title: Opium as a Risk Factor for Bladder Cancer: A Population-based Case-control Study in Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common genitourinary system malignancy in humans. Consumption of opium and its derivatives, maybe a risk factor possibly in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between consumption of opium and its derivatives and the incidence of BC.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an individually matched case-control study in Shiraz (located in the south of Iran), 198 patients with BC and 396 healthy individuals (matched in age, sex and residence (urban/rural)) were investigated. Data about consumption of opium and its derivatives, tobacco, alcohol and diet were collected using a structured valid and reliable questionnaire. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were computed using conditional logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Opium consumption was associated with an increased risk of BC with an adjusted OR = 3.9 (95% CI: 1.2 - 12.0). Moreover, a considerable dose-response relationship was observed between the opium consumption and its derivatives and the incidence of BC; comparing to no users, the odds ratios of low and high consumptions were 3.3 (95% CI: 0.5 - 23.1) and 4.9 (95% CI: 1.1 - 21.9) respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opium consumption can be a potential strong risk factor for BC in Iran.
authors: Medical Informatics Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors: Morteza
authors: M
authors: Akbari
authors: Physiology Research Center, Institute of Nouropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors: Ahmad
authors: A
authors: Naghibzadeh-Tahami
authors: Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors: Narges
authors: N
authors: Khanjani
authors: Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors: Mohammad Reza
authors: MR
authors: Baneshi
authors: Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors: Elham
authors: E
authors: Kamali
authors: Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors: Maryam
authors: M
authors: Hesampour
authors: Deputy of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors: Bahman
authors: B
authors: Nazemzadegan
authors: Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Ahaghdoost@gmail.com.
authors: Ali-Akbar
authors: AA
authors: Haghdoost
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*