Hypercalcemia: Pathophysiology, Clinical Signs, and Emergent Treatment.
Hypercalcemia is uncommonly encountered in veterinary patients. When it does occur, the effects can be severe, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality if not recognized and addressed in a timely manner. Causes of hypercalcemia are varied and include pituitary-dependent and pituitary-independent causes. A diagnosis of hypercalcemia should be made based on documentation of ionized hypercalcemia. The mainstay of emergency treatment usually involves aggressive IV fluid diuresis, the use of diuretics, and, often, glucocorticoids. The use of bisphosphonates has become increasingly more common in veterinary medicine.
From the Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, MA.
Erin
E
Daniels
From the Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, MA.
Catherine
C
Sakakeeny
D000818:Animals; D057966:Calcimimetic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D065096:Calcium Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D002415:Cats; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D004285:Dogs; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000662:veterinary; D005708:Gallium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D008926:Plicamycin / Q000627:therapeutic use
D057966:Calcimimetic Agents; D065096:Calcium Chelating Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates; D004232:Diuretics; D004492:Edetic Acid; D005708:Gallium; D008926:Plicamycin; D002118:Calcium; C027235:gallium nitrate