Effects on childhood body habitus of feeding large volumes of cow or formula milk compared with breastfeeding in the latter part of infancy.
BACKGROUND
There is controversy over whether a lack of breastfeeding is related to obesity development.


OBJECTIVE
We examined the effects of feeding different types of milk in late infancy on childhood growth.


METHODS
A cohort of 1112 term, singleton children (born in 1992) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, United Kingdom, were studied prospectively. Food records collected at 8 mo of age were used to define the following 5 mutually exclusive feeding groups on the basis of the type and amount of milk consumed: breast milk (BM), <600 mL formula milk/d (FMlow), ≥600 mL formula milk/d (FMhigh), <600 mL cow milk/d (CMlow), and ≥600 mL cow milk/d (CMhigh). Weight, height, and BMI were measured at 14 time points from birth to 10 y of age, and SD scores (SDSs) were calculated. Dietary energy and macronutrient intakes were available at 7 time points.


RESULTS
CMhigh children were heavier than were BM children from 8 mo to 10 y of age with weight differences (after adjustment for maternal education, smoking, and parity) ≥0.27 SDSs and an average of 0.48 SDSs. The maximum weight difference was at 18 mo of age (0.70 SDS; 95% CI: 0.41, 1.00 SDS; P = <0.0001). CMhigh children were taller at some ages (25-43 mo; P < 0.01) and had greater BMI SDSs from ≥8 mo of age (at 9 y of age; P = 0.001). FMhigh children were heavier and taller than were BM children from 8 to 37 mo of age. There were marked dietary differences between milk groups at 8 mo of age, some of which persisted to 18 mo of age. Adjustments for current energy and protein intakes did not attenuate the growth differences observed.


CONCLUSIONS
The feeding of high volumes of cow milk in late infancy is associated with faster weight and height gain than is BM feeding. The feeding of bottle-fed infants with high volumes of cow milk in late infancy may have a persisting effect on body habitus through childhood.
Nutrition and Dietetic Department, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and.
David
D
Hopkins
Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine and.
Colin D
CD
Steer
School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
Kate
K
Northstone
Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine and p.m.emmett@bristol.ac.uk.
Pauline M
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1076-4779
PM
Emmett
D000818:Animals; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002417:Cattle; D002657:Child Development; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000009:adverse effects; D050177:Overweight / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006113:United Kingdom; D015430:Weight Gain
ALSPAC; BMI; cow milk; formula; growth; height; obesity; weight