Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of aroma synthesis in two hybrids between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. kudriavzevii in winemaking conditions.
BACKGROUND
Aroma is one of the most important attributes defining wine quality in which yeasts play a crucial role, synthesizing aromatic compounds or releasing odourless conjugates. A present-day trend in winemaking consists of lowering fermentation temperature to achieve higher aroma production and retention. S. cerevisiae × S. kudriavzevii hybrids seem to have inherited beneficial traits from their parental species, like fermenting efficiently at low temperature or producing higher amounts of certain aromatic compounds. In this study, allelic composition and gene expression of the genes related to aroma synthesis in two genetically and phenotypically different S. cerevisiae × S. kudriavzevii hybrids, Lalvin W27 and VIN7, were compared and related to aroma production in microvinifications at 12 and 28 °C. In addition, the contribution of the allele coming from each parental to the overall expression was explored by RT-PCR.


RESULTS
The results indicated large differences in allele composition, gene expression and the contribution of each parental to the overall expression at the fermentation temperatures tested. Results obtained by RT-PCR showed that in ARO1 and ATF2 genes the S. kudriavzevii allele was more expressed than that of S. cerevisiae particularly at 12 °C.


CONCLUSIONS
This study revealed high differences regarding allele composition and gene expression in two S. cerevisiae × S. kudriavzevii hybrids, which may have led to different aroma profiles in winemaking conditions. The contribution of the alleles coming from each parental to the overall expression has proved to differently influence aroma synthesis. Besides, the quantitative contribution to the overall gene expression of the alleles coming from one parental strain or the other was clearly determined by the fermentation temperature for some genes.
Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Avda/Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain. amgallu@iata.csic.es.
Amparo
A
Gamero
Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Avda/Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain. belloch@iata.csic.es.
Carmela
C
Belloch
Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Avda/Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain. aquerol@iata.csic.es.
Amparo
A
Querol
D005285:Fermentation; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D023281:Genomics; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D009812:Odorants; D012440:Saccharomyces / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013696:Temperature; D014920:Wine
D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins