title: A qualitative review of sports concussion education: prime time for evidence-based knowledge translation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Educating athletes, coaches, parents and healthcare providers about concussion management is a public health priority. There is an abundance of information on sports concussions supported by position statements from governing sport and medical organisations. Yet surveys of athletes, parents, coaches and healthcare providers continue to identify multiple barriers to the successful management of sports concussion. To date, efforts to provide education using empirically sound methodologies are lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide a comprehensive review of scientific research on concussion education efforts and make recommendations for enhancing these efforts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative literature review of sports concussion education.
  
  
  METHODS
  Databases including PubMed, Sport Discus and MEDLINE were searched using standardised terms, alone and in combination, including 'concussion', 'sport', 'knowledge', 'education' and 'outcome'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies measuring the success of education interventions suggest that simply presenting available information may help to increase knowledge about concussions, but it does not produce long-term changes in behaviour among athletes. Currently, no empirical reviews have evaluated the success of commercially available sports concussion applications. The most successful education efforts have taken steps to ensure materials are user-friendly, interactive, utilise more than one modality to present information and are embedded in mandated training programmes or support legislation. Psychosocial theory-driven methods used to understand and improve 'buy in' from intended audiences have shown promise in changing behaviour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More deliberate and methodologically sound steps must be taken to optimise education and knowledge translation efforts in sports concussion.
authors: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Mrazik
authors: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Christopher R
authors: CR
authors: Dennison
authors: Neurosciences (Brain Injury and Rehabilitation programs), Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Departments of Paediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child & Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Brian L
authors: BL
authors: Brooks
authors: Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child & Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Keith Owen
authors: KO
authors: Yeates
authors: BC Injury Research & Prevention Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Shelina
authors: S
authors: Babul
authors: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Dhiren
authors: D
authors: Naidu
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes / Q000193:education; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006266:Health Education / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D007883:Legislation, Medical; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D013177:Sports / Q000193:education* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000193:education* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence
keywords: Brain; Concussion; Education; Knowledge translation