title: Association between blood cadmium level and bone mineral density reduction modified by renal function in young and middle-aged men.
abstract: The association between cadmium exposure and bone mineral density (BMD) has not been well studied in young and middle-aged men. This study examined the relationship between the level of blood Cd (BCd) and BMD in a young to middle-aged representative male population while considering renal function. Using data from the 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008-2009, 1275 adult men aged 20-64 years were analyzed. BCd was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and renal function was assessed by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with CKD-EPI formula. The risk of lower bone density was increased according to the increase in BCd levels after adjusting for eGFR and covariates, in which a significant interaction between BCd and eGFR existed. Significant negative associations between BCd and BMD were found: beta (p-value) were -0.03 (0.02), -0.04 (0.004) and -0.03 (0.04) in total femur, lumbar spine and femoral neck, respectively, which were limited to the people with eGFR≤lower 25%. Although, a causal relationship could not be determined because of a cross-sectional design in the present study, the results suggest low level Cd toxicity to bone via low eGFR and that measures to reduce environmental Cd exposure may be helpful to prevent bone loss in men.
authors: Department of Nursing, Moonkyung College, Daehak-gil, 161, Mungyeong, Republic of Korea; Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
authors: Eunae
authors: E
authors: Burm
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Dandae-ro 119, Cheonan, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: minaha00@gmail.com.
authors: Mina
authors: M
authors: Ha
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Dandae-ro 119, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
authors: Ho-Jang
authors: HJ
authors: Kwon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D056910:Republic of Korea
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D003367:Cotinine
keywords: Blood cadmium; Bone mineral density; Renal function; Young to middle-aged men