title: Listening to Music during Warming-Up Counteracts the Negative Effects of Ramadan Observance on Short-Term Maximal Performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to examine whether listening to music during warming-up might influence short-term maximal performance (STMP), cognitive anxiety, self-confidence, and enjoyment during Ramadan, and whether these affects might predict STMP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine male physical education students (age: 21 ± 1.1 years; height: 1.8 ± 0.04 m; body mass: 83 ± 5 kg) volunteered to participate in the present study. A within-subjects design consisted of four experimental sessions: Two sessions occurred one week before Ramadan and two others took place during Ramadan. They were scheduled at 5 p.m. and were conducted as follows: After a 10-minute warm-up either with or without listening to music, each participant performed a 5-m multiple shuttle run test, after which he was asked to answer items intended to assess his affective state during the experimental task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings revealed that STMP was lower during Ramadan than before Ramadan in the no-music condition. Additionally, it was found that STMP was higher in the music condition than in the no-music condition during Ramadan, and that STMP measured before Ramadan did not differ from that measured during Ramadan in the music condition. Regarding affects, the findings revealed that enjoyment was lower during Ramadan than before Ramadan in the music condition, and that cognitive anxiety was lower in the music condition than in the no-music condition before Ramadan. Self-confidence was not influenced by the experimental conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that listening to music during warming-up not only would be beneficial for STMP in Ramadan fasters, but also would counteract the negative effects of Ramadan observance on STMP.
authors: Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Sciences in Sport, Tunis, Tunisia; High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia.
authors: Asma
authors: A
authors: Aloui
authors: Qatar University, College of Arts and Sciences, Sport Science Program, Doha, Qatar.
authors: Walid
authors: W
authors: Briki
authors: Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Sciences in Sport, Tunis, Tunisia.
authors: Hana
authors: H
authors: Baklouti
authors: Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Sciences in Sport, Tunis, Tunisia; High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
authors: Hamdi
authors: H
authors: Chtourou
authors: Laboratoire CeRSM (EA 2931), Equipe de Physiologie, Biomécanique et Imagerie du Mouvement, UFR STAPS, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Nanterre, France.
authors: Tarak
authors: T
authors: Driss
authors: Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Sciences in Sport, Tunis, Tunisia.
authors: Anis
authors: A
authors: Chaouachi
authors: Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar.
authors: Karim
authors: K
authors: Chamari
authors: Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Sciences in Sport, Tunis, Tunisia.
authors: Nizar
authors: N
authors: Souissi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000523:psychology; D005215:Fasting / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam; D008297:Male; D009146:Music; D009147:Music Therapy