Arsenite Targets the Zinc Finger Domains of Tet Proteins and Inhibits Tet-Mediated Oxidation of 5-Methylcytosine.
Arsenic toxicity is a serious public health problem worldwide that brings more than 100 million people into the risk of arsenic exposure from groundwater and food contamination. Although there is accumulating evidence linking arsenic exposure with aberrant cytosine methylation in the global genome or at specific genomic loci, very few have investigated the impact of arsenic on the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) mediated by the Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) family of proteins. Owing to the high binding affinity of As(III) toward cysteine residues, we reasoned that the highly conserved C3H-type zinc fingers situated in Tet proteins may constitute potential targets for arsenic binding. Herein, we found that arsenite could bind directly to the zinc fingers of Tet proteins in vitro and in cells, and this interaction substantially impaired the catalytic efficiency of Tet proteins in oxidizing 5-mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5-foC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5-caC). Treatments with arsenite also led to a dose-dependent decrease in the level of 5-hmC, but not 5-mC, in DNA isolated from HEK293T cells overexpressing the catalytic domain of any of the three Tet proteins and from mouse embryonic stem cells. Together, our study unveiled, for the first time, that arsenite could alter epigenetic signaling by targeting the zinc fingers of Tet proteins and perturbing the Tet-mediated oxidation of 5-mC in vitro and in cells. Our results offer important mechanistic understanding of arsenic epigenotoxicity and carcinogenesis in mammalian systems and may lead to novel approaches for the chemoprevention of arsenic toxicity.
Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, ‡Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States.
Shuo
S
Liu
Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, ‡Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States.
Ji
J
Jiang
Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, ‡Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States.
Lin
L
Li
Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, ‡Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States.
Nicholas J
NJ
Amato
Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, ‡Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States.
Zi
Z
Wang
Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, ‡Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States.
Yinsheng
Y
Wang
D044503:5-Methylcytosine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000818:Animals; D018053:Arsenites / Q000633:toxicity*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003596:Cytosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D006900:Hydroxylation; D051379:Mice; D000066450:Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D016335:Zinc Fingers
D018053:Arsenites; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C011865:5-hydroxymethylcytosine; D044503:5-Methylcytosine; D003596:Cytosine; D004247:DNA; C015001:arsenite