Simple Psychological Interventions for Reducing Pain From Common Needle Procedures in Adults: Systematic Review of Randomized and Quasi-Randomized Controlled Trials.
BACKGROUND
This systematic review evaluated the effectiveness of simple psychological interventions for managing pain and fear in adults undergoing vaccination or related common needle procedures (ie, venipuncture/venous cannulation).


METHODS
Databases were searched to identify relevant randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials. Self-reported pain and fear were prioritized as critically important outcomes. Data were combined using standardized mean difference (SMD) or relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).


RESULTS
No studies involving vaccination met inclusion criteria; evidence was drawn from 8 studies of other common needle procedures (eg, venous cannulation, venipuncture) in adults. Two trials evaluating the impact of neutral signaling of the impending procedure (eg, "ready?") as compared with signaling of impending pain (eg, "sharp scratch") demonstrated lower pain when signaled about the procedure (n=199): SMD=-0.97 (95% CI, -1.26, -0.68), after removal of 1 trial where self-reported pain was significantly lower than the other 2 included trials. Two trials evaluated music distraction (n=156) and demonstrated no difference in pain: SMD=0.10 (95% CI, -0.48, 0.27), or fear: SMD=-0.25 (95% CI, -0.61, 0.10). Two trials evaluated visual distraction and demonstrated no difference in pain (n=177): SMD=-0.57 (95% CI, -1.82, 0.68), or fear (n=81): SMD=-0.05 (95% CI, -0.50, 0.40). Two trials evaluating breathing interventions found less pain in intervention groups (n=138): SMD=-0.82 (95% CI, -1.21, -0.43). The quality of evidence across all trials was very low.


CONCLUSIONS
There are no published studies of simple psychological interventions for vaccination pain in adults. There is some evidence of a benefit from other needle procedures for breathing strategies and neutral signaling of the start of the procedure. There is no evidence for use of music or visual distraction.
*Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, IWK Health Centre ‡Pediatrics and Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University †Centre for Pediatric Pain Research, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS §Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy §§Health Policy Management and Evaluation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto ∥The Hospital for Sick Children ∥∥York University, Toronto ¶Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph #Children's Health Research Institute **Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON ††Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, AB, Canada ‡‡Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON.
Katelynn E
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Boerner
Kathryn A
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Birnie
Christine T
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Chambers
Anna
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Taddio
C Meghan
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McMurtry
Melanie
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Noel
Vibhuti
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Shah
Rebecca
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Pillai Riddell
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects*