Lead and copper immobilization in a shooting range soil using soybean stover- and pine needle-derived biochars: Chemical, microbial and spectroscopic assessments.
Biochar (BC) could be a potential candidate for the remediation of metal contaminated soil. Mechanistic understandings are needed for the appropriate selection of BC and investigating molecular microbial ecological interactions. The soybean stover-derived BCs were more effective in immobilizing Pb (88%) and Cu (87%) than the pine needle-derived BCs in a contaminated shooting range soil. The sequential chemical extractions indicated that BCs stimulated the geochemical transformation of metal species. Spectroscopic investigations using scanning electron microscopic elemental dot mapping and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopic measurements showed that Pb in the BCs amended soils was immobilized by the formation of stable chloropyromorphite. Soil organic C and microbial activity were also enhanced by BC. The non-labile C fraction in the soil amended with BCs produced at 700°C was increased. Biochars showed less impact on the bacterial community than feedstock biomass as promulgated by the pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene. The feedstock type (namely soybean stover and pine needles) was the main factor influencing the BCs efficacy on metals' (im) mobilization and bacterial health in soils.
Korea Biochar Research Center & Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea; Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Mahtab
M
Ahmad
Korea Biochar Research Center & Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
Yong Sik
YS
Ok
Korea Biochar Research Center & Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
Anushka Upamali
AU
Rajapaksha
Korea Biochar Research Center & Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
Jung Eun
JE
Lim
Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 565-851, Republic of Korea.
Byung-Yong
BY
Kim
Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 565-851, Republic of Korea.
Jae-Hyung
JH
Ahn
Division of Plant Environment Research, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Service, Jinju 660-360, Republic of Korea.
Young Han
YH
Lee
Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Mohammad I
MI
Al-Wabel
School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: selpest@knu.ac.kr.
Sung-Eun
SE
Lee
Korea Biochar Research Center & Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: sslee97@kangwon.ac.kr.
Sang Soo
SS
Lee
D000965:Antimony / Q000737:chemistry; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry*; D058749:Military Facilities; D028223:Pinus; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D013025:Glycine max
D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C540010:biochar; D002606:Charcoal; D007854:Lead; D002244:Carbon; D003300:Copper; D000965:Antimony
Biochar; EXAFS; Metal immobilization; Pyrosequencing; Soil microbe