Alcoholic liver disease: Clinical and translational research.
The present review spans a broad spectrum of topics dealing with alcoholic liver disease (ALD), including clinical research, translational research, pathogenesis and therapies. A special accent is placed on alcohol misuse, as alcohol is a legally commercialized and taxable product. Drinking alcohol, particularly from a young age, is a major health problem. Alcoholism is known to contribute to morbidity and mortality. A systematic literature search was performed in order to obtain updated data (2008-2015). The review is focused on genetic polymorphisms of alcohol metabolizing enzymes and the role of cytochrome p450 2E1 and iron in ALD. Alcohol-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis is also discussed in the presence or absence of co-morbidities such as viral hepatitis C as well as therapeutic the role of innate immunity in ALD-HCV. Moreover, emphasis was placed on alcohol and drug interactions, as well as liver transplantation for end-stage ALD. Finally, the time came to eradicate alcohol-induced liver and intestinal damage by using betaine.
In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: manuela.neuman@utoronto.ca.
Manuela G
MG
Neuman
Division of Gastroenterology, Kaplan Health Sciences Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.
Stephen
S
Malnick
Division of Gastroenterology, Kaplan Health Sciences Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.
Yaakov
Y
Maor
In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Radu M
RM
Nanau
Division of Gastroenterology, Kaplan Health Sciences Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.
Ehud
E
Melzer
Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
Peter
P
Ferenci
University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre for Alcohol Research, Salem Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Germany.
Helmut K
HK
Seitz
University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre for Alcohol Research, Salem Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Germany.
Sebastian
S
Mueller
Israel Antidrug and Alcohol Authority, Jerusalem, Israel.
Haim
H
Mell
Liver Transplant Unit, Research Inserm-Paris XI Unit 785, Centre Hepatobiliaire, Hopital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, Paris, France.
Didier
D
Samuel
Division of Gastroenterology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Lawrence B
LB
Cohen
Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Internal Medicine, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Kusum K
KK
Kharbanda
Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Internal Medicine, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Natalia A
NA
Osna
Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Internal Medicine, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Murali
M
Ganesan
Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA.
Kyle J
KJ
Thompson
Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA.
Iain H
IH
McKillop
Office of Extramural Activities, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
Abraham
A
Bautista
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Ramon
R
Bataller
Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.
Samuel W
SW
French
D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008108:Liver Diseases, Alcoholic; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical
D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1
Alcohol dehydrogenase; Alcoholic liver disease; Betaine; CYP2E1; Hepatitis B and C viral infection; Hepatocarcinogenesis; Human immunodeficiency virus; Liver fibrosis; Liver transplant