Research Stakeholders' Views on Benefits and Challenges for Public Health Research Data Sharing in Kenya: The Importance of Trust and Social Relations.
BACKGROUND
There is increasing recognition of the importance of sharing research data within the international scientific community, but also of the ethical and social challenges this presents, particularly in the context of structural inequities and varied capacity in international research. Public involvement is essential to building locally responsive research policies, including on data sharing, but little research has involved stakeholders from low-to-middle income countries.


METHODS
Between January and June 2014, a qualitative study was conducted in Kenya involving sixty stakeholders with varying experiences of research in a deliberative process to explore views on benefits and challenges in research data sharing. In-depth interviews and extended small group discussions based on information sharing and facilitated debate were used to collect data. Data were analysed using Framework Analysis, and charting flow and dynamics in debates.


RESULTS
The findings highlight both the opportunities and challenges of communicating about this complex and relatively novel topic for many stakeholders. For more and less research-experienced stakeholders, ethical research data sharing is likely to rest on the development and implementation of appropriate trust-building processes, linked to local perceptions of benefits and challenges. The central nature of trust is underpinned by uncertainties around who might request what data, for what purpose and when. Key benefits perceived in this consultation were concerned with the promotion of public health through science, with legitimate beneficiaries defined differently by different groups. Important challenges were risks to the interests of study participants, communities and originating researchers through stigmatisation, loss of privacy, impacting autonomy and unfair competition, including through forms of intentional and unintentional 'misuse' of data. Risks were also seen for science.


CONCLUSIONS
Given background structural inequities in much international research, building trust in this low-to-middle income setting includes ensuring that the interests of study participants, primary communities and originating researchers will be promoted as far as possible, as well as protected. Important ways of building trust in data sharing include involving the public in policy development and implementation, promoting scientific collaborations around data sharing and building close partnerships between researchers and government health authorities to provide checks and balances on data sharing, and promote near and long-term translational benefits.
Health Systems and Research Ethics Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
Irene
I
Jao
Health Systems and Research Ethics Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
Francis
F
Kombe
Health Systems and Research Ethics Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
Salim
S
Mwalukore
Ethox Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Susan
S
Bull
Ethox Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Michael
M
Parker
Health Systems and Research Ethics Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Ethox Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Dorcas
D
Kamuya
Health Systems and Research Ethics Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Sassy
S
Molyneux
Health Systems and Research Ethics Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Vicki
V
Marsh
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000941:ethics*; D006801:Humans; D033181:Information Dissemination / Q000941:ethics*; D007391:International Cooperation; D007630:Kenya; D008875:Middle Aged; D011634:Public Health / Q000941:ethics*; D012108:Research Personnel / Q000941:ethics; D057545:Social Stigma; D035502:Trust