title: Determining the combined effect of the lymphatic valve leaflets and sinus on resistance to forward flow.
abstract: The lymphatic system is vital to a proper maintenance of fluid and solute homeostasis. Collecting lymphatics are composed of actively contracting tubular vessels segmented by bulbous sinus regions that encapsulate bi-leaflet check valves. Valve resistance to forward flow strongly influences pumping performance. However, because of the sub-millimeter size of the vessels with flow rates typically <1 ml/h and pressures of a few cmH2O, resistance is difficult to measure experimentally. Using a newly defined idealized geometry, we employed an uncoupled approach where the solid leaflet deflections of the open valve were computed and lymph flow calculations were subsequently performed. We sought to understand: 1) the effect of sinus and leaflet size on the resulting deflections experienced by the valve leaflets and 2) the effects on valve resistance to forward flow of the fully open valve. For geometries with sinus-to-root diameter ratios >1.39, the average resistance to forward flow was 0.95×10(6)[g/(cm4 s)]. Compared to the viscous pressure drop that would occur in a straight tube the same diameter as the upstream lymphangion, valve leaflets alone increase the pressure drop up to 35%. However, the presence of the sinus reduces viscous losses, with the net effect that when combined with leaflets the overall resistance is less than that of the equivalent continuing straight tube. Accurately quantifying resistance to forward flow will add to the knowledge used to develop therapeutics for treating lymphatic disorders and may eventually lead to understanding some forms of primary lymphedema.
authors: Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors: John T
authors: JT
authors: Wilson
authors: College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
authors: Raoul
authors: R
authors: van Loon
authors: Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 702 Southwest H.K. Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 702 Southwest H.K. Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
authors: David C
authors: DC
authors: Zawieja
authors: Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK. Electronic address: james.moore.jr@imperial.ac.uk.
authors: James E
authors: JE
authors: Moore
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D008196:Lymph / Q000502:physiology; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011312:Pressure
keywords: Computational fluid dynamics; Finite element analysis; Flow resistance; Lymphatic valves