title: Temperament and self-based correlates of cooperative, competitive and individualistic learning preferences.
abstract: People vary in the extent to which they prefer cooperative, competitive or individualistic achievement tasks. In this research, we conducted two studies designed to investigate correlates and possible roots of these social interdependence orientations, namely approach and avoidance temperament, general self-efficacy, implicit theories of intelligence, and contingencies of self-worth based in others' approval, competition and academic competence. The results indicated that approach temperament, general self-efficacy and incremental theory were positively related, and entity theory was negatively related to cooperative preferences (|r| range from .11 to .41); approach temperament, general self-efficacy, competition contingencies and academic competence contingencies were positively related to competitive preferences (|r| range from .16 to .46); and avoidance temperament, entity theory, competitive contingencies and academic competence contingencies were positively related, and incremental theory was negatively related to individualistic preferences (|r| range from .09 to .15). The findings are discussed with regard to the meaning of each of the three social interdependence orientations, cultural differences among the observed relations and implications for practitioners.
authors: Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.|Psychology Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Małgorzata A
authors: MA
authors: Gocłowska
authors: Center for Social and Humanities Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Nawal
authors: N
authors: Aldhobaiban
authors: Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.|Center for Social and Humanities Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Elliot
authors: School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors: Kou
authors: K
authors: Murayama
authors: Center for Social and Humanities Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Ahmed
authors: A
authors: Kobeisy
authors: Center for Social and Humanities Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Ashraf
authors: A
authors: Abdelaziz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003163:Competitive Behavior / Q000941:ethics*; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007858:Learning / Q000941:ethics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013694:Temperament / Q000941:ethics*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Achievement motivation; Competitive; Cooperative; Individualistic; Social interdependence