title: Effects of Antenatal Maternal Depression and Anxiety on Children's Early Cognitive Development: A Prospective Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have shown that depression or anxiety occur in 10-20% of pregnant women. These disorders are often undertreated and may affect mothers and children's health. This study investigates the relation between antenatal maternal depression, anxiety and children's early cognitive development among 1380 two-year-old children and 1227 three-year-old children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the French EDEN Mother-Child Cohort Study, language ability was assessed with the Communicative Development Inventory at 2 years of age and overall development with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire at 3 years of age. Multiple regressions and structural equation modeling were used to examine links between depression, anxiety during pregnancy and child cognitive development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found strong significant associations between maternal antenatal anxiety and poorer children's cognitive development at 2 and 3 years. Antenatal maternal depression was not associated with child development, except when antenatal maternal anxiety was also present. Both postnatal maternal depression and parental stimulation appeared to play mediating roles in the relation between antenatal maternal anxiety and children's cognitive development. At 3 years, parental stimulation mediated 13.2% of the effect of antenatal maternal anxiety while postnatal maternal depression mediated 26.5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The partial nature of these effects suggests that other mediators may play a role. Implications for theory and research on child development are discussed.
authors: Paris-Descartes University, INSERM Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research team, Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics (U1153), Paris, France; School of Medicine, Department of General Practice, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France.
authors: Gladys
authors: G
authors: Ibanez
authors: INSERM, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Team "Epidemiology of diabetes, obesity and kidney disease: lifelong approach", F-94807 Villejuif, France; Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France.
authors: Jonathan Y
authors: JY
authors: Bernard
authors: School of Medicine, Department of General Practice, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France.
authors: Claire
authors: C
authors: Rondet
authors: Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, EHESS, Paris, France; Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Psychopathologie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, APHP, Paris, France.
authors: Hugo
authors: H
authors: Peyre
authors: INSERM, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Team "Epidemiology of diabetes, obesity and kidney disease: lifelong approach", F-94807 Villejuif, France; Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France.
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Forhan
authors: Paris-Descartes University, INSERM Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research team, Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics (U1153), Paris, France.
authors: Monique
authors: M
authors: Kaminski
authors: Paris-Descartes University, INSERM Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research team, Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics (U1153), Paris, France.
authors: Marie-Josèphe
authors: MJ
authors: Saurel-Cubizolles
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies