Anti-fatigue Effects of 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol and 20(S)-Protopanaxatriol in Mice.
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER, Araliaceae), which contains protopanaxadiol-type and protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides, has been used for inflammation, fatigue, stress, and tumor in Asian countries. Orally administered ginsenosides are metabolized to their aglycones 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) by gut microbiota. However, their anti-fatigue effects have not been studied thoroughly. Therefore, we investigated the anti-fatigue activities of PPD and PPT in mice, using the weight-loaded swimming (WLS) and the rota-rod tests. Ginseng water extract (GW), ginseng saponin fraction (GWS) and ginseng polysaccharide fraction (GWP) at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/kg and PPD and PPT at 5 and 10 mg/kg were orally administered to mice once daily for 5 d. GW, GWS, and PPT significantly increased the WLS time, however, GWP and PPD did not cause any significant change. PPT induced the most significant increase in WLS time. PPD (10 mg/kg) and PPT (5 and 10 mg/kg) inhibited the WLS-induced increase in corticosterone, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatinine levels as well as the reduction in glucose level. PPT increased the riding time in the rota-rod test, and also inhibited corticosterone, lactate, and creatinine levels. These findings suggest that the anti-fatigue effect of ginseng may be attributable to its saponins, particularly PPT, rather than to its polysaccharides.
Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University.
Hyun A
HA
Oh
Dae-Eung
DE
Kim
Hyuck Jai
HJ
Choi
Nam Jae
NJ
Kim
Dong-Hyun
DH
Kim
D000818:Animals; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005221:Fatigue / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D045442:Rotarod Performance Test; D012502:Sapogenins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013550:Swimming
D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D012502:Sapogenins; D019344:Lactic Acid; C081552:protopanaxatriol; D003404:Creatinine; C062916:protopanaxadiol; D003345:Corticosterone