title: Health Literate Organizations: Are Clinical Trial Sites Equipped to Recruit Minority and Limited Health Literacy Patients?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Racial/ethnic minority patients are less likely than non-Latino white patients to participate in cancer clinical trials. A key barrier to participation is limited health literacy which is more common among minorities. At the organizational level, it is important that clinical trials sites become better equipped to recruit minority patients by expanding their organizational health literacy including language competency and outreach efforts. We explored the characteristics of clinical trial sites that are associated with these health literate behaviors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 353 breast clinical trials recruiting participants in 2006 from four states (California, Florida, Illinois, and New York) through the National Cancer Institute Physician Data Query system. From October 2008 to November 2009, we contacted one research team member (RTM) from each site for a telephone survey to assess the site's health literate characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 233 RTMs who responded, 93% were female and 89% were US-born. Overall, 48% of sites offered supplementary trial information, 80% offered materials to assist with patient navigation and 45% reported outreach efforts. Lower percentages offered information in other languages while 65% offered professional interpretation services. Sites with >10% limited English proficiency (LEP) patients were more likely than their counterparts to offer consent forms (OR=3.13, 1.36-7.19) and supplementary information about trials in other languages (OR=2.52, 1.15-5.52). Sites with diverse patient populations (>10% Latino) were also more likely than less diverse sites to engage in outreach (OR=1.97, 1.07-3.60), to offer consent forms (OR=2.72, 1.38-5.36), supplementary information about trials (OR=2.58, 1.24-5.36), and materials to improve patient navigation (OR=2.50, 1.22-5.13) in other languages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Efforts to recruit diverse participants were limited. Practice type and diversity of patient population were associated with sites' efforts to accommodate these characteristics, suggesting that sites were responsive to the needs of their patients when diversity was prevalent.
authors: University of California, San Francisco.
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Livaudais-Toman
authors: University of California, San Francisco.
authors: Nancy J
authors: NJ
authors: Burke
authors: University of California, San Francisco.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Napoles
authors: University of California, San Francisco.
authors: Celia P
authors: CP
authors: Kaplan
keywords: Cultural Competency; Medicine; Organizational Development; Public Health Sciences