title: The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Algae-Derived Lipid Extracts on Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Stimulated Human THP-1 Macrophages.
abstract: Algae contain a number of anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) and chlorophyll a, hence as dietary ingredients, their extracts may be effective in chronic inflammation-linked metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease. In this study, anti-inflammatory potential of lipid extracts from three red seaweeds (Porphyra dioica, Palmaria palmata and Chondrus crispus) and one microalga (Pavlova lutheri) were assessed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human THP-1 macrophages. Extracts contained 34%-42% total fatty acids as n-3 PUFA and 5%-7% crude extract as pigments, including chlorophyll a, β-carotene and fucoxanthin. Pretreatment of the THP-1 cells with lipid extract from P. palmata inhibited production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 (p < 0.05) and IL-8 (p < 0.05) while that of P. lutheri inhibited IL-6 (p < 0.01) production. Quantitative gene expression analysis of a panel of 92 genes linked to inflammatory signaling pathway revealed down-regulation of the expression of 14 pro-inflammatory genes (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR8, TRAF5, TRAF6, TNFSF18, IL6R, IL23, CCR1, CCR4, CCL17, STAT3, MAP3K1) by the lipid extracts. The lipid extracts effectively inhibited the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling pathways mediated via toll-like receptors, chemokines and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling molecules. These results suggest that lipid extracts from P. lutheri, P. palmata, P. dioica and C. crispus can inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory pathways in human macrophages. Therefore, algal lipid extracts should be further explored as anti-inflammatory ingredients for chronic inflammation-linked metabolic diseases.
authors: Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland. g.fitzgerald@ucc.ie.|School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland. g.fitzgerald@ucc.ie.
authors: Ruairi C
authors: RC
authors: Robertson
authors: Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. freddy.guiheneuf@nuigalway.ie.
authors: Freddy
authors: F
authors: Guihéneuf
authors: School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food & Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. bojlul.bahar@ucd.ie.
authors: Bojlul
authors: B
authors: Bahar
authors: Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. M.SCHMID2@nuigalway.ie.
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Schmid
authors: Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. dagmar.stengel@nuigalway.ie.
authors: Dagmar B
authors: DB
authors: Stengel
authors: School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland. p.ross@ucc.ie.|APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland. p.ross@ucc.ie.
authors: Gerald F
authors: GF
authors: Fitzgerald
authors: APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland. p.ross@ucc.ie.|College of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland. p.ross@ucc.ie.
authors: R Paul
authors: RP
authors: Ross
authors: Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland. catherine.stanton@teagasc.ie.|APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland. catherine.stanton@teagasc.ie.
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Stanton
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D058086:Microalgae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D000461:Rhodophyta / Q000378:metabolism*; D012624:Seaweed / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008055:Lipids; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
keywords: THP-1; bioactive pigments; chlorophyll a; inflammation; lipids; macroalgae; macrophages; microalgae; n-3 PUFA; polyunsaturated fatty acids