SLAM: Stereotactic Radiosurgery of Large Arteriovenous Malformations: Meta-analysis of Hemorrhage in High-Grade Pollock-Flickinger Arteriovenous Malformations.
BACKGROUND
The prognosis of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) after treatment has been predicted largely by 2 grading scales: the Spetzler-Martin and Pollock-Flickinger. Although there are studies that examine the rate of hemorrhage with the Spetzler-Martin scale, there have not been studies examining hemorrhage in which the Pollock-Flickinger score was used. The annual hemorrhage rate after radiosurgery of Pollock-Flickinger AVM scores >2 is analyzed.


METHODS
Literature search for radiosurgery of large AVMs from January 1, 2000 to June 1, 2014 was conducted. Articles were examined for individual patient data and aggregate patient data that reported hemorrhage rates and mortality. Patients were only included if they had an AVM score ≥2.


RESULTS
Annual AVM hemorrhage rate after radiosurgery for all patients (n = 673) was 3.22% (99.3 hemorrhages, 3080.5 follow-up years, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.64%-3.89%). Mortality rate from hemorrhage was 40.08% (95% CI 31.21%-49.90%). A total of 203 patients presented with hemorrhage and 395 did not. In patients with first-time hemorrhage, the annual hemorrhage rate was 3.53% (95% CI 2.66%-4.77%). The annual hemorrhage rate of those with hemorrhagic presentation was 6.10% (95% CI 4.65%-8.07%). The odds ratio comparing re-hemorrhage rate versus first-time hemorrhage is 1.768 (95% CI 1.1571-2.7014, P = 0.0084). Complete obliteration of all AVMs was equal to 33.27% (95% CI, 29.25%-37.54%).


CONCLUSIONS
The annual hemorrhage rate in AVMs with scores >2 treated with radiosurgery was comparable with baseline rupture rates reported for untreated AVMs. With further stratification by hemorrhagic versus nonhemorrhagic presentation, the subsequent annual hemorrhage rates are similar to their respective natural histories. Considering the mortality rate from hemorrhage at 40.08% (95% CI, 35.54%-44.62%), the consequences of radiosurgical treatment of large AVMs is significantly worse than the reported 10%-30% fatality rate from hemorrhage of an untreated AVM. Additionally, the overall mortality rate was 6.24% however the percentage of mortalities from hemorrhage was 97.62%.
Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
Christine Y
CY
Mau
Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
Victor M
VM
Sabourin
Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
Chirag D
CD
Gandhi
Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA. Electronic address: c.prestigiacomo@njms.rutgers.edu.
Charles J
CJ
Prestigiacomo
D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000145:classification / Q000601:surgery*; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D016634:Radiosurgery
AVM hemorrhage rate; Large AVM; Pollock-Flickinger; Radiosurgery