title: Does multicomponent physical exercise with simultaneous cognitive training boost cognitive performance in older adults? A 6-month randomized controlled trial with a 1-year follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive impairment is a health problem that concerns almost every second elderly person. Physical and cognitive training have differential positive effects on cognition, but have been rarely applied in combination. This study evaluates synergistic effects of multicomponent physical exercise complemented with novel simultaneous cognitive training on cognition in older adults. We hypothesized that simultaneous cognitive-physical components would add training specific cognitive benefits compared to exclusively physical training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seniors, older than 70 years, without cognitive impairment, were randomly assigned to either: 1) virtual reality video game dancing (DANCE), 2) treadmill walking with simultaneous verbal memory training (MEMORY), or 3) treadmill walking (PHYS). Each program was complemented with strength and balance exercises. Two 1-hour training sessions per week over 6 months were applied. Cognitive performance was assessed at baseline, after 3 and 6 months, and at 1-year follow-up. Multiple regression analyses with planned comparisons were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-nine participants were randomized to the three groups initially, 71 completed the training, while 47 were available at 1-year follow-up. Advantages of the simultaneous cognitive-physical programs were found in two dimensions of executive function. "Shifting attention" showed a time×intervention interaction in favor of DANCE/MEMORY versus PHYS (F[2, 68] =1.95, trend P=0.075, r=0.17); and "working memory" showed a time×intervention interaction in favor of DANCE versus MEMORY (F[1, 136] =2.71, trend P=0.051, R (2)=0.006). Performance improvements in executive functions, long-term visual memory (episodic memory), and processing speed were maintained at follow-up in all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Particular executive functions benefit from simultaneous cognitive-physical training compared to exclusively physical multicomponent training. Cognitive-physical training programs may counteract widespread cognitive impairments in the elderly.
authors: Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Eggenberger
authors: Department of Gerontopsychology and Gerontology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Vera
authors: V
authors: Schumacher
authors: Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Marius
authors: M
authors: Angst
authors: Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland ; Center for Gerontology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Nathan
authors: N
authors: Theill
authors: Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland ; CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands ; Centre for Evidence Based Physiotherapy, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors: Eling D
authors: ED
authors: de Bruin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003615:Dancing / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D004856:Postural Balance; D018910:Video Games; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology
keywords: cognitive impairment; dance; elderly; executive function; transfer; video game