Propofol Attenuates Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats.
Our previous studies demonstrated that propofol protects rat brain against focal cerebral ischemia. However, whether propofol attenuates early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats remains unknown until now. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of propofol on early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats and further explore the potential mechanisms. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) by endovascular perforation then received treatment with propofol (10 or 50 mg/kg) or vehicle after 2 and 12 h of SAH. SAH grading, neurological scores, brain water content, Evans blue extravasation, the myeloperoxidase activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured 24 h after SAH. Expression of nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65, and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression in rat brain were detected by Western blot. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were assessed by ELISA. Neurological scores, brain water content, Evans blue extravasation, the myeloperoxidase activity, and MDA content were significantly reduced by propofol. Furthermore, expression of Nrf2 in rat brain was upregulated by propofol, and expression of NF-κB p65, AQP4, COX-2, MMP-9, TNF-α, and IL-1β in rat brain were attenuated by propofol. Our results demonstrated that propofol improves neurological scores, reduces brain edema, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, inflammatory reaction, and lipid peroxidation in rats of SAH. Propofol exerts neuroprotection against SAH-induced early brain injury, which might be associated with the inhibition of inflammation and lipid peroxidation.
Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Neurosurgery Research Institute of Fujian Province, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China.
Song-sheng
SS
Shi
Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Neurosurgery Research Institute of Fujian Province, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China.
Hua-bin
HB
Zhang
Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Neurosurgery Research Institute of Fujian Province, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China.
Chun-hua
CH
Wang
Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Neurosurgery Research Institute of Fujian Province, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China.
Wei-zhong
WZ
Yang
Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Neurosurgery Research Institute of Fujian Province, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China.
Ri-sheng
RS
Liang
Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Neurosurgery Research Institute of Fujian Province, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China.
Ye
Y
Chen
Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Neurosurgery Research Institute of Fujian Province, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China. unionnstu@hotmail.com.
Xian-kun
XK
Tu
D000818:Animals; D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
C496032:Aqp4 protein, rat; D051401:Aquaporin 4; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D016328:NF-kappa B; C495637:Nfe2l2 protein, rat; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C572337:Mmp9 protein, rat; D015742:Propofol
Cyclooxygenase-2; Inflammation; Matrix metalloproteinase-9; Nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2; Nuclear factor-kappa B; Propofol; Subarachnoid hemorrhage