The complex immunological and inflammatory network of adipose tissue in obesity.
A number of approaches have been utilized in the prevention, management, and treatment of obesity, including, surgery, medication, diet, exercise, and overall lifestyle changes. Despite these interventions, the prevalence of obesity and the various disorders related to it is growing. In obesity, there is a constant state of chronic low-grade inflammation which is characterized by activation and infiltration of pro-inflammatory immune cells and a dysregulated production of high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This pro-inflammatory milieu contributes to insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other related co-morbidities. The roles of the innate (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, NK cells, MAIT cells) and the adaptive (CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, regulatory T cells, and B cells) immune responses and the roles of adipokines and cytokines in adipose tissue inflammation and obesity are discussed. An understanding of the crosstalk between the immune system and adipocytes may shed light in better treatment modalities for obesity and obesity-related diseases.
Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, VIC, Australia.
Vasso
V
Apostolopoulos
Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, VIC, Australia.
Maximilian P J
MP
de Courten
Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, VIC, Australia.
Lily
L
Stojanovska
Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, VIC, Australia.
Gregory L
GL
Blatch
Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, VIC, Australia.
Kathy
K
Tangalakis
Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and preventative Medicine, Monash University, VIC, Australia.|Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Unit, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
Barbora
B
de Courten
D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D054392:Adipokines / Q000378:metabolism; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D009017:Morbidity; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015995:Prevalence
D054392:Adipokines
Immune cells; Inflammation; Obesity; Weight gain; Weight loss