title: Overuse or underuse? An observation of pesticide use in China.
abstract: Pesticide use has experienced a dramatic increase worldwide, especially in China, where a wide variety of pesticides are used in large amounts by farmers to control crop pests. While Chinese farmers are often criticized for pesticide overuse, this study shows the coexistence of overuse and underuse of pesticide based on the survey data of pesticide use in rice, cotton, maize, and wheat production in three provinces in China. A novel index amount approach is proposed to convert the amount of multiple pesticides used to control the same pest into an index amount of a referenced pesticide. We compare the summed index amount with the recommended dosage range of the referenced pesticide to classify whether pesticides are overused or underused. Using this new approach, the following main results were obtained. Pesticide overuse and underuse coexist after examining a total of 107 pesticides used to control up to 54 crop pests in rice, cotton, maize, and wheat production. In particular, pesticide overuse in more than half of the total cases for 9 crop pest species is detected. In contrast, pesticide underuse accounts for more than 20% of the total cases for 11 pests. We further indicate that the lack of knowledge and information on pesticide use and pest control among Chinese farmers may cause the coexistence of pesticide overuse and underuse. Our analysis provides indirect evidence that the commercialized agricultural extension system in China probably contributes to the coexistence of overuse and underuse. To improve pesticide use, it is urgent to reestablish the monitoring and forecasting system regarding pest control in China.
authors: School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, PR China. Electronic address: zhangchao9501@163.com.
authors: Chao
authors: C
authors: Zhang
authors: School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, PR China. Electronic address: ruifa@bit.edu.cn.
authors: Ruifa
authors: R
authors: Hu
authors: Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 427 Lorch Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Electronic address: gshi@wisc.edu.
authors: Guanming
authors: G
authors: Shi
authors: School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 88 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. Electronic address: yjin@sebs.rutgers.edu.
authors: Yanhong
authors: Y
authors: Jin
authors: School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 88 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. Electronic address: robson@aesop.rutgers.edu.
authors: Mark G
authors: MG
authors: Robson
authors: Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, PR China. Electronic address: lewish301@sina.com.
authors: Xusheng
authors: X
authors: Huang
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002681:China; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D010571:Pest Control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010575:Pesticides; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides
keywords: Agricultural extension system reform; China; Index amount approach; Pesticide overuse; Pesticide underuse