title: [Analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances precursors in human milk from 12 provinces of China].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the level of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) precursors in Chinese human milk samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  The human milk samples were collected during the performance of Stockholm convention on survey of human milk in China in 2007. Based on the geographical location and dietary habits, China was divided into the south area and north area which 6 provinces were chosen from each area and there were 12 provinces in all. In each province, one urban site and two rural sites were selected to collect 80-110 samples. Mothers were randomly selected in each site to collect their breast milk. There were 1 237 individual human milk samples in all. For each province, the individual samples from the urban areas and the rural areas were pooled separately resulting in 24 pooled human milk samples. 11 PFAS precursors were measured in pooled samples by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadruple mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The dietary exposure assessment of newborns was made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three PFAS precursors were found above the detection limits, namely, 6:2 FTS, FHUEA, and 6:2 diPAP. Their concentration ranges were < Limit of determination (LOD) -47.46 pg/ml, < LOD -70.68 pg/ml and < LOD -35.08 pg/ml, respectively. The highest total PFAS precursor concentration 77.70 pg/ml was found in urban area samples from Shannxi Province. Rural area samples from Hubei had the lowest total PFAS precursor concentration, which was below the LOD. There were significant differences between rural and urban areas in many provinces, such as Shannxi (rural: 1.51 pg/ml; urban: 77.70 pg/ml), Shanghai (rural: 1.13 pg/ml; urban: 71.88 pg/ml), Jiangxi (rural: 65.39 pg/ml; urban: 0.55 pg/ml) and so on. The ranges estimated daily intake of 6:2 FTS, FHUEA and 6:2 diPAP of the samples from 12 provinces were 0.05-4.51, 1.13-6.72 and 1.15-3.34 ng · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggested the human exposure of PFAS precursors in China and the potential health impact of postnatal exposure through breastfeeding to infants. The level of PFAS precursors showed differences in regions, rural and urban places.
authors: Department of Chemistry, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment and Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China.
authors: Lin
authors: L
authors: Yang
authors: Xinping
authors: X
authors: Yu
authors: Meng
authors: M
authors: Wang
authors: Email: lijg@cfsa.net.cn.
authors: Jingguang
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: Yuxin
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Yunfeng
authors: Y
authors: Zhao
authors: Yongning
authors: Y
authors: Wu
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008895:Milk, Human; D012424:Rural Population; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons