title: Tumor suppressor NDRG2 inhibits glycolysis and glutaminolysis in colorectal cancer cells by repressing c-Myc expression.
abstract: Cancer cells use glucose and glutamine as the major sources of energy and precursor intermediates, and enhanced glycolysis and glutamimolysis are the major hallmarks of metabolic reprogramming in cancer. Oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inactivation alter multiple intracellular signaling pathways that affect glycolysis and glutaminolysis. N-Myc downstream regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is a tumor suppressor gene inhibiting cancer growth, metastasis and invasion. However, the role and molecular mechanism of NDRG2 in cancer metabolism remains unclear. In this study, we discovered the role of the tumor suppressor gene NDRG2 in aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis of cancer cells. NDRG2 inhibited glucose consumption and lactate production, glutamine consumption and glutamate production in colorectal cancer cells. Analysis of glucose transporters and the catalytic enzymes involved in glycolysis revealed that glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), hexokinase 2 (HK2), pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) was significantly suppressed by NDRG2. Analysis of glutamine transporter and the catalytic enzymes involved in glutaminolysis revealed that glutamine transporter ASC amino-acid transporter 2 (ASCT2) and glutaminase 1 (GLS1) was also significantly suppressed by NDRG2. Transcription factor c-Myc mediated inhibition of glycolysis and glutaminolysis by NDRG2. More importantly, NDRG2 inhibited the expression of c-Myc by suppressing the expression of β-catenin, which can transcriptionally activate C-MYC gene in nucleus. In addition, the growth and proliferation of colorectal cancer cells were suppressed significantly by NDRG2 through inhibition of glycolysis and glutaminolysis. Taken together, these findings indicate that NDRG2 functions as an essential regulator in glycolysis and glutaminolysis via repression of c-Myc, and acts as a suppressor of carcinogenesis through coordinately targeting glucose and glutamine transporter, multiple catalytic enzymes involved in glycolysis and glutaminolysis, which fuels the bioenergy and biomaterials needed for cancer proliferation and progress.
authors: The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors: Xinyuan
authors: X
authors: Xu
authors: The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors: Jianying
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors: Xiang
authors: X
authors: Sun
authors: The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Guo
authors: The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors: Dake
authors: D
authors: Chu
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Wei
authors: The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors: Xia
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors: Guodong
authors: G
authors: Yang
authors: The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors: Xinping
authors: X
authors: Liu
authors: The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors: Libo
authors: L
authors: Yao
authors: The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors: Jian
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors: Lan
authors: L
authors: Shen
mesh_terms: D026962:Amino Acid Transport System ASC / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005972:Glutaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006019:Glycolysis; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008875:Middle Aged; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D047368:Tumor Burden; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D026962:Amino Acid Transport System ASC; C495270:CTNNB1 protein, human; C489427:MYC protein, human; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; C466228:NDRG2 protein, human; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; C420506:SLC1A5 protein, human; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin; D005973:Glutamine; D019344:Lactic Acid; C579480:GLS protein, human; D005972:Glutaminase; D005947:Glucose
keywords: NDRG2; aerobic glycolysis; colorectal cancer; glutaminolysis; tumor metabolism