title: Urinary sodium or potassium excretion and blood pressure in adults of Shandong province, China: preliminary results of the SMASH project.
abstract: The aim of the study was to estimate the urinary electrolyte excretion and assess the relationship between dietary sodium or potassium intake and blood pressure within a population of 18-69 adults in Shandong province, China. Random samples of 2184 adults enrolled in the Shandong and Ministry of Health Action on Salt reduction and Hypertension project were collected from 20 countries or districts. Electrolyte intake was estimated by 24-hour urine collections, and urinary volume or creatinine was measured to estimate the accuracy of the collection. Anthropometry was measured with standard procedures. Regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. The mean sodium excretion was 241.8 ± 7.9 mmol among men and 222.3 ± 7.9 mmol among women, respectively. The 24-hour average potassium excretion was 39.9 ± 0.9 and 41.8 ± 1.1 mmol, respectively. Some resident and geographic differences were found for 24-hour urinary electrolyte. Regression analysis showed increments of 1.15 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure and 0.67 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure per gram increment in urinary sodium excretion. For each increment of 1-g potassium excretion per day, there was a decrement of 0.81 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure and 0.76 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure. The highest blood pressure was observed in the group with lowest potassium and the highest sodium excretion, which was 13.6 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure and 7.3 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure difference from group with highest potassium excretion and lowest sodium excretion (P < .0001 for interaction). The Shandong and Ministry of Health Action on Salt reduction and Hypertension project results show a substantially higher sodium excretion and a lower potassium excretion than recommended in Shandong adults. The sodium or potassium intake is positively association with blood pressure. These results support the recommended approaches to lower the risk of hypertension, including lower sodium intake, higher potassium intake, and prevention and control of obesity.
authors: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors: Xi
authors: X
authors: Chen
authors: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors: Xiaolei
authors: X
authors: Guo
authors: National Centre for Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Jixiang
authors: J
authors: Ma
authors: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors: Jiyu
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors: Junli
authors: J
authors: Tang
authors: National Centre for Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Liuxia
authors: L
authors: Yan
authors: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors: Chunxiao
authors: C
authors: Xu
authors: The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors: Xiaofei
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors: Jie
authors: J
authors: Ren
authors: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors: Zilong
authors: Z
authors: Lu
authors: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors: Gaohui
authors: G
authors: Zhang
authors: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Dong
authors: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors: Aiqiang
authors: A
authors: Xu
keywords: Hypertension prevention; obesity; salt intake