title: The Trail Making Test.
abstract: The Trail Making Test (TMT) is used as an indicator of visual scanning, graphomotor speed, and executive function. The aim of this study was to examine the TMT relationships with several neuropsychological measures and to provide normative data in community-dwelling participants of 55 years and older. A population-based Spanish-speaking sample of 2,564 participants was used. The TMT, Symbol Digit Test, Stroop Color-Word Test, Digit Span Test, Verbal Fluency tests, and the MacQuarrie Test for Mechanical Ability tapping subtest were administered. Exploratory factor analyses and regression lineal models were used. Normative data for the TMT scores were obtained. A total of 1,923 participants (76.3%) participated, 52.4% were women, and the mean age was 66.5 years (Digit Span = 8.0). The Symbol Digit Test, MacQuarrie Test for Mechanical Ability tapping subtest, Stroop Color-Word Test, and Digit Span Test scores were associated in the performance of most TMT scores, but the contribution of each measure was different depending on the TMT score. Normative tables according to significant factors such as age, education level, and sex were created. Measures of visual scanning, graphomotor speed, and visuomotor processing speed were more related to the performance of the TMT-A score, while working memory and inhibition control were mainly associated with the TMT-B and derived TMT scores.
authors: 1 Memory clinic, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Salt, Spain.|2 Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
authors: Jordi
authors: J
authors: Llinàs-Reglà
authors: 1 Memory clinic, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Salt, Spain.|2 Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.|3 Girona Biomedical Research Institute [IDIBGI], Salt, Spain.
authors: Joan
authors: J
authors: Vilalta-Franch
authors: 1 Memory clinic, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Salt, Spain.|2 Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.|3 Girona Biomedical Research Institute [IDIBGI], Salt, Spain.
authors: Secundino
authors: S
authors: López-Pousa
authors: 3 Girona Biomedical Research Institute [IDIBGI], Salt, Spain.
authors: Laia
authors: L
authors: Calvó-Perxas
authors: 4 Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Torrents Rodas
authors: 2 Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.|3 Girona Biomedical Research Institute [IDIBGI], Salt, Spain.
authors: Josep
authors: J
authors: Garre-Olmo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain; D014145:Trail Making Test / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Trail Making Test; cognition; executive function; neuropsychological tests; psychometrics; reference standards