title: Improving the effectiveness of service delivery in the public healthcare sector: the case of ophthalmology services in Malaysia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rising demand of ophthalmology care is increasingly straining Malaysia's public healthcare sector due to its limited human and financial resources. Improving the effectiveness of ophthalmology service delivery can promote national policy goals of population health improvement and system sustainability. This study examined the performance variation of public ophthalmology service in Malaysia, estimated the potential output gain and investigated several factors that might explain the differential performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for 2011 and 2012 on 36 ophthalmology centres operating in the Ministry of Health hospitals were used in this analysis. We first consulted a panel of ophthalmology service managers to understand the production of ophthalmology services and to verify the production model. We then assessed the relative performance of these centres using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Efficiency scores (ES) were decomposed into technical, scale, and congestion component. Potential increase in service output was estimated. Sensitivity analysis of model changes was performed and stability of the result was assessed using bootstrap approach. Second stage Tobit regression was conducted to determine if hospital type, availability of day services and population characteristics were related to the DEA scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2011, 33% of the ophthalmology centres were found to have ES > 1 (mean ES = 1.10). Potential output gains were 10% (SE ± 2.92), 7.4% (SE ± 2.06), 6.9% (SE ± 1.97) if the centres could overcome their technical, scale and congestion inefficiencies. More centres moved to the performance frontier in 2012 (mean ES = 1.07), with lower potential output gain. The model used has good stability. Robustness checks show that the DEA correctly identified low performing centres. Being in state hospital was significantly associated with better performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using DEA to benchmarking service performance of ophthalmology care could provide insights for policy makers and service managers to intuitively visualise the overall performance of resource use in an otherwise difficult to assess scenario. The considerable potential output gain estimated indicates that effort should be invested to understand what drove the performance variation and optimise them. Similar performance assessment should be undertaken for other healthcare services in the country in order to work towards a sustainable health system.
authors: All authors work in the National Clinical Research Centre, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. foocheeyoong@gmail.com.
authors: Chee Yoong
authors: CY
authors: Foo
authors: All authors work in the National Clinical Research Centre, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. limkk@crc.gov.my.
authors: Ka Keat
authors: KK
authors: Lim
authors: All authors work in the National Clinical Research Centre, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. sheamini@crc.gov.my.
authors: Sheamini
authors: S
authors: Sivasampu
authors: All authors work in the National Clinical Research Centre, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. kamilah@crc.gov.my.
authors: Kamilah Binti
authors: KB
authors: Dahian
authors: All authors work in the National Clinical Research Centre, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. gohpp@crc.gov.my.
authors: Pik Pin
authors: PP
authors: Goh
mesh_terms: D019985:Benchmarking; D019981:Health Care Sector; D006295:Health Resources; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000592:standards*; D017150:Public Sector; D058996:Quality Improvement