Preparation, characterization, and in vitro cytotoxicity of COM and COD crystals with various sizes.
Calcium oxalate crystals in urine often differ in size and crystal phase between healthy humans and patients with kidney stones. In this work, calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and dihydrate (COD) with sizes of about 50 nm, 100 nm, 1 μm, 3 μm, and 10 μm were prepared by varying reactant concentration, reaction temperature, solvent, mixing manner, and stirring speed. These crystals mainly had a smooth surface and no obvious pore structure, except COM-1 μm. In cell culture medium, the zeta potential of crystals became increasingly negative with increasing size, and the absolute value of zeta potential of COD was greater than the same-sized COM. Results of cell viability and PI staining assays showed that the order of injury degree in African green monkey renal epithelial (Vero) cells caused by different sizes of COD was COD-50 nm>COD-100 nm>COD-1 μm>COD-3 μm>COD-10 μm, and that of different sizes of COM was COM-1 μm>COM-50~COM-100 nm>COM-3 μm>COM-10 μm. COM-1 μm presented the highest cytotoxicity in Vero cells, which was associated with its rougher surface, larger specific surface area (SBET), and larger pore volume. Overall, these findings indicated that the physical properties of crystals play an important role in their cytotoxicity.
Department of Chemistry Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
Xin-Yuan
XY
Sun
Department of Chemistry Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China. Electronic address: toyjm@jnu.edu.cn.
Jian-Ming
JM
Ouyang
Department of Chemistry Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
Ai-Jie
AJ
Liu
Department of Chemistry Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
Yi-Ming
YM
Ding
Department of Chemistry Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
Qiong-Zhi
QZ
Gan
D000818:Animals; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008422:Materials Testing; D010316:Particle Size; D014709:Vero Cells
D002129:Calcium Oxalate
Calcium oxalate dihydrate; Calcium oxalate monohydrate; Cytotoxicity; Size effect