title: Reduction of copper phytotoxicity by liming: A study of the root anatomy of young vines (Vitis labrusca L.).
abstract: Frequent applications of copper (Cu)-based fungicides on vines causes the accumulation of this metal in vineyard soils, which can cause toxicity in young vines. However, liming may reduce these toxic effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Cu toxicity on the root anatomy of young vines and the alleviation of Cu toxicity by lime applications to contaminated sandy soil. The treatments consisted of the addition of lime (0.0, 1.5 and 3.0 Mg ha(-1)) and two Cu concentrations (0 and 50 mg kg(-1)) to Typic Hapludalf soil. Young vines 'Niágara Branca' (Vitis labrusca L.) were obtained by micropropagation and cultivated for 70 days. The young vines grown with Cu and without liming presented a disorganized root structure; reduced root cap size; increased diameter (47%), cortex area (128%), vascular cylinder area (93%), and number of cortical layers and cells containing phenolic compounds (132%); and reduced root (41%), stem (44%) and leaf dry mass (21%) and height increase (55%). Moreover, Cu exposure reduced Ca concentrations (13%) and increased Cu concentrations (371%) in the roots. Liming, primarily with the highest tested dose, increased the soil pH (from 4.4 to 5.4-6.1), decreased the Cu concentration in the soil (extracted by CaCl2), increased the calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) uptake by plants, prevented root anatomical changes and benefited young vine growth in soil with higher Cu concentrations.
authors: Graduate Program in Agroecosystems (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas - PGA), Department of Rural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, CEP: 88034-000, Brazil. Electronic address: vgambrosini@gmail.com.
authors: Vítor Gabriel
authors: VG
authors: Ambrosini
authors: Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais - RGV), Department of Plant Science, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, CEP: 88034-000, Brazil. Electronic address: danielrosa.agro@gmail.com.
authors: Daniel José
authors: DJ
authors: Rosa
authors: Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais - RGV), Department of Plant Science, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, CEP: 88034-000, Brazil. Electronic address: jennypaolacp@gmail.com.
authors: Jenny Paola
authors: JP
authors: Corredor Prado
authors: Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais - RGV), Department of Plant Science, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, CEP: 88034-000, Brazil. Electronic address: mborghezan@hotmail.com.
authors: Marcelo
authors: M
authors: Borghezan
authors: National Research Center of Grape and Wine (Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Uva e Vinho - CNPUV), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa), Bento Gonçalves, RS, CEP: 95700-000, Brazil. Electronic address: wellington.melo@embrapa.br.
authors: George Wellington
authors: GW
authors: Bastos de Melo
authors: RGV, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, UFSC, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, CEP: 88040-900, Brazil. Electronic address: crfsoares@gmail.com.
authors: Cláudio Roberto
authors: CR
authors: Fonsêca de Sousa Soares
authors: Graduate Program in Agroecosystems (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas - PGA), Department of Rural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, CEP: 88034-000, Brazil. Electronic address: j.comin@ufsc.br.
authors: Jucinei José
authors: JJ
authors: Comin
authors: Department of Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, CEP: 97105-900, Brazil. Electronic address: dgsimao@gmail.com.
authors: Daniela Guimarães
authors: DG
authors: Simão
authors: Graduate Program in Soil Science (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo - PPGCS), Soils Department, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, CEP: 97105-900, Brazil. Electronic address: brunetto.gustavo@gmail.com.
authors: Gustavo
authors: G
authors: Brunetto
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000502:physiology*; D027843:Vitis / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003300:Copper
keywords: Grapevine seedlings; Heavy metal; Lime; Root structure; Toxicity