title: A Survey of Radiation Doses in CT Urography Before and After Implementation of Iterative Reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to survey the radiation dose used in CT urography (CTU) in routine clinical practice, both before and after implementation of a scanning protocol that uses iterative reconstruction (Adaptive Iterative Dose Reduction 3D [AIDR 3D]).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively surveyed dose reports from consecutive CTU examinations performed in 2011 with the use of 64- and 320-MDCT scanners that were reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP) and from CTU examinations performed from May 2012 through November 2013 that were reconstructed with the use of AIDR 3D. Findings from these dose reports were then correlated with such patient characteristics as weight and body mass index (BMI; weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters). Only dose reports from single-bolus three-phase CTU examinations were included in the study. The volume CT dose index, dose-length product (DLP), and effective dose were surveyed both per examination and per phase by use of published effective dose DLP conversion factors. Image quality was evaluated subjectively for a subset of patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two study cohorts included 82 patients (median patient weight, 75.0 kg; median BMI, 25.3) who underwent CTU with FBP and 85 patients (median patient weight, 78.0 kg; median BMI, 24.5) who underwent CTU with AIDR 3D. The median total DLP and median effective dose were 924 mGy · cm and 13.0 mSv, respectively, in the CTU with the FBP cohort and 433 mGy · cm and 6.1 mSv, respectively, in the CTU with the AIDR 3D cohort. The median DLP in the unenhanced, nephrogenic, and excretory phases was 218, 300, and 441 mGy · cm, respectively, in patients undergoing CTU with FBP and 114, 121, and 190 mGy · cm, respectively, in patients undergoing CTU with AIDR 3D. Image quality was diagnostic in both groups, with relatively fewer artifacts noted on scans obtained using CTU with AIDR 3D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study presents detailed dose data from three-phase CTU examinations performed both before and after implementation of iterative reconstruction. Implementation of a CTU protocol using iterative reconstruction resulted in a mean effective dose of 6.1 mSv with preservation of clinical diagnostic image quality.
authors: 1 All authors: Department of Radiology, C-2S, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, NL-2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Aart J
authors: AJ
authors: van der Molen
authors: 1 All authors: Department of Radiology, C-2S, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, NL-2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Razvan L
authors: RL
authors: Miclea
authors: 1 All authors: Department of Radiology, C-2S, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, NL-2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Jacob
authors: J
authors: Geleijns
authors: 1 All authors: Department of Radiology, C-2S, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, NL-2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Raoul M S
authors: RM
authors: Joemai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014567:Urography
keywords: Adaptive Iterative Dose Reduction in 3D; CT iterative reconstruction; radiation dosage; urography