title: Cost-utility of adjuvant zoledronic acid in patients with breast cancer and low estrogen levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adjuvant zoledronic acid (za) appears to improve disease-free survival (dfs) in women with early-stage breast cancer and low levels of estrogen (lle) because of induced or natural menopause. Characterizing the cost-utility (cu) of this therapy could help to determine its role in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the perspective of the Canadian health care system, we examined the cu of adjuvant endocrine therapy with or without za in women with early-stage endocrine-sensitive breast cancer and lle. A Markov model was used to compute the cumulative costs in Canadian dollars and the quality-adjusted life-years (qalys) gained from each adjuvant strategy, discounted at a rate of 5% annually. The model incorporated the dfs and fracture benefits of adjuvant za. Probabilistic and one-way sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine key model parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with a no-za strategy, adjuvant za in the induced and natural menopause groups was associated with, respectively, $7,825 and $7,789 in incremental costs and 0.46 and 0.34 in qaly gains for cu ratios of $17,007 and $23,093 per qaly gained. In one-way sensitivity analyses, the results were most sensitive to changes in the za dfs benefit. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis suggested a 100% probability of adjuvant za being a cost-effective strategy at a threshold of $100,000 per qaly gained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on available data, adjuvant za appears to be a cost-effective strategy in women with endocrine-sensitive breast cancer and lle, having cu ratios well below accepted thresholds.
authors: Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS;
authors: N W D
authors: NW
authors: Lamond
authors: Atlantic Clinical Cancer Research Unit, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Skedgel
authors: Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; ; Atlantic Clinical Cancer Research Unit, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Rayson
authors: Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; ; Atlantic Clinical Cancer Research Unit, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Younis
keywords: Adjuvant therapy; bone health; breast cancer; cost–utility; economic analyses; zoledronic acid