The relationship between coping and psychological and physical adjustment in rheumatoid arthritis: a literature review.
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review examines how specific coping strategies are associated with psychological and physical outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis.


METHODS
Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-term condition that people cope with but it is unclear whether specific coping strategies have an effect on mood and function. Therefore a systematic review was undertaken of the coping with arthritis literature and 174 studies were initially included. Further examination determined that 31 studies (11 longitudinal and 20 cross sectional) were finally included in the review. The 31 studies were clinically and methodologically diverse; therefore the analysis of results was a qualitative synthesis. Coping strategies that contributed to the prediction of outcomes were allocated to a new structure for the classification of coping.


RESULTS
The results demonstrated there was not sufficient, consistent evidence to support the overall view that individual coping strategies contributed to longitudinal outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis. However, major differences in the design of included studies may have hindered the comparison of results. There was some evidence from longitudinal studies that patients who used resting, inactivity, etc. (helplessness category) experienced negative outcomes. Avoidance (escape) was the most common overall category associated with predominantly negative outcomes in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.


CONCLUSIONS
There was generally limited evidence to suggest an association between coping strategies and outcomes but the design of studies and the lack of clarity about coping strategies were identified as problems. This study used a new framework for the conceptualisation of coping strategies, thus contributing to further examining the utility of coping strategies and contributing to their redefinition.


CONCLUSIONS
The use of helplessness (inactivity and passive coping) and escape/avoidant coping strategies, including denial and wishful thinking, could be identified and addressed by nurses and other health professionals to reduce the associated negative outcomes.
Lecturer in Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery Research Unit, Faculty of Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UKLecturer in Health Psychology, School of Medicine Health Policy and Practice, Faculty of Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UKProfessor of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine Health Policy and Practice, Faculty of Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
Janet
J
Ramjeet
Lecturer in Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery Research Unit, Faculty of Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UKLecturer in Health Psychology, School of Medicine Health Policy and Practice, Faculty of Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UKProfessor of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine Health Policy and Practice, Faculty of Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
Jane
J
Smith
Lecturer in Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery Research Unit, Faculty of Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UKLecturer in Health Psychology, School of Medicine Health Policy and Practice, Faculty of Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UKProfessor of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine Health Policy and Practice, Faculty of Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
Malcolm
M
Adams
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000339:Affect; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D012917:Social Adjustment
coping; disability; emotional distress; nurses; rheumatology; systematic review