title: Follicular Helper CD4+ T Cells in Human Neuroautoimmune Diseases and Their Animal Models.
abstract: Follicular helper CD4(+) T (TFH) cells play a fundamental role in humoral immunity deriving from their ability to provide help for germinal center (GC) formation, B cell differentiation into plasma cells and memory cells, and antibody production in secondary lymphoid tissues. TFH cells can be identified by a combination of markers, including the chemokine receptor CXCR5, costimulatory molecules ICOS and PD-1, transcription repressor Bcl-6, and cytokine IL-21. It is difficult and impossible to get access to secondary lymphoid tissues in humans, so studies are usually performed with human peripheral blood samples as circulating counterparts of tissue TFH cells. A balance of TFH cell generation and function is critical for protective antibody response, whereas overactivation of TFH cells or overexpression of TFH-associated molecules may result in autoimmune diseases. Emerging data have shown that TFH cells and TFH-associated molecules may be involved in the pathogenesis of neuroautoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO)/neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), and myasthenia gravis (MG). This review summarizes the features of TFH cells, including their development, function, and roles as well as TFH-associated molecules in neuroautoimmune diseases and their animal models.
authors: Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors: Xueli
authors: X
authors: Fan
authors: Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors: Chenhong
authors: C
authors: Lin
authors: Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors: Jinming
authors: J
authors: Han
authors: Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors: Xinmei
authors: X
authors: Jiang
authors: Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China ; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Jie
authors: J
authors: Zhu
authors: Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors: Tao
authors: T
authors: Jin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020274:Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D060889:Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein / Q000502:physiology; D007378:Interleukins / Q000502:physiology; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D009157:Myasthenia Gravis / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D009471:Neuromyelitis Optica / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D051560:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6; D054380:Receptors, CXCR5 / Q000502:physiology; D000098546:Interleukin-21
chemical_list: C084103:BCL6 protein, human; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C556692:ICOS protein, human; D060889:Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein; D007378:Interleukins; D051560:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6; D054380:Receptors, CXCR5; D000098546:Interleukin-21