title: Simvastatin, atorvastatin, and pravastatin equally improve the hemodynamic status of diabetic rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if the effect of statins improving cardiovascular (CV) status of diabetics is drug-specific or class-dependent, and the underlying mechanisms involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the results of daily administration over a four-week period of a low dose (10 mg/kg per day) of atorvastatin (AV), simvastatin (SV), and pravastatin (PV) on cardiac performance in diabetic rats. Echocardiographic variables were tested, as well as systolic blood pressure (SBP), acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation, plasma cholesterol levels, and perivascular fibrosis. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxyalkenal (4-HAE), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein levels were also measured in cardiac and aortic homogenates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In untreated diabetic rats, cholesterol levels were higher than in control rats (CT; n = 8, P < 0.05), and the low dose of statins used did not modify these levels. In diabetic rats, SBP was higher than in CT, and was significantly reduced by all three statins (n = 10, P < 0.05). Echocardiographic parameters (EF, SV, and COI) were all lower in untreated diabetic rats than in CT (n = 10, P < 0.05). These CV parameters were equally improved by all three statins. The maximal relaxation (EMax) induced by ACh in aortic ring from diabetic rats was also improved. Moreover, this relaxation was abolished by 1 mmol/L NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, suggesting the involvement of a NO-dependent mechanism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AV, SV, and PV are equally effective in improving CV performance in diabetic rats. All tree statins decreased media thickness, perivascular fibrosis, and both MDA and 4-HAE in the aortas of diabetic rats, without affecting eNOS and iNOS protein levels. The observed hemodynamic benefits are cholesterol-independent. These benefits appear to be secondary to the improved endothelial function, and to the reduced vascular tone and remodeling that result from decreased oxidative stress.
authors: María J Crespo, Departments of Physiology and Anesthesiology, University of Puerto Rico-School of Medicine, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, United States.
authors: María J
authors: MJ
authors: Crespo
authors: María J Crespo, Departments of Physiology and Anesthesiology, University of Puerto Rico-School of Medicine, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, United States.
authors: José
authors: J
authors: Quidgley
keywords: Cardiac function; Diabetes; Oxidative stress; Perivascular fibrosis; Statins