title: Pain in Parkinson's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study of Its Prevalence, Types, and Relationship to Depression and Quality of Life.
abstract: Pain is an important and distressing symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD). Our aim was to determine the prevalence of pain, its various types and characteristics, as well as its impact on depression and quality of life (QoL) in patients with PD. How pain differs in early- and advanced-stage PD and male and female PD patients was of special interest. One hundred PD patients on dopaminergic medications had a neurological examination and participated in a structured interview on pain characteristics and completed standardized questionnaires. A total of 76% of the patients had pain. The following types of pain were present: musculoskeletal pain accounted for 41% of the total pain, dystonic pain for 17%, central neuropathic pain for 22%, radicular pain for 27%, and other pains (non-radicular low back pain, arthritic, and visceral pain) made up 24%. One type of pain affected 29% of all the subjects, two types 35%, three types 10%, and four types of pain were reported by 2%. All types of pain were more prevalent in advanced-stage PD subjects than in early-stage PD subjects, except for arthritic pain (subclassified under"other pain"). The frequency and intensity of actual, average, and worst experienced pain were significantly more severe in advanced-stage subjects. PD subjects with general pain and in advanced stages were more depressed and had poorer QoL. Depression correlated with worst pain in the last 24 hours and with pain periodicity (the worst depression score in patients with constant pain). QoL correlated with average pain in the last 7 days. Pain is a frequent problem in PD patients, and it worsens during the course of the disease.
authors: Second Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Laboratory of Motor Control, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Valkovic
authors: Second Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors: Michal
authors: M
authors: Minar
authors: Second Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Physiatry and Rehabilitation, Ruzinov University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors: Helena
authors: H
authors: Singliarova
authors: Second Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Harsany
authors: Second Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Hanakova
authors: Second Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors: Jana
authors: J
authors: Martinkova
authors: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Benetin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065105:Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D065105:Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase Inhibitors; D015259:Dopamine Agents; D007980:Levodopa