title: Development and psychometric testing of the satisfaction with Cultural Simulation Experience Scale.
abstract: Decreasing the numbers of adverse health events experienced by people from culturally diverse backgrounds rests, in part, on the ability of education providers to provide quality learning experiences that support nursing students in developing cultural competence, an essential professional attribute. This paper reports on the implementation and evaluation of an immersive 3D cultural empathy simulation. The Satisfaction with Cultural Simulation Experience Scale used in this study was adapted and validated as the first stage of this study. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were undertaken to investigate the psychometric properties of the scale using two randomly-split sub-samples. Cronbach's Alpha was used to examine internal consistency reliability. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis of mean satisfaction scores and qualitative comments to open-ended questions were analysed and coded. A purposive sample (n = 497) of second of nursing students participated in the study. The overall Cronbach's alpha for the scale was 0.95 and each subscale demonstrated high internal consistency: 0.92; 0.92; 0.72 respectively. The mean satisfaction score was 4.64 (SD 0.51) out of a maximum of 5 indicating a high level of participant satisfaction with the simulation. Three factors emerged from qualitative analysis: "Becoming culturally competent", "Learning from the debrief" and "Reflecting on practice". The cultural simulation was highly regarded by students. Psychometric testing of the Satisfaction with Cultural Simulation Experience Scale demonstrated that it is a reliable instrument. However, there is room for improvement and further testing in other contexts is therefore recommended.
authors: School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Electronic address: Helen.courtney-pratt@newcastle.edu.au.
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: Courtney-Pratt
authors: School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Electronic address: Tracy.Levett-jones@newcastle.edu.au.
authors: Tracy
authors: T
authors: Levett-Jones
authors: University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Health, 235-253 Jones Street, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia. Electronic address: Samuel.lapkin@uts.edu.au.
authors: Samuel
authors: S
authors: Lapkin
authors: School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Electronic address: Victoria.Pitt@newcastle.edu.au.
authors: Victoria
authors: V
authors: Pitt
authors: School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Electronic address: Conor.Gilligan@newcastle.edu.au.
authors: Conor
authors: C
authors: Gilligan
authors: School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Electronic address: Pamela.vanderriet1@newcastle.edu.au.
authors: Pamela
authors: P
authors: Van der Riet
authors: School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Electronic address: Rachel.Rossiter@newcastle.edu.au.
authors: Rachel
authors: R
authors: Rossiter
authors: School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Electronic address: donovan.jones@newcastle.edu.au.
authors: Donovan
authors: D
authors: Jones
authors: School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Electronic address: Naleya.Everson@uon.edu.au.
authors: Naleya
authors: N
authors: Everson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D054521:Cultural Competency / Q000193:education*; D004508:Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate; D004645:Empathy; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061214:Patient Safety; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013338:Students, Nursing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cultural competence; Cultural simulation; Nursing student; Satisfaction