title: The potential of pale flax as a source of useful genetic variation for cultivated flax revealed through molecular diversity and association analyses.
abstract: Pale flax (Linum bienneMill.) is the wild progenitor of cultivated flax (Linum usitatissimumL.) and represents the primary gene pool to broaden its genetic base. Here, a collection of 125 pale flax accessions and the Canadian flax core collection of 407 accessions were genotyped using 112 genome-wide simple sequence repeat markers and phenotyped for nine traits with the aim of conducting population structure, molecular diversity and association mapping analyses. The combined population structure analysis identified two well-supported major groups corresponding to pale and cultivated flax. TheL. usitatissimumconvar.crepitansaccessions most closely resembled its wild progenitor, both having dehiscent capsules. The unbiased Nei's genetic distance (0.65) confirmed the strong genetic differentiation between cultivated and pale flax. Similar levels of genetic diversity were observed in both species, albeit 430 (48 %) of pale flax alleles were unique, in agreement with their high genetic differentiation. Significant associations were identified for seven and four traits in pale and cultivated flax, respectively. Favorable alleles with potentially positive effect to improve yield through yield components were identified in pale flax. The allelic frequencies of markers associated with domestication-related traits such as capsular dehiscence indicated directional selection with the most common alleles in pale flax being absent or rare in cultivated flax and vice versa. Our results demonstrated that pale flax is a potential source of novel variation to improve multiple traits in cultivated flax and that association mapping is a suitable approach to screening pale flax germplasm to identify favorable quantitative trait locus alleles.
authors: Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada ; Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9 Canada ; Agriaquaculture Nutritional Genomic Center, CGNA, Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, 4791057 Temuco, Chile.
authors: Braulio J
authors: BJ
authors: Soto-Cerda
authors: Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada.
authors: Axel
authors: A
authors: Diederichsen
authors: Morden Research Station, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Unit 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5 Canada.
authors: Scott
authors: S
authors: Duguid
authors: Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada.
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: Booker
authors: Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada.
authors: Gordon
authors: G
authors: Rowland
authors: Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada ; Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9 Canada ; Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada.
authors: Sylvie
authors: S
authors: Cloutier
keywords: Association mapping; Cultivated flax; Exotic alleles; Genetic diversity; Pale flax; Wild ancestor