Submerged-Culture Mycelia and Broth of the Maitake Medicinal Mushroom Grifola frondosa (Higher Basidiomycetes) Alleviate Type 2 Diabetes-Induced Alterations in Immunocytic Function.
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a disease with impaired glucose, protein and lipid metabolism, low-grade chronic inflammation, and immune dysfunction, is a global public health crisis. We previously demonstrated that Grifola frondosa has bioactivities in improving glycemic responses in diabetic rats. Herein, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of the submerged-culture mycelia and broth of G. frondosa on the peripheral blood cells (PBL) and splenocytes. Male Wistar rats were administered with saline (normal rats) or streptozotocin plus nicotinamide (T2DM rats) and were intragastrically administered with placebo, fermented mycelia, broth, or mycelia plus broth (1 g kg-1 day-1) for two weeks. In normal rats, ingestion of mycelia significantly decreased monocytes and ingestion of mycelia and broth significantly decreased the productions of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4 from the PBL and splenocytes. In T2DM rats, ingestion of mycelia, broth, and mycelia plus broth significantly alleviated the increases in 2 h postprandial blood glucose and the productions of IFN-γ from the T-leukocytes, IL-4, and IL-6 from the monocytes and IL-4 from the T-splenocytes, as well as significantly improved the productions of tumor-necrosis factor-α from the macrophages. In conclusion, submerged-culture mycelia and broth of G. frondosa may decrease cell-medicated immunity in normal rats and improve hyperglycemia and diabetes-induced alterations in cell-medicated and innate immunities in T2DM rats.
Department of Medical Education and Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, #135 Nanxiao Street, Changhua City, Changhua County 50006, Taiwan.
Ya-Hui
YH
Chen
Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of China Medical University, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan.
Chien-Hsing
CH
Lee
Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Datsuen, Changhua, 51591, Taiwan (R. O. C.); Department of Bioindustry Technology, Da-Yeh University, Datsuen, Changhua, 51591, Taiwan (R. O. C.).
Tai-Hao
TH
Hsu
Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
Hui-Chen
HC
Lo
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001688:Biological Products / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D004032:Diet / Q000379:methods*; D048691:Grifola / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D025282:Mycelium / Q000737:chemistry*; D010919:Placebos / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D001688:Biological Products; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003470:Culture Media; D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D010919:Placebos