title: Postoperative pain control in cats: clinical trials with pre-emptive lidocaine epidural co-administered with morphine or methadone.
abstract: Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of epidural lidocaine in combination with either methadone or morphine for postoperative analgesia in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Methods Under general anesthesia, 24 cats that underwent ovariohysterectomy were randomly allocated into three treatment groups of eight each. Treatment 1 included 2% lidocaine (4.0 mg/kg); treatment 2 included lidocaine and methadone (4.0 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg, respectively); and treatment 3 included lidocaine and morphine (4.0 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively). All drugs were injected in a total volume of 0.25 ml/kg via the lumbosacral route in all cats. During the anesthetic and surgical periods, the physiologic variables (respiratory and heart rate, arterial blood pressure and rectal temperature) were measured at intervals of time zero, 10 mins, 20 mins, 30 mins, 60 mins and 120 mins. After cats had recovered from anesthesia, a multidimensional composite pain scale was used to assess postoperative analgesia 2, 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 h after epidural. Results The time to first rescue analgesic was significantly ( P <0.05) prolonged in cats that received both lidocaine and methadone or lidocaine and morphine treatments compared with those that received lidocaine treatment alone. All cats that received lidocaine treatment alone required rescue analgesic within 2 h of epidural injections. All treatments produced significant cardiovascular and respiratory changes but they were within an acceptable range for healthy animals during the surgical period. Conclusions and relevance The two combinations administered via epidural allowed ovariohysterectomy with sufficient analgesia in cats, and both induced prolonged postoperative analgesia.
authors: 1 Department of Veterinary Medicine - Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, MS, Brazil.
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: DeRossi
authors: 2 Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Surgery, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
authors: Larissa Correa
authors: LC
authors: Hermeto
authors: 3 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors: Paulo Henrique Affonseca
authors: PHA
authors: Jardim
authors: 3 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors: Natalia
authors: N
authors: de Andrade Bicudo
authors: 3 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors: Klebs Tavares
authors: KT
authors: de Assis
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000662:veterinary; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule / Q000662:veterinary; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000662:veterinary; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000662:veterinary; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000662:veterinary; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000662:veterinary; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; D008012:Lidocaine; D008691:Methadone