Intimacy and a deadly feud: the interplay of autophagy and apoptosis mediated by amino acids.
Autophagy (i.e., "self-eating") and apoptosis (i.e., type I programmed cell death) are essential and intimately involved in molecular, cellular, and whole-body homeostasis in humans and animals. Autophagy has been categorized as a mechanism of intracellular degradation, recycling, defense, and survival. To date, three types of autophagy have been identified: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Recent discoveries strongly suggest that macroautophagy also modulates type II programmed cell death under specific circumstances. Autophagy and apoptosis are fundamentally distinct processes, but are interconnected by common stress initiators and intermediate regulators. During the past two decades, the role of amino acid metabolism and signaling in the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy has been intensively studied. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate both autophagy and apoptosis in the context of amino acid signaling.
State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China. cauwzl@hotmail.com.
Zhenlong
Z
Wu
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA. ahu@salud.unm.edu.|Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, People's Republic of China. ahu@salud.unm.edu.
Chien-An A
CA
Hu
State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.|Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, People's Republic of China.|Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
Guoyao
G
Wu
Division of Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA, 77030.
Siqin
S
Zhaorigetu
Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 87108.
Hitendra
H
Chand
State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
Kaiji
K
Sun
State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
Yun
Y
Ji
State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
Bin
B
Wang
State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
Zhaolai
Z
Dai
Division of Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA, 77030.
Brian
B
Walton
Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, 80262, USA.
Yubin
Y
Miao
Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, People's Republic of China.
Yongqing
Y
Hou
D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001343:Autophagy; D002450:Cell Communication; D006801:Humans; D015398:Signal Transduction
D000596:Amino Acids
Amino acid; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Crosstalk; Metabolism; Nutrition