Effects of a Curricular Physical Activity Intervention on Children's School Performance, Wellness, and Brain Development.
BACKGROUND
Physical activity and structural differences in the hippocampus have been linked to educational outcome. We investigated whether a curriculum-based physical activity intervention correlates positively with children's academic achievement, psychological well-being, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), fitness, and structural development of the brain.


METHODS
The study had a quasi-experimental design and a control group. National test results were gathered from 545 students, 122 in the intervention school, and 423 in 3 control schools. HRQoL and socioemotional data were collected with child and proxy versions of KIDSCREEN and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Overall, 79 students in grades 5 and 6 were recruited for an in-depth study, consisting of a submaximal oxygen consumption test and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. HRQoL and socioemotional data were collected from 349 students (65%), 182 (52%) in the intervention school, and 167 (48%) in one of the control schools.


RESULTS
Girls attending the intervention school were more likely to pass national tests in Swedish (odds ratio 5.7) and Mathematics (odds ratio 3.2). The fourth to sixth graders in the intervention school reported lower levels of conduct problems (p < .05), and the girls were also less likely to report hyperactivity (p < .05). Girls reported higher levels of emotional problems (p < .05) than boys. Boys in the intervention group had significantly higher levels of estimated maximal oxygen uptake (p < .05) than controls. No difference in hippocampal structure was seen.


CONCLUSIONS
Curriculum-based physical activity in school may improve the academic achievement and psychological health of children, particularly for girls.
Advanced Reconstruction of Extremities, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, House U1, 6th Floor, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden; Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. lina.bunketorp-kall@neuro.gu.se.
Lina
L
Bunketorp Käll
Department of Philosophy, Linguistics and Theory of Science, University of Gothenburg, Box 200, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. helge.malmgren@filosofi.gu.se.
Helge
H
Malmgren
Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. erik.olsson@neuro.gu.se.
Erik
E
Olsson
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. thomas.linden@neuro.gu.se.|Hunter Medical Research Institute/University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia. thomas.linden@neuro.gu.se.|Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 245 Burgundy Street, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia. thomas.linden@neuro.gu.se.
Thomas
T
Lindén
Hunter Medical Research Institute/University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia. michael.nilsson@hmri.com.au.|Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. michael.nilsson@hmri.com.au.
Michael
M
Nilsson
D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012572:School Health Services; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D013548:Sweden
MRI; academic achievement; brain; children; physical activity; psychological health