Variation in life-history traits and their plasticities to elevational transplantation among seed families suggests potential for adaptative evolution of 15 tropical plant species to climate change.
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OBJECTIVE
Because not all plant species will be able to move in response to global warming, adaptive evolution matters largely for plant persistence. As prerequisites for adaptive evolution, genetic variation in and selection on phenotypic traits are needed, but these aspects have not been studied in tropical species. We studied how plants respond to transplantation to different elevations on Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, and whether there is quantitative genetic (among-seed family) variation in and selection on life-history traits and their phenotypic plasticity to the different environments.•


METHODS
We reciprocally transplanted seed families of 15 common tropical, herbaceous species of the montane and savanna vegetation zone at Mt. Kilimanjaro to a watered experimental garden in the montane (1450 m) and in the savanna (880 m) zone at the mountain's slope and measured performance, reproductive, and phenological traits.•


RESULTS
Plants generally performed worse in the savanna garden, indicating that the savanna climate was more stressful and thus that plants may suffer from future climate warming. We found significant quantitative genetic variation in all measured performance and reproductive traits in both gardens and for several measures of phenotypic plasticity in response to elevational transplantation. Moreover, we found positive selection on traits at low and intermediate trait values levelling to neutral or negative selection at high values.•


CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that common plants at Mt. Kilimanjaro express quantitative genetic variation in fitness-relevant traits and in their plasticities, suggesting potential to adapt evolutionarily to future climate warming and increased temperature variability.
Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, Zähringerstrasse 24, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
Andreas
A
Ensslin
Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, Zähringerstrasse 24, 3012 Bern, Switzerland Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) 60325 Frankfurt, Germany.
Markus
M
Fischer
D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000531:Altitude; D005075:Biological Evolution; D057231:Climate Change; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D012639:Seeds; D013636:Tanzania
adaptive plasticity; climate change; evolutionary potential; selection gradient; transplantation experiment; tropical Africa