title: Effects of Allopurinol and Apocynin on Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study evaluated the effects of allopurinol (ALP), a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, and apocynin (APC), a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, administered alone or together, on kidney damage caused by renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups. Group 1 was a sham group. Group 2 was the renal IR control group (30-min ischemia followed by 24-h reperfusion). In groups 3 and 4, ALP or APC, respectively, was administered 1 h before the ischemia. In group 5, ALP and APC were co-administered. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr), renal tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and histological changes were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant increase in BUN and Cr level, and histological damage was seen in the IR control group, indicating renal injury. Elevated MDA and decreased SOD levels in the IR control group demonstrated that renal damage occurred through oxidative stress. Pretreatment with ALP or APC alone or together prevented IR-induced renal damage. However, there was no significant difference between treatment with a single drug and co-administration of ALP and APC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of ALP and/or APC before ischemia may be beneficial to ameliorate renal IR injury.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
authors: E K
authors: EK
authors: Choi
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Jung
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
authors: K H
authors: KH
authors: Kwak
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Yeo
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: Yi
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
authors: C Y
authors: CY
authors: Park
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea.
authors: T H
authors: TH
authors: Ryu
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
authors: Y H
authors: YH
authors: Jeon
authors: Department of Anatomy and BK21 Plus Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
authors: K M
authors: KM
authors: Park
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea. Electronic address: dglim@knu.ac.kr.
authors: D G
authors: DG
authors: Lim
mesh_terms: D000098:Acetophenones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000493:Allopurinol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000098:Acetophenones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D000493:Allopurinol; D003404:Creatinine; C056165:acetovanillone; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase