Evidence for Astrophysical Muon Neutrinos from the Northern Sky with IceCube.
Results from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory have recently provided compelling evidence for the existence of a high energy astrophysical neutrino flux utilizing a dominantly Southern Hemisphere data set consisting primarily of ν(e) and ν(τ) charged-current and neutral-current (cascade) neutrino interactions. In the analysis presented here, a data sample of approximately 35,000 muon neutrinos from the Northern sky is extracted from data taken during 659.5 days of live time recorded between May 2010 and May 2012. While this sample is composed primarily of neutrinos produced by cosmic ray interactions in Earth's atmosphere, the highest energy events are inconsistent with a hypothesis of solely terrestrial origin at 3.7σ significance. These neutrinos can, however, be explained by an astrophysical flux per neutrino flavor at a level of Φ(E(ν))=9.9(-3.4)(+3.9)×10(-19)  GeV(-1) cm(-2) sr(-1) s(-1)(E(ν)/100  TeV(-2), consistent with IceCube's Southern-Hemisphere-dominated result. Additionally, a fit for an astrophysical flux with an arbitrary spectral index is performed. We find a spectral index of 2.2(-0.2)(+0.2), which is also in good agreement with the Southern Hemisphere result.
School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
M G
MG
Aartsen
Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
K
K
Abraham
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
M
M
Ackermann
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
J
J
Adams
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
J A
JA
Aguilar
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
M
M
Ahlers
Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
M
M
Ahrens
Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
D
D
Altmann
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
T
T
Anderson
Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
M
M
Archinger
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
C
C
Arguelles
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
T C
TC
Arlen
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
J
J
Auffenberg
Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA.
X
X
Bai
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
S W
SW
Barwick
Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
V
V
Baum
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
R
R
Bay
Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.|Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
J J
JJ
Beatty
Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
J Becker
JB
Tjus
Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
K-H
KH
Becker
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
E
E
Beiser
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
S
S
BenZvi
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
P
P
Berghaus
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
D
D
Berley
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
E
E
Bernardini
Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
A
A
Bernhard
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.
D Z
DZ
Besson
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.|Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
G
G
Binder
Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
D
D
Bindig
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
M
M
Bissok
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
E
E
Blaufuss
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
J
J
Blumenthal
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
D J
DJ
Boersma
Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
C
C
Bohm
Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.
M
M
Börner
Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
F
F
Bos
Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
D
D
Bose
Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
S
S
Böser
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
O
O
Botner
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
J
J
Braun
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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L
Brayeur
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
H-P
HP
Bretz
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
A M
AM
Brown
Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1.
N
N
Buzinsky
School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
J
J
Casey
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
M
M
Casier
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
E
E
Cheung
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
D
D
Chirkin
Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.
A
A
Christov
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
B
B
Christy
Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A7.
K
K
Clark
Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
L
L
Classen
Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
S
S
Coenders
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.|Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
D F
DF
Cowen
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
A H Cruz
AH
Silva
School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
J
J
Daughhetee
Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
J C
JC
Davis
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
M
M
Day
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
J P A M
JP
de André
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
C
C
De Clercq
Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
H
H
Dembinski
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
S
S
De Ridder
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
P
P
Desiati
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
K D
KD
de Vries
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
G
G
de Wasseige
Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
M
M
de With
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
T
T
DeYoung
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
J C
JC
Díaz-Vélez
Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
J P
JP
Dumm
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
M
M
Dunkman
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
R
R
Eagan
Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
B
B
Eberhardt
Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
T
T
Ehrhardt
Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
B
B
Eichmann
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
S
S
Euler
Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
P A
PA
Evenson
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
O
O
Fadiran
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
S
S
Fahey
Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA.
A R
AR
Fazely
Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
A
A
Fedynitch
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
J
J
Feintzeig
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
J
J
Felde
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
K
K
Filimonov
Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
C
C
Finley
Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
T
T
Fischer-Wasels
Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
S
S
Flis
Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.
T
T
Fuchs
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
M
M
Glagla
Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
T K
TK
Gaisser
Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
R
R
Gaior
Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
J
J
Gallagher
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.|Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
L
L
Gerhardt
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
K
K
Ghorbani
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
D
D
Gier
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
L
L
Gladstone
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
T
T
Glüsenkamp
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
A
A
Goldschmidt
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
G
G
Golup
Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
J G
JG
Gonzalez
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
J A
JA
Goodman
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
D
D
Góra
Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1.
D
D
Grant
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
P
P
Gretskov
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
J C
JC
Groh
Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
A
A
Groß
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.|Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
C
C
Ha
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
C
C
Haack
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
A Haj
AH
Ismail
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
A
A
Hallgren
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
F
F
Halzen
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
B
B
Hansmann
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
K
K
Hanson
Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
D
D
Hebecker
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
D
D
Heereman
Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
K
K
Helbing
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
R
R
Hellauer
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
D
D
Hellwig
Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
S
S
Hickford
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
J
J
Hignight
School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
G C
GC
Hill
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
K D
KD
Hoffman
Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
R
R
Hoffmann
Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
K
K
Holzapfe
Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
A
A
Homeier
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
K
K
Hoshina
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
F
F
Huang
Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
M
M
Huber
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
W
W
Huelsnitz
Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
P O
PO
Hulth
Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
K
K
Hultqvist
Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
S
S
In
Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
A
A
Ishihara
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
E
E
Jacobi
CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA.
G S
GS
Japaridze
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
K
K
Jero
Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
M
M
Jurkovic
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
B
B
Kaminsky
Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
A
A
Kappes
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
T
T
Karg
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
A
A
Karle
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.|Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
M
M
Kauer
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
A
A
Keivani
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
J L
JL
Kelley
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
J
J
Kemp
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
A
A
Kheirandish
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA.
J
J
Kiryluk
Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
J
J
Kläs
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.|Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
S R
SR
Klein
Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
G
G
Kohnen
Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
H
H
Kolanoski
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
R
R
Konietz
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
A
A
Koob
Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
L
L
Köpke
Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1.
C
C
Kopper
Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
S
S
Kopper
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
D J
DJ
Koskinen
Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.|DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
M
M
Kowalski
Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
K
K
Krings
Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
G
G
Kroll
Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
M
M
Kroll
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
J
J
Kunnen
Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
N
N
Kurahashi
Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
T
T
Kuwabara
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
M
M
Labare
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
J L
JL
Lanfranchi
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
M J
MJ
Larson
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA.
M
M
Lesiak-Bzdak
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
M
M
Leuermann
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
J
J
Leuner
Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
J
J
Lünemann
Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA.
J
J
Madsen
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
G
G
Maggi
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
K B M
KB
Mahn
Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
R
R
Maruyama
Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
K
K
Mase
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
H S
HS
Matis
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
R
R
Maunu
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
F
F
McNally
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
K
K
Meagher
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
M
M
Medici
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
A
A
Meli
Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.
T
T
Menne
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
G
G
Merino
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
T
T
Meures
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.|Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
S
S
Miarecki
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
E
E
Middell
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
E
E
Middlemas
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
J
J
Miller
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
L
L
Mohrmann
Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.
T
T
Montaruli
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
R
R
Morse
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
R
R
Nahnhauer
Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
U
U
Naumann
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA.
H
H
Niederhausen
Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1.
S C
SC
Nowicki
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
D R
DR
Nygren
Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
A
A
Obertacke
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
A
A
Olivas
Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
A
A
Omairat
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
A
A
O'Murchadha
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.
T
T
Palczewski
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
L
L
Paul
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.
J A
JA
Pepper
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
C Pérez
CP
de Los Heros
Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
C
C
Pfendner
Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.
D
D
Pieloth
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
E
E
Pinat
Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
J
J
Posselt
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
P B
PB
Price
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
G T
GT
Przybylski
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
J
J
Pütz
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
M
M
Quinnan
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
L
L
Rädel
Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.
M
M
Rameez
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA.
K
K
Rawlins
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
P
P
Redl
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
R
R
Reimann
Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
M
M
Relich
Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
E
E
Resconi
Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.
W
W
Rhode
Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
M
M
Richman
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
S
S
Richter
Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1.
B
B
Riedel
School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
S
S
Robertson
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
M
M
Rongen
Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
C
C
Rott
Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.
T
T
Ruhe
Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
B
B
Ruzybayev
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
D
D
Ryckbosch
Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
S M
SM
Saba
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
L
L
Sabbatini
Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
H-G
HG
Sander
Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.
A
A
Sandrock
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
J
J
Sandroos
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom.
S
S
Sarkar
Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
K
K
Schatto
Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.
F
F
Scheriau
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
M
M
Schimp
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
T
T
Schmidt
Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.
M
M
Schmitz
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
S
S
Schoenen
Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
S
S
Schöneberg
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
A
A
Schönwald
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
A
A
Schukraft
Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
L
L
Schulte
Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
D
D
Seckel
Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA.
S
S
Seunarine
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
R
R
Shanidze
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
M W E
MW
Smith
Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
D
D
Soldin
Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA.
G M
GM
Spiczak
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
C
C
Spiering
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
M
M
Stahlberg
Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
M
M
Stamatikos
Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
T
T
Stanev
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
N A
NA
Stanisha
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
A
A
Stasik
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
T
T
Stezelberger
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
R G
RG
Stokstad
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
A
A
Stößl
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
E A
EA
Strahler
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
R
R
Ström
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
N L
NL
Strotjohann
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
G W
GW
Sullivan
Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
M
M
Sutherland
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
H
H
Taavola
School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
I
I
Taboada
Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA.
S
S
Ter-Antonyan
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
A
A
Terliuk
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
G
G
Tešić
Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
S
S
Tilav
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.
P A
PA
Toale
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
M N
MN
Tobin
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
D
D
Tosi
Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
M
M
Tselengidou
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
E
E
Unger
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
M
M
Usner
Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.
S
S
Vallecorsa
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
N
N
van Eijndhoven
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
J
J
Vandenbroucke
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
J
J
van Santen
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
S
S
Vanheule
Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
J
J
Veenkamp
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
M
M
Vehring
Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
M
M
Voge
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
M
M
Vraeghe
Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
C
C
Walck
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
M
M
Wallraff
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
N
N
Wandkowsky
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
C
C
Weaver
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
C
C
Wendt
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
S
S
Westerhoff
School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
B J
BJ
Whelan
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
N
N
Whitehorn
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
C
C
Wichary
Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
K
K
Wiebe
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
C H
CH
Wiebusch
Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
L
L
Wille
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.
D R
DR
Williams
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
H
H
Wissing
Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
M
M
Wolf
Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1.
T R
TR
Wood
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
K
K
Woschnagg
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.
D L
DL
Xu
Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA.
X W
XW
Xu
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA.
Y
Y
Xu
DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany.
J P
JP
Yanez
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
G
G
Yodh
Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
S
S
Yoshida
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.
P
P
Zarzhitsky
Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
M
M
Zoll