title: Current state of virtual reality simulation in robotic surgery training: a review.
abstract: Worldwide, the annual number of robotic surgical procedures continues to increase. Robotic surgical skills are unique from those used in either open or laparoscopic surgery. The acquisition of a basic robotic surgical skill set may be best accomplished in the simulation laboratory. We sought to review the current literature pertaining to the use of virtual reality (VR) simulation in the acquisition of robotic surgical skills on the da Vinci Surgical System.
  
  
  
  A PubMed search was conducted between December 2014 and January 2015 utilizing the following keywords: virtual reality, robotic surgery, da Vinci, da Vinci skills simulator, SimSurgery Educational Platform, Mimic dV-Trainer, and Robotic Surgery Simulator. Articles were included if they were published between 2007 and 2015, utilized VR simulation for the da Vinci Surgical System, and utilized a commercially available VR platform.
  
  
  
  The initial search criteria returned 227 published articles. After all inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, a total of 47 peer-reviewed manuscripts were included in the final review.
  
  
  
  There are many benefits to utilizing VR simulation for robotic skills acquisition. Four commercially available simulators have been demonstrated to be capable of assessing robotic skill. Three of the four simulators demonstrate the ability of a VR training curriculum to improve basic robotic skills, with proficiency-based training being the most effective training style. The skills obtained on a VR training curriculum are comparable with those obtained on dry laboratory simulation. The future of VR simulation includes utilization in assessment for re-credentialing purposes, advanced procedural-based training, and as a warm-up tool prior to surgery.
authors: Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
authors: Justin D
authors: JD
authors: Bric
authors: Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
authors: Derek C
authors: DC
authors: Lumbard
authors: Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
authors: Matthew J
authors: MJ
authors: Frelich
authors: Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA. jgould@mcw.edu.
authors: Jon C
authors: JC
authors: Gould
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D003479:Curriculum; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education*; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D012371:Robotics / Q000193:education*; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D000076142:Virtual Reality
keywords: Curriculum; Simulation; Training; Virtual reality; da Vinci Surgical System