title: Gait Monitoring for Early Neurological Disorder Detection Using Sensors in a Smartphone: Validation and a Case Study of Parkinsonism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diagnosing brain disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) or Alzheimer's disease, is often difficult, especially in the early stages. Moreover, it has been estimated that nearly 40% of people with PD may not be diagnosed. Traditionally, the diagnosis of neurological disorders, such as PD, often required a doctor to observe the patient over time to recognize signs of rigidity in movement.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) system is a self-contained technique that has been widely used for indoor localization. In this work we propose a PDR-based method to continuously monitor and record the patient's gait characteristics using a smartphone. Seventeen patients were studied over a period of 1 year. During the year it became apparent that 1 of the patients was actually developing PD. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first attempt to use sensors in a smartphone to help identify patients in their early stages of neurological disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, the accuracy of our step length estimation was about 98%. Using a binary classification method-namely, support vector machine-we carried out a case study and showed that it was feasible to identify changes in the walking patterns of a PD patient with an accuracy of 94%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using 1 year of gait trace data obtained from the users' phones, our work provides a first step to experimentally show the possibility of applying smartphone sensor data to provide early warnings to potential PD patients to encourage them to seek medical assistance and thus help doctors diagnose this disease earlier.
authors: Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan .
authors: Paweeya
authors: P
authors: Raknim
authors: Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan .
authors: Kun-Chan
authors: KC
authors: Lan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000068997:Smartphone; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: Parkinson's disease; gait; home monitoring; pedestrian dead reckoning; smartphone; telemedicine