title: Hair analysis to monitor abuse of analgesic combinations containing butalbital and propyphenazone.
abstract: Butalbital, a barbiturate, is present in analgesic combinations used by headache sufferers. Overuse/abuse of these combinations may cause dependence, chronic migraine, and medication-overuse headache (MOH). MOH is difficult to manage: it improves interrupting analgesic overuse, but requires monitoring, because relapses are frequent. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for hair analysis has been developed and validated to document abuse of an analgesic combination containing butalbital and propyphenazone by a patient with MOH. For over ten years the patient managed her headache using eight suppositories/day of an analgesic combination containing butalbital 150mg, caffeine 75mg, and propyphenazone 375mg per suppository. An outpatient detoxification treatment was carried out. After three weeks, the patient reduced the consumption to one suppository/day. At the first control visit, after three months from the beginning of detoxification, the patient increased the use of the combination to four suppositories/day and at the second control visit, after seven months from the beginning of detoxification, she was back to eight suppositories/day. At the two control visits, a hair sample was taken for determination of butalbital and propyphenazone. Moreover blood and urine samples for determination of butalbital were drawn at the beginning of detoxification treatment and at the two control visits. With the segmental analysis of two hair samples the medication history of ten months could be estimated. In the first hair sample, collected at the first control visit, in the distal segment, butalbital and propyphenazone concentrations were, respectively, 17.5ng/mg and 56.0ng/mg, confirming the prolonged abuse; in the proximal segment, concurrently with the detoxification treatment, butalbital and propyphenazone concentrations had reduced respectively to 5.45ng/mg and 11.1ng/mg. The second hair sample, collected at the second control visit, proved the fair course of the detoxification treatment in the distal segment and signalled relapse in the abuse of the analgesic combination in the proximal segment. In the clinical context, hair analysis can be advantageously used to monitor the abuse of analgesic combinations with butalbital, common among headache patients. The validation data showed that GC-MS method developed for determination of butalbital and propyphenazone was rapid, highly sensitive, specific and selective.
authors: Unit of Medical Toxicology, Headache Centre and Drug Abuse, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy. Electronic address: anna.ferrari@unimore.it.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Ferrari
authors: Unit of Medical Toxicology, Headache Centre and Drug Abuse, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors: Ilaria
authors: I
authors: Tiraferri
authors: Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Legal Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors: Federica
authors: F
authors: Palazzoli
authors: Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Legal Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors: Patrizia
authors: P
authors: Verri
authors: Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Legal Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors: Daniele
authors: D
authors: Vandelli
authors: Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Legal Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors: Filippo
authors: F
authors: Marchesi
authors: Unit of Medical Toxicology, Headache Centre and Drug Abuse, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors: Michela
authors: M
authors: Ciccarese
authors: Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Legal Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors: Manuela
authors: M
authors: Licata
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D000983:Antipyrine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D001463:Barbiturates / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006197:Hair / Q000378:metabolism*; D051271:Headache Disorders, Secondary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012008:Recurrence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D001463:Barbiturates; D004338:Drug Combinations; C004470:butalbital; C009077:propyphenazone; D000983:Antipyrine
keywords: Butalbital; Drug monitoring; GC–MS; Hair analysis; Medication-overuse Headache; Propyphenazone