title: Estimation of exposure to atmospheric pollutants during pregnancy integrating space-time activity and indoor air levels: Does it make a difference?
abstract: Studies of air pollution effects during pregnancy generally only consider exposure in the outdoor air at the home address. We aimed to compare exposure models differing in their ability to account for the spatial resolution of pollutants, space-time activity and indoor air pollution levels. We recruited 40 pregnant women in the Grenoble urban area, France, who carried a Global Positioning System (GPS) during up to 3 weeks; in a subgroup, indoor measurements of fine particles (PM2.5) were conducted at home (n=9) and personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was assessed using passive air samplers (n=10). Outdoor concentrations of NO2, and PM2.5 were estimated from a dispersion model with a fine spatial resolution. Women spent on average 16 h per day at home. Considering only outdoor levels, for estimates at the home address, the correlation between the estimate using the nearest background air monitoring station and the estimate from the dispersion model was high (r=0.93) for PM2.5 and moderate (r=0.67) for NO2. The model incorporating clean GPS data was less correlated with the estimate relying on raw GPS data (r=0.77) than the model ignoring space-time activity (r=0.93). PM2.5 outdoor levels were not to moderately correlated with estimates from the model incorporating indoor measurements and space-time activity (r=-0.10 to 0.47), while NO2 personal levels were not correlated with outdoor levels (r=-0.42 to 0.03). In this urban area, accounting for space-time activity little influenced exposure estimates; in a subgroup of subjects (n=9), incorporating indoor pollution levels seemed to strongly modify them.
authors: Inserm and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France.
authors: Marion
authors: M
authors: Ouidir
authors: Inserm and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France.
authors: Lise
authors: L
authors: Giorgis-Allemand
authors: Inserm and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France.
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Lyon-Caen
authors: Inserm and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France.
authors: Xavier
authors: X
authors: Morelli
authors: CHU de Grenoble, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Inserm CIC 1406, Grenoble, France.
authors: Claire
authors: C
authors: Cracowski
authors: Air Rhône-Alpes, Lyon, France.
authors: Sabrina
authors: S
authors: Pontet
authors: Inserm and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France; CHU de Grenoble, Pediatric department, Grenoble, France.
authors: Isabelle
authors: I
authors: Pin
authors: Inserm and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France.
authors: Johanna
authors: J
authors: Lepeule
authors: Inserm and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France.
authors: Valérie
authors: V
authors: Siroux
authors: Inserm and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France. Electronic address: remy.slama@ujf-grenoble.fr.
authors: Rémy
authors: R
authors: Slama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D000465:Algorithms; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide
keywords: Air pollutants; Exposure assessment; Global Positioning System; Indoor environment; Pregnancy; Space–time activity