Cryopreservation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Clinical Applications: Current Methods and Challenges.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold many advantages over embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and other somatic cells in clinical applications. MSCs are multipotent cells with strong immunosuppressive properties. They can be harvested from various locations in the human body (e.g., bone marrow and adipose tissues). Cryopreservation represents an efficient method for the preservation and pooling of MSCs, to obtain the cell counts required for clinical applications, such as cell-based therapies and regenerative medicine. Upon cryopreservation, it is important to preserve MSCs functional properties including immunomodulatory properties and multilineage differentiation ability. Further, a biosafety evaluation of cryopreserved MSCs is essential prior to their clinical applications. However, the existing cryopreservation methods for MSCs are associated with notable limitations, leading to a need for new or improved methods to be established for a more efficient application of cryopreserved MSCs in stem cell-based therapies. We review the important parameters for cryopreservation of MSCs and the existing cryopreservation methods for MSCs. Further, we also discuss the challenges to be addressed in order to preserve MSCs effectively for clinical applications.
1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia .|2 Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, P.R. China .
Kar Wey
KW
Yong
1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia .
Wan Kamarul Zaman
WK
Wan Safwani
2 Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, P.R. China .|3 The Key Library of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, P.R. China .
Feng
F
Xu
1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia .
Wan Abu Bakar
WA
Wan Abas
1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia .|2 Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, P.R. China .
Jane Ru
JR
Choi
1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia .
Belinda
B
Pingguan-Murphy
D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D005615:Freezing; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D010641:Phenotype; D058989:Vitrification