title: When Microplastic Is Not Plastic: The Ingestion of Artificial Cellulose Fibers by Macrofauna Living in Seagrass Macrophytodetritus.
abstract: Dead leaves of the Neptune grass, Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile, in the Mediterranean coastal zone, are colonized by an abundant "detritivorous" invertebrate community that is heavily predated by fishes. This community was sampled in August 2011, November 2011, and March 2012 at two different sites in the Calvi Bay (Corsica). Ingested artificial fibers (AFs) of various sizes and colors were found in 27.6% of the digestive tracts of the nine dominant species regardless of their trophic level or taxon. No seasonal, spatial, size, or species-specific significant differences were revealed; suggesting that invertebrates ingest AFs at constant rates. Results showed that, in the gut contents of invertebrates, varying by trophic level, and across trophic levels, the overall ingestion of AFs was low (approximately 1 fiber per organism). Raman spectroscopy revealed that the ingested AFs were composed of viscose, an artificial, cellulose-based polymer. Most of these AFs also appeared to have been colored by industrial dyes. Two dyes were identified: Direct Blue 22 and Direct Red 28. The latter is known for being carcinogenic for vertebrates, potentially causing environmental problems for the P. oceanica litter community. Techniques such as Raman spectroscopy are necessary to investigate the particles composition, instead of relying on fragment size or color to identify the particles ingested by animals.
authors: Laboratory of Oceanology, MARE Centre, ‡Functional and Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, AFFISH-RC, and §Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of LIEGE , Institute of Chemistry B6c, 4000 Liege (Sart-Tilman), Liege, Belgium.
authors: François
authors: F
authors: Remy
authors: Laboratory of Oceanology, MARE Centre, ‡Functional and Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, AFFISH-RC, and §Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of LIEGE , Institute of Chemistry B6c, 4000 Liege (Sart-Tilman), Liege, Belgium.
authors: France
authors: F
authors: Collard
authors: Laboratory of Oceanology, MARE Centre, ‡Functional and Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, AFFISH-RC, and §Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of LIEGE , Institute of Chemistry B6c, 4000 Liege (Sart-Tilman), Liege, Belgium.
authors: Bernard
authors: B
authors: Gilbert
authors: Laboratory of Oceanology, MARE Centre, ‡Functional and Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, AFFISH-RC, and §Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of LIEGE , Institute of Chemistry B6c, 4000 Liege (Sart-Tilman), Liege, Belgium.
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Compère
authors: Laboratory of Oceanology, MARE Centre, ‡Functional and Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, AFFISH-RC, and §Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of LIEGE , Institute of Chemistry B6c, 4000 Liege (Sart-Tilman), Liege, Belgium.
authors: Gauthier
authors: G
authors: Eppe
authors: Laboratory of Oceanology, MARE Centre, ‡Functional and Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, AFFISH-RC, and §Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of LIEGE , Institute of Chemistry B6c, 4000 Liege (Sart-Tilman), Liege, Belgium.
authors: Gilles
authors: G
authors: Lepoint
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D035961:Alismatales / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005602:France; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D010969:Plastics / Q000737:chemistry*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D010969:Plastics; D002482:Cellulose