title: Treatment of posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes and complications.
abstract: OBJECT The optimal clinical management of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation (PHVD)/posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) in premature infants remains unclear. A common approach involves temporary treatment of hydrocephalus in these patients with a ventriculosubgaleal shunt (VSGS), ventricular access device (VAD), or external ventricular drain (EVD) until it becomes evident that the patient needs and can tolerate permanent CSF diversion (i.e., ventriculoperitoneal shunt). The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide a robust and comprehensive summary of the published literature regarding the clinical outcomes and complications of these 3 techniques as temporizing measures in the management of prematurity-related PHVD/PHH. METHODS The authors searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library for studies published through December 2013 on the use of VSGSs, VADs, and/or EVDs as temporizing devices for the treatment of hydrocephalus following IVH in the premature neonate. Data pertaining to patient demographic data, study methods, interventions, and outcomes were extracted from eligible articles. For each of the 3 types of temporizing device, the authors performed meta-analyses examining 6 outcomes of interest, which were rates of 1) obstruction; 2) infection; 3) arrest of hydrocephalus (i.e., permanent shunt independence); 4) mortality; 5) good neurodevelopmental outcome; and 6) revision. RESULTS Thirty-nine studies, representing 1502 patients, met eligibility criteria. All of the included articles were observational studies; 36 were retrospective and 3 were prospective designs. Nine studies (n = 295) examined VSGSs, 24 (n = 962) VADs, and 9 (n = 245) EVDs. Pooled rates of outcome for VSGS, VAD, and EVD, respectively, were 9.6%, 7.3%, and 6.8% for obstruction; 9.2%, 9.5%, and 6.7% for infection; 12.2%, 10.8%, and 47.3% for revision; 13.9%, 17.5%, and 31.8% for arrest of hydrocephalus; 12.1%, 15.3%, and 19.1% for death; and 58.7%, 50.1%, and 56.1% for good neurodevelopmental outcome. CONCLUSIONS This study provides robust estimates of outcomes for the most common temporizing treatments for IVH in premature infants. With few exceptions, the range of outcomes was similar for VSGS, VAD, and EVD.
authors: Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto.
authors: Jetan H
authors: JH
authors: Badhiwala
authors: Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and.
authors: Chris J
authors: CJ
authors: Hong
authors: Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto.
authors: Farshad
authors: F
authors: Nassiri
authors: Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and.
authors: Brian Y
authors: BY
authors: Hong
authors: Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Primary Children's Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors: Jay
authors: J
authors: Riva-Cambrin
authors: Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto.
authors: Abhaya V
authors: AV
authors: Kulkarni
keywords: EVD = external ventricular drain; IVH = intraventricular hemorrhage; PHH = posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus; PHVD = posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation; VAD = ventricular access device; VSGS = ventriculosubgaleal shunt; cerebrospinal fluid shunts; hydrocephalus; intraventricular hemorrhage; premature birth; vascular disorders