title: Adolescent and Young Adult Smokers Who Self-Identify as Nonsmokers: Relationship With Cigarette-Related Withdrawal and Cravings.
abstract: Examine the extent to which low-nicotine dependent daily smokers identify themselves as nonsmokers (smoking nonsmokers) over time, and examine the effect of nicotine-related withdrawal symptoms and cravings in predicting self-identified smoking status.
  
  
  
  Longitudinal.
  
  
  
  National Youth Smoking Cessation Survey 2003-2005.
  
  
  
  One hundred thirty-two adolescents and young adults (16-24 years).
  
  
  
  A questionnaire was used to assess smoking identity, withdrawal, cravings, and smoking intensity parameters.
  
  
  
  Multivariable logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  
  Among the 132 smoking nonsmokers at baseline, 45% remained smoking nonsmokers at the 2-year follow-up, with 55% transitioning to smoking (i.e., self-identified as smoking smokers in the interim). After adjustments, participants exhibiting greater restlessness and cravings over time, respectively, had 3.59 (p = .01) and 4.31 (p = .008) greater odds of being a smoking nonsmoker at baseline but then transitioning into a smoking smoker at 2-year follow-up.
  
  
  
  These findings may have implications with respect to interventions emphasizing withdrawal and craving symptoms. Further, given that some youth smokers self-identify as nonsmokers, and do so over time, potential intervention efforts may be pointed toward cognitive-related strategies at improving self-perceptions.
authors: Department of Respiratory Therapy, Bellarmine University, Louisville, Kentucky jwalker@bellarmine.edu.
authors: Jerome F
authors: JF
authors: Walker
authors: Center for Health Behavior Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi.
authors: Paul D
authors: PD
authors: Loprinzi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D000074285:Smokers / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D000073869:Tobacco Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Epidemiology; Health focus: smoking control; Manuscript format: quantitative research; Nicotine; Outcome measure: cognitive; Prevention Research; Research purpose: modeling/relationship testing; Setting: national; Smoking Avoidance; Smoking Identity; Strategy: education; Study design: longitudinal; Target population age: youth; Target population circumstances: education; adults; behavioral