title: Cross Talk between Lipid Metabolism and Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between metabolic and inflammatory markers in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR).
  
  
  METHODS
  208 adult patients with type 2 diabetes participated in this study and were categorized into (1) mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) without clinically significant macular edema (CSME), (2) NPDR with CSME, (3) proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) without CSME, and (4) PDR with CSME. Variable serum metabolic markers were assessed using immunoassays. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetes duration and hypertension are the most significant risk factors for DR. Serum Apo-B and Apo-B/Apo-A ratio were the most significant metabolic risk factors for PDR and CSME. For every 0.1 g/L increase in Apo-B concentration, the risk of PDR and CSME increased by about 1.20 times. We also found that 10 pg/mL increase in serum TNF-α was associated with approximately 2-fold risk of PDR/CSME while an increase by 100 pg/mL in serum VEGF concentration correlated with CSME.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, it seems that there is a link between metabolic and inflammatory markers. Apo-B/Apo-A ratio should be evaluated as a reliable risk factor for PDR and CSME, while the role of increased systemic TNF-α and VEGF should be explored in CSME.
authors: NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London EC1V 2PD, UK ; King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK.
authors: Roxanne
authors: R
authors: Crosby-Nwaobi
authors: King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK.
authors: Irini
authors: I
authors: Chatziralli
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece.
authors: Theodoros
authors: T
authors: Sergentanis
authors: King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK.
authors: Tracy
authors: T
authors: Dew
authors: King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK.
authors: Angus
authors: A
authors: Forbes
authors: NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London EC1V 2PD, UK ; King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK.
authors: Sobha
authors: S
authors: Sivaprasad
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001054:Apolipoproteins A / Q000097:blood; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D016015:Logistic Models; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001054:Apolipoproteins A; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D015415:Biomarkers; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A