title: Learning to (dis)like: The effect of evaluative conditioning with tastes and faces on odor valence assessed by implicit and explicit measurements.
abstract: Evaluative conditioning may be an important mechanism for learning food preferences and aversions; however, in both real life and experimental settings it has not been consistently successful. The current study aimed to gain more insight into which underlying factors may contribute to a successful outcome of olfactory evaluative conditioning. Two groups of 18 participants came in on three consecutive days, and were repeatedly exposed to four novel, neutral odors (CS) coupled to varying disliked, neutral, liked, or no stimuli (taste and/or pictures, US), following a 50% reinforcement schedule, leading to 40 odor presentations per session. Liking ratings, as well as changes in the autonomic nervous system were assessed before, during and after conditioning. We were able to induce negative, but not positive, affective changes by pairing neutral odors with tastes and pictures differing in valence. Negative as well as multimodal stimuli appear to be more potent US, since they may be considered more salient. Lastly, results of the current study imply that heart rate is responsive to changes in valence of olfactory stimuli, and perhaps even more sensitive than explicit ratings of liking.
authors: TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: van den Bosch
authors: TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: van Delft
authors: TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Consumer Science & Intelligent Systems, Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: de Wijk
authors: TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: de Graaf
authors: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: sanne.boesveldt@wur.nl.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Boesveldt
mesh_terms: D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000066499:Facial Recognition / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055696:Olfactory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D055697:Taste Perception / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ANS measures; Evaluative conditioning; Liking; Odor; Valence