title: The Association of Publication of Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services Guidelines for Carotid Artery Angioplasty and Stenting (CAS) and CREST Results on the Utilization of CAS in Carotid Revascularization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the 2004 approval of carotid artery angioplasty and stenting (CAS), there have been 2 seminal publications about CAS reimbursement (Center for Medicaid and Medicare Several guidelines [CMSG]; 2008) and clinical outcomes (Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stent Trial [CREST]; 2010). We explored trends in CAS utilization after these publications nationally.
  
  
  METHODS
  The most recent datasets of the nationwide inpatient sample (NIS) was queried for patients undergoing carotid revascularization. Utilization proportions of CAS were calculated quarterly from 2005 to 2011 for NIS. Three-time intervals related to CMSG and CREST publication were selected 2005-2008, 2008-2010, and after 2010. Logistic regression with piecewise linear trend for time was used to estimate different trends in CAS utilization for overall samples and for neurologically asymptomatic and symptomatic cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority (95%) of the carotid revascularizations were performed on asymptomatic patients. Overall, CAS utilization constituted 12.5% of carotid revascularization procedures with a significant period increase of CAS; from 9.4% to 14%; P < 0.001. There was a small but significant decrease in the rate of CAS utilization after CMSG were published corresponding to a 2% decline in the odds ratio (OR) of CAS per quarter (OR, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.97-0.99; P = 0.001). After CREST, CAS utilization continued to increase in both NIS but the rate of increase did not change significantly from the prepublication to the postpublication time interval. The odds of in-hospital mortality and postoperative stroke were independently and significantly higher for CAS patients in both overall and within the symptomatic cohorts. In all 3 periods of the study, and compared to carotid endarterectomy, the odds of mortality and postoperative stroke were significantly higher among patients who underwent CAS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although overall utilization of CAS increased since 2005, it was not uniformly associated by the publication of CMSG or CREST. Despite increased utilization, the odds of adverse outcomes were independently higher among CAS patients.
authors: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Electronic address: Mohammad.Eslami@bmc.org.
authors: Mohammad H
authors: MH
authors: Eslami
authors: Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors: Denis V
authors: DV
authors: Rybin
authors: Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors: Gheorghe
authors: G
authors: Doros
authors: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors: Alik
authors: A
authors: Farber
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms; D015607:Stents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology