The long-tongued hawkmoth pollinator niche for native and invasive plants in Africa.
OBJECTIVE
Unrelated organisms that share similar niches often exhibit patterns of convergent evolution in functional traits. Based on bimodal distributions of hawkmoth tongue lengths and tubular white flowers in Africa, this study hypothesized that long-tongued hawkmoths comprise a pollination niche (ecological opportunity) that is distinct from that of shorter-tongued hawkmoths.


METHODS
Field observations, light trapping, camera surveillance and pollen load analysis were used to identify pollinators of plant species with very long-tubed (>8 cm) flowers. The nectar properties and spectral reflectance of these flowers were also measured. The frequency distributions of proboscis length for all captured hawkmoths and floral tube length for a representative sample of night-blooming plant species were determined. The geographical distributions of both native and introduced plant species with very long floral tubes were mapped.


RESULTS
The convolvulus hawkmoth Agrius convolvuli is identified as the most important pollinator of African plants with very long-tubed flowers. Plants pollinated by this hawkmoth species tend to have a very long (approx. 10 cm) and narrow flower tube or spur, white flowers and large volumes of dilute nectar. It is estimated that >70 grassland and savanna plant species in Africa belong to the Agrius pollination guild. In South Africa, at least 23 native species have very long floral tubes, and pollination by A. convolvuli or, rarely, by the closely related hawkmoth Coelonia fulvinotata, has been confirmed for 11 of these species. The guild is strikingly absent from the species-rich Cape floral region and now includes at least four non-native invasive species with long-tubed flowers that are pre-adapted for pollination by A. convolvuli.


CONCLUSIONS
This study highlights the value of a niche perspective on pollination, which provides a framework for making predictions about the ecological importance of keystone pollinators, and for understanding patterns of convergent evolution and the role of floral traits in plant colonization.
School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa and Johnsonsd@ukzn.ac.za.
Steven D
SD
Johnson
Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Robert A
RA
Raguso
D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D058865:Introduced Species; D009036:Moths / Q000502:physiology*; D058974:Phylogeography; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism*; D054817:Pollination / Q000502:physiology*; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D013019:South Africa
Agrius convolvuli; biological invasions; ecological opportunity; flower colour; functional traits; long-tongued hawkmoth; moth pollination; mutualism; nectar; plant–pollinator interactions; pollination ecology; proboscis length; regeneration niche; specialization