Posterior Arch Defect of the Atlas Associated to Absence of Costal Element of Foramen Transversarium from 16th-Century Sardinia (Italy).
METHODS
A paleopathological case of posterior arch defect of the atlas associated to the absence of costal element of the foramen transversarium.


OBJECTIVE
In living patients as well as in postmortem analysis it should be difficult to distinguish between a congenital and an acquired anomaly. Any anomaly in the anatomy of atlas should be taken into consideration by clinicians, surgeons, radiologists, and anatomists in order to avoid misinterpretations and clinical complications.


BACKGROUND
Posterior arch defect has a current occurrence of approximately 4%. Posterior arch schisis is attributed to the defective or absent development of the cartilaginous preformation of the arch rather than a disturbance of the ossification. The absence of costal element of the foramen transversarium has an incidence of ranging from 2% to 10% and is attributed to a developmental defect or to variations in the course of the vertebral artery.


METHODS
The skeleton of a man aged 20-30 years, brought to light in the plague cemetery of 16th century Alghero (Sardinia), showed anomalies of the atlas, consisting in failure of the midline fusion of the 2 hemiarches with a small gap and an open anterior foramen trasversarium on the left side. A macroscopic, radiological, and stereomicroscopic study was carried out.


RESULTS
The study allowed to rule out a traumatic origin of the defects and to diagnose an association of 2 congenital anomalies.


CONCLUSIONS
Osteoarchaeological cases provides with a valuable opportunity to examine and describe variations in the anatomy of the atlas.


METHODS
N/A.
*Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy†Center for Anthropological, Paleopathological and Historical Studies of the Sardinian and Mediterranean Populations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy‡Department of History, Human Sciences and Education, University of Sassari, Italy.
Valentina
V
Giuffra
Andrea
A
Montella
Eugenia
E
Tognotti
Marco
M
Milanese
Pasquale
P
Bandiera
D000328:Adult; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton; D001106:Archaeology / Q000379:methods*; D001270:Cervical Atlas / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D049669:History, 16th Century; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000266:history*