Hydrothermal liquefaction of de-oiled Jatropha curcas cake using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) as catalysts and co-solvents.
Biomass liquefaction using ionic liquids (ILs) as catalysts has received appreciable attention, in renewable fuels and chemicals production, recently. However, issues associated with the production cost, long reaction time and use of volatile solvents are undeniably challenging. Thus, Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) emerged as promising and potential ILs substitutes. The hydrothermal liquefaction of de-oiled Jatropha curcas cake was catalyzed by four synthesized DESs as catalysts and co-solvents for selective extraction. Proximate and ultimate analyses including ash, moisture and carbon contents of bio-crude produced varied slightly. The higher heating values found ranges from 21.15 ± 0.82 MJ/kg to 24.30 ± 0.98 MJ/kg. The bio-crude yields obtained using ChCl-KOH DES was 43.53 wt% and ChCl-p-TsOH DES was 38.31 wt%. Bio-crude yield using ChCl-FeCl3 DES was 30.80 wt%. It is suggested that, the selectivity of bio-crude could be improved, by using DESs as catalyst and co-solvent in HTL of biomass such as de-oiled J. curcas cake.
Centre for Advanced Studies & Research in Automotive Engineering, Delhi Technological University, 110042 New Delhi, India; Petrochemicals & Allied Department, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, P.M.B. 1052, Basawa-Zaria, Nigeria. Electronic address: lahassan897@yahoo.com.
Yahaya
Y
Alhassan
Centre for Advanced Studies & Research in Automotive Engineering, Delhi Technological University, 110042 New Delhi, India.
Naveen
N
Kumar
Petrochemicals & Allied Department, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, P.M.B. 1052, Basawa-Zaria, Nigeria.
Idris M
IM
Bugaje
D018533:Biomass; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D002384:Catalysis; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods; D002794:Choline / Q000737:chemistry; D006878:Hydroxides / Q000737:chemistry; D007220:Industrial Waste; D031286:Jatropha / Q000737:chemistry*; D008752:Methylene Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*
D006878:Hydroxides; D007220:Industrial Waste; D010938:Plant Oils; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D012997:Solvents; D008752:Methylene Chloride; D002244:Carbon; D002794:Choline; C029943:potassium hydroxide
Bio-crude; Catalysts; Deoiled cake; Liquefaction; Yield