title: Albuminuria and Glomerular Filtration in Patients with Essential Hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Essential hypertension (EH) is a widespread disease. One frequent complication of EH is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), whose diagnosis is delayed due to its asymptomatic course. The purpose of this study is to determine the involvement of the kidneys in patients with EH by biomarkers for kidney damage (albuminuria) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with creatinine and cystatin C.
  
  
  METHODS
  We observed a control group of 153 healthy volunteers and a group of 150 patients with EH. The biomarkers we tested were urinary albumin, ACR, total protein, and PCR. The GFR was calculated by the CKD-EPI formula using creatinine simultaneously and by the combined formula CKD-EPI using creatinine and cystatin C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The obtained results for the studied biomarkers in the control group are similar to the ones reported in the literature. In the group of patients with EH (at the time of study none of which had been diagnosed with CKD) we observed albuminuria A2 in 59 of the patients (39.9%) and none with albuminuria A3; increased ACR in 60 patients (40%); PCR above reference range in 42 patients (28%). GFRR was < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 in 13 patients (8.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that albuminuria A2 and ACR are sensitive, while GFR is a specific biomarker for kidney damage. For patients with EH, a timely follow-up of these biomarkers is necessary in order to decrease the progression of the kidney damage to Chronic Kidney Failure, cardiac complications, and premature mortality.
authors: Rossen
authors: R
authors: Mihajlov
authors: Diliyana
authors: D
authors: Stoeva
authors: Blagovesta
authors: B
authors: Pencheva
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Bogusheva
authors: Adelaida
authors: A
authors: Ruseva
authors: Irena
authors: I
authors: Gencheva-Angelova
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C525030:CST3 protein, human; D055316:Cystatin C; D003404:Creatinine