title: Long-term genomic selection for heterosis without dominance in multiplicative traits: case study of bunch production in oil palm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To study the potential of genomic selection for heterosis resulting from multiplicative interactions between additive and antagonistic components, we focused on oil palm, where bunch production is the product of bunch weight and bunch number. We simulated two realistic breeding populations and compared current reciprocal recurrent selection (RRS) with reciprocal recurrent genomic selection (RRGS) over four generations. All breeding strategies aimed at selecting the best individuals in parental populations to increase bunch production in hybrids. For RRGS, we obtained the parental genomic estimated breeding values using GBLUP with hybrid phenotypes as data records and population specific allele models. We studied the effects of four RRGS parameters on selection response and genetic parameters: (1) the molecular data used to calibrate the GS model: in RRGS_PAR, we used parental genotypes and in RRGS_HYB we also used hybrid genotypes; (2) frequency of progeny tests (model calibration); (3) number of candidates and (4) number of genotyped hybrids in RRGS_HYB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We concluded that RRGS could increase the annual selection response compared to RRS by decreasing the generation interval and by increasing the selection intensity. With 1700 genotyped hybrids, calibration every four generations and 300 candidates per generation and population, selection response of RRGS_HYB was 71.8 % higher than RRS. RRGS_PAR with calibration every two generations and 300 candidates was a relevant alternative, as a good compromise between the annual response, risk around the expected response, increased inbreeding and cost. RRGS required inbreeding management because of a higher annual increase in inbreeding than RRS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RRGS appeared as a valuable method to achieve a long-term increase in the performance for a trait showing heterosis due to the multiplicative interaction between additive and negatively correlated components, such as oil palm bunch production.
authors: Genetic Improvement and Adaptation of Mediterranean and Tropical Plants Research Unit (UMR AGAP), CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France. david.cros@cirad.fr.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Cros
authors: Genetic Improvement and Adaptation of Mediterranean and Tropical Plants Research Unit (UMR AGAP), CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France. marie.denis@cirad.fr.
authors: Marie
authors: M
authors: Denis
authors: Genetic Improvement and Adaptation of Mediterranean and Tropical Plants Research Unit (UMR AGAP), CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France. jean-marc.bouvet@cirad.fr.
authors: Jean-Marc
authors: JM
authors: Bouvet
authors: Forest Tree Improvement, Genetics and Physiology Research Unit (UR AGPF), INRA, 45075, Orleans, France. leopoldo.sanchez@orleans.inra.fr.
authors: Leopoldo
authors: L
authors: Sánchez
mesh_terms: D028023:Arecaceae / Q000235:genetics*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D005838:Genotype; D006823:Hybrid Vigor / Q000235:genetics*; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D007178:Inbreeding; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000378:metabolism*; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci / Q000235:genetics*; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010938:Plant Oils; D000073878:Palm Oil