Study of Cytotoxic Effects of Benzonitrile Pesticides.
The benzonitrile herbicides bromoxynil, chloroxynil, dichlobenil, and ioxynil have been used actively worldwide to control weeds in agriculture since 1970s. Even though dichlobenil is prohibited in EU since 2008, studies addressing the fate of benzonitrile herbicides in the environment show that some metabolites of these herbicides are very persistent. We tested the cytotoxic effects of benzonitrile herbicides and their microbial metabolites using two human cell lines, Hep G2 and HEK293T, representing liver and kidneys as potential target organs in humans. The cell viability and proliferation were determined by MTT test and RTCA DP Analyzer system, respectively. The latter allows real-time monitoring of the effect of added substances. As the cytotoxic compounds could compromise cell membrane integrity, the lactate dehydrogenase test was performed as well. We observed high toxic effects of bromoxynil, chloroxynil, and ioxynil on both tested cell lines. In contrast, we determined only low inhibition of cell growth in presence of dichlobenil and microbial metabolites originating from the tested herbicides.
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
Petra
P
Lovecka
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
Marketa
M
Thimova
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
Petra
P
Grznarova
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
Jan
J
Lipov
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
Zdenek
Z
Knejzlik
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
Hana
H
Stiborova
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Udayana University, Jimbaran, Bali 80361, Indonesia.
Tjokorda Gde Tirta
TG
Nindhia
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
Katerina
K
Demnerova
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
Tomas
T
Ruml
D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity*
D006540:Herbicides; D009570:Nitriles; C014356:benzonitrile