title: Preliminary results of a prospective study of inter- and intra-user variability of the Royal Veterinary College corneal clarity score (RVC-CCS) for use in veterinary practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To introduce a new corneal clarity score for use in small animals and describe its inter- and intra-user variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve dogs and two cats with corneal abnormalities and five dogs with healthy corneas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four examiners scored every patient twice and never consecutively, focusing on the central cornea. The peripheral cornea was scored separately. The following scoring system was used to describe corneal clarity: G0: no fundus reflection is visible on retroillumination (RI) using a head-mounted indirect ophthalmoscope. G1: a fundus reflection is visible with RI. G2: a 0.1-mm diameter light beam is visible on the anterior surface of the iris and/or lens. G3: gross fundic features are visible when viewed with indirect ophthalmoscopy (IO) using a head-mounted indirect ophthalmoscope and a hand-held 30D lens, although fine details are not clear. G4: fine details of the fundic features are clearly visible with IO. The minimum grades given were analyzed for inter- and intra-user variability with kappa analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intra- and interuser variability of the central corneal clarity ranged from 0.78 to 0.96, showing substantial to almost perfect reproducibility, and from 0.66 to 0.91, showing substantial to almost perfect reliability, respectively. Intra- and interuser variability of the peripheral cornea ranged from 0.83 to 0.95, showing almost perfect agreement, and from 0.53 to 0.91, showing moderate to almost perfect agreement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RVC-CCS is well suited to assess and monitor central corneal clarity in small animals and to compare outcomes between studies and different surgeons.
authors: The Royal Veterinary College, Ophthalmology Service, Department of Clinical Science and Services, University of London, Hawkshead lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK.
authors: Rick F
authors: RF
authors: Sanchez
authors: The Royal Veterinary College, Ophthalmology Service, Department of Clinical Science and Services, University of London, Hawkshead lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK.
authors: Charlotte
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9974-1244
authors: C
authors: Dawson
authors: The Royal Veterinary College, Ophthalmology Service, Department of Clinical Science and Services, University of London, Hawkshead lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK.
authors: Màrian
authors: M
authors: Matas Riera
authors: The Royal Veterinary College, Ophthalmology Service, Department of Clinical Science and Services, University of London, Hawkshead lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK.
authors: Natàlia
authors: N
authors: Escanilla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D002415:Cats; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology*; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological / Q000662:veterinary; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D015588:Observer Variation; D006113:United Kingdom; D014730:Veterinary Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards
keywords: clarity score; cornea; corneal clarity; corneal clarity score; corneal opacity; vision