title: The development of a questionnaire measure of diabetes-related distress in Chinese-speaking patients: the Diabetes-Related Distress Questionnaire (DRDQ).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and evaluate the reliability and validity of a Diabetes-Related Distress Questionnaire for Chinese-speaking patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Diabetes-Related Distress Questionnaire (DRDQ) included 11 quality-of-life questions translated from a Diabetes, Attitudes, Wishes, and Needs study and four native items developed by researchers based on patients' experiences. A sample of 981 Chinese-speaking patients with diabetes in Taiwan was invited to complete the questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A minimum of 4.2 % of patients used each response option for each item. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a two-factor structure, representing treatment-related distress (factor 1) and progression-related distress (factor 2). The mean loading of items on their corresponding factor was high (0.60), while the mean loading on the other factor was low (0.10). A confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a single structure of the DRDQ (root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.063, comparative fit index = 0.93). The Cronbach's alpha was 0.89 for the DRDQ scale, 0.87 for the factor 1, and 0.68 for the factor 2. As expected, people with insulin-treated and HbA1c > 7 % reported significantly greater negative scores than their counterparts on the total score and all items of the DRDQ, with the exception of item 2. A moderate effect size was demonstrated between insulin known groups (ranging from 0.14 to 0.46) and between HbA1c known groups (ranging from 0.08 to 0.87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DRDQ is a psychometrically sound instrument that can be used to assess diabetes-related distress in Chinese-speaking patients in Taiwan.
authors: Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors: Huey-Fen
authors: HF
authors: Wang
authors: Neng-Chun Diabetes Clinic, Ilan County, Taiwan.
authors: Neng-Chun
authors: NC
authors: Yu
authors: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.|School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.|College of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Wayne H-H
authors: WH
authors: Sheu
authors: School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No 1, Sec 1, Jen-Ai Rd, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan. mchang@ntu.edu.tw.
authors: Mei Chang
authors: MC
authors: Yeh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013624:Taiwan; D014175:Translating
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin
keywords: Chinese; Diabetes; Diabetes-related distress