RETRACTED: CSF1 Restores Innate Immunity After Liver Injury in Mice and Serum Levels Indicate Outcomes of Patients With Acute Liver Failure
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/article-withdrawal).

This article has been retracted at the request of the authors over questions of data integrity and reproducibility. Following an investigation undertaken by the University of Liverpool into research misconduct by Dr Daniel Antoine (https://news.liverpool.ac.uk/2018/07/06/research-misconduct-update/), the remaining authors elected to reanalyze independent samples of the human serum from the patient cohorts originally studied. The human serum analysis had been undertaken by Daniel Antoine at the University of Liverpool for this manuscript (REF PMID: 26344055). The coauthors were unable to reproduce the findings of the human serum analysis (doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.02.437789) and therefore no longer have confidence in the human data component of this manuscript. The authors requested that this paper be retracted in 2019, and the Editors of Gastroenterology agree that this manuscript should be retracted. Dr Daniel Antoine played no part in any other aspects of this manuscript, and the authors have confidence in all other data.
MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Division of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Benjamin M
BM
Stutchfield
MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Daniel J
DJ
Antoine
MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Alison C
AC
Mackinnon
The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Deborah J
DJ
Gow
Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Calum C
CC
Bain
MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Catherine A
CA
Hawley
Division of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Michael J
MJ
Hughes
Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Benjamin
B
Francis
MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Davina
D
Wojtacha
MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Tak Y
TY
Man
National Poisons Information Service Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
James W
JW
Dear
MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Luke R
LR
Devey
Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Alan M
AM
Mowat
MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Jeffrey W
JW
Pollard
MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
B Kevin
BK
Park
MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Stephen J
SJ
Jenkins
Division of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Kenneth J
KJ
Simpson
MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
David A
DA
Hume
Division of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Stephen J
SJ
Wigmore
MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Electronic address: stuart.forbes@ed.ac.uk.
Stuart J
SJ
Forbes
D000818:Animals; D054338:Cell Transdifferentiation; D003115:Colony-Stimulating Factors; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL
D003115:Colony-Stimulating Factors
Clearance; Drug-Induced Liver Damage; Immune Response; M-CSF