title: Pathogenesis of bladder exstrophy: A new hypothesis.
abstract: Classical bladder exstrophy affects 1 in 30 000 live births. Results of surgical treatment from different institutions employing various surgical techniques are not uniform, thus there is a need for a consensus on the best technique for bladder exstrophy repair. Surgical correction in bladder exstrophy would be more effective if the exact pathogenetic mechanism was deduced and the procedure was directed to correct the cause, which is responsible for the defect. The anatomy of exstrophy shows that the infraumbilical abdominal wall, the anterior wall of the bladder, and the urethra are split, with splayed out genitalia and musculature along with pubic diastasis. There is no tissue loss and hence embryological defect is unlikely to be the cause of bladder exstrophy. Thus there is a need to examine pathogenesis of bladder exstrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was made of the various hypotheses for cause of bladder exstrophy, and attempts were made to propose a new hypothesis. The present hypothesis is also the basis for a technique of mobilization of pelvic musculature, done in two stages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The functional outcomes of 38 children with bladder exstrophy managed over a period of 10 years were reviewed. At a mean follow-up of 4.5 years (range 2.5-8 years), 82% of patients were functionally continent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The exact embryopathogenesis of bladder exstrophy is unknown. In this study a new hypothesis is proposed, with the aim of tailoring the surgical procedure to correct this defect. Bladder exstrophy epispadias complex (BEEC) is a deformative disruption occurring after embryogenic phase and pubic diastasis, and is central to exstrophy development. A working hypothesis can be formulated in line with our observation so that future experiments based this new hypothesis can aim to elucidate the exact pathogenesis.
authors: Department of Neonatal and Pediatric Surgery, Malabar Institute of Medical Sciences, Calicut, Kerala, India. Electronic address: satishpushpa@rediff.com.
authors: Satish Kumar
authors: SK
authors: K V
authors: Department of Neonatal and Pediatric Surgery, Malabar Institute of Medical Sciences, Calicut, Kerala, India.
authors: Abraham
authors: A
authors: Mammen
authors: Department of Neonatal and Pediatric Surgery, Malabar Institute of Medical Sciences, Calicut, Kerala, India.
authors: Karthikeya K
authors: KK
authors: Varma
mesh_terms: D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000196:embryology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn
keywords: Bladder exstrophy epispadias complex (BEEC); Bladder exstrophy pathogenesis; Fetal deformation; Fetal disruption; Levator hammock; Mobilization of pelvic musculature in bladder exstrophy