title: Education level and chronic liver disease by aetiology: A proportional mortality study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data are lacking on mortality from chronic liver diseases of different aetiology by education level.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between education level and mortality from alcoholic, viral, and non-viral/non-alcoholic chronic liver disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proportional mortality was investigated in 2011-2013 in the Veneto Region (Italy). Odds ratios were estimated by conditional logistic regression with deaths from liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and viral hepatitis as cases, and all other deaths as controls. Disease aetiology was determined from all conditions mentioned in the death certificate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall chronic liver disease proportional mortality was higher in males (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.18-1.60) and females (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.29-2.30) with primary education than in subjects with higher educational level. The risk for alcohol-related and non-viral/non-alcohol-related disease significantly increased with lower education in both genders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proportional mortality analysis of multiple causes of death records showed an association between education and chronic liver diseases with alcoholic and non-viral/non-alcoholic aetiology.
authors: SER - Epidemiological Department, Veneto Region, Italy. Electronic address: ugo.fedeli@regione.veneto.it.
authors: Ugo
authors: U
authors: Fedeli
authors: SER - Epidemiological Department, Veneto Region, Italy.
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Avossa
authors: Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit, Modena, Italy.
authors: Carlo Alberto
authors: CA
authors: Goldoni
authors: Regional Health and Social Care Agency of Emilia-Romagna, Italy.
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Caranci
authors: WHO European Office for Investment for Health and Development, Venice, Italy.
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Zambon
authors: SER - Epidemiological Department, Veneto Region, Italy.
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Saugo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Alcoholic liver disease; Liver cancer; Liver cirrhosis; Viral hepatitis