Spatial Patterns of Plasmodium falciparum Clinical Incidence, Asymptomatic Parasite Carriage and Anopheles Density in Two Villages in Mali.
Heterogeneity in malaria exposure is most readily recognized in areas with low-transmission patterns. By comparison, little research has been done on spatial patterns in malaria exposure in high-endemic settings. We determined the spatial clustering of clinical malaria incidence, asymptomatic parasite carriage, and Anopheles density in two villages in Mali exposed to low- and mesoendemic-malaria transmission. In the two study areas that were < 1 km(2) in size, we observed evidence for spatial clustering of Anopheles densities or malaria parasite carriage during the dry season. Anopheles density and malaria prevalence appeared associated in some of our detected hotspots. However, many households with high parasite prevalence or high Anopheles densities were located outside the identified hotspots. Our findings indicate that within small villages exposed to low- or mesoendemic-malaria transmission, spatial patterns in mosquito densities and parasite carriage are best detected in the dry season. Considering the high prevalence of parasite carriage outside detected hotspots, the suitability of the area for targeting control efforts to households or areas of more intense malaria transmission may be limited.
Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; ConsultingWhere, Redbourn, St. Albans, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Mahamadou S
MS
Sissoko
Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; ConsultingWhere, Redbourn, St. Albans, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Lotus L
LL
van den Hoogen
Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; ConsultingWhere, Redbourn, St. Albans, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Yacouba
Y
Samake
Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; ConsultingWhere, Redbourn, St. Albans, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Amadou
A
Tapily
Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; ConsultingWhere, Redbourn, St. Albans, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Adama Z
AZ
Diarra
Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; ConsultingWhere, Redbourn, St. Albans, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Maimouna
M
Coulibaly
Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; ConsultingWhere, Redbourn, St. Albans, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Madama
M
Bouare
Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; ConsultingWhere, Redbourn, St. Albans, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Jean
J
Gaudart
Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; ConsultingWhere, Redbourn, St. Albans, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Philip
P
Knight
Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; ConsultingWhere, Redbourn, St. Albans, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Robert W
RW
Sauerwein
Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; ConsultingWhere, Redbourn, St. Albans, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Willem
W
Takken
Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; ConsultingWhere, Redbourn, St. Albans, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands teun.bousema@radboudumc.nl.
Teun
T
Bousema
Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; ConsultingWhere, Redbourn, St. Albans, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Ogobara K
OK
Doumbo
D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D058345:Asymptomatic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D015994:Incidence; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008302:Mali / Q000453:epidemiology; D011156:Population Density; D015995:Prevalence; D012621:Seasons; D062206:Spatial Analysis