title: The role of mandibular proximal segment rotations on skeletal relapse and condylar remodelling following bilateral sagittal split advancement osteotomies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the postoperative rotation of the proximal segments in 3D and to assess its role on skeletal relapse and condylar remodelling following BSSO advancement surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  56 patients with mandibular hypoplasia who underwent BSSO advancement surgery were enrolled into the study. A CBCT scan was acquired preoperatively, at one week postoperatively and at one year postoperatively. After segmentation of the facial skeleton and condyles, 3D cephalometry and condylar volume analysis were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A mean mandibular advancement of 4.6 mm was found. 55% of the condyles decreased in volume postoperatively, with a mean reduction of 6.1 volume-percent. Among 11 patients who exhibited a clinically significant relapse of more than 2 mm, 10 patients exhibited a counterclockwise rotation of the proximal segments. The odds of skeletal relapse (>2 mm) was 4.8 times higher in patients whose proximal segments were rotated in a counterclockwise direction. Postoperative flaring (3.3 mm) and torque (0.3°) were, however, not associated with skeletal relapse or condylar remodelling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender, preoperative condylar volume, postoperative condylar remodelling, counterclockwise rotation of the proximal segment and the amount of surgical advancement were prognostic factors for skeletal relapse (r(2) = 0.83). The role of the mandibular plane angle in relapse is questionable.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Tong.Xi@radboudumc.nl.
authors: Tong
authors: T
authors: Xi
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Martien.deKoning@radboudumc.nl.
authors: Martien
authors: M
authors: de Koning
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Stefaan.Berge@radboudumc.nl.
authors: Stefaan
authors: S
authors: Bergé
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, Wagnerlaan 55, 6815 AD, Arnhem, The Netherlands. Electronic address: thoppenreijs@rijnstate.nl.
authors: Theo
authors: T
authors: Hoppenreijs
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Thomas.Maal@radboudumc.nl.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Maal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D019186:Mandibular Advancement; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000502:physiology*; D059229:Osteotomy, Sagittal Split Ramus; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012008:Recurrence; D012399:Rotation
keywords: 3D; Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy; CBCT; Condylar remodelling; Proximal segment; Relapse