Antiviral effects of grape seed extract against feline calicivirus, murine norovirus, and hepatitis A virus in model food systems and under gastric conditions.
Grape seed extract (GSE) has antiviral activities against hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human norovirus surrogates (feline calicivirus (FCV-F9) and murine norovirus (MNV-1)). The objectives of this study were to determine (1) time and dose-dependence of GSE against FCV-F9, MNV-1, and HAV at room temperature (RT) and 37 °C over 24 h; and (2) GSE effects in model foods (apple juice (AJ) and 2% milk) and simulated gastric conditions at 37 °C. Viruses at ∼5 log PFU/ml were treated with 0.5-8 mg/ml GSE prepared in water, AJ, milk or gastric juices, or water over 24 h at RT or 37 °C. Infectivity of triplicate treatments was evaluated using plaque assays. GSE effects increased with time and concentration. GSE at 1 mg/ml in AJ reduced MNV-1 to undetectable levels after 1 h and by 1 log in milk after 24 h. GSE at 1 and 2 mg/ml in AJ reduced HAV to undetectable levels after 1 h, while 2 and 4 mg/ml GSE in milk caused ∼1 log reduction after 24 h. GSE at 2 mg/ml in intestinal fluid reduced FCV-F9, MNV-1 and HAV to undetectable levels after 6 h. GSE appears to be a suitable natural option for foodborne viral reduction.
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
Snehal S
SS
Joshi
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
Xiaowei
X
Su
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. Electronic address: ddsouza@utk.edu.
Doris H
DH
D'Souza
D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001628:Beverages / Q000821:virology*; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000821:virology; D017927:Calicivirus, Feline / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002415:Cats; D002460:Cell Line; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006506:Hepatitis A / Q000821:virology; D030041:Hepatitis A virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008892:Milk / Q000821:virology*; D029322:Norovirus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D038301:Virus Inactivation / Q000187:drug effects
D000998:Antiviral Agents; D056604:Grape Seed Extract
Feline calicivirus (FCV-F-9); Food systems; Gastric conditions; Grape seed extract; Hepatitis A virus; Murine norovirus (MNV-1)