title: Oxidoreductases provide a more generic response to metallic stressors (Cu and Cd) than hydrolases in soil fungi: new ecotoxicological insights.
abstract: The present study investigates the effect of metals on the secretion of enzymes from 12 fungal strains maintained in liquid cultures. Hydrolases (acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase) and ligninolytic oxidoreductases (laccase, Mn, and lignin peroxidases) activities, as well as biomass production, were measured in culture fluids from fungi exposed to Cu or Cd. Our results showed that all fungi secreted most of the selected hydrolases and that about 50% of them produced a partial oxidative system in the absence of metals. Then, exposure of fungi to metals led to the decrease in biomass production. At the enzymatic level, Cu and Cd modified the secretion profiles of soil fungi. The response of hydrolases to metals was contrasted and complex and depended on metal, enzyme, and fungal strain considered. By contrast, the metals always stimulated the activity of ligninolytic oxidoreductases in fungal strains. In some of them, oxidoreductases were specifically produced following metal exposure. Fungal oxidoreductases provide a more generic response than hydrolases, constituting thus a physiological basis for their use as biomarkers of metal exposure in soils.
authors: Irstea, UR HBAN-Ecotoxicology, 1 rue Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, CS 10030, 92761, Antony Cedex, France. jeremie.lebrun@irstea.fr.|Esitpa-Ecole d'Ingénieurs en Agriculture, Agri'Terr Unit, CS 40118, 76134, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. jeremie.lebrun@irstea.fr.|INRA, UMR 1402 ECOSYS, Pole Ecotoxicologie, RD 10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France. jeremie.lebrun@irstea.fr.
authors: Jérémie D
authors: JD
authors: Lebrun
authors: INRA, UMR 1402 ECOSYS, Pole Ecotoxicologie, RD 10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France.|Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013, Paris, France.
authors: Nathalie
authors: N
authors: Demont-Caulet
authors: INRA, UMR 1402 ECOSYS, Pole Ecotoxicologie, RD 10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France.
authors: Nathalie
authors: N
authors: Cheviron
authors: Esitpa-Ecole d'Ingénieurs en Agriculture, Agri'Terr Unit, CS 40118, 76134, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
authors: Karine
authors: K
authors: Laval
authors: Esitpa-Ecole d'Ingénieurs en Agriculture, Agri'Terr Unit, CS 40118, 76134, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
authors: Isabelle
authors: I
authors: Trinsoutrot-Gattin
authors: INRA, UMR 1402 ECOSYS, Pole Ecotoxicologie, RD 10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France.|AgroParisTech, UMR1402 ECOSYS, Pole Ecotoxicologie, RD 10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Mougin
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D018533:Biomass; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development; D006867:Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D003300:Copper; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D006867:Hydrolases
keywords: Biomarkers; Ecotoxicology; Hydrolases; Ligninolytic oxidoreductases; Metals; Secretion profiles