title: Bifidobacteria grown on human milk oligosaccharides downregulate the expression of inflammation-related genes in Caco-2 cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breastfed human infants are predominantly colonized by bifidobacteria that thrive on human milk oligosaccharides (HMO). Two predominant species of bifidobacteria in infant feces are Bifidobacterium breve (B. breve) and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis), both of which include avid HMO-consumer strains. Our laboratory has previously shown that B. infantis, when grown on HMO, increases adhesion to intestinal cells and increases the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of carbon source-glucose, lactose, or HMO-on the ability of B. breve and B. infantis to adhere to and affect the transcription of intestinal epithelial cells on a genome-wide basis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HMO-grown B. infantis had higher percent binding to Caco-2 cell monolayers compared to B. infantis grown on glucose or lactose. B. breve had low adhesive ability regardless of carbon source. Despite differential binding ability, both HMO-grown strains significantly differentially affected the Caco-2 transcriptome compared to their glucose or lactose grown controls. HMO-grown B. breve and B. infantis both downregulated genes in Caco-2 cells associated with chemokine activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The choice of carbon source affects the interaction of bifidobacteria with intestinal epithelial cells. HMO-grown bifidobacteria reduce markers of inflammation, compared to glucose or lactose-grown bifidobacteria. In the future, the design of preventative or therapeutic probiotic supplements may need to include appropriately chosen prebiotics.
authors: Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka. saumyawicks@gmail.com.|Foods for Health Institute University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. saumyawicks@gmail.com.|Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. saumyawicks@gmail.com.
authors: Saumya
authors: S
authors: Wickramasinghe
authors: Foods for Health Institute University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. alline.roberta.pacheco@gmail.com.|Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. alline.roberta.pacheco@gmail.com.|Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. alline.roberta.pacheco@gmail.com.
authors: Alline R
authors: AR
authors: Pacheco
authors: Foods for Health Institute University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. dglemay@ucdavis.edu.|Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. dglemay@ucdavis.edu.
authors: Danielle G
authors: DG
authors: Lemay
authors: Foods for Health Institute University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. damills@ucdavis.edu.|Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. damills@ucdavis.edu.|Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. damills@ucdavis.edu.
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Mills
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007785:Lactose / Q000378:metabolism; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D009844:Oligosaccharides; D005947:Glucose; D007785:Lactose