title: Outcomes Associated With the Nationwide Introduction of Rapid Response Systems in The Netherlands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the effect of implementation of a rapid response system on the composite endpoint of cardiopulmonary arrest, unplanned ICU admission, or death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pragmatic prospective Dutch multicenter before-after trial, Cost and Outcomes analysis of Medical Emergency Teams trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve hospitals participated, each including two surgical and two nonsurgical wards between April 2009 and November 2011. The Modified Early Warning Score and Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation instruments were implemented over 7 months. The rapid response team was then implemented during the following 17 months. The effects of implementing the rapid response team were measured in the last 5 months of this period.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients 18 years old and older admitted to the study wards were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 166,569 patients were included in the study representing 1,031,172 hospital admission days. No differences were observed in patient demographics between periods. The composite endpoint of cardiopulmonary arrest, unplanned ICU admission, or death per 1,000 admissions was significantly reduced in the rapid response team versus the before phase (adjusted odds ratio, 0.847; 95% CI, 0.725-0.989; p = 0.036). Cardiopulmonary arrests and in-hospital mortality were also significantly reduced (odds ratio, 0.607; 95% CI, 0.393-0.937; p = 0.018 and odds ratio, 0.802; 95% CI, 0.644-1.0; p = 0.05, respectively). Unplanned ICU admissions showed a declining trend (odds ratio, 0.878; 95% CI, 0.755-1.021; p = 0.092), whereas severity of illness at the moment of ICU admission was not different between periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, introduction of nationwide implementation of rapid response systems was associated with a decrease in the composite endpoint of cardiopulmonary arrests, unplanned ICU admissions, and mortality in patients in general hospital wards. These findings support the implementation of rapid response systems in hospitals to reduce severe adverse events.
authors: 1Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 2Department of Intensive Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. 3Department of Clinical Research Unit, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 4Department of Geriatric Rehabilitation and Transmural Care, Cordaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 5Department of Geriatrics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 6Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 7Department of Educational Support, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 8Department of Intensive Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 9Department of Intensive Care, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands.
authors: Jeroen
authors: J
authors: Ludikhuize
authors: Anja H
authors: AH
authors: Brunsveld-Reinders
authors: Marcel G W
authors: MG
authors: Dijkgraaf
authors: Susanne M
authors: SM
authors: Smorenburg
authors: Sophia E J A
authors: SE
authors: de Rooij
authors: Rob
authors: R
authors: Adams
authors: Paul F
authors: PF
authors: de Maaijer
authors: Bernard G
authors: BG
authors: Fikkers
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Tangkau
authors: Evert
authors: E
authors: de Jonge
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D057209:Hospital Rapid Response Team / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010362:Patients' Rooms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index