title: Saffold Virus, a Human Cardiovirus, and Risk of Persistent Islet Autoantibodies in the Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study MIDIA.
abstract: The aim of this study was to describe the frequency and distribution of Saffold virus in longitudinal stool samples from children, and test for association with development of persistent autoantibodies predictive of type 1 diabetes. A cohort of Norwegian children carrying the HLA genotype associated with highest risk of type 1 diabetes ("DR4-DQ8/DR3-DQ2") was followed with monthly stool samples from 3 to 35 months of age. Blood samples were tested for autoantibodies to insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase65 and Islet Antigen-2. 2077 stool samples from 27 children with ≥ 2 repeatedly positive islet autoantibodies (cases), and 53 matched controls were analysed for Saffold virus genomic RNA by semi-quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. Saffold virus was found in 53 of 2077 (2.6%) samples, with similar proportions between cases (2.5%) and controls (2.6%). The probability of being infected by 3 years of age was 28% (95% CI 0.18-0.40). Viral quantities ranged from <1 to almost 105 copies/μl. Estimated odds ratio between islet autoimmunity and infection episodes prior to seroconversion was 1.98 (95% CI: 0.57-6.91, p = 0.29). Saffold virus had no statistically significant association with islet autoimmunity.
authors: Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors: German
authors: G
authors: Tapia
authors: Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Håkon
authors: H
authors: Bøås
authors: Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Eric J
authors: EJ
authors: de Muinck
authors: Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors: Ondrej
authors: O
authors: Cinek
authors: Department of Chronic Diseases, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Lars C
authors: LC
authors: Stene
authors: Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Peter A
authors: PA
authors: Torjesen
authors: Department of IT and e-health, Division of Institute Resources, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Trond
authors: T
authors: Rasmussen
authors: Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Kjersti S
authors: KS
authors: Rønningen
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D017943:Cardiovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018188:Cardiovirus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007328:Insulin / Q000276:immunology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D054635:Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8 / Q000276:immunology*; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D007328:Insulin; C516862:PTPRN protein, human; D054635:Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase