title: Bioconcentration, biotransformation and elimination of pyrene in the arctic crustacean Gammarus setosus (Amphipoda) at two temperatures.
abstract: The influence of temperature on the bioaccumulation, toxicokinetics, biotransformation and depuration of pyrene was studied in the arctic marine amphipod Gammarus setosus. A two-compartment model was used to fit experimental values of total body burden, total metabolites and parent pyrene concentrations and to calculate toxicokinetic variables derived for two experimental treatments (2 and 8 °C). No statistically significant differences were observed with temperature for these toxicokinetic variables or bioconcentration factors. Contrarily, the Q10 values suggested that the toxicokinetic variables ke and km were temperature-dependent. This may be explained by the high standard deviation of the Q10 values. Q10 is the variation in the rate of a metabolic reaction with a 10 °C increase in temperature. Depuration rate constants were calculated from linear best fit equations applied to measured pyrene concentrations over time during the depuration phase of the experiment. During depuration, the parent pyrene was eliminated in two stages with faster elimination observed at 8 °C compared to 2 °C. This finding was also indicated by the Q10. No changes in total body burdens of metabolite concentrations were observed during the monitoring of depuration over a period of 96 h. The biotransformation pathway of pyrene in G. setosus was also investigated in this study with two main phase II biotransformation products discovered by liquid chromatography. These products are conditionally identified as the sulphate and glucose conjugates of 1-hydroxy-pyrene. Overall, the study contributes new knowledge to the understanding of the fate of PAHs in arctic biota. In particular, the study provides valuable insight into the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of an important PAH and its metabolites in a species that serves as both a predator and prey in the arctic ecosystem.
authors: Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101, Finland; Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: victor.carrasco.navarro@uef.fi.
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Carrasco-Navarro
authors: Akvaplan-niva, FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway; University of Tromsø, Institute of Arctic and Marine Biology, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Jæger
authors: Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101, Finland; Akvaplan-niva, FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
authors: J O
authors: JO
authors: Honkanen
authors: University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors: J V K
authors: JV
authors: Kukkonen
authors: Akvaplan-niva, FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway; CAGE - Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment, and Climate, the Department of Geology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway.
authors: JoLynn
authors: J
authors: Carroll
authors: Akvaplan-niva, FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway; The University Centre in Svalbard, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway.
authors: Lionel
authors: L
authors: Camus
mesh_terms: D033304:Amphipoda / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001110:Arctic Regions; D001711:Biotransformation; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007700:Kinetics; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D013538:Svalbard; D013696:Temperature; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011721:Pyrenes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C030984:pyrene
keywords: Arctic invertebrates; Depuration; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Temperature; Toxicokinetics; Uptake