title: The Modulatory Role of Dopamine in Anxiety-like Behavior.
abstract: Anxiety is an unpleasant physiological state in which an overreaction to a situation occurs. It has been suggested that different brain regions are involved in the modulation and expression of anxiety, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal cortex. Dysfunction of neurotransmitters and their receptors can lead to many mood disorders like anxiety. There are evidences that dopamine plays an important role in anxiety modulation in different parts of the brain. Some evidence has shown that the mesolimbic, mesocortical and nigrostriatal dopaminergic system are involved in anxiety. Both dopamine D1 and D2 receptor mechanisms are important in mediating anxiety. The activity of dopaminergic system is modulated by several neurotransmitters, including glutamatergic neurons from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), GABAergic fibers from the nucleus accumbens (NAc) as well as the ventral pallidum and cholinergic fibers from the pedunculopontine nucleus and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. Thus, changes in the glutamatergic, and GABAergic, as well as mediated transmission in the mesolimbic, mesocortical and nigrostriatal dopaminergic system may influence anxiety-like behavior.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Medical Genomics Research Center and School of Advanced Sciences in Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Tehran, Iran, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran.zarinmr@ams.ac.ir.
authors: Mohammad-Reza
authors: MR
authors: Zarrindast
authors: Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran. khakpai@gmail.com.
authors: Fatemeh
authors: F
authors: Khakpai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology*; D059329:Cholinergic Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology*; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid / Q000502:physiology; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate / Q000502:physiology; D011968:Receptors, Histamine / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate; D011968:Receptors, Histamine; D004298:Dopamine