title: Advances in Risk Classification and Treatment Strategies for Neuroblastoma.
abstract: Risk-based treatment approaches for neuroblastoma have been ongoing for decades. However, the criteria used to define risk in various institutional and cooperative groups were disparate, limiting the ability to compare clinical trial results. To mitigate this problem and enhance collaborative research, homogenous pretreatment patient cohorts have been defined by the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group classification system. During the past 30 years, increasingly intensive, multimodality approaches have been developed to treat patients who are classified as high risk, whereas patients with low- or intermediate-risk neuroblastoma have received reduced therapy. This treatment approach has resulted in improved outcome, although survival for high-risk patients remains poor, emphasizing the need for more effective treatments. Increased knowledge regarding the biology and genetic basis of neuroblastoma has led to the discovery of druggable targets and promising, new therapeutic approaches. Collaborative efforts of institutions and international cooperative groups have led to advances in our understanding of neuroblastoma biology, refinements in risk classification, and stratified treatment strategies, resulting in improved outcome. International collaboration will be even more critical when evaluating therapies designed to treat small cohorts of patients with rare actionable mutations.
authors: Navin R. Pinto, Mark A. Applebaum, Samuel L. Volchenboum, and Susan L. Cohn, Comer Children's Hospital, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Katherine K. Matthay, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; Wendy B. London, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA; Peter F. Ambros, Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria; Akira Nakagawara, Saga Medical Center Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Frank Berthold, Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Koln, Germany; Gudrun Schleiermacher, Institut Curie, Paris; Dominique Valteau-Couanet, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Julie R. Park, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Andrew D.J. Pearson, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors: Navin R
authors: NR
authors: Pinto
authors: Navin R. Pinto, Mark A. Applebaum, Samuel L. Volchenboum, and Susan L. Cohn, Comer Children's Hospital, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Katherine K. Matthay, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; Wendy B. London, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA; Peter F. Ambros, Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria; Akira Nakagawara, Saga Medical Center Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Frank Berthold, Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Koln, Germany; Gudrun Schleiermacher, Institut Curie, Paris; Dominique Valteau-Couanet, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Julie R. Park, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Andrew D.J. Pearson, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors: Mark A
authors: MA
authors: Applebaum
authors: Navin R. Pinto, Mark A. Applebaum, Samuel L. Volchenboum, and Susan L. Cohn, Comer Children's Hospital, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Katherine K. Matthay, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; Wendy B. London, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA; Peter F. Ambros, Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria; Akira Nakagawara, Saga Medical Center Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Frank Berthold, Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Koln, Germany; Gudrun Schleiermacher, Institut Curie, Paris; Dominique Valteau-Couanet, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Julie R. Park, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Andrew D.J. Pearson, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors: Samuel L
authors: SL
authors: Volchenboum
authors: Navin R. Pinto, Mark A. Applebaum, Samuel L. Volchenboum, and Susan L. Cohn, Comer Children's Hospital, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Katherine K. Matthay, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; Wendy B. London, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA; Peter F. Ambros, Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria; Akira Nakagawara, Saga Medical Center Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Frank Berthold, Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Koln, Germany; Gudrun Schleiermacher, Institut Curie, Paris; Dominique Valteau-Couanet, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Julie R. Park, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Andrew D.J. Pearson, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors: Katherine K
authors: KK
authors: Matthay
authors: Navin R. Pinto, Mark A. Applebaum, Samuel L. Volchenboum, and Susan L. Cohn, Comer Children's Hospital, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Katherine K. Matthay, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; Wendy B. London, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA; Peter F. Ambros, Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria; Akira Nakagawara, Saga Medical Center Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Frank Berthold, Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Koln, Germany; Gudrun Schleiermacher, Institut Curie, Paris; Dominique Valteau-Couanet, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Julie R. Park, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Andrew D.J. Pearson, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors: Wendy B
authors: WB
authors: London
authors: Navin R. Pinto, Mark A. Applebaum, Samuel L. Volchenboum, and Susan L. Cohn, Comer Children's Hospital, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Katherine K. Matthay, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; Wendy B. London, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA; Peter F. Ambros, Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria; Akira Nakagawara, Saga Medical Center Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Frank Berthold, Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Koln, Germany; Gudrun Schleiermacher, Institut Curie, Paris; Dominique Valteau-Couanet, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Julie R. Park, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Andrew D.J. Pearson, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors: Peter F
