title: Who Must We Target Now to Minimize Future Cardiovascular Events and Total Mortality?: Lessons From the Surveillance, Prevention and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (SUPREME-DM) Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Examining trends in cardiovascular events and mortality in US health systems can guide the design of targeted clinical and public health strategies to reduce cardiovascular events and mortality rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted an observational cohort study from 2005 to 2011 among 1.25 million diabetic subjects and 1.25 million nondiabetic subjects from 11 health systems that participate in the Surveillance, Prevention and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (SUPREME-DM) DataLink. Annual rates (per 1000 person-years) of myocardial infarction/acute coronary syndrome (International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision, 410.0–410.91, 411.1–411.8), stroke (International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision, 430–432.9, 433–434.9), heart failure (International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision, 428–428.9), and all-cause mortality were monitored by diabetes mellitus (DM) status, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and a prior cardiovascular history. We observed significant declines in cardiovascular events and mortality rates in subjects with and without DM. However, there was substantial variation by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and prior cardiovascular history. Mortality declined from 44.7 to 27.1 (P<0.0001) for those with DM and cardiovascular disease (CVD), from 11.2 to 10.9 (P=0.03) for those with DM only, and from 18.9 to 13.0 (P<0.0001) for those with CVD only. Yet, in the [almost equal to]85% of subjects with neither DM nor CVD, overall mortality (7.0 to 6.8; P=0.10) and stroke rates (1.6–1.6; P=0.77) did not decline and heart failure rates increased (0.9–1.15; P=0.0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To sustain improvements in myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and mortality, health systems that have successfully focused on care improvement in high-risk adults with DM or CVD must broaden their improvement strategies to target lower risk adults who have not yet developed DM or CVD.
authors: Jay R
authors: JR
authors: Desai
authors: Gabriela
authors: G
authors: Vazquez-Benitez
authors: Zhiyuan
authors: Z
authors: Xu
authors: Emily B
authors: EB
authors: Schroeder
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Karter
authors: John F
authors: JF
authors: Steiner
authors: Gregory A
authors: GA
authors: Nichols
authors: Kristi
authors: K
authors: Reynolds
authors: Stanley
authors: S
authors: Xu
authors: Katherine
authors: K
authors: Newton
authors: Ram D
authors: RD
authors: Pathak
authors: Beth
authors: B
authors: Waitzfelder
authors: Jennifer Elston
authors: JE
authors: Lafata
authors: Melissa G
authors: MG
authors: Butler
authors: H Lester
authors: HL
authors: Kirchner
authors: Abraham
authors: A
authors: Thomas
authors: Patrick J
authors: PJ
authors: O'Connor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult