The Role of Gluten in Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes.
Celiac disease (CD) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) are autoimmune conditions in which dietary gluten has been proven or suggested to play a pathogenic role. In CD; gluten is established as the instigator of autoimmunity; the autoimmune process is halted by removing gluten from the diet; which allows for resolution of celiac autoimmune enteropathy and subsequent normalization of serological markers of the disease. However; an analogous causative agent has not yet been identified for T1D. Nevertheless; the role of dietary gluten in development of T1D and the potentially beneficial effect of removing gluten from the diet of patients with T1D are still debated. In this review; we discuss the comorbid occurrence of CD and T1D and explore current evidences for the specific role of gluten in both conditions; specifically focusing on current evidence on the effect of gluten on the immune system and the gut microbiota.
Center for Celiac Research, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA. gserena@mgh.harvard.edu.|Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. gserena@mgh.harvard.edu.
Gloria
G
Serena
Center for Celiac Research, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA. sscamhi@partners.org.
Stephanie
S
Camhi
Center for Celiac Research, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA. csturgeon@mgh.harvard.edu.|Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. csturgeon@mgh.harvard.edu.
Craig
C
Sturgeon
Center for Celiac Research, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA. syan4@mgh.harvard.edu.
Shu
S
Yan
Center for Celiac Research, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA. afasano@mgh.harvard.edu.
Alessio
A
Fasano
D000818:Animals; D015551:Autoimmunity; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D005983:Glutens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D005983:Glutens
celiac disease; gluten; type 1 diabetes