title: Human multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium bovis infection in Mexico.
abstract: Here, we describe the molecular characterization of six human Mycobacterium bovis clinical isolates, including three multidrug resistant (MDR) strains, collected in Mexico through the National Survey on Tuberculosis Drug Resistance (ENTB-2008), a nationally representative survey conducted during 2008-2009 in nine states with a stratified cluster sampling design. The genetic background of bovine M. bovis strains identified in three different states of Mexico was studied in parallel to assess molecular relatedness of bovine and human strains. Additionally, resistance to first and second line anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs and molecular identification of mutations conferring drug resistance was also performed. All strains were characterized by spoligotyping and 24-loci MIRU-VNTRs, and analyzed using the SITVIT2 (n = 112,000 strains) and SITVITBovis (n = 25,000 strains) proprietary databases of Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe. Furthermore, data from this study (n = 55 isolates), were also compared with genotypes recorded for M. bovis from USA (n = 203), Argentina (n = 726), as well as other isolates from Mexico (independent from the present study; n = 147), to determine any evidence for genetic relatedness between circulating M. bovis strains. The results showed that all human M. bovis cases were not genetically related between them or to any bovine strain. Interestingly, a high degree of genetic variability was observed among bovine strains. Several autochthonous and presumably imported strains were identified. The emergence of drug-resistant M. bovis is an important public health problem that jeopardizes the success of TB control programs in the region.
authors: Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Carlos A
authors: CA
authors: Vazquez-Chacon
authors: Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: jarmandomartinez@yahoo.com.mx.
authors: Armando
authors: A
authors: Martínez-Guarneros
authors: WHO, Supranational Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Abymes, France.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Couvin
authors: Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Jorge A
authors: JA
authors: González-Y-Merchand
authors: Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Rivera-Gutierrez
authors: Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Alejandro
authors: A
authors: Escobar-Gutierrez
authors: Centro Mesoamericano de Estudios en Salud Pública y Desastres, UNACH, Chiapas, Mexico; Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública de Chiapas, SSA, Mexico.
authors: Juan J
authors: JJ
authors: De-la-Cruz López
authors: Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública de Chiapas, SSA, Mexico.
authors: Adriana
authors: A
authors: Gomez-Bustamante
authors: Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública de Chiapas, SSA, Mexico.
authors: Gabriela A
authors: GA
authors: Gonzalez-Macal
authors: Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Livia Maria
authors: LM
authors: Gonçalves Rossi
authors: Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
authors: Raquel
authors: R
authors: Muñiz-Salazar
authors: WHO, Supranational Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Abymes, France.
authors: Nalin
authors: N
authors: Rastogi
authors: Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Gilberto
authors: G
authors: Vaughan
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; D009154:Mutation; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents
keywords: MIRU-VNTR; Multi-drug resistance; Mycobacterium bovis; Spoligotyping