title: Diabetes, Glycemic Control, and Urinary Incontinence in Women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the association between urinary incontinence and glycemic control in women ages 20 to 85 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 7270 women from the 2005 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, stratified into three groups of glycemic control defined by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): (i) those below the diagnostic threshold (HbA1c < 6.5%), (ii) those with relatively controlled diabetes (HbA1c, 6.5-8.5%), and (iii) those with poorly controlled diabetes (HbA1c > 8.5%) to allow for a different relationship between glycemic control and urinary incontinence within each group. The primary outcomes were the presence of any, only stress, only urgency, and mixed urinary incontinence. We calculated adjusted risk ratios using Poisson regressions with robust variance estimates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survey-weighted prevalence was 52.9% for any, 27.2% for only stress, 9.9% for only urgency, and 15.8% for mixed urinary incontinence. Among women with relatively controlled diabetes, each one-unit increase in HbA1c was associated with a 13% (95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.25) increase for any urinary incontinence and a 34% (95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.69) increase in risk for only stress incontinence but was not significantly associated with only urgency and mixed incontinence. Other risk factors included body mass index, hormone replacement therapy, smoking, and physical activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Worsening glycemic control is associated with an increased risk for stress incontinence for women with relatively controlled diabetes. For those either below the diagnostic threshold or with poorly controlled diabetes, the risk may be driven by other factors. Further prospective investigation of HbA1c as a modifiable risk factor may motivate measures to improve continence in women with diabetes.
authors: From the *Harvard Medical School; and †Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.
authors: Rui
authors: R
authors: Wang
authors: Roger
authors: R
authors: Lefevre
authors: Michele R
authors: MR
authors: Hacker
authors: Toni H
authors: TH
authors: Golen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose