title: Non-quantitative adjustment of offspring sex ratios in pollinating fig wasps.
abstract: Fig wasp is one of the most well known model systems in examining whether or not the parents could adjust their offspring sex ratio to maximize their gene frequency transmission in next generations. Our manipulative experiments showed that, in all of the five pollinator wasps of figs (Agaonidae) that have different averages of foundress numbers per syconium, almost the same proportions of male offspring are produced in the experiment that foundresses deposit one hour then are killed with ether (66.1%-70.1%) and over the lifespan of each foundress (14.0%-21.0%). The foundresses tend to deposit their male eggs prior to female eggs. The observed increase in the proportion of male offspring as a function of foundress number results from density-dependent interference competition among the foundresses. These results showed that the selection of gene frequency transmission through the behavioral adjustment in the evolution of sex ratio does not exist in these five fig wasps. The results here implied that genetic adjustment mechanisms of the sex ratio of fig wasps can only be triggered to be on or off and that the foundresses can not quantitatively adjust their sex ratio according to increased environmental selection pressure.
authors: Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.|State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223.
authors: Rui-Wu
authors: RW
authors: Wang
authors: Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors: Bao-Fa
authors: BF
authors: Sun
authors: Statistics and Mathematics College, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, Yunnan, 650221, China.
authors: Jun-Zhou
authors: JZ
authors: He
authors: Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.|State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223.
authors: Derek W
authors: DW
authors: Dunn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D030681:Ficus / Q000502:physiology*; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010058:Oviposition / Q000502:physiology; D054817:Pollination / Q000502:physiology*; D012744:Sex Ratio; D014863:Wasps / Q000502:physiology*