Crying Without Tears: Dimensions of Crying and Relations With Ocular Dryness and Mental Well-Being in Patients With Sjögren's Syndrome.
This study examined dimensions of crying and its relations with ocular dryness and mental well-being in patients with Sjögren's syndrome, a systemic autoimmune disease with dryness as primary symptom. Three-hundred patients with Sjögren's syndrome completed questionnaires on crying, dryness, and well-being. The crying questionnaire revealed four dimensions: "Cryability" (comprising both crying sensibility and ability to cry), Somatic consequences, Frustration, and Suppression. Compared to 100 demographically-matched control participants from the general population, patients scored low on Cryability and high on Somatic consequences and Frustration. The crying dimensions generally showed significant but weak associations with ocular dryness and mental well-being in patients. This is the first quantitative study indicating that crying problems are more common in patients with Sjögren's syndrome than in the general population. Perhaps, patients who experience problems with crying could be helped to rely on other ways of expressing emotions than crying in tear-inducing situations.
Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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van Leeuwen
Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Bossema
Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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RR
Vermeer
Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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AA
Kruize
Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Bootsma
Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
A J J M
AJ
Vingerhoets
Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
J W J
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Bijlsma
Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands. r.geenen@uu.nl.|Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. r.geenen@uu.nl.
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Geenen
D003448:Crying; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013666:Tears
Crying; Emotions; Ocular dryness; Sjögren’s syndrome