Predictors of posttraumatic stress and preferred sources of social support among Canadian paramedics.
OBJECTIVE
Emergency medical service (EMS) providers are exposed to a variety of stressors endemic to the profession. These exposures may contribute to stress reactions, including posttraumatic stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between work-related stressors and posttraumatic stress. The secondary objective was to determine paramedics' preferred sources of support for managing work-related stress.


METHODS
269 paramedics in a county-based EMS service were invited to complete an online survey. Respondents reported their demographic characteristics, levels of chronic stress, critical incident stress, posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS), and preferred sources of support for managing work-related stress.


RESULTS
A total of 145 paramedics completed the survey. PTSS was significantly correlated with operational stress (p<0.001), organizational stress (p<0.001), and critical incident stress (p<0.001). Regression models revealed that chronic operational stress was a significant independent predictor of PTSS (p<0.001) and in combination with critical incident stress (p<0.01). Paramedics reported a higher preference for receiving support from a work partner, friend, or family member than from other sources (p<0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
Both chronic and critical incident stressors appear to be significant predictors of PTSS. Our findings suggests that holistic health and wellness initiatives that address the impact of both critical incident stress and the chronic stressors associated with day-to-day operations may help mitigate PTSS. Our findings also provide preliminary evidence that interventions may benefit from a focus on peer support and on friends and family members who can support the affected paramedic.
*School of Social Work,University of Windsor,Windsor,ON.
Elizabeth A
EA
Donnelly
†Department of Emergency Medicine,Windsor Regional Hospital,Windsor,ON.
Paul
P
Bradford
§Southwest Ontario Regional Base Hospital Program.
Matthew
M
Davis
ǁEssex Windsor Emergency Medical Services,West Essex,ON.
Cathie
C
Hedges
¶Division of Emergency Medicine,University of Western Ontario,London,ON.
Michelle
M
Klingel
D000328:Adult; D000488:Allied Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D057189:Checklist; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
Emergency Medical Services; Paramedic; Paramedicine; Posttraumatic Stress; Social Support; Stress