title: Rapid Modulation of Protein Expression in the Rat Hippocampus Following Deep Brain Stimulation of the Fornix.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The forniceal area is currently being evaluated as a target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) to improve cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The molecular changes at downstream targets within the stimulated circuit are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the modulation of hippocampal protein expression following 1 h of fornix DBS in the rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals underwent bilateral forniceal DBS for 1 h and sacrificed at different time-points after the initiation of the stimulation (1 h, 2.5 h, 5 h, 25 h). Bilateral hippocampi were isolated for western blot analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forniceal DBS led to a dramatic elevation of cFos post-stimulation, suggesting that forniceal DBS activates the hippocampus. There was also a significant increase in candidate proteins including several trophic factors, such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) but not glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). There was in addition, increased expression of the synaptic markers growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43), synaptophysin and α-synuclein. No changes were observed at the studied time-points in Alzheimer's-related proteins including amyloid precursor protein (APP), tau, phosphorylated tau (ptau), or selected chaperone proteins (HSP40, HSP70 and CHIP).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Forniceal DBS triggers hippocampal activity and rapidly modulate the expression of neurotrophic factors and markers of synaptic plasticity known to play key roles in memory processing. The clinical effects of DBS of the fornix may, in part, be mediated by producing changes in the expression of these proteins.
authors: Toronto Western Research Institute, Krembil Discovery Tower, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.
authors: Elise
authors: E
authors: Gondard
authors: Toronto Western Research Institute, Krembil Discovery Tower, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.
authors: Hien N
authors: HN
authors: Chau
authors: Toronto Western Research Institute, Krembil Discovery Tower, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.
authors: Amandeep
authors: A
authors: Mann
authors: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors: Travis S
authors: TS
authors: Tierney
authors: Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.
authors: Clement
authors: C
authors: Hamani
authors: Toronto Western Research Institute, Krembil Discovery Tower, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.
authors: Suneil K
authors: SK
authors: Kalia
authors: Toronto Western Research Institute, Krembil Discovery Tower, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada. Electronic address: lozano@uhnresearch.ca.
authors: Andres M
authors: AM
authors: Lozano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D020712:Fornix, Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
keywords: Deep brain stimulation; Fornix; Hippocampus; Neurotrophic factors; Synaptic plasticity; cFos