title: Considering treatment of male genital schistosomiasis as a tool for future HIV prevention: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Male genital schistosomiasis (MGS) is a neglected manifestation of Schistosoma haematobium infection with ignored implications on reproductive health and a differential diagnosis to sexually transmitted infections in endemic regions. MGS may have associations with HIV transmission and acquisition, and treatment could be a neglected chance of HIV prevention. This review summarizes current knowledge on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of MGS as a hypothesized risk factor for HIV transmission. Future research areas of global interest are suggested.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed published literature was reviewed based on the MOOSE guidelines. All publications on MGS were included regardless of publication year and study design. Furthermore, all publications were searched for information on possible HIV association.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 40 identified publications related to MGS were dominated by case reports and observational studies. No randomized clinical trials have been conducted to date, and very scant information related to possible associations with HIV transmission was presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical, randomized studies and epidemiological studies covering the possible association between MGS and HIV are urgently needed. Furthermore, field diagnostic tools should be developed and future mass treatment programs should include adults to reduce morbidity and prevent HIV acquisition.
  CRD42015016252.
authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. chalstec@rm.dk.|Center for Global Health (GloHAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. chalstec@rm.dk.
authors: Chalotte Willemann
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2774-3264
authors: CW
authors: Stecher
authors: Center for Global Health (GloHAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. kallestrup@dadlnet.dk.
authors: Per
authors: P
authors: Kallestrup
authors: Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. e.f.kjetland@medisin.uio.no.|Discipline of Public Health Medicine, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. e.f.kjetland@medisin.uio.no.
authors: Eyrun Floerecke
authors: EF
authors: Kjetland
authors: Department of Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. bjv@sund.ku.dk.
authors: Birgitte
authors: B
authors: Vennervald
authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. joepeter@rm.dk.
authors: Eskild
authors: E
authors: Petersen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011223:Praziquantel / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium; D012553:Schistosomiasis haematobia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012556:Schistosomicides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D012556:Schistosomicides; D011223:Praziquantel
keywords: Genital; HIV; MGS; Male; Schistosomiasis