title: High grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder treated by radical cystectomy: a series of small cell, mixed neuroendocrine and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma.
abstract: High grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (HGNEC) treated by cystectomy often carry an original diagnosis of typical urothelial carcinoma (UC). The correct diagnosis of HGNEC is critical in influencing the decision for early chemotherapy, potentially followed by cystectomy. The objective of this study was to characterise the features of HGNEC treated by radical cystectomy. The study consisted of 79 patients with HGNEC including small cell (68 patients), large cell neuroendocrine (LCNEC) (5 patients) and mixed neuroendocrine (mixed-NEC) carcinoma (6 patients) matched with 122 patients with UC, treated at our institution between 1987 and 2014. Morphometric analysis for cell and nuclear size as well as immunophenotyping for neuroendocrine markers and cell-cycle regulators were applied to tissue microarrays. Small cell, LCNEC and mixed-NEC are a morphological spectrum of high grade neuroendocrine carcinoma with overlapping histological features, identical immunophenotype, Ki-67 proliferative rate and patient outcomes. Finally, the nuclear size criteria is misleading as HGNEC, particularly cases of LCNEC and mixed-NEC, may have enlarged nuclei compared to small cell carcinomas and are more prone to be misdiagnosed as UC, thereby preventing appropriate management.
authors: 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology 2Department of Urology 3Department of Health Science Research 4Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States.
authors: Sounak
authors: S
authors: Gupta
authors: R Houston
authors: RH
authors: Thompson
authors: Stephen A
authors: SA
authors: Boorjian
authors: Prabin
authors: P
authors: Thapa
authors: Loren P Herrera
authors: LP
authors: Hernandez
authors: Rafael E
authors: RE
authors: Jimenez
authors: Brian A
authors: BA
authors: Costello
authors: Igor
authors: I
authors: Frank
authors: John C
authors: JC
authors: Cheville
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D015653:Cystectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery