title: Black elderberry extract attenuates inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in diet-induced obese mice.
abstract: Dietary anthocyanins have been shown to reduce inflammation in animal models and may ameliorate obesity-related complications. Black elderberry is one of the richest sources of anthocyanins. We investigated the metabolic effects of anthocyanin-rich black elderberry extract (BEE) in a diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mouse model. Mice were fed either a low-fat diet (n 8), high-fat lard-based diet (HFD; n 16), HFD+0·25 % (w/w) BEE (0·25 %-BEE; n 16) or HFD+1·25 % BEE (1·25 %-BEE; n 16) for 16 weeks. The 0·25 % BEE (0·034 % anthocyanin, w/w) and 1·25 % BEE (0·17 % anthocyanin, w/w) diets corresponded to estimated anthocyanin doses of 20-40 mg and 100-200 mg per kg of body weight, respectively. After 16 weeks, both BEE groups had significantly lower liver weights, serum TAG, homoeostasis model assessment and serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 compared with HFD. The 0·25 %-BEE also had lower serum insulin and TNFα compared with HFD. Hepatic fatty acid synthase mRNA was lower in both BEE groups, whereas PPARγ2 mRNA and liver cholesterol were lower in 1·25 %-BEE, suggesting decreased hepatic lipid synthesis. Higher adipose PPARγ mRNA, transforming growth factor β mRNA and adipose tissue histology suggested a pro-fibrogenic phenotype that was less inflammatory in 1·25 %-BEE. Skeletal muscle mRNA expression of the myokine IL-6 was higher in 0·25 %-BEE relative to HFD. These results suggest that BEE may have improved some metabolic disturbances present in this mouse model of obesity by lowering serum TAG, inflammatory markers and insulin resistance.
authors: Department of Nutritional Sciences,University of Connecticut,Storrs,CT 06269,USA.
authors: Nicholas J
authors: NJ
authors: Farrell
authors: Department of Nutritional Sciences,University of Connecticut,Storrs,CT 06269,USA.
authors: Gregory H
authors: GH
authors: Norris
authors: Department of Nutritional Sciences,University of Connecticut,Storrs,CT 06269,USA.
authors: Julia
authors: J
authors: Ryan
authors: Department of Nutritional Sciences,University of Connecticut,Storrs,CT 06269,USA.
authors: Caitlin M
authors: CM
authors: Porter
authors: Department of Nutritional Sciences,University of Connecticut,Storrs,CT 06269,USA.
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Jiang
authors: Department of Nutritional Sciences,University of Connecticut,Storrs,CT 06269,USA.
authors: Christopher N
authors: CN
authors: Blesso
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008820:Mice, Obese; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D027924:Sambucus nigra / Q000737:chemistry*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: C491768:Ccl2 protein, mouse; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D047495:PPAR gamma; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C029310:lard
keywords: BEE black elderberry extract; Black elderberry extract; C3G cyanidin 3-glucoside; CLS crown-like structures; Diet-induced obese mice; HFD high-fat diet; HOMA-IR homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; Inflammation; Insulin resistance; LFD low-fat diet; LPL lipoprotein lipase; MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; Molecular nutrition; Obesity; TGFβ transforming growth factor β