title: Botulinum toxin for the treatment of hyperfunctional lines of the forehead.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the 21(st) century, we live longer and a more active life. However, while our adult longevity continues to extend, society does not welcome a tired and aged appearance. We wish to continue to look as young as possible. Most facial rejuvenation techniques such as surgery and injection of collagen, silicone, or autogenous fat do not address the fact that these lines are functional, i.e. they do not target the cause of hyperfunctional lines: the underlying facial mimetic musculature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To find the efficacy of Botulinum toxin for the treatment of hyperfunctional lines of the forehead.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study consisted of 25 subjects in the age group of 25-65 years with forehead wrinkles, who visited the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, CIDS, Virajpet. The materials used for Botulinum toxin treatment were Botulinum toxin A, a standard freezer, sterile saline solution, alcohol swabs, and insulin syringes with 30 gauge needles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 25 patients, 21 patients showed satisfactory improvement of their hyperfunctional facial lines within 72 h. Maximum improvement was noted in the age group of 25-40 years, while the older age group of 50-65 years showed less improvement. Maximum improvement was seen in type 5 skin, followed by type 4 and type 3 skin. Type 2 skin showed the least improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that Botulinum toxin A is a safe and efficacious method of nonsurgically eliminating hyperfunctional facial lines of the forehead in the aesthetic patient for a period of 4-6 months.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences, Virajpet, Karnataka, Maharashtra, India.
authors: Sathigrama Malegowda
authors: SM
authors: Sunil
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences, Virajpet, Karnataka, Maharashtra, India.
authors: B Ganesh
authors: BG
authors: Babu
authors: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Ashoka Multispeciality Dental Clinic, Virajpet, Karnataka, Maharashtra, India.
authors: Soma
authors: S
authors: Deepthi
authors: Department of Prosthodontics, SJM Dental College and Hospital, Chitradurga, Karnataka, Maharashtra, India.
authors: Anusha Channabasappa
authors: AC
authors: Veerabhadrappa
authors: Department of Prosthodontics, SJM Dental College and Hospital, Chitradurga, Karnataka, Maharashtra, India.
authors: Suneel V
authors: SV
authors: Vadavadagi
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Science, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, India.
authors: Prashant
authors: P
authors: Punde
keywords: Aging; Botulinum toxin; facial wrinkles