title: Assessment of dietary vitamin A intake (retinol, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin) and its sources in the National Survey of Dietary Intake in Spain (2009-2010).
abstract: The aim of this study is to assess the intake of the individual components of vitamin A and major dietary sources in the Spaniards using data on food consumption from Spanish National Dietary Intake Survey (2009-2010). A 24-h dietary recall, 3-day diet diary and a software application that includes HPLC analytical data were used. Average dietary vitamin A intake is 716.4 µg retinol equivalents (RE), which is supplied as retinol (57.9%RE) and as provitamin-A carotenoids (42.1%RE). β-Carotene represents 71.9% of provitamin-A carotenoids, β-cryptoxanthin 15.3%, α-carotene 12.8%. Red- and orange-colored fruits and vegetables are major contributors of provitamin-A (1587 µg/day). Spanish diet covers the dietary reference on the intake for vitamin A, provided mainly by foods of animal origin. The main contributors to the intake of provitamin-A carotenoids are carrots, tomatoes, spinach and oranges. Data on the intake of individual components of vitamin A contribute to improving our understanding of the relationship between diet and health.
authors: a Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain and.
authors: Beatriz
authors: B
authors: Beltrán-de-Miguel
authors: b Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain.
authors: Rocío
authors: R
authors: Estévez-Santiago
authors: b Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain.
authors: Begoña
authors: B
authors: Olmedilla-Alonso
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D065366:Cryptoxanthins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D013030:Spain; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055815:Young Adult; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene; D014801:Vitamin A; D002338:Carotenoids; C041635:alpha-carotene
keywords: Bioactive compounds; carotenoids; nutritional assessment; provitamin-A; retinol