title: Red palm oil-supplemented and biofortified cassava gari increase the carotenoid and retinyl palmitate concentrations of triacylglycerol-rich plasma in women.
abstract: Boiled biofortified cassava containing β-carotene can increase retinyl palmitate in triacylglycerol-rich plasma. Thus, it might alleviate vitamin A deficiency. Cassava requires extensive preparation to decrease its level of cyanogenic glucosides, which can be fatal. Garification is a popular method of preparing cassava that removes cyanogen glucosides. Our objective was to compare the effectiveness of biofortified gari to gari prepared with red palm oil. The study was a randomized crossover trial in 8 American women. Three gari preparations separated by 2-week washout periods were consumed. Treatments (containing 200-225.9 g gari) were as follows: biofortified gari (containing 1 mg β-carotene), red palm oil-fortified gari (1 mg β-carotene), and unfortified gari with a 0.3-mg retinyl palmitate reference dose. Blood was collected 6 times from -0.5 to 9.5 hours after ingestion. Triacylglycerol-rich plasma was separated by ultracentrifugation and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection. Area under the curve for β-carotene, α-carotene, and retinyl palmitate increased after the fortified meals were fed (P < .05), although the retinyl palmitate increase induced by the red palm oil treatment was greater than that induced by the biofortified treatment (P < .05). Vitamin A conversion was 2.4 ± 0.3 and 4.2 ± 1.5 μg pro-vitamin A carotenoid/1 μg retinol (means ± SEM) for red palm oil and biofortified gari, respectively. These results show that both treatments increased β-carotene, α-carotene, and retinyl palmitate in triacylglycerol-rich plasma concentrations in healthy well-nourished adult women, supporting our hypothesis that both interventions could support efforts to alleviate vitamin A deficiency.
authors: Western Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS-PWA, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. Electronic address: chzhu@ucdavis.edu.
authors: Chenghao
authors: C
authors: Zhu
authors: Western Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS-PWA, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. Electronic address: ymcai@ucdavis.edu.
authors: Yimeng
authors: Y
authors: Cai
authors: Western Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS-PWA, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. Electronic address: erik.gertz@ars.usda.gov.
authors: Erik R
authors: ER
authors: Gertz
authors: Western Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS-PWA, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. Electronic address: mrlafrano@ucdavis.edu.
authors: Michael R
authors: MR
authors: La Frano
authors: Western Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS-PWA, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. Electronic address: dustin.burnett@ars.usda.gov.
authors: Dustin J
authors: DJ
authors: Burnett
authors: Western Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS-PWA, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. Electronic address: bjburri@ucdavis.edu.
authors: Betty J
authors: BJ
authors: Burri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004224:Diterpenes; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D002365:Manihot; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D010938:Plant Oils; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D014280:Triglycerides; D014801:Vitamin A; C014794:retinol palmitate; D002338:Carotenoids; D000073878:Palm Oil
keywords: Biofortified cassava; Human; Red palm oil; Vitamin A; β-Carotene