title: Xylooligosaccharide supplementation alters gut bacteria in both healthy and prediabetic adults: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that gut microbiota is altered in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was to evaluate the effect of the prebiotic xylooligosaccharide (XOS) on the gut microbiota in both healthy and prediabetic (Pre-DM) subjects, as well as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in Pre-DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre-DM (n = 13) or healthy (n = 16) subjects were randomized to receive 2 g/day XOS or placebo for 8-weeks. In Pre-DM subjects, body composition and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done at baseline and week 8. Stool from Pre-DM and healthy subjects at baseline and week 8 was analyzed for gut microbiota characterization using Illumina MiSeq sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 40 Pre-DM associated bacterial taxa. Among them, the abundance of the genera Enterorhabdus, Howardella, and Slackia was higher in Pre-DM. XOS significantly decreased or reversed the increase in abundance of Howardella, Enterorhabdus, and Slackia observed in healthy or Pre-DM subjects. Abundance of the species Blautia hydrogenotrophica was lower in pre-DM subjects, while XOS increased its abundance. In Pre-DM, XOS showed a tendency to reduce OGTT 2-h insulin levels (P = 0.13), but had no effect on body composition, HOMA-IR, serum glucose, triglyceride, satiety hormones, and TNFα.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first clinical observation of modifications of the gut microbiota by XOS in both healthy and Pre-DM subjects in a pilot study. Prebiotic XOS may be beneficial in reversing changes in the gut microbiota during the development of diabetes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT01944904 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01944904).
authors: Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors: Jieping
authors: J
authors: Yang
authors: Infectious Diseases Section, VA West Los Angeles Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors: Paula H
authors: PH
authors: Summanen
authors: Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors: Susanne M
authors: SM
authors: Henning
authors: Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Hsu
authors: Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors: Heiman
authors: H
authors: Lam
authors: Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors: Jianjun
authors: J
authors: Huang
authors: Department of Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors: Chi-Hong
authors: CH
authors: Tseng
authors: MR DNA Molecular Research LP Shallowwater, TX, USA.
authors: Scot E
authors: SE
authors: Dowd
authors: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors: Sydney M
authors: SM
authors: Finegold
authors: Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Heber
authors: Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors: Zhaoping
authors: Z
authors: Li
keywords: diabetes; gut; microbiota; prediabetic; xylooligosaccharide