title: Real time adenosine fluctuations detected with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in the rat striatum and motor cortex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adenosine serves many functions within the CNS, including inhibitory and excitatory control of neurotransmission. The understanding of adenosine dynamics in the brain is of fundamental importance. The goal of the present study was to explore subsecond adenosine fluctuations in the rat brain in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Long Evans rats were anesthetized and a carbon fiber electrode was positioned in the motor cortex or dorsal striatum. Real time electrochemical recordings were made at the carbon fiber electrodes every 100ms by applying a triangular waveform (-0.4 to +1.5V, 400V/s). Adenosine spikes were identified by the background-subtracted cyclic voltammogram.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of detected adenosine spikes was relatively stable in both tested regions, and the time intervals between spikes were regular and lasted from 1 to 5s within an animal. Spike frequency ranged from 0.5 to 1.5Hz in both the motor cortex and the dorsal striatum. Average spike amplitudes were 85±11 and 66±7nM for the motor cortex and the dorsal striatum, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current study established that adenosine signaling can operate on a fast time scale (within seconds) to modulate brain functions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This finding suggests that spontaneous adenosine release may play a fast, dynamic role in regulating an organism's response to external events. Therefore, adenosine transmission in the brain may have characteristics similar to those of classical neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine.
authors: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors: Ekue B
authors: EB
authors: Adamah-Biassi
authors: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors: Antoine G
authors: AG
authors: Almonte
authors: Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
authors: Evgeny
authors: E
authors: Blagovechtchenski
authors: Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors: Valentina P
authors: VP
authors: Grinevich
authors: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors: Jeff L
authors: JL
authors: Weiner
authors: Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
authors: Keith D
authors: KD
authors: Bonin
authors: Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. Electronic address: ebudygin@wakehealth.edu.
authors: Evgeny A
authors: EA
authors: Budygin
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon; D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000378:metabolism*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D010146:Pain / Q000378:metabolism; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D013623:Tail; D013995:Time
chemical_list: D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D002244:Carbon; D000241:Adenosine
keywords: Adenosine; Dorsal striatum; Motor cortex; Tail pinch