Mechanisms and therapeutic applications of electromagnetic therapy in Parkinson's disease.
Electromagnetic therapy is a non-invasive and safe approach for the management of several pathological conditions including neurodegenerative diseases. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative pathology caused by abnormal degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta in the midbrain resulting in damage to the basal ganglia. Electromagnetic therapy has been extensively used in the clinical setting in the form of transcranial magnetic stimulation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy which can also be used in the domestic setting. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and therapeutic applications of electromagnetic therapy to alleviate motor and non-motor deficits that characterize Parkinson's disease.
Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Modena, Italy. mary.vadala@gmail.com.
Maria
M
Vadalà
Department of Medicine and Surgery, Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy. vallelungaannamaria@gmail.com.
Annamaria
A
Vallelunga
Department of Nephrology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Modena, Italy. lucia.palmieri@gmail.com.
Lucia
L
Palmieri
Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Modena, Italy. palmieri@unimore.it.
Beniamino
B
Palmieri
Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico. jmoralesm@cinvestav.mx.
Julio Cesar
JC
Morales-Medina
Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. tommaso.iannitti@gmail.com.
Tommaso
T
Iannitti
D006801:Humans; D055909:Magnetic Field Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic