title: Spatial Distribution of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Injury at Harvest in Mid-Atlantic Apple Orchards.
abstract: Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), injury to late-season apple cultivars was measured at harvest in 2011 and 2012 in commercial orchards in four mid-Atlantic states. In each orchard block, a border zone (adjacent to woods), an interior zone (near orchard center), and an intermediate zone (between border and interior zones) comprised 1-3 tree rows per zone, depending on block size. Just before commercial harvest, 10 fruit were sampled from the upper, middle, and lower third of the canopy from five trees in each zone. After 3-5 wk in cold storage, fruit were examined for external and internal injury, and severity of internal injury (number of injury sites per fruit) from H. halys. A zero-inflated negative binomial model accounted for significant variation among the orchards and showed that apples from the upper canopy of border zone trees had the highest probability of experiencing external and internal injury. A minor interaction was detected among the orchards and zones for injury prevalence and severity, but there was no evidence of an orchard showing less expected injury in the border zone compared with other zones. Adjusting for orchard-to-orchard variation, differences in injury distributions among the zones and canopies were primarily due to injury prevalence rather than expected injury severity. The implications of these results to scouting and managing H. halys in eastern apple orchards are discussed.
authors: Alson H. Smith, Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, 595 Laurel Grove Rd., Winchester, VA 22602. Current address: University of California Cooperative Extension, 1432 Abbott Street, Salinas, CA 93901. svjoseph@ucanr.edu.
authors: Shimat V
authors: SV
authors: Joseph
authors: North Carolina State University, Department of Statistics, 2311 Stinson Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695-8203.
authors: Jonathan W
authors: JW
authors: Stallings
authors: USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Rd., Kearneysville, WV 25430-2771.
authors: Tracy C
authors: TC
authors: Leskey
authors: Penn State University, Department of Entomology, Fruit Research and Extension Center, 290 University Dr., P.O. Box 330, Biglerville, PA 17307.
authors: Greg
authors: G
authors: Krawczyk
authors: Rutgers Fruit & Ornamental Research & Extension Center, Rutgers University, 283 Rt 539, Cream Ridge, NJ 08514-9634.
authors: Dean
authors: D
authors: Polk
authors: University of Maryland Extension, 700 Agriculture Center, Westminster, MD 21157.
authors: Bryan
authors: B
authors: Butler
authors: Alson H. Smith, Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, 595 Laurel Grove Rd., Winchester, VA 22602.
authors: J Christopher
authors: JC
authors: Bergh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005638:Fruit / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D060434:Herbivory; D020062:Heteroptera / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D027845:Malus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008873:Mid-Atlantic Region; D009758:Nymph / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D011157:Population Dynamics; D014768:Virginia
keywords: Halyomorpha halys; Malus domestica; sampling; scouting