title: Inhaled insulin: A "puff" than a "shot" before meals.
abstract: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by relative or absolute deficiency of insulin, resulting in hyperglycemia. The main treatment of diabetes relies on subcutaneous insulin administration by injection or continuous infusion to control glucose levels, besides oral hypoglycemic agents for type 2 diabetes. Novel routes of insulin administration are an area of research in the diabetes field as insulin injection therapy is burdensome and painful for many patients. Inhalational insulin is a potential alternative to subcutaneous insulin in the management of diabetes. The large surface area, good vascularization, immense capacity for solute exchange and ultra-thinness of the alveolar epithelium facilitates systemic delivery of insulin via pulmonary administration. Inhaled insulin has been recently approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is a novel, rapid-acting inhaled insulin with a pharmacokinetic profile that is different from all other insulin products and comparatively safer than the previous failed inhaled insulin (Exubera).
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors: Dick B S
authors: DB
authors: Brashier
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors: Anjan
authors: A
authors: Khadka
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors: Tejus
authors: T
authors: Anantharamu
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors: Ashok Kumar
authors: AK
authors: Sharma
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors: A K
authors: AK
authors: Gupta
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors: Sushil
authors: S
authors: Sharma
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Dahiya
keywords: Diabetes; inhaled; insulin; nasal spray