title: Detection of the BLV provirus from nasal secretion and saliva samples using BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR-2: Comparison with blood samples from the same cattle.
abstract: Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) induces enzootic bovine leukosis, which is the most common neoplastic disease in cattle. Sero-epidemiological studies show that BLV infection occurs worldwide. Direct contact between infected and uninfected cattle is thought to be one of the risk factors for BLV transmission. Contact transmission occurs via a mixture of natural sources, blood, and exudates. To confirm that BLV provirus is detectable in these samples, matched blood, nasal secretion, and saliva samples were collected from 50 cattle, and genomic DNA was extracted. BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR-2, an assay developed for the highly sensitive detection of BLV, was then used to measure the proviral load in blood (n=50), nasal secretions (n=48), and saliva (n=47) samples. The results showed that 35 blood samples, 14 nasal secretion samples, and 6 saliva samples were positive for the BLV provirus. Matched blood samples from cattle that were positive for the BLV provirus (either in nasal secretion or saliva samples) were also positive in their blood. The proviral load in the positive blood samples was >14,000 (copies/1×10(5) cells). Thus, even though the proviral load in the nasal secretion and saliva samples was much lower (<380 copies/1×10(5) cells) than that in the peripheral blood, prolonged direct contact between infected and healthy cattle may be considered as a risk factor for BLV transmission.
authors: RIKEN GENESIS CO., LTD., RIKEN Yokohama Institute, East Research Building 3F, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
authors: Yuan
authors: Y
authors: Yuan
authors: RIKEN GENESIS CO., LTD., RIKEN Yokohama Institute, East Research Building 3F, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
authors: Yuri
authors: Y
authors: Kitamura-Muramatsu
authors: RIKEN GENESIS CO., LTD., RIKEN Yokohama Institute, East Research Building 3F, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. Electronic address: susumu.saito@rikengenesis.jp.
authors: Susumu
authors: S
authors: Saito
authors: NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, 768 Senbonmatsu, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2793, Japan.
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Ishizaki
authors: NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, 768 Senbonmatsu, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2793, Japan.
authors: Miwa
authors: M
authors: Nakano
authors: NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, 768 Senbonmatsu, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2793, Japan.
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Haga
authors: NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, 768 Senbonmatsu, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2793, Japan.
authors: Kazuhiro
authors: K
authors: Matoba
authors: Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
authors: Ayumu
authors: A
authors: Ohno
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.
authors: Hironobu
authors: H
authors: Murakami
authors: Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
authors: Shin-Nosuke
authors: SN
authors: Takeshima
authors: Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. Electronic address: aida@riken.jp.
authors: Yoko
authors: Y
authors: Aida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood / Q000821:virology*; D012634:Bodily Secretions / Q000821:virology*; D002417:Cattle; D016583:Enzootic Bovine Leukosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D001909:Leukemia Virus, Bovine / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009055:Mouth / Q000821:virology*; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000821:virology*; D011533:Proviruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D019562:Viral Load
keywords: BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR-2; Blood; Nasal secretion; Proviral load; Saliva