Hematopoiesis toxicity induced by 4-methylumbelliferon determined in an invertebrate model organism.
Umbelliferone has potential value as it has an inhibitory effect on tumor cells; however, its impact on an animal's circulatory system and hematopoietic function has not been reported. In this study, 4-methylumbelliferon (4-MU), an umbelliferone derivative, was used as a model drug, and its potential toxicity on hemocytes and hematopoietic organs (HOs) was investigated using an invertebrate animal model, the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The results showed that the level of reactive oxygen species in HOs increased when larvae (third day of the fifth instar) were orally exposed to 4 mM 4-MU for 8 min, followed by the induction of improved antioxidative metabolism of coenzymes in hemolymph. Exposure to 4-MU also significantly upregulated the expression levels of several genes in the hemolymph and fat body (a detoxification tissue similar to the liver in mammals) including antimicrobial peptide gene cecropinA and moricin, and a phagocytosis-related gene, tetraspanin E, suggesting an increased antioxidant level and antimicrobial ability of the circulatory system. However, the percentage of dead hemocytes increased and hematopoiesis significantly decreased in HOs, indicating the toxic effect of 4-MU on hemocytes and hematopoiesis, despite it inducing enhanced antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in the circulatory system.
a Department of Applied Biology , School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University , Suzhou , China .|b National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology, Soochow University , Suzhou , China .
Yan
Y
Fang
a Department of Applied Biology , School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University , Suzhou , China .|b National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology, Soochow University , Suzhou , China .
Yue
Y
He
a Department of Applied Biology , School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University , Suzhou , China .|b National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology, Soochow University , Suzhou , China .
Hua
H
Wang
c School of Architecture and Urban Environment, Soochow University , Suzhou , China , and.
Siqi
S
Yan
a Department of Applied Biology , School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University , Suzhou , China .|b National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology, Soochow University , Suzhou , China .
Rui
R
Xing
d Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Medical College, Soochow University , Suzhou , China.
Weimin
W
Yin
a Department of Applied Biology , School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University , Suzhou , China .|b National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology, Soochow University , Suzhou , China .
Yanghu
Y
Sima
a Department of Applied Biology , School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University , Suzhou , China .|b National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology, Soochow University , Suzhou , China .
Shiqing
S
Xu
D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D012831:Bombyx / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006413:Hematopoietic System / Q000187:drug effects*; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D006923:Hymecromone / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006923:Hymecromone
4-Methylumbelliferon; Antioxidant level; antimicrobial peptide; hematopoiesis damage; hemolymph