Resisting Prescribed Opioids: A Qualitative Study of Decision Making in Patients Taking Opioids for Chronic Noncancer Pain.
BACKGROUND
Opioids are increasingly prescribed for chronic noncancer pain across the developed world. Clinical guidelines for management of these patients focus on over-use. However, research into other types of long-term medication indicates that many patients minimize drug use whenever possible.


OBJECTIVE
To identify the varying influences on patients' decisions about their use of prescribed opioids and explore whether concepts of resistance and minimization of intake apply to these patients.


METHODS
A multiprofessional team performed a qualitative interview study using the constant-comparative method. Patient's decision making was explored in depth and with a thematic analysis utilizing a published "Model of medicine-taking."


METHODS
A purposive sample of 20 participants drawn from two pain clinics in Melbourne, Australia. The sample was biased toward patients interested in nonmedication pain management options.


RESULTS
Patients' needs to obtain relief from severe pain, maintain function, and minimize side effects could lead to under-use as well as over-use of prescribed opioids. In keeping with the published Model of medicine-taking, resistance to taking opioids was a common and important influence on behavior. In the face of severe chronic pain, many participants used a variety of strategies to evaluate, avoid, reduce, self-regulate, and replace opioids. Furthermore, participants perceived a resistance to opioids within the system and among some healthcare professionals. This sometimes adversely affected their adherence.


CONCLUSIONS
Both patients and doctors exhibit aspects of resistance to the use of prescribed opioids for chronic noncancer pain, suggesting that this shared concern could be the basis of a productive therapeutic alliance to improve communication and shared decision making.


CONCLUSIONS
Clinical guidelines for opioids use for chronic noncancer pain focus on over-use. Our qualitative interview study found that many patients resisted and minimized the use of opioids. Using a published "Model of medicine-taking," we identified various influences on patient decision making. Both patients and doctors had concerns about using opioids for chronic noncancer pain. These could be the basis of a productive therapeutic alliance to improve communication and shared decision making.
*School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Charlotte.paterson@bristol.ac.uk.
Charlotte
C
Paterson
National Ageing Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Kay
K
Ledgerwood
Caulfield Pain Management and Research Centre, Caulfield Hospital, Caulfield, Victoria, Australia.
Carolyn
C
Arnold
Pain Services, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Malcolm
M
Hogg
Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Program, Health Innovations Research Institute & School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia.
Charlie
C
Xue
Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Program, Health Innovations Research Institute & School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia.
Zhen
Z
Zheng
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D036301:Qualitative Research
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
Chronic Pain; Model of Medicine-Taking; Opioids; Qualitative Research