title: Organelle-Specific Initiation of Autophagy.
abstract: Autophagy constitutes a prominent mechanism through which eukaryotic cells preserve homeostasis in baseline conditions and in response to perturbations of the intracellular or extracellular microenvironment. Autophagic responses can be relatively non-selective or target a specific subcellular compartment. At least in part, this depends on the balance between the availability of autophagic substrates ("offer") and the cellular need of autophagic products or functions for adaptation ("demand"). Irrespective of cargo specificity, adaptive autophagy relies on a panel of sensors that detect potentially dangerous cues and convert them into signals that are ultimately relayed to the autophagic machinery. Here, we summarize the molecular systems through which specific subcellular compartments-including the nucleus, mitochondria, plasma membrane, reticular apparatus, and cytosol-convert homeostatic perturbations into an increased offer of autophagic substrates or an accrued cellular demand for autophagic products or functions.
authors: Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; Faculté de Medicine, Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
authors: Valentina
authors: V
authors: Sica
authors: Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France.
authors: Lorenzo
authors: L
authors: Galluzzi
authors: Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France.
authors: José Manuel
authors: JM
authors: Bravo-San Pedro
authors: Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France.
authors: Valentina
authors: V
authors: Izzo
authors: Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France.
authors: Maria Chiara
authors: MC
authors: Maiuri
authors: Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: kroemer@orange.fr.
authors: Guido
authors: G
authors: Kroemer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology*; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000502:physiology; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology*; D010588:Phagosomes / Q000502:physiology