title: Use of Nutrition Standards to Improve Nutritional Quality of Hospital Patient Meals: Findings from New York City's Healthy Hospital Food Initiative.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most hospital patient meals are considered regular-diet meals; these meals are not required to meet comprehensive nutrition standards for a healthy diet. Although programs exist to improve nutrition in hospital food, the focus is on retail settings such as vending machines and cafeterias vs patient meals. New York City's Healthy Hospital Food Initiative (HHFI) provides nutrition standards for regular-diet meals that hospitals can adopt, in addition to retail standards.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to describe regular-diet patient menus before and after implementation of the HHFI nutrition standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved pre- and post- menu change analyses of hospitals participating in the HHFI between 2010 and 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight New York City hospitals, selected based on voluntary participation in the HHFI, were included in the analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nutritional content of regular-diet menus were compared with the HHFI nutrition standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nutrient analysis and exact Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used for the analysis of the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, no regular-diet menu met all HHFI standards, and most exceeded the daily limits for percentage of calories from fat (n=5), percentage of calories from saturated fat (n=5), and milligrams of sodium (n=6), and they did not meet the minimum grams of fiber (n=7). Hospitals met all key nutrient standards after implementation, increasing fiber (25%, P<0.01) and decreasing sodium (-19%, P<0.05), percentage of calories from fat (-24%, P<0.01), and percentage of calories from saturated fat (-21%, P<0.05). A significant increase was seen in fresh fruit servings (667%, P<0.05) and decreases in full-fat and reduced-fat milk servings (-100%, P<0.05), refined grain servings (-35%, P<0.05), and frequency of desserts (-92%, P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular diet menus did not comply with the HHFI nutrition standards at baseline. Using the HHFI framework, hospitals significantly improved the nutritional quality of regular-diet patient menus. The standards were applied across hospitals of varying sizes, locations, menu types, and food service operations, indicating feasibility of this framework in a range of hospital settings.
authors: Alyssa
authors: A
authors: Moran
authors: Ashley
authors: A
authors: Lederer
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Johnson Curtis
mesh_terms: D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D002149:Energy Intake; D005521:Food Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D005638:Fruit; D062407:Meals; D008612:Menu Planning / Q000592:standards; D009519:New York City; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009753:Nutritive Value; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D014675:Vegetables; D000067348:Whole Grains
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D012982:Sodium, Dietary
keywords: Food policy; Food service; Hospital; Obesity; Patient meals