Multigenerational effects of parental prenatal exposure to famine on adult offspring cognitive function.
The effects of prenatal nutrition on adult cognitive function have been reported for one generation. However, human evidence for multigenerational effects is lacking. We examined whether prenatal exposure to the Chinese famine of 1959-61 affects adult cognitive function in two consecutive generations. In this retrospective family cohort study, we investigated 1062 families consisting of 2124 parents and 1215 offspring. We assessed parental and offspring cognitive performance by means of a comprehensive test battery. Generalized linear regression model analysis in the parental generation showed that prenatal exposure to famine was associated with a 8.1 (95% CI 5.8 to 10.4) second increase in trail making test part A, a 7.0 (1.5 to 12.5) second increase in trail making test part B, and a 5.5 (-7.3 to -3.7) score decrease in the Stroop color-word test in adulthood, after adjustment for potential confounders. In the offspring generation, linear mixed model analysis found no significant association between parental prenatal exposure to famine and offspring cognitive function in adulthood after adjustment for potential confounders. In conclusion, prenatal exposure to severe malnutrition is negatively associated with visual- motor skill, mental flexibility, and selective attention in adulthood. However, these associations are limited to only one generation.
TheDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, and the Department of Internal Medicine.
Jie
J
Li
TheDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, and the Department of Internal Medicine.
Lixin
L
Na
TheDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, and the Department of Internal Medicine.
Hao
H
Ma
TheDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, and the Department of Internal Medicine.
Zhe
Z
Zhang
TheDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, and the Department of Internal Medicine.
Tianjiao
T
Li
TheDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, and the Department of Internal Medicine.
Liqun
L
Lin
Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Qiang
Q
Li
TheDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, and the Department of Internal Medicine.
Changhao
C
Sun
TheDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, and the Department of Internal Medicine.
Ying
Y
Li
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015988:Cohort Effect; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018812:Paternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013217:Starvation / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult