Cellular Transport and Bioactivity of a Major Saffron Apocarotenoid, Picrocrocin (4-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde).
The cellular transport and bioactivity of the second major saffron apocarotenoid, picrocrocin, was examined in parallel to that of the major group, crocetin sugar esters, in aqueous extracts. The transport of pure picrocrocin was investigated in comparison to that of other saffron apocarotenoids, trans-crocetin (di-β-D-gentiobiosyl) ester and crocetin using the Caco-2 cell model coupled with an in vitro digestion procedure. RP-HPLC-DAD was employed to quantify the bioaccessible and bioavailable amounts of individual apocarotenoids. Picrocrocin and crocetin sugar esters though highly bioaccessible (75% and 60%, respectively) were transported at minute quantities (0.2% and 0.5%, respectively; 10-fold lower than crocetin). Picrocrocin did not protect against oxidant-induced DNA damage in U937, human monocytic blood cells at the concentration investigated, however, it reduced the proliferation of human adenocarcinoma and hepatocarcinoma cells. Our findings may be useful for the requirements of food legislation regarding saffron preparations, in which both apocarotenoid groups coexist.
Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh) , 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Anastasia
A
Kyriakoudi
School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland.
Yvonne C
YC
O'Callaghan
School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland.
Karen
K
Galvin
Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh) , 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Maria Z
MZ
Tsimidou
School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland.
Nora M
NM
O'Brien
D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D027622:Crocus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004063:Digestion; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005960:Glucosides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013729:Terpenes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
D053138:Cyclohexenes; D005960:Glucosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013729:Terpenes; C087962:picrocrocin
bioactivity; cellular transport; crocetin; picrocrocin; saffron apocarotenoids