title: Michelangelo, the Last Judgment fresco, Saint Bartholomew and the Golden Ratio.
abstract: Art and anatomy were particularly closely intertwined during the Renaissance period and numerous painters and sculptors expressed themselves in both fields. Among them was Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564), who is renowned for having produced some of the most famous of all works of art, the frescoes on the ceiling and on the wall behind the altar of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. Recently, a unique association was discovered between one of Michelangelo's most celebrated works (The Creation of Adam fresco) and the Divine Proportion/Golden Ratio (GR) (1.6). The GR can be found not only in natural phenomena but also in a variety of human-made objects and works of art. Here, using Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software, we present mathematical evidence that Michelangelo also used the GR when he painted Saint Bartholomew in the fresco of The Last Judgment, which is on the wall behind the altar. This discovery will add a new dimension to understanding the great works of Michelangelo Buonarroti.
authors: Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.|Departamento De Biologia E Farmácia, Universidade De Santa Cruz Do Sul, 96815-900, Santa Cruz Do Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors: Deivis
authors: D
authors: de Campos
authors: Departamento De Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto De Ciências Básicas Da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors: Tais
authors: T
authors: Malysz
authors: Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.|Centro De Ciências Da Saúde, Universidade Do Vale Do Rio Do Sinos, 93000-000, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil.
authors: João Antonio
authors: JA
authors: Bonatto-Costa
authors: Departamento De Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto De Ciências Básicas Da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors: Geraldo
authors: G
authors: Pereira Jotz
authors: Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.|Centro De Ciências Da Saúde, Universidade Do Vale Do Rio Do Sinos, 93000-000, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil.
authors: Lino
authors: L
authors: Pinto de Oliveira Junior
authors: Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Oxley da Rocha
mesh_terms: D000715:Anatomy / Q000266:history*; D002410:Catholicism / Q000266:history*; D005197:Famous Persons; D049669:History, 16th Century; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D055641:Mathematical Concepts; D010151:Paintings / Q000266:history*; D012984:Software
keywords: Golden Ratio; Michelangelo; Saint Bartholomew; The Last Judgment fresco; history of anatomy