title: Muslim communities learning about second-hand smoke: a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the United Kingdom, men of Bangladeshi and Pakistani origin have higher smoking rates than the general population. This makes non-smokers in their households more vulnerable to second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure than the general population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of implementing and pilot testing the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a 'Smoke-free Homes' (SFH) intervention in Islamic religious settings to encourage families of Bangladeshi and Pakistani origin to apply smoking restrictions in their homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We allocated Islamic religious settings (clusters) to either receive SFH-an educational intervention-or to a control arm. Within each cluster, we recruited households with at least one smoker and one non-smoker. SHS exposure among non-smokers was measured using salivary cotinine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven (50%) clusters were randomised to each trial arm. A total of 468 households were assessed for eligibility and 62% (n=289) were eligible, of which 74% (n=213) agreed to participate in the trial. Six of the seven intervention clusters delivered the intervention, and all clusters were retained throughout the trial. In all, 81% (n=172) of households provided data at follow-up. No evidence of a difference in log cotinine level was observed (adjusted mean difference -0.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.28-1.23, P=0.97) between the two trial arms. The direct mean cost of delivering the intervention was £18.18 per household (range £3.55-42.20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was possible to recruit, randomise and retain Islamic religious settings and participant households. However, some of the original assumptions, in particular our ability to collect primary outcome data, need to be revisited before a definitive trial.
authors: Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.
authors: Sarwat
authors: S
authors: Shah
authors: York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.
authors: Hannah
authors: H
authors: Ainsworth
authors: York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: Fairhurst
authors: York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: Tilbrook
authors: Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Edinburgh, UK.
authors: Aziz
authors: A
authors: Sheikh
authors: Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Edinburgh, UK.
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: Amos
authors: Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.
authors: Steve
authors: S
authors: Parrott
authors: York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Torgerson
authors: The Office of The Director of Public Health, Leeds City Council, Leeds, UK.
authors: Heather
authors: H
authors: Thompson
authors: Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors: Rebecca
authors: R
authors: King
authors: Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors: Ghazala
authors: G
authors: Mir
authors: Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.
authors: Kamran
authors: K
authors: Siddiqi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000208:ethnology; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000208:ethnology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012907:Smoking; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine