Mind the gap: Multiple events and lengthy delays before presentation with a "first seizure".
OBJECTIVE
Up to half of patients assessed for suspected new-onset epileptic seizures report previous undiagnosed events. This suggests that delay to timely and expert assessment is a major issue. Very little is known about the degree of delay or nature of the undiagnosed events, impacting on our understanding of new-onset epilepsy. In this study we aimed to examine events that occur before presentation, as well as the extent and risk factors for delay to assessment.


METHODS
Included in this retrospective study were 220 patients diagnosed at the First Seizure Clinic (Austin Health, Australia) between 2003 and 2006 with an epileptic index seizure. Patients with a prior diagnosis of epileptic seizures were excluded. Chart review was undertaken, including detailed interviews conducted by an epileptologist at first assessment. Logistic regression assessed risk factors for delay from first event to presentation, including event characteristics, socioeconomic disadvantage, employment, and distance to medical facility.


RESULTS
Forty-one percent (n = 90) of patients had one or more event before their index seizure. Of these, 50% had multiple or more than five prior events and 28% experienced one or more convulsive event before the index seizure. Of the total 220 patients, 36% had delayed presentation >4 weeks, 21% delayed >6 months, and 14% delayed >2 years. First events without convulsions or features likely to disrupt behaviour were strongly associated with delay (p = <0.001). Relative socioeconomic disadvantage was also associated with delay to presentation (p = 0.04).


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest a gap in early diagnosis and care in a sizable proportion of new-onset cases, despite a "first world" urban environment and the availability of free basic medical care. Delay appears particularly likely when events are nonconvulsive or low-impact, suggesting that these seizure types may be underrepresented in studies of new-onset epilepsy. This has implications for our understanding of the incidence, evolution, impact, and treatment response of new-onset epilepsy.
Department of Medicine, Melbourne Brain Centre at Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Anna L
AL
Firkin
Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
David J T
DJ
Marco
Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
Sibel
S
Saya
Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
Mark R
MR
Newton
Department of Medicine, Melbourne Brain Centre at Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Terence J
TJ
O'Brien
Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
Samuel F
SF
Berkovic
Department of Medicine, Melbourne Brain Centre at Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Anne M
AM
McIntosh
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult
Incidence; New-onset epilepsy; Socioeconomic disadvantage; Treatment-gap