title: The use of augmented auditory feedback to improve arm reaching in stroke: a case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  After practice, augmented feedback is the most important factor that facilitates motor learning. We assess the potential effectiveness of two types of augmented auditory feedback on the re-learning of arm reaching in individuals with stroke: (a) real-time knowledge of performance (KP) feedback and (b) rhythmic cueing in the form of knowledge of results (KR) feedback.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five participants with stroke underwent short-term practice, reaching with their affected arm with KP, KR and no feedback, on separate days. We assessed range of motion of the upper extremity (shoulder, elbow) and trunk, mean error and variability of the performed trajectory, and movement time, before and after training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All participants benefitted from practice with feedback, though the effects varied across participants and feedback type. In three participants, KP feedback increased elbow extension and reduced compensatory trunk flexion. In four participants, KR feedback reduced movement time taken to perform the reach. Of note, one participant benefitted mostly from KP feedback, which increased shoulder flexion and elbow extension, and decreased compensatory trunk flexion and mean error.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within day practice with augmented auditory feedback improves reaching in individuals with stroke. This warrants further investigation with longer practice periods in a larger sample size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After practice, augmented feedback is the second most important factor that facilitates motor learning. Music-based augmented auditory feedback has potential to enhance reaching abilities in individuals with stroke. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of this feedback over a longer training period in a larger sample size.
authors: Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Deparment of Neurology, Music, Neuroimaging and Stroke Recovery Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Joyce L
authors: JL
authors: Chen
authors: Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Deparment of Neurology, Music, Neuroimaging and Stroke Recovery Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.|Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Shinya
authors: S
authors: Fujii
authors: Deparment of Neurology, Music, Neuroimaging and Stroke Recovery Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Gottfried
authors: G
authors: Schlaug
mesh_terms: D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D056228:Feedback, Sensory; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007721:Knowledge of Results, Psychological; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D020127:Recovery of Function; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Knowledge of performance; knowledge of results; motor learning