Hepatocellular carcinoma and lifestyles.
The majority of hepatocellular carcinoma occurs over pre-existing chronic liver diseases that share cirrhosis as an endpoint. In the last decade, a strong association between lifestyle and hepatocellular carcinoma has become evident. Abundance of energy-rich food and sedentary lifestyles have caused metabolic conditions such as obesity and diabetes mellitus to become global epidemics. Obesity and diabetes mellitus are both tightly linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and also increase hepatocellular carcinoma risk independent of cirrhosis. Emerging data suggest that physical activity not only counteracts obesity, diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but also reduces cancer risk. Physical activity exerts significant anticancer effects in the absence of metabolic disorders. Here, we present a systematic review on lifestyles and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland; University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
Uttara
U
Saran
Department of Visceral & Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Bostjan
B
Humar
Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland; University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
Philippe
P
Kolly
Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland; University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Berne, Berne, Switzerland. Electronic address: jean-francois.dufour@insel.ch.
Jean-François
JF
Dufour
D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000209:etiology*; D003069:Coffee; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications; D008019:Life Style; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
D003069:Coffee
AMPK; Diabetes; Exercise; Insulin; Liver cancer; Obesity; mTOR