title: Design and Testing of the Degree of Shoulder Involvement in Sports (DOSIS) Scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For athletes affected by shoulder problems, the most important expectation is to resume sporting activities. The ability to return to sport is related to several parameters, including the type and level of sport played. By focusing on these parameters, the Degree of Shoulder Involvement in Sports (DOSIS) scale allows for a better assessment of the involvement of the shoulder in sports.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To design the DOSIS scale and test its psychometric features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.
  
  
  METHODS
  The DOSIS scale was developed as a patient self-administered scale by the Sport Committee of SIGASCOT (Società Italiana del Ginocchio Artroscopia Sport Cartilagine Tecnologie Ortopediche) to score sports activity based on 3 parameters: (1) type of sport, (2) frequency with which the sport is played, and (3) level at which the sport is played. In a subsequent phase, the psychometric features of the DOSIS scale were measured in a cohort of 85 patients who were affected by recurrent anterior shoulder instability and who underwent an open Bristow-Latarjet procedure or an arthroscopic Bankart repair. The content validity, criterion validity, construct validity, responsiveness, and test-retest reliability were measured and compared with the psychometric features of the Tegner activity scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither the DOSIS nor the Tegner activity scale showed floor or ceiling effects, but the DOSIS scale had a different distribution of scores, with a tendency toward a higher percentage of patients with high scores. The test-retest reliability analysis of the DOSIS scale revealed excellent intraobserver reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.96). Regarding the construct validity, 3 of the 4 hypotheses that we tested were significant. The DOSIS scale showed good criterion validity when compared with the Tegner activity scale (ρ = 0.3, P = .003), and the effect size between the preoperative and postoperative DOSIS scale was 1.1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DOSIS scale showed acceptable psychometric features and seems to be a valid instrument for shoulder assessment in athletes.
authors: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Mauriziano-Umberto I Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy davide.blonna@virgilio.it.
authors: Davide
authors: D
authors: Blonna
authors: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Cittá della Salute e della Scienza, CTO-Maria Adelaide Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors: Enrico
authors: E
authors: Bellato
authors: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Cittá della Salute e della Scienza, CTO-Maria Adelaide Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors: Davide Edoardo
authors: DE
authors: Bonasia
authors: Department of Sport Medicine, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy.
authors: Gian Luigi
authors: GL
authors: Canata
authors: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Mauriziano-Umberto I Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Rossi
authors: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Mauriziano-Umberto I Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Marmotti
authors: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Cittá della Salute e della Scienza, CTO-Maria Adelaide Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors: Filippo
authors: F
authors: Castoldi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012782:Shoulder; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: DOSIS scale; Tegner activity scale; athletes; shoulder instability