Influence of smartphone use styles on typing performance and biomechanical exposure.
Twenty-seven subjects completed 2-min typing tasks using four typing styles: right-hand holding/typing (S-thumb) and two-hand typing at three heights (B-low, B-mid and B-high). The styles had significant effects on typing performance, neck and elbow flexion and muscle activities of the right trapezius and several muscles of the right upper limb (p < 0.0001 by repeated-measure analysis of variance). The subjects typed the fewest words (error-adjusted characters per minute: 78) with the S-thumb style. S-thumb style resulted in similar flexion angles of the neck, elbow and wrist, but significantly increased muscle activities in all tested muscles compared with the B-mid style. Holding the phone high or low reduced the flexion angles of the neck and right elbow compared with the B-mid style, but the former styles increased the muscle activity of the right trapezius. Right-hand holding/typing was not a preferable posture due to high muscle activities and slow typing speed. Practitioner Summary: Right-hand holding/typing was not favoured, due to increased muscle activities and slower typing speed. Holding the phone high or low reduced the flexion angles of the neck and right elbow, but the former styles increased the muscle activity of the right trapezius compared with holding the phone at chest level.
a College of Public Health, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan, ROC.|b Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Kang-Ning General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan, ROC.
Ping-Hsin
PH
Ko
a College of Public Health, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan, ROC.
Yaw-Huei
YH
Hwang
c Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan, ROC.
Huey-Wen
HW
Liang
D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004550:Elbow; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009333:Neck; D011187:Posture; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D000068997:Smartphone; D064171:Superficial Back Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D013933:Thumb; D055815:Young Adult
Mobile phone; ergonomics; muscle activity; posture; surface electromyography