Voice Source Variation Between Vowels in Male Opera Singers.
OBJECTIVE
The theory of nonlinear source-filter interaction predicts that the glottal voice source should be affected by the frequency relationship between formants and partials. An attempt to experimentally verify this theory is presented.


METHODS
Glottal voice source and electrolaryngograph (ELG) signal differences between vowels were analyzed in vowel sequences, sung at four pitches with the same degree of vocal loudness by professional opera singers. In addition, the relationships between such differences and the frequency distance between the first formant (F1) and its closest partial were examined.


METHODS
A digital laryngograph microprocessor was used to simultaneously record audio and ELG signals. The former was inverse filtered, and voice source parameters and formant frequencies were extracted. The amplitude quotient of the derivative of the ELG signal (AQdELG) and the contact quotient were also compared.


RESULTS
A one-way repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant differences between vowels, for contact quotient at four pitches and for maximum flow declination rate (MFDR) at three pitches. For other voice source parameters, differences were found at one or two pitches only. No consistent correlation was found between MFDR and the distance between F1 and its closest partial.


CONCLUSIONS
The glottal voice source tends to vary between vowels, presumably because of source-filter interaction, but the variation does not seem to be dependent on the frequency distance between F1 and its closest partial.
Department of Speech, Music and Hearing, School of Computer Science and Communication, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden; University College of Music Education, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: pjohan@speech.kth.se.
Johan
J
Sundberg
Department of Communication and Arts, INET-MD, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
Filipa M B
FM
Lã
Department Jacobs School of Music, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
Brian P
BP
Gill
D000162:Acoustics; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004568:Electrodiagnosis; D005931:Glottis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009790:Occupations; D010699:Phonation; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D063346:Singing; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013997:Time Factors; D014833:Voice Quality; D055815:Young Adult
Electrolaryngograph; Formant frequencies; Inverse-filtering; Sung vowels; Voice source