Soyabean glycinin depresses intestinal growth and function in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var Jian): protective effects of glutamine.
This study investigated the effects of glycinin on the growth, intestinal oxidative status, tight junction components, cytokines and apoptosis signalling factors of fish. The results showed that an 80 g/kg diet of glycinin exposure for 42 d caused poor growth performance and depressed intestinal growth and function of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Meanwhile, dietary glycinin exposure induced increases in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation; it caused reductions in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities; and it increased MnSOD, CuZnSOD, GPx1b and GPx4a mRNA levels, suggesting an adaptive mechanism against stress in the intestines of fish. However, dietary glycinin exposure decreased both the activity and mRNA levels of nine isoforms of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (α, μ, π, ρ, θ, κ, mGST1, mGST2 and mGST3), indicating toxicity to this enzyme activity and corresponding isoform gene expressions. In addition, glycinin exposure caused partial disruption of intestinal cell-cell tight junction components, disturbances of cytokines and induced apoptosis signalling in the distal intestines>mid intestines>proximal intestines of fish. Glycinin exposure also disturbed the mRNA levels of intestinal-related signalling factors Nrf2, Keap1a, Keap1b, eleven isoforms of protein kinase C and target of rapamycin/4E-BP. Interestingly, glutamine was observed to partially block those negative influences. In conclusion, this study indicates that dietary glycinin exposure causes intestinal oxidative damage and disruption of intestinal physical barriers and functions and reduces fish growth, but glutamine can reverse those negative effects in fish. This study provides some information on the mechanism of glycinin-induced negative effects.
1Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,People's Republic of China.
Wei-Dan
WD
Jiang
1Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,People's Republic of China.
Kai
K
Hu
1Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,People's Republic of China.
Jin-Xiu
JX
Zhang
1Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,People's Republic of China.
Yang
Y
Liu
1Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,People's Republic of China.
Jun
J
Jiang
1Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,People's Republic of China.
Pei
P
Wu
1Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,People's Republic of China.
Juan
J
Zhao
4Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Academy of Animal Science,Chengdu 610066,People's Republic of China.
Sheng-Yao
SY
Kuang
4Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Academy of Animal Science,Chengdu 610066,People's Republic of China.
Ling
L
Tang
4Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Academy of Animal Science,Chengdu 610066,People's Republic of China.
Wu-Neng
WN
Tang
5Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan 430072,People's Republic of China.
Yong-An
YA
Zhang
1Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,People's Republic of China.
Xiao-Qiu
XQ
Zhou
1Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,People's Republic of China.
Lin
L
Feng
D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002347:Carps / Q000254:growth & development*; D002374:Catalase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D005916:Globulins / Q000633:toxicity*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary; D007422:Intestines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000633:toxicity*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000187:drug effects
D000975:Antioxidants; D005916:Globulins; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D005973:Glutamine; C011474:glycinin; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase
AKP alkaline phosphatase; Antioxidant; Apoptosis; CAT catalase; Cytokine; DI distal intestine; GPx glutathione peroxidase; GSH glutathione; GST glutathione-S-transferase; Gln glutamine; Glycinin; IPC intestinal protein content; Intestine; MDA malondialdehyde; MI mid intestine; PC protein carbonyl; PI proximal intestine; ROS reactive oxygen species; SBM soyabean meal; SOD superoxide dismutase; TGF-β2 transformed growth factor-β2; TJ tight junction; TOR target of rapamycin; Tight junction; γ-GT γ-glutamyl transpeptidase