title: Can macrophages within the microenvironment of locally invasive rectal cancers predict response to radiotherapy?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Only half of patients with locally invasive rectal carcinoma respond to short-course preoperative radiotherapy. A predictive test enabling better patient selection could avoid unneccessary radiation exposure to poor responders. Macrophages within the tumour immune microenvironment with tumoricidal M1 and tumour-protective M2 phenotypes could be modulating this response. This study investigated the possible predictive value of M1 and M2 subpopulations in identifying patients' likely response to short-course preoperative radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biopsy samples were taken from 29 patients with locally invasive rectal carcinoma before treatment with short-course radiotherapy and surgical specimens obtained after resection following short-course preoperative radiotherapy. Dual-staining immunohistochemistry was performed with CD68 as macrophage marker, HLA-DR as M1 marker, and CD163 as M2 marker. Samples were scored for hot-and-random spots by Nuance software (version 3.0.2) and compared with patients' outcome data. Tumour response was measured by assessment of reduction of tumour-cell density.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Samples revealing a low score for HLA-DR positive M1 macrophages exhibited a better response to short-course radiotherapy with up to 80% (median 80·38% [IQR 46·94-84·73]) reduction in the tumour cell density. On the other hand those with a high score exhibited a poor response with only up to 20% (20·26 [0-48·19]) reduction. The difference in response between the two groups was significant (p=0·017). No such trends were observed for CD163+ M2 macrophages. The ratio of HLA-DR+ to CD163+ macrophages for biopsy and resection samples was significantly different, showing a drop in the HLA-DR positive macrophages in the resection samples (p=0·024). The mean of the difference between the biopsy (median 2·53 [IQR 1·98-3·08]) and resection (1·38 [0·96-1·8]) was 1·15 (p=0·024).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with a variable macrophage phenotype composition within biopsy samples from patients with locally invasive rectal carcinoma respond differently to short-course preoperative radiotherapy. Further investigation involving a panel of macrophage and other immune-cell markers could verify and validate these findings and develop them as predictive tests identifying good responders to radiotherapy in patients with locally invasive rectal carcinoma.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  None.
authors: University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. Electronic address: s.shaikh@leeds.ac.uk.
authors: Shafaque
authors: S
authors: Shaikh
authors: University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors: Arish
authors: A
authors: Noshirwani
authors: University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors: Nicholas
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authors: West
authors: University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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authors: Perry
authors: University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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