A review of the organization, regulation, and financing practices of postgraduate education in clinical nursing in 12 European countries.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to generate information of postgraduate education in clinical nursing in the EU member states.


METHODS
Data were collected via a structured electronic questionnaire and the questionnaire was sent to the government chief nurses in 26 EU countries in May 2013. Response rate was 46% (n=12).


RESULTS
In total, 42 domains of specialization were identified. The most common domains were intensive care, mental health, operating room, emergency care, and pediatrics. Specialization programs were organized by university in two of the respondent countries, as residency program in one country, and as a mix of them in four countries. Regulation practices varied remarkably between the countries: scope of practice, subjects, entry requirements, length of education, description of the minimum competence requirements, and education standards related to the specialization programs were most often regulated by act, decree or other regulation. In some of the countries, no registration was required beyond the initial registration, whereas in some others, registration practices varied depending on the specialization program. New information was gathered on the regulation practices of postgraduate education in clinical nursing in the European Region concerning title provision, entry requirements, and financing practices. The awarded title on specialization programs depended on the level of postgraduate education, and the title might vary between the domains. General clinical experience was included in the entry requirements in seven countries. The government was mainly responsible for financing the postgraduate education in four countries, employer in three countries, and in the rest of the countries, there was a combination of different financiers.


CONCLUSIONS
The importance of knowledge exchange on postgraduate education across the European countries needs to be acknowledged. Information provided by this study on international regulation practices provides useful information for the policy-makers regarding the organization of the postgraduate education in clinical nursing.
Department of Clinical Nutrition and Public Health, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Elina
E
Rautiainen
Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: marjukka.vallimiespatomaki@stm.fi.
Marjukka
M
Vallimies-Patomäki
D004511:Education, Nursing, Graduate / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005060:Europe; D013041:Specialties, Nursing
Clinical nursing; Information dissemination; Policy; Postgraduate nursing education