title: Predictive coding in autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: Predictive coding has been proposed as a framework to understand neural processes in neuropsychiatric disorders. We used this approach to describe mechanisms responsible for attentional abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We monitored brain dynamics of 59 children (8-15 yr old) who had ASD or ADHD or who were control participants via high-density electroencephalography. We performed analysis at the scalp and source-space levels while participants listened to standard and deviant tone sequences. Through task instructions, we manipulated top-down expectation by presenting expected and unexpected deviant sequences. Children with ASD showed reduced superior frontal cortex (FC) responses to unexpected events but increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation to expected events. In contrast, children with ADHD exhibited reduced cortical responses in superior FC to expected events but strong PFC activation to unexpected events. Moreover, neural abnormalities were associated with specific control mechanisms, namely, inhibitory control in ASD and set-shifting in ADHD. Based on the predictive coding account, top-down expectation abnormalities could be attributed to a disproportionate reliance (precision) allocated to prior beliefs in ASD and to sensory input in ADHD.
authors: Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile;
authors: Maria Luz
authors: ML
authors: Gonzalez-Gadea
authors: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom;
authors: Srivas
authors: S
authors: Chennu
authors: Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;
authors: Tristan A
authors: TA
authors: Bekinschtein
authors: Programa Argentino para Niños, Adolescentes y Adultos con Condiciones del Espectro Autista (PANAACEA), Buenos Aires, Argentina;
authors: Alexia
authors: A
authors: Rattazzi
authors: Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina;
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Beraudi
authors: Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina;
authors: Paula
authors: P
authors: Tripicchio
authors: Centro Interdisciplinario de Tourette, TOC, TDAH, y Trastornos Asociados (CITTTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina;
authors: Beatriz
authors: B
authors: Moyano
authors: Centro Interdisciplinario de Tourette, TOC, TDAH, y Trastornos Asociados (CITTTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Neurosciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina;
authors: Yamila
authors: Y
authors: Soffita
authors: Institute of Neurosciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina;
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Steinberg
authors: Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina;
authors: Federico
authors: F
authors: Adolfi
authors: Torcuato di Tella University, Buenos Aires, Argentina;
authors: Mariano
authors: M
authors: Sigman
authors: Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina; and.
authors: Julian
authors: J
authors: Marino
authors: Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile; Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council, New South Wales, Australia.
authors: Facundo
authors: F
authors: Manes
authors: Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia; Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council, New South Wales, Australia aibanez@ineco.org.ar.
authors: Agustin
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6758-5101
authors: A
authors: Ibanez
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography; D018913:Event-Related Potentials, P300; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
keywords: ADHD; ASD; MMN; P300; predictive coding