title: Foreign Body Reaction to Implantable Biosensors: Effects of Tissue Trauma and Implant Size.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implantable biosensors for continuous glucose monitoring can greatly improve diabetes management. However, their applications are still associated with some challenges and one of these is the gradual functionality loss postimplantation as a consequence of the foreign body response (FBR). Sensor miniaturization in combination with drug-eluting biocompatible coatings is a promising strategy to enhance in vivo performance. However, limited study has been performed to understand the effect of initial trauma and implant size on foreign body reaction as well as in vivo performance of implantable glucose sensors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different initial trauma was induced by implanting composite coated dummy sensors into rats using various sized needles and 3 different-sized dummy sensors were implanted to examine the size effect. Histological evaluation was performed to relate the inflammatory cell counts and foreign body capsule thickness with the implantation needle size and sensor size respectively. The effect of biocompatible coating on the performance of implantable glucose sensors was determined using both coated amperometric glucose sensors and microdialysis probes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results revealed that the degree of acute inflammation was mainly controlled by the extent of the initial trauma: the greater the trauma, the greater the acute inflammatory response. Implant size did not affect the acute inflammatory phase. However, the extent of chronic inflammation and fibrous encapsulation were affected by sensor size: the smaller the size the less the extent of chronic inflammation and fibrous encapsulation. Glucose sensors implanted using 14 gauge needles showed significantly lower initial in vivo response compared to those implanted using 16 gauge needles. This was not observed for sensors with dexamethasone-eluting biocompatible coatings since inflammation was suppressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the current study indicate that the extent of the inflammatory response post-sensor implantation varies as a function of the initial tissue trauma as well as the sensor size. Accordingly, miniaturization of implantable biosensors together with the utilization of a drug-eluting biocompatible composite coating may be a promising strategy to achieve long-term reliable continuous glucose monitoring.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Biorasis Inc, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors: Santhisagar
authors: S
authors: Vaddiraju
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors: Bing
authors: B
authors: Gu
authors: Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors: Fotios
authors: F
authors: Papadimitrakopoulos
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA d.burgess@uconn.edu.
authors: Diane J
authors: DJ
authors: Burgess
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005549:Foreign-Body Reaction / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
keywords: and implantable glucose biosensors; composite coatings; foreign body response