title: Pharmacologic therapy for inflammatory bowel disease refractory to steroids.
abstract: Although corticosteroids are an effective treatment for induction of remission in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), many patients are dependent on or refractory to corticosteroids. This review is based on scrutinizing current literature with emphasis on randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and Cochrane reviews on the management of IBD refractory to corticosteroids. Based on this evidence, we propose algorithms and optimization strategies for use of immunomodulator and biologic therapy in IBD refractory to corticosteroids.
authors: Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: Martínez-Montiel
authors: Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Casis-Herce
authors: Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
authors: G J
authors: GJ
authors: Gómez-Gómez
authors: Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Masedo-González
authors: Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Yela-San Bernardino
authors: Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Piedracoba
authors: Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Castellano-Tortajada
keywords: Crohn’s disease; anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha; drug levels; immunomodulators; treatment optimization; ulcerative colitis