title: Influence of intraspecific variability and abiotic factors on mycotoxin production in Penicillium roqueforti.
abstract: Penicillium roqueforti has the ability to produce secondary metabolites, including roquefortine C (ROQC) and mycophenolic acid (MPA). In a previous study, the presence of these mycotoxins, alone or in co-occurrence, has been reported in blue-veined cheese. A high variability of mycotoxin content has also been observed, although the majority of samples exhibited relatively low concentrations. The observed variability raises the question of the factors impacting ROQC and MPA production. In this context, the mycotoxigenic potential of 96 P. roqueforti strains (biotic factor) and the effect of some abiotic factors (pH, temperature, NaCl and O2 contents, and C/N ratio) on mycotoxin production were evaluated. A high intraspecific diversity, established via genotypic (RAPD) and phenotypic (FTIR) approaches, was observed. It was associated with mycotoxigenic potential variability and may thus explain part of the observed variability in mycotoxin content of blue-veined cheese. Moreover, a significant decrease of ROQC and MPA production was observed for conditions (temperature, C/N ratio, O2 and NaCl concentrations) encountered during cheese-making compared with optimal growth conditions. The results also highlighted that there was no significant effect of addition of ROQC amino-acid precursor on the production of both mycotoxins whereas a pH increase from 4.5 to 6.5 slightly reduced MPA but not ROQC production.
authors: Université de Brest, EA3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
authors: Kévin
authors: K
authors: Fontaine
authors: Université de Brest, EA3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
authors: Nolwenn
authors: N
authors: Hymery
authors: INRA, UMR 1331 Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331 Toxalim, F-31076 Toulouse, France.
authors: Marlène Z
authors: MZ
authors: Lacroix
authors: INRA, UMR 1331 Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331 Toxalim, F-31076 Toulouse, France.
authors: Sylvie
authors: S
authors: Puel
authors: INRA, UMR 1331 Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331 Toxalim, F-31076 Toulouse, France.
authors: Olivier
authors: O
authors: Puel
authors: Université de Brest, EA3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
authors: Karim
authors: K
authors: Rigalma
authors: MéDian-Biophotonique et Technologies pour la Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, FRE CNRS 3481 MEDyC, UFR de Pharmacie, SFR Cap Santé, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France.
authors: Vincent
authors: V
authors: Gaydou
authors: Université de Brest, EA3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
authors: Emmanuel
authors: E
authors: Coton
authors: Université de Brest, EA3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France. Electronic address: jerome.mounier@univ-brest.fr.
authors: Jérôme
authors: J
authors: Mounier
mesh_terms: D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006576:Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings / Q000378:metabolism; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000378:metabolism; D019105:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D006576:Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings; D007211:Indoles; D009183:Mycotoxins; D010879:Piperazines; C012536:roquefortine; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid
keywords: Abiotic factors; Intraspecific diversity; Mycophenolic acid; Mycotoxigenic potential; P. roqueforti; Roquefortine C