title: Detection of immunogenic proteins from Anopheles sundaicus salivary glands in the human serum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The saliva of mosquitoes has an important role in the transmission of several diseases, including malaria, and contains substances with vasomodulating and immunomodulating effects to counteract the host physiological mechanisms and enhance pathogen transmission. As immunomodulatory components, salivary gland proteins can induce the generation of specific IgG antibodies in the host, which can be used as specific biomarkers of exposure to Anopheles sundaicus . The objective of this study was to identify immunogenic proteins from the salivary glands of Anopheles sundaicus by reaction with sera from individuals living in malaria-endemic areas who are thus exposed to Anopheles mosquitoes.
  
  
  METHODS
  IgG antibodies targeting salivary gland proteins in serum samples from individuals living in malaria-endemic areas were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sera from healthy individuals living in non-endemic areas were used as negative controls. Determination of the presence of salivary gland immunogenic proteins was carried out by western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen bands appeared in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with molecule weights ranging from 22 to 144kDa. Among the exposed individuals, IgG responses to salivary gland proteins were variable. Protein bands with molecular weights of 46, 41, 33, and 31kDa were the most immunogenic. These immunogenic proteins were consistently recognized by pooled serum and individual samples from people living in malaria-endemic areas but not by negative controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the potential use of immunogenic proteins from the salivary glands of Anopheles as candidate markers of bite exposure or in malaria vaccines.
authors: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Jember University, Jember, ID.
authors: Yunita
authors: Y
authors: Armiyanti
authors: Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jember, ID.
authors: Mohammad Mirza
authors: MM
authors: Nuryady
authors: Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jember, ID.
authors: Renam Putra
authors: RP
authors: Arifianto
authors: Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jember, ID.
authors: Elisa
authors: E
authors: Nurmariana
authors: Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jember, ID.
authors: Kartika
authors: K
authors: Senjarini
authors: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, ID.
authors: Loeki Enggar
authors: LE
authors: Fitri
authors: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, ID.
authors: Teguh Wahju
authors: TW
authors: Sardjono
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000276:immunology*; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D019476:Insect Proteins; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides