Comparison, association, and risk assessment of phthalates in floor dust at different indoor environments in Delaware, USA.
This study aimed to compare and assess phthalate contamination in various indoor environments. In this study, 44 floor dust samples from different indoor environments in Delaware, USA were collected and analyzed for 14 phthalates using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Phthalates were detected in all dust samples with the total concentration ranging from 84 to 7117 mg kg(-1). DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate), BzBP (benzylbutyl phthalate), DBP (dibutyl phthalate), and DiBP (di-isobutyl phthalate) were both the most frequently and abundantly detected phthalates. The average concentration of total phthalates in dust from offices, student dorms, gyms, stores, and daycare centers was found to be significantly or insignificantly (P = 0.05) higher than that in dust from houses and apartments. Plastic flooring materials and the application of floor care chemical products were positively associated with total phthalate concentration in floor dust. Toxicological risk assessment indicated that an investigated daycare center in this study was the only indoor environment that may cause the intake amount of DEHP of infants, toddlers, and children via dust ingestion to exceed the reference dose established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Regular monitoring on phthalate contamination in sensitive indoor environments is recommended.
a Chemistry Department , Delaware State University , Dover , Delaware , USA.|b School of Energy and Power Engineering , Nanjing Institute of Technology , Jiangsu , China.
Xiaolong
X
Bi
c School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology , Anhui , China.
Shoujun
S
Yuan
b School of Energy and Power Engineering , Nanjing Institute of Technology , Jiangsu , China.
Xiaojun
X
Pan
a Chemistry Department , Delaware State University , Dover , Delaware , USA.
Cherese
C
Winstead
a Chemistry Department , Delaware State University , Dover , Delaware , USA.
Qiquan
Q
Wang
D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002656:Child Day Care Centers; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003691:Delaware; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D010969:Plastics / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency / Q000592:standards
D004391:Dust; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D010969:Plastics; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate; C032279:phthalic acid; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate; C025605:diisobutyl phthalate
Floor dust; GC-MS; indoor environment; phthalate; plasticizer; risk assessment