title: Risk of recurrent nontyphoid Salmonella bacteremia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with short-term secondary prophylaxis in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nontyphoid Salmonella (NTS) bacteremia causes high mortality and recurrence rates in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. This study aimed to investigate the risk of recurrent NTS bacteremia in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of consecutive HIV-infected patients with NTS bacteremia from January 2006 to June 2014 were reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups: patients who achieved a decline of plasma HIV RNA load by ≥ 2 log10after 4 weeks of cART (good short-term virological response) and those who failed to achieve the goal (poor short-term virological response). Clinical information was collected on the demographics, immunological and virological responses, prophylactic antibiotics used, episodes of recurrent NTS bacteremia, and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 49 patients with 52 episodes of NTS bacteremia were included: 29 patients in the good virological response group, in which 16 received secondary prophylaxis; and 20 patients in the poor response group, in which 15 received secondary prophylaxis. There were no recurrent episodes of NTS bacteremia in the good-response group, whereas the incidence rate of recurrent NTS bacteremia was 5.21 per 100 person-years and 56.42 per 100 person-years of follow-up in patients receiving and not receiving prophylaxis, respectively, in the poor-response group. No patients died in the good-response group, whereas five patients (25%) in the poor-response group died. The resistance rate of 52 NTS isolates tested to ciprofloxacin was 7.7%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of recurrent NTS bacteremia is low in HIV-infected patients who achieve short-term virological response to cART, regardless of secondary prophylaxis.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan.
authors: Yu-Ju
authors: YJ
authors: Chou
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors: Hui-Wen
authors: HW
authors: Lin
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors: Chia-Jui
authors: CJ
authors: Yang
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Mao-Yuan
authors: MY
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Wang-Huei
authors: WH
authors: Sheng
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Wen-Chun
authors: WC
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Science and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Sui-Yuan
authors: SY
authors: Chang
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. Electronic address: hcc0401@ntu.edu.tw.
authors: Chien-Ching
authors: CC
authors: Hung
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Po-Ren
authors: PR
authors: Hsueh
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Shan-Chwen
authors: SC
authors: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: AIDS-defining illness; fluoroquinolones; prevention; septicemia; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole