Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Based Metabolic Comparative Analysis of Two Apple Varieties with Different Resistances to Apple Scab Attacks.
Apple scab, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, is the most serious disease of the apple worldwide. Two cultivars (Malus domestica), having different degrees of resistance against fungi attacks, were analyzed by (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Aqueous and organic extracts of both apple flesh and skin were studied, and over 30 metabolites, classified as organic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, lipids, sterols, and other metabolites, were quantified by means of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR experiments. The metabolic profiles of the two apple cultivars were compared, and the differences were correlated with the different degrees of resistance to apple scab by means of univariate analysis. Levels of metabolites with known antifungal activity were observed not only to be higher in the Almagold cultivar but also to show different correlation patterns in comparison to Golden Delicious, implying a difference in the metabolic network involved in their biosynthesis.
Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
Fabio
F
Sciubba
Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
Maria Enrica
ME
Di Cocco
Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
Raffaella
R
Gianferri
Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
Giorgio
G
Capuani
Fruit Tree Research Centre, Council for Research and Experimentation in Agriculture (CREA) , Via di Fioranello 52, 00134 Rome, Italy.
Flavio Roberto
FR
De Salvador
Edmund Mach Foundation, Research and Innovation Centre (CRI) , Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy.
Marco
M
Fontanari
Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
Daniela
D
Gorietti
Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
Maurizio
M
Delfini
D001203:Ascomycota; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D060467:Disease Resistance; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D027845:Malus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D055442:Metabolome; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D013045:Species Specificity
D002241:Carbohydrates; D008055:Lipids; D010636:Phenols
Malus domestica Borkh.; NMR; Venturia inaequalis; metabolic profile