title: Novel method for setting up 3D navigation system with skin-fixed dynamic reference frame in anterior cervical surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To introduce easy and useful methods using 3D navigation system with skin-fixed dynamic reference frame (DRF) in anterior cervical surgery and to validate its accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From September 2012 to May 2013, 31 patients underwent anterior cervical surgery and a total of 48 caspar distraction pins were inserted into each cervical vertebra. Every operation was performed using O-arm® navigation system with skin-fixed DRF. To validate the accuracy of these methods, a custom-made metal sleeve was used. In surgical field, through the metal sleeve, the tip of a navigation probe promptly contacts to the tip of caspar pin. We measured the vertical and horizontal distances and the angular deviation in sagittal plane between the caspar pin and the navigation probe on the virtual images and evaluated accuracy of navigation system with skin fixed DRF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total 31 (males 20, females 11) patients and 48 caspar pins were included in this study. The mean horizontal distance between the caspar pin and the navigation probe displayed in navigation monitor was 0.49 ± 0.71 mm. The mean vertical distance between the caspar pin and the navigation probe displayed in navigation monitor was 0.88 ± 0.93 mm. And the mean angular deviation in sagittal plane between the caspar pin and the navigation probe displayed in navigation monitor was 0.59 ± 0.55°.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D navigation system with skin-fixed DRF in anterior cervical surgery is a simple and reliable method and it can be a helpful supplement to a spine surgeon's judgement.
authors: a Department of Neurosurgery, Gang-buk Wooridul Spine Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea and.
authors: Sang Hoon
authors: SH
authors: Jang
authors: a Department of Neurosurgery, Gang-buk Wooridul Spine Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea and.
authors: Ji Young
authors: JY
authors: Cho
authors: a Department of Neurosurgery, Gang-buk Wooridul Spine Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea and.
authors: Won Chul
authors: WC
authors: Choi
authors: a Department of Neurosurgery, Gang-buk Wooridul Spine Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea and.
authors: Ho Yeon
authors: HY
authors: Lee
authors: a Department of Neurosurgery, Gang-buk Wooridul Spine Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea and.
authors: Sang-Ho
authors: SH
authors: Lee
authors: b Department of Neurosurgery, St Vincent's Hospital , Suwon , Republic of Korea.
authors: Jae Taek
authors: JT
authors: Hong
mesh_terms: D001858:Bone Nails; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012867:Skin; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Computer aided surgery; dynamic reference frame; image guided surgery; surgical navigation