Ductile electroactive biodegradable hyperbranched polylactide copolymers enhancing myoblast differentiation.
Myotube formation is crucial to restoring muscular functions, and biomaterials that enhance the myoblast differentiation into myotubes are highly desirable for muscular repair. Here, we report the synthesis of electroactive, ductile, and degradable copolymers and their application in enhancing the differentiation of myoblasts to myotubes. A hyperbranched ductile polylactide (HPLA) was synthesized and then copolymerized with aniline tetramer (AT) to produce a series of electroactive, ductile and degradable copolymers (HPLAAT). The HPLA and HPLAAT showed excellent ductility with strain to failure from 158.9% to 42.7% and modulus from 265.2 to 758.2 MPa. The high electroactivity of the HPLAAT was confirmed by UV spectrometer and cyclic voltammogram measurements. These HPLAAT polymers also showed improved thermal stability and controlled biodegradation rate compared to HPLA. Importantly, when applying these polymers for myotube formation, the HPLAAT significantly improved the proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts in vitro compared to HPLA. Furthermore, these polymers greatly promoted myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells as measured by quantitative analysis of myotube number, length, diameter, maturation index, and gene expression of MyoD and TNNT. Together, our study shows that these electroactive, ductile and degradable HPLAAT copolymers represent significantly improved biomaterials for muscle tissue engineering compared to HPLA.
Center for Biomedical Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
Meihua
M
Xie
Center for Biomedical Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
Ling
L
Wang
Center for Biomedical Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China. Electronic address: baoling@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
Baolin
B
Guo
Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Zhong
Z
Wang
Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Y Eugene
YE
Chen
Center for Biomedical Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, 1011, North University Ave., Room 2209, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Electronic address: mapx@umich.edu.
Peter X
PX
Ma
D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D051379:Mice; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D011091:Polyesters / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011091:Polyesters; C033616:poly(lactide)
Aniline oligomer; Degradable conducting polymers; Ductile electroactive copolymer; Polylactide; Skeletal muscle regeneration