Are Facebook "Friends" Helpful? Development of a Facebook-Based Measure of Social Support and Examination of Relationships Among Depression, Quality of Life, and Social Support.
Greater social support is predictive of lower depression and higher quality of life (QOL). However, the way in which social support is provided has changed greatly with the expanding role of social networking sites (e.g., Facebook). While there are numerous anecdotal accounts of the benefits of Facebook-based social support, little empirical evidence exists to support these assertions, and there are no empirically validated measures designed to assess social support provided via this unique social networking medium. This study sought to develop an empirically sound measure of Facebook-based social support (Facebook Measure of Social Support [FMSS]) and to assess how this new measure relates to previously established measures of support and two outcome variables: depression and QOL. Following exploratory factor analysis, the FMSS was determined to assess four factors of social support on Facebook (Perceived, Emotional, Negative, Received/Instrumental). The Negative Support factor on the FMSS was most strongly related to both depression and QOL with magnitudes (and direction of relationships) comparable to a traditional measure of perceived social support. However, two FMSS factors (Received/Instrumental and Perceived) were unrelated to both mental health outcomes. Contrary to expectations, elevations in one FMSS factor (Emotional) was associated with worse symptoms of depression and poorer psychological QOL. When taken together, only the absence of negative social support on Facebook is significantly predictive of mental health functioning. Consequently, those hoping to use Facebook as a medium for reducing depression or improving QOL are unlikely to realize significant therapeutic benefits.
1 Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University , Ypsilanti, Michigan.
Wilfred
W
McCloskey
1 Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University , Ypsilanti, Michigan.
Sierra
S
Iwanicki
1 Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University , Ypsilanti, Michigan.
Dean
D
Lauterbach
1 Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University , Ypsilanti, Michigan.|2 University of Michigan Health System , Ann Arbor, Michigan.
David M
DM
Giammittorio
1 Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University , Ypsilanti, Michigan.|3 Department of Psychology, University of North Texas , Denton, Texas.
Kendal
K
Maxwell
D000328:Adult; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D061108:Social Media; D012944:Social Support; D055815:Young Adult