Protective role of theophylline and their interaction with nitric oxide (NO) in adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis in rats.
Theophylline (non-specific PDE inhibitor) and their interactions with nitric oxide modulators were evaluated in adjuvant-induced arthritic model of rats. Wistar rats (200-300g), 8 animals per group were used in the study. The animals were injected with 0.1mL of squalene and 0.2mL of complete Freund's adjuvant on day (0) in sub-planter region of right hind paw controls received only saline. The treatment with theophylline and nitric oxide modulators were done from day 14 to day 28. Arthritis indexes, ankle diameter, paw volume, and body weight were determined to assess RA progression from day (0) to day 28. On day 28 animals were sacrificed and their blood collected for IL-10 and TNF-α cytokine levels and hind paw for pathological analysis. Synovial fluid from joint spaces of CFA inoculated rats was collected to estimate TNF-α level in synovial fluid. The data obtained was analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by the Newman-Keuls post-hoc test. Theophylline (10 and 20mg/kg) significantly decreased adjuvant induced increased arthritis-index, paw volume and ankle diameter (p<0.05 in all parameters) compared to only adjuvant control group. It also reversed adjuvant induced slight decrease in body weight to normalcy. l-Arginine 100mg/kg+theophylline 20mg/kg suppressed TNF-α and elevates IL-10 level as well as reversed adjuvant-induced elevated arthritic parameters as compared to only adjuvant and prednisone group (p<0.001). Synovial TNF-α level of adjuvant only group was several fold higher than its serum level. Treatment with theophylline 20mg/kg significantly reduces synovial TNF-α level as compared to adjuvant only group. Theophylline 20mg/kg+L-NAME 10mg/kg significantly reversed these adjuvant-induced changes in immunological, histopathological and arthritis parameters (p<0.05).
Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, King George's Medical University, UP, Lucknow 226003, India. Electronic address: rishipal@kgmcindia.edu.
Rishi
R
Pal
Department of Physiology, Mayo Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, Lucknow 225001, India.
Manju J
MJ
Chaudhary
Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, King George's Medical University, UP, Lucknow 226003, India.
Prafulla C
PC
Tiwari
Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, UP, Lucknow 226003, India.
Suresh
S
Babu
Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, King George's Medical University, UP, Lucknow 226003, India.
K K
KK
Pant
D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000473:pathology; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; D007596:Joints / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013806:Theophylline / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000187:drug effects
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D020011:Protective Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; D013806:Theophylline; D011241:Prednisone
Complete Freund's adjuvant; Cytokines; Inflammation; Nitric oxide; Rheumatoid arthritis; TNF-α; Theophylline