title: Risk factors for in-hospital mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes complicated by community-acquired Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with diabetes are at a high risk of infection-related morbidity and mortality. Klebsiella pneumoniae bacilli are prevalent among diabetic patients, especially in Asian populations. The present study aimed to identify risk factors for in-hospital mortality among diabetic patients complicated by community-acquired K. pneumoniae bacteremia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the clinical characteristics of 341 Taiwanese type 2 diabetic patients who were treated for community-acquired K. pneumoniae bacteremia. We then analyzed outcome predictors, and in particular comorbidities and the site of infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 14.1%. Comorbid cancer was the leading factor, accounting for 32.1% of all cases of mortality. Pulmonary infection, primary bacteremia, afebrile or shock presentation and low serum albumin level were risk factors for in-hospital mortality. Regardless of comorbidities, pulmonary infection [odds ratio (OR) 10.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.02-57.09] and albumin level (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03-0.76) were the main risk predictors. The receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that a serum albumin level lower than 2.4 g/dL (71.1% sensitivity and 77.4% specificity) suggested a poor prognosis in the diabetic patients with K. pneumoniae bacteremia. In patients with pulmonary infection, the capsular serotypes of K. pneumoniae were not related to poor outcomes, and an initial presentation of blunted fever or shock were independent factors for mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cancer, pulmonary infection, and low serum albumin levels were independent indicators of in-hospital mortality in the diabetic patients complicated by K. pneumoniae bacteremia. The sites of infection and host characteristics should always elicit medical attention when treating these patients.
authors: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
authors: Chung-Huei
authors: CH
authors: Huang
authors: Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Jir-Shiong
authors: JS
authors: Tsai
authors: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
authors: I-Wen
authors: IW
authors: Chen
authors: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
authors: Brend Ray-Sea
authors: BR
authors: Hsu
authors: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
authors: Miau-Ju
authors: MJ
authors: Huang
authors: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. Electronic address: yyh@cgmh.org.tw.
authors: Yu-Yao
authors: YY
authors: Huang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000418:Albumins / Q000032:analysis; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000401:mortality*; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000401:mortality*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000401:mortality*; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000401:mortality; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins
keywords: Klebsiella pneumonia; albumin; community-acquired bacteremia; sites of infection; type 2 diabetes mellitus