title: Antibacterial, anti-swarming and anti-biofilm formation activities of Chamaemelum nobile against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) is widely used throughout the world, and has anti-inflammatory, deodorant, bacteriostatic, antimicrobial, carminative, sedative, antiseptic, anti-catarrhal, and spasmolytic properties. Because of the increasing incidence of drug-resistant bacteria, the development of natural antibacterial sources such as medical herbs for the treatment of infectious diseases is necessary. Extracts from different plant parts such as the leaves, flowers, fruit, and bark of Combretum albiflorum, Laurus nobilis , and Sonchus oleraceus were found to possess anti-quorum sensing (QS) activities. In this study, we evaluated the effect of C. nobile against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The P. aeruginosa samples were isolated from patients with different types of infection, including wound infection, septicemia, and urinary tract infection. The flowers of C. nobile were dried and the extract was removed using a rotary device and then dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide at pH 7.4. The microdilution method was used to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of this extract on P. aeruginosa , and biofilm inhibition was assayed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty percent of the isolated samples (16/20) could form a biofilm, and most of these were isolated from wound infections. The biofilm inhibitory concentration of the C. nobile extract was 6.25-25mg/ml, whereas the MIC was 12.5-50mg/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anti-QS property of C. nobile may play an important role in its antibacterial activity, thus offering an additional strategy in the fight against bacterial infections. However, molecular investigation is required to explore the exact mechanisms of the antibacterial action and functions of this phytocompound.
authors: Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR.
authors: Hossein
authors: H
authors: Kazemian
authors: Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR.
authors: Sobhan
authors: S
authors: Ghafourian
authors: Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR.
authors: Hamid
authors: H
authors: Heidari
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR.
authors: Pouya
authors: P
authors: Amiri
authors: Department of Pathobiology, Division of Microbiology, School of Public Health,, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR.
authors: Jalil Kardan
authors: JK
authors: Yamchi
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR.
authors: Aref
authors: A
authors: Shavalipour
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR.
authors: Hamidreza
authors: H
authors: Houri
authors: Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR.
authors: Abbas
authors: A
authors: Maleki
authors: Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR.
authors: Nourkhoda
authors: N
authors: Sadeghifard
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D031167:Chamaemelum / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D053038:Quorum Sensing / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts