title: Identification of a novel cell culture adaptation site on the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus.
abstract: Vaccination remains the most effective tool for control of foot-and-mouth disease both in endemic countries and as an emergency preparedness for new outbreaks. Foot-and-mouth disease vaccines are chemically inactivated virus preparations and the production of new vaccines is critically dependent upon cell culture adaptation of field viruses, which can prove problematic. A major driver of cell culture adaptation is receptor availability. Field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) use RGD-dependent integrins as receptors, whereas cell culture adaptation often selects for variants with altered receptor preferences. Previously, two independent sites on the capsid have been identified where mutations are associated with improved cell culture growth. One is a shallow depression formed by the three major structural proteins (VP1-VP3) where mutations create a heparan sulphate (HS)-binding site (the canonical HS-binding site). The other involves residues of VP1 and is located at the fivefold symmetry axis. For some viruses, changes at this site result in HS binding; for others, the receptors are unknown. Here, we report the identification of a novel site on VP2 where mutations resulted in an expanded cell tropism of a vaccine variant of A/IRN/87 (called A - ). Furthermore, we show that introducing the same mutations into a different type A field virus (A/TUR/2/2006) resulted in the same expanded cell culture tropism as the A/IRN/87 A -  vaccine variant. These observations add to the evidence for multiple cell attachment mechanisms for FMDV and may be useful for vaccine manufacture when cell culture adaptation proves difficult.
authors: The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
authors: Kyle
authors: K
authors: Chamberlain
authors: The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
authors: Veronica L
authors: VL
authors: Fowler
authors: The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
authors: Paul V
authors: PV
authors: Barnett
authors: The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Gold
authors: The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
authors: Jemma
authors: J
authors: Wadsworth
authors: The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
authors: Nick J
authors: NJ
authors: Knowles
authors: The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
authors: Terry
authors: T
authors: Jackson
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002213:Capsid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006497:Heparan Sulfate / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000378:metabolism; D056189:Viral Tropism
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D006497:Heparan Sulfate; D011991:Receptors, Virus