title: Systemic deterrence of aphid probing and feeding by novelβ-damascone analogues.
abstract: β-Damascone appeared a weak attractant close to not active toMyzus persicae, but modifications of its structure caused the avoidance of treated leaves by aphids during settling and reluctance to probe in simple choice- and no-choice experiments in previous studies. Here, the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique, which allows monitoring of aphid probing within plant tissues, was applied to explore the biological background and localisation in plant tissues of the deterrent activities ofβ-damascone and its analogues. Activity ofβ-damascone andβ-damascone-derived compounds depended on their substituents, which was manifested in the variation in the potency of the behavioural effect and differences in aphid probing phases that were affected.β-Damascone appeared a behaviourally inactive compound. The moderately activeβ-damascone ester affected aphid activities only during the phloem phase. The highly active deterrents-dihydro-β-damascol,β-damascone acetate,δ-bromo-γ-lactone, and unsaturatedγ-lactone-affected pre-phloem and phloem aphid probing activities. The most effective structural modification that evoked the strongest negative response fromM. persicaewas the transformation ofβ-damascone intoδ-bromo-γ-lactone. The behavioural effect of this transformation was demonstrated in frequent interruption of probing in peripheral tissues, which caused repeated failures in finding sieve elements, and reduction in the ingestion time during the phloem phase in favour of watery salivation. The inhibition of aphid probing at both the pre-phloem and phloem levels reveals the passage of the compounds studied through the plant surface and their distribution within plant tissues in a systemic way, which may reduce the risk of the transmission of non-persistent and persistent viruses.
authors: Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland.
authors: Beata
authors: B
authors: Gabryś
authors: Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland.
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Dancewicz
authors: Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Gliszczyńska
authors: Department of Phytopathology and Entomology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors: Bożena
authors: B
authors: Kordan
authors: Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
authors: Czesław
authors: C
authors: Wawrzeńczyk
keywords: Anti-feedants; Aphids; Probing behaviour; β-Damascone