title: 3D Bioprinting of Cartilage for Orthopedic Surgeons: Reading between the Lines.
abstract: Chondral and osteochondral lesions represent one of the most challenging and frustrating scenarios for the orthopedic surgeon and for the patient. The lack of therapeutic strategies capable to reconstitute the function and structure of hyaline cartilage and to halt the progression toward osteoarthritis has brought clinicians and scientists together, to investigate the potential role of tissue engineering as a viable alternative to current treatment modalities. In particular, the role of bioprinting is emerging as an innovative technology that allows for the creation of organized 3D tissue constructs via a "layer-by-layer" deposition process. This process also has the capability to combine cells and biomaterials in an ordered and predetermined way. Here, we review the recent advances in cartilage bioprinting and we identify the current challenges and the directions for future developments in cartilage regeneration.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic, St Vincent's Hospital , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia.
authors: Claudia
authors: C
authors: Di Bella
authors: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC , Australia.
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: Fosang
authors: Unit of Orthopaedic Pathology and Osteoarticular Tissue Regeneration, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute , Bologna , Italy.
authors: Davide M
authors: DM
authors: Donati
authors: ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW , Australia.
authors: Gordon G
authors: GG
authors: Wallace
authors: Department of Orthopaedic, St Vincent's Hospital , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia.
authors: Peter F M
authors: PF
authors: Choong
keywords: addictive manufacturing; bioprinting; cartilage; osteochondral injuries; tissue engineering