Waterpipe tobacco smoking impact on public health: implications for policy.
BACKGROUND
Given the increasing evidence of its negative health effects, including contributions to both infectious and chronic diseases, waterpipe tobacco smoking raises public health concerns beyond even those presented by traditional smoking.


METHODS
Identification of Clean Indoor Air Acts (CIAAs) from each of the 50 United States and District of Columbia were retrieved and examined for inclusion of regulatory measures where waterpipe tobacco smoking is concerned. Several instances of exemption to current CIAAs policies were identified. The cumulative policy lens is presented in this study.


RESULTS
States vary in their inclusion of explicit wording regarding CIAAs to the point where waterpipe tobacco smoking, unlike traditional smoking products, is excluded from some legislation, thereby limiting authorities' ability to carry out enforcement.


CONCLUSIONS
Consistent, comprehensive, and unambiguous legislative language is necessary to prevent establishments where waterpipe tobacco smoking occurs from skirting legislation and other forms of regulatory control. Stricter laws are needed due to the increasing negative health impact on both the smoker and the bystander. Actions at both the federal and state levels may be needed to control health risks, particularly among youth and young adult populations.
Public Health Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, FL, USA.
Mary P
MP
Martinasek
College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Texas A&M University: Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA.
Linda M
LM
Gibson-Young
Department of Health - Palm Beach County, West Palm beach, FL, USA.
Janiece N
JN
Davis
Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Robert J
RJ
McDermott
health policy; hookah smoking; tobacco regulation; waterpipe tobacco