title: Viral metagenomics in drug-naïve, first-onset schizophrenia patients with prominent negative symptoms.
abstract: Although several studies suggest a virus or (endogenous) retrovirus involvement at the time of onset of schizophrenia, the unequivocal identification of one or more infectious agents, by means of an undirected catch-all technique, has never been conducted. In this study VIDISCA, a virus discovery method, was used in combination with Roche-454 high-throughput sequencing as a tool to determine the possible presence of viruses (known or unknown) in blood of first-onset drugs-naïve schizophrenic patients with prominent negative symptoms. Two viruses (the Anellovirus Torque Teno virus and GB virus C) were detected. Both viruses are commonly found in healthy individuals and no clear link with disease was ever established. Viruses from the family Anelloviridae were also identified in the control population (4.8%). Besides, one patient sample was positive for human endogenous retroviruses type K (HML-2) RNA but no specific predominant strain was detected, instead 119 different variants were found. In conclusion, these findings indicate no evidence for viral or endogenous retroviral involvement in sera at the time of onset of schizophrenia.
authors: Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Canuti
authors: Antes, Institute for Mental Health Care, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Nico J M
authors: NJ
authors: van Beveren
authors: Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Seyed Mohammad
authors: SM
authors: Jazaeri Farsani
authors: Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Michel
authors: M
authors: de Vries
authors: Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Deijs
authors: Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Maarten F
authors: MF
authors: Jebbink
authors: Department of Blood-Borne Infections, Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Hans L
authors: HL
authors: Zaaijer
authors: Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Barbera D C
authors: BD
authors: van Schaik
authors: Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Antoine H C
authors: AH
authors: van Kampen
authors: Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Antoinette C
authors: AC
authors: van der Kuyl
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Lieuwe
authors: L
authors: de Haan
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Jitschak G
authors: JG
authors: Storosum
authors: Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Lia
authors: L
authors: van der Hoek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020077:Endogenous Retroviruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D029407:GB virus C / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D056186:Metagenomics; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D022783:Torque teno virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: First-onset schizophrenia; HERV; Human endogenous retrovirus; Schizophrenia; VIDISCA; Viral metagenomics; Virus discovery