title: FUNGAL SYMBIONTS. Global assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus diversity reveals very low endemism.
abstract: The global biogeography of microorganisms remains largely unknown, in contrast to the well-studied diversity patterns of macroorganisms. We used arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus DNA from 1014 plant-root samples collected worldwide to determine the global distribution of these plant symbionts. We found that AM fungal communities reflected local environmental conditions and the spatial distance between sites. However, despite AM fungi apparently possessing limited dispersal ability, we found 93% of taxa on multiple continents and 34% on all six continents surveyed. This contrasts with the high spatial turnover of other fungal taxa and with the endemism displayed by plants at the global scale. We suggest that the biogeography of AM fungi is driven by unexpectedly efficient dispersal, probably via both abiotic and biotic vectors, including humans.
authors: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Davison
authors: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Moora
authors: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Öpik
authors: Centre for Mycorrhizal Research, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Adholeya
authors: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Ainsaar
authors: Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 113, Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Végétales, Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université des Antilles, BP 592, 97159, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe (French West Indies).
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Bâ
authors: Centre for Mycorrhizal Research, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Burla
authors: Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie de l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles-Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Département de Biologie Végétale, UCAD, BP 5005 Dakar, Sénégal.
authors: A G
authors: AG
authors: Diedhiou
authors: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia. Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelska 135, 379 01 Trebon, Czech Republic.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Hiiesalu
authors: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Jairus
authors: School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5694, USA.
authors: N C
authors: NC
authors: Johnson
authors: Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie de l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles-Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Département de Biologie Végétale, UCAD, BP 5005 Dakar, Sénégal.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Kane
authors: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia. Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Koorem
authors: TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, Biotechnology and Management of Bioresources Division, TERI, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kochar
authors: Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie de l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles-Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Département de Biologie Végétale, UCAD, BP 5005 Dakar, Sénégal.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Ndiaye
authors: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Pärtel
authors: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia.
authors: Ü
authors: Ü
authors: Reier
authors: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia.
authors: Ü
authors: Ü
authors: Saks
authors: TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, Biotechnology and Management of Bioresources Division, TERI, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Singh
authors: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Vasar
authors: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Zobel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis; D017753:Ecosystem; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology*; D013559:Symbiosis; D014867:Water; D014919:Wind
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D014867:Water