Is tree loss associated with cardiovascular-disease risk in the Women's Health Initiative? A natural experiment.
Data from the Women's Health Initiative were used to quantify the relationship between the loss of trees to an invasive forest pest-the emerald ash borer-and cardiovascular disease. We estimated a semi-parametric Cox proportional hazards model of time to cardiovascular disease, adjusting for confounders. We defined the incidence of cardiovascular disease as acute myocardial infarction requiring overnight hospitalization, silent MI determined from serial electrocardiograms, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, or death from coronary heart disease. Women living in a county infested with emerald ash borer had an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (HR=1.25, 95% CI: 1.20-1.31).
USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR, USA. Electronic address: gdonovan@fs.fed.us.
Geoffrey H
GH
Donovan
Drexel University, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Yvonne L
YL
Michael
USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR, USA.
Demetrios
D
Gatziolis
USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
Jeffrey P
JP
Prestemon
University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Eric A
EA
Whitsel
D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D004782:Environmental Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D014197:Trees / Q000469:parasitology*; D016387:Women's Health
Cardiovascular disease; Lower respiratory; Natural environment; Pubic health