A multimodality segmentation framework for automatic target delineation in head and neck radiotherapy.
OBJECTIVE
To develop an automatic segmentation algorithm integrating imaging information from computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to delineate target volume in head and neck cancer radiotherapy.


METHODS
Eleven patients with unresectable disease at the tonsil or base of tongue who underwent MRI, CT, and PET/CT within two months before the start of radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy were recruited for the study. For each patient, PET/CT and T1-weighted contrast MRI scans were first registered to the planning CT using deformable and rigid registration, respectively, to resample the PET and magnetic resonance (MR) images to the planning CT space. A binary mask was manually defined to identify the tumor area. The resampled PET and MR images, the planning CT image, and the binary mask were fed into the automatic segmentation algorithm for target delineation. The algorithm was based on a multichannel Gaussian mixture model and solved using an expectation-maximization algorithm with Markov random fields. To evaluate the algorithm, we compared the multichannel autosegmentation with an autosegmentation method using only PET images. The physician-defined gross tumor volume (GTV) was used as the "ground truth" for quantitative evaluation.


RESULTS
The median multichannel segmented GTV of the primary tumor was 15.7 cm(3) (range, 6.6-44.3 cm(3)), while the PET segmented GTV was 10.2 cm(3) (range, 2.8-45.1 cm(3)). The median physician-defined GTV was 22.1 cm(3) (range, 4.2-38.4 cm(3)). The median difference between the multichannel segmented and physician-defined GTVs was -10.7%, not showing a statistically significant difference (p-value = 0.43). However, the median difference between the PET segmented and physician-defined GTVs was -19.2%, showing a statistically significant difference (p-value =0.0037). The median Dice similarity coefficient between the multichannel segmented and physician-defined GTVs was 0.75 (range, 0.55-0.84), and the median sensitivity and positive predictive value between them were 0.76 and 0.81, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
The authors developed an automated multimodality segmentation algorithm for tumor volume delineation and validated this algorithm for head and neck cancer radiotherapy. The multichannel segmented GTV agreed well with the physician-defined GTV. The authors expect that their algorithm will improve the accuracy and consistency in target definition for radiotherapy.
Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030.
Jinzhong
J
Yang
Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030.
Beth M
BM
Beadle
Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030.
Adam S
AS
Garden
Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390.
David L
DL
Schwartz
Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030.
Michalis
M
Aristophanous
D000465:Algorithms; D001331:Automation; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000379:methods*; D047368:Tumor Burden