title: Therapeutic advances in dystonia.
abstract: Knowledge on dystonia has greatly improved recently, because of a renewed effort in understanding its cause, pathophysiology, and clinical characterization. Different drug classes traditionally have been used for the symptomatic treatment of dystonia, more recently surpassed by the introduction of botulinum neurotoxins and deep brain stimulation. No curative or disease-modifying treatments are available. Recent knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of inherited dystonias is highlighting new potential treatment strategies. We review therapeutic advances in dystonia that have been published over the last 3 years, particularly regarding oral medications, local injections of botulinum neurotoxins, deep brain stimulation, and transcranial or epidural brain stimulations. We discuss evidence of efficacy, highlight recent advances, and focus on key areas under development.
authors: Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Milano, Italy.|Istituto di Neurologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy.
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Albanese
authors: Neurologia I, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy.
authors: Luigi M
authors: LM
authors: Romito
authors: Neurologia I, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy.
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Calandrella
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D004421:Dystonia / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
chemical_list: D009498:Neurotoxins; D001905:Botulinum Toxins
keywords: botutinum toxins; deep brain stimulation; dystonia; medication; surgery; treatment