title: The effect of simple nitrogen fertilizer recommendation strategies on product carbon footprint and gross margin of wheat and maize production in the North China Plain.
abstract: Overuse of nitrogen (N) fertilizer constitutes the major issue of current crop production in China, exerting a substantial effect on global warming through massive emission of greenhouse gas (GHG). Despite the ongoing effort, which includes the promotion of technologically sophisticated N management schemes, farmers' N rates maintain at excessive rates. Therefore the current study tests three simple and easily to apply N fertilizer recommendation strategies, which could be implemented on large scale through the existing agricultural advisory system of China, at comparatively low cost. Building on a detailed crop production dataset of 65 winter wheat (WW) and summer maize (SM) producing farm households of the North China Plain, scenario analysis is applied. The effects of the three N strategies under constant and changing yield levels on product carbon footprint (PCF) and gross margin (GM) are determined for the production condition of every individual farm household. The N fixed rate strategy realized the highest improvement potential in PCF and GM in WW; while the N coefficient strategy performed best in SM. The analysis furthermore revealed that improved N management has a significant positive effect on PCF, but only a marginal and insignificant effect on GM. On the other side, a potential 10% yield loss would have only a marginal effect on PCF, but a detrimental effect on farmers' income. With farmers currently applying excessive N rates as "cheap insurance" against potential N limitation, it will be of vital importance to avoid any yield reductions (caused by N limitation) and respective severe financial losses, when promoting and implementing advanced fertilization strategies. To achieve this, it is furthermore recommended to increase the price of fertilizer, improve the agricultural extensions system, and recognize farmers' fertilizer related decision-making processes as key research areas.
authors: Institute of Farm Management (410b), University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors: Nan
authors: N
authors: Ha
authors: Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 14532 Kleinmachnow, Germany. Electronic address: til.feike@jki.bund.de.
authors: Til
authors: T
authors: Feike
authors: Institute of Farm Management (410b), University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Back
authors: College of Economics and Management, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, China.
authors: Haifeng
authors: H
authors: Xiao
authors: Institute of Farm Management (410b), University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors: Enno
authors: E
authors: Bahrs
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D058572:Carbon Footprint; D002681:China; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000254:growth & development; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis; D057232:Global Warming; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D014908:Triticum / Q000254:growth & development*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Gross margin; Nitrogen fertilizer recommendation strategies; North China Plain; Product carbon footprint