title: Cognitive Function in Individuals With Physical Frailty but Without Dementia or Cognitive Complaints: Results From the I-Lan Longitudinal Aging Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if understated cognitive impairment existed in individuals with physical frail or earlier prefrail state but without cognitive complaints and the susceptible cognitive domains to the physical frailty.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional population-based community study.
  
  
  METHODS
  I-Lan County of Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1839 community residents aged 50 years or older in the I-Lan Longitudinal Aging Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frail status assessments by the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) criteria and a series of neuropsychiatric assessments, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the delay free recall in the Chinese Version Verbal Learning Test (CVVLT), the Boston Naming Test (BNT), the category (animal) Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), the Taylor Complex Figure Test (CFT), the digital backward (DB), and the Clock Drawing Test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After excluding those with significant global cognitive impairment, subjective cognitive complaints, or functional impairment, 1686 persons aged 50 to 89 years (mean 63.4 ± 8.9) were enrolled. The prevalence of prefrail and frail individuals was 40.2% and 4.9%, respectively. The prefrail and frail persons had significantly poorer performance in the MMSE and all neuropsychological tests. Slowness and weakness were the most significant frailty components associated with cognitive impairment. The prefrail and frail individuals showed a more dose-dependent risk for 1 or more cognitive domain impairments than the robust individuals (odds ratio [OR] 1.28 in prefrail individuals versus OR 1.79 in frail individuals). The susceptible cognitive domains in the prefrail state were mainly focused on the nonmemory domains. However, the frail individuals were more likely to have risks for impairment in both memory and nonmemory domains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even without subjective cognitive complaints, higher risk of cognitive impairment is presented in the prefrail and frail individuals. The incremental impact of frailty on cognition and the susceptibility of nonmemory domain may provide a new view in evaluating the pathogenesis of the relationship between frailty and cognitive impairment.
authors: Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Yi-Hui
authors: YH
authors: Wu
authors: Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Li-Kuo
authors: LK
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Wei-Ta
authors: WT
authors: Chen
authors: Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Yuanshan Branch, I-Lan County, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Wei-Ju
authors: WJ
authors: Lee
authors: Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Li-Ning
authors: LN
authors: Peng
authors: Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: pnwang@vghtpe.gov.tw.
authors: Pei-Ning
authors: PN
authors: Wang
authors: Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: lkchen2@vghtpe.gov.tw.
authors: Liang-Kung
authors: LK
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests
keywords: Frailty; cognitive impairment; community dwelling; nonmemory domain