title: A Meta-Analysis of Preterm Infant Massage: An Ancient Practice With Contemporary Applications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of massage on the short- and long-term outcomes of preterm infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search was conducted using the PRISMA framework. Validity of included studies was assessed using criteria defined by the Cochrane Collaboration that was carried out independently by two reviewers with a third reviewer to resolve differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-four studies met the inclusion criteria, 3 were quasi-experimental, 1 was a pilot study, and the remaining 30 were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The outcomes that could be used in the meta-analysis and found in more than three studies noted that massage improved daily weight gain by 0.53 g (95% CI = 0.28-0.78), p < 0.0001, and resulted in a significant improvement in mental scores by 7.89 points (95% CI = 0.96-14.82), p < 0.03. There were no significant effects on length of hospital stay, caloric intake, or weight at discharge. Other outcomes were not analyzed either because the units of measurement varied or because means and standard deviations were not provided by the authors. These included vagal activity and heart rate variability (5 studies), neurobehavioral states (7 studies), pain responses (2 studies), maternal outcomes (2 studies), breastfeeding (2 studies), and physiologic parameters: bone formation (2 studies), immunologic markers (1 study), brain maturity (1 study), and temperature (1 study). The quality of the studies was variable with methods of randomization and blinding of assessment unclear in 18 of the 34 studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Massage therapy could be a comforting measure for infants in the NICU to improve weight gain and enhance mental development. However, the high heterogeneity, the weak quality in some studies, and the lack of a scientific association between massage and developmental outcomes preclude making definite recommendations and highlight the need for further RCTs to contribute to the existing body of knowledge.
authors: Lina Kurdahi Badr is a Professor, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA. The author can be reached via e-mail at linaKbadr@hotmail.com Bahia Abdallah is a Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, Ashrafieh, Beirut, Lebanon. The author can be reached at bahia.abdallah@balamand.edu.lb Lara Kahale, is a Research assistant, the Clinical Research Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors: Lina Kurdahi
authors: LK
authors: Badr
authors: Bahia
authors: B
authors: Abdallah
authors: Lara
authors: L
authors: Kahale
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development / Q000523:psychology; D008405:Massage