title: Comparative Study of the Effect of Glucosamine and Free Ammonium on 4-Methylimidazole Formation.
abstract: The effect of glucosamine analogues (glucosamine and acetylglucosamine) and free ammonium on the formation of 4-methylimidazole (4-MeI) was investigated in the caramel model reaction systems. Methylglyoxal (MGO) was detected after derivatization by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). 4-MeI in the Maillard reaction was tested using a high-performance cation exchange chromatography coupled with APCI-MS (HPCEC-MS). The levels of pyrazines tested by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with MS were applied to mark the condensation reaction between dicarbonyls and free ammonium. Results showed that the formation of 4-MeI and its precursor MGO was inhibited in glucosamine analogue model reaction systems. Besides, the results from pyrazines and brown intensity in glucosamine analogues model reaction systems indicated that glucosamine analogues mainly underwent the reaction of intra-intermolecular polymerization into melanoidins rather than the degradation reaction into MGO. Using glucosamine analogues to produce the caramel color with a low level of 4-MeI was applicable.
authors: College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors: Pei
authors: P
authors: Yu
authors: College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors: Xian-Bing
authors: XB
authors: Xu
authors: College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China.|Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety , Guangzhou 510640, China.|State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering , Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors: Shu-Juan
authors: SJ
authors: Yu
mesh_terms: D064751:Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000737:chemistry*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D007093:Imidazoles; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde; D005944:Glucosamine; C023439:4-methylimidazole
keywords: 4-methylimidazole; caramel color; glucosamine; methylglyoxal; pyrazines