title: Economic Evaluations in the Diagnosis and Management of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Analysis of Quality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Economic evaluations provide a unique opportunity to identify the optimal strategies for the diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injury (TBI), for which uncertainty is common and the economic burden is substantial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to systematically review and examine the quality of contemporary economic evaluations in the diagnosis and management of TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, NHS Economic Evaluation Database, Health Technology Assessment Database, EconLit, and the Tufts CEA Registry for comparative economic evaluations published from 2000 onward (last updated on August 30, 2013). Data on methods, results, and quality were abstracted in duplicate. The results were summarized quantitatively and qualitatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 3539 citations, 24 economic evaluations met our inclusion criteria. Nine were cost-utility, five were cost-effectiveness, three were cost-minimization, and seven were cost-consequences analyses. Only six studies were of high quality. Current evidence from high-quality studies suggests the economic attractiveness of the following strategies: a low medical threshold for computed tomography (CT) scanning of asymptomatic infants with possible inflicted TBI, selective CT scanning of adults with mild TBI as per the Canadian CT Head Rule, management of severe TBI according to the Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines, management of TBI in dedicated neurocritical care units, and early transfer of patients with TBI with nonsurgical lesions to neuroscience centers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Threshold-guided CT scanning, adherence to Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines, and care for patients with TBI, including those with nonsurgical lesions, in specialized settings appear to be economically attractive strategies.
authors: Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Electronic address: aziz.alali@mail.utoronto.ca.
authors: Aziz S
authors: AS
authors: Alali
authors: Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors: Kirsteen
authors: K
authors: Burton
authors: Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Critical Care, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors: Robert A
authors: RA
authors: Fowler
authors: Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors: David M J
authors: DM
authors: Naimark
authors: Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Critical Care, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors: Damon C
authors: DC
authors: Scales
authors: Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors: Todd G
authors: TG
authors: Mainprize
authors: Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors: Avery B
authors: AB
authors: Nathens
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D017046:Cost Savings; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: cost utility; cost-benefit analysis; cost-effectiveness; economic evaluation; systematic review; traumatic brain injury