title: Framing sound: Using expectations to reduce environmental noise annoyance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Annoyance reactions to environmental noise, such as wind turbine sound, have public health implications given associations between annoyance and symptoms related to psychological distress. In the case of wind farms, factors contributing to noise annoyance have been theorised to include wind turbine sound characteristics, the noise sensitivity of residents, and contextual aspects, such as receiving information creating negative expectations about sound exposure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The experimental aim was to assess whether receiving positive or negative expectations about wind farm sound would differentially influence annoyance reactions during exposure to wind farm sound, and also influence associations between perceived noise sensitivity and noise annoyance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty volunteers were randomly assigned to receive either negative or positive expectations about wind farm sound. Participants in the negative expectation group viewed a presentation which incorporated internet material indicating that exposure to wind turbine sound, particularly infrasound, might present a health risk. Positive expectation participants viewed a DVD which framed wind farm sound positively and included internet information about the health benefits of infrasound exposure. Participants were then simultaneously exposed to sub-audible infrasound and audible wind farm sound during two 7 min exposure sessions, during which they assessed their experience of annoyance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive expectation participants were significantly less annoyed than negative expectation participants, while noise sensitivity only predicted annoyance in the negative group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest accessing negative information about sound is likely to trigger annoyance, particularly in noise sensitive people and, importantly, portraying sound positively may reduce annoyance reactions, even in noise sensitive individuals.
authors: Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
authors: Fiona
authors: F
authors: Crichton
authors: Acoustic Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Dodd
authors: Acoustic Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
authors: Gian
authors: G
authors: Schmid
authors: Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Electronic address: kj.petrie@auckland.ac.nz.
authors: Keith J
authors: KJ
authors: Petrie
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D006801:Humans; D009622:Noise; D011897:Random Allocation
keywords: Environmental noise annoyance; Expectations; Noise sensitivity; Wind farms