Global deletion of BCATm increases expression of skeletal muscle genes associated with protein turnover.
Consumption of a protein-containing meal by a fasted animal promotes protein accretion in skeletal muscle, in part through leucine stimulation of protein synthesis and indirectly through repression of protein degradation mediated by its metabolite, α-ketoisocaproate. Mice lacking the mitochondrial branched-chain aminotransferase (BCATm/Bcat2), which interconverts leucine and α-ketoisocaproate, exhibit elevated protein turnover. Here, the transcriptomes of gastrocnemius muscle from BCATm knockout (KO) and wild-type mice were compared by next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to identify potential adaptations associated with their persistently altered nutrient signaling. Statistically significant changes in the abundance of 1,486/∼39,010 genes were identified. Bioinformatics analysis of the RNA-Seq data indicated that pathways involved in protein synthesis [eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-2, mammalian target of rapamycin, eIF4, and p70S6K pathways including 40S and 60S ribosomal proteins], protein breakdown (e.g., ubiquitin mediated), and muscle degeneration (apoptosis, atrophy, myopathy, and cell death) were upregulated. Also in agreement with our previous observations, the abundance of mRNAs associated with reduced body size, glycemia, plasma insulin, and lipid signaling pathways was altered in BCATm KO mice. Consistently, genes encoding anaerobic and/or oxidative metabolism of carbohydrate, fatty acids, and branched chain amino acids were modestly but systematically reduced. Although there was no indication that muscle fiber type was different between KO and wild-type mice, a difference in the abundance of mRNAs associated with a muscular dystrophy phenotype was observed, consistent with the published exercise intolerance of these mice. The results suggest transcriptional adaptations occur in BCATm KO mice that along with altered nutrient signaling may contribute to their previously reported protein turnover, metabolic and exercise phenotypes.
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania; clynch@psu.edu.
Christopher J
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2453-5838
CJ
Lynch
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania;
Scot R
SR
Kimball
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania;
Yuping
Y
Xu
The Institute for Personalized Medicine, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania;
Anna C
AC
Salzberg
The Institute for Personalized Medicine, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
Yuka Imamura
YI
Kawasawa
D000818:Animals; D017353:Gene Deletion; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D000637:Transaminases / Q000235:genetics*
D009124:Muscle Proteins; C094227:Bcat1 protein, mouse; D000637:Transaminases
TCA cycle; branched-chain amino acids; dystrophy; eukaryotic initiation factor-2; glycolysis; integrin-linked kinase; leucine; mTOR; myopathy; protein degradation; protein synthesis; signaling; α-ketoisocaproate