title: Characterizing the concentration of Cryptosporidium in Australian surface waters for setting health-based targets for drinking water treatment.
abstract: It is proposed that the next revision of the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines will include 'health-based targets', where the required level of potable water treatment quantitatively relates to the magnitude of source water pathogen concentrations. To quantify likely Cryptosporidium concentrations in southern Australian surface source waters, the databases for 25 metropolitan water supplies with good historical records, representing a range of catchment sizes, land use and climatic regions were mined. The distributions and uncertainty intervals for Cryptosporidium concentrations were characterized for each site. Then, treatment targets were quantified applying the framework recommended in the World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality 2011. Based on total oocyst concentrations, and not factoring in genotype or physiological state information as it relates to infectivity for humans, the best estimates of the required level of treatment, expressed as log10 reduction values, ranged among the study sites from 1.4 to 6.1 log10. Challenges associated with relying on historical monitoring data for defining drinking water treatment requirements were identified. In addition, the importance of quantitative microbial risk assessment input assumptions on the quantified treatment targets was investigated, highlighting the need for selection of locally appropriate values.
authors: Water & Health Pty Ltd, PO Box 648, Salamander Bay, Sydney, NSW 2317, Australia and Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway E-mail: s.petterson@waterandhealth.com.au.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Petterson
authors: Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Roser
authors: Water Futures Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Deere
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000592:standards*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000592:standards*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D060753:Water Quality / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water