Behavior and fate of copper ions in an anammox granular sludge reactor and strategies for remediation.
In this study, the behavior, distribution and form dynamics of overloaded Cu(II) in anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) granular sludge reactors were investigated. The performance and physiological characteristics were tracked by continuous-flow monitoring to evaluate the long-term effects. High Cu loading (0.24 g L(-1)d(-1)) exceeded sludge bearing capacity, and precipitation dominated the removal pathway. The Cu distribution migrated from the extracellular polymeric substances-bound to the cell-associated Cu and the Cu forms shifted from the weakly bound to strongly bound fractions over time. Pearson correlation and fluorescence spectra analyses showed that the increase in protein concentrations in the EPS was a clear self-defense response to Cu(II) stress. Two remediation strategies, i.e., ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) washing and ultrasound-enhanced EDTA washing, weakened the equilibrium metal partition coefficient from 5.8 to 0.45 and 0.34 L mg(-1)SS, respectively, thereby accelerating the external diffusion of the Cu that had accumulated in the anammox granules.
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
Zheng-Zhe
ZZ
Zhang
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
Rui
R
Deng
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
Ya-Fei
YF
Cheng
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
Yu-Huang
YH
Zhou
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
Xiemuguli
X
Buayi
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
Xian
X
Zhang
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
Hui-Zhong
HZ
Wang
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China. Electronic address: jrczju@aliyun.com.
Ren-Cun
RC
Jin
D000465:Algorithms; D000641:Ammonia / Q000737:chemistry*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis*; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis*; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*
D011506:Proteins; D012722:Sewage; D000641:Ammonia; D003300:Copper; D004492:Edetic Acid
Anammox; Copper inhibition; Extracellular polymeric substances; Metal fractions; Remediation strategy