title: Estimation of Organ and Effective Doses for Neonate and Infant Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterizations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiation exposure to neonates and infants during cardiac catheterizations is an important issue. Smaller patient size and higher heart rate in these patients result in a greater need for magnification modes and higher frame rates, all of which contribute to a significant increase in radiation doses. The aims of our study were to evaluate organ and effective doses for neonates and infants during diagnostic cardiac catheterizations on the basis of in-phantom dosimetry and conversion factors from dose-area product (DAP) to the effective dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Organ doses for 0- and 1-year-old children during diagnostic cardiac catheterizations were measured by radiophotoluminescence glass dosimeters implanted in neonate and infant anthropomorphic phantoms. The effective doses were evaluated according to recommendations of the International Commission on Radiologic Protection (ICRP) publication 103.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean effective doses evaluated according to ICRP 103 were 7.7 mSv (range, 0.1-18.4 mSv) for a neonate and 7.3 mSv (range, 1.9-18.6 mSv) for an infant. Conversion factors from DAP to the effective dose were 2.2 and 4.0 in posteroanterior and lateral cine angiography, respectively, for a neonate and 1.4 and 2.7 in posteroanterior and lateral cine angiography, respectively, for an infant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dose data and conversion factors evaluated in this study could be useful for the estimation of radiation exposure in neonates and infants during diagnostic cardiac catheterization.
authors: 1 Department of Radiological Technology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, 2-138-4 Mutsukawa, Minami-ku, Yokohama 232-8555, Japan.
authors: Toshio
authors: T
authors: Kawasaki
authors: 2 School of Health Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Keisuke
authors: K
authors: Fujii
authors: 3 Medical Exposure Research Promotion Section, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
authors: Keiichi
authors: K
authors: Akahane
mesh_terms: D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry
keywords: anthropomorphic phantoms; diagnostic cardiac catheterization; effective dose; organ dose; pediatrics