Genotoxic Effect in Autoimmune Diseases Evaluated by the Micronucleus Test Assay: Our Experience and Literature Review.
Autoimmune diseases (AD) are classified into organ-specific, systemic, and mixed; all forms of AD share a high risk for cancer development. In AD a destructive immune response induced by autoreactive lymphocytes is started and continues with the production of autoantibodies against different targets; furthermore apoptosis failure and loss of balance in oxidative stress as a consequence of local or systemic inflammation are common features seen in AD as well. Micronucleus (MN) assay can be performed in order to evaluate loss of genetic material in a clear, accurate, fast, simple, and minimally invasive test. The MN formation in the cytoplasm of cells that have undergone proliferation is a consequence of DNA fragmentation during mitosis and the appearance of small additional nuclei during interphase. The MN test, widely accepted for in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity research, provides a sensitive marker of genomic damage associated to diverse conditions. In here, we present a review of our work and other published papers concerning genotoxic effect in AD, identified by means of the MN assay, with the aim of proposing this tool as a possible early biomarker for genotoxic damage, which is a consequence of disease progression. Additionally this biomarker could be used for follow-up, to asses genome damage associated to therapies.
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, 45129 Zapopan, JAL, Mexico.
Olivia
O
Torres-Bugarín
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, 45129 Zapopan, JAL, Mexico.
Nicole
N
Macriz Romero
CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, 45221 Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico.
María Luisa
ML
Ramos Ibarra
Unidad Académica de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155 Tepic, NAY, Mexico.
Aurelio
A
Flores-García
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, 45129 Zapopan, JAL, Mexico.
Penélope
P
Valdez Aburto
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, 45129 Zapopan, JAL, Mexico.
María Guadalupe
MG
Zavala-Cerna
D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D008938:Mitosis / Q000187:drug effects; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects
D002273:Carcinogens; D009153:Mutagens