title: Systematic analysis of the polyphenol metabolome using the Phenol-Explorer database.
abstract: METHODS
  The Phenol-Explorer web database details 383 polyphenol metabolites identified in human and animal biofluids from 221 publications. Here, we exploit these data to characterize and visualize the polyphenol metabolome, the set of all metabolites derived from phenolic food components.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Qualitative and quantitative data on 383 polyphenol metabolites as described in 424 human and animal intervention studies were systematically analyzed. Of these metabolites, 301 were identified without prior enzymatic hydrolysis of biofluids, and included glucuronide and sulfate esters, glycosides, aglycones, and O-methyl ethers. Around one-third of these compounds are also known as food constituents and corresponded to polyphenols absorbed without further metabolism. Many ring-cleavage metabolites formed by gut microbiota were noted, mostly derived from hydroxycinnamates, flavanols, and flavonols. Median maximum plasma concentrations (C(max)) of all human metabolites were 0.09 and 0.32 μM when consumed from foods or dietary supplements, respectively. Median time to reach maximum plasma concentration in humans (T(max)) was 2.18 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show the complexity of the polyphenol metabolome and the need to take into account biotransformations to understand in vivo bioactivities and the role of dietary polyphenols in health and disease.
authors: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, Biomarkers Group, Lyon CEDEX, France.
authors: Joseph A
authors: JA
authors: Rothwell
authors: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Mireia
authors: M
authors: Urpi-Sarda
authors: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Boto-Ordoñez
authors: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Llorach
authors: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Andreu
authors: A
authors: Farran-Codina
authors: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, Biomarkers Group, Lyon CEDEX, France.
authors: Dinesh Kumar
authors: DK
authors: Barupal
authors: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, Biomarkers Group, Lyon CEDEX, France.
authors: Vanessa
authors: V
authors: Neveu
authors: INRA, UMR1019, Human Nutrition Unit, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors: Claudine
authors: C
authors: Manach
authors: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Andres-Lacueva
authors: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, Biomarkers Group, Lyon CEDEX, France.
authors: Augustin
authors: A
authors: Scalbert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005504:Food Analysis; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006027:Glycosides / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D055442:Metabolome; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D003373:Coumaric Acids; D005419:Flavonoids; D020719:Glucuronides; D006027:Glycosides; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D059808:Polyphenols
keywords: Bioavailability; Intervention studies; Metabolism; Pharmacokinetics; Polyphenol metabolome; Pure polyphenol doses