title: Birth Cohort, Age, and Sex Strongly Modulate Effects of Lipid Risk Alleles Identified in Genome-Wide Association Studies.
abstract: Insights into genetic origin of diseases and related traits could substantially impact strategies for improving human health. The results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are often positioned as discoveries of unconditional risk alleles of complex health traits. We re-analyzed the associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with total cholesterol (TC) in a large-scale GWAS meta-analysis. We focused on three generations of genotyped participants of the Framingham Heart Study (FHS). We show that the effects of all ten directly-genotyped SNPs were clustered in different FHS generations and/or birth cohorts in a sex-specific or sex-unspecific manner. The sample size and procedure-therapeutic issues play, at most, a minor role in this clustering. An important result was clustering of significant associations with the strongest effects in the youngest, or 3rd Generation, cohort. These results imply that an assumption of unconditional connections of these SNPs with TC is generally implausible and that a demographic perspective can substantially improve GWAS efficiency. The analyses of genetic effects in age-matched samples suggest a role of environmental and age-related mechanisms in the associations of different SNPs with TC. Analysis of the literature supports systemic roles for genes for these SNPs beyond those related to lipid metabolism. Our analyses reveal strong antagonistic effects of rs2479409 (the PCSK9 gene) that cautions strategies aimed at targeting this gene in the next generation of lipid drugs. Our results suggest that standard GWAS strategies need to be advanced in order to appropriately address the problem of genetic susceptibility to complex traits that is imperative for translation to health care.
authors: Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, United States of America.
authors: Alexander M
authors: AM
authors: Kulminski
authors: Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, United States of America.
authors: Irina
authors: I
authors: Culminskaya
authors: Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, United States of America.
authors: Konstantin G
authors: KG
authors: Arbeev
authors: Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, United States of America.
authors: Liubov
authors: L
authors: Arbeeva
authors: Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, United States of America.
authors: Svetlana V
authors: SV
authors: Ukraintseva
authors: Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, United States of America.
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Stallard
authors: Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, United States of America.
authors: Deqing
authors: D
authors: Wu
authors: Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, United States of America.
authors: Anatoliy I
authors: AI
authors: Yashin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000483:Alleles; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol