title: Glycation, carbonyl stress and AGEs inhibitors: a patent review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The glycation process, comprising a series of reactions, results in the formation of heterogeneous adducts, known as advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are involved in several pathologies, including diabetes-associated late complications, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and inflammatory arthritis. Several inhibitors of AGEs and/or reactive carbonyl species have been identified from various sources, including natural products and synthetic molecules, and have been investigated for their mechanism of action.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review covers the literature on AGEs inhibitors published as patents between 2001 and 2014. Initially, the earlier reported molecules with AGEs inhibitory properties, their mechanism of actions and reported adverse effects are discussed. The main focus has been on the chemical structures, methods for evaluation of the activity, modes of action, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic outcomes. The potential of these AGEs inhibitors in the treatment and management of a number of diseases are also discussed in this review.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reactive carbonyl species and AGEs have recently emerged as novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of several diseases. Currently, the major concerns with the use of AGEs inhibitors as therapeutic agents are low effectiveness, poor pharmacokinetics and undesirable side effects. Many of the AGEs inhibitors reviewed here possess potent antiglycation activity and are devoid of undesirable side effects. These small molecules inhibitors can, therefore, serve as scaffolds for the development and designing of new AGEs inhibitors as clinical agents.
authors: a 1 University of Karachi, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences , Karachi, Pakistan.
authors: Humera
authors: H
authors: Jahan
authors: a 1 University of Karachi, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences , Karachi, Pakistan.|b 2 University of Karachi, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry and Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences , Karachi, Pakistan (92-21) 111-222-292 ; (92-21) 99261713 ; iqbal.choudhary@iccs.edu.
authors: M Iqbal
authors: MI
authors: Choudhary
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D000818:Animals; D001168:Arthritis / Q000188:drug therapy; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D015195:Drug Design; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010330:Patents as Topic
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced
keywords: Advanced glycation end products; HMGB1; diabetic nephropathy; glycoxidation; rheumatoid arthritis; soluble RAGE; type 2 diabetes