Embryos of a moss can be hardened to desiccation tolerance: effects of rate of drying on the timeline of recovery and dehardening in Aloina ambigua (Pottiaceae).
OBJECTIVE
Embryonic sporophytes of the moss Aloina ambigua are inducibly desiccation tolerant (DT). Hardening to DT describes a condition of temporary tolerance to a rapid-drying event conferred by a previous slow-drying event. This paper aimed to determine whether sporophytic embryos of a moss can be hardened to DT, to assess how the rate of desiccation influences the post-rehydration dynamics of recovery, hardening and dehardening, and to determine the minimum rate of drying for embryos and shoots.


METHODS
Embryos were exposed to a range of drying rates using wetted filter paper in enclosed Petri dishes, monitoring relative humidity (RH) inside the dish and equilibrating tissues with 50% RH. Rehydrated embryos and shoots were subjected to a rapid-drying event at intervals, allowing assessments of recovery, hardening and dehardening times.


RESULTS
The minimum rate of slow drying for embryonic survival was ∼3·5 h and for shoots ∼9 h. Hardening to DT was dependent upon the prior rate of drying. When the rate of drying was extended to 22 h, embryonic hardening was strong (>50% survival) with survival directly proportional to the post-rehydration interval preceding rapid drying. The recovery time (repair/reassembly) was so short as to be undetectable in embryos and shoots desiccated gradually; however, embryos dried in <3·5 h exhibited a lag time in development of ∼4 d, consistent with recovery. Dehardening resulted in embryos incapable of surviving a rapid-drying event.


CONCLUSIONS
The ability of moss embryos to harden to DT and the influence of prior rate of drying on the dynamics of hardening are shown for the first time. The minimum rate of drying is introduced as a new metric for assessing ecological DT, defined as the minimum duration at sub-turgor during a drying event in which upon rehydration the plant organ of interest survives relatively undamaged from the desiccating event.
Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA and.
John C
JC
Brinda
Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA and LRS@UNLV.nevada.edu.
Lloyd R
LR
Stark
Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA and.
Theresa A
TA
Clark
Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA and.
Joshua L
JL
Greenwood
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D019068:Bryopsida / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D003890:Desiccation; D005838:Genotype; D006813:Humidity; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000502:physiology; D012639:Seeds / Q000196:embryology*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
D014867:Water
Aloina ambigua; Hardening; Pottiaceae; bryophyte; constitutive desiccation tolerance; deacclimation; dehardening; inducible desiccation tolerance; moss; rate of drying; recovery; sporophyte embryo