title: Recent trends in carbon nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for biomolecules: A review.
abstract: Carbon nanomaterials are advantageous for electrochemical sensors because they increase the electroactive surface area, enhance electron transfer, and promote adsorption of molecules. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been incorporated into electrochemical sensors for biomolecules and strategies have included the traditional dip coating and drop casting methods, direct growth of CNTs on electrodes and the use of CNT fibers and yarns made exclusively of CNTs. Recent research has also focused on utilizing many new types of carbon nanomaterials beyond CNTs. Forms of graphene are now increasingly popular for sensors including reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanohorns, graphene nanofoams, graphene nanorods, and graphene nanoflowers. In this review, we compare different carbon nanomaterial strategies for creating electrochemical sensors for biomolecules. Analytes covered include neurotransmitters and neurochemicals, such as dopamine, ascorbic acid, and serotonin; hydrogen peroxide; proteins, such as biomarkers; and DNA. The review also addresses enzyme-based electrodes that are used to detect non-electroactive species such as glucose, alcohols, and proteins. Finally, we analyze some of the future directions for the field, pointing out gaps in fundamental understanding of electron transfer to carbon nanomaterials and the need for more practical implementation of sensors.
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, USA.
authors: Cheng
authors: C
authors: Yang
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, USA.
authors: Madelaine E
authors: ME
authors: Denno
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, USA.
authors: Poojan
authors: P
authors: Pyakurel
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, USA. Electronic address: jventon@virginia.edu.
authors: B Jill
authors: BJ
authors: Venton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D004298:Dopamine / Q000032:analysis; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000032:analysis; D008958:Models, Molecular; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000032:analysis; D014173:Transistors, Electronic
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D006108:Graphite; D004247:DNA; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D005947:Glucose; D004298:Dopamine
keywords: Biosensor; Carbon nanotube; Dopamine; Field-effect transistor; Glucose; Graphene