title: Assessment of Annual Effective Dose for Natural Radioactivity of Gamma Emitters in Biscuit Samples in Iraq.
abstract: Biscuits are an important type of food, widely consumed by babies in Iraq and other countries. This work uses gamma spectroscopy to measure the natural radioactivity due to long-lived gamma emitters in children's biscuits; it also estimates radiation hazard indices, that is, the radium equivalent activity, the representative of gamma level index, the internal hazard index, and the annual effective dose in children. Ten samples were collected from the Iraqi market from different countries of origin. The average specific activities for (226)Ra, (232)Th, and (40)K were 9.390, 3.1213, and 214.969 Bq/kg, respectively, but the average of the radium equivalent activity and the internal hazard index were 33.101 Bq/kg and 0.107, respectively. The total average annual effective dose from consumption by adults, children, and infants is estimated to be 0.655, 1.009, and 0.875 mSv, respectively. The values found for specific activity, radiation hazard indices, and annual effective dose in all samples in this study were lower than worldwide median values for all groups; therefore, these values are found to be safe.
authors: Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq. ali.alhameedawi@uokufa.edu.iq.
authors: Ali Abid
authors: AA
authors: Abojassim
authors: Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq.
authors: Lubna A
authors: LA
authors: Al-Alasadi
authors: Faculty of Medicine Teeth, University of Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq.
authors: Ahmed R
authors: AR
authors: Shitake
authors: Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq.
authors: Faeq A
authors: FA
authors: Al-Tememie
authors: Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq.
authors: Afnan A
authors: AA
authors: Husain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005502:Food; D005514:Food Irradiation; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007493:Iraq; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D011851:Radioactivity; D011883:Radium / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D011883:Radium