title: Enzyme-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for the determination of arsenic species in chicken meat.
abstract: Chicken is the most consumed meat in North America. Concentrations of arsenic in chicken range from μg kg(-1) to mg kg(-1). However, little is known about the speciation of arsenic in chicken meat. The objective of this research was to develop a method enabling determination of arsenic species in chicken breast muscle. We report here enzyme-enhanced extraction of arsenic species from chicken meat, separation using anion exchange chromatography (HPLC), and simultaneous detection with both inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESIMS). We compared the extraction of arsenic species using several proteolytic enzymes: bromelain, papain, pepsin, proteinase K, and trypsin. With the use of papain-assisted extraction, 10 arsenic species were extracted and detected, as compared to 8 detectable arsenic species in the water/methanol extract. The overall extraction efficiency was also improved using a combination of ultrasonication and papain digestion, as compared to the conventional water/methanol extraction. Detection limits were in the range of 1.0-1.8 μg arsenic per kg chicken breast meat (dry weight) for seven arsenic species: arsenobetaine (AsB), inorganic arsenite (As(III)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), inorganic arsenate (As(V)), 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (Roxarsone), and N-acetyl-4-hydroxy-m-arsanilic acid (NAHAA). Analysis of breast meat samples from six chickens receiving feed containing Roxarsone showed the presence of (mean±standard deviation μg kg(-1)) AsB (107±4), As(III) (113±7), As(V) (7±2), MMA (51±5), DMA (64±6), Roxarsone (18±1), and four unidentified arsenic species (approximate concentration 1-10 μg kg(-1)).
authors: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
authors: Qingqing
authors: Q
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
authors: Hanyong
authors: H
authors: Peng
authors: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
authors: Xiufen
authors: X
authors: Lu
authors: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada. Electronic address: xc.le@ualberta.ca.
authors: X Chris
authors: XC
authors: Le
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D002645:Chickens / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D010206:Papain / Q000378:metabolism; D059748:Proteolysis; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D010206:Papain; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Arsenic speciation; Chicken; Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; High performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; Papain; Roxarsone