title: An Investigation into the Physico-chemical Factors Affecting the Abundance and Diversity of Aquatic Insects in Organically Manured Aquadams and Their Utilization by Oreochromis mossambicus (Perciformes: Cichlidae).
abstract: The interaction between the fish Oreochromis mossambicus (Percifomes: Cichlidae) and aquatic insects after application of chicken, cow, and pig manure was studied in 7,000-liter plastic aquadams. Principal component analysis showed that most of the variation in water quality after application of manure was accounted for by potassium, nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, and alkalinity. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that Gyrinidae, Elminidae, Hydrophilidae, Hydraenidae, and Athericidae were associated with high nutrient levels (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) characteristic of the chicken manure. However, the most abundant aquatic insects Gerridae, Notonectidae, and Culicidae were close to the centre of the ordination and not defined by any nutrient gradient. The Shannon-Wiener diversity was highest in the aquadams treated with chicken manure. The most frequently occurring aquatic insects in the diet of O. mossambicus were culicid mosquitoes in all the treatments. However, in the laboratory, Chironomidae were the most preferred because they lacked refuge. Notonectidae and Gerridae were not recorded in the diet of O. mossambicus despite their abundance. This may be because of their anti-predation strategies. Laboratory experiments showed that Notonectidae, Gyrinidae, and Gerridae fed on Chironomidae and Culicidae. This implies that aquatic predatory insects competed for food with O. mossambicus.
authors: Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Limpopo(Turfloop Campus), Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa. rapatsa.maditshaba13@gmail.com.
authors: M M
authors: MM
authors: Rapatsa
authors: Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Limpopo(Turfloop Campus), Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa.
authors: N A G
authors: NA
authors: Moyo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D059001:Aquatic Organisms; D044822:Biodiversity; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens; D020387:Food Chain; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology*; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D061005:Ponds / Q000737:chemistry; D011156:Population Density; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D013019:South Africa; D013045:Species Specificity; D034421:Sus scrofa; D017210:Tilapia / Q000502:physiology*; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D008372:Manure
keywords: insect; manure; prey selection; water quality