The mental health of sexual minority adults in and out of the closet: A population-based study.
OBJECTIVE
Previous studies have found that sexual orientation concealment affords escape from stigma and discrimination but also creates a psychological toll. While disclosure alleviates the mental burden of concealment, it invites the stress of navigating a new public identity. Population-based samples that include both "in" and "out" sexual minorities provide an ideal opportunity to resolve limitations and inconsistencies of previous nonprobability investigations into the mental health correlates of concealment and disclosure.


METHODS
Sexual minority participants in the California Quality of Life Survey (n = 2,083) indicated whether and when they first disclosed their sexual orientation to others. Prevalence of 1-year major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder was derived from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form.


RESULTS
Closeted men (n = 84) were less likely to be depressed than out men, n = 1,047; odds ratio (OR) = 0.41; 95% CI [0.17, 0.996]. Men who were recently out (n = 201) experienced higher odds of major depressive disorder, OR = 6.21; 95% CI [1.53, 24.47], and generalized anxiety disorder, OR = 5.51; 95% CI [1.51, 20.13], as compared to closeted men. Men who were distantly out (n = 846) also experienced higher odds of major depressive disorder than men who were closeted, OR = 2.91; 95% CI [1.10, 7.69]. Recently out women (n = 243) experienced lower odds of depression than closeted women, n = 63; OR = 0.21; 95% CI [0.05, 0.96].


CONCLUSIONS
Whether being in or out of the closet is associated with depression and anxiety largely depends on gender. Clinical and policy implications are discussed in terms of the unique stressors facing men and women both in and out of the closet.
Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University.
John E
JE
Pachankis
Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles.
Susan D
SD
Cochran
Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles.
Vickie M
VM
Mays
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012650:Self Disclosure; D019529:Sexuality / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult