Pathogenesis and diagnosis of delayed-type drug hypersensitivity reactions, from bedside to bench and back.
Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) have been present since the advent of drugs. In particular T-cell mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions represent a heterogeneous clinical entity with a diverse pathogenesis and result in a considerable burden of morbidity and mortality not only driven by the reactions themselves but also by the use of alternatives which are sometimes less effective or even more dangerous. Diagnostic procedures rely on clinical history, skin testing and potential provocation testing, whereas validated in vitro diagnostic procedures are still lacking for most of them. Recent work in the field of pharmacogenomics combined with basic scientific research has provided insights in the pathogenesis of abacavir and carbamazepine hypersensitivities linked with certain human leucocyte antigen risk alleles. Nevertheless, important scientific questions on how other DHR arise and how host-drug interactions occur, remain unanswered. Recent work indicates an intricate relation between host, drug and pathogens in severe cutaneous and systemic reactions and provides more insights in the role of regulatory T-cells and viral reactivation in these reactions. In this review we focus on type IV delayed-type DHR, and address recent advances in the pathogenesis, pharmacogenomics, and diagnosis of these reactions with an emphasis on the understandings arising from basic research.
Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ; Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Rik
R
Schrijvers
Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Liesbeth
L
Gilissen
Exploration des Allergies, Département de Pneumologie et Addictologie, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, University Hospital of Montpellier, Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, UMR-S 1136, IPLESP, Equipe EPAR, 75013 Paris, France.
Anca Mirela
AM
Chiriac
Exploration des Allergies, Département de Pneumologie et Addictologie, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, University Hospital of Montpellier, Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, UMR-S 1136, IPLESP, Equipe EPAR, 75013 Paris, France.
Pascal
P
Demoly
Abacavir hypersensitivity syndrome; Altered self-repertoire model; Drug allergy; Drug hypersensitivity; Hapten; Lymphocyte proliferation assay; Pharmacogenomics; Regulatory T-cells; Tissue-resident memory T-cells; pi-concept