Kidney Function and Cardiovascular Events in Postmenopausal Women: The Impact of Race and Ethnicity in the Women's Health Initiative.
BACKGROUND
Kidney disease disproportionately affects minority populations, including African Americans and Hispanics; therefore, understanding the relationship of kidney function to cardiovascular (CV) outcomes within different racial/ethnic groups is of considerable interest. We investigated the relationship between kidney function and CV events and assessed effect modification by race/ethnicity in the Women's Health Initiative.


METHODS
Prospective cohort study.


METHODS
Baseline serum creatinine concentrations (assay traceable to isotope-dilution mass spectrometry standard) of 19,411 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years who self-identified as either non-Hispanic white (n=8,921), African American (n=7,436), or Hispanic (n=3,054) were used to calculate estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs).


METHODS
Categories of eGFR (exposure); race/ethnicity (effect modifier).


RESULTS
The primary outcome was the composite of 3 physician-adjudicated CV events: myocardial infarction, stroke, or CV-related death.


METHODS
We evaluated the multivariable-adjusted associations between categories of eGFR and CV events using proportional hazards regression and formally tested for effect modification by race/ethnicity.


RESULTS
During a mean follow-up of 7.6 years, 1,424 CV events (653 myocardial infarctions, 627 strokes, and 297 CV-related deaths) were observed. The association between eGFR and CV events was curvilinear; however, the association of eGFR with CV outcomes differed by race (P=0.006). In stratified analyses, we observed that the U-shaped association was present in non-Hispanic whites, whereas African American participants had a rather curvilinear relationship, with lower eGFR being associated with higher CV risk, and higher eGFR, with reduced CV risk. Analyses among Hispanic women were inconclusive owing to few Hispanic women having very low or high eGFRs and very few events occurring in these categories.


CONCLUSIONS
Lack of urinary albumin measurements; residual confounding by unmeasured or imprecisely measured characteristics.


CONCLUSIONS
In postmenopausal women, the patterns of association between eGFR and CV risk differed between non-Hispanic whites and African American women.
Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
Cristina M
CM
Arce
Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA.
Jinnie J
JJ
Rhee
Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.
Katharine L
KL
Cheung
Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA.
Haley
H
Hedlin
Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA.
Kristopher
K
Kapphahn
University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC.
Nora
N
Franceschini
University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA.
Roberto S
RS
Kalil
George Washington University, Washington, DC.
Lisa W
LW
Martin
University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.
Lihong
L
Qi
MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD.
Nawar M
NM
Shara
Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA.
Manisha
M
Desai
Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA.
Marcia L
ML
Stefanick
Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. Electronic address: winkelma@bcm.edu.
Wolfgang C
WC
Winkelmayer
D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000208:ethnology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016387:Women's Health
African American; CV death; CV events; CV risk; Cardiovascular disease (CVD); Hispanic; Women’s Health Initiative (WHI); estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR); kidney disease; myocardial infarction (MI); race/ethnicity; renal function; serum creatinine; stroke