Variables that influence Ironman triathlon performance - what changed in the last 35 years?
OBJECTIVE
This narrative review summarizes findings for Ironman triathlon performance and intends to determine potential predictor variables for Ironman race performance in female and male triathletes.


METHODS
A literature search was performed in PubMed using the terms "Ironman", "triathlon", and "performance". All resulting articles were searched for related citations.


RESULTS
Age, previous experience, sex, training, origin, anthropometric and physiological characteristics, pacing, and performance in split disciplines were predictive. Differences exist between the sexes for anthropometric characteristics. The most important predictive variables for a fast Ironman race time were age of 30-35 years (women and men), a fast personal best time in Olympic distance triathlon (women and men), a fast personal best time in marathon (women and men), high volume and high speed in training where high volume was more important than high speed (women and men), low body fat, low skin-fold thicknesses and low circumference of upper arm (only men), and origin from the United States of America (women and men).


CONCLUSIONS
These findings may help athletes and coaches to plan an Ironman triathlon career. Age and previous experience are important to find the right point in the life of a triathlete to switch from the shorter triathlon distances to the Ironman distance. Future studies need to correlate physiological characteristics such as maximum oxygen uptake with Ironman race time to investigate their potential predictive value and to investigate socio-economic aspects in Ironman triathlon.
Gesundheitszentrum St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland ; Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Beat
B
Knechtle
Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Raphael
R
Knechtle
Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Michael
M
Stiefel
Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Matthias Alexander
MA
Zingg
Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Thomas
T
Rosemann
Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Christoph Alexander
CA
Rüst
age; body fat; cycling; running; sex; swimming