title: The impact of chronic blackberry intake on the neuroinflammatory status of rats fed a standard or high-fat diet.
abstract: Neuroinflammation has been suggested as a central mediator of central nervous system dysfunction, including in dementia and neurodegenerative disease. Flavonoids have emerged as promising candidates for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases and are thought to be capable of antiinflammatory effects in the brain. In the present study, the impact of a chronic intake of an anthocyanin extract from blackberry (BE) on brain inflammatory status in the presence or absence of a high-fat diet was investigated. Following intake of the dietary regimes for 17 weeks neuroinflammatory status in Wistar rat cortex, hippocampus and plasma were assessed using cytokine antibody arrays. In the cortex, intake of the high-fat diet resulted in an increase of at least 4-fold, in expression of the cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant CINC-3, the ciliary neurotrophic factor CNTF, the platelet-derived growth factor PDGF-AA, IL-10, the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase TIMP-1 and the receptor for advanced glycation end products RAGE. BE intake partially decreased the expression of these mediators in the high-fat challenged brain. In standard-fed animals, BE intake significantly increased cortical levels of fractalkine, PDGF-AA, activin, the vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF and agrin expression, suggesting effects as neuronal growth and synaptic connection modulators. In hippocampus, BE modulates fractalkine and the thymus chemokine TCK-1 expression independently of diet intake and, only in standard diet, increased PDGF-AA. Exploring effects of anthocyanins on fractalkine transcription using the neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y suggested that other cell types may be involved in this effect. This is the first evidence, in in vivo model, that blackberry extract intake may be capable of preventing the detrimental effects of neuroinflammation in a high-fat challenged brain. Also, fractalkine and TCK-1 expression may be specific targets of anthocyanins and their metabolites on neuroinflammation.
authors: Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Department of Food Biosciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
authors: Manuela
authors: M
authors: Meireles
authors: Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
authors: Cláudia
authors: C
authors: Marques
authors: Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
authors: Sónia
authors: S
authors: Norberto
authors: REQUIMTE - Rede de Química e Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-009 Porto, Portugal.
authors: Iva
authors: I
authors: Fernandes
authors: REQUIMTE - Rede de Química e Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-009 Porto, Portugal.
authors: Nuno
authors: N
authors: Mateus
authors: Department of Food Biosciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
authors: Catarina
authors: C
authors: Rendeiro
authors: Department of Food Biosciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
authors: Jeremy P E
authors: JP
authors: Spencer
authors: Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE - Rede de Química e Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-009 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Faria
authors: Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; CINTESIS - Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Centro de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: ccalhau@med.up.pt.
authors: Conceição
authors: C
authors: Calhau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1 / Q000235:genetics; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000178:diet therapy*; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D065856:Rubus / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1; C515540:Cx3cl1 protein, rat; D016207:Cytokines; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Anthocyanins; Cytokines; Flavonoids; Fractalkine; High-fat diet; Neuroinflammation