"Let there be light": the role of vitamin D in the immune response to vaccines.
Vitamin D's non-skeletal actions, including immunomodulatory role, have been increasingly recognized. Of significance, many immune cells are able to synthesize a biologically active form of vitamin D from circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D with subsequent intracrine actions, and the vitamin D receptor is broadly distributed. In this review, we discuss vitamin D's potent role in innate and adaptive immune responses and published studies evaluating the impact of serum vitamin D, vitamin D gene pathway polymorphisms or empiric vitamin D supplementation on vaccine immunogenicity. We highlight existing knowledge gaps and propose the steps needed to advance the science and answer the question of whether vitamin D may prove valuable as a vaccine adjuvant for certain vaccines against infectious diseases.
a 1 Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Rochester, MN, USA.|b 2 Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Sapna P
SP
Sadarangani
Jennifer A
JA
Whitaker
a 1 Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Rochester, MN, USA.|c 3 Mayo Clinic Division of General Internal Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
Gregory A
GA
Poland
D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000494:pharmacology*
D007155:Immunologic Factors; D014612:Vaccines; D014807:Vitamin D
adaptive immunity; cellular immunity; immunization; innate immunity; vaccines; vitamin D