title: Protective effect of TiO2 nanowhiskers on Tetra Sulphonatophenyl Porphyrin (TSPP) complexes induced oxidative stress during photodynamic therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tetra Sulphonatophenyl Porphyrin (TSPP) is well known photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy; nevertheless, its well-known adverse effects hamper its potential use. Recently, nano TiO2's potential role in biomedical has been defined for various disease theranostics, including cancer and other infections. Thus, in this contribution we have explored the possibility of utilizing TiO2 nanowhiskers as novel strategy to lower TSPP adverse effects both in vitro, and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Various concentrations of TSPP, TiO2-TSPP, and TiO2 were injected to three different rat groups, while fourth group was kept as control. Toxic effects were evaluated on excretory and circulatory system by using histopathology, fluorescent microscopy, complete blood cells count (CBC) and serum enzymes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In complete blood cells count, all cells were significantly (p<0.01) affected by the various concentration and treatment groups. The various dose concentrations and treatment also significantly (p<0.01) affected the serum enzyme parameters including AST, ALT, LDH, Creatinine and BUN level. The low concentration of TSPP-TiO2 was found to be the safest, on the bases of serum enzyme parameters, CBC, histopathology, and fluorescent microscopic analysis. The MTT assay was used to evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity, and the results demonstrated maximum viability in illuminated TSPP-TiO2 nanowhiskers group when compared with TSPP treated group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was evident that increase in concentration of TSPP increased the toxic effects; however, the TiO2 nanowhiskers combination with TSPP decreased these adverse effects. Moreover, TSPP (0.1 mM) combined with TiO2 nanowhiskers (0.6 mM) was safer than TSPP (0.1 mM) alone.
authors: State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210096, China.
authors: Fawad Ur
authors: FU
authors: Rehman
authors: State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210096, China.
authors: Chunqiu
authors: C
authors: Zhao
authors: State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210096, China.
authors: Hui
authors: H
authors: Jiang
authors: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Selke
authors: State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210096, China. Electronic address: xuewang@seu.edu.cn.
authors: Xuemei
authors: X
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D008297:Male; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014025:Titanium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011166:Porphyrins; C009495:titanium dioxide; C016136:tetraphenylporphine sulfonate; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Fluorescent microscopy; Photodynamic therapy; Serum enzymes; Tetra sulphotanophenyl porphyrin; TiO(2) nanowhiskers; Toxicity