title: Hyperlipidemia-induced hepatic and small intestine ER stress and decreased paraoxonase 1 expression and activity is associated with HDL dysfunction in Syrian hamsters.
abstract: METHODS
  We aimed at investigating the mechanisms linking hyperlipidemia (HL) with dysfunctional HDL and its main antioxidant enzyme, paraoxonase1 (PON1). PON1 expression and activity was determined in the small intestine, liver, and sera of normal and HL hamsters and associated with the ER stress (ERS) and the development of aortic valve lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male Golden Syrian hamsters were fed standard chow (N) or standard diet with 3% cholesterol and 15% butter for 16 weeks. All hamsters on fat diet developed HL, 50% also hyperglycemia (HLHG) and a fourfold increased homeostasis model assessment of insuline resistance. PON1 expression was reduced in the small intestine and liver (N > HL > HLHG) along with the increased extent of ERS, oxidized lipids, and decreased expression of liver X receptors beta (LXRβ) in the small intestine, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) in the liver, and of the glucose transporter 4 in the myocardium. Serum PON1 levels decreased along with the increase of oxidized LDL and lesion areas of the aortic valves (N > HL > HLHG).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fat diet activates the ERS and oxidative stress, decreases LXRβ, PPARγ, and PON1 in the small intestine, liver, and sera of all HL animals, in parallel with the appearance of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic valves.
authors: Department of Lipidomics, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
authors: Camelia S
authors: CS
authors: Stancu
authors: Department of Lipidomics, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
authors: Mihaela G
authors: MG
authors: Carnuta
authors: Department of Lipidomics, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
authors: Gabriela M
authors: GM
authors: Sanda
authors: Department of Lipidomics, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Toma
authors: Department of Lipidomics, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.|Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania.
authors: Mariana
authors: M
authors: Deleanu
authors: Department of Lipidomics, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
authors: Loredan S
authors: LS
authors: Niculescu
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors: Shlomo
authors: S
authors: Sasson
authors: Department of Lipidomics, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
authors: Maya
authors: M
authors: Simionescu
authors: Department of Lipidomics, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
authors: Anca V
authors: AV
authors: Sima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006224:Cricetinae; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; D051273:Glucose Transporter Type 2 / Q000032:analysis; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000378:metabolism*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism*; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051273:Glucose Transporter Type 2; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase
keywords: ER stress; Hyperlipidemia; Liver; Paraoxonase 1; Small intestine