title: Investigating distinct and common abnormalities of resting-state functional connectivity in depression, anxiety, and their comorbid states.
abstract: Depression and anxiety disorders are highly comorbid and share neurobiological characteristics. However, this is usually not explicitly addressed in studies on intrinsic brain functioning in these disorders. Contrary to previous resting-state reports on small, monodiagnostic subsets of the current sample, we investigated resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in medication-free patients with depression, anxiety, comorbid depression and anxiety, and a healthy control group. RSFC was investigated in 140 medication-free subjects: 37 major depressive disorder patients (MDD), 30 patients with one or more anxiety disorders (ANX), 25 patients with MDD and one or more anxiety disorders (COM), and 48 healthy controls (HC). RSFC networks were calculated using a probabilistic independent component analysis. Using a dual regression approach, individuals׳ timecourses were extracted and regressed to obtain subjects-specific spatial maps, which were used for group comparisons in four networks of interest (limbic, default mode, salience and sensory-motor networks). When compared to HC, the COM group showed increased RSFC of the limbic network with a cluster containing the bilateral precuneus, intracalcarine cortex, lingual gyrus, and posterior cingulate, and with a cluster including the right precentral gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and middle frontal gyrus. This effect was specific for comorbid depression and anxiety. No abnormal RSFC of other networks or in the MDD and ANX groups was observed. No association was found between strength of RSFC and symptom severity. These results indicate that altered RSFC of cortical regions with a limbic network could be specific for comorbid depression and anxiety.
authors: Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.pannekoek@imperial.ac.uk.
authors: J N
authors: JN
authors: Pannekoek
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: S J A
authors: SJ
authors: van der Werff
authors: BCN NeuroImaging Centre, University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: van Tol
authors: Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Veltman
authors: BCN NeuroImaging Centre, University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Aleman
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: F G
authors: FG
authors: Zitman
authors: Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: S A R B
authors: SA
authors: Rombouts
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: N J A
authors: NJ
authors: van der Wee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D012146:Rest; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Dual regression; Neuroimaging; Probabilistic independent component analysis; Resting-state