Treatment of advanced thyroid cancer: role of molecularly targeted therapies.
Advanced thyroid cancer is not amenable to therapy with conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, newer advances in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of different subtypes of thyroid cancer have provided new opportunities for the evaluation of molecularly targeted therapies. This has led to multiple clinical trials using various multi-kinase inhibitors and the subsequent US FDA approval of sorafenib for differentiated thyroid cancer and vandetanib and cabozantinib for medullary thyroid carcinoma. This review provides a summary of the current literature for the treatment of advanced thyroid carcinoma and future directions in this disease.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Lorinda L
LL
Covell
Apar Kishor
AK
Ganti
D000813:Anilides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077784:Axitinib; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D017277:Drug Approval; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007191:Indazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010880:Piperidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011804:Quinolines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077157:Sorafenib; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077210:Sunitinib; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy*; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
D000813:Anilides; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000077784:Axitinib; D007093:Imidazoles; D007191:Indazoles; D007211:Indoles; D009536:Niacinamide; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010880:Piperidines; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D011725:Pyridines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D011758:Pyrroles; D011799:Quinazolines; D011804:Quinolines; D000077157:Sorafenib; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000077210:Sunitinib; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C558660:cabozantinib; C516667:pazopanib; C099282:RET protein, human; C531958:lenvatinib; C519562:imetelstat; C452423:vandetanib