title: The role of temporal speech cues in facilitating the fluency of adults who stutter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adults who stutter speak more fluently during choral speech contexts than they do during solo speech contexts. The underlying mechanisms for this effect remain unclear, however. In this study, we examined the extent to which the choral speech effect depended on presentation of intact temporal speech cues. We also examined whether speakers who stutter followed choral signals more closely than typical speakers did.
  
  
  METHODS
  8 adults who stuttered and 8 adults who did not stutter read 60 sentences aloud during a solo speaking condition and three choral speaking conditions (240 total sentences), two of which featured either temporally altered or indeterminate word duration patterns. Effects of these manipulations on speech fluency, rate, and temporal entrainment with the choral speech signal were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adults who stutter spoke more fluently in all choral speaking conditions than they did when speaking solo. They also spoke slower and exhibited closer temporal entrainment with the choral signal during the mid- to late-stages of sentence production than the adults who did not stutter. Both groups entrained more closely with unaltered choral signals than they did with altered choral signals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that adults who stutter make greater use of speech-related information in choral signals when talking than adults with typical fluency do. The presence of fluency facilitation during temporally altered choral speech and conversation babble, however, suggests that temporal/gestural cueing alone cannot account for fluency facilitation in speakers who stutter. Other potential fluency enhancing mechanisms are discussed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The reader will be able to (a) summarize competing views on stuttering as a speech timing disorder, (b) describe the extent to which adults who stutter depend on an accurate rendering of temporal information in order to benefit from choral speech, and (c) discuss possible explanations for fluency facilitation in the presence of inaccurate or indeterminate temporal cues.
authors: Department of Linguistics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: gatorade70@cnu.ac.kr.
authors: Jin
authors: J
authors: Park
authors: Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors: Kenneth J
authors: KJ
authors: Logan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000067454:Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003142:Communication; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D011932:Reading; D013060:Speech; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013342:Stuttering / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Attention; Choral speech; Speech entrainment; Speech timing; Stuttering