title: Inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus by citric acid and sodium carbonate with deicers.
abstract: Three out of five outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) since 2010 in the Republic of Korea have occurred in the winter. At the freezing temperatures, it was impossible to spray disinfectant on the surfaces of vehicles, roads, and farm premises because the disinfectant would be frozen shortly after discharge and the surfaces of the roads or machines would become slippery in cold weather. In this study, we added chemical deicers (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, ethyl alcohol, and commercial windshield washer fluid) to keep disinfectants (0.2% citric acid and 4% sodium carbonate) from freezing, and we tested their virucidal efficacies under simulated cold temperatures in a tube. The 0.2% citric acid could reduce the virus titer 4 logs at -20°C with all the deicers. On the other hand, 4% sodium carbonate showed little virucidal activity at -20°C within 30 min, although it resisted being frozen with the function of the deicers. In conclusion, for the winter season, we may recommend the use of citric acid (>0.2%) diluted in 30% ethyl alcohol or 25% sodium chloride solvent, depending on its purpose.
authors: Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jang-Kwan
authors: JK
authors: Hong
authors: Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea leekwn@korea.kr.
authors: Kwang-Nyeong
authors: KN
authors: Lee
authors: Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
authors: Su-Hwa
authors: SH
authors: You
authors: Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
authors: Su-Mi
authors: SM
authors: Kim
authors: Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
authors: Dongseob
authors: D
authors: Tark
authors: Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hyang-Sim
authors: HS
authors: Lee
authors: Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
authors: Young-Joon
authors: YJ
authors: Ko
authors: Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
authors: Min-Goo
authors: MG
authors: Seo
authors: Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jong-Hyeon
authors: JH
authors: Park
authors: Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
authors: Byounghan
authors: B
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D002254:Carbonates / Q000378:metabolism*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000378:metabolism*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism; D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus / Q000187:drug effects*; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D019562:Viral Load; D038301:Virus Inactivation
chemical_list: D002254:Carbonates; D004202:Disinfectants; D019343:Citric Acid; D000431:Ethanol; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C005686:sodium carbonate