title: Residential Exposure to Road and Railway Noise and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few modifiable risk factors for prostate cancer are known. Recently, disruption of the circadian system has been proposed to affect risk, as it entails an inhibited melatonin production, and melatonin has demonstrated beneficial effects on cancer inhibition. This suggests a potential role of traffic noise in prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Road traffic and railway noise was calculated for all present and historical addresses from 1987-2010 for a cohort of 24,473 middle-aged, Danish men. During follow-up, 1,457 prostate cancer cases were identified. We used Cox Proportional Hazards Models to calculate the association between noise exposure and incident prostate cancer. Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) were calculated as crude and adjusted for smoking status, education, socioeconomic position, BMI, waist circumference, physical activity, calendar year, and traffic noise from other sources than the one investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no association between residential road traffic noise and risk of prostate cancer for any of the three exposure windows: 1, 5 or 10-year mean noise exposure before prostate cancer diagnosis. This result persisted when stratifying cases by aggressiveness. For railway noise, there was no association with overall prostate cancer. There was no statistically significant effect modification by age, education, smoking status, waist circumference or railway noise, on the association between road traffic noise and prostate cancer, although there seemed to be a suggestion of an association among never smokers (IRR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.00-1.36).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study does not support an overall association between either railway or road traffic noise and overall prostate cancer.
authors: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Nina
authors: N
authors: Roswall
authors: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Kirsten T
authors: KT
authors: Eriksen
authors: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Dorrit
authors: D
authors: Hjortebjerg
authors: Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors: Steen S
authors: SS
authors: Jensen
authors: Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: Overvad
authors: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Tjønneland
authors: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors: Ole
authors: O
authors: Raaschou-Nielsen
authors: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Mette
authors: M
authors: Sørensen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D059028:Airports; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009624:Noise, Transportation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D008550:Melatonin