title: Improvement of nonsuicidal self-injury following treatment with antipsychotics possessing strong D1 antagonistic activity: evidence from a report of three cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is no drug treatment for nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), a highly prevalent and burdensome symptom of several psychiatric diseases like posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), personality disorders, and major depression (MD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we present a retrospective series of three patients demonstrating a persistent remission in MD-associated NSSI in response to treatment with antipsychotics possessing marked D1 receptor antagonistic activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To the best of the authors' knowledge, the case series presented is only the second clinical paper suggesting a role for D1 antagonists in NSSI drug therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together with previously published data from rodent models, the findings suggest a role for D1 antagonists in NSSI drug therapy and hence for the D1 receptor in NSSI pathogenesis. This conclusion is limited by the facts that the patients presented here received polypharmacy and that the D1 receptor antagonistic antipsychotics suggested here as effective 'anti-auto-aggressants' do not address D1 receptors only but multiple neurotransmitter receptors/systems.
authors: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Psychotraumatology, Munich, Germany.
authors: Bastian
authors: B
authors: Wollweber
authors: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Director of the Clinical Department, Munich, Germany.
authors: Martin E
authors: ME
authors: Keck
authors: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Department, Head of Trauma Outpatient Clinic and RG Molecular Psychotraumatology and Closed Ward, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
authors: Ulrike
authors: U
authors: Schmidt
keywords: D1 receptor antagonists; deliberate self-harm; drug treatment for nonsuicidal self-injury; neuroleptics; nonsuicidal self-injury; nonsuicidal self-injury treatment