title: Improving the Performance of the Granulosis Virus of Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by Adding the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with Sugar.
abstract: Studies were conducted with the codling moth granulosis virus (CpGV) to evaluate whether adding the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E. C. Hansen with brown cane sugar could improve larval control of Cydia pomonella (L.). Larval mortalities in dipped-apple bioassays with S. cerevisiae or sugar alone were not significantly different from the water control. The addition of S. cerevisiae but not sugar with CpGV significantly increased larval mortality compared with CpGV alone. The combination of S. cerevisiae and sugar with CpGV significantly increased larval mortality compared with CpGV plus either additive alone. The addition of S. cerevisiae improved the efficacy of CpGV similarly to the use of the yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima (isolated from field-collected larvae). The proportion of uninjured fruit in field trials was significantly increased with the addition of S. cerevisiae and sugar to CpGV compared with CpGV alone only in year 1, and from the controls in both years. In comparison, larval mortality was significantly increased in both years with the addition of S. cerevisiae and sugar with CpGV compared with CpGV alone or from the controls. The numbers of overwintering larvae on trees was significantly reduced from the control following a seasonal program of CpGV plus S. cerevisiae and sugar. The addition of a microencapsulated formulation of pear ester did not improve the performance of CpGV or CpGV plus S. cerevisiae and sugar. These data suggest that yeasts can enhance the effectiveness of the biological control agent CpGV, in managing and maintaining codling moth at low densities.
authors: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd., Wapato, WA 98951. alan.knight@ars.usda.gov.
authors: Alan L
authors: AL
authors: Knight
authors: Instituto de Producción y Sanidad Vegetal Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.
authors: Esteban
authors: E
authors: Basoalto
authors: Chemical Ecoogy Group, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Witzgall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D025722:Granulovirus / Q000502:physiology*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000821:virology; D009036:Moths / Q000254:growth & development / Q000821:virology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000502:physiology*; D014861:Washington
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates
keywords: Cydia pomonella; apple; bait; bread yeast; brown cane sugar