title: Heel compressions quadruple the number of bystanders who can perform chest compressions for 10 minutes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study is to evaluate whether chest compressions using the heel provide a more effective method than manual compressions for bystanders.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional observational comparison study where each subject acted as his or her own control. A 49-person cohort whose age distribution approximated that of sudden cardiac arrest victims were asked to perform 10 minutes of 5-cm manual compressions on a cardiopulmonary resuscitation manikin at 100 compressions per minute. The compression rate and the endurance of each subject were recorded. The same subject was then asked to perform 10 minutes of heel compressions at the same depth and rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen percent of the cohort performed compliant manual compressions for 10 minutes vs 65% using heel compressions. Twenty-four percent of the subjects were not heavy enough to get compliant depth with manual vs 2% with heel compressions, and 6% could not get down on the floor to attempt manual compressions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most cardiac arrests occur in private residences. If there is a witness, his or her age usually approximates that of the victim. Heel compressions are useful in situations where a lone rescuer cannot get down on the floor, cannot compress the chest to guideline depth because of an infirmity or lack of weight, or becomes too tired to continue manual compressions. Heel compressions significantly increase the bystander population's ability to provide effective, uninterrupted compressions until EMS arrival.
authors: 17 Hasleiters Retreat, Savannah, GA 31411. Electronic address: bobt@slicc.org.
authors: Robert H
authors: RH
authors: Trenkamp
authors: St Joseph's/Candler Hospital's Candler Emergency Department, 14 Hibernia Road, Savannah, GA 31411. Electronic address: FJPerez@me.com.
authors: Fernando J
authors: FJ
authors: Perez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005221:Fatigue; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy; D006365:Heel; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors