Absence of kdr resistance alleles in the Union of the Comoros, East Africa.
Knockdown resistance ( kdr) and CYP9K1 genotypes were detected by a MOLDI-TOF based SNP genotyping assay (Sequenom iPLEX) in samples of Anopheles gambiae collected at 13 sites throughout the Union of the Comoros and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania during February and March 2011. All A. gambiae specimens collected in the Comoros were homozygous for the susceptible kdr alleles (+/+) while 96% of A. gambiae from Dar es Salaam were homozygous for the East African kdr resistant genotype (E/E). In contrast, all specimens from Dar es Salaam and the Comoros were homozygous for the cyp3 allele (c3/c3) at the CYP9K1 locus; the locus has been implicated in metabolic resistance against pyrethroid insecticides in West Africa. All specimens had typical A. gambiae genotypes for SNPs within the divergence Islands on all three chromosomes. Although further spatial and temporal studies are needed, the distribution of kdr genotypes between the Comoros and Tanzania further supports isolation of the Comoros populations from A. gambiae populations on mainland Africa .
Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
Yoosook
Y
Lee
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
Natalie
N
Olson
Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
Youki
Y
Yamasaki
Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
Allison
A
Chang
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
Clare
C
Marsden
Université des Comores, rue de la Corniche, Moroni, Grande Comore, Comoros.
Ahmed
A
Ouledi
Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
Gregory
G
Lanzaro
Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA ; Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
Anthony
A
Cornel
CYP9K1; DIS; Dar es Salaam; insecticide; kncokdown resistence; resistence