Therapist and client perspectives on the alliance in the treatment of traumatized adolescents.
OBJECTIVE
Client ratings of the therapeutic alliance are an important predictor of outcome in the treatment of traumatized adolescents and adults, but less is known about the therapists' perspective. The aim of this study was to investigate how therapists' ratings relate to the adolescents' perspective, how individual therapist and adolescent ratings relate to change in symptoms and treatment satisfaction, and whether discrepant alliance perspectives impact treatment outcome.


METHODS
The sample consisted of 156 youth (mean age 15.1, range 10-18), randomized to trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy or treatment as usual, and alliance ratings from 62 therapists. Alliance was measured midtreatment with the Therapeutic Alliance Scale for Children, and the factor structure of the two scales was analyzed with exploratory factor analyses. A change in posttraumatic symptoms was assessed with the Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) and the Clinicial-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS-CA).


RESULTS
Therapist and client perspectives on the alliance were significantly, but moderately, associated (intraclass correlations [ICC]=0.54, p<0.001). Both scales predicted adolescent treatment satisfaction but only the client scale was significantly related to change in symptoms. Factor analyses revealed differences in factor structure with therapist ratings organized around bond and task dimensions and adolescent ratings organized by item valence. Higher therapist ratings compared to adolescent ratings predicted higher residual PTS symptoms.


CONCLUSIONS
Although adolescent and therapist alliance ratings are moderately associated, results suggest that the ratings are differentially associated with outcomes. These findings, along with results indicating important differences in factor structure, imply that adolescent and therapist ratings are not interchangeable. Future studies should investigate how therapists can improve their judgments of adolescents' perceptions of the alliance as an overestimation of the quality of the relationship seems to be negatively related to outcome.
Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies (NKVTS), Oslo, Norway.|Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; s.m.ormhaug@nkvts.no.
Silje M
SM
Ormhaug
Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
Stephen R
SR
Shirk
Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies (NKVTS), Oslo, Norway.|Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway (RBUP), Oslo, Norway.
Tore
T
Wentzel-Larsen
Working alliance; discrepant alliance ratings; exploratory factor analyses; posttraumatic stress disorder; youth and therapist perspectives