title: Phytoremediation of carbamazepine and its metabolite 10,11-epoxycarbamazepine by C3 and C4 plants.
abstract: The anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine is considered as an indicator of sewage water pollution: however, its uptake by plants and effect on metabolism have not been sufficiently documented, let alone its metabolite (10,11-epoxycarbamazepine). In a model system of sterile, hydroponically cultivated Zea mays (as C4 plant) and Helianthus annuus (as C3 plant), the uptake and effect of carbamazepine and 10,11-epoxycarbamazepine were studied in comparison with those of acetaminophen and ibuprofen. Ibuprofen and acetaminophen were effectively extracted from drug-supplemented media by both plants, while the uptake of more hydrophobic carbamazepine was much lower. On the other hand, the carbamazepine metabolite, 10,11-epoxycarbamazepine, was, unlike sunflower, willingly taken up by maize plants (after 96 h 88 % of the initial concentration) and effectively stored in maize tissues. In addition, the effect of the studied pharmaceuticals on the plant metabolism (enzymes of Hatch-Slack cycle, peroxidases) was followed. The activity of bound peroxidases, which could cause xylem vessel lignification and reduction of xenobiotic uptake, was at the level of control plants in maize leaves contrary to sunflower. Therefore, our results indicate that maize has the potential to remove 10,11-epoxycarbamazepine from contaminated soils.
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, Prague 2, 128 40, Czech Republic. helena.ryslava@natur.cuni.cz.
authors: Helena
authors: H
authors: Ryšlavá
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, Prague 2, 128 40, Czech Republic.
authors: Alice
authors: A
authors: Pomeislová
authors: Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, Prague 2, 128 40, Czech Republic.
authors: Šárka
authors: Š
authors: Pšondrová
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, Prague 2, 128 40, Czech Republic.
authors: Veronika
authors: V
authors: Hýsková
authors: Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, Prague 2, 128 40, Czech Republic.
authors: Stanislav
authors: S
authors: Smrček
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018153:Czech Republic; D006368:Helianthus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018527:Hydroponics; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D003313:Zea mays / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002220:Carbamazepine; C012227:carbamazepine epoxide
keywords: 10,11-Epoxycarbamazepine; Acetaminophen; Carbamazepine; Ibuprofen; NADP-ME; PEPC; Peroxidases; Phytoremediation