An overview of research priorities in surgical simulation: what the literature shows has been achieved during the 21st century and what remains.
BACKGROUND
Key research priorities for surgical simulation have been identified in recent years. The aim of this study was to establish the progress that has been made within each research priority and what still remains to be achieved.


METHODS
Members of the Association for Surgical Education Simulation Committee conducted individualized literature reviews for each research priority that were brought together by an expert panel.


RESULTS
Excellent progress has been made in the assessment of individual and teamwork skills in simulation. The best methods of feedback and debriefing have not yet been established. Progress in answering more complex questions related to competence and transfer of training is slower than other questions. A link between simulation training and patient outcomes remains elusive.


CONCLUSIONS
Progress has been made in skills assessment, curricula development, debriefing and decision making in surgery. The impact of simulation training on patient outcomes represents the focus of simulation research in the years to come.
Imperial Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Room 5.03, 5th floor, Wright-Fleming Building, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK. Electronic address: m.johnston@imperial.ac.uk.
Maximilian J
MJ
Johnston
Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Services Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
John T
JT
Paige
Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
Rajesh
R
Aggarwal
Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA.
Dimitrios
D
Stefanidis
Department of Surgery, University of Nevada School of Medicine, NV, USA.
Shawn
S
Tsuda
Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Ankur
A
Khajuria
Imperial Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Room 5.03, 5th floor, Wright-Fleming Building, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
Sonal
S
Arora
D002983:Clinical Competence; D003479:Curriculum; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D000066908:Simulation Training / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States
Competence; Curriculum; Education; Simulation; Skills; Training