Validation of the food access survey tool to assess household food insecurity in rural Bangladesh.
BACKGROUND
Perception-based Likert scale are commonly used to assess household food insecurity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties and external construct validity of the 9-item Food Access Survey Tool (FAST) in a population-based randomized controlled trial.


METHODS
Participating women (n = 11,992) were asked to recall the frequencies of nine food insecurity experiences over the past 6 months on a 5-point Likert scale. The Rasch partial credit model was used to study the item category severity and differential item functioning (DIF) by literacy status, respondents' age, land ownership and household sizes. Principal component analysis (PCA), non-parametric methods, and cumulative ordinal logistic regression models were applied to examine the Rasch model assumptions, namely unidimensionality, monotonicity and measurement invariance (non-DIF).


RESULTS
All items demonstrated good model fit with acceptable values of fit statistics (infit). PCA as well as other indices (Cronbach's alpha = 0.85, scalability coefficient = 0.48) indicated that all items fit in a single statistical dimension. The ordered responses of nine items displayed monotonic increasing item category severity as expected theoretically. All nine items were flagged with statistically significant DIF between key demographic-and socioeconomic subgroups (p < 0.001); however, none of the detected DIF was considered practically significant given small effect sizes (variance explained by group membership and interaction term < 1%). The total summed score over the polytomous FAST was inversely associated with household wealth, dietary diversity score and maternal body mass index, demonstrating external construct validity.


CONCLUSIONS
The polytomous FAST is internally and externally valid tool to measure household food insecurity in rural Bangladesh. Validation of this type of studies are recommended for similar Likert food insecurity scales.
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Human Nutrition, 615 N. Wolfe St., W2041, 21205, Baltimore, MD, USA. mna1@jhu.edu.
Muzi
M
Na
Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. agross14@jhu.edu.
Alden L
AL
Gross
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Human Nutrition, 615 N. Wolfe St., W2041, 21205, Baltimore, MD, USA. kwest1@jhu.edu.
Keith P
KP
West
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001459:Bangladesh; D005190:Family; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*