title: Metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A review of current therapies and novel immunotherapies.
abstract: Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has changed dramatically in the past 10 years, largely due to advances in understanding of tumor biology. A number of targeted therapies have been shown to improve progression free survival and overall survival as compared to nonspecific immunotherapy. Despite the success of targeted therapies, they have not produced durable responses that have been seen historically with immunotherapy such as IL-2 (interleukin 2) and IFN-α (interferon). The promise of durable responses has caused some to shift research focus from targeted therapies to novel immunotherapies. This article reviews the literature behind the current targeted therapies and describes several novel approaches to immunotherapy that are in various phases of development.
authors: University of California, Los Angeles, 924 Westwood Blvd. Suite 1050, Los Angeles, CA 90023-7207, USA.
authors: Jacob S
authors: JS
authors: Thomas
authors: University of California, Los Angeles, 924 Westwood Blvd. Suite 1050, Los Angeles, CA 90023-7207, USA. Electronic address: fkabbina@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors: Fairooz
authors: F
authors: Kabbinavar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000276:immunology / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: Carcinoma; Dendritic cells; Immunotherapy; Programmed cell death 1 receptor; Renal cell