A five-year retrospective analysis of adherence in cystic fibrosis.
OBJECTIVE
We conducted a retrospective analysis of medication adherence and health outcomes over a 5-year period in children with cystic fibrosis (CF).


METHODS
Adherence was calculated for several commonly prescribed CF medications by comparing the actual number of times a prescription was filled in a 12-month period to the number of times it should have been filled based on the prescribed supply. We used prescription refill histories as documented by three major specialty pharmacies used by our patients. A binomial mixed effects model was used to investigate the longitudinal association between adherence and age group (0-5, 6-12, and 13-21 years) with gender, year in the study, lung function, body mass index (BMI), and annual hospitalization rate included as potential confounders.


RESULTS
The 0-5 years group had the highest overall adherence (P = 0.009). The 6-12 years group had significantly better adherence to inhaled medications as compared to oral medications (P = 0.020). Within each group, for any given year in the study, having a higher BMI was associated with greater odds of adherence (P < 0.0001). There were no associations between adherence and gender, lung function or hospitalization rate (P > 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
There are significant age differences in adherence. Younger patients have better overall adherence likely secondary to increased parental supervision. Having better nutritional status is associated with improved adherence.
Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Aarti
A
Shakkottai
Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Kelley M
KM
Kidwell
University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Storrs, Connecticut.
Monica
M
Townsend
Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Samya Z
SZ
Nasr
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult; D016903:Drug Monitoring
adolescents; body mass index; children; cystic fibrosis; medication adherence; medication possession ratios; prescription refill histories; pulmonary exacerbations; pulmonary function tests