title: Hemorrhagic Complications of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery.
abstract: Major complications during endoscopic sinus surgery are rare and occur in 0.36% to 3.1% of patients. Postoperative hemorrhage accounts for 23% to 39% of complications. Despite being rare, major hemorrhage can be serious for the patient. This article discusses hemorrhagic complications during and following endoscopic sinus surgery, focusing on a review of the surgical anatomy, common pitfalls to avoid, preventative measures, and management of certain catastrophic complications for which preparedness can mean the difference between life and death.
authors: Section of Rhinology, Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue/A71, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors: Ashleigh A
authors: AA
authors: Halderman
authors: Section of Rhinology, Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue/A71, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors: Raj
authors: R
authors: Sindwani
authors: Section of Rhinology, Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue/A71, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. Electronic address: woodart@ccf.org.
authors: Troy D
authors: TD
authors: Woodard
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Anterior ethmoid artery; Endoscopic sinus surgery; Epistaxis; Internal carotid artery; Posterior ethmoid artery; Sphenopalatine artery