title: Lower lip deformity in patients with cleft and non-cleft Class III malocclusion before and after orthognathic surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orthognathic surgery does not yield the same cosmetic benefits in patients with Class III jaw deformities associated with clefts as for patients without clefts. Preoperative upper lip tightness caused by cleft lip repair may not fully explain this difference, suggesting that a lower lip deformity is present. The study compared the outcomes of orthognathic surgery in patients with cleft and non-cleft Class III malocclusion, focusing on lip relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  The surgical records of 50 patients with Class III malocclusion, including 25 with and 25 without clefts, who had undergone orthognathic surgery, were retrospectively analyzed. Lateral cephalometric tracings, preoperatively and at 6 months postoperatively, were superimposed to analyze the soft tissue changes at seven reference points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 6 months after surgery, there were no significant differences in skeletal location, whereas the soft tissues of the lower lip differed significantly between patients with and without cleft (p=0.002), indicating the persistence of a lower lip deformity in cleft patients. Moreover, the soft tissues of the lower lip receded in non-cleft patients and protruded in cleft patients after orthognathic surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower lip deformity and upper lip tightness may result in an unsatisfactory relationship between the upper and lower lips of patients with cleft-related jaw deformity after orthognathic surgery. Other factors were less important than the pathology of the lower lip.
authors: Department of Plastic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Joo Seok
authors: JS
authors: Park
authors: Department of Plastic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Kyung S
authors: KS
authors: Koh
authors: Department of Plastic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: ps.jong.woo.choi@gmail.com.
authors: Jong Woo
authors: JW
authors: Choi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000473:pathology; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002680:Chin / Q000473:pathology; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D008046:Lip / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019340:Osteotomy, Le Fort / Q000379:methods; D059229:Osteotomy, Sagittal Split Ramus / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cleft lip; Lip; Malocclusion; Orthognathic surgery