title: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) disease progression in people who inject drugs (PWID): A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding HCV disease progression rates among people who inject drugs (PWID) is important to setting policy to expand access to detection, diagnosis and treatment, and in forecasting the burden of disease. In this paper we synthesize existing data on the natural history of HCV among PWID, including fibrosis progression rates (FPR) and the incidence of compensated cirrhosis (CC), decompensated cirrhosis (DC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted electronic and manual searches for published and unpublished literature. Reports were eligible if they (i) included participants who were chronically infected with HCV and reported current or previous injection drug use; (ii) presented original data on disease progression in a study sample comprised of at least 90% PWID; (iii) published between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2013; and (iv) included data from upper-middle- or high-income countries. Quality ratings were assigned using an adaptation of the Quality In Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool. We estimated pooled FPRs using the stage-constant and stage-specific methods, and pooled incidence rates of CC, DC, and HCC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one reports met the study inclusion criteria. Based on random-effect models, the pooled stage-constant FPR was 0.117 METAVIR units per year (95% CI, 0.099-0.135), and the stage-specific FPRs were F0→F1, 0.128 (95% CI 0.080, 0.176); F1→F2, 0.059 (95% CI 0.035, 0.082); F2→F3, 0.078 (95% CI 0.056, 0.100); and F3→F4, 0.116 (95% CI 0.070, 0.161). The pooled incidence rates of CC, DC, and HCC were 6.6 (95% CI 4.8, 8.4), 1.1 (95% CI 0.8, 1.4), and 0.3 (95% CI -0.1, 0.6) events per 1000 person-years, respectively. Following the stage-constant estimate, average time to cirrhosis is 34 years post-infection, and time to METAVIR stage F3 is 26 years; using the stage-specific estimates, time to cirrhosis is 46 years and time to F3 is 38 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Left untreated, PWID with chronic HCV infection will develop liver sequelae (including HCC) in mid- to late-adulthood. Delaying treatment with the new drug regimens until advanced fibrosis develops prolongs the period of infectiousness to perhaps thirty years. Scaling up of effective HCV prevention and early engagement in care and treatment will facilitate the elimination HCV as a source of serious disease in PWID.
authors: College of Nursing, New York University, NY, NY, USA. Electronic address: dan.smith@nyu.edu.
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Smith
authors: College of Nursing, New York University, NY, NY, USA.
authors: Joan
authors: J
authors: Combellick
authors: College of Nursing, New York University, NY, NY, USA; Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York University, NY, NY, USA.
authors: Ashly E
authors: AE
authors: Jordan
authors: College of Nursing, New York University, NY, NY, USA; Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York University, NY, NY, USA.
authors: Holly
authors: H
authors: Hagan
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Cirrhosis; Hepatitis C; Liver fibrosis; Natural history; People who inject drugs