title: Drought Induces Distinct Growth Response, Protection, and Recovery Mechanisms in the Maize Leaf Growth Zone.
abstract: Drought is the most important crop yield-limiting factor, and detailed knowledge of its impact on plant growth regulation is crucial. The maize (Zea mays) leaf growth zone offers unique possibilities for studying the spatiotemporal regulation of developmental processes by transcriptional analyses and methods that require more material, such as metabolite and enzyme activity measurements. By means of a kinematic analysis, we show that drought inhibits maize leaf growth by inhibiting cell division in the meristem and cell expansion in the elongation zone. Through a microarray study, we observed the down-regulation of 32 of the 54 cell cycle genes, providing a basis for the inhibited cell division. We also found evidence for an up-regulation of the photosynthetic machinery and the antioxidant and redox systems. This was confirmed by increased chlorophyll content in mature cells and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and metabolite levels across the growth zone, respectively. We demonstrate the functional significance of the identified transcriptional reprogramming by showing that increasing the antioxidant capacity in the proliferation zone, by overexpression of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) iron-superoxide dismutase gene, increases leaf growth rate by stimulating cell division. We also show that the increased photosynthetic capacity leads to enhanced photosynthesis upon rewatering, facilitating the often-observed growth compensation.
authors: Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium (V.A., H.Ab., L.V., Y.G., H.As., G.T.S.B.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Beni-Suef, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt (H.Ab.);Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China (Z.Z.);Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland (B.F.);Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2002 LRK Rosario, Argentina (R.C.);Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium (D.K.); andConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), X5020ICA Cordoba, Argentina (E.T.).
authors: Viktoriya
authors: V
authors: Avramova
authors: Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium (V.A., H.Ab., L.V., Y.G., H.As., G.T.S.B.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Beni-Suef, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt (H.Ab.);Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China (Z.Z.);Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland (B.F.);Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2002 LRK Rosario, Argentina (R.C.);Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium (D.K.); andConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), X5020ICA Cordoba, Argentina (E.T.).
authors: Hamada
authors: H
authors: AbdElgawad
authors: Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium (V.A., H.Ab., L.V., Y.G., H.As., G.T.S.B.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Beni-Suef, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt (H.Ab.);Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China (Z.Z.);Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland (B.F.);Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2002 LRK Rosario, Argentina (R.C.);Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium (D.K.); andConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), X5020ICA Cordoba, Argentina (E.T.).
authors: Zhengfeng
authors: Z
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium (V.A., H.Ab., L.V., Y.G., H.As., G.T.S.B.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Beni-Suef, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt (H.Ab.);Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China (Z.Z.);Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland (B.F.);Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2002 LRK Rosario, Argentina (R.C.);Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium (D.K.); andConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), X5020ICA Cordoba, Argentina (E.T.).
authors: Bartosz
authors: B
authors: Fotschki
authors: Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium (V.A., H.Ab., L.V., Y.G., H.As., G.T.S.B.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Beni-Suef, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt (H.Ab.);Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China (Z.Z.);Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland (B.F.);Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2002 LRK Rosario, Argentina (R.C.);Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium (D.K.); andConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), X5020ICA Cordoba, Argentina (E.T.).
authors: Romina
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1060-1857
authors: R
authors: Casadevall
authors: Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium (V.A., H.Ab., L.V., Y.G., H.As., G.T.S.B.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Beni-Suef, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt (H.Ab.);Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China (Z.Z.);Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland (B.F.);Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2002 LRK Rosario, Argentina (R.C.);Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium (D.K.); andConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), X5020ICA Cordoba, Argentina (E.T.).
authors: Lucia
authors: L
authors: Vergauwen
authors: Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium (V.A., H.Ab., L.V., Y.G., H.As., G.T.S.B.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Beni-Suef, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt (H.Ab.);Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China (Z.Z.);Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland (B.F.);Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2002 LRK Rosario, Argentina (R.C.);Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium (D.K.); andConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), X5020ICA Cordoba, Argentina (E.T.).
authors: Dries
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0472-8114
authors: D
authors: Knapen
authors: Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium (V.A., H.Ab., L.V., Y.G., H.As., G.T.S.B.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Beni-Suef, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt (H.Ab.);Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China (Z.Z.);Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland (B.F.);Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2002 LRK Rosario, Argentina (R.C.);Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium (D.K.); andConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), X5020ICA Cordoba, Argentina (E.T.).
authors: Edith
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2980-8252
authors: E
authors: Taleisnik
authors: Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium (V.A., H.Ab., L.V., Y.G., H.As., G.T.S.B.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Beni-Suef, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt (H.Ab.);Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China (Z.Z.);Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland (B.F.);Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2002 LRK Rosario, Argentina (R.C.);Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium (D.K.); andConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), X5020ICA Cordoba, Argentina (E.T.).
authors: Yves
authors: Y
authors: Guisez
authors: Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium (V.A., H.Ab., L.V., Y.G., H.As., G.T.S.B.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Beni-Suef, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt (H.Ab.);Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China (Z.Z.);Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland (B.F.);Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2002 LRK Rosario, Argentina (R.C.);Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium (D.K.); andConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), X5020ICA Cordoba, Argentina (E.T.).
authors: Han
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7469-4074
authors: H
authors: Asard
authors: Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium (V.A., H.Ab., L.V., Y.G., H.As., G.T.S.B.);Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Beni-Suef, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt (H.Ab.);Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China (Z.Z.);Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland (B.F.);Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2002 LRK Rosario, Argentina (R.C.);Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium (D.K.); andConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), X5020ICA Cordoba, Argentina (E.T.) gerrit.beemster@uantwerpen.be.
authors: Gerrit T S
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6014-053X
authors: GT
authors: Beemster
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D055864:Droughts; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003313:Zea mays / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase