title: Fundus Photography in the 21st Century--A Review of Recent Technological Advances and Their Implications for Worldwide Healthcare.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The introduction of fundus photography has impacted retinal imaging and retinal screening programs significantly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fundus cameras play a vital role in addressing the cause of preventive blindness. More attention is being turned to developing countries, where infrastructure and access to healthcare are limited. One of the major limitations for tele-ophthalmology is restricted access to the office-based fundus camera.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent advances in access to telecommunications coupled with introduction of portable cameras and smartphone-based fundus imaging systems have resulted in an exponential surge in available technologies for portable fundus photography. Retinal cameras in the near future would have to cater to these needs by featuring a low-cost, portable design with automated controls and digitalized images with Web-based transfer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this review, we aim to highlight the advances of fundus photography for retinal screening as well as discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and implications of the various technologies that are currently available.
authors: 1 School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore .
authors: Nishtha
authors: N
authors: Panwar
authors: 2 National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore .
authors: Philemon
authors: P
authors: Huang
authors: 2 National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore .
authors: Jiaying
authors: J
authors: Lee
authors: 3 NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , London, United Kingdom .|4 Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London , London, United Kingdom .
authors: Pearse A
authors: PA
authors: Keane
authors: 1 School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore .
authors: Tjin Swee
authors: TS
authors: Chuan
authors: 5 Institute of Translational Research, Engineering, and Advancement of Technology, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute , Hyderabad, India .
authors: Ashutosh
authors: A
authors: Richhariya
authors: 2 National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore .
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Teoh
authors: 2 National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore .
authors: Tock Han
authors: TH
authors: Lim
authors: 2 National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore .|3 NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , London, United Kingdom .|4 Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London , London, United Kingdom .
authors: Rupesh
authors: R
authors: Agrawal
mesh_terms: D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010781:Photography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017216:Telemedicine
keywords: fundus camera; ophthalmic screening; portable camera system; portable eye examination kit; retinal photography; slit-lamp adaptors; smartphone-based camera system; tele-ophthalmology