Improved radiocarbon analyses of modern human hair to determine the year-of-death by cross-flow nanofiltered amino acids: common contaminants, implications for isotopic analysis, and recommendations.
BACKGROUND
In forensic investigation, radiocarbon ((14)C) measurements of human tissues (i.e., nails and hair) can help determine the year-of-death. However, the frequent use of cosmetics can bias hair (14)C results as well as stable isotope values. Evidence shows that hair exogenous impurities percolate beyond the cuticle layer, and therefore conventional pretreatments are ineffective in removing them.


METHODS
We conducted isotopic analysis ((14)C, δ(13)C, δ(15)N and C/N) of conventionally treated and cross-flow nanofiltered amino acid (CFNAA)-treated samples (scalp- and body-hair) from a single female subject using fingernails as a reference. The subject studied frequently applies a permanent dark-brown dye kit to her scalp-hair and uses other care products for daily cleansing. We also performed pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analyses of CFNAA-treated scalp-hair to identify contaminant remnants that could possibly interfere with isotopic analyses.


RESULTS
The conventionally treated scalp- and body-hair showed (14)C offsets of ~21‰ and ~9‰, respectively. These offsets confirm the contamination by petrochemicals in modern human hair. A single CFNAA extraction reduced those offsets by ~34%. No significant improvement was observed when sequential extractions were performed, as it appears that the procedure introduced some foreign contaminants. A chromatogram of the CFNAA scalp-hair pyrolysis products showed the presence of petroleum and plant/animal compound residues, which can bias isotopic analyses.


CONCLUSIONS
We have demonstrated that CFNAA extractions can partially remove cosmetic contaminants embedded in human hair. We conclude that fingernails are still the best source of keratin protein for year-of-death determinations and isotopic analysis, with body-hair and/or scalp-hair coupled with CFNAA extraction a close second.
Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
Guaciara M
GM
Santos
Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
Hector A Martinez
HA
De La Torre
Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, Jubelpark 1, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium.|Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
Mathieu
M
Boudin
Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, Jubelpark 1, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium.
Marco
M
Bonafini
Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, Jubelpark 1, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium.
Steven
S
Saverwyns
D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D044707:Forensic Sciences / Q000379:methods*; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009262:Nails / Q000737:chemistry; D036103:Nanotechnology; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D055110:Radiometric Dating / Q000379:methods*
D000596:Amino Acids; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D003358:Cosmetics; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes