title: Clinical development of galunisertib (LY2157299 monohydrate), a small molecule inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway.
abstract: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling regulates a wide range of biological processes. TGF-β plays an important role in tumorigenesis and contributes to the hallmarks of cancer, including tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis, inflammation, angiogenesis, and escape of immune surveillance. There are several pharmacological approaches to block TGF-β signaling, such as monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, antisense oligonucleotides, and small molecule inhibitors. Galunisertib (LY2157299 monohydrate) is an oral small molecule inhibitor of the TGF-β receptor I kinase that specifically downregulates the phosphorylation of SMAD2, abrogating activation of the canonical pathway. Furthermore, galunisertib has antitumor activity in tumor-bearing animal models such as breast, colon, lung cancers, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Continuous long-term exposure to galunisertib caused cardiac toxicities in animals requiring adoption of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic-based dosing strategy to allow further development. The use of such a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model defined a therapeutic window with an appropriate safety profile that enabled the clinical investigation of galunisertib. These efforts resulted in an intermittent dosing regimen (14 days on/14 days off, on a 28-day cycle) of galunisertib for all ongoing trials. Galunisertib is being investigated either as monotherapy or in combination with standard antitumor regimens (including nivolumab) in patients with cancer with high unmet medical needs such as glioblastoma, pancreatic cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The present review summarizes the past and current experiences with different pharmacological treatments that enabled galunisertib to be investigated in patients.
authors: Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany.
authors: Stephan
authors: S
authors: Herbertz
authors: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors: J Scott
authors: JS
authors: Sawyer
authors: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors: Anja J
authors: AJ
authors: Stauber
authors: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK.
authors: Ivelina
authors: I
authors: Gueorguieva
authors: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Kyla E
authors: KE
authors: Driscoll
authors: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors: Shawn T
authors: ST
authors: Estrem
authors: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK.
authors: Ann L
authors: AL
authors: Cleverly
authors: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors: Durisala
authors: D
authors: Desaiah
authors: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors: Susan C
authors: SC
authors: Guba
authors: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors: Karim A
authors: KA
authors: Benhadji
authors: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors: Christopher A
authors: CA
authors: Slapak
authors: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors: Michael M
authors: MM
authors: Lahn
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D055808:Drug Discovery; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D015394:Molecular Structure; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011804:Quinolines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051899:Smad2 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011804:Quinolines; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; C497782:SMAD2 protein, human; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C557799:LY-2157299; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; C000625841:TGFBR1 protein, human
keywords: ALK5; LY2157299; TGF-β; TGF-βRI kinase inhibitor; cancer; clinical trials; galunisertib