title: Rare sugar D-allulose: Potential role and therapeutic monitoring in maintaining obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are the leading worldwide risk factors for mortality. The inextricably interlinked pathological progression from excessive weight gain, obesity, and hyperglycemia to T2DM, usually commencing from obesity, typically originates from overconsumption of sugar and high-fat diets. Although most patients require medications, T2DM is manageable or even preventable with consumption of low-calorie diet and maintaining body weight. Medicines like insulin, metformin, and thiazolidinediones that improve glycemic control; however, these are associated with weight gain, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia. These situations warrant the attentive consideration of the role of balanced foods. Recently, we have discovered advantages of a rare sugar, D-allulose, a zero-calorie functional sweetener having strong anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-hyperglycemic effects. Study revealed that after oral administration in rats D-allulose readily entered the blood stream and was eliminated into urine within 24h. Cell culture study showed that D-allulose enters into and leaves the intestinal enterocytes via glucose transporters GLUT5 and GLUT2, respectively. In addition to D-allulose's short-term effects, the characterization of long-term effects has been focused on preventing commencement and progression of T2DM in diabetic rats. Human trials showed that D-allulose attenuates postprandial glucose levels in healthy subjects and in borderline diabetic subjects. The anti-hyperlipidemic effect of D-allulose, combined with its anti-inflammatory actions on adipocytes, is beneficial for the prevention of both obesity and atherosclerosis and is accompanied by improvements in insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance. Therefore, this review presents brief discussions focusing on physiological functions and potential benefits of D-allulose on obesity and T2DM.
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
authors: Akram
authors: A
authors: Hossain
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
authors: Fuminori
authors: F
authors: Yamaguchi
authors: Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
authors: Tatsuhiro
authors: T
authors: Matsuo
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacobioinformatics, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
authors: Ikuko
authors: I
authors: Tsukamoto
authors: Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Meijo University, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors: Yukiyasu
authors: Y
authors: Toyoda
authors: Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Biological Science, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kagawa-gun 76100795, Japan.
authors: Masahiro
authors: M
authors: Ogawa
authors: Department of Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishisonogi-gun, Nagasaki 859-2195, Japan.
authors: Yasuo
authors: Y
authors: Nagata
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan. Electronic address: tokuda@med.kagawa-u.ac.jp.
authors: Masaaki
authors: M
authors: Tokuda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005632:Fructose / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; C003243:psicose; D005632:Fructose; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Anti-hyperglycemic; Anti-obesity; Functional sweetener; Rare sugar; Therapeutic monitoring; d-Allulose