title: Lysozyme-Based Antibacterial Nanomotors.
abstract: An effective and rapid bacterial killing nanotechnology strategy based on lysozyme-modified fuel-free nanomotors is demonstrated. The efficient antibacterial property of lysozyme, associated with the cleavage of glycosidic bonds of peptidoglycans present in the bacteria cell wall, has been combined with ultrasound (US)-propelled porous gold nanowire (p-AuNW) motors as biocompatible dynamic bacteria nanofighters. Coupling the antibacterial activity of the enzyme with the rapid movement of these p-AuNWs, along with the corresponding fluid dynamics, promotes enzyme-bacteria interactions and prevents surface aggregation of dead bacteria, resulting in a greatly enhanced bacteria-killing capability. The large active surface area of these nanoporous motors offers a significantly higher enzyme loading capacity compared to nonporous AuNWs, which results in a higher antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Detailed characterization studies and control experiments provide useful insights into the underlying factors controlling the antibacterial performance of the new dynamic bacteria nanofighters. Rapid and effective killing of the Gram-positive Micrococcus lysodeikticus bacteria (69-84% within 1-5 min) is demonstrated.
authors: Department of Nanoengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors: Melek
authors: M
authors: Kiristi
authors: Department of Nanoengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors: Virendra V
authors: VV
authors: Singh
authors: Department of Nanoengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors: Berta
authors: B
authors: Esteban-Fernández de Ávila
authors: Department of Nanoengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors: Murat
authors: M
authors: Uygun
authors: Department of Nanoengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors: Fernando
authors: F
authors: Soto
authors: Department of Nanoengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors: Deniz
authors: D
authors: Aktaş Uygun
authors: Department of Nanoengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002473:Cell Wall; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009113:Muramidase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D058608:Nanopores; D036103:Nanotechnology; D053770:Nanowires / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D006046:Gold; D009113:Muramidase
keywords: bacteria; biocompatibility; lysozyme; nanomotors; ultrasound