title: Pheophorbide a from Capsosiphon fulvescens Inhibits Advanced Glycation End Products Mediated Endothelial Dysfunction.
abstract: During hyperglycemia, the first step toward the formation of advanced glycation end products is the nonenzymatic glycation between the carbonyl group of a sugar and the primary amino group of a protein. Advanced glycation end products are then produced through more complex reactions. Reactive oxygen species derived from advanced glycation end products may play a key role in inflammation of the endothelium, leading to the complications seen in diabetes. Glycolaldehyde-induced advanced glycation end products have been reported to express proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. This study focused on Capsosiphon fulvescens, a Capsosiphonaceae type of green algae that has shown potential as a functional food material. Pheophorbide a, an anti-glycation compound, was isolated from C. fulvescens by extraction using a mixture of ethanol and water, followed by column fractionation of the resulting extract. The compound separated from C. fulvescens was identified by means of high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Pheophorbide a showed scavenging activity of the intracellular reactive oxygen species as well as monocyte adhesiveness inhibitory activity on the human myelomonocytic cell line (THP-1) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells cocultivation system. The mRNA levels of inflammation-related genes such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-6 were significantly decreased by pheophorbide a, and advanced glycation end products-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β were downregulated as well. These results indicate that pheophorbide a has significant reactive oxygen species-scavenging activity, monocyte adhesive inhibitory activity, and downregulatory activity of cytokines related to inflammation affecting the endothelium. Pheophorbide a could therefore be a promising candidate for modulating endothelial cell dysfunction.
authors: Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Chung-Oui
authors: CO
authors: Hong
authors: Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Mi-Hyun
authors: MH
authors: Nam
authors: Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Ji-Sun
authors: JS
authors: Oh
authors: Department of Food and Biotechnology, College of Science and Engineering, Hankyung National University, Anseong-si, Kyonggi-do, South Korea.
authors: Jin-Won
authors: JW
authors: Lee
authors: Nong shim Co. 370, Shindaebang-dong, Dongjak-ku, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Cheong-Tae
authors: CT
authors: Kim
authors: Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Kwon-Woo
authors: KW
authors: Park
authors: Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Dong-Ho
authors: DH
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Kwang-Won
authors: KW
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000737:chemistry*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002734:Chlorophyll; C032623:pheophorbide a