title: Role of melanocortin signalling in the preference for dietary macronutrients in human beings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Signalling though the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), which is widely expressed in the hypothalamus, mediates food intake and macronutrient preference in rodents. Studies in patients with MC4R deficiency can provide insights into the role of this pathway in man. We investigated the role of melanocortin signalling in fat and sucrose preference in human beings by studying patients with loss of function mutations in MC4R.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 24 obese patients with MC4R deficiency, and 80 healthy controls (40 obese, 40 lean). We used an ad-libitum meal protocol consisting of three meals covertly manipulated to provide 20% (low), 40% (medium), and 60% (high) fat content. We used the same procedure for meals manipulated to provide 8% (low), 26% (medium), and 54% (high) sucrose content. We measured food intake and rated liking for the meals with visual analogue scores. Data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests or a linear mixed-effects model with an interaction term for study group and study meal when appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the liking of the three different fat meals did not differ between the three groups, patients with MC4R mutations consumed 95% more of the high fat meal than did lean controls and 65% more of the high fat meal than did obese controls (p=0·0222 for the interaction of group by meal). By contrast, although liking ratings for low and medium sucrose meals were comparable in the individuals with MC4R deficiency, liking ratings for the high sucrose meal were significantly reduced (p=0·0252 in linear mixed-effects model, intercept 57·8, MC4R group factor -26·2, factors in the model for MC4R-low sucrose 27·7, MC4R-medium sucrose 22·6). Similarly, patients with MC4R deficiency consumed less of all three sucrose meals than did healthy controls (p=0·0064).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that the central melanocortin system has divergent effects on macronutrient preference and intake in human beings.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Wellcome Trust, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Bernard Wolfe Health Neuroscience Fund, NeuroFAST consortium, which is funded by the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no 245009.
authors: Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: av330@medschl.cam.ac.uk.
authors: Agatha
authors: A
authors: van der Klaauw
authors: Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors: Julia
authors: J
authors: Keogh
authors: Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors: Elana
authors: E
authors: Henning
authors: Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors: Cheryl
authors: C
authors: Stephenson
authors: Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors: Victoria M
authors: VM
authors: Trowse
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Fletcher
authors: Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors: Sadaf
authors: S
authors: Farooqi