title: Monitoring of twenty-two sulfonamides in edible tissues: Investigation of new metabolites and their potential toxicity.
abstract: The extensive and unregulated use of antibacterial drugs in animal farms in Lebanon can lead to detrimental consequences for the public health. To monitor the levels of sulfonamides and their metabolites in farms in Lebanon, a total of 304 meat samples were collected and analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole and hybrid linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry following QuEChERS-based extraction. Sulfonamide residues could be detected in forty-six samples, ten of which contained a concentration of sulfaquinoxaline (151.4-1196.7 μg kg(-1) in chicken samples) and sulfadiazine (109.8 μg kg(-1) in a beef sample) exceeding the European Union-based maximum residue level by 1-12 folds, and thus were unfit for human consumption. Several acetylated, hydroxylated, and/or sulfated metabolites were identified, some of which were not previously detected in edible tissues. Most identified metabolites exhibited potential toxicity equivalent or higher than that of the parent molecule as estimated by in silico tests.
authors: CNRSL, Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission (LAEC), Laboratory for Analysis of Organic Compound (LAOC), Beirut, Lebanon; CNRS/UPPA, Laboratory of Bio-Inorganic Analytical and Environmental Chemistry (LCABIE), UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2, Av. President Angot, 64053 Pau, France.
authors: Abdallah
authors: A
authors: Hiba
authors: CNRS/UPPA, Laboratory of Bio-Inorganic Analytical and Environmental Chemistry (LCABIE), UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2, Av. President Angot, 64053 Pau, France.
authors: Arnaudguilhem
authors: A
authors: Carine
authors: Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Compounds (509), Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors: Abdul Rahim
authors: AR
authors: Haifa
authors: CNRS/UPPA, Laboratory of Bio-Inorganic Analytical and Environmental Chemistry (LCABIE), UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2, Av. President Angot, 64053 Pau, France; Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Lobinski
authors: L
authors: Ryszard
authors: CNRSL, Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission (LAEC), Laboratory for Analysis of Organic Compound (LAOC), Beirut, Lebanon; Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Compounds (509), Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon. Electronic address: fjaber@cnrs.edu.lb.
authors: Jaber
authors: J
authors: Farouk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D013449:Sulfonamides
keywords: LC–QqQ-MS; Meat; Metabolites; Orbitrap; Sulfonamides; Toxicity