title: Differences in Physicians' Verbal and Nonverbal Communication With Black and White Patients at the End of Life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Black patients are more likely than white patients to die in the intensive care unit with life-sustaining treatments. Differences in patient- and/or surrogate-provider communication may contribute to this phenomenon.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test whether hospital-based physicians use different verbal and/or nonverbal communication with black and white simulated patients and their surrogates.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized factorial trial of the relationship between patient race and physician communication using high-fidelity simulation. Using a combination of probabilistic and convenience sampling, we recruited 33 hospital-based physicians in western Pennsylvania who completed two encounters with prognostically similar, critically and terminally ill black and white elders with identical treatment preferences. We then conducted detailed content analysis of audio and video recordings of the encounters, coding verbal emotion-handling and shared decision-making behaviors, and nonverbal behaviors (time interacting with the patient and/or surrogate, with open vs. closed posture, and touching the patient and physical proximity). We used a paired t-test to compare each subjects' summed verbal and nonverbal communication scores with the black patient compared to the white patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subject physicians' verbal communication scores did not differ by patient race (black vs. white: 8.4 vs. 8.4, P-value = 0.958). However, their nonverbal communication scores were significantly lower with the black patient than with the white patient (black vs. white: 2.7 vs. 2.9, P-value 0.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this small regional sample, hospital-based physicians have similar verbal communication behaviors when discussing end-of-life care for otherwise similar black and white patients but exhibit significantly fewer positive, rapport-building nonverbal cues with black patients.
authors: Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors: Andrea M
authors: AM
authors: Elliott
authors: Department of Consumer Sciences, College of Health and Human Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
authors: Stewart C
authors: SC
authors: Alexander
authors: Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors: Craig A
authors: CA
authors: Mescher
authors: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors: Deepika
authors: D
authors: Mohan
authors: Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Research on Health Care, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Electronic address: aeb2@pitt.edu.
authors: Amber E
authors: AE
authors: Barnato
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D003657:Decision Making; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000208:ethnology; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009633:Nonverbal Communication / Q000523:psychology*; D010414:Pennsylvania; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D011187:Posture; D011578:Psycholinguistics; D013060:Speech; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014741:Video Recording; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Communication; disparities; provider behavior; race; terminal care