title: Gender-neutrality, herd effect and resilient immune response for sustainable impact of HPV vaccination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review summarize the impact of various strategies of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, such as vaccinating only girls or both girls and boys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Slow and inefficient implementation of HPV vaccination programmes has delayed the impact of the first human cancer vaccine. Vaccinating only girls, with a rather low coverage, has led to a limited herd effect and, thus, not full use of the HPV vaccine potential.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender-neutral vaccination based on comparative effectiveness research will hopefully soon tackle the whole spectrum of HPV cancers in both sexes. The remaining challenges are how to ensure resilience of HPV vaccine-induced immunity and herd effect to guarantee population-level impact of HPV vaccination, and how to guard against HPV type replacement.
authors: University of Tampere, and Family Federation of Finland, Finland.
authors: Matti
authors: M
authors: Lehtinen
authors: Dan
authors: D
authors: Apter
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003218:Condylomata Acuminata / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D032521:Immunity, Herd / Q000276:immunology*; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000458:organization & administration; D008297:Male; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines