Water Intake by Outdoor Temperature Among Children Aged 1-10 Years: Implications for Community Water Fluoridation in the U.S.
OBJECTIVE
The U.S. water fluoridation recommendations, which have been in place since 1962, were based in part on findings from the 1950s that children's water intake increased with outdoor temperature. We examined whether or not water intake is associated with outdoor temperature.


METHODS
Using linked data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, we examined reported 24-hour total and plain water intake in milliliters per kilogram of body weight per day of children aged 1-10 years by maximum outdoor temperature on the day of reported water intake, unadjusted and adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and poverty status. We applied linear regression methods that were used in previously reported analyses of data from NHANES 1988-1994 and from the 1950s.


RESULTS
We found that total water intake was not associated with temperature. Plain water intake was weakly associated with temperature in unadjusted (coefficient 5 0.2, p=0.015) and adjusted (coefficient 5 0.2, p=0.013) linear regression models. However, these models explained little of the individual variation in plain water intake (unadjusted: R(2)=0.005; adjusted: R(2)=0.023).


CONCLUSIONS
Optimal fluoride concentration in drinking water to prevent caries need not be based on outdoor temperature, given the lack of association between total water intake and outdoor temperature, the weak association between plain water intake and outdoor temperature, and the minimal amount of individual variance in plain water intake explained by outdoor temperature. These findings support the change in the U.S. Public Health Service recommendation for fluoride concentration in drinking water for the prevention of dental caries from temperature-related concentrations to a single concentration that is not related to outdoor temperature.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Oral Health, Atlanta, GA ; Current affiliation: American Dental Association, Science Institute, Chicago, IL.
Eugenio D
ED
Beltrán-Aguilar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Oral Health, Atlanta, GA.
Laurie
L
Barker
University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI.
Woosung
W
Sohn
DB Consulting Group, Inc., Atlanta, GA.
Liang
L
Wei
D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002980:Climate; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000517:prevention & control; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D005457:Fluoridation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013696:Temperature; D014481:United States