title: Accuracy and uncertainty analysis of soil Bbf spatial distribution estimation at a coking plant-contaminated site based on normalization geostatistical technologies.
abstract: Data distribution is usually skewed severely by the presence of hot spots in contaminated sites. This causes difficulties for accurate geostatistical data transformation. Three types of typical normal distribution transformation methods termed the normal score, Johnson, and Box-Cox transformations were applied to compare the effects of spatial interpolation with normal distribution transformation data of benzo(b)fluoranthene in a large-scale coking plant-contaminated site in north China. Three normal transformation methods decreased the skewness and kurtosis of the benzo(b)fluoranthene, and all the transformed data passed the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test threshold. Cross validation showed that Johnson ordinary kriging has a minimum root-mean-square error of 1.17 and a mean error of 0.19, which was more accurate than the other two models. The area with fewer sampling points and that with high levels of contamination showed the largest prediction standard errors based on the Johnson ordinary kriging prediction map. We introduce an ideal normal transformation method prior to geostatistical estimation for severely skewed data, which enhances the reliability of risk estimation and improves the accuracy for determination of remediation boundaries.
authors: Research Center for Scientific Development in Fenhe River Valley, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan, 030012, China.
authors: Geng
authors: G
authors: Liu
authors: Research Center for Scientific Development in Fenhe River Valley, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan, 030012, China.
authors: Junjie
authors: J
authors: Niu
authors: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Anwai Dayangfang 8, Beijing, 100012, China.
authors: Chao
authors: C
authors: Zhang
authors: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Anwai Dayangfang 8, Beijing, 100012, China. guogl@craes.org.cn.
authors: Guanlin
authors: G
authors: Guo
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D003032:Coal Mining; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000032:analysis*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D062206:Spatial Analysis
chemical_list: D005449:Fluorenes; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C006703:benzo(b)fluoranthene
keywords: Contaminated site; Geostatistics; Normalization methods; Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons; Risk estimation