title: Ethyl acetate fraction of Cissus quadrangularis stem ameliorates hyperglycaemia-mediated oxidative stress and suppresses inflammatory response in nicotinamide/streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cissus quadrangularis is a plant with great medicinal value and different parts of the plant is traditionally used for the treatment of skin infections, constipation, piles, anaemia, asthma, irregular menstruation, burns and wounds. The stems and leaves of Cissus quadrangularis has been traditionally consumed as a vegetable.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study was hypothesized to investigate the beneficial effects of ethyl acetate fraction of Cissus quadrangularis stem (CQSF) on hyperglycaemia-mediated oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in nicotinamide/streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 110 mg/kg body weight nicotinamide 15 min prior to the injection of 45 mg/kg body weight streptozotocin. Diabetic rats were administered with a daily oral dose of 100 mg/kg CQSF for 60 days after diabetes induction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetic control rats showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in blood glucose, HbA1c, liver toxicity markers, inflammatory markers and lipid peroxidation products and reduction in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-6 and NF-κB in adipose tissue were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in diabetic group. Nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit level was greater in diabetic rats. CQSF administration significantly reversed these alterations. Histopathological alterations of liver and pancreas were also restored by CQSF treatment. The results were compared with the standard oral hypoglycaemic drug metformin. In addition, the ESI-MS and GC-MS analysis of CQSF confirmed the presence of quercetin and phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates that CQSF exerts antidiabetic activity by potentiating the antioxidant defense system and suppressing inflammatory responses.
authors: Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Trivandrum, Kerala 695 581, India.
authors: R K
authors: RK
authors: Lekshmi
authors: Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Trivandrum, Kerala 695 581, India.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Rajesh
authors: Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Trivandrum, Kerala 695 581, India. Electronic address: smini450@gmail.com.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Mini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D032422:Cissus / Q000737:chemistry*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D009536:Niacinamide; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013311:Streptozocin
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D009536:Niacinamide; D013311:Streptozocin
keywords: Antioxidants; Diabetes mellitus; Inflammation; Oxidative stress; Quercetin