title: Associations of maternal and paternal antenatal mood with offspring anxiety disorder at age 18 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maternal antenatal depression and anxiety are associated with increased risk of childhood behavioural and emotional problems in offspring; it remains unclear to what extent this is due to a maternal biological impact on foetal development. Here, we compare associations between maternal and paternal antenatal depression and anxiety with offspring anxiety disorders, thus controlling for some genetic and shared environmental factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the ALSPAC population cohort including measures of antenatal parental depression and anxiety. At 18 years, offspring completed the CIS-R interview, yielding diagnoses for anxiety disorders. Results were adjusted for confounding variables including parental postnatal depression and anxiety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children of women with antenatal depression (18 weeks gestation), had an increased risk of anxiety disorders at 18 years of age (11.1% vs. 6.2%; adj. OR 1.75 (1.19, 2.58); p=0.01). Children of women with antenatal anxiety had increased risk of co-morbid anxiety and depression (adj. OR 1.39 (1.06, 1.82); p=0.02). No such associations were found with paternal antenatal depression or anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a high attrition rate from the original cohort to the CIS-R completion at 18 years postpartum. Parental mood was only assessed together at one time point during the antenatal period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differences in the association between maternal and paternal mood during pregnancy and child outcomes supports the hypothesis that foetal programming may account, at least in part, for this association. We highlight the potential opportunity for preventative intervention by optimising antenatal mental health.
authors: Centre of Mental Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors: Lauren E
authors: LE
authors: Capron
authors: IRDB, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors: Vivette
authors: V
authors: Glover
authors: Academic Unit of Psychiatry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors: Rebecca M
authors: RM
authors: Pearson
authors: Academic Unit of Psychiatry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Evans
authors: Wynne Center for Family Research and Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Thomas G
authors: TG
authors: O'Connor
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Stein
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors: Susannah E
authors: SE
authors: Murphy
authors: Centre of Mental Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. Electronic address: p.ramchandani@imperial.ac.uk.
authors: Paul G
authors: PG
authors: Ramchandani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: ALSPAC; Anxiety; Depression; Foetal programming; Maternal; Paternal