Using a Virtual Environment to Examine How Children Cross Streets: Advancing Our Understanding of How Injury Risk Arises.
OBJECTIVE
To examine how risk of injury can arise for child pedestrians.


METHODS
Using a highly immersive virtual reality system interfaced with a 3-D movement measurement system, younger (M = 8 years) and older (M = 10 years) children's crossing behaviors were measured under conditions that introduced variation in vehicle speed, distance, and intervehicle gaps.


RESULTS
Children used distance cues in deciding when to cross; there were no age or sex differences. This increased risk of injury in larger intervehicle gaps because they started late and did not monitor traffic or adjust walking speed as they crossed. In contrast, injury risk in smaller intervehicle gaps of equal risk (i.e., same time to contact) occurred because crossing behavioral adjustments (starting early, increasing walking speed while crossing) were not sufficient.


CONCLUSIONS
Dependence on distance cues increases children's risk of injury as pedestrians when crossing in a variety of traffic situations.
Barbara A
BA
Morrongiello
Michael
M
Corbett
Melissa
M
Milanovic
Jonathan
J
Beer
D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D032882:Comprehension; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003463:Cues; D004215:Distance Perception; D004779:Environment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000069636:Pedestrians / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012449:Safety; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D016138:Walking / Q000193:education* / Q000293:injuries*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*
children; crossing behaviors; pedestrian injury; risk