Projecting the Hydrologic Impacts of Climate Change on Montane Wetlands.
Wetlands are globally important ecosystems that provide critical services for natural communities and human society. Montane wetland ecosystems are expected to be among the most sensitive to changing climate, as their persistence depends on factors directly influenced by climate (e.g. precipitation, snowpack, evaporation). Despite their importance and climate sensitivity, wetlands tend to be understudied due to a lack of tools and data relative to what is available for other ecosystem types. Here, we develop and demonstrate a new method for projecting climate-induced hydrologic changes in montane wetlands. Using observed wetland water levels and soil moisture simulated by the physically based Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrologic model, we developed site-specific regression models relating soil moisture to observed wetland water levels to simulate the hydrologic behavior of four types of montane wetlands (ephemeral, intermediate, perennial, permanent wetlands) in the U. S. Pacific Northwest. The hybrid models captured observed wetland dynamics in many cases, though were less robust in others. We then used these models to a) hindcast historical wetland behavior in response to observed climate variability (1916-2010 or later) and classify wetland types, and b) project the impacts of climate change on montane wetlands using global climate model scenarios for the 2040s and 2080s (A1B emissions scenario). These future projections show that climate-induced changes to key driving variables (reduced snowpack, higher evapotranspiration, extended summer drought) will result in earlier and faster drawdown in Pacific Northwest montane wetlands, leading to systematic reductions in water levels, shortened wetland hydroperiods, and increased probability of drying. Intermediate hydroperiod wetlands are projected to experience the greatest changes. For the 2080s scenario, widespread conversion of intermediate wetlands to fast-drying ephemeral wetlands will likely reduce wetland habitat availability for many species.
Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
Se-Yeun
SY
Lee
School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America; Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
Maureen E
ME
Ryan
Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America.
Alan F
AF
Hamlet
Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
Wendy J
WJ
Palen
School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
Joshua J
JJ
Lawler
School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
Meghan
M
Halabisky
D057231:Climate Change; D055864:Droughts; D006801:Humans; D062070:Hydrology / Q000379:methods*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015205:Northwestern United States; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012621:Seasons; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D014872:Water Movements; D053833:Wetlands
D012987:Soil