title: Associations Between Maternal Infection During Pregnancy, Childhood Infections, and the Risk of Subsequent Psychotic Disorder--A Swedish Cohort Study of Nearly 2 Million Individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies question whether the risk for psychotic disorder associated with prenatal exposure to infection are due to infections per se, or to shared susceptibility of both infections and psychiatric disorders. Moreover, the potential link between prenatal infection and serious infections during childhood, another alleged risk factor for psychotic disorder, remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of maternal infections during pregnancy in context of parental psychiatric disorders and subsequent childhood infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  All children born in Sweden 1978-1997 were linked to the National Patient Register. Hazard ratios of nonaffective psychosis were estimated in relation to maternal infection during pregnancy and odds ratios of childhood infection were calculated in relation to maternal infection during pregnancy. Relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) estimated biological synergism between parental psychiatric disorder and maternal infection during pregnancy, and between maternal infection during pregnancy and childhood infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal infection during pregnancy was not statistically significantly associated with offspring psychosis (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.06, 95% CI 0.88-1.27). However, maternal infection during pregnancy and maternal psychiatric disorders acted synergistically in offspring psychosis development (RERI 1.33, 95% CI 0.27-2.38). Maternal infection during pregnancy increased the risk of offspring childhood infections (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.45-1.54). These 2 factors also interacted in psychosis development (RERI 0.63, 95% CI 0.12-1.14).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among mothers with a history of psychiatric disease, infection during pregnancy increases the risk of psychosis in offspring. Maternal infections during pregnancy appear to contribute to the risk of childhood infections, which together render the child more vulnerable to psychosis development.
authors: Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Public Health Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; asa.blomstrom@ki.se.
authors: Åsa
authors: Å
authors: Blomström
authors: Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Håkan
authors: H
authors: Karlsson
authors: Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Public Health Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
authors: Renee
authors: R
authors: Gardner
authors: Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Public Health Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
authors: Lena
authors: L
authors: Jörgensen
authors: Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Public Health Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
authors: Cecilia
authors: C
authors: Magnusson
authors: Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Public Health Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Dalman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: fetal; interaction; prenatal; psychosis; schizophrenia