title: Age- and Sex-Associated Effects on Acute-Phase Proteins in Göttingen Minipigs.
abstract: Göttingen minipigs are a useful model for diseases having an inflammatory component, and the associated use of acute-phase proteins (APP) as biomarkers of inflammation warrants establishment of their reference ranges. The objective of this study was to establish reference values for selected APP in Göttingen minipigs and to investigate the effects of age, sex, and various stimuli on these ranges. Serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, pig major acute-phase protein (PMAP), albumin, and porcine α-1 acid glycoprotein (PAGP) were evaluated in 4 age groups (6, 16, 24 and 40-48 wk) of male and female Göttingen minipigs. In addition, minipigs were tested under 2 housing conditions, after acute LPS challenge, and after diet-induced obesity with and without mild diabetes. Changing the pigs to a new environment induced significant increases in CRP, PMAP, haptoglobin and PAGP and a decrease in albumin. An acute LPS stimulus increased CRP, PMAP, haptoglobin, and SAA; PAGP was unchanged and albumin decreased. Obese pigs with and without diabetes showed increases in CRP and PAGP, albumin decreased, and haptoglobin and SAA were unchanged. PMAP was increased only in obese pigs without diabetes. In conclusion, reference values for CRP, PMAP, haptoglobin, SAA, PAGP and albumin were established for male and female Göttingen minipigs of different ages. These APP were influenced by age and sex, underlining the importance of considering these factors when designing and interpreting studies including aspects of inflammation. In addition, an APP response was verified after both acute and chronic stimuli.
authors: Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark. BQC@novonordisk.com.
authors: Berit Ø
authors: BØ
authors: Christoffersen
authors: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors: Søren J
authors: SJ
authors: Jensen
authors: Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors: Trine P
authors: TP
authors: Ludvigsen
authors: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark, Current position is at Växa Sverige, Flen, Sweden.
authors: Sara K
authors: SK
authors: Nilsson
authors: Ellegaard Göttingen Minipigs A/S, Dalmose, Denmark.
authors: Anette B
authors: AB
authors: Grossi
authors: Innate Immunology Group, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
authors: Peter M H
authors: PM
authors: Heegaard
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D013311:Streptozocin; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature / Q000097:blood*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013311:Streptozocin