Transdermal drug delivery: feasibility for treatment of superficial bone stress fractures.
Transdermal drug delivery offers the promise of effective drug therapy at selective sites of pathology whilst reducing systemic exposure to the pharmaceutical agents in off-target organs and tissues. However, that strategy is often limited to cells comprising superficial tissues of the body (rarely to deeper bony structures) and mostly indicated with small hydrophobic pharmacological agents, such as steroid hormones and anti-inflammatory gels to skin, muscle, and joints. Nonetheless, advances in transdermal liposomal formulation have rendered the ability to readily incorporate pharmacologically active hydrophilic drug molecules and small peptide biologics into transdermal dosage forms to impart the effective delivery of those bioactive agents across the skin barrier to underlying superficial tissue structures including bone, often enhanced by some form of electrical, chemical, and mechanical facilitation. In the following review, we evaluate transdermal drug delivery systems, with a particular focus on delivering therapeutic agents to treat superficial bone pain, notably stress fractures. We further introduce and discuss several small peptide hormones active in bone (such as calcitonins and parathyroid hormone) that have shown potential for transdermal delivery, often under the added augmentation of transdermal drug delivery systems that employ lipo/hydrophilicity, electric charge, and/or microprojection facilitation across the skin barrier.
Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-020J Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, 11361-87 Ave., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada. aaghazad@ualberta.ca.
Ali
A
Aghazadeh-Habashi
Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-020J Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, 11361-87 Ave., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada. yang9@ualberta.ca.
Yang
Y
Yang
Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-020J Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, 11361-87 Ave., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada. kctang@ualberta.ca.
Kathy
K
Tang
Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-020J Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, 11361-87 Ave., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada. raimar.loebenberg@ualberta.ca.
Raimar
R
Lőbenberg
Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-020J Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, 11361-87 Ave., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada. mdoschak@ualberta.ca.
Michael R
MR
Doschak
D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D008081:Liposomes; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D002116:Calcitonin
Analgesia; Bone pain; Peptide hormones; Stress fractures; Superficial bone; Transdermal drug delivery; Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS)