title: The Potato Nucleotide-binding Leucine-rich Repeat (NLR) Immune Receptor Rx1 Is a Pathogen-dependent DNA-deforming Protein.
abstract: Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins enable cells to respond to pathogen attack. Several NLRs act in the nucleus; however, conserved nuclear targets that support their role in immunity are unknown. Previously, we noted a structural homology between the nucleotide-binding domain of NLRs and DNA replication origin-binding Cdc6/Orc1 proteins. Here we show that the NB-ARC (nucleotide-binding, Apaf-1, R-proteins, and CED-4) domain of the Rx1 NLR of potato binds nucleic acids. Rx1 induces ATP-dependent bending and melting of DNA in vitro, dependent upon a functional P-loop. In situ full-length Rx1 binds nuclear DNA following activation by its cognate pathogen-derived effector protein, the coat protein of potato virus X. In line with its obligatory nucleocytoplasmic distribution, DNA binding was only observed when Rx1 was allowed to freely translocate between both compartments and was activated in the cytoplasm. Immune activation induced by an unrelated NLR-effector pair did not trigger an Rx1-DNA interaction. DNA binding is therefore not merely a consequence of immune activation. These data establish a role for DNA distortion in Rx1 immune signaling and define DNA as a molecular target of an activated NLR.
authors: From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute.
authors: Stepan
authors: S
authors: Fenyk
authors: From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute.
authors: Philip D
authors: PD
authors: Townsend
authors: From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute.
authors: Christopher H
authors: CH
authors: Dixon
authors: From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute.
authors: Gerhard B
authors: GB
authors: Spies
authors: From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute.
authors: Alba
authors: A
authors: de San Eustaquio Campillo
authors: the Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands, and.
authors: Erik J
authors: EJ
authors: Slootweg
authors: the Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands, and.
authors: Lotte B
authors: LB
authors: Westerhof
authors: Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Fleur K K
authors: FK
authors: Gawehns
authors: From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute.
authors: Marc R
authors: MR
authors: Knight
authors: From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute.
authors: Gary J
authors: GJ
authors: Sharples
authors: the Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands, and.
authors: Aska
authors: A
authors: Goverse
authors: Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
authors: Lars-Olof
authors: LO
authors: Pålsson
authors: Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Frank L W
authors: FL
authors: Takken
authors: From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute, m.j.cann@durham.ac.uk.
authors: Martin J
authors: MJ
authors: Cann
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007930:Leucine; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000821:virology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010942:Plant Viruses / Q000502:physiology*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology*; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D004247:DNA; D007930:Leucine
keywords: DNA-binding protein; Nod-like receptor (NLR); cellular immune response; host-pathogen interaction; plant biochemistry; plant defense; plant virus