title: Applications of temporal kernel canonical correlation analysis in adherence studies.
abstract: Adherence to medication is often measured as a continuous outcome but analyzed as a dichotomous outcome due to lack of appropriate tools. In this paper, we illustrate the use of the temporal kernel canonical correlation analysis (tkCCA) as a method to analyze adherence measurements and symptom levels on a continuous scale. The tkCCA is a novel method developed for studying the relationship between neural signals and hemodynamic response detected by functional MRI during spontaneous activity. Although the tkCCA is a powerful tool, it has not been utilized outside the application that it was originally developed for. In this paper, we simulate time series of symptoms and adherence levels for patients with a hypothetical brain disorder and show how the tkCCA can be used to understand the relationship between them. We also examine, via simulations, the behavior of the tkCCA under various missing value mechanisms and imputation methods. Finally, we apply the tkCCA to a real data example of psychotic symptoms and adherence levels obtained from a study based on subjects with a first episode of schizophrenia, schizophreniform or schizoaffective disorder.
authors: 1 Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.|2 Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore LIJ Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.|3 Department of Mathematics, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA.
authors: Majnu
authors: M
authors: John
authors: 1 Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.|2 Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore LIJ Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.|4 Departments of Psychiatry and of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.
authors: Todd
authors: T
authors: Lencz
authors: 5 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors: Janina
authors: J
authors: Ferbinteanu
authors: 1 Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.|2 Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore LIJ Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.|4 Departments of Psychiatry and of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.
authors: Juan A
authors: JA
authors: Gallego
authors: 1 Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.|2 Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore LIJ Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.|4 Departments of Psychiatry and of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.
authors: Delbert G
authors: DG
authors: Robinson
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
keywords: Adherence; canonical correlation analysis; kernel methods; time series