title: Antibacterial TAP-mimic electrospun polymer scaffold: effects on P. gingivalis-infected dentin biofilm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to investigate, in vitro, the effects of a recently developed triple antibiotic paste (TAP)-mimic polymer nanofibrous scaffold against Porphyromonas gingivalis-infected dentin biofilm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dentin specimens (4 × 4 × 1 mm(3)) were prepared from human canines. The specimens were sterilized, inoculated with P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277), and incubated for 1 week to allow for biofilm formation. Infected dentin specimens were exposed for 3 days to the following treatments: antibiotic-free polydioxanone scaffold (PDS, control), PDS + 25 wt% TAP [25 mg of each antibiotic (metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and minocycline) per mL of the PDS polymer solution], or a saturated TAP-based solution (50 mg of each antibiotic per mL of saline solution). In order to serve as the negative control, infected dentin specimens were left untreated (bacteria only). To determine the antimicrobial efficacy of the TAP-mimic scaffold, a colony-forming unit (CFU) per milliliter (n = 10/group) measurement was performed. Furthermore, additional specimens (n = 2/group) were prepared to qualitatively study biofilm inhibition via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistics were performed, and significance was set at the 5% level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the TAP-mimic scaffold and the positive control (TAP solution) led to complete bacterial elimination, differing statistically (p < 0.05) from the negative control group (bacteria only). No statistical differences were observed for CFU per milliliter data between antibiotic-free scaffolds (2.7 log10 CFU/mL) and the negative control (5.9 log10 CFU/mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The obtained data revealed significant antimicrobial properties of the novel PDS-based TAP-mimic scaffold against an established P. gingivalis-infected dentin biofilm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, the data suggest that the proposed nanofibrous scaffold might be used as an alternative to the advocated clinical gold standard (i.e., TAP) for intracanal disinfection prior to regenerative endodontics.
authors: Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry (IUSD), 1121 W. Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.|Graduate Program in Restorative Dentistry (Endodontics), São José dos Campos Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12245-000, Brazil.
authors: Maria Tereza P
authors: MT
authors: Albuquerque
authors: Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry (IUSD), 1121 W. Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
authors: Joshua D
authors: JD
authors: Evans
authors: Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry (IUSD), 1121 W. Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
authors: Richard L
authors: RL
authors: Gregory
authors: Graduate Program in Restorative Dentistry (Endodontics), São José dos Campos Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12245-000, Brazil.
authors: Marcia C
authors: MC
authors: Valera
authors: Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry (IUSD), 1121 W. Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. mbottino@iu.edu.|Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. mbottino@iu.edu.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. mbottino@iu.edu.
authors: Marco C
authors: MC
authors: Bottino
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D008911:Minocycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D057139:Nanofibers; D016687:Polydioxanone; D011108:Polymers; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D011108:Polymers; D008795:Metronidazole; D016687:Polydioxanone; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D008911:Minocycline
keywords: Antibiotic; Disinfection; Electrospinning; Endodontics; Nanofibers; Scaffold