title: Herbicide Persistence in Seawater Simulation Experiments.
abstract: Herbicides are detected year-round in marine waters, including those of the World Heritage listed Great Barrier Reef (GBR). The few previous studies that have investigated herbicide persistence in seawater generally reported half-lives in the order of months, and several studies were too short to detect significant degradation. Here we investigated the persistence of eight herbicides commonly detected in the GBR or its catchments in standard OECD simulation flask experiments, but with the aim to mimic natural conditions similar to those found on the GBR (i.e., relatively low herbicide concentrations, typical temperatures, light and microbial communities). Very little degradation was recorded over the standard 60 d period (Experiment 1) so a second experiment was extended to 365 d. Half-lives of PSII herbicides ametryn, atrazine, diuron, hexazinone and tebuthiuron were consistently greater than a year, indicating high persistence. The detection of atrazine and diuron metabolites and longer persistence in mercuric chloride-treated seawater confirmed that biodegradation contributed to the breakdown of herbicides. The shortest half-life recorded was 88 d for growth-regulating herbicide 2,4-D at 31°C in the dark, while the fatty acid-inhibitor metolachlor exhibited a minimum half-life of 281 d. The presence of moderate light and elevated temperatures affected the persistence of most of the herbicides; however, the scale and direction of the differences were not predictable and were likely due to changes in microbial community composition. The persistence estimates here represent some of the first appropriate data for application in risk assessments for herbicide exposure in tropical marine systems. The long persistence of herbicides identified in the present study helps explain detection of herbicides in nearshore waters of the GBR year round. Little degradation of these herbicides would be expected during the wet season with runoff and associated flood plumes transporting a high proportion of the original herbicide from rivers into the GBR lagoon.
authors: Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
authors: Philip
authors: P
authors: Mercurio
authors: The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
authors: Jochen F
authors: JF
authors: Mueller
authors: The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
authors: Geoff
authors: G
authors: Eaglesham
authors: Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
authors: Florita
authors: F
authors: Flores
authors: Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
authors: Andrew P
authors: AP
authors: Negri
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006207:Half-Life; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical