title: A genetic model of the effects of insecticide-treated bed nets on the evolution of insecticide-resistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The evolution of insecticide-resistance in malaria vectors is emerging as a serious challenge for the control of malaria. Modelling the spread of insecticide-resistance is an essential tool to understand the evolutionary pressures and dynamics caused by the application of insecticides.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a population-genetic model of the spread of insecticide-resistance in a population of Anopheles vectors in response to insecticides used either as adulticides (focussing on insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs)) or as larvicides (either for the control of malaria or, as an inadvertent side-product, in agriculture).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that indoor use of insecticides leads to considerably less selection pressure than their use as larvicides, supporting the idea that most resistance of malaria vectors is due to the agricultural use of the insecticides that are also used for malaria control. The reasons for the relatively low selection pressure posed by adulticides are (i) that males are not affected by the ITNs and, in particular, (ii) that the insecticides are also repellents, keeping mosquitoes at bay from contacting the insecticide but also driving them to bite either people who do not use the insecticide or alternative hosts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude by discussing the opposing public health benefits of high repellency at an epidemiological and an evolutionary timescale: whereas repellency is beneficial to delay the evolution of resistance, other models have shown that it decreases the population-level protection of the insecticide.
authors: Imperial College London, Life Sciences Division, Silwood Park, Ascot, England and Present address: Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Scotland s0801926@sms.ed.ac.uk.
authors: Philip L G
authors: PL
authors: Birget
authors: Institute of Biology, Université de Neuchâtel, 11 rue Emile-Argand, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors: Jacob C
authors: JC
authors: Koella
keywords: insecticide-resistance; insecticide-treated bed nets; malaria control; repellency