title: HIV-1 subtype diversity among clinical specimens submitted for routine antiviral drug resistance testing in the United States.
abstract: Diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has important implications for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of HIV-1-infected individuals. HIV-1 pol sequences from 3895 clinical plasma specimens collected in the United States over a 1-year period and submitted for routine HIV-1 genotypic drug resistance testing were retrospectively analyzed for HIV-1 subtype. Of these 3895 HIV-1 sequences, 207 (5.31%) were determined to be non-B subtypes (including recombinant forms). Among individual states, the percentage of non-B subtypes ranged from 0% (12 states) to 28.57% in South Dakota, with 7 states having percentages of >10%. All 4 states with the highest percentages of non-B subtypes were located within the US West North Central region: Minnesota, 11.82%; Iowa, 15.38%; North Dakota, 25.00%; and South Dakota, 28.57%. Reasons for the unexpectedly wide diversity of HIV-1 subtypes present in multiple states located in the West North Central region of the United States remain to be determined.
authors: Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors: Jeffrey J
authors: JJ
authors: Germer
authors: Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors: Puqiang
authors: P
authors: Wu
authors: Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors: Jason D
authors: JD
authors: Soderberg
authors: Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors: Jayawant N
authors: JN
authors: Mandrekar
authors: Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: jdcyao@mayo.edu.
authors: Joseph D
authors: JD
authors: Yao
mesh_terms: D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
keywords: HIV-1 strain diversity; HIV-1 subtypes