title: Important causes of chronic kidney disease in South Africa.
abstract: In hypertensive patients without chronic kidney disease (CKD) the goal is to keep blood pressure (BP) at ≤140/90 mmHg. When CKD ispresent, especially where there is proteinuria of ≥0.5 g/day, the goal is a BP of ≤130/80 mmHg. Lifestyle measures are mandatory, especiallylimitation of salt intake, ingestion of adequate quantities of potassium, and weight control. Patients with stages 4 - 5 CKD must be carefullymonitored for hyperkalaemia and deteriorating kidney function if angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin IIreceptor blockers (ARBs) are used, especially in patients &gt;60 years of age with diabetes or atherosclerosis. BP should be regularly monitoredand, where possible, home BP-measuring devices are recommended for optimal control.Guidelines on the use of antidiabetic agents in CKD are presented, with the warning that metformin is contraindicated in patients withstages 4 - 5 CKD.There is a wide clinical spectrum of renal disease in the course of HIV infection, including acute kidney injury, electrolyte and acid-basedisturbances, HIV-associated glomerular disease, acute-on-chronic renal disease and side-effects related to the treatment of HIV.
authors: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa. rmm@sun.ac.za.
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Moosa
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Van der Walt
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Naicker
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Meyers