title: SSEA-4 and YKL-40 positive progenitor subtypes in the subventricular zone of developing human neocortex.
abstract: The glycosphingolipid SSEA-4 and the glycoprotein YKL-40 have both been associated with human embryonic and neural stem cell differentiation. We investigated the distribution of SSEA-4 and YKL-40 positive cells in proliferative zones of human fetal forebrain using immunohistochemistry and double-labeling immunofluorescence. A few small rounded SSEA-4 and YKL-40 labeled cells were present in the radial glial BLBP positive proliferative zones adjacent to the lateral ganglionic eminence from 12th week post conception. With increasing age, a similarly stained cell population appeared more widespread in the subventricular zone. At midgestation, the entire subventricular zone showed patches of SSEA-4, YKL-40, and BLBP positive cells. Co-labeling with markers for radial glial cells (RGCs) and neuronal, glial, and microglial markers tested the lineage identity of this subpopulation of radial glial descendants. Adjacent to the ventricular zone, a minor fraction showed overlap with GFAP but not with nestin, Olig2, NG2, or S100. No co-localization was found with neuronal markers NeuN, calbindin, DCX or with markers for microglial cells (Iba-1, CD68). Moreover, the SSEA-4 and YKL-40 positive cell population in subventricular zone was largely devoid of Tbr2, a marker for intermediate neuronal progenitor cells descending from RGCs. YKL-40 has recently been found in astrocytes in the neuron-free fimbria, and both SSEA-4 and YKL-40 are present in malignant astroglial brain tumors. We suggest that the population of cells characterized by immunohistochemical combination of antibodies against SSEA-4 and YKL-40 and devoid of neuronal and microglial markers represent a yet unexplored astrogenic lineage illustrating the complexity of astroglial development.
authors: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark.
authors: Christian B
authors: CB
authors: Brøchner
authors: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark.
authors: Kjeld
authors: K
authors: Møllgård
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000378:metabolism; D034961:Antigens, Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D064026:Calbindins / Q000378:metabolism; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000071451:Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000089622:Doublecortin Domain Proteins; D000089662:Doublecortin Protein; D000071438:Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 7; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D037102:Lectins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019579:Neocortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D064231:Nestin / Q000378:metabolism; D058953:Neural Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D000076104:Oligodendrocyte Transcription Factor 2; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D055746:Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigens / Q000378:metabolism*; D055153:Stem Cell Niche / Q000502:physiology*; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D034961:Antigens, Nuclear; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D064026:Calbindins; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D000071451:Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000089622:Doublecortin Domain Proteins; D000089662:Doublecortin Protein; D000071438:Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 7; D037102:Lectins; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D064231:Nestin; D009479:Neuropeptides; D000076104:Oligodendrocyte Transcription Factor 2; D009418:S100 Proteins; D055746:Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigens; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C112986:AIF1 protein, human; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule; C084533:CHI3L1 protein, human; C000714328:DCX protein, human; C491199:EOMES protein, human; C107608:FABP7 protein, human; C577484:NES protein, human; C405708:OLIG2 protein, human; C506808:neuronal nuclear antigen NeuN, human; C066584:stage-specific embryonic antigen-4
keywords: astrocytes; cerebral cortex; corticogenesis; development; human neural stem cells