title: Comparing the immune response to a novel intranasal nanoparticle PLGA vaccine and a commercial BPI3V vaccine in dairy calves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a need to improve vaccination against respiratory pathogens in calves by stimulation of local immunity at the site of pathogen entry at an early stage in life. Ideally such a vaccine preparation would not be inhibited by the maternally derived antibodies. Additionally, localized immune response at the site of infection is also crucial to control infection at the site of entry of virus. The present study investigated the response to an intranasal bovine parainfluenza 3 virus (BPI3V) antigen preparation encapsulated in PLGA (poly dl-lactic-co-glycolide) nanoparticles in the presence of pre-existing anti-BPI3V antibodies in young calves and comparing it to a commercially available BPI3V respiratory vaccine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in BPI3V-specific IgA in the nasal mucus of the BPI3V nanoparticle vaccine group alone. Following administration of the nanoparticle vaccine an early immune response was induced that continued to grow until the end of study and was not observed in the other treatment groups. Virus specific serum IgG response to both the nanoparticle vaccine and commercial live attenuated vaccine showed a significant (P < 0.05) rise over the period of study. However, the cell mediated immune response observed didn't show any significant rise in any of the treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calves administered the intranasal nanoparticle vaccine induced significantly greater mucosal IgA responses, compared to the other treatment groups. This suggests an enhanced, sustained mucosal-based immunological response to the BPI3V nanoparticle vaccine in the face of pre-existing antibodies to BPI3V, which are encouraging and potentially useful characteristics of a candidate vaccine. However, ability of nanoparticle vaccine in eliciting cell mediated immune response needs further investigation. More sustained local mucosal immunity induced by nanoparticle vaccine has obvious potential if it translates into enhanced protective immunity in the face of virus outbreak.
authors: Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD, UK. fawad.mansoor@afbini.gov.uk.|Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland. fawad.mansoor@afbini.gov.uk.|Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland. fawad.mansoor@afbini.gov.uk.
authors: Fawad
authors: F
authors: Mansoor
authors: Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland. bernadette.earley@teagasc.ie.
authors: Bernadette
authors: B
authors: Earley
authors: Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland. joseph.cassidy@ucd.ie.
authors: Joseph P
authors: JP
authors: Cassidy
authors: Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland. bryan.markey@ucd.ie.
authors: Bryan
authors: B
authors: Markey
authors: Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD, UK. doherty@sisaf.co.uk.|Present address: SiSaf Ltd, Innovation Centre, Northern Ireland Science Park, Queen's Island, Belfast, BT3 9DT, UK. doherty@sisaf.co.uk.
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Doherty
authors: Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD, UK. welsh@sisaf.co.uk.|Present address: SiSaf Ltd, Innovation Centre, Northern Ireland Science Park, Queen's Island, Belfast, BT3 9DT, UK. welsh@sisaf.co.uk.
authors: Michael D
authors: MD
authors: Welsh
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D029101:Parainfluenza Virus 3, Bovine / Q000276:immunology*; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D010253:Respirovirus Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid