Biomarkers of Chondrocyte Apoptosis and Autophagy in Osteoarthritis.
Cell death with morphological and molecular features of apoptosis has been detected in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage, which suggests a key role for chondrocyte death/survival in the pathogenesis of OA. Identification of biomarkers of chondrocyte apoptosis may facilitate the development of novel therapies that may eliminate the cause or, at least, slow down the degenerative processes in OA. The aim of this review was to explore the molecular markers and signals that induce chondrocyte apoptosis in OA. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar using the keywords chondrocyte death, apoptosis, osteoarthritis, autophagy and biomarker. Several molecules considered to be markers of chondrocyte apoptosis will be discussed in this brief review. Molecular markers and signalling pathways associated with chondroycte apoptosis may turn out to be therapeutic targets in OA and approaches aimed at neutralizing apoptosis-inducing molecules may at least delay the progression of cartilage degeneration in OA.
Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy. g.musumeci@unict.it.
Giuseppe
G
Musumeci
Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy. pacastro@unict.it.
Paola
P
Castrogiovanni
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine Division, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy. trovatofrancesca@gmail.com.
Francesca Maria
FM
Trovato
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria. annelie.weinberg@t-online.de.
Annelie Martina
AM
Weinberg
Aziziah Maternity and Children's Hospital, Jeddah 50204, Saudi Arabia. alwasiyah@doctor.com.|King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. alwasiyah@doctor.com.
Mohammad K
MK
Al-Wasiyah
Aziziah Maternity and Children's Hospital, Jeddah 50204, Saudi Arabia. mhalqahtani@kau.edu.sa.
Mohammed H
MH
Alqahtani
King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. a.mobasheri@surrey.ac.uk.|The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK. a.mobasheri@surrey.ac.uk.|Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK. a.mobasheri@surrey.ac.uk.
Ali
A
Mobasheri
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001343:Autophagy; D015415:Biomarkers; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015398:Signal Transduction
D015415:Biomarkers
apoptosis; autophagy; biomarker; chondrocyte death; osteoarthritis (OA)