title: Myopia in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to evaluate the proportion of young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) who have myopia, as well as the risk factors associated with myopia in this group.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, patients aged < 21 years with T1DM for ≥ 1 year underwent a comprehensive eye examination. Presence of parental myopia, and average hours of near-work and outdoor activity were estimated using a questionnaire. Annualised glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), defined as the mean of the last three HbA1c readings taken over the last year, was calculated. Multivariate analysis using genetic, environmental and diabetes-related factors was done to evaluate risk factors associated with myopia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 146 patients (mean age 12.5 ± 3.6 years) recruited, 66.4% were Chinese and 57.5% were female. Myopia (i.e. spherical equivalent [SE] of -0.50 D or worse) was present in 96 (65.8%) patients. The proportion of patients with myopia increased from 25.0% and 53.6% in those aged < 7.0 years and 7.0-9.9 years, respectively, to 59.2% and 78.4% in those aged 10.0-11.9 years and ≥ 12.0 years, respectively. Higher levels of SE were associated with lower parental myopia (p = 0.024) and higher annualised HbA1c (p = 0.011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to the background population, the proportion of myopia in young patients with T1DM was higher in those aged < 10 years but similar in the older age group. Myopia was associated with a history of parental myopia. Environmental risk factors and poor glycaemic control were not related to higher myopia risk.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
authors: Swati
authors: S
authors: Handa
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore ; Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.
authors: Audrey
authors: A
authors: Chia
authors: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.
authors: Hla Myint
authors: HM
authors: Htoon
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
authors: Pin Min
authors: PM
authors: Lam
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
authors: Fabian
authors: F
authors: Yap
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore ; Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.
authors: Yvonne
authors: Y
authors: Ling
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D044466:Asian People; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009216:Myopia / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000379:methods; D012030:Refractive Errors; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: HbA1c; diabetes; hyperglycaemia; myopia; refraction