title: Molecular and cellular characteristics of human and non-human primate multipotent stromal cells from the amnion and bone marrow during long term culture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) are among the key candidates in regenerative medicine. However variety of MSC sources and general heterogeneity lead to controversial data in functional characterization. Furthermore, despite intensive usage as preclinical animal model, little is known about MSCs of the common marmoset monkey.
  
  
  METHODS
  MSCs derived from placental amnion and bone marrow samples from human and common marmoset were characterized in parallel over 12 passages to monitor similarities and significant differences (p ≤ 0.05, Student's t-test) in MSC markers and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, real-time PCR, metabolic activity test, with special focus on pluripotency associated genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human and non-human primate MSCs were characterized for expression of MSC markers and capability of differentiation into mesenchymal lineages. MSCs could be cultured more than 100 days (26 passages), but metabolic activity was significantly enhanced in amnion vs. bone marrow MSCs. Interestingly, MHC class I expression is significantly reduced in amnion MSCs until passage 6 in human and marmoset, but not in bone marrow cells. For MSC markers, CD73 and CD105 levels remain unchanged in amnion MSCs and slightly decline in bone marrow at late passages; CD166 is significantly higher expressed in human MSCs, CD106 significantly lower vs. marmoset. All cultured MSCs showed pluripotency marker expression like Oct-4A at passage 3 significantly decreasing over time (passages 6-12) while Nanog expression was highest in human bone marrow MSCs. Furthermore, human MSCs demonstrated the highest Sox2 levels vs. marmoset, whereas the marmoset exhibited significantly higher Lin28A values. Bisulfite sequencing of the Oct-4 promoter region displayed fewer methylations of CpG islands in the marmoset vs. human.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Little is known about MSC characteristics from the preclinical animal model common marmoset vs. human during long term culture. Studied human and common marmoset samples share many similar features such as most MSC markers and reduced MHC class I expression in amnion cells vs. bone marrow. Furthermore, pluripotency markers indicate in both species a subpopulation of MSCs with true 'stemness', which could explain their high proliferation capacity, though possessing differences between human and marmoset in Lin28A and Sox2 expression.
authors: Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. pogozhykh.olena@mh-hannover.de.
authors: Olena
authors: O
authors: Pogozhykh
authors: Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. pogozhykh.denys@mh-hannover.de.
authors: Denys
authors: D
authors: Pogozhykh
authors: Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. neehus.anna-lena@mh-hannover.de.
authors: Anna-Lena
authors: AL
authors: Neehus
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Straße 1-7, 30625, Hannover, Germany. hoffmann.andrea@mh-hannover.de.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Hoffmann
authors: Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. transfusionsmedizin@mh-hannover.de.
authors: Rainer
authors: R
authors: Blasczyk
authors: Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. mueller.thomas@mh-hannover.de.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Müller
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000166:cytology*; D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D002144:Callithrix; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D011323:Primates