title: Elemental analysis-aided Raman spectroscopic studies on Chinese cloisonné wares and painted enamels from the Imperial Palace.
abstract: Two kinds of enamels, including Chinese cloisonné wares from Fuwang chamber and gourd-shaped painted enamels decorations from the Forbidden City, in the Imperial Palace of China, are investigated by micro-Raman spectroscopy in combination with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) in order to examine and analyze the composition of the glaze layer in each case. In this study the excitation is employed with either a NIR laser (785 nm) or a red laser (632.8 nm) in order to effectively eliminate the interference of background fluorescence and resonance effect. We have identified that the major matrix ingredients of the cloisonné wares are lead-based potash-lime silicate glasses while lead-potash silicate glass matrix is the main constituent for the painted enamels. Eight different colored areas of glaze layer also have been discussed in detail due to the distinct colors including turquoise, deep blue, yellow, white, red, pink, deep green and pale green. Their identification based on Raman data will be useful with regard to rapid and on site analysis and the restoration of the enamel decorations.
authors: Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Su
authors: Conservation Department, The Palace Museum, Beijing 100009, PR China.
authors: Liang
authors: L
authors: Qu
authors: Conservation Department, The Palace Museum, Beijing 100009, PR China.
authors: Hongying
authors: H
authors: Duan
authors: Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich-Schiller University Jena Helmholzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
authors: Nicolae
authors: N
authors: Tarcea
authors: Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China. Electronic address: agshen@whu.edu.cn.
authors: Aiguo
authors: A
authors: Shen
authors: Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich-Schiller University Jena Helmholzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany. Electronic address: juergen.popp@uni-jena.de.
authors: Jürgen
authors: J
authors: Popp
authors: Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
authors: Jiming
authors: J
authors: Hu
keywords: Cloisonné ware; Elemental analysis; Painted enamels; Raman spectroscopy; The Imperial Palace