Tramadol in traumatic brain injury: Should we continue to use it?
OBJECTIVE
Tramadol is commonly used to treat moderate to moderately-severe pain in adults. We aimed to analyze the clinical relevance of tramadol use during weaning and extubation in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).


METHODS
A retrospective observational study was conducted and included all the intubated TBI patients at the level I trauma center between 2011 and 2012. Data included patient's demographics, mechanism of injury (MOI), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), injury severity score, length of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay length of stay (LOS), agitation scale, analgesics, failure of extubation and tracheostomy. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether they received tramadol (Group 1) or not (Group 2) during ventilatory weaning. Chi-square and Student's t-tests were used for categorical and continuous variables; respectively. Logistic regression analysis was performed for predictors of agitation in ICU.


RESULTS
The study included 393 TBI patients; the majority (96%) was males with a mean age of 33.6 ± 14 years. The most common MOI were motor vehicle crash (39%), fall (29%) and pedestrian (17%). The associated injuries were mainly chest (35%) and abdominal (16%) trauma. Tramadol was administered in 51.4% of TBI patients. Tracheostomy was performed in 12.4% cases. Agitation was observed in 34.2% cases. Group 1 patients had significantly lower age (31.6 ± 12.4 vs. 35.7 ± 15.6; P = 0.005) and head AIS (3.5 ± 0.8 vs. 3.9 ± 0.9; P = 0.001) compared to Group 2. The incidence of agitation, ICU and hospital LOS were higher in Group 1. Failure of extubation and tracheostomy were reported more frequently in Group 1 (P = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, tramadol use was an independent predictor for agitation (adjusted odds ratio 21; P = 0.001), followed by low GCS.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients with TBI who received tramadol are more likely to develop agitation, undergo tracheostomy and to have longer hospital LOS. Therefore, an extensive risk-benefit assessment would help to attain maximum efficacy of the drug in TBI patients.
Department of Surgery, Section of Trauma Surgery, Hamad General Hospital (HGH), Doha, Qatar.
Saeed
S
Mahmood
Department of Surgery, Section of Trauma Surgery, Hamad General Hospital (HGH), Doha, Qatar.
Hassan
H
Al-Thani
Department of Surgery, Clinical Research, Section of Trauma Surgery, HGH, Doha, Qatar ; Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical School, Doha, Qatar.
Ayman
A
El-Menyar
Department of Surgery, Section of Trauma Surgery, Hamad General Hospital (HGH), Doha, Qatar.
Mushrek
M
Alani
Department of Surgery, Section of Trauma Surgery, Hamad General Hospital (HGH), Doha, Qatar.
Ammar
A
Al-Hassani
Department of Surgery, Section of Trauma Surgery, Hamad General Hospital (HGH), Doha, Qatar.
Saji
S
Mathrdikkal
Department of Surgery, Section of Trauma Surgery, Hamad General Hospital (HGH), Doha, Qatar.
Ruben
R
Peralta
Department of Surgery, Section of Trauma Surgery, Hamad General Hospital (HGH), Doha, Qatar ; Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Rifat
R
Latifi
Agitation; brain injury; extubation; tramadol; trauma