title: Human immunodeficiency virus has similar effects on brain volumetrics and cognition in males and females.
abstract: Most studies that have examined neuropsychological impairments associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have focused on males, yet females represent one of the largest groups of newly infected patients. Further, few studies have examined neuropsychological performance and neuroimaging outcomes among females compared to males in the modern era of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). The present study investigated neuropsychological performance and brain volumetrics among HIV+ males (n = 93) and females (n = 44) on stable HAART compared to HIV seronegative (HIV-) males (n = 42) and females (n = 49). Results revealed a significant effect of HIV on neuropsychological performance and neuroimaging measures. An effect of gender, independent of HIV status, was also observed for neuroimaging measures but not neuropsychological performance. Additionally, no significant differences in neuropsychological performance or brain volumetrics were seen between HIV+ males and females. No significant interaction was observed between HIV and gender on either neuropsychological or neuroimaging indices. Our results suggest that both HIV+ males and females treated with HAART experience similar outcomes in terms of brain integrity.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Missouri- Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
authors: Ashley M
authors: AM
authors: Behrman-Lay
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Missouri- Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.|Missouri Institute of Mental Health, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
authors: Robert H
authors: RH
authors: Paul
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Missouri- Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.|Missouri Institute of Mental Health, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
authors: Jodi
authors: J
authors: Heaps-Woodruff
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Missouri- Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
authors: Laurie M
authors: LM
authors: Baker
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Missouri- Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Usher
authors: Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. bances@wustl.edu.|Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. bances@wustl.edu.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. bances@wustl.edu.
authors: Beau M
authors: BM
authors: Ances
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000821:virology; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood*; D019562:Viral Load / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: Cognition; Gender; HIV; Neuroimaging; Neuropsychology; Volumetrics