title: Flavonoids Affect the Light Reaction of Photosynthesis in Vitro and in Vivo as Well as the Growth of Plants.
abstract: Flavonoids retusin (5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone) (1) and pachypodol (5,4'-dihydroxy-3,7,3'-trimethoxyflavone) (2) were isolated from Croton ciliatoglanduliferus Ort. Pachypodol acts as a Hill reaction inhibitor with its target on the water splitting enzyme located in PSII. In the search for new herbicides from natural compounds, flavonoids 1 and 2 and flavonoid analogues quercetin (3), apigenin (4), genistein (5), and eupatorin (6) were assessed for their effect in vitro on the photosynthetic electron transport chain and in vivo on the germination and growth of the plants Physalis ixocarpa, Trifolium alexandrinum and Lolium perenne. Flavonoid 3 was the most active inhibitor of the photosynthetic uncoupled electron flow (I50 = 114 μM) with a lower log P value (1.37). Results in vivo suggest that 1, 2, 3, and 5 behave as pre- and postemergent herbicides, with 3 and 5 being more active.
authors: Departamento de Bioquímica and ‡Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria , Delegación Coyoacán, México D. F. 04510, México.
authors: Félix
authors: F
authors: Morales-Flores
authors: Departamento de Bioquímica and ‡Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria , Delegación Coyoacán, México D. F. 04510, México.
authors: Karen Susana
authors: KS
authors: Olivares-Palomares
authors: Departamento de Bioquímica and ‡Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria , Delegación Coyoacán, México D. F. 04510, México.
authors: María Isabel
authors: MI
authors: Aguilar-Laurents
authors: Departamento de Bioquímica and ‡Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria , Delegación Coyoacán, México D. F. 04510, México.
authors: José Fausto
authors: JF
authors: Rivero-Cruz
authors: Departamento de Bioquímica and ‡Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria , Delegación Coyoacán, México D. F. 04510, México.
authors: Blas
authors: B
authors: Lotina-Hennsen
authors: Departamento de Bioquímica and ‡Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria , Delegación Coyoacán, México D. F. 04510, México.
authors: Beatriz
authors: B
authors: King-Díaz
mesh_terms: D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000032:analysis; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D029802:Croton / Q000737:chemistry; D004579:Electron Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects; D006540:Herbicides; D008129:Lolium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D063245:Plant Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D011794:Quercetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D029921:Trifolium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D006540:Herbicides; D002734:Chlorophyll; C008751:pachypodol; D011794:Quercetin; D000077194:Chlorophyll A
keywords: apigenin; eupatorin; genistein; pachypodol; photophosphorylation; quercetin; retusin