Immunization of AGE-modified albumin inhibits diabetic nephropathy progression in diabetic mice.
BACKGROUND
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious vascular complication of diabetes and an important cause of end-stage renal disease. One mechanism by which hyperglycemia causes nephropathy is through the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE). Development of vaccination would be a promising therapy for the future, while to date, anti-AGE therapy is based on medicines that are needed to be consumed lifelong. This study aimed to find out the effect of immunization of AGE-modified albumin against DN pathogenesis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic in mice.


METHODS
We used 24 BALB/c male mice as experimental animals, which were divided into six groups, two nondiabetic groups (negative control and AGE-modified bovine serum albumin [BSA] preimmunized groups) and four streptozotocin-induced diabetic groups (diabetic control group and diabetic preimmunized groups for AGE-BSA, Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), and AGE-BSA-KLH, respectively).


RESULTS
Diabetic preimmunized groups for AGE-BSA, KLH, and AGE-BSA-KLH showed amelioration in renal function and histopathology compared with the diabetic control group. Preimmunization also maintained nephrin intensity and decreased serum AGE level, kidney AGE deposition, and kidney cells apoptosis.


CONCLUSIONS
AGE-BSA and AGE-BSA-KLH immunizations inhibit the progression of DN. Our results strengthen the evidence that the anti-AGE antibodies have a protective role against diabetic vascular complication, especially DN. This study provides a basis for the development of DN-based immunotherapy with AGE immunization as a potential candidate.
Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia.
Musthika Wida
MW
Mashitah
Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia.
Nurona
N
Azizah
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia.
Nur
N
Samsu
Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia.
Muhammad Rasjad
MR
Indra
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia.
Muhammad
M
Bilal
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia.
Meti Verdian
MV
Yunisa
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia.
Amildya Dwi
AD
Arisanti
AGE-modified albumin; advanced glycation end products (AGE); anti-AGE antibody; diabetic nephropathy; immunization