Source contributions and regional transport of primary particulate matter in China.
A source-oriented CMAQ was applied to determine source sector/region contributions to primary particulate matter (PPM) in China. Four months were simulated with emissions grouped to eight regions and six sectors. Predicted elemental carbon (EC), primary organic carbon (POC), and PPM concentrations and source contributions agree with measurements and have significant spatiotemporal variations. Residential is a major contributor to spring/winter EC (50-80%), POC (60%-90%), and PPM (30-70%). For summer/fall, industrial contributes 30-50% for EC/POC and 40-60% for PPM. Transportation is more important for EC (20-30%) than POC/PPM (<5%). Open burning is important in summer/fall of Guangzhou and Chongqing. Dust contributes to 1/3-1/2 in spring/fall of Beijing, Xi'an and Chongqing. Based on sector-region combination, local residential/transportation and residential/industrial from Heibei are major contributors to spring PPM in Beijing. In summer/fall, local industrial is the largest. In winter, residential/industrial from local and Hebei account for >90% in Beijing.
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China.
Jianlin
J
Hu
Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3136, USA.
Li
L
Wu
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
Bo
B
Zheng
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
Qiang
Q
Zhang
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
Kebin
K
He
School of Chemistry & Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
Qing
Q
Chang
School of Chemistry & Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
Xinghua
X
Li
Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
Fumo
F
Yang
Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3136, USA.
Qi
Q
Ying
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA. Electronic address: hlzhang@lsu.edu.
Hongliang
H
Zhang
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007221:Industry; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012621:Seasons; D014186:Transportation
D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D052638:Particulate Matter; D002244:Carbon
China; Primary particulate matter; Regional transport; Source apportionment