Chemopreventive and immunomodulatory effects of Murraya koenigii aqueous extract on 4T1 breast cancer cell-challenged mice.
BACKGROUND
The progression of breast cancer is increasing at an alarming rate, particularly in western countries. Meanwhile, the lower incidence in Asian countries could be attributed to the heavy incorporation of green leaves vegetables or spices in their diets. Murraya koenigii (MK) or often times known as curry leaves are common spice used mostly in tropical countries. Anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects of MK aqueous extract on 4T1 breast cancer cell-challenged mice were evaluated.


METHODS
Herein, cytotoxic activity of MK was first tested on 4T1 cells in vitroby MTT assay. Then, in vivo chemopreventive study was conducted where mice were fed with extracts prior to and after inducing the tumor (inoculation). Tumor size was monitored post-4T1 inoculation. At the end of experiment, histopathology of tumor sections, T cell immunophenotyping, tumor nitric oxide level, serum cytokine level and qPCR analysis on expression of iNOS, iCAM, NF-kB and c-MYC were performed.


RESULTS
MK reduced the tumors' size and lung metastasis aside from inhibited the viability of 4T1 cells in vitro. Furthermore, it decreased the level of nitric oxide and inflammation-related cytokines and genes, including iNOS, iCAM, NF-kB and c-MYC.


CONCLUSIONS
The results propose that, MK managed to inhibit the progression of tumor via immunostimulatory effect and inflammatory reaction within the tumor samples. This suggests that MKconsumption could be a savior in the search of new chemopreventive agents.
Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Swee Keong
SK
Yeap
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Nadiah
N
Abu
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Nurul Elyani
NE
Mohamad
Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Boon Kee
BK
Beh
School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
Wan Yong
WY
Ho
Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Siamak
S
Ebrahimi
Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Hamidah Mohd
HM
Yusof
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.|Department of Agriculture Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Cantho University, 3/2 Street, Can Tho City, Vietnam.
Huynh
H
Ky
Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Sheau Wei
SW
Tan
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. noorjahan@upm.edu.my.
Noorjahan Banu
NB
Alitheen
D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051379:Mice; D032101:Murraya / Q000737:chemistry*; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000473:pathology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts