title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation for individual identification of the best electrode position for a motor imagery-based brain-computer interface.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For the translation of noninvasive motor imagery (MI)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) from the lab environment to end users at their homes, their handling must be improved. As a key component, the number of electroencephalogram (EEG)-recording electrodes has to be kept at a minimum. However, due to inter-individual anatomical and physiological variations, reducing the number of electrodes bares the risk of electrode misplacement, which will directly translate into a limited BCI performance of end users. The aim of the study is to evaluate the use of focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as an easy tool to individually optimize electrode positioning for a MI-based BCI. For this, the area of MI-induced mu-rhythm modulation was compared with the motor hand representation area in respect to their localization and to the control performance of a MI-based BCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Focal TMS was applied to map the motor hand areas and a 48-channel high-resolution EEG was used to localize MI-induced mu-rhythm modulations in 11 able-bodied, right-handed subjects (5 male, age: 23-31). The online BCI performances of the study participants were assessed with a single next-neighbor Laplace channel consecutively placed over the motor hand area and over the area of the strongest mu-modulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For most subjects, a consistent deviation between the position of the mu-modulation center and the corresponding motor hand areas well above the localization error could be observed in mediolateral and to a lesser degree in anterior-posterior direction. On an individual level, the MI-induced mu-rhythm modulation was at average found 1.6 cm (standard deviation (SD) = 1.30 cm) lateral and 0.31 cm anterior (SD = 1.39 cm) to the motor hand area and enabled a significantly better online BCI performance than the motor hand areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On an individual level a trend towards a consistent average spatial distance between motor hand area and mu-rhythm modulation center was found indicating that TMS may be used as a simple tool for quick individual optimization of EEG-recording electrode positions of MI-based BCIs. The study results indicate that motor hand areas of the primary motor cortex determined by TMS are not the main generators of the cortical mu-rhythm.
authors: Heidelberg University Hospital, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany. s.haenselmann@gmail.com.
authors: Siegfried
authors: S
authors: Hänselmann
authors: Heidelberg University Hospital, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany. matthias.schneiders@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Schneiders
authors: Heidelberg University Hospital, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany. norbert.weidner@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors: Norbert
authors: N
authors: Weidner
authors: Heidelberg University Hospital, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany. ruediger.rupp@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors: Rüdiger
authors: R
authors: Rupp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000294:innervation; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult