title: The fungistatic and fungicidal effects of volatiles from metathoracic glands of soybean-attacking stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) on the entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana.
abstract: This study was initially designed to evaluate the differential susceptibility of three soybean-attacking pentatomids to the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in standardized bioassays. Euschistus heros (Eh) was shown to be significantly less susceptible than Chinavia ubica (Cu), whereas Dichelops melacanthus (Dm) adults were highly susceptible to fungal infections. A deeper look at the mechanisms involved in the possible role of volatiles from metathoracic glands on fungal infections was undertaken, and gland extracts from Nezara viridula (Nv), a species known for its resilience to fungal infections, were also included in the assays. Atmospheres with volatiles from pentatomids with very low-susceptibility to B. bassiana infections (Eh and Nv) had a significant effect on speed of germination as shown in counts performed up to 22h post-inoculation, by which time 0.1 (control), 0.6 (Dm), 17.9 (Cu), 32.6 (Eh), and 43.4% (Nv) of conidia had not germinated. The fungistatic (inhibitory) and fungicidal (lethal) effects of Eh and Nv volatile-rich atmospheres were subsequently quantified in Petri dishes with either PDA or PDA medium amended with carbendazim, which allowed germination rates to be determined at 18 and 48h post-inoculation, respectively. As opposed to control, Eh volatile-rich atmosphere had a clear fungistatic effect, since germination rate was only 27.4% within 18h, but reached 99.4% at 48h post-inoculation. For Nv volatile-rich atmospheres, only 15.1% of conidia germinated within 18h, and by 48h post-inoculation, approx. 18% of conidia were unviable (neither germ tubes nor intumescence), whereas in the control treatment rates were >99% at both reading times. Therefore, the gaseous phase of defensive secretions from fungus-resilient pentatomids possess a strong inhibitory effect and may display a less pronounced lethal effect on fungal germination, as was the case for Nv.
authors: EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, W5 Norte (Final), 70770-917 Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
authors: Rogério B
authors: RB
authors: Lopes
authors: EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, W5 Norte (Final), 70770-917 Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
authors: Raul A
authors: RA
authors: Laumann
authors: EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, W5 Norte (Final), 70770-917 Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
authors: Maria C
authors: MC
authors: Blassioli-Moraes
authors: EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, W5 Norte (Final), 70770-917 Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
authors: Miguel
authors: M
authors: Borges
authors: EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, W5 Norte (Final), 70770-917 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. Electronic address: marcos.faria@embrapa.br.
authors: Marcos
authors: M
authors: Faria
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052982:Beauveria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D061046:Biological Control Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020062:Heteroptera / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D061046:Biological Control Agents; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial
keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Biological control; Biopesticides; Entomopathogenic fungi; Germination; Mycoinsecticides