title: Development of graphomotor fluency in adults with ADHD: Evidence of attenuated procedural learning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study sought to determine if adults with ADHD demonstrate reduced graphomotor learning relative to controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight control adults (n=14) and adults with ADHD (n=14) were recruited and wrote a novel grapheme on a digitizing tablet 30 times. Participants with ADHD were counterbalanced on and off stimulant medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control participants, F(1,13)=13.786, p=.003, ω(2)partial=.460, and participants with ADHD on medication, F(1,13)=10.462, p=.007, ω(2)partial=.387, demonstrated significant improvement in graphomotor fluency with equivalent practice whereas participants with ADHD off medication did not, F(1,12)=0.166, NS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that graphomotor program learning in adults with ADHD may occur more slowly than typically developing peers. Findings have implications for providing accommodations to adults with ADHD, potential benefits of stimulant medication, and using digitizing technology as a neuropsychological assessment instrument.
authors: University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada. Electronic address: dudat@uwindsor.ca.
authors: Thomas A
authors: TA
authors: Duda
authors: University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
authors: Joseph E
authors: JE
authors: Casey
authors: University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
authors: Nancy
authors: N
authors: McNevin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003210:Concept Formation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000187:drug effects; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D013607:Tablets; D014956:Writing
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D013607:Tablets
keywords: Adult ADHD; Kinematic analysis; Motor processes; Neuropsychology & neurology; Procedural learning; Stimulant medication