title: Molecular mechanism of dietary phospholipid requirement of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, fry.
abstract: The phospholipid (PL) requirement in fish is revealed by enhanced performance when larvae are provided PL-enriched diets. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying PL requirement in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, were fed a minimal PL diet and tissue samples from major lipid metabolic sites were dissected from fry and parr. In silico analysis and cloning techniques demonstrated that salmon possess a full set of enzymes for the endogenous production of PL. The gene expression data indicated that major PL biosynthetic genes of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) and phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) display lower expression in intestine during the early developmental stage (fry). This is consistent with the hypothesis that the intestine of salmon is immature at the early developmental stage with limited capacity for endogenous PL biosynthesis. The results also indicate that intact PtdCho, PtdEtn and PtdIns are required in the diet at this stage. PtdCho and sphingomyelin constitute the predominant PL in chylomicrons, involved in the transport of dietary lipids from the intestine to the rest of the body. As sphingomyelin can be produced from PtdCho in intestine of fry, our findings suggest that supplementation of dietary PtdCho alone during early developmental stages of Atlantic salmon would be sufficient to promote chylomicron formation. This would support efficient transport of dietary lipids, including PL precursors, from the intestine to the liver where biosynthesis of PtdEtn, PtdSer, and PtdIns is not compromised as in intestine facilitating efficient utilisation of dietary energy and the endogenous production of membrane PL for the rapidly growing and developing animal.
authors: University of Stirling, School of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, FK9 4LA Stirling, Scotland, UK. Electronic address: gec1@stir.ac.uk.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Carmona-Antoñanzas
authors: University of Stirling, School of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, FK9 4LA Stirling, Scotland, UK.
authors: J F
authors: JF
authors: Taylor
authors: University of Stirling, School of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, FK9 4LA Stirling, Scotland, UK.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Martinez-Rubio
authors: University of Stirling, School of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, FK9 4LA Stirling, Scotland, UK.
authors: D R
authors: DR
authors: Tocher
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D010717:CDPdiacylglycerol-Serine O-Phosphatidyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002914:Chylomicrons / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000254:growth & development; D007814:Larva / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013109:Sphingomyelins / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D002914:Chylomicrons; D004041:Dietary Fats; D029941:Fish Proteins; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols; D013109:Sphingomyelins; C483858:phosphatidylethanolamine; D010717:CDPdiacylglycerol-Serine O-Phosphatidyltransferase
keywords: Atlantic salmon; Dietary requirement; Gene expression; Phosphoglycerides; Phospholipids; qPCR