title: Impact of the Macronutrient Composition of a Nutritional Supplement on Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Older Men: A Randomized, Double Blind, Controlled Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An impaired muscle protein synthetic response to feeding likely contributes to muscle loss with aging. There are few data available on the effect of the macronutrient composition of clinical supplements on the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response in older subjects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to determine the impact of the macronutrient composition of a nutritional supplement on the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response in older men.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 45 nonsarcopenic older men (aged 69 ± 1 y; body mass index 25.7 ± 0.3 kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned to ingest 21 g of leucine-enriched whey protein with carbohydrate (9 g) and fat (3 g) (Pro-En), an isonitrogenous amount of 21 g of leucine-enriched whey protein without carbohydrate and fat (Pro), or an isocaloric mixture (628 kJ) containing carbohydrate and fat only (En). Stable isotope tracer methodology was applied to assess the basal as well as the postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates in the three groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ingestion of protein in the Pro-En and Pro groups significantly increased muscle protein synthesis rates when compared with the basal rates (from 0.032 ± 0.003%/h to 0.05%/h 3 ± 0.004%/h and 0.040%/h ± 0.003%/h to 0.049%/h ± 0.003%/h, respectively; P < .05), whereas ingestion of carbohydrate and fat did not increase muscle protein synthesis rates in the En group (from 0.039%/h ± 0.004%/h to 0.040%/h ± 0.003%/h; P = .60). Despite the greater postprandial rise in circulating insulin concentration in the Pro-En group, no significant differences were observed in postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates between the Pro-En and Pro groups (P = .32). Postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates were higher in the Pro-En vs En group (P = .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ingestion of a nutritional supplement containing 21 g of leucine-enriched whey protein significantly raises muscle protein synthesis rates in nonsarcopenic older men, but coingestion of carbohydrate and fat does not modulate the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion in older men.
authors: NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (I.F.K., L.B.V., H.M.H., I.W.K.K., J.M.S., J.v.K., A.P.G., M.P., L.J.C.v.L.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research (S.V., Y.L.), Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Department of Surgery (I.F.K., M.P.), Division of Trauma Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Irene Fleur
authors: IF
authors: Kramer
authors: NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (I.F.K., L.B.V., H.M.H., I.W.K.K., J.M.S., J.v.K., A.P.G., M.P., L.J.C.v.L.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research (S.V., Y.L.), Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Department of Surgery (I.F.K., M.P.), Division of Trauma Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Lex B
authors: LB
authors: Verdijk
authors: NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (I.F.K., L.B.V., H.M.H., I.W.K.K., J.M.S., J.v.K., A.P.G., M.P., L.J.C.v.L.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research (S.V., Y.L.), Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Department of Surgery (I.F.K., M.P.), Division of Trauma Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Henrike M
authors: HM
authors: Hamer
authors: NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (I.F.K., L.B.V., H.M.H., I.W.K.K., J.M.S., J.v.K., A.P.G., M.P., L.J.C.v.L.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research (S.V., Y.L.), Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Department of Surgery (I.F.K., M.P.), Division of Trauma Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Sjors
authors: S
authors: Verlaan
authors: NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (I.F.K., L.B.V., H.M.H., I.W.K.K., J.M.S., J.v.K., A.P.G., M.P., L.J.C.v.L.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research (S.V., Y.L.), Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Department of Surgery (I.F.K., M.P.), Division of Trauma Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Yvette
authors: Y
authors: Luiking
authors: NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (I.F.K., L.B.V., H.M.H., I.W.K.K., J.M.S., J.v.K., A.P.G., M.P., L.J.C.v.L.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research (S.V., Y.L.), Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Department of Surgery (I.F.K., M.P.), Division of Trauma Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Imre W K
authors: IW
authors: Kouw
authors: NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (I.F.K., L.B.V., H.M.H., I.W.K.K., J.M.S., J.v.K., A.P.G., M.P., L.J.C.v.L.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research (S.V., Y.L.), Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Department of Surgery (I.F.K., M.P.), Division of Trauma Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Joan M
authors: JM
authors: Senden
authors: NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (I.F.K., L.B.V., H.M.H., I.W.K.K., J.M.S., J.v.K., A.P.G., M.P., L.J.C.v.L.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research (S.V., Y.L.), Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Department of Surgery (I.F.K., M.P.), Division of Trauma Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Janneau
authors: J
authors: van Kranenburg
authors: NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (I.F.K., L.B.V., H.M.H., I.W.K.K., J.M.S., J.v.K., A.P.G., M.P., L.J.C.v.L.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research (S.V., Y.L.), Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Department of Surgery (I.F.K., M.P.), Division of Trauma Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Annemarie P
authors: AP
authors: Gijsen
authors: NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (I.F.K., L.B.V., H.M.H., I.W.K.K., J.M.S., J.v.K., A.P.G., M.P., L.J.C.v.L.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research (S.V., Y.L.), Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Department of Surgery (I.F.K., M.P.), Division of Trauma Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Martijn
authors: M
authors: Poeze
authors: NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (I.F.K., L.B.V., H.M.H., I.W.K.K., J.M.S., J.v.K., A.P.G., M.P., L.J.C.v.L.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research (S.V., Y.L.), Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Department of Surgery (I.F.K., M.P.), Division of Trauma Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Luc J C
authors: LJ
authors: van Loon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007930:Leucine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019518:Postprandial Period; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007328:Insulin; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D007930:Leucine