title: Gene-Environment Interaction in Youth Depression: Replication of the 5-HTTLPR Moderation in a Diverse Setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Replication of scientific findings is a major challenge in biomedical research. In psychiatry, the identification of measured gene-environment interactions (G×E) has promoted a heated debate over the past decade, with controversial results about its influence on disorders such as major depression. The authors sought to replicate a 2003 study on G×E in youth depression in a large birth cohort from a diverse setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study, and adopting a design as similar as possible to that of the original study, the authors tested whether the relationship between childhood maltreatment and a subsequent depressive episode diagnosis was moderated by 5-HTTLPR genotype. Of 5,249 individuals assessed at birth and followed up to age 18, data on the evaluation for depressive episodes in early adulthood, on childhood maltreatment, and on genotype were available for 3,558 participants, of whom 2,392 remained after conservative screening for previous depressive symptoms. Associations were investigated with logistic regression analyses and controlling for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results replicated important findings of the original study, this time in a sample of young adults from a middle-income country: there was a differential dose-response relationship between childhood maltreatment and major depression according to 5-HTTLPR genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After following a research strategy as comparable as possible to that of the original study, the results corroborated the existence of a measured G×E, now in a large sample from a different sociocultural context. These findings provide further evidence that a genetic variant in the 5-HTTLPR moderates the link between childhood maltreatment and youth depression.
authors: From the Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Basic Health Sciences. Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre; the Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; the Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil; the Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil; and the National Institute for Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil.
authors: Thiago Botter-Maio
authors: TB
authors: Rocha
authors: From the Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Basic Health Sciences. Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre; the Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; the Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil; the Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil; and the National Institute for Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil.
authors: Mara H
authors: MH
authors: Hutz
authors: From the Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Basic Health Sciences. Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre; the Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; the Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil; the Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil; and the National Institute for Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil.
authors: Angélica
authors: A
authors: Salatino-Oliveira
authors: From the Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Basic Health Sciences. Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre; the Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; the Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil; the Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil; and the National Institute for Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil.
authors: Júlia P
authors: JP
authors: Genro
authors: From the Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Basic Health Sciences. Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre; the Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; the Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil; the Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil; and the National Institute for Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil.
authors: Guilherme V
authors: GV
authors: Polanczyk
authors: From the Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Basic Health Sciences. Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre; the Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; the Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil; the Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil; and the National Institute for Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil.
authors: João Ricardo
authors: JR
authors: Sato
authors: From the Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Basic Health Sciences. Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre; the Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; the Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil; the Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil; and the National Institute for Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil.
authors: Fernando C
authors: FC
authors: Wehrmeister
authors: From the Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Basic Health Sciences. Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre; the Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; the Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil; the Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil; and the National Institute for Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil.
authors: Fernando C
authors: FC
authors: Barros
authors: From the Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Basic Health Sciences. Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre; the Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; the Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil; the Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil; and the National Institute for Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil.
authors: Ana M B
authors: AM
authors: Menezes
authors: From the Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Basic Health Sciences. Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre; the Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; the Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil; the Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil; and the National Institute for Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil.
authors: Luis Augusto
authors: LA
authors: Rohde
authors: From the Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Basic Health Sciences. Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre; the Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; the Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil; the Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil; and the National Institute for Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil.
authors: Luciana
authors: L
authors: Anselmi
authors: From the Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Department of Basic Health Sciences. Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre; the Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; the Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil; the Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil; and the National Institute for Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Kieling
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012931:Social Environment; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins