title: Strategies for optical control and simultaneous electrical readout of extended cortical circuits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To dissect the intricate workings of neural circuits, it is essential to gain precise control over subsets of neurons while retaining the ability to monitor larger-scale circuit dynamics. This requires the ability to both evoke and record neural activity simultaneously with high spatial and temporal resolution.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper we present approaches that address this need by combining micro-electrocorticography (μECoG) with optogenetics in ways that avoid photovoltaic artifacts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that variations of this approach are broadly applicable across three commonly studied mammalian species - mouse, rat, and macaque monkey - and that the recorded μECoG signal shows complex spectral and spatio-temporal patterns in response to optical stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  While optogenetics provides the ability to excite or inhibit neural subpopulations in a targeted fashion, large-scale recording of resulting neural activity remains challenging. Recent advances in optical physiology, such as genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators, are promising but currently do not allow simultaneous recordings from extended cortical areas due to limitations in optical imaging hardware.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate techniques for the large-scale simultaneous interrogation of cortical circuits in three commonly used mammalian species.
authors: The UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA, United States; The Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses (CNEP), United States. Electronic address: peterl@alleninstitute.org.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Ledochowitsch
authors: UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience, San Francisco, CA, United States; The Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses (CNEP), United States.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Yazdan-Shahmorad
authors: UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience, San Francisco, CA, United States; LBNL, Life Sciences and Computational Research Divisions, Berkeley, CA, United States; The Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses (CNEP), United States.
authors: K E
authors: KE
authors: Bouchard
authors: The UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA, United States; The Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses (CNEP), United States.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Diaz-Botia
authors: UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience, San Francisco, CA, United States; The Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses (CNEP), United States.
authors: T L
authors: TL
authors: Hanson
authors: UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience, San Francisco, CA, United States; The Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses (CNEP), United States.
authors: J-W
authors: JW
authors: He
authors: UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience, San Francisco, CA, United States; The Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses (CNEP), United States.
authors: B A
authors: BA
authors: Seybold
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Berkeley, CA, United States.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Olivero
authors: UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience, San Francisco, CA, United States.
authors: E A K
authors: EA
authors: Phillips
authors: UC Berkeley-Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Berkeley, CA, United States.
authors: T J
authors: TJ
authors: Blanche
authors: UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience, San Francisco, CA, United States; The Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses (CNEP), United States.
authors: C E
authors: CE
authors: Schreiner
authors: UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience, San Francisco, CA, United States.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Hasenstaub
authors: UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience, San Francisco, CA, United States; The Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses (CNEP), United States.
authors: E F
authors: EF
authors: Chang
authors: UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience, San Francisco, CA, United States; The Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses (CNEP), United States.
authors: P N
authors: PN
authors: Sabes
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Berkeley, CA, United States; The Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses (CNEP), United States.
authors: M M
authors: MM
authors: Maharbiz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D017097:Electric Impedance; D000069280:Electrocorticography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004867:Equipment Design; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D062308:Optogenetics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D017971:Tin Compounds
chemical_list: D017971:Tin Compounds; C045358:stannic oxide
keywords: Auditory; Cranial window; ECoG; Epidural; Mouse; NHP; Optogenetics; Parvalbumin; Rat