title: Neck Circumference as a Predictive Indicator of CKD for High Cardiovascular Risk Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neck circumference (NC) is an anthropometric measure of obesity for upper subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution which is associated with cardiometabolic risk. This study investigated whether NC is associated with indicators of chronic kidney disease (CKD) for high cardiometabolic risk patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 177 consecutive patients who underwent the outpatient departments of cardiology were prospectively enrolled in the study. The patients were aged >20 years with normal renal function or with stages 1-4 CKD. A linear regression was performed using the Enter method to present an unadjusted R(2), standardized coefficients, and standard error, and the Durbin-Watson test was used to assess residual independence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most anthropometric measurements from patients aged ≧ 65 were lower than those from patients aged < 65, except for women's waist circumference (WC) and waist hip ratio. Female NC obtained the highest R(2) values for 24 hr CCR, uric acid, microalbuminuria, hsCRP, triglycerides, and HDL compared to BMI, WC, and hip circumference. The significances of female NC with 24 hr CCR and uric acid were improved after adjusted age and serum creatinine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NC is associated with indicators of CKD for high cardiometabolic risk patients and can be routinely measured as easy as WC in the future.
authors: Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Minquan East Road, Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan ; Department of Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, No. 95, Wenchang Road, Shilin District, Taipei City 111, Taiwan.
authors: Ya-Fang
authors: YF
authors: Liu
authors: Division of Cardiology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 6, West Section Chiapu Road, Putzu City, Chiayi Hsien 613, Taiwan.
authors: Shih-Tai
authors: ST
authors: Chang
authors: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Section 2, Chenggong Road, Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
authors: Wei-Shiang
authors: WS
authors: Lin
authors: Division of Cardiology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 6, West Section Chiapu Road, Putzu City, Chiayi Hsien 613, Taiwan.
authors: Jen-Te
authors: JT
authors: Hsu
authors: Division of Cardiology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 6, West Section Chiapu Road, Putzu City, Chiayi Hsien 613, Taiwan.
authors: Chang-Min
authors: CM
authors: Chung
authors: Division of Cardiology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 6, West Section Chiapu Road, Putzu City, Chiayi Hsien 613, Taiwan.
authors: Jung-Jung
authors: JJ
authors: Chang
authors: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 5, Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
authors: Kuo-Chun
authors: KC
authors: Hung
authors: School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
authors: Kang-Hua
authors: KH
authors: Chen
authors: School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
authors: Chi-Wen
authors: CW
authors: Chang
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Minquan East Road, Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
authors: Fu-Chi
authors: FC
authors: Chen
authors: Section of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Room 4317, No. 161, Section 6, Minquan East Road, Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
authors: Yun-Wen
authors: YW
authors: Shih
authors: Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Minquan East Road, Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan ; Section of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Room 4317, No. 161, Section 6, Minquan East Road, Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
authors: Chi-Ming
authors: CM
authors: Chu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides