title: Effectivity of air-abrasive powder based on glycine and tricalcium phosphate in removal of initial biofilm on titanium and zirconium oxide surfaces in an ex vivo model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was the evaluation of effectiveness and efficiency of a powder consisting of glycine and tricalcium phosphate in comparison to two established powders based on glycine or sodium bicarbonate in biofilm removal on titanium and zirconium implant surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biofilm was collected for 48 h by five volunteers. A total of 69 titanium and 69 zirconium samples were randomly assigned to test and control groups. Residual plaque areas (RPA) and treatment time were taken as parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within the titanium groups, mean RPA was determined in the following descending order: sodium bicarbonate > glycine > glycine + tricalcium phosphate. Differences between the groups were significant, p < 0.05. Mean treatment time in the titanium groups was determined in the following descending order without significant differences, p > 0.05: glycine + tricalcium phosphate > sodium bicarbonate > glycine. Regarding the zirconium groups, mean RPA was detected in the following descending order, without significant differences, p > 0.05: glycine > sodium bicarbonate > glycine + tricalcium phosphate. Mean treatment time of the glycine + tricalcium phosphate group was significantly lower than in the control groups, p < 0.05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It can be concluded that glycine + tricalcium phosphate seemed to be more effective than the control groups for biofilm removal on titanium and zirconium implant surfaces. Especially on zirconium surfaces, decontamination with glycine + tricalcium phosphate seemed to be more efficient than treatment with glycine or sodium bicarbonate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of glycine and tricalcium phosphate could improve the clinical outcomes of air-abrasive device in nonsurgical peri-implantitis therapy.
authors: Department of Oral Surgery, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany. gordon.john@med.uni-duesseldorf.de.
authors: Gordon
authors: G
authors: John
authors: Department of Oral Surgery, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Jürgen
authors: J
authors: Becker
authors: Department of Oral Surgery, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Schwarz
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015921:Dental Implants; D005998:Glycine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium; C018392:tricalcium phosphate; D005998:Glycine
keywords: Air powder flow; Air-abrasive device; Nonsurgical; Peri-implantitis