title: The molecular fingerprint of lung inflammation after blunt chest trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After severe blunt chest trauma, the development of an acute lung injury (ALI) is often associated with severe or even lethal complications. Especially in multiple injured patients after blunt chest trauma ALI/ARDS [acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)] is frequent. However, in the initial posttraumatic phase, inflammatory clinical signs are often not apparent and underlying changes in gene-expression profile are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therefore, inflammation in lung tissue following blunt chest trauma was characterized in a well-defined bilateral lung injury model. Using DNA microarrays representing 9240 genes, the temporal sequence of blunt chest trauma-induced gene-expression patterns in lung tissue was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results suggest an activation of a highly complex transcriptional program in response to chest trauma. Chest trauma led to elevated expression levels of inflammatory and coagulatory proteins (such as TNFα receptor, IL-1α, IL-1β, C3, NF-κB and plasminogen activator). However, upregulation of proteins was found, usually incoherent of exerting effects in blunt thoracic trauma (pendrin, resistin, metallothionein and glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper). Furthermore, significant downregulation was observed as early as 10 min after trauma for cytokines and complement factors (LCR-1, C4) as well as for intracellular signaling molecules (inhibitory protein phosphatase) and ion-channels (voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channel).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, the provided global perspective of the inflammatory response following blunt chest trauma could provide a molecular framework for future research in trauma pathophysiology.
authors: Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany. ehrnthaller@gmx.net.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Ehrnthaller
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, USA. michael.flierl@ucdenver.edu.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Flierl
authors: Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany. marioperl@web.de.|BG-Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau, Germany. marioperl@web.de.
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Perl
authors: Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany. Stephanie.Denk@uniklinik-ulm.de.
authors: Stephanie
authors: S
authors: Denk
authors: Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany. h.unnewehr@web.de.
authors: Heike
authors: H
authors: Unnewehr
authors: Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. pward@med.umich.edu.
authors: Peter A
authors: PA
authors: Ward
authors: Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Development, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany. peter.radermacher@uni-ulm.de.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Radermacher
authors: Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany. anita.ignatius@uni-ulm.de.
authors: Anita
authors: A
authors: Ignatius
authors: Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany. florian.gebhard@uniklinik-ulm.de.
authors: Florian
authors: F
authors: Gebhard
authors: Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Universtiy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. arul@umich.edu.
authors: Arul
authors: A
authors: Chinnaiyan
authors: Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany. Markus.Huber-Lang@uniklinik-ulm.de.
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Huber-Lang
mesh_terms: D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D007473:Ion Channels; D016328:NF-kappa B; D003165:Complement System Proteins; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1