Electrochemistry Combined with LC-HRMS: Elucidating Transformation Products of the Recalcitrant Pharmaceutical Compound Carbamazepine Generated by the White-Rot Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus.
Transformation products (TPs) of environmental pollutants must be identified to understand biodegradation processes and reaction mechanisms and to assess the efficiency of treatment processes. The combination of oxidation by an electrochemical cell (EC) with analysis by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) is a rapid approach for the determination and identification of TPs generated by natural microbial processes. Electrochemically generated TPs of the recalcitrant pharmaceutical carbamazepine (CBZ) were used for a target screening for TPs formed by the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. EC with LC-HRMS facilitates detection and identification of TPs because the product spectrum is not superimposed with biogenic metabolites and elevated substrate concentrations can be used. A group of 10 TPs formed in the microbial process were detected by target screening for molecular ions, and another 4 were detected by screening on the basis of characteristic fragment ions. Three of these TPs have never been reported before. For CBZ, EC with LC-HRMS was found to be more effective than software tools in defining targets for the screening and faster than nontarget screening alone in TP identification. EC with LC-HRMS may be used to feed MS databases with spectra of possible TPs of larger numbers of environmental contaminants for an efficient target screening.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany.
Bettina
B
Seiwert
Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
Naama
N
Golan-Rozen
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany.
Cindy
C
Weidauer
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany.
Christina
C
Riemenschneider
Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
Benny
B
Chefetz
Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
Yitzhak
Y
Hadar
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany.
Thorsten
T
Reemtsma
D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D020076:Pleurotus / Q000378:metabolism*
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002220:Carbamazepine