title: Menstrual Needs and Associations with Sexual and Reproductive Risks in Rural Kenyan Females: A Cross-Sectional Behavioral Survey Linked with HIV Prevalence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Females in low and middle income countries (LMICs) have difficulty coping with menstrual needs, but few studies have examined the social or health implications of these needs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Responses from 3418 menstruating females aged 13-29 years were extracted from an HIV and behavioral risks cross-sectional survey conducted in rural western Kenya. We examined sanitary products used, provision of products from sexual partners or from transactional sex, and demographic and sexual exposures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 75% of females reported using commercial pads and 25% used traditional materials such as cloth or items like paper or tissue, with 10% of girls <15 years old depending on makeshift items. Two-thirds of females with no education relied on traditional items. Having attended secondary school increased the odds of using commercial pads among married (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] 4.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.25-7.12) and single females (AOR 2.17, 95% CI 1.04-4.55). Married females had lower odds of pad use if they reported early (<12 years of age) compared with later (≥18 years) sexual debut (64% vs. 78%, AOR 0.45, 95% CI 0.21-0.97). Two-thirds of pad users received them from sexual partners. Receipt was lower among married females if partners were violent (AOR 0.67, 95% CI 0.53-0.85). Receipt among single females was higher if they had two or more sexual partners in the past year (AOR 2.11, 95% CI 1.04-4.29). Prevalence of engaging in sex for money to buy pads was low (1.3%); however, 10% of 15-year-olds reported this, with girls ≤15 having significantly higher odds compared with females over 15 (AOR 2.84, 95% CI 0.89-9.11). The odds of having transactional sex for pads was higher among females having two or more partners in the past 12 months (AOR 4.86, 95% CI 2.06-11.43).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Menstrual needs of impoverished females in rural LMICs settings likely leads to increased physical and sexual harms. Studies are required to strengthen knowledge and to evaluate interventions to reduce these harms.
authors: 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Liverpool, United Kingdom .|2 Kenya Medical Research Institute , Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya .
authors: Penelope A
authors: PA
authors: Phillips-Howard
authors: 2 Kenya Medical Research Institute , Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya .
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Otieno
authors: 2 Kenya Medical Research Institute , Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya .
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Burmen
authors: 2 Kenya Medical Research Institute , Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya .|3 Nyanza Reproductive Health Society , Kisumu, Kenya .
authors: Frederick
authors: F
authors: Otieno
authors: 2 Kenya Medical Research Institute , Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya .
authors: Frederick
authors: F
authors: Odongo
authors: 2 Kenya Medical Research Institute , Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya .
authors: Clifford
authors: C
authors: Odour
authors: 2 Kenya Medical Research Institute , Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya .
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Nyothach
authors: 2 Kenya Medical Research Institute , Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya .
authors: Nyanguara
authors: N
authors: Amek
authors: 4 Division of Global HIV and AIDS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Kisumu, Kenya .
authors: Emily
authors: E
authors: Zielinski-Gutierrez
authors: 2 Kenya Medical Research Institute , Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya .
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Odhiambo
authors: 5 Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Kisumu, Kenya .
authors: Clement
authors: C
authors: Zeh
authors: 2 Kenya Medical Research Institute , Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya .
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Kwaro
authors: 5 Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Kisumu, Kenya .
authors: Lisa A
authors: LA
authors: Mills
authors: 6 Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia .
authors: Kayla F
authors: KF
authors: Laserson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D052576:Menstrual Hygiene Products / Q000145:classification* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008598:Menstruation; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012747:Sexual Partners; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult