title: Behavior of Tamarixia triozae Females (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Attacking Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae) and Effects of Three Pesticides on This Parasitoid.
abstract: The parasitism and host feeding behavior of Tamarixia triozae (Burks) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) females on Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) fourth instars that have infested tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller) leaflets are described and quantified. Females took approximately 31.14 ± 4.39 min to search for their first suitable host. The recognition and handling times for oviposition were 2.66 ± 0.18 and 4.26 ± 0.39 min, respectively. T. triozae parasitized 4.66 ± 0.61 nymphs in a period of 6 h. The parasitoid explored and probed its host by walking along the margins of its body while antennating and repeatedly introducing the ovipositor beneath the nymph. The handling times before and during host feeding were 8.42 ± 0.67 and 8.29 ± 0.60 min, respectively. T. triozae females consumed 1.00 ± 0.00 B. cockerelli nymph after parasitizing 3.3 ± 0.48 nymphs. EPA-a refined soybean oil-imidacloprid, and abamectin caused between ~70 and 100% T. triozae adult mortality after a 48-h contact treatment with fresh pesticide residue and a 47-91% decrease (abamectin > imidacloprid > EPA) in adult emergence when parasitized B. cockerelli fourth instars were directly sprayed. These data suggest that the use of these insecticides in combination with T. triozae in integrated pest management programs should be carefully evaluated.
authors: Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Km. 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro. 58880 Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México.
authors: Ana-Mabel
authors: AM
authors: Martinez
authors: Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Km. 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro. 58880 Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México.
authors: Juan-Manuel
authors: JM
authors: Chavarrieta
authors: Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Km. 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro. 58880 Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México.
authors: Sinue-Isabel
authors: SI
authors: Morales
authors: Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Km. 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro. 58880 Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México.
authors: Kiela-Briseida
authors: KB
authors: Caudillo
authors: Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Km. 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro. 58880 Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México.
authors: José-Isaac
authors: JI
authors: Figueroa
authors: Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Álvaro Obregón 64 Centro, 78000 San Luis Potosí, México.
authors: Ovidio
authors: O
authors: Diaz
authors: Programa de Entomología, Campo Experimental Bajío, INIFAP. Km 6.5 Carretera Celaya-San Miguel de Allende, 38010, Celaya, Guanajuato, México.
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Bujanos
authors: Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Km. 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro. 58880 Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México.
authors: Benjamín
authors: B
authors: Gomez
authors: Protección de Cultivos, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, 28040 Madrid, España.
authors: Elisa
authors: E
authors: Viñuela
authors: Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Km. 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro. 58880 Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México. spineda_us@yahoo.com.
authors: Samuel
authors: S
authors: Pineda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D061046:Biological Control Agents; D005260:Female; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000469:parasitology*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000469:parasitology; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D009758:Nymph / Q000469:parasitology; D010058:Oviposition / Q000502:physiology; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000633:toxicity; D014863:Wasps / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D061046:Biological Control Agents; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; C082359:imidacloprid; C048324:abamectin; D007559:Ivermectin; D013024:Soybean Oil
keywords: EPA insecticide; abamectin; host feeding; imidacloprid; parasitism