Neuromuscular Fatigue and Physiological Responses After Five Dynamic Squat Exercise Protocols.
This aimed to analyze neuromuscular, physiological and perceptual responses to a single bout of 5 different dynamic squat exercise protocols. In a randomized and counterbalanced order, 15 male resistance-trained athletes (mean ± SD; age: 23.1 ± 1.9 years, body mass: 77.4 ± 8.0 kg) completed traditional multiple sets (MS: 4 × 6, 85% 1 repetition maximum [RM]), drop sets (DS: 1 × 6, 85% 1RM + 3 drop sets), eccentric overload (EO: 4 × 6, 70% 1RM concentric, 100% 1RM eccentric), flywheel YoYo squat (FW: 4 × 6, all-out), and a plyometric jump protocol (PJ: 4 × 15, all-out). Blood lactate (La), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), counter movement jump height (CMJ), multiple rebound jump (MRJ) performance, maximal voluntary isometric contraction force, serum creatine kinase (CK) and delayed onset muscle soreness were measured. Immediately post exercise, La was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in FW (mean ± 95% confidence limit; 12.2 ± 0.9 mmol·L) and lower in PJ (3.0 ± 0.8 mmol·L) compared with MS (7.7 ± 1.5 mmol·L), DS (8.5 ± 0.6 mmol·L), and EO (8.2 ± 1.6 mmol·L), accompanied by similar RPE responses. Neuromuscular performance (CMJ, MRJ) significantly remained decreased (p < 0.001) from 0.5 to 48 hours post exercise in all protocols. There was a significant time × protocol interaction (p ≤ 0.05) in MRJ with a significant lower performance in DS, EO, and FW compared with PJ (0.5 hours post exercise), and in EO compared with all other protocols (24 hours post exercise). A significant main time effect with peak values 24 hours post exercise was observed in CK serum concentrations (p < 0.001), but there was no time × protocol interaction. In conclusion, (a) metabolic and perceptual demands were higher in FW and EO compared with MS, DS and PJ, (b) neuromuscular fatigue was consistent up to 48 hours post exercise in all protocols, and
1Department of Training and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; 2Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain; 3Department of Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; 4School of Human Movement Studies and School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; 5Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany; and 6Institute of Sports Science, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
Christian
C
Raeder
Thimo
T
Wiewelhove
Marc P
MP
Westphal-Martinez
Jaime
J
Fernandez-Fernandez
Rauno A
RA
de Paula Simola
Michael
M
Kellmann
Tim
T
Meyer
Mark
M
Pfeiffer
Alexander
A
Ferrauti
D000328:Adult; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D063806:Myalgia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D005082:Physical Exertion; D059385:Plyometric Exercise / Q000009:adverse effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D014891:Weight Lifting / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
D019344:Lactic Acid; D003402:Creatine Kinase