Pleistocene megafaunal interaction networks became more vulnerable after human arrival.
The end of the Pleistocene was marked by the extinction of almost all large land mammals worldwide except in Africa. Although the debate on Pleistocene extinctions has focused on the roles of climate change and humans, the impact of perturbations depends on properties of ecological communities, such as species composition and the organization of ecological interactions. Here, we combined palaeoecological and ecological data, food-web models and community stability analysis to investigate if differences between Pleistocene and modern mammalian assemblages help us understand why the megafauna died out in the Americas while persisting in Africa. We show Pleistocene and modern assemblages share similar network topology, but differences in richness and body size distributions made Pleistocene communities significantly more vulnerable to the effects of human arrival. The structural changes promoted by humans in Pleistocene networks would have increased the likelihood of unstable dynamics, which may favour extinction cascades in communities facing extrinsic perturbations. Our findings suggest that the basic aspects of the organization of ecological communities may have played an important role in major extinction events in the past. Knowledge of community-level properties and their consequences to dynamics may be critical to understand past and future extinctions.
Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil mathiasmpires@gmail.com.
Mathias M
MM
Pires
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
Paul L
PL
Koch
Sección Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
Richard A
RA
Fariña
Departamento de Física da Matéria Condensada, Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
Marcus A M
MA
de Aguiar
Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
Sérgio F
SF
dos Reis
Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil.
Paulo R
PR
Guimarães
D000349:Africa; D000818:Animals; D058448:Biota; D057231:Climate Change; D017753:Ecosystem; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D020387:Food Chain; D005580:Fossils; D006802:Human Activities; D008322:Mammals / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D010163:Paleontology
collapse; community stability; extinction; mammals