title: The effect of resolution on viscous dissipation measured with 4D flow MRI in patients with Fontan circulation: Evaluation using computational fluid dynamics.
abstract: Viscous dissipation inside Fontan circulation, a parameter associated with the exercise intolerance of Fontan patients, can be derived from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) or 4D flow MRI velocities. However, the impact of spatial resolution and measurement noise on the estimation of viscous dissipation is unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the influence of these parameters on viscous dissipation calculation. Six Fontan patients underwent whole heart 4D flow MRI. Subject-specific CFD simulations were performed. The CFD velocities were down-sampled to isotropic spatial resolutions of 0.5mm, 1mm, 2mm and to MRI resolution. Viscous dissipation was compared between (1) high resolution CFD velocities, (2) CFD velocities down-sampled to MRI resolution, (3) down-sampled CFD velocities with MRI mimicked noise levels, and (4) in-vivo 4D flow MRI velocities. Relative viscous dissipation between subjects was also calculated. 4D flow MRI velocities (15.6 ± 3.8 cm/s) were higher, although not significantly different than CFD velocities (13.8 ± 4.7 cm/s, p=0.16), down-sampled CFD velocities (12.3 ± 4.4 cm/s, p=0.06) and the down-sampled CFD velocities with noise (13.2 ± 4.2 cm/s, p=0.06). CFD-based viscous dissipation (0.81 ± 0.55 mW) was significantly higher than those based on down-sampled CFD (0.25 ± 0.19 mW, p=0.03), down-sampled CFD with noise (0.49 ± 0.26 mW, p=0.03) and 4D flow MRI (0.56 ± 0.28 mW, p=0.06). Nevertheless, relative viscous dissipation between different subjects was maintained irrespective of resolution and noise, suggesting that comparison of viscous dissipation between patients is still possible.
authors: Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands. Electronic address: m.cibis@erasmusmc.nl.
authors: Merih
authors: M
authors: Cibis
authors: Radiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors: Kelly
authors: K
authors: Jarvis
authors: Radiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Markl
authors: Radiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Rose
authors: Radiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Medical Imaging, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors: Cynthia
authors: C
authors: Rigsby
authors: Radiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors: Alex J
authors: AJ
authors: Barker
authors: Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors: Jolanda J
authors: JJ
authors: Wentzel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D018729:Fontan Procedure; D006801:Humans; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: 4D flow MRI; Computational fluid dynamics; Congenital heart disease; Fontan; Phase contrast MRI; Resolution of MRI; Viscous dissipation