title: Depth-Resolved Multispectral Sub-Surface Imaging Using Multifunctional Upconversion Phosphors with Paramagnetic Properties.
abstract: Molecular imaging is very promising technique used for surgical guidance, which requires advancements related to properties of imaging agents and subsequent data retrieval methods from measured multispectral images. In this article, an upconversion material is introduced for subsurface near-infrared imaging and for the depth recovery of the material embedded below the biological tissue. The results confirm significant correlation between the analytical depth estimate of the material under the tissue and the measured ratio of emitted light from the material at two different wavelengths. Experiments with biological tissue samples demonstrate depth resolved imaging using the rare earth doped multifunctional phosphors. In vitro tests reveal no significant toxicity, whereas the magnetic measurements of the phosphors show that the particles are suitable as magnetic resonance imaging agents. The confocal imaging of fibroblast cells with these phosphors reveals their potential for in vivo imaging. The depth-resolved imaging technique with such phosphors has broad implications for real-time intraoperative surgical guidance.
authors: Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States.
authors: Zaven
authors: Z
authors: Ovanesyan
authors: Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States.
authors: L Christopher
authors: LC
authors: Mimun
authors: Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States.
authors: Gangadharan Ajith
authors: GA
authors: Kumar
authors: Department of Physics, University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley , Edinburg, Texas 78539, United States.
authors: Brian G
authors: BG
authors: Yust
authors: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley , Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States.
authors: Chamath
authors: C
authors: Dannangoda
authors: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley , Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States.
authors: Karen S
authors: KS
authors: Martirosyan
authors: Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States.
authors: Dhiraj K
authors: DK
authors: Sardar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D049449:Luminescence; D060328:Magnetic Phenomena; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
keywords: imaging; light propagation in tissue; magnetic properties; spectroscopy; upconversion