title: RNA sequencing from human neutrophils reveals distinct transcriptional differences associated with chronic inflammatory states.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The transcriptional complexity of mammalian cells suggests that they have broad abilities to respond to specific environmental stimuli and physiologic contexts. These abilities were not apparent a priori from the structure of mammalian genomes, but have been identified through detailed transcriptome analyses. In this study, we examined the transcriptomes of cells of the innate immune system, human neutrophils, using RNA sequencing (RNAseq).
  
  
  METHODS
  We sequenced poly-A RNA from nine individual samples corresponding to specific phenotypes: three children with active, untreated juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)(AD), three children with the same disease whose disease was inactive on medication (CRM), and three children with cystic fibrosis (CF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that transcriptomes of neutrophils, typically considered non-specific in their responses and functions, display considerable specificity in their transcriptional repertoires dependent on the pathologic context, and included genes, gene isoforms, and long non-coding RNA transcripts. Furthermore, despite the small sample numbers, these findings demonstrate the potential of RNAseq approaches to biomarker development in rheumatic diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate the capacity of cells previously considered non-specific in function to adapt their transcriptomes to specific biologic contexts. These data also provide insight into previously unrecognized pathological pathways and show considerable promise for elucidating disease and disease-state specific regulatory networks.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, NY, USA. kaiyujia@buffalo.edu.
authors: Kaiyu
authors: K
authors: Jiang
authors: JP Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. xs2182@c2b2.columbia.edu.
authors: Xiaoyun
authors: X
authors: Sun
authors: Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, NY, USA. yanminch@buffalo.edu.
authors: Yanmin
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: JP Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. ys2411@columbia.edu.|Departments of Systems Biology and Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. ys2411@columbia.edu.
authors: Yufeng
authors: Y
authors: Shen
authors: Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, NY, USA. jamesjar@buffalo.edu.
authors: James N
authors: JN
authors: Jarvis
mesh_terms: D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012313:RNA / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D012313:RNA