title: Anti-adhesion activity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) extract, thyme post-distillation waste, and olive (Olea europea L.) leaf extract against Campylobacter jejuni on polystyrene and intestine epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In order to survive in food-processing environments and cause disease, Campylobacter jejuni requires specific survival mechanisms, such as biofilms, which contribute to its transmission through the food chain to the human host and present a critical form of resistance to a wide variety of antimicrobials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phytochemical analysis of thyme ethanolic extract (TE), thyme post-hydrodistillation residue (TE-R), and olive leaf extract (OE) using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array indicates that the major compounds in TE and TE-R are flavone glucuronides and rosmarinic acid derivatives, and in OE verbascoside, luteolin 7-O-glucoside and oleuroside. TE and TE-R reduced C. jejuni adhesion to abiotic surfaces by up to 30% at 0.2-12.5 µg mL(-1) , with TE-R showing a greater effect. OE from 3.125 to 200 µg mL(-1) reduced C. jejuni adhesion to polystyrene by 10-23%. On the other hand, C. jejuni adhesion to PSI cl1 cells was inhibited by almost 30% over a large concentration range of these extracts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that TE, the agro-food waste material TE-R, and the by-product OE represent sources of bioactive phytochemicals that are effective at low concentrations and can be used as therapeutic agents to prevent bacterial adhesion. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors: Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.|Medical Faculty, University of Maribor, Maribor, 2000, Slovenia.
authors: Maja
authors: M
authors: Šikić Pogačar
authors: Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.
authors: Anja
authors: A
authors: Klančnik
authors: Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria.
authors: Franz
authors: F
authors: Bucar
authors: Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Maribor, 2311, Hoče, Slovenia.
authors: Tomaž
authors: T
authors: Langerholc
authors: Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.
authors: Sonja
authors: S
authors: Smole Možina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D016123:Campylobacter jejuni / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology; D031658:Olea / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D011137:Polystyrenes; D013552:Swine; D046930:Thymus Plant / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D011137:Polystyrenes
keywords: Campylobacter jejuni; Thymus vulgaris and Olea europea extracts; abiotic/biotic surfaces; anti-adhesion activity; waste material