Quantitative assessment of Thiel soft-embalmed human cadavers using shear wave elastography.
BACKGROUND
Thiel soft-embalmed human cadavers are increasingly being used as a model to train surgeons and anesthetists because they look and feel like patients. However, there is a need to validate quantitatively the tissue properties of this model. Thus, the main objective of this study was to measure the elasticity of tissue in the Thiel soft-embalmed cadaver, using results in the literature for human volunteers for comparison.


METHODS
Two independent ultrasound-trained operators measured the elasticity (Youngs modulus), E, of the thyroid, parotid and submandibular glands, the gastrocnemius and masseter muscles and the supraspinatus tendon in six Thiel soft-embalmed human cadavers using quantitative shear wave elastography. Each measurement was repeated 10 times. The elasticity values of Thiel soft-embalmed human cadavers were compared with human values reported in the literature. The relationship between elasticity and gender, age at death and number of days after embalming was also investigated.


RESULTS
Elasticity data for the cadavers displayed similar patterns as in the literature for human volunteers. The results show a positive correlation between Young's modulus (YM) and time after embalming, but no correlation with cadaver age at death or gender.


CONCLUSIONS
The stiffness of the Thiel embalmed soft cadaver was validated against historical human data, confirming the life-like quality of the cadavers. Our results indicate that shear wave elastography is a promising tool to evaluate the stiffness of Thiel embalmed soft cadavers.
Institute for Medical Science and Technology, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Electronic address: j.joy@dundee.ac.uk.
Joyce
J
Joy
Department of Anesthesia, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK.
Graeme
G
McLeod
School of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, University of Dundee, UK.
Nhan
N
Lee
Department of Anesthesia, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK.
Shilpa
S
Munirama
School of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, University of Dundee, UK.
George
G
Corner
Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, UK.
Roos
R
Eisma
Institute for Medical Science and Technology, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
Sandy
S
Cochran
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D002102:Cadaver; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques; D004615:Embalming / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014463:Ultrasonography
Elastography; Quantitative; Thiel-embalming; Tissue stiffness