Clinical usefulness and validity of robotic measures of reaching movement in hemiparetic stroke patients.
BACKGROUND
Various robotic technologies have been developed recently for objective and quantitative assessment of movement. Among them, robotic measures derived from a reaching task in the KINARM Exoskeleton device are characterized by their potential to reveal underlying motor control in reaching movements. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical usefulness and validity of these robot-derived measures in hemiparetic stroke patients.


METHODS
Fifty-six participants with a hemiparetic arm due to chronic stroke were enrolled. The robotic assessment was performed using the Visually Guided Reaching (VGR) task in the KINARM Exoskeleton, which allows free arm movements in the horizontal plane. Twelve parameters were derived based on motor control theory. The following clinical assessments were also administered: the proximal upper limb section in the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA-UE(A)), the proximal upper limb part in the Stroke Impairment Assessment Set (SIAS-KM), the Modified Ashworth Scale for the affected elbow flexor muscles (MAS elbow), and seven proximal upper limb tasks in the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT). To explore which robotic measures represent deficits of motor control in the affected arm, the VGR parameters in the paretic arm were compared with those in the non-paretic arm using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Then, to explore which VGR parameters were related to overall motor control regardless of the paresis, correlations between the paretic and non-paretic arms were examined. Finally, to investigate the relationships between the robotic measures and the clinical scales, correlations between the VGR parameters and clinical scales were investigated. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were used for all correlational analyses.


RESULTS
Eleven VGR parameters on the paretic side were significantly different from those on the non-paretic side with large effect sizes (|effect size| = 0.76-0.87). Ten VGR parameters correlated significantly with FMA-UE(A) (|r| = 0.32-0.60). Eight VGR parameters also showed significant correlations with SIAS-KM (|r| = 0.42-0.49), MAS elbow (|r| = 0.44-0.48), and the Functional Ability Scale of the WMFT (|r| = 0.52-0.64).


CONCLUSIONS
The robot-derived measures could successfully differentiate between the paretic arm and the non-paretic arm and were valid in comparison to the well-established clinical scales.
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. eyokohama93@gmail.com.
Eri
E
Otaka
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. otaka119@mac.com.
Yohei
Y
Otaka
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. kasuga@bio.keio.ac.jp.
Shoko
S
Kasuga
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. sakurasaku710eena@gmail.com.
Atsuko
A
Nishimoto
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. koyamazaki-tky@umin.ac.jp.
Kotaro
K
Yamazaki
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. michiyukikawakami@hotmail.com.
Michiyuki
M
Kawakami
Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan. ushiba@brain.bio.keio.ac.jp.
Junichi
J
Ushiba
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. meigenliukeio@mac.com.
Meigen
M
Liu
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology; D001259:Ataxia / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004550:Elbow / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009048:Motor Skills; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D010291:Paresis / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012371:Robotics; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult