Local Anesthetic Peripheral Nerve Block Adjuvants for Prolongation of Analgesia: A Systematic Qualitative Review.
BACKGROUND
The use of peripheral nerve blocks for anesthesia and postoperative analgesia has increased significantly in recent years. Adjuvants are frequently added to local anesthetics to prolong analgesia following peripheral nerve blockade. Numerous randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses have examined the pros and cons of the use of various individual adjuvants.


OBJECTIVE
To systematically review adjuvant-related randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses and provide clinical recommendations for the use of adjuvants in peripheral nerve blocks.


METHODS
Randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses that were published between 1990 and 2014 were included in the initial bibliographic search, which was conducted using Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE. Only studies that were published in English and listed block analgesic duration as an outcome were included. Trials that had already been published in the identified meta-analyses and included adjuvants not in widespread use and published without an Investigational New Drug application or equivalent status were excluded.


RESULTS
Sixty one novel clinical trials and meta-analyses were identified and included in this review. The clinical trials reported analgesic duration data for the following adjuvants: buprenorphine (6), morphine (6), fentanyl (10), epinephrine (3), clonidine (7), dexmedetomidine (7), dexamethasone (7), tramadol (8), and magnesium (4). Studies of perineural buprenorphine, clonidine, dexamethasone, dexmedetomidine, and magnesium most consistently demonstrated prolongation of peripheral nerve blocks.


CONCLUSIONS
Buprenorphine, clonidine, dexamethasone, magnesium, and dexmedetomidine are promising agents for use in prolongation of local anesthetic peripheral nerve blocks, and further studies of safety and efficacy are merited. However, caution is recommended with use of any perineural adjuvant, as none have Food and Drug Administration approval, and concerns for side effects and potential toxicity persist.
Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States of America; Department of Anesthesiology, Weill College of Medicine at Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America.
Meghan A
MA
Kirksey
Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States of America; Department of Anesthesiology, Weill College of Medicine at Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America.
Stephen C
SC
Haskins
Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States of America.
Jennifer
J
Cheng
Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States of America; Department of Anesthesiology, Weill College of Medicine at Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America.
Spencer S
SS
Liu
D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000494:pharmacology; D000698:Analgesia; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000187:drug effects*; D036301:Qualitative Research
D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents