title: The Changing Epidemiology of Pediatric Endocarditis.
abstract: The epidemiology of infective endocarditis (IE) appears to be related to changes in the management of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and the virtual disappearance of rheumatic heart disease. To better understand these changes, we divide the history into: I. The pre-surgical era, II. The early years of CHD surgical intervention, correlated with introduction of antibiotics, III. The modern era of cardiac interventions. Microbiologic changes include an early predominance of viridans streptococci and an overtaking by staphylococci. Additionally, there have been advances in imaging that allow earlier detection of IE and a reduction in IE-related mortality.
authors: Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA.
authors: Robert W
authors: RW
authors: Elder
authors: Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA. Electronic address: robert.baltimore@yale.edu.
authors: Robert S
authors: RS
authors: Baltimore
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D004696:Endocarditis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000151:congenital* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011859:Radiography; D040141:Staphylococcaceae; D034363:Viridans Streptococci
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Acyanotic; Congenital heart disease; Cyanotic; Endocarditis; Incidence; Mortality; Staphylococci; Streptococci