title: Therapy escape mechanisms in the malignant prostate.
abstract: Androgen receptor (AR) is the main target for prostate cancer therapy. Clinical approaches for AR inactivation include chemical castration, inhibition of androgen synthesis and AR antagonists (anti-androgens). However, treatment resistance occurs for which an important number of therapy escape mechanisms have been identified. Herein, we summarise the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying therapy resistance in prostate cancer. Moreover, the tumour escape mechanisms are arranged into the concepts of target modification, bypass signalling, histologic transformation, cancer stem cells and miscellaneous mechanisms. This may help researchers to compare and understand same or similar concepts of therapy resistance in prostate cancer and other cancer types.
authors: Medical University of Innsbruck, Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Electronic address: frederic.santer@i-med.ac.at.
authors: Frédéric R
authors: FR
authors: Santer
authors: Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
authors: Holger H H
authors: HH
authors: Erb
authors: Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
authors: Rhiannon V
authors: RV
authors: McNeill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054338:Cell Transdifferentiation; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009154:Mutation; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D011944:Receptors, Androgen
keywords: AR-targeting therapies; Bypass signalling; Cancer stem cells; Histologic transformation; Target modification; Therapy resistance mechanisms