A Validated Orthopaedic Surgical Simulation Model for Training and Evaluation of Basic Arthroscopic Skills.
BACKGROUND
To our knowledge, there is currently no validated educational model to evaluate and teach basic arthroscopic skills that is widely accessible to orthopaedic residency training programs. The primary objective was to design and to validate a surgical simulation model by demonstrating that subjects with increasing level of training perform better on basic arthroscopic simulation tasks. The secondary objective was to evaluate inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the model.


METHODS
Prospectively recruited participants were divided by level of training into four groups. Subjects performed six basic arthroscopic tasks using a box model: (1) probing, (2) grasping, (3) tissue resection, (4) shaving, (5) tissue liberation and suture-passing, and (6) knot-tying. A score was calculated according to time required to complete each task and deductions for technical errors. A priori total global score, of a possible 100 points, was calculated by averaging scores from all six tasks using equal weights.


RESULTS
A total of forty-nine participants were recruited for this study. Participants were grouped by level of training: Group 1 (novice: fifteen medical students and interns), Group 2 (junior residents: twelve postgraduate year-2 or postgraduate year-3 residents), Group 3 (senior residents: sixteen postgraduate year-4 or postgraduate year-5 residents), and Group 4 (six arthroscopic surgeons). The mean total global score (and standard deviation) differed significantly between groups (p < 0.001): 29.0 ± 13.6 points for Group 1, 40.3 ± 12.1 points for Group 2, 57.6 ± 7.4 points for Group 3, and 72.4 ± 3.0 points for Group 4. Pairwise comparison with Tukey correction confirmed construct validity by showing significant improvement in overall performance by increasing level of training between all groups (p < 0.05). The model proved to be highly reliable with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.99 for both inter-rater and intra-rater reliability.


CONCLUSIONS
A simulation model was successfully designed to teach and evaluate basic arthroscopic skills showing good construct validity. This arthroscopic simulation model is inexpensive, valid, and reliable