title: Implant Design Variations in Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Influence the Required Deltoid Force and Resultant Joint Load.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) is widely used; however, the effects of RTSA geometric parameters on joint and muscle loading, which strongly influence implant survivorship and long-term function, are not well understood. By investigating these parameters, it should be possible to objectively optimize RTSA design and implantation technique.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of RTSA implant design parameters on (1) the deltoid muscle forces required to produce abduction, and (2) the magnitude of joint load and (3) the loading angle throughout this motion. We also sought to determine how these parameters interacted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven cadaveric shoulders were tested using a muscle load-driven in vitro simulator to achieve repeatable motions. The effects of three implant parameters-humeral lateralization (0, 5, 10 mm), polyethylene thickness (3, 6, 9 mm), and glenosphere lateralization (0, 5, 10 mm)-were assessed for the three outcomes: deltoid muscle force required to produce abduction, magnitude of joint load, and joint loading angle throughout abduction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing humeral lateralization decreased deltoid forces required for active abduction (0 mm: 68% ± 8% [95% CI, 60%-76% body weight (BW)]; 10 mm: 65% ± 8% [95% CI, 58%-72 % BW]; p = 0.022). Increasing glenosphere lateralization increased deltoid force (0 mm: 61% ± 8% [95% CI, 55%-68% BW]; 10 mm: 70% ± 11% [95% CI, 60%-81% BW]; p = 0.007) and joint loads (0 mm: 53% ± 8% [95% CI, 46%-61% BW]; 10 mm: 70% ± 10% [95% CI, 61%-79% BW]; p < 0.001). Increasing polyethylene cup thickness increased deltoid force (3 mm: 65% ± 8% [95% CI, 56%-73% BW]; 9 mm: 68% ± 8% [95% CI, 61%-75% BW]; p = 0.03) and joint load (3 mm: 60% ± 8% [95% CI, 53%-67% BW]; 9 mm: 64% ± 10% [95% CI, 56%-72% BW]; p = 0.034).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Humeral lateralization was the only parameter that improved joint and muscle loading, whereas glenosphere lateralization resulted in increased loads. Humeral lateralization may be a useful implant parameter in countering some of the negative effects of glenosphere lateralization, but this should not be considered the sole solution for the negative effects of glenosphere lateralization. Overstuffing the articulation with progressively thicker humeral polyethylene inserts produced some adverse effects on deltoid muscle and joint loading.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This systematic evaluation has determined that glenosphere lateralization produces marked negative effects on loading outcomes; however, the importance of avoiding scapular notching may outweigh these effects. Humeral lateralization's ability to decrease the effects of glenosphere lateralization was promising but further investigations are required to determine the effects of combined lateralization on functional outcomes including range of motion.
authors: Roth McFarlane Hand and Upper Limb Centre, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada. giles.joshgiles@gmail.com.|Western University, London, ON, Canada. giles.joshgiles@gmail.com.|Mechatronics in Medicine Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK. giles.joshgiles@gmail.com.
authors: Joshua W
authors: JW
authors: Giles
authors: Roth McFarlane Hand and Upper Limb Centre, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada.|Western University, London, ON, Canada.
authors: G Daniel G
authors: GD
authors: Langohr
authors: Roth McFarlane Hand and Upper Limb Centre, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada.|Western University, London, ON, Canada.
authors: James A
authors: JA
authors: Johnson
authors: Roth McFarlane Hand and Upper Limb Centre, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada.|Western University, London, ON, Canada.
authors: George S
authors: GS
authors: Athwal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019643:Arthroplasty, Replacement / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D057645:Deltoid Muscle / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D007595:Joint Prosthesis; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength; D020959:Polyethylene; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016474:Weight-Bearing
chemical_list: D020959:Polyethylene