Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability: A Systematic Review.
BACKGROUND
A comprehensive systematic literature review of the health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) differences among individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI), ankle-sprain copers, and healthy control participants has not been conducted. It could provide a better indication of the self-reported deficits that may be present in individuals with CAI.


OBJECTIVE
To systematically summarize the extent to which HRQOL deficits are present in individuals with CAI.


METHODS
We searched for articles in the electronic databases of EBSCO Host and PubMed Central using key words chronic, functional, mechanical, coper, instability, sprains, and patient-assessed. We also performed a hand search of reference lists, authors, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of the articles screened for inclusion.


METHODS
Studies were included if they (1) incorporated a PRO as a participant descriptor or as a study outcome to compare adults with CAI to ankle-sprain copers or healthy controls, (2) were written in English, and (3) were published in peer-reviewed journals.


METHODS
Two authors independently assessed methodologic quality using the modified Downs and Black Index. Articles were filtered into 3 categories based on between-groups comparisons: CAI and copers, CAI and healthy control participants, copers and healthy participants. We calculated Hedges g effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals to examine PRO group differences.


RESULTS
Of the 124 studies assessed for eligibility, 27 were included. A total of 24 articles compared PROs in individuals with CAI and healthy controls, 7 compared individuals with CAI and copers, and 4 compared copers and healthy controls. Quality scores on the modified Downs and Black Index ranged from 52.9% to 88.2%, with 8 high-, 16 moderate-, and 3 low-quality studies. Overall, we observed moderate to strong evidence that individuals with CAI displayed deficits on generic and region-specific PROs compared with copers and healthy controls. However, evidence that differences exist between copers and healthy controls was conflicting. In addition, for dimension-specific outcomes, evidence to suggest that fear of reinjury is heightened in individuals with CAI was limited.


CONCLUSIONS
The evidence suggested that CAI is associated with functional and HRQOL deficits, particularly when examined with region-specific PROs. However, PROs do not appear to differ between copers and healthy controls.
Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ;
Megan N
MN
Houston
School of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.
Johanna M
JM
Hoch
School of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.
Matthew C
MC
Hoch
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D011788:Quality of Life; D057566:Self Report; D055815:Young Adult
ankle sprains; patient-centered care; region-specific outcomes