title: The APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism is associated with prevalence of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, Torque Teno virus, and Toxoplasma gondii co-infection among HIV-infected individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data regarding the influence of the APOBEC3B deletion on infectious diseases remain limited and shown discrepancies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism status and its association with prevalence of co-infection with blood-borne pathogens in Indonesian HIV-infected individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 597 HIV-positive blood samples were tested for the hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Torque Teno virus (TTV), GB virus-C (GBV-C), and Toxoplasma gondii. Nucleic acid was extracted from plasma samples and used for the molecular detection of HIV RNA, HBV DNA, HCV RNA, TTV DNA, and GBV-C RNA, whereas HBsAg, anti-HCV, IgM and IgG anti-T. gondii were detected through serological testing. The APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The deletion genotype was associated with HCV viremia (p<0.001) as well as elevated IgG anti-T. gondii (adjusted OR [aOR]=3.4). The deletion genotype was also associated with decreased levels of HBsAg (aOR=0.03), and anti-HCV (aOR=0.1). D/D was frequently found in HIV-infected individuals with CD4+T cells<14% (aOR=5.8). The intact genotype was associated with a reduced likelihood of a CD4+T cell count<200 cells/μL (aOR=0.2) but a higher prevalence of TTV co-infection (aOR=8.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism was found to be associated with HBV, HCV, TTV, and T. gondii co-infection in Indonesian HIV-infected individuals.
authors: A-IGIC (A-Infection, Genomic, Immunology & Cancer) Research Group, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Center of Biotechnology and Biodiversity Research and Development, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia. Electronic address: afie.agp.la@gmail.com.
authors: Afiono Agung
authors: AA
authors: Prasetyo
authors: A-IGIC (A-Infection, Genomic, Immunology & Cancer) Research Group, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Center of Biotechnology and Biodiversity Research and Development, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia.
authors: Ratna
authors: R
authors: Sariyatun
authors: A-IGIC (A-Infection, Genomic, Immunology & Cancer) Research Group, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Department of Pulmonology Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia.
authors: Reviono
authors: A-IGIC (A-Infection, Genomic, Immunology & Cancer) Research Group, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Center of Biotechnology and Biodiversity Research and Development, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia.
authors: Yulia
authors: Y
authors: Sari
authors: A-IGIC (A-Infection, Genomic, Immunology & Cancer) Research Group, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Center of Biotechnology and Biodiversity Research and Development, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia.
authors: Hudiyono
authors: A-IGIC (A-Infection, Genomic, Immunology & Cancer) Research Group, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Center of Biotechnology and Biodiversity Research and Development, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia.
authors: Sri
authors: S
authors: Haryati
authors: A-IGIC (A-Infection, Genomic, Immunology & Cancer) Research Group, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia.
authors: Zainal Arifin
authors: ZA
authors: Adnan
authors: A-IGIC (A-Infection, Genomic, Immunology & Cancer) Research Group, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia.
authors: Hartono
authors: Department of Microbiology and Immunology (Division of Virology) Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan.
authors: Seiji
authors: S
authors: Kageyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D060085:Coinfection; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase / Q000235:genetics*; D004266:DNA Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections; D016174:Hepacivirus; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D015995:Prevalence; D022783:Torque teno virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D014122:Toxoplasma; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; C495794:APOBEC3B protein, human; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase
keywords: APOBEC; HBV; HCV; HIV; TTV; Toxoplasma gondii