title: Ecological interactions on macroevolutionary time scales: clams and brachiopods are more than ships that pass in the night.
abstract: Competition among organisms has ecological and evolutionary consequences. However, whether the consequences of competition are manifested and measureable on macroevolutionary time scales is equivocal. Marine bivalves and brachiopods have overlapping niches such that competition for food and space may occur. Moreover, there is a long-standing debate over whether bivalves outcompeted brachiopods evolutionarily, because brachiopod diversity declined through time while bivalve diversity increased. To answer this question, we estimate the origination and extinction dynamics of fossil marine bivalve and brachiopod genera from the Ordovician through to the Recent while simultaneously accounting for incomplete sampling. Then, using stochastic differential equations, we assess statistical relationships among diversification and sampling dynamics of brachiopods and bivalves and five paleoenvironmental proxies. None of these potential environmental drivers had any detectable influence on brachiopod or bivalve diversification. In contrast, elevated bivalve extinction rates causally increased brachiopod origination rates, suggesting that bivalves have suppressed brachiopod evolution.
authors: Department of Biosciences, Centre for Evolutionary and Ecological Synthesis, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway.
authors: Lee Hsiang
authors: LH
authors: Liow
authors: Department of Biosciences, Centre for Evolutionary and Ecological Synthesis, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway.
authors: Trond
authors: T
authors: Reitan
authors: Department of Earth and Environment, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, USA.
authors: Paul G
authors: PG
authors: Harnik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D005075:Biological Evolution; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D005580:Fossils; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D010163:Paleontology; D013269:Stochastic Processes
keywords: Capture-recapture; Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model; Phanerozoic; Red Queen; fossil; geochemical proxy; sea level; stochastic differential equations (SDEs); time series