Development of Resistance to Pyrethroid in Culex pipiens pallens Population under Different Insecticide Selection Pressures.
Current vector control programs are largely dependent on pyrethroids, which are the most commonly used and only insecticides recommended by the World Health Organization for insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). However, the rapid spread of pyrethroid resistance worldwide compromises the effectiveness of control programs and threatens public health. Since few new insecticide classes for vector control are anticipated, limiting the development of resistance is crucial for prolonging efficacy of pyrethroids. In this study, we exposed a field-collected population of Culex pipiens pallens to different insecticide selection intensities to dynamically monitor the development of resistance. Moreover, we detected kdr mutations and three detoxification enzyme activities in order to explore the evolutionary mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. Our results revealed that the level of pyrethroid resistance was proportional to the insecticide selection pressure. The kdr and metabolic resistance both contributed to pyrethroid resistance in the Cx. pipiens pallens populations, but they had different roles under different selection pressures. We have provided important evidence for better understanding of the development and mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance which may guide future insecticide use and vector management in order to avoid or delay resistance.
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Pathogenic Microorganism and Laboratory Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi, China.
Linna
L
Shi
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Hongxia
H
Hu
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Kai
K
Ma
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Dan
D
Zhou
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Jing
J
Yu
Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America.
Daibin
D
Zhong
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Fujin
F
Fang
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Xuelian
X
Chang
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Shengli
S
Hu
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Feifei
F
Zou
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Weijie
W
Wang
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Yan
Y
Sun
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Bo
B
Shen
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Donghui
D
Zhang
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Lei
L
Ma
Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America.
Guofa
G
Zhou
Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America.
Guiyun
G
Yan
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Changliang
C
Zhu
D000818:Animals; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*
D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins