title: Effect of paricalcitol and enalapril on renal inflammation/oxidative stress in atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the protective effect of paricalcitol and enalapril on renal inflammation and oxidative stress in ApoE-knock out mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals treated for 4 mo as group (1) ApoE-knock out plus vehicle, group (2) ApoE-knock out plus paricalcitol (200 ng thrice a week), (3) ApoE-knock out plus enalapril (30 mg/L), (4) ApoE-knock out plus paricalcitol plus enalapril and (5) normal. Blood pressure (BP) was recorded using tail cuff method. The kidneys were isolated for biochemical assays using spectrophotometer and Western blot analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ApoE-deficient mice developed high BP (127 ± 3 mmHg) and it was ameliorated by enalapril and enalapril plus paricalcitol treatments but not with paricalcitol alone. Renal malondialdehyde concentrations, p22(phox), manganese-superoxide dismutase, inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-β1 levels significantly elevated but reduced glutathione, CuZn-SOD and eNOS levels significantly depleted in ApoE-knock out animals compared to normal. Administration of paricalcitol, enalapril and combined together ameliorated the renal inflammation and oxidative stress in ApoE-knock out animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paricalcitol and enalapril combo treatment ameliorates renal inflammation as well as oxidative stress in atherosclerotic animals.
authors: Kazim Husain, Edu Suarez, Angel Isidro, Leon Ferder, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ponce, PR 00732, United States.
authors: Kazim
authors: K
authors: Husain
authors: Kazim Husain, Edu Suarez, Angel Isidro, Leon Ferder, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ponce, PR 00732, United States.
authors: Edu
authors: E
authors: Suarez
authors: Kazim Husain, Edu Suarez, Angel Isidro, Leon Ferder, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ponce, PR 00732, United States.
authors: Angel
authors: A
authors: Isidro
authors: Kazim Husain, Edu Suarez, Angel Isidro, Leon Ferder, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ponce, PR 00732, United States.
authors: Wilfredo
authors: W
authors: Hernandez
authors: Kazim Husain, Edu Suarez, Angel Isidro, Leon Ferder, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ponce, PR 00732, United States.
authors: Leon
authors: L
authors: Ferder
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Enalapril; Oxidative stress; Paricalcitol; Renal inflammation