Challenges in the determination of aminoglycoside antibiotics, a review.
Residues of antibiotics (ABs) in the aquatic environment and in food of animal origin represent a major concern, as prolonged exposure to ABs is a serious health hazard, related to both the side effects of prolonged use and the risk of developing bacterial resistance to various ABs. Given the low levels of the AB residues in complex matrices, the development of sensitive analytical methods represents a major challenge. This is certainly true for the aminoglycoside ABs (AGs) which lack a chromophore and show poor chromatographic properties in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. This paper reviews the current state of the art in the determination of AGs. Attention is paid to extraction, sample clean-up, chromatographic separation, and detection of AGs in both environmental and food samples and in plasma and serum. A general workflow for the analysis of AGs is presented which takes into account the matrix and required level of information.
Ahram Canadian University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt; The American University in Cairo, School of Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
Faten
F
Farouk
The American University in Cairo, School of Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
Hassan M E
HM
Azzazy
VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; hyphen MassSpec, Herenweg 95, 2361 EK Warmond, The Netherlands. Electronic address: w.m.a.niessen@vu.nl.
Wilfried M A
WM
Niessen
D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D056148:Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D013058:Mass Spectrometry
D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
Aminoglycosides; Antibiotic residue; Food contamination; Residue analysis; Therapeutic drug monitoring; Water contamination