title: Effect of live and inactivated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on experimentally induced rhinovirus colds: randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial.
abstract: The aim of this work was to investigate the usability of an experimental rhinovirus model in probiotic trials aiming to assess effectiveness in viral infections, and to provide preliminary data of live and inactivated probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG for larger-scale trials utilising the model. 59 subjects were randomised to receive 100 ml of fruit juice supplemented with 10(9) cfu of live or heat-inactivated (by spray-drying) L. rhamnosus GG or control juice daily for six weeks. After three weeks subjects were intranasally inoculated with experimental rhinovirus. Infection rate (at least one positive culture for challenge virus on five days following inoculation or at least four-fold rise in antibody response to challenge virus) was 14/19 in the group receiving live probiotic strain and 18/20 both in the group receiving heat-inactivated probiotic strain and in the control group (P=0.36). The occurrence and severity of cold symptoms on the five days following the inoculation was lowest in the group receiving live probiotic strain (P=0.45). This trial was the first one dedicated to the investigation of the effect of probiotics using the experimental rhinovirus model. The model showed potential for demonstration of efficacy of probiotics in controlled respiratory viral infections. Occurrence and severity of cold symptoms and number of subjects with rhinovirus infection was lowest in the group receiving live L. rhamnosus GG, but differences were not statistically significant. Further large-scale studies are needed to demonstrate the efficacy of L. rhamnosus GG in respiratory infections.
authors: 1 Valio Ltd., P.O. Box 10, 00039 Valio, Helsinki, Finland.|2 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kumpu
authors: 1 Valio Ltd., P.O. Box 10, 00039 Valio, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Kekkonen
authors: 2 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Korpela
authors: 1 Valio Ltd., P.O. Box 10, 00039 Valio, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Tynkkynen
authors: 3 Medcare Foundation, Hämeentie 1, 44100 Äänekoski, Finland.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Järvenpää
authors: 3 Medcare Foundation, Hämeentie 1, 44100 Äänekoski, Finland.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Kautiainen
authors: 4 Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800717, Charlottesville VA 22908, USA.|5 Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800733, Charlottesville VA 22908, USA.
authors: E K
authors: EK
authors: Allen
authors: 6 Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800386, Charlottesville VA 22908, USA.
authors: J O
authors: JO
authors: Hendley
authors: 7 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 220, 00029 Helsinki, Finland.|8 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.|9 Faculty of Medicine, University of Qatar, Al Tarfa, Doha 2713, Qatar.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Pitkäranta
authors: 10 Department of Otolaryngology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800713, Charlottesville VA 22908, USA.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Winther
mesh_terms: D003139:Common Cold / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052201:Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus / Q000254:growth & development*; D010919:Placebos / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D010919:Placebos
keywords: infection; probiotic; respiratory; virus