title: Community-level effect of the reproductive health vouchers program on out-of-pocket spending on family planning and safe motherhood services in Kenya.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although vouchers can protect individuals in low-income countries from financial catastrophe and impoverishment arising from out-of-pocket expenditures on healthcare, their effectiveness in achieving this goal depends on whether both service and transport costs are subsidized as well as other factors such as service availability in a given locality and community perceptions about the quality of care. This paper examines the community-level effect of the reproductive health vouchers program on out-of-pocket expenditure on family planning, antenatal, delivery and postnatal care services in Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are from two rounds of cross-sectional household surveys in voucher and non-voucher sites. The first survey was conducted between May 2010 and July 2011 among 2,933 women aged 15-49 years while the second survey took place between July and October 2012 among 3,094 women of similar age groups. The effect of the program on out-of-pocket expenditure is determined by difference-in-differences estimation. Analysis entails comparison of changes in proportions, means and medians as well as estimation of multivariate linear regression models with interaction terms between indicators for study site (voucher or non-voucher) and period of study (2010-2011 or 2012).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significantly greater declines in the proportions of women from voucher sites that paid for antenatal, delivery and postnatal care services at health facilities compared to those from non-voucher sites. The changes were also consistent with increased uptake of the safe motherhood voucher in intervention sites over time. There was, however, no significant difference in changes in the proportions of women from voucher and non-voucher sites that paid for family planning services. The results further show that there were significant differences in changes in the amount paid for family planning and antenatal care services by women from voucher compared to those from non-voucher sites. Although there were greater declines in the average amount paid for delivery and postnatal care services by women from voucher compared to those from non-voucher sites, the difference-in-differences estimates were not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reproductive health vouchers program in Kenya significantly contributed to reductions in the proportions of women in the community that paid out-of-pocket for safe motherhood services at health facilities.
authors: Reproductive Health Program, Population Council, Ralph Bunche Road, General Accident House, P.O. Box 17643, Nairobi, 00500, Kenya. fonyango@popcouncil.org.
authors: Francis
authors: F
authors: Obare
authors: Reproductive Health Program, Population Council, 4301 Connecticut Avenue, Washington, DC, NW, 20008, USA. cwarren@popcouncil.org.
authors: Charlotte
authors: C
authors: Warren
authors: Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB83PH, London. lkanya@popcouncil.org.
authors: Lucy
authors: L
authors: Kanya
authors: Reproductive Health Program, Population Council, Ralph Bunche Road, General Accident House, P.O. Box 17643, Nairobi, 00500, Kenya. tabuya@popcouncil.org.
authors: Timothy
authors: T
authors: Abuya
authors: Reproductive Health Program, Population Council, Ralph Bunche Road, General Accident House, P.O. Box 17643, Nairobi, 00500, Kenya. bbellows@popcouncil.org.
authors: Ben
authors: B
authors: Bellows
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000191:economics; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D005380:Financing, Government / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000191:economics*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008875:Middle Aged; D061214:Patient Safety; D011203:Poverty / Q000191:economics; D011247:Pregnancy; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult