Learning to live with type 1 diabetes from the perspective of young non-western immigrants in Denmark.
OBJECTIVE
To explore how young adults with a non-western immigrant background and type 1 diabetes since childhood/adolescence have perceived learning to live with the disease, with special focus on health education and support.


BACKGROUND
A national Danish study found significantly poorer metabolic control in non-western immigrant children and adolescents as compared with ethnic Danes. Subsequent studies have primarily focused on immigrant parents, whereas little is known about how immigrant children/adolescents have perceived the diagnosis and the diabetes care and support provided.


METHODS
A mixed quantitative and qualitative design was applied. This included data on metabolic control for 2002-2006 and semi-structured interviews in 2006 with eleven strategically selected young immigrants. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis.


RESULTS
The findings are described in three thematic categories: Perceptions and reactions at the time of diagnosis; Learning to manage the disease; Present and future life with diabetes. Some findings were similar to those in studies describing children and adolescents of western origin, but the participants also shared perceptions which appeared to be related to their immigrant background. Above all, they described their parents as having difficulty coping with the disease and providing them with sufficient support.


CONCLUSIONS
The diagnosis of diabetes in immigrant children and adolescents requires special pedagogic and psychosocial approaches to bridge the gaps related to culture and traditions and introduce the concept of diabetes management, not least to the parents, in a more optimum way.


CONCLUSIONS
Diabetes care should be a continuous and holistic process, constantly aiming to explore existing knowledge and the need for additional education and support for both the patient and his/her family. Special attention should be paid to the fact that immigrants may have limited pre-knowledge of chronic diseases in childhood, including the concept of selfcare.
The Nordic School of Public Health, Göteborg, SwedenProfessor, The Nordic School of Public Health, Göteborg, Sweden.
Lene
L
Povlsen
The Nordic School of Public Health, Göteborg, SwedenProfessor, The Nordic School of Public Health, Göteborg, Sweden.
Karin C
KC
Ringsberg
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003718:Denmark; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D012648:Self Care; D012649:Self Concept; D055815:Young Adult
adaptation; diabetes care; health education; support; type 1 diabetes; young non‐western immigrants