title: Clinical outcome and predictors of treatment response in foam sodium tetradecyl sulfate sclerotherapy of venous malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate clinical outcomes and their predictors in patients with venous malformation (VM) treated with foam sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) sclerotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated clinical outcomes of foam STS sclerotherapy in 86 patients with 91 VMs to assess reduction in pain and mass after treatment. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to determine possible predictors of clinical outcome with foam STS sclerotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A positive response of 49.5% in pain reduction and 52.7% in mass reduction was observed. The numerical rating scale (NRS) score improved from 4.36 ± 2.64 to 1.74 ± 1.57, and VM mass volume decreased to 41.7 ± 35.52% of the initial size. On multivariate analysis, a high baseline NRS score (odds ratio: 1.12, 95% confidence interval: 1.09-1.15) and VM location in the trunk versus the head and neck (odds ratio: 1.30, 95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.69) were positive predictors of pain improvement. Minor complications occurred in 11 (12.1%) patients and recurrence in 12 (13.2%) patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Foam STS sclerotherapy is an effective treatment in venous malformation, with low complication risk. A high baseline NRS score and location in the trunk versus the head and neck were positive predictors in improvement of pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • Foam STS sclerotherapy is effective in VM, with low risk of complications. • Relief of pain tends to be dramatic in patients with severe pain. • Location of VM is a predictor of pain improvement. • The presence of a draining vein does not affect foam sclerotherapy.
authors: Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Ilwon-dong 50, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea.
authors: Hong Suk
authors: HS
authors: Park
authors: Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Ilwon-dong 50, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea. rad.ysdo@gmail.com.
authors: Young Soo
authors: YS
authors: Do
authors: Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Ilwon-dong 50, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea.
authors: Kwang Bo
authors: KB
authors: Park
authors: Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Ilwon-dong 50, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea.
authors: Keon-Ha
authors: KH
authors: Kim
authors: Biostatistics Team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Sook Young
authors: SY
authors: Woo
authors: Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Sin-Ho
authors: SH
authors: Jung
authors: Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Dong-Ik
authors: DI
authors: Kim
authors: Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Young Wook
authors: YW
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Ilwon-dong 50, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea.
authors: Dongho
authors: D
authors: Hyun
authors: Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Ilwon-dong 50, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea.
authors: Sung Ki
authors: SK
authors: Cho
authors: Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Ilwon-dong 50, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea.
authors: In Wook
authors: IW
authors: Choo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D012981:Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D012981:Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate
keywords: Phlebography; Sclerosing solutions; Sclerotherapy; Vascular malformations; Venous malformation