title: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lactobacillus Rahmnosus and Bifidobacterium Breve on Cigarette Smoke Activated Human Macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major global health problem with cigarette smoke (CS) as the main risk factor for its development. Airway inflammation in COPD involves the increased expression of inflammatory mediators such as CXCL-8 and IL-1β which are important mediators for neutrophil recruitment. Macrophages are an important source of these mediators in COPD. Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) and Befidobacterium breve (B. breve) attenuate the development of 'allergic asthma' in animals but their effects in COPD are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the anti-inflammatory effects of L. rhamnosus and B. breve on CS and Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We stimulated the human macrophage cell line THP-1 with CS extract in the presence and absence of L. rhamnosus and B. breve and measured the expression and release of inflammatory mediators by RT-qPCR and ELISA respectively. An activity assay and Western blotting were used to examine NF-κB activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both L. rhamnosus and B. breve were efficiently phagocytized by human macrophages. L. rhamnosus and B. breve significantly suppressed the ability of CS to induce the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-23, TNFα, CXCL-8 and HMGB1 release (all p<0.05) in human THP-1 macrophages. Similar suppression of TLR4- and TLR9-induced CXCL8 expression was also observed (p<0.05). The effect of L. rhamnosus and B. breve on inflammatory mediator release was associated with the suppression of CS-induced NF-κB activation (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This data indicate that these probiotics may be useful anti-inflammatory agents in CS-associated disease such as COPD.
authors: Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, United Kingdom; Chronic respiratory research center, National Research and Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Esmaeil
authors: E
authors: Mortaz
authors: Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Ian M
authors: IM
authors: Adcock
authors: Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors: Fabio L M
authors: FL
authors: Ricciardolo
authors: Mycobacteriology Research Center (MRC) National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and lung diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Varahram
authors: Chronic respiratory research center, National Research and Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Hamidreza
authors: H
authors: Jamaati
authors: Mycobacteriology Research Center (MRC) National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and lung diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Ali Akbar
authors: AA
authors: Velayati
authors: Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Gert
authors: G
authors: Folkerts
authors: Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Johan
authors: J
authors: Garssen
mesh_terms: D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000737:chemistry; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D052201:Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus / Q000737:chemistry; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D010587:Phagocytosis; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012906:Smoke; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000633:toxicity*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012906:Smoke; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors