title: Thirdhand Smoke in the Homes of Medically Fragile Children: Assessing the Impact of Indoor Smoking Levels and Smoking Bans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thirdhand smoke (THS) residue results from secondhand smoke, and is emerging as a distinct public health hazard, particularly for medically fragile pediatric patients living with smokers. THS is difficult to remove and readily reacts with other pollutants to form carcinogens and ultrafine particles. This study investigated THS found in homes of high-risk infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit and their association with characteristics (eg, number of household smokers) hypothesized to influence THS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data from 141 hospitalized infants' homes were analyzed, along with follow-up data (n = 22) to explore household smoking characteristics and THS changes in response to indoor smoking ban policies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Households with an indoor ban, in which not more than 10 cigarettes/d were smoked, had the lowest levels of THS contamination compared to homes with no ban (P < .001) and compared to homes with an indoor ban in which greater numbers of cigarettes were smoked (P < .001). Importantly, homes with an indoor ban in which at least 11 cigarettes/d were smoked were not different from homes without a ban. The follow-up sample of 22 homes provided initial evidence indicating that, unless a ban was implemented, THS levels in homes continued to increase over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preliminary longitudinal data suggest that THS may continue to accumulate in homes over time and household smoking bans may be protective. However, for homes with high occupant smoking levels, banning indoor smoking may not be fully adequate to protect children from THS. Unless smoking is reduced and bans are implemented, medically fragile children will be exposed to the dangers of THS.
authors: Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX; Thomas.F.Northrup@uth.tmc.edu.
authors: Thomas F
authors: TF
authors: Northrup
authors: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA;
authors: Georg E
authors: GE
authors: Matt
authors: School of Public Health, Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA;
authors: Melbourne F
authors: MF
authors: Hovell
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX;
authors: Amir M
authors: AM
authors: Khan
authors: Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX.
authors: Angela L
authors: AL
authors: Stotts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000068104:Infant Health / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000639:trends*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution