title: Sensory and Functionality Differences of Whey Protein Isolate Bleached by Hydrogen or Benzoyl Peroxide.
abstract: Whey protein is a highly functional food ingredient used in a wide variety of applications. A large portion of fluid whey produced in the United States is derived from Cheddar cheese manufacture and contains annatto (norbixin), and therefore must be bleached. The objective of this study was to compare sensory and functionality differences between whey protein isolate (WPI) bleached by benzoyl peroxide (BP) or hydrogen peroxide (HP). HP and BP bleached WPI and unbleached controls were manufactured in triplicate. Descriptive sensory analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were conducted to determine flavor differences between treatments. Functionality differences were evaluated by measurement of foam stability, protein solubility, SDS-PAGE, and effect of NaCl concentration on gelation relative to an unbleached control. HP bleached WPI had higher concentrations of lipid oxidation and sulfur containing volatile compounds than both BP and unbleached WPI (P < 0.05). HP bleached WPI was characterized by high aroma intensity, cardboard, cabbage, and fatty flavors, while BP bleached WPI was differentiated by low bitter taste. Overrun and yield stress were not different among WPI (P < 0.05). Soluble protein loss at pH 4.6 of WPI decreased by bleaching with either hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide (P < 0.05), and the heat stability of WPI was also distinct among WPI (P < 0.05). SDS PAGE results suggested that bleaching of whey with either BP or HP resulted in protein degradation, which likely contributed to functionality differences. These results demonstrate that bleaching has flavor effects as well as effects on many of the functionality characteristics of whey proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whey protein isolate (WPI) is often used for its functional properties, but the effect of oxidative bleaching chemicals on the functional properties of WPI is not known. This study identifies the effects of hydrogen peroxide and benzoyl peroxide on functional and flavor characteristics of WPI bleached by hydrogen and benzoyl peroxide and provides insights for the product applications which may benefit from bleaching.
authors: Dept. of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, N.C., 27695, U.S.A.
authors: Tucker J
authors: TJ
authors: Smith
authors: Dept. of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, N.C., 27695, U.S.A.
authors: E Allen
authors: EA
authors: Foegeding
authors: Dept. of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, N.C., 27695, U.S.A.
authors: MaryAnne
authors: M
authors: Drake
mesh_terms: D001585:Benzoyl Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031212:Bixaceae; D057886:Bleaching Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002338:Carotenoids; D002611:Cheese; D003116:Color; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D055951:Functional Food / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D006859:Hydrogen; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D009812:Odorants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059748:Proteolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D013455:Sulfur / Q000032:analysis; D013649:Taste; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D000067796:Whey; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D057886:Bleaching Agents; D005505:Food Coloring Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D002338:Carotenoids; C054041:annatto; D013455:Sulfur; D006859:Hydrogen; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C099823:norbixin; D001585:Benzoyl Peroxide
keywords: bleaching; functionality; sensory; whey protein isolate