title: Novel Reassortant Human-Like H3N2 and H3N1 Influenza A Viruses Detected in Pigs Are Virulent and Antigenically Distinct from Swine Viruses Endemic to the United States.
abstract: Human-like swine H3 influenza A viruses (IAV) were detected by the USDA surveillance system. We characterized two novel swine human-like H3N2 and H3N1 viruses with hemagglutinin (HA) genes similar to those in human seasonal H3 strains and internal genes closely related to those of 2009 H1N1 pandemic viruses. The H3N2 neuraminidase (NA) was of the contemporary human N2 lineage, while the H3N1 NA was of the classical swine N1 lineage. Both viruses were antigenically distant from swine H3 viruses that circulate in the United States and from swine vaccine strains and also showed antigenic drift from human seasonal H3N2 viruses. Their pathogenicity and transmission in pigs were compared to those of a human H3N2 virus with a common HA ancestry. Both swine human-like H3 viruses efficiently infected pigs and were transmitted to indirect contacts, whereas the human H3N2 virus did so much less efficiently. To evaluate the role of genes from the swine isolates in their pathogenesis, reverse genetics-generated reassortants between the swine human-like H3N1 virus and the seasonal human H3N2 virus were tested in pigs. The contribution of the gene segments to virulence was complex, with the swine HA and internal genes showing effects in vivo. The experimental infections indicate that these novel H3 viruses are virulent and can sustain onward transmission in pigs, and the naturally occurring mutations in the HA were associated with antigenic divergence from H3 IAV from humans and swine. Consequently, these viruses could have a significant impact on the swine industry if they were to cause more widespread outbreaks, and the potential risk of these emerging swine IAV to humans should be considered.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Pigs are important hosts in the evolution of influenza A viruses (IAV). Human-to-swine transmissions of IAV have resulted in the circulation of reassortant viruses containing human-origin genes in pigs, greatly contributing to the diversity of IAV in swine worldwide. New human-like H3N2 and H3N1 viruses that contain a mix of human and swine gene segments were recently detected by the USDA surveillance system. The human-like viruses efficiently infected pigs and resulted in onward airborne transmission, likely due to the multiple changes identified between human and swine H3 viruses. The human-like swine viruses are distinct from contemporary U.S. H3 swine viruses and from the strains used in swine vaccines, which could have a significant impact on the swine industry due to a lack of population immunity. Additionally, public health experts should consider an appropriate assessment of the risk of these emerging swine H3 viruses for the human population.
authors: Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA.
authors: Daniela S
authors: DS
authors: Rajão
authors: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
authors: Phillip C
authors: PC
authors: Gauger
authors: Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA.
authors: Tavis K
authors: TK
authors: Anderson
authors: Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors: Nicola S
authors: NS
authors: Lewis
authors: Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA.
authors: Eugenio J
authors: EJ
authors: Abente
authors: Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Science, Technology and Analysis Services, Veterinary Services, APHIS, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA.
authors: Mary Lea
authors: ML
authors: Killian
authors: Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
authors: Daniel R
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6569-5689
authors: DR
authors: Perez
authors: Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
authors: Troy C
authors: TC
authors: Sutton
authors: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
authors: Jianqiang
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA amy.vincent@ars.usda.gov.
authors: Amy L
authors: AL
authors: Vincent
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002460:Cell Line; D003429:Cross Reactions / Q000276:immunology; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000821:virology; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D016865:Reassortant Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D013552:Swine / Q000821:virology; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D009439:Neuraminidase