title: Soft drink consumption is positively associated with metabolic syndrome risk factors only in Korean women: Data from the 2007-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and metabolic syndrome risk factors in Korean adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from 13,972 participants (5432 men and 8540 women) aged ≥30 years, from the 2007-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were divided into six groups based on their soft drink consumption levels from a food frequency questionnaire. Dietary sugar intake was compared among groups using 24-hour dietary recall data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest soft drink consumption frequency category was ≥4 times per week, observed in 4.6% of men and 1.7% of women. The percentage of energy from total sugar and sugar in processed foods increased with increased soft drink consumption in both men and women. In the highest consumption group, the percentage of energy from sugar in processed foods was 8.9% in men and 11.0% in women. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, greater consumption of soft drinks was positively associated with all of the components of metabolic syndrome, except the high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, in women only. Women who consumed soft drinks ≥4 times per week had a 74% higher risk of metabolic syndrome compared to those who consumed soft drinks infrequently (OR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.00-3.03; P for trend <0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High levels of soft drink consumption might constitute an important determinant of metabolic syndrome and its components only in Korean adult women.
authors: Department of Public Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sangwon
authors: S
authors: Chung
authors: Department of Public Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors: Kyungho
authors: K
authors: Ha
authors: Nutrition Policy and Promotion Team, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Gangoe-myeon, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea.
authors: Haeng-Shin
authors: HS
authors: Lee
authors: Bureau of Health Industry Promotion, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Gangoe-myeon, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea.
authors: Cho-Il
authors: CI
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Public Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hyojee
authors: H
authors: Joung
authors: Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hee-Young
authors: HY
authors: Paik
authors: Major of Food and Nutrition, School of Human Ecology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: yjsong@catholic.ac.kr.
authors: YoonJu
authors: Y
authors: Song
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Korean population; Metabolic syndrome; Soft drinks; Sugar intake