The relevance of stretch intensity and position-a systematic review.
Stretching exercises to increase the range of motion (ROM) of joints have been used by sports coaches and medical professionals for improving performance and rehabilitation. The ability of connective and muscular tissues to change their architecture in response to stretching is important for their proper function, repair, and performance. Given the dearth of relevant data in the literature, this review examined two key elements of stretching: stretch intensity and stretch position; and their significance to ROM, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and inflammation in different populations. A search of three databases, Pub-Med, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Reviews, identified 152 articles, which were subsequently categorized into four groups: athletes (24), clinical (29), elderly (12), and general population (87). The use of different populations facilitated a wider examination of the stretching components and their effects. All 152 articles incorporated information regarding duration, frequency and stretch position, whereas only 79 referred to the intensity of stretching and 22 of these 79 studies were deemed high quality. It appears that the intensity of stretching is relatively under-researched, and the importance of body position and its influence on stretch intensity, is largely unknown. In conclusion, this review has highlighted areas for future research, including stretch intensity and position and their effect on musculo-tendinous tissue, in relation to the sensation of pain, delayed onset muscle soreness, inflammation, as well as muscle health and performance.
Research Centre for Sport, Exercise and Performance, Institute of Sport, University of Wolverhampton Walsall, UK.
Nikos
N
Apostolopoulos
Research Centre for Sport, Exercise and Performance, Institute of Sport, University of Wolverhampton Walsall, UK.
George S
GS
Metsios
Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Thessaly Trikala, Greece.
Andreas D
AD
Flouris
Research Centre for Sport, Exercise and Performance, Institute of Sport, University of Wolverhampton Walsall, UK ; Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Thessaly Trikala, Greece.
Yiannis
Y
Koutedakis
Research Centre for Sport, Exercise and Performance, Institute of Sport, University of Wolverhampton Walsall, UK ; National Institute of Dance Medicine and Science London, UK.
Matthew A
MA
Wyon
inflammation; injury; intensity; performance; rehabilitation; stretching