Effects of frequency-dependent membrane capacitance on neural excitability.
OBJECTIVE
Models of excitable cells consider the membrane specific capacitance as a ubiquitous and constant parameter. However, experimental measurements show that the membrane capacitance declines with increasing frequency, i.e., exhibits dispersion. We quantified the effects of frequency-dependent membrane capacitance, c(f), on the excitability of cells and nerve fibers across the frequency range from dc to hundreds of kilohertz.


METHODS
We implemented a model of c(f) using linear circuit elements, and incorporated it into several models of neurons with different channel kinetics: the Hodgkin-Huxley model of an unmyelinated axon, the McIntyre-Richardson-Grill (MRG) of a mammalian myelinated axon, and a model of a cortical neuron from prefrontal cortex (PFC). We calculated thresholds for excitation and kHz frequency conduction block, the conduction velocity, recovery cycle, strength-distance relationship and firing rate.


RESULTS
The impact of c(f) on activation thresholds depended on the stimulation waveform and channel kinetics. We observed no effect using rectangular pulse stimulation, and a reduction for frequencies of 10 kHz and above using sinusoidal signals only for the MRG model. c(f) had minimal impact on the recovery cycle and the strength-distance relationship, whereas the conduction velocity increased by up to 7.9% and 1.7% for myelinated and unmyelinated fibers, respectively. Block thresholds declined moderately when incorporating c(f), the effect was greater at higher frequencies, and the maximum reduction was 11.5%. Finally, c(f) marginally altered the firing pattern of a model of a PFC cell, reducing the median interspike interval by less than 2%.


CONCLUSIONS
This is the first comprehensive analysis of the effects of dispersive capacitance on neural excitability, and as the interest on stimulation with kHz signals gains more attention, it defines the regions over which frequency-dependent membrane capacitance, c(f), should be considered.
Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC, USA.
Bryan
B
Howell
Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC, USA.
Leonel E
LE
Medina
Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC, USA.|Duke University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Durham, NC, USA.|Duke University, Department of Neurobiology, Durham, NC, USA.|Duke University, Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA.
Warren M
WM
Grill
D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004056:Differential Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D025802:Electric Capacitance; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*