title: Pellino-3 promotes endotoxin tolerance and acts as a negative regulator of TLR2 and TLR4 signaling.
abstract: Development of endotoxin tolerance in macrophages during sepsis reprograms Toll-like receptor 4 signaling to inhibit proinflammatory cytokines without suppressing anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators and protects the host from excessive inflammation and tissue damage. However, endotoxin tolerance renders septic patients immunocompromised and unable to control secondary infections. Although previous studies have revealed the importance of several negative regulators of Toll-like receptor signaling in endotoxin tolerance, the role of Pellino proteins has not been addressed. The present report shows that the induction of endotoxin tolerance in vivo in mice and in vitro in human monocytes and THP-1 and MonoMac-6 macrophages increases the expression of Pellino-3. Overexpression of Pellino-3 in human embryonic kidney 293/Toll-like receptor 2 or 293/Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor-2 cells inhibited Toll-like receptor 2/4-mediated activation of nuclear factor-κB and induction of CXCL-8 mRNA, and Pellino-3 ablation increased these responses. Pellino-3-deficient THP-1 cells had elevated Toll-like receptor 2/4-driven tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 mRNA, and Toll-like receptor 4-driven CCL5 gene expression in response to Toll-like receptor agonists and heat-killed Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, cytokines controlled by the MyD88 and Toll-interleukin-1R domain-containing protein inducing interferon-β-mediated pathways, respectively. In addition, deficiency in Pellino-3 slightly increased phagocytosis of heat-killed bacteria. Transfected Pellino-3 inhibited nuclear factor-κB activation driven by overexpression of MyD88, TIR domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-β, interleukin-1R-associated kinase-1, and tumor necrosis factor receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB-binding kinase-1, TGF-β-activated kinase 1, and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-6, and inhibited interleukin-1R-associated kinase 1 modifications and tumor necrosis factor receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB-binding kinase 1 phosphorylation. Finally, Pellino-3 ablation in THP-1 decreased the extent of endotoxin tolerization. Thus, Pellino-3 is involved in endotoxin tolerance and functions as a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor 2/4 signaling.
authors: *Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors: Michael B
authors: MB
authors: Murphy
authors: *Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors: Yanbao
authors: Y
authors: Xiong
authors: *Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors: Goutham
authors: G
authors: Pattabiraman
authors: *Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors: Tissa T
authors: TT
authors: Manavalan
authors: *Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors: Fu
authors: F
authors: Qiu
authors: *Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA medvedev@uchc.edu.
authors: Andrei E
authors: AE
authors: Medvedev
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C507779:MYD88 protein, human; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D016328:NF-kappa B; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; C503915:PELI3 protein, human; C584081:PELI3 protein, mouse; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
keywords: Toll-like receptors; inflammation; innate immunity; lipopolysaccharide; signal transduction