Apple Pomace Extract Improves Endurance in Exercise Performance by Increasing Strength and Weight of Skeletal Muscle.
Ursolic acid is a lipophilic pentacyclic triterpenoid found in many fruits and herbs and is used in several herbal folk medicines for diabetes. In this study, we evaluated the effects of apple pomace extract (APE; ursolic acid content, 183 mg/g) on skeletal muscle atrophy. To examine APE therapeutic potential in muscle atrophy, we investigated APE effects on the expression of biomarkers associated with muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. We found that APE inhibited atrophy, while inducing hypertrophy in C2C12 myotubes by decreasing the expression of atrophy-related genes and increasing the expression of hypertrophy-associated genes. The in vivo experiments using mice fed a diet with or without APE showed that APE intake increased skeletal muscle mass, as well as grip strength and exercise capacity. In addition, APE significantly improved endurance in the mice, as evidenced by increased exhaustive running time and muscle weight, and reduced the expression of the genes involved in the development of muscle atrophy. APE also decreased the concentration of serum lactate and lactate dehydrogenase, inorganic phosphate, and creatinine, the indicators of accumulated fatigue and exercise-induced stress. These results suggest that APE may be useful as an ergogenic functional food or dietary supplement.
1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea.
Ji-Woong
JW
Jeong
1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea.|2 College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Jae-Jung
JJ
Shim
1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea.
Il-Dong
ID
Choi
1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea.
Sung-Hwan
SH
Kim
1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea.
Jehyeon
J
Ra
1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea.
Hyung Keun
HK
Ku
1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea.
Dong Eun
DE
Lee
1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea.
Tae-Youl
TY
Kim
1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea.
Woonhee
W
Jeung
1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea.
Jung-Hee
JH
Lee
2 College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Ki Won
KW
Lee
3 Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University , Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea.
Chul-Sung
CS
Huh
1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea.
Jae-Hun
JH
Sim
1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea.
Young-Tae
YT
Ahn
D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002460:Cell Line; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005221:Fatigue / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006984:Hypertrophy; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000097245:Ursolic Acid
D015415:Biomarkers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014315:Triterpenes; D000097245:Ursolic Acid
apple pomace; atrophy; muscle strength; ursolic acid