title: Internal Spermatic Vein Insufficiency in Varicoceles: A Different Entity in Adults and Adolescents?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether phlebographic features can be used to discriminate adult from adolescent varicocele.
  
  
  METHODS
  Left and right internal spermatic venograms of 191 adolescents (< 17 years) and 224 adults (≥ 25 years) were anonymized and evaluated. Phlebographic radioanatomic features (valves, duplications, collaterals, and classifications) were compared and analyzed with univariate tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insufficiency of the left internal spermatic vein (ISV) was confirmed in 409 of the 415 (99%) patients. Adults had no spontaneous opacification of the ISV during venography twice as frequently as adolescents (p = 0.001), a complex outflow into the renal vein 2.2 times as often (p = 0.021), and significantly more collaterals (p = 0.030). Adolescents had a significantly lower number of competent valves and significantly more instances of nutcracker phenomenon (p = 0.001). According to the Bähren classification, the distribution of the types of ISVs was significantly different between adults and adolescents (p = 0.009). Insufficiency of the right ISV was encountered 2.4 times as frequently in adults as in adolescents (p < 0.001). In adults the maximum diameter of the ISV was significantly larger (p = 0.023). Bilateral ISV insufficiency was 2.2 times as frequent in adults (p < 0.001) as in adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Left-sided varicoceles in adults are distinct from those in adolescents. In adults, reflux is likely to be induced via collateral pathways, whereas in adolescents congenital venous abnormalities are predominantly present. The higher prevalence and the greater diameter of a right insufficient ISV in adults, combined with the absence of venous anatomic differences, supports the hypothesis that right-sided varicocele is an evolutive disease.
authors: 1 Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Vanlangenhove
authors: 1 Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Elisabeth
authors: E
authors: Dhondt
authors: 2 Department of Statistics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Georges
authors: G
authors: Van Maele
authors: 1 Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Sofie
authors: S
authors: Van Waesberghe
authors: 1 Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Ellen
authors: E
authors: Delanghe
authors: 1 Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Luc
authors: L
authors: Defreyne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010690:Phlebography; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000002:abnormalities; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply; D014646:Varicocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014680:Veins / Q000002:abnormalities; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: adolescents; adults; pathophysiology; phlebography; varicocele