title: Gene regulation of lipid and phospholipid metabolism in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae.
abstract: The mechanism of essentiality of dietary phospholipid (PL) for larval fish is not clear. The main objective of the present study was to determine if the PL requirement of Atlantic cod larvae was due to any genetic impairment caused by functional immaturity. Cod larvae were sampled at 1, 3, 8, 13, 17, 18, 30, 42 and 60 days post hatch (dph) for transcriptome analysis using a recently developed microarray. The fatty acid profile and gene expression levels of cod larvae at 17 dph were compared after feeding differently enriched rotifers, which contained different DHA levels in PL. No significant differences (p<0.05) were found for the two rotifer diets in the overall gene expression level of cod larvae, their growth and survival, and their DHA levels in total lipid and PL fraction. The fatty acid data suggested that dietary EPA was elongated to DPA by cod larvae, and a threshold DHA level in PL to maintain membrane fluidity and other functions may exist. There appeared to be no major effect of development on the expression of key genes of PL biosynthesis suggesting no genetic constrain in early developmental stages. Our overall data suggested that besides the possible limited de novo PC synthesis ability in the intestine, other metabolic constraints should also be considered, especially the possible low input of bile PC as a result of immature liver. Further studies are needed to elucidate the gene expression level and enzyme activity in the PL biosynthesis pathways for specific tissue or cells.
authors: NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway. Electronic address: keshuai.li@ntnu.no.
authors: Keshuai
authors: K
authors: Li
authors: NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
authors: Mari-Ann
authors: MA
authors: Østensen
authors: NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
authors: Kari
authors: K
authors: Attramadal
authors: NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
authors: Per
authors: P
authors: Winge
authors: NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
authors: Torfinn
authors: T
authors: Sparstad
authors: NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
authors: Atle M
authors: AM
authors: Bones
authors: NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
authors: Olav
authors: O
authors: Vadstein
authors: NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
authors: Elin
authors: E
authors: Kjørsvik
authors: NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
authors: Yngvar
authors: Y
authors: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000123:Acetyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D044943:Fatty Acid Desaturases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000081031:Fatty Acid Elongases; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048389:Gadus morhua / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000662:veterinary; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007814:Larva / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D009664:Norway; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D029941:Fish Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D010743:Phospholipids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044943:Fatty Acid Desaturases; D000123:Acetyltransferases; D000081031:Fatty Acid Elongases
keywords: Atlantic cod larvae; Desaturase; Elongase; Microarray; Phospholipid metabolism