title: Frequency of Testing for Dyslipidemia: A Systematic Review and Budget Impact Analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current Canadian guidelines recommend annual screening for hyperlipidemia in people with a Framingham risk score (FRS) of greater than 5%. In those with a FRS of less than 5%, lipid screening is recommended every 3 to 5 years.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine the most cost-effective frequency of lipid profile testing in adults with different levels of cardiovascular risk based on published literature, to determine current frequency of lipid screening in Ontario, and to calculate the cost of aligning current with recommended frequencies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We systematically searched for studies (from 2000 to 2012) evaluating the cost-effectiveness of lipid profile testing frequency in adults. Using the Canadian Community Health Survey and linked health administrative databases, we calculated the FRS for each survey respondent on every day from 2005 to 2011. Average current frequency of lipid testing was calculated according to the total number of patient days spent in each FRS category and the number of lipid tests occurring on those days. Extrapolating these outcomes to the Ontario population, we estimated the expected budget impact of aligning current rates of lipid testing with rates recommended by the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No studies evaluated the cost-effectiveness of lipid monitoring frequency. Our database analysis revealed that people in the very low risk group are tested an average of once every 4.4 years, those in the low risk group are tested once every 2 years, those in the intermediate risk group are tested every 1.4 years, and those in the highest risk group are tested annually. If we compare these rates to those recommended by the CCS guidelines, an additional 3.6 million tests would be needed to achieve recommended rates of lipid testing. At a cost of $14.48 per test, the expected cost to the province would be $52.2 million.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results were analysed in aggregate, leading to the potential for ecological fallacy. In addition, because data pertaining to drug prescriptions in Ontario are only available for people over 65 years of age, the analysis did not account for the influence of statin treatment on the frequency of lipid testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that there is currently no evidence to inform the optimal frequency of lipid testing. People in Ontario at low-low, low, intermediate, and high risk are being tested once every 4.4, 1.9, 1.4, and 1.0 times per year, respectively. According to the CCS guidelines, this represents under-testing in the low and intermediate groups. Achieving the recommended rates of testing would cost approximately $52.2 million. Given the large cost of implementing such a change and the uncertainty on which CCS guidelines are based, it would be prudent to await the results of further research before making such a large investment.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids