title: Association of Fat Mass and Adipokines With Foot Pain in a Community Cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine, first, if fat mass index (FMI) or fat-free mass index (FFMI) and serum adipokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are associated with prevalent (stage 2) foot pain, and, second, if they are predictive of future (stage 3) foot pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A subset of participants ages ≥50 years (n = 1,462) from the North West Adelaide Health Study were used for this study. Participants from this community cohort were asked in stage 2 (2004-2006) and stage 3 (2008-2010) if they had foot pain, aching, or stiffness. In stage 2, serum adipokines and anthropometry were measured, while body composition was analyzed with dual x-ray absorptiometry. These variables, along with comorbidities and social history, were used in logistic regression analyses to determine if FMI, FFMI, and serum adipokines were associated with foot pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalent foot pain was present in 20.2% of participants, and future foot pain in 36.4%. Following multivariate modeling, the odds of having pain at stage 2 increased by 8% for each FMI unit (odds ratio [OR] 1.08, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.04-1.12), while the odds of having pain at stage 3 increased by 6% for each FMI unit at stage 2 (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02-1.11). TNF level, IL-6 level, and FFMI were not associated with pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased FMI, but not body mass index, FFMI, or TNF or IL-6 level, was associated with both prevalent and future foot pain. These results suggest that body fat may be more important than body weight with respect to foot pain. The role played by other adipokines requires further investigation.
authors: Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia.
authors: Tom P
authors: TP
authors: Walsh
authors: University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors: Tiffany K
authors: TK
authors: Gill
authors: La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Angela M
authors: AM
authors: Evans
authors: Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.
authors: Alison
authors: A
authors: Yaxley
authors: Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors: E Michael
authors: EM
authors: Shanahan
authors: University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, and Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia.
authors: Catherine L
authors: CL
authors: Hill
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood*; D050154:Adiposity; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000294:innervation*; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013021:South Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D015415:Biomarkers; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha