Direct Analysis of Free and Sulfite-Bound Carbonyl Compounds in Wine by Two-Dimensional Quantitative Proton and Carbon Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.
Recent developments that have accelerated 2D NMR methods and improved quantitation have made these methods accessible analytical procedures, and the large signal dispersion allows for the analysis of complex samples. Few natural samples are as complex as wine, so the application to challenges in wine analysis look promising. The analysis of carbonyl compounds in wine, key oxidation products, is complicated by a multitude of kinetically reversible adducts, such as acetals and sulfonates, so that sample preparation steps can generate complex interferences. These challenges could be overcome if the compounds could be quantified in situ. Here, two-dimensional ((1)H-(1)H) homonuclear and heteronuclear ((13)C-(1)H) single quantum correlations (correlation spectroscopy, COSY, and heteronuclear single quantum coherence, HSQC) nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of undiluted wine samples were observed at natural abundance. These techniques achieve simultaneous direct identification and quantitation of acetaldehyde, pyruvic acid, acetoin, methylglyoxal, and α-ketoglutaric acid in wine with only a small addition of D2O. It was also possible to observe and sometimes quantify the sulfite, hydrate, and acetal forms of the carbonyl compounds. The accuracy of the method was tested in wine samples by spiking with a mixture of all analytes at different concentrations. The method was applied to 15 wine samples of various vintages and grape varieties. The application of this method could provide a powerful tool to better understand the development, evolution, and perception of wine oxidation and insight into the impact of these sulfite bound carbonyls on antimicrobial and antioxidant action by SO2.
Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States.
Maria
M
Nikolantonaki
Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens , Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15 771, Athens, Greece.
Prokopios
P
Magiatis
Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States.
Andrew L
AL
Waterhouse
D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000737:chemistry; D000093:Acetoin / Q000737:chemistry; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011522:Protons; D013447:Sulfites / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
D011522:Protons; D013447:Sulfites; D002244:Carbon; D000093:Acetoin; D000079:Acetaldehyde