Scorpionism in Ecuador: First report of severe and fatal envenoming cases from northern Manabí by Tityus asthenes Pocock.
The presence in rural areas of western Ecuador of scorpions in the genus Tityus capable of producing pediatric mortality is hereby evidenced. The medical significance of scorpions in Ecuador has been underestimated partly because of the clinically unimportant stings delivered by Centruroides margaritatus and Teuthraustes atramentarius, which have venom with low toxicity to vertebrates. Five intra-domiciliary cases of scorpion envenoming in victims aged between 1.9 and 16 years old, including one fatality, are reported from rural settings in forest areas of Chone (n = 2) and Flavio Alfaro (n = 3) counties, northern Manabí province, western Ecuador. Three cases were graded as Class II (moderate) and two in Class III (severe) envenoming. Manifestations showed characteristic autonomic nervous system hyper-stimulation and the fatality (a 1.9-year-old boy from Flavio Alfaro) was due to cardio-respiratory failure. Marked leukocytosis in four of the cases (21,800-31,800 cells/mm(3)), with notable neutrophilia (58-82%), suggests induction of a venom-mediated systemic inflammatory response-like syndrome. Specimens responsible for cases in Flavio Alfaro County, including the fatality, were classified as Tityus asthenes Pocock, accountable for severe scorpionism in Colombia. These findings demand implementation of control and therapeutic measures in affected areas in Ecuador, including evaluation of available scorpion antivenoms.
Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Toxins and Receptors, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas 1051, Venezuela; Secretaría Nacional de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Ecuador, Ecuador. Electronic address: borges.adolfo@gmail.com.
Adolfo
A
Borges
Division of Surveillance of Public Health of Manabí Province, Ministry of Public Health, Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador.
Melva
M
Morales
Basic Hospital San Andrés, Flavio Alfaro County, Flavio Alfaro, Manabí, Ecuador.
Wilmer
W
Loor
Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Hospital Luis Vernaza, Junta de Beneficiencia de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Miguel
M
Delgado
D000293:Adolescent; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004484:Ecuador; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D065008:Scorpion Stings / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*
Ecuador; Manabí; Scorpion; Scorpion envenoming; Scorpionism; Tityus