title: Solubilization of herbicides by single and mixed commercial surfactants.
abstract: The solubilization capabilities of micellar solutions of three single surfactants, two alcohol alkoxylates B048 and B266, and the tallow alkyl ethoxylated amine ET15, and their equimolar mixed solutions toward the herbicides flurtamone (FL), metribuzin (MTZ) and mesotrione (MST) were investigated. The solubilization capacity was quantified in terms of the molar solubilization ratio (MSR), critical micellar concentration (CMC), micelle-water partition coefficient (Kmc), binding constant (K1), number of aggregation (Nagg) and Stern-Volmer constant (Ksv). The herbicides were greatly solubilized into different loci of the micelles: FL within the inner hydrophobic core, MST at the micelle/water interface and MTZ in the palisade region. Equimolar binary surfactant mixtures did not improve the solubilization of herbicides over those of single components, with the exception of MTZ by the B266/ET15 system which enhanced solubilization by 10-20%. This enhanced solubilization of MTZ was due to an increased number of micelles that arise from both the intermediate Nagg relative to that of the single surfactants and the lower CMC. The use of Ksv values was a better predictor of the solubilization of polar molecules within binary mixtures of these surfactants than the interaction parameter β(M) from regular solution theory (RST). The results herein suggest that the use of mixed surfactant systems for the solubilization of polar molecules in environmental remediation technologies may be very limited in scope, without clear advantages over the use of single surfactant systems.
authors: Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNAS-CSIC), Reina Mercedes 10, Apdo 1052, 41080 Seville, Spain.
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Galán-Jiménez
authors: Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNAS-CSIC), Reina Mercedes 10, Apdo 1052, 41080 Seville, Spain.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Gómez-Pantoja
authors: Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNAS-CSIC), Reina Mercedes 10, Apdo 1052, 41080 Seville, Spain.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Morillo
authors: Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNAS-CSIC), Reina Mercedes 10, Apdo 1052, 41080 Seville, Spain. Electronic address: undabeyt@irnase.csic.es.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Undabeytia
mesh_terms: D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D012995:Solubility; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D013501:Surface-Active Agents
keywords: Ethoxylated surfactants; Mixed surfactants; Polar solutes; Solubilization