Neuromuscular Activity of Upper and Lower Limbs during two Backstroke Swimming Start Variants.
A proficient start is decisive in sprint competitive swimming events and requires swimmers' to exert maximal forces in a short period to complete the task successfully. The aim of this study was to compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity in-between the backstroke start with feet positioned parallel and partially emerged performed with the hands on the highest horizontal and on the vertical handgrip at hands-off, take-off, flight and entry start phases. EMG comparisons between starting variants were supported by upper and lower limb joint angles at starting position and 15 m start time data. Following a four-week start training to familiarize participants with each start variant, 10 male competitive backstroke swimmers performed randomly six 15 m maximal trials, being three of each start variant. Surface EMG of Biceps Brachii, Triceps Brachii, Rectus Femoris, Biceps Femoris, Gastrocnemius Medialis and Tibialis Anterior was recorded and processed using the time integral EMG (iEMG). Eight video cameras (four surface and four underwater) were used to determine backstroke start phases and joint angles at starting position. EMG, joint angles and temporal parameters have not evidenced changes due to the different handgrips. Nevertheless, clear differences were observed in both variants for upper and lower limb muscles activity among starting phases (e.g. Biceps Brachii at take-off vs. flight phase, 15.17% ± 2.76% and 22.38% ± 4.25%; 14.24% ± 7.11% and 25.90% ± 8.65%, for variant with hands horizontal and vertically positioned, respectively). It was concluded that different handgrips did not affect EMG, kinematics and temporal profile in backstroke start. Despite coaches might plan similar strength training for both start variants, further attention should be given on the selection of proper exercises to maximize the contribution of relevant muscles at different starting phases. Key pointsAn effective swim start component (from the starting signal until the swimmers' vertex reaches the 15 m mark) is decisive in short distance events.In 2008, FINA approved the Omega OSB11 starting block (Swiss Timing Ltd., Switzerland) with two horizontal and one vertical backstroke start handgrip and currently swimmers can adopt different starting variants.The start performance is related to the exertion of maximal force in the shortest time, as other high-velocity movements; thus, the study of the current variants in-between them from a neuromuscular standpoint is indispensable for training support.The use of different handgrips did not affect upper and lower limb electromyographic activity; angular kinematics and overall 15 m backstroke start profile.Independent of the start variant selected, the role played by each upper and lower limb muscles at different starting phases should be considered in specific resistance training program to optimize backstroke start performance.
Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto , Portugal.
Karla
K
De Jesus
Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto , Portugal.
Kelly
K
De Jesus
Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto , Portugal ; Department of Physical Education, University of Fortaleza , Brazil.
Alexandre I A
AI
Medeiros
Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto , Portugal.
Pedro
P
Gonçalves
Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto , Portugal ; School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil.
Pedro
P
Figueiredo
Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto , Portugal ; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto , Portugal.
Ricardo J
RJ
Fernandes
Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto , Portugal ; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto , Portugal.
João Paulo
JP
Vilas-Boas
Biomechanics; backstroke events; starting technique; surface electromyography