title: Effect of Paying for Performance on Utilisation, Quality, and User Costs of Health Services in Tanzania: A Controlled Before and After Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite widespread implementation across Africa, there is limited evidence of the effect of payment for performance (P4P) schemes in low income countries on the coverage of quality services and affordability, consistent with universal health coverage objectives. We examined the effect of a government P4P scheme on utilisation, quality, and user costs of health services in Tanzania.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the effects of a P4P scheme on utilisation of all maternal and child immunization services targeted by the scheme, and non-targeted general outpatient service use. We also evaluated effects on patient satisfaction with care and clinical content of antenatal care, and user costs. The evaluation was done in 150 facilities across all 7 intervention districts and 4 comparison districts with two rounds of data collection over 13-months in January 2012 and February 2013. We sampled 3000 households of women who had delivered in the 12 months prior to interview; 1500 patients attending health facilities for targeted and non-targeted services at each round of data collection. Difference-in-difference regression analysis was employed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We estimated a significant positive effect on two out of eight targeted indicators. There was an 8.2% (95% CI: 3.6% to 12.8%) increase in coverage of institutional deliveries among women in the intervention area, and a 10.3% (95% CI: 4.4% to 16.1%) increase in the provision of anti-malarials during pregnancy. Use of non-targeted services reduced at dispensaries by 57.5 visits per month among children under five (95% CI: -110.2 to -4.9) and by 90.8 visits per month for those aged over five (95% CI: -156.5 to -25.2). There was no evidence of an effect of P4P on patient experience of care for targeted services. There was a 0.05 (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.10) increase in the patient satisfaction score for non-targeted services. P4P was associated with a 5.0% reduction in those paying out of pocket for deliveries (95% CI: -9.3% to -0.7%) but there was no evidence of an effect on the average amount paid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study adds to the very limited evidence on the effects of P4P at scale and highlights the potential risks of such schemes in relation to non-targeted service use. Further consideration of the design of P4P schemes is required to enhance progress towards universal health coverage, and close monitoring of effects on non-targeted services and user costs should be encouraged.
authors: Ifakara Health Institute, Plot 463, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Binyaruka
authors: London School of Hygiene& Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Edith
authors: E
authors: Patouillard
authors: London School of Hygiene& Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Timothy
authors: T
authors: Powell-Jackson
authors: London School of Hygiene& Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Giulia
authors: G
authors: Greco
authors: Chr. Michelsens Institutt, Jekteviksbakken 31, Bergen, Norway.
authors: Ottar
authors: O
authors: Maestad
authors: London School of Hygiene& Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Josephine
authors: J
authors: Borghi
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006268:Health Facilities; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D008297:Male; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D013636:Tanzania