title: MACRONUTRIENT INTAKE IS CORRELATED WITH DYSLIPIDEMIA AND LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION IN CHILDHOOD OBESITY BUT MOSTLY IN MALE OBESE.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  condition of hypoxia caused by hypertrophy of adipose cells in obesity triggers macrophages recruitment and production of cytokines. Additionally, high consumption of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and high glycemic index meals may contribute to oxidative stress and chronic low-grade inflammation by increases NF-kB activation. Thus, the aim of the study was to analyze the contribution of the macronutrients intake in the metabolic and inflammatory profile, by levels of lipoproteins, insulin resistance, anti and pro inflammatory cytokines, in obese adolescents according the gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  sample was composed by 37 adolescents, both genders, identified as obese by body mass index (BMI). Body composition was assessed by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and measures of intra-abdominal adiposity (IAAT) and subcutaneous adiposity tissue (SAT) were done by ultrasound. Biochemical analyses were done and the measurement of cytokines; fatty acids and insulin were performed by the technique of immunoassay ELISA. The estimation of macronutrients consumption was made by 3 day food register regarding food intake. Statistical significance was set at p-value < 5% and the statistical software SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) performed all analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BMI (p = 0.316), FM (p = 0.416), IAAT (p = 0.505) and SAT (p = 0.935) presented similarities between genders. Cytokines and metabolic variables values were similar between the groups. Only in the male group, metabolic variables and cytokines were significant correlated with the consumption of total lipids or its fractions. Was observed that insulin concentration had significant interaction with MUFA(g) (= -18.4; p = 0.004) and adiponectin with CHO(g) (= -58.2; p = 0.032) in the group male and female, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  macronutrients intake is associated with low-grade inflammation in obesity, by production of inflammatory cytokines and alteration of the lipid profile, especially male obese adolescents which seem to be more responsive of this consumption when compared with female obese adolescents.
authors: Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo.. ba.antunes2@gmail.com.
authors: Barbara de Moura Mello
authors: Bde M
authors: Antunes
authors: Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo. Study Center and Laboratory of Assessment and Prescription of motor activity, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo (Brazil).. paulinha__1003@hotmail.com.
authors: Paula Alves
authors: PA
authors: Monteiro
authors: Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo.. loreana_loly@hotmail.com.
authors: Loreana Sanches
authors: LS
authors: Silveira
authors: Study Center and Laboratory of Assessment and Prescription of motor activity, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo (Brazil).. claudia_brunholi@hotmail.com.
authors: Claudia de Carvalho
authors: Cde C
authors: Brunholi
authors: Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo.. fabiolira@fct.unesp.br.
authors: Fábio Santos
authors: FS
authors: Lira
authors: Study Center and Laboratory of Assessment and Prescription of motor activity, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo (Brazil).. ismael.freitas@pq.cnpq.br.
authors: Ismael Forte
authors: IF
authors: Freitas Júnior
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D008055:Lipids