title: Income gradients within child and adolescent antisocial behaviours.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low income is a widely studied risk factor for child and adolescent behavioural difficulties. Previous research on this relationship has produced mixed findings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the level, shape and homogeneity of income gradients in different types of antisocial behaviour.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative sample of 7977 British children and adolescents, aged 5-16 years, was analysed. Hypotheses concerning the shapes and homogeneity of the relationships between family socioeconomic status and multiple antisocial behaviour outcomes, including clinical diagnoses of oppositional-defiant disorder, conduct disorder and symptom subscales, such as irritability and hurtfulness, were tested by structural equation models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent income gradients were demonstrated across all antisocial behaviours studied. Disorder prevalence and mean symptom counts decreased across income quintiles in a non-linear fashion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings emphasise that income gradients are similar across different forms of antisocial behaviour and indicate that income may lead to greater behavioural differences in the mid-income range and less variation at low- and high-income extremes.
authors: Patrycja J. Piotrowska, PhD, Christopher B. Stride, PhD, CStat, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK; Barbara Maughan, PhD, Robert Goodman, FRCPsych, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Liz McCaw, MSc, Richard Rowe, PhD, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK pj.piotrowska@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors: Patrycja J
authors: PJ
authors: Piotrowska
authors: Patrycja J. Piotrowska, PhD, Christopher B. Stride, PhD, CStat, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK; Barbara Maughan, PhD, Robert Goodman, FRCPsych, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Liz McCaw, MSc, Richard Rowe, PhD, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK.
authors: Christopher B
authors: CB
authors: Stride
authors: Patrycja J. Piotrowska, PhD, Christopher B. Stride, PhD, CStat, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK; Barbara Maughan, PhD, Robert Goodman, FRCPsych, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Liz McCaw, MSc, Richard Rowe, PhD, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK.
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Maughan
authors: Patrycja J. Piotrowska, PhD, Christopher B. Stride, PhD, CStat, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK; Barbara Maughan, PhD, Robert Goodman, FRCPsych, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Liz McCaw, MSc, Richard Rowe, PhD, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Goodman
authors: Patrycja J. Piotrowska, PhD, Christopher B. Stride, PhD, CStat, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK; Barbara Maughan, PhD, Robert Goodman, FRCPsych, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Liz McCaw, MSc, Richard Rowe, PhD, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK.
authors: Liz
authors: L
authors: McCaw
authors: Patrycja J. Piotrowska, PhD, Christopher B. Stride, PhD, CStat, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK; Barbara Maughan, PhD, Robert Goodman, FRCPsych, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Liz McCaw, MSc, Richard Rowe, PhD, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK.
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Rowe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D006113:United Kingdom