title: Hunt for Palytoxins in a Wide Variety of Marine Organisms Harvested in 2010 on the French Mediterranean Coast.
abstract: During the summer of 2010, 31 species including fish, echinoderms, gastropods, crustaceans, cephalopods and sponges were sampled in the Bay of Villefranche on the French Mediterranean coast and screened for the presence of PLTX-group toxins using the haemolytic assay. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for confirmatory purposes and to determine the toxin profile. The mean toxin concentration in the whole flesh of all sampled marine organisms, determined using the lower- (LB) and upper-bound (UB) approach was 4.3 and 5.1 µg·kg(-1), respectively, with less than 1% of the results exceeding the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) threshold of 30 µg·kg(-1)and the highest values being reported for sea urchins (107.6 and 108.0 µg·kg(-1)). Toxins accumulated almost exclusively in the digestive tube of the tested species, with the exception of octopus, in which there were detectable toxin amounts in the remaining tissues (RT). The mean toxin concentration in the RT of the sampled organisms (fishes, echinoderms and cephalopods) was 0.7 and 1.7 µg·kg(-1) (LB and UB, respectively), with a maximum value of 19.9 µg·kg(-1) for octopus RT. The herbivorous and omnivorous organisms were the most contaminated species, indicating that diet influences the contamination process, and the LC-MS/MS revealed that ovatoxin-a was the only toxin detected.
authors: University of Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, Department of Chemical Contaminants in Food, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France. ronel.bire@anses.fr.
authors: Ronel
authors: R
authors: Biré
authors: University of Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, Department of Chemical Contaminants in Food, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France. sophie.trotereau@anses.fr.
authors: Sophie
authors: S
authors: Trotereau
authors: Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche sur mer, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche CNRS UMR 7093, 181 Chemin du Lazaret 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. lemee@obs-vlfr.fr.
authors: Rodolphe
authors: R
authors: Lemée
authors: Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche sur mer, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche CNRS UMR 7093, 181 Chemin du Lazaret 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. oregioni@geoazur.unice.fr.
authors: Davide
authors: D
authors: Oregioni
authors: University of Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, Department of Chemical Contaminants in Food, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France. christine.delpont@anses.fr.
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Delpont
authors: University of Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, Department of Chemical Contaminants in Food, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France. sophie.krys@anses.fr.
authors: Sophie
authors: S
authors: Krys
authors: University of Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, Department of Chemical Contaminants in Food, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France. thierry.guerin@anses.fr.
authors: Thierry
authors: T
authors: Guérin
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides / Q000633:toxicity*; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects*; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods; D003064:Cnidarian Venoms; D059022:Food Safety / Q000379:methods; D005602:France; D019083:Mediterranean Region; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D003064:Cnidarian Venoms; C010272:palytoxin; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
keywords: LC-MS/MS; Mediterranean sea; Ostreopsis; haemolytic test; marine organisms; palytoxins-group toxins