Variations in life expectancy in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries--1985-2010.
OBJECTIVE
We examined the impact of different behavioral factors of health on the variations in the levels and rate of increase in life expectancy in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries between 1985 and 2010.


METHODS
Using the World Health Organization's conceptual framework of socio-economic determinants of health, we incorporated Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, World Bank and United Nations data to estimate the impact of these variables on life expectancy for 30 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. We used a random effect model to control the fixed effect of year and each country.


RESULTS
Results show that the level of health care spending is the most important factor predicting life expectancy. Other important factors are gross domestic product per capita, labor productivity, years of schooling and percentage of gross domestic product spending allocated for public services. Life expectancy was reduced by smoking and higher daily calorie consumption. Countries that were previously part of the Soviet Union had lower life expectancies. Political factors had only a minor impact on life expectancy.


CONCLUSIONS
Life expectancy increased an average of 5.1 years in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries between 1985 and 2010, but there was wide variation. Health spending per capita, economic factors and two behavioral factors - smoking and caloric intake - explained most of the variation and suggest where increased policy attention could have the greatest impact on life expectancy. Policymakers who consider our estimates recognize that they may see greater or less impact depending on the characteristics of their nation.
Department of Health Policy and Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA University of Maryland University College, USA Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
Hossein
H
Zare
Department of Health Policy and Management, Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA.
Darrell J
DJ
Gaskin
The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA ganderson@jhu.edu.
Gerard
G
Anderson
D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002149:Energy Intake; D015438:Health Behavior; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy / Q000639:trends*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
Life expectancy; alcohol consumption; labor productivity; medical care spending; obesity; smoking; social spending