title: Family history influences clinical course of idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: case-control study of a large cohort of Italian patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the contribution of family history of stones (FHS), up to second-degree relatives, on clinical course (age of first renal colic, bilateral disease, retained calculi, recurrences, urological procedures) of idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis (ICN) and urinary parameters of lithogenic risk, a case-control study was carried out.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical records of 2080 patients with ICN were evaluated and categorized according to FHS. Data about clinical course of disease and urinary parameters of lithogenic risk were collected. Student's t, Chi square tests and binary logistic regression were applied to discriminate groups with vs. without FHS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FHS was associated with an earlier onset of stone disease (age at first episode 32 ± 13 vs. 37 ± 15 years, p <0.001), particularly in females. After adjustment for multiple covariates, FHS was significantly associated to a higher risk of recurrence [odds ratio (OR) 1.2, 95 % confidence interval (1.1-1.4), p = 0.04], retained stones [OR 1.3, CI (1.1-1.5), p = 0.004], bilateral stones [OR 1.2, 95 % CI (1.1-1.5), p = 0.022] and urological procedures [OR 1.2, 95 % CI (1.1-1.5), p = 0.034]. FHS did not influence urinary parameters of lithogenic risk, except for calcium excretion in females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A positive family history influences the clinical course of ICN with some significant gender-related differences, substantially irrespective of urinary parameters of lithogenic risk.
authors: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.|Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Parma University Hospital, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.
authors: Angela
authors: A
authors: Guerra
authors: Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), CERT-Research Center, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy. giuseppina.folesani@unipr.it.
authors: Giuseppina
authors: G
authors: Folesani
authors: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.|Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Parma University Hospital, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Nouvenne
authors: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.|Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Parma University Hospital, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Ticinesi
authors: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.|Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Parma University Hospital, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.
authors: Franca
authors: F
authors: Allegri
authors: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.
authors: Silvana
authors: S
authors: Pinelli
authors: Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Parma University Hospital, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.
authors: Beatrice
authors: B
authors: Prati
authors: Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Parma University Hospital, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.
authors: Ilaria
authors: I
authors: Morelli
authors: Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Parma University Hospital, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.
authors: Loredana
authors: L
authors: Guida
authors: Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Parma University Hospital, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.
authors: Rosalia
authors: R
authors: Aloe
authors: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.|Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Parma University Hospital, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.
authors: Tiziana
authors: T
authors: Meschi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D040941:Heredity; D006801:Humans; D053565:Hypercalciuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy / Q000652:urine; D007558:Italy; D016014:Linear Models; D008096:Lithotripsy; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy / Q000652:urine; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Family history of kidney stones; First episode of kidney stones; Idiophatic calcium nephrolithiasis; Kidney stones