Systematic stereoscopic analyses for cloacal development: The origin of anorectal malformations.
The division of the embryonic cloaca is the most essential event for the formation of digestive and urinary tracts. The defective development of the cloaca results in anorectal malformations (ARMs; 2-5 per 10,000 live births). However, the developmental and pathogenic mechanisms of ARMs are unclear. In the current study, we visualized the epithelia in the developing cloaca and nephric ducts (NDs). Systemic stereoscopic analyses revealed that the ND-cloaca connection sites shifted from the lateral-middle to dorsal-anterior part of the cloaca during cloacal division from E10.5 to E11.5 in mouse embryos. Genetic cell labeling analyses revealed that the cells in the ventral cloacal epithelium in the early stages rarely contributed to the dorsal part. Moreover, we revealed the possible morphogenetic movement of endodermal cells within the anterior part of the urogenital sinus and hindgut. These results provide the basis for understanding both cloacal development and the ARM pathogenesis.
Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
Daisuke
D
Matsumaru
Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
Aki
A
Murashima
Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
Junichi
J
Fukushima
Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
Syuhei
S
Senda
Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
Shoko
S
Matsushita
Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Naomi
N
Nakagata
Laboratory Animal Center, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
Masayasu
M
Miyajima
Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
Gen
G
Yamada
D001003:Anal Canal / Q000002:abnormalities; D000071056:Anorectal Malformations; D001006:Anus, Imperforate; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D016923:Cell Death; D002988:Cloaca / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000196:embryology*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000196:embryology; D015870:Gene Expression; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007797:Laminin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D038081:Organogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D012007:Rectum / Q000002:abnormalities; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000235:genetics
D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D007797:Laminin; D051176:beta Catenin