Mean glandular dose coefficients (D(g)N) for x-ray spectra used in contemporary breast imaging systems.
To develop tables of normalized glandular dose coefficients D(g)N for a range of anode-filter combinations and tube voltages used in contemporary breast imaging systems. Previously published mono-energetic D(g)N values were used with various spectra to mathematically compute D(g)N coefficients. The tungsten anode spectra from TASMICS were used; molybdenum and rhodium anode-spectra were generated using MCNPX Monte Carlo code. The spectra were filtered with various thicknesses of Al, Rh, Mo or Cu. An initial half value layer (HVL) calculation was made using the anode and filter material. A range of the HVL values was produced with the addition of small thicknesses of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a surrogate for the breast compression paddle, to produce a range of HVL values at each tube voltage. Using a spectral weighting method, D(g)N coefficients for the generated spectra were calculated for breast glandular densities of 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 37.5%, 50% and 100% for a range of compressed breast thicknesses from 3 to 8 cm. Eleven tables of normalized glandular dose (D(g)N) coefficients were produced for the following anode/filter combinations: W + 50 μm Ag, W + 500 μm Al, W + 700 μm Al, W + 200 μm Cu, W + 300 μm Cu, W + 50 μm Rh, Mo + 400 μm Cu, Mo + 30 μm Mo, Mo + 25 μm Rh, Rh + 400 μm Cu and Rh + 25 μm Rh. Where possible, these results were compared to previously published D(g)N values and were found to be on average less than 2% different than previously reported values.Over 200 pages of D(g)N coefficients were computed for modeled x-ray system spectra that are used in a number of new breast imaging applications. The reported values were found to be in excellent agreement when compared to published values.
Department of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Anita
A
Nosratieh
Andrew
A
Hernandez
Sam Z
SZ
Shen
Martin J
MJ
Yaffe
J Anthony
JA
Seibert
John M
JM
Boone
D000465:Algorithms; D001940:Breast / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D008982:Molybdenum; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D012238:Rhodium; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission / Q000379:methods*; D014414:Tungsten; D014965:X-Rays
D008982:Molybdenum; D012238:Rhodium; D014414:Tungsten