title: Multivariable Analysis of the Association Between Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Apparently Healthy Pigs in Japan.
abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the association between antimicrobial agent use and antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from healthy pigs using data from 2004 to 2007 in the Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (JVARM). Fecal E. coli isolates from 250 pigs (one isolate each from a pig per farm) were examined for antimicrobial resistance. Information on the use of antimicrobials within preceding 6 months and types of farms recorded in JVARM was collected and statistically analyzed against the resistance patterns. In the univariate analysis, associations between both therapeutic and feed additive use of antimicrobials, and resistance to dihydrostreptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, ampicillin, cefazolin, ceftiofur, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, enrofloxacin, colistin, and bicozamycin, and husbandry factors were investigated. In multivariable analysis, generalized estimating equations were used to control geographical intraclass correlation. Confounding for structurally unrelated associations was tested using generalized linear models. The results suggested direct and cross selections in the associations between use of aminoglycosides in reproduction farms and resistance to kanamycin, use of tetracyclines in larger farms and resistance to oxytetracycline, use of beta-lactams and resistance to ampicillin, use of phenicols and resistance to chloramphenicol, and use of fluoroquinolones and resistance to nalidixic acid and enrofloxacin. Coselection was suggested in the use of tetracyclines and chloramphenicol resistance. The associations between use of beta-lactams and dihydrostreptomycin resistance, use of macrolides and ampicillin and oxytetracycline resistance, and use of colistin and kanamycin resistance were significant, but were confounded by the simultaneous use of homologous antimicrobials.
authors: 1 Veterinary Epidemiology, Division of Health and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University , Ebetsu, Japan .
authors: Kohei
authors: K
authors: Makita
authors: 1 Veterinary Epidemiology, Division of Health and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University , Ebetsu, Japan .
authors: Masaki
authors: M
authors: Goto
authors: 2 National Veterinary Assay Laboratory , Kokubunji-shi, Japan .
authors: Manao
authors: M
authors: Ozawa
authors: 2 National Veterinary Assay Laboratory , Kokubunji-shi, Japan .
authors: Michiko
authors: M
authors: Kawanishi
authors: 2 National Veterinary Assay Laboratory , Kokubunji-shi, Japan .
authors: Ryoji
authors: R
authors: Koike
authors: 2 National Veterinary Assay Laboratory , Kokubunji-shi, Japan .|3 Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The United Graduated School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University , Yanagido, Japan .
authors: Tetsuo
authors: T
authors: Asai
authors: 4 Food Hygiene, Division of Health and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University , Ebetsu, Japan .
authors: Yutaka
authors: Y
authors: Tamura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D007564:Japan; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents