, 200 IU/L and 160 IU/L, respectively. An elevated amylase level was found in 9 of the 15 patients with AL. Five of these 9 patients had early elevations of their amylase levels, with a median of 2 d (IQR 2-5) before signs and symptoms occurred.


CONCLUSIONS
Measurement of drain amylase levels is an inexpensive and easy tool that may be used to screen for anastomotic leakage soon after MI-ILE. However, clinical validation of this marker is necessary.
Gijs HK Berkelmans, Boudewijn JJ Smeets, Teus J Weijs, Grard AP Nieuwenhuijzen, Misha DP Luyer, Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Gijs H K
GH
Berkelmans
Gijs HK Berkelmans, Boudewijn JJ Smeets, Teus J Weijs, Grard AP Nieuwenhuijzen, Misha DP Luyer, Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Ewout A
EA
Kouwenhoven
Gijs HK Berkelmans, Boudewijn JJ Smeets, Teus J Weijs, Grard AP Nieuwenhuijzen, Misha DP Luyer, Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Boudewijn J J
BJ
Smeets
Gijs HK Berkelmans, Boudewijn JJ Smeets, Teus J Weijs, Grard AP Nieuwenhuijzen, Misha DP Luyer, Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Teus J
TJ
Weijs
Gijs HK Berkelmans, Boudewijn JJ Smeets, Teus J Weijs, Grard AP Nieuwenhuijzen, Misha DP Luyer, Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Luis C
LC
Silva Corten
Gijs HK Berkelmans, Boudewijn JJ Smeets, Teus J Weijs, Grard AP Nieuwenhuijzen, Misha DP Luyer, Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Marc J
MJ
van Det
Gijs HK Berkelmans, Boudewijn JJ Smeets, Teus J Weijs, Grard AP Nieuwenhuijzen, Misha DP Luyer, Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Grard A P
GA
Nieuwenhuijzen
Gijs HK Berkelmans, Boudewijn JJ Smeets, Teus J Weijs, Grard AP Nieuwenhuijzen, Misha DP Luyer, Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Misha D P
MD
Luyer
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000681:Amylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D057868:Anastomotic Leak / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004796:Clinical Enzyme Tests; D004322:Drainage; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015854:Up-Regulation
D015415:Biomarkers; D000681:Amylases
Amylase; Anastomotic leakage; Drain fluid; Esophageal cancer; Esophageal surgery