title: GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 1 diabetes: a proof-of-concept approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test potential efficacy of liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, in subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  We have recruited nine T1DM patients (age 40.1 ± 6.4 years, duration of diabetes 19.2 ± 8.8 years, BMI 24.3 ± 3.5 kg/m(2), HbA1c 8.2 ± 1.0 %-66 ± 11 mmol/mol, daily insulin dose: 0.6 ± 0.1 IU/kg) on continuous subcutaneous insulin therapy with undetectable C-peptide. In addition to existing treatment was administered in single-blind (a) therapy subcutaneously with 0.1 ml of saline solution for 3 days and (b) 0.1 ml of liraglutide (0.6 mg/day) for a further 3 days with daily glucose excursions recorded by continuous glucose monitoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adding liraglutide resulted in a significant reduction in mean blood glucose (138 ± 29 vs. 163 ± 29 mg/dl, p < 0.0001) and standard deviation (42 ± 9 vs. 60 ± 15 mg/dl, p < 0.0001). The area under the curve (AUC) for blood glucose >140 mg/dl was also significantly reduced (22.2 ± 16.4 vs. 41.1 ± 19.7 mg/dl h, p < 0.05) with no difference in AUC for blood glucose <70 mg/dl (liraglutide 0.7 ± 0.9 mg/dl h; placebo: 0.8 ± 1.4 mg/dl h, p = NS). Finally, adding liraglutide reduced daily insulin requirement (37.5 ± 17.2 vs. 42.9 ± 22.4 UI/day, p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term treatment with liraglutide, in T1DM, reduces average blood glucose, blood glucose variability and daily insulin requirement without increasing risk of hypoglycemia.
authors: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes, University of Pisa, Nuovo Ospedale Santa Chiara, Via Paradisa, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
authors: Isabella
authors: I
authors: Crisci
authors: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes, University of Pisa, Nuovo Ospedale Santa Chiara, Via Paradisa, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
authors: Michele
authors: M
authors: Aragona
authors: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes, University of Pisa, Nuovo Ospedale Santa Chiara, Via Paradisa, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
authors: Konstantina Savvina
authors: KS
authors: Politi
authors: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes, University of Pisa, Nuovo Ospedale Santa Chiara, Via Paradisa, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Daniele
authors: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes, University of Pisa, Nuovo Ospedale Santa Chiara, Via Paradisa, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy. stefano.delprato@med.unipi.it.
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Del Prato
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000032:analysis; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069450:Liraglutide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000097789:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000069450:Liraglutide; D000097789:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists
keywords: Continuous glucose monitoring; Glycemic variability; Insulin pump therapy; Liraglutide; Type 1 diabetes