title: Gallic acid suppresses inflammation in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice: Possible mechanisms.
abstract: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) encompass at least two forms of intestinal inflammation: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC). Both conditions are chronic and inflammatory disorders in the gastrointestinal tract, with an increasing prevalence being associated with the industrialization of nations and in developing countries. Patients with these disorders are 10 to 20 times more likely to develop cancer of the colon. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of a naturally occurring polyphenol, gallic acid (GA), in an experimental murine model of UC. A significant blunting of weight loss and clinical symptoms was observed in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-exposed, GA-treated mice compared with control mice. This effect was associated with a remarkable amelioration of the disruption of the colonic architecture, a significant reduction in colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and a decrease in the expression of inflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, GA reduced the activation and nuclear accumulation of p-STAT3(Y705), preventing the degradation of the inhibitory protein IκB and inhibiting of the nuclear translocation of p65-NF-κB in colonic mucosa. These findings suggest that GA exerts potentially clinically useful anti-inflammatory effects mediated through the suppression of p65-NF-κB and IL-6/p-STAT3(Y705) activation.
authors: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Ashok Kumar
authors: AK
authors: Pandurangan
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Nooshin
authors: N
authors: Mohebali
authors: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: nhaizan@upm.edu.my.
authors: Norhaizan Mohd
authors: NM
authors: Esa
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Chung Yeng
authors: CY
authors: Looi
authors: Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors: Salmiah
authors: S
authors: Ismail
authors: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors: Zeinab
authors: Z
authors: Saadatdoust
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D016264:Dextran Sulfate / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016328:NF-kappa B; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D005707:Gallic Acid; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2
keywords: Gallic acid; Inflammatory bowel disease; NF-κB; STAT3; Ulcerative colitis