authors: PF
authors: Ambros
authors: Navin R. Pinto, Mark A. Applebaum, Samuel L. Volchenboum, and Susan L. Cohn, Comer Children's Hospital, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Katherine K. Matthay, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; Wendy B. London, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA; Peter F. Ambros, Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria; Akira Nakagawara, Saga Medical Center Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Frank Berthold, Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Koln, Germany; Gudrun Schleiermacher, Institut Curie, Paris; Dominique Valteau-Couanet, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Julie R. Park, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Andrew D.J. Pearson, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Nakagawara
authors: Navin R. Pinto, Mark A. Applebaum, Samuel L. Volchenboum, and Susan L. Cohn, Comer Children's Hospital, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Katherine K. Matthay, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; Wendy B. London, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA; Peter F. Ambros, Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria; Akira Nakagawara, Saga Medical Center Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Frank Berthold, Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Koln, Germany; Gudrun Schleiermacher, Institut Curie, Paris; Dominique Valteau-Couanet, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Julie R. Park, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Andrew D.J. Pearson, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Berthold
authors: Navin R. Pinto, Mark A. Applebaum, Samuel L. Volchenboum, and Susan L. Cohn, Comer Children's Hospital, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Katherine K. Matthay, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; Wendy B. London, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA; Peter F. Ambros, Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria; Akira Nakagawara, Saga Medical Center Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Frank Berthold, Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Koln, Germany; Gudrun Schleiermacher, Institut Curie, Paris; Dominique Valteau-Couanet, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Julie R. Park, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Andrew D.J. Pearson, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors: Gudrun
authors: G
authors: Schleiermacher
authors: Navin R. Pinto, Mark A. Applebaum, Samuel L. Volchenboum, and Susan L. Cohn, Comer Children's Hospital, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Katherine K. Matthay, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; Wendy B. London, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA; Peter F. Ambros, Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria; Akira Nakagawara, Saga Medical Center Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Frank Berthold, Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Koln, Germany; Gudrun Schleiermacher, Institut Curie, Paris; Dominique Valteau-Couanet, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Julie R. Park, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Andrew D.J. Pearson, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors: Julie R
authors: JR
authors: Park
authors: Navin R. Pinto, Mark A. Applebaum, Samuel L. Volchenboum, and Susan L. Cohn, Comer Children's Hospital, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Katherine K. Matthay, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; Wendy B. London, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA; Peter F. Ambros, Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria; Akira Nakagawara, Saga Medical Center Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Frank Berthold, Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Koln, Germany; Gudrun Schleiermacher, Institut Curie, Paris; Dominique Valteau-Couanet, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Julie R. Park, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Andrew D.J. Pearson, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors: Dominique
authors: D
authors: Valteau-Couanet
authors: Navin R. Pinto, Mark A. Applebaum, Samuel L. Volchenboum, and Susan L. Cohn, Comer Children's Hospital, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Katherine K. Matthay, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; Wendy B. London, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA; Peter F. Ambros, Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria; Akira Nakagawara, Saga Medical Center Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Frank Berthold, Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Koln, Germany; Gudrun Schleiermacher, Institut Curie, Paris; Dominique Valteau-Couanet, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Julie R. Park, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Andrew D.J. Pearson, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors: Andrew D J
authors: AD
authors: Pearson
authors: Navin R. Pinto, Mark A. Applebaum, Samuel L. Volchenboum, and Susan L. Cohn, Comer Children's Hospital, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Katherine K. Matthay, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; Wendy B. London, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA; Peter F. Ambros, Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria; Akira Nakagawara, Saga Medical Center Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Frank Berthold, Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Koln, Germany; Gudrun Schleiermacher, Institut Curie, Paris; Dominique Valteau-Couanet, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Julie R. Park, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Andrew D.J. Pearson, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Surrey, United Kingdom. scohn@peds.bsd.uchicago.edu.
authors: Susan L
authors: SL
authors: Cohn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D007391:International Cooperation; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000639:trends*; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000639:trends*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017741:Survivors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult