title: Discovery of a new method for potent drug development using power function of stoichiometry of homomeric biocomplexes or biological nanomotors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multidrug resistance and the appearance of incurable diseases inspire the quest for potent therapeutics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We review a new methodology in designing potent drugs by targeting multi-subunit homomeric biological motors, machines or complexes with Z > 1 and K = 1, where Z is the stoichiometry of the target, and K is the number of drugged subunits required to block the function of the complex. The condition is similar to a series electrical circuit of Christmas decorations: failure of one light bulb causes the entire lighting system to lose power. In most multi-subunit, homomeric biological systems, a sequential coordination or cooperative action mechanism is utilized, thus K equals 1. Drug inhibition depends on the ratio of drugged to non-drugged complexes. When K = 1, and Z > 1, the inhibition effect follows a power law with respect to Z, leading to enhanced drug potency. The hypothesis that the potency of drug inhibition depends on the stoichiometry of the targeted biological complexes was recently quantified by Yang-Hui's Triangle (or binomial distribution), and proved using a highly sensitive in vitro phi29 viral DNA packaging system. Examples of targeting homomeric bio-complexes with high stoichiometry for potent drug discovery are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biomotors with multiple subunits are widespread in viruses, bacteria and cells, making this approach generally applicable in the development of inhibition drugs with high efficiency.
authors: a 1 University of Kentucky, Nanobiotechnology Center , Lexington, KY 40536, USA.|b 2 University of Kentucky, Markey Cancer Center , Lexington, KY 40536, USA.|c 3 University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 789 S. Limestone Street, Room # 576, Lexington, KY 40536, USA +1 859 218 0128 ; +1 859 257 1307 ; peixuan.guo@uky.edu.
authors: Fengmei
authors: F
authors: Pi
authors: a 1 University of Kentucky, Nanobiotechnology Center , Lexington, KY 40536, USA.|b 2 University of Kentucky, Markey Cancer Center , Lexington, KY 40536, USA.|c 3 University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 789 S. Limestone Street, Room # 576, Lexington, KY 40536, USA +1 859 218 0128 ; +1 859 257 1307 ; peixuan.guo@uky.edu.
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Vieweger
authors: a 1 University of Kentucky, Nanobiotechnology Center , Lexington, KY 40536, USA.|b 2 University of Kentucky, Markey Cancer Center , Lexington, KY 40536, USA.|c 3 University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 789 S. Limestone Street, Room # 576, Lexington, KY 40536, USA +1 859 218 0128 ; +1 859 257 1307 ; peixuan.guo@uky.edu.
authors: Zhengyi
authors: Z
authors: Zhao
authors: a 1 University of Kentucky, Nanobiotechnology Center , Lexington, KY 40536, USA.|b 2 University of Kentucky, Markey Cancer Center , Lexington, KY 40536, USA.|c 3 University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 789 S. Limestone Street, Room # 576, Lexington, KY 40536, USA +1 859 218 0128 ; +1 859 257 1307 ; peixuan.guo@uky.edu.
authors: Shaoying
authors: S
authors: Wang
authors: a 1 University of Kentucky, Nanobiotechnology Center , Lexington, KY 40536, USA.|b 2 University of Kentucky, Markey Cancer Center , Lexington, KY 40536, USA.|c 3 University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 789 S. Limestone Street, Room # 576, Lexington, KY 40536, USA +1 859 218 0128 ; +1 859 257 1307 ; peixuan.guo@uky.edu.
authors: Peixuan
authors: P
authors: Guo
mesh_terms: D015195:Drug Design; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*
keywords: antibacterial; antivirus; binomial distribution; cancer drug development; drug development; drug target; hexameric ATPase; phi29 dsDNA packaging motor; viral assembly