title: A systematic determination of diffusion coefficients of trace elements in open and restricted diffusive layers used by the diffusive gradients in a thin film technique.
abstract: A systematic comparison of the diffusion coefficients of cations (Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) and oxyanions (Al, As, Mo, Sb, V, W) in open (ODL) and restricted (RDL) diffusive layers used by the DGT technique was undertaken. Diffusion coefficients were measured using both the diffusion cell (Dcell) method at pH 4.00 and the DGT time-series (D(DGT)) method at pH 4.01 and 7.04 (pH 8.30 was used instead of 7.04 for Al) using the Chelex-Metsorb mixed binding layer. The performance of Chelex-Metsorb as a new DGT binding layer for Al uptake was also evaluated for the first time. Reasonable agreement was observed between D(cell) and D(DGT) measurements for both ODL and RDL, except for V and W. The ratios of D(cell)/D(DGT) for V of 0.44 and 0.39, and for W of 0.66 and 0.63 with ODL and RDL respectively, were much lower due to the formation of a high proportion of polyoxometalate species at the higher concentrations required with the D(cell) measurements. This is the first time that D values have been reported for several oxyanions using RDL. Except for Al at pH 8.30 with ODL, all D(DGT) measurements were retarded relative to diffusion coefficients in water (DW) for both diffusive hydrogels. Diffusion in RDL was further retarded compared with ODL, for all elements (0.66-0.78) with both methods. However, the degree of retardation observed changed for cations and anions at each pH. At pH 7.04 cations had a slightly higher D(DGT) and oxyanions had a slightly lower D(DGT) than at pH 4.01 for both ODL and RDL. It is proposed that this is due to partial formation of acrylic acid functional groups (pKa ≈4.5), which would be fully deprotonated at pH 7.04 (negative) and mostly protonated at pH 4.01 (neutral). As Al changes from being cationic at pH 4.01 to anionic at pH 8.30 the results were more complex.
authors: Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia.
authors: Amir Houshang
authors: AH
authors: Shiva
authors: Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia. Electronic address: p.teasdale@griffith.edu.au.
authors: Peter R
authors: PR
authors: Teasdale
authors: Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia.
authors: William W
authors: WW
authors: Bennett
authors: Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia.
authors: David T
authors: DT
authors: Welsh
keywords: Diffusion cell measurements; Metal diffusion coefficients; Open diffusive gel; Passive sampler measurements; Restricted diffusive gel; Retarded diffusion