title: How does tobacco smoke influence the morphometry of the fetus and the umbilical cord?-Research on pregnant women with intrauterine growth restriction exposed to tobacco smoke.
abstract: Proper structure of the umbilical cord is important for the fetal development. We evaluated effects of toxic factors from tobacco smoke on fetal and umbilical cord morphometry. 109 women in weeks 29-40 of pregnancy (31 smokers with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR); 28 non-smoking women with IUGR; 50 healthy pregnancies) were included. In smokers with IUGR, cotinine, cadmium and lead concentrations were significantly higher than in controls (mean 55.23ng/l; 1.52ng/ml; 14.85ng/ml vs 1.07; 0.34; 9.42) and inverse correlation between lead concentration and uncoiled umbilical cord was significant (r=-0.80). In smokers with IUGR, area of Wharton's jelly was increased compared to nonsmokers and controls. Inverse correlations occurred between cotinine and cadmium concentration and fetal percentile in smokers (r=-0.87; r=-0.87) and non-smokers (r=-0.47; r=-0.78) with IUGR. Exposure to tobacco smoke measured by cotinine, cadmium and lead concentration has an impact on fetal growth and umbilical cord morphometry and correlates with intensity of IUGR.
authors: 2nd Department and Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland.
authors: Ewa
authors: E
authors: Milnerowicz-Nabzdyk
authors: Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland. Electronic address: ewa.milnerowicz@wp.pl.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Bizoń
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D003367:Cotinine
keywords: Cotinine; Fetal growth; Glutathione; Intrauterine growth restriction; Metallothionein; Morphometric parameters; Tobacco smoking; Umbilical cord