[Para- and Postpneumonic Pleural Empyema: Current Treatment Strategies in Children and Adults].
BACKGROUND
Parapneumonic pleural effusions arise from pneumonia and may develop into pleural empyema (PE). PE is defined as collection of pus in the pleural space with secondary inflammation of the visceral and parietal pleura. This review article describes the current treatment strategies for para- and postpneumonic PE both in children and adults.


METHODS
Selective literature research via Medline (key words: pleural empyema, pleural empyema in children, thoracic empyema) and presentation of our own clinical experience with therapy recommendations.


RESULTS
The incidence of postpneumonic PE is increasing in both children and adults. PE is associated with a high morbidity and mortality if it is not treated early and adequate. Progression of PE follows a characteristic morphological course, which is classified in three stages: the exsudative, fibrinopurulent, and organizing phase. Treatment should be adapted to these three phases including systemic antibiotic therapy and drainage of the pleural space. Intrapleural fibrinolysis can be performed with good success independent of age in the transition of stage 1 and 2. In persistent PE (stage 2), thoracoscopic decortication is recommended to avoid progression into the organizing phase (stage 3) with the need of an open decortication. In debilitated elderly patients the increasing use of intrathoracic vacuum therapy (Mini-VAC/Mini-VAC-instill) offers an effective and less invasive therapy option.


CONCLUSIONS
Para- and postpneumonic PE requires an individualized and stage adapted therapy using a combination of medical and surgical treatment strategies with the aims of removing the source of infection and ensuring re-establishment of lung expansion.
Abteilung für Thoraxchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Deutschland.
M
M
Ried
Abteilung für Thoraxchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Deutschland.
J
J
Graml
Klinik für Thoraxchirurgie, Krankenhaus Barmherzige Brüder Regensburg, Deutschland.
C
C
Großer
Abteilung für Thoraxchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Deutschland.
H-S
HS
Hofmann
Klinik für Thoraxchirurgie, Krankenhaus Barmherzige Brüder Regensburg, Deutschland.
Z
Z
Sziklavari
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010994:Pleura / Q000601:surgery; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D015996:Survival Rate; D000069258:Thoracentesis; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents