title: 3D Printing of Intracranial Aneurysms Using Fused Deposition Modeling Offers Highly Accurate Replications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As part of a multicenter cooperation (Aneurysm-Like Synthetic bodies for Testing Endovascular devices in 3D Reality) with focus on implementation of additive manufacturing in neuroradiologic practice, we systematically assessed the technical feasibility and accuracy of several additive manufacturing techniques. We evaluated the method of fused deposition modeling for the production of aneurysm models replicating patient-specific anatomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  3D rotational angiographic data from 10 aneurysms were processed to obtain volumetric models suitable for fused deposition modeling. A hollow aneurysm model with connectors for silicone tubes was fabricated by using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Support material was dissolved, and surfaces were finished by using NanoSeal. The resulting models were filled with iodinated contrast media. 3D rotational angiography of the models was acquired, and aneurysm geometry was compared with the original patient data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reproduction of hollow aneurysm models was technically feasible in 8 of 10 cases, with aneurysm sizes ranging from 41 to 2928 mm(3) (aneurysm diameter, 3-19 mm). A high level of anatomic accuracy was observed, with a mean Dice index of 93.6% ± 2.4%. Obstructions were encountered in vessel segments of <1 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fused deposition modeling is a promising technique, which allows rapid and precise replication of cerebral aneurysms. The porosity of the models can be overcome by surface finishing. Models produced with fused deposition modeling may serve as educational and research tools and could be used to individualize treatment planning.
authors: From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (A.M.J.F., L.B., J.-H.B., J.F., A.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany a.froelich@gmail.com.
authors: A M J
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-1056
authors: AM
authors: Frölich
authors: Technical University Hamburg-Harburg (D.K., J.S.), Institute of Product Development and Mechanical Engineering Design, Hamburg, Germany.
authors: J
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4387-4504
authors: J
authors: Spallek
authors: From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (A.M.J.F., L.B., J.-H.B., J.F., A.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors: L
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3746-6408
authors: L
authors: Brehmer
authors: From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (A.M.J.F., L.B., J.-H.B., J.F., A.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors: J-H
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8003-6446
authors: JH
authors: Buhk
authors: Technical University Hamburg-Harburg (D.K., J.S.), Institute of Product Development and Mechanical Engineering Design, Hamburg, Germany.
authors: D
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1253-1699
authors: D
authors: Krause
authors: From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (A.M.J.F., L.B., J.-H.B., J.F., A.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors: J
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8533-7478
authors: J
authors: Fiehler
authors: From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (A.M.J.F., L.B., J.-H.B., J.F., A.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors: A
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8930-1894
authors: A
authors: Kemmling
mesh_terms: D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D003287:Contrast Media; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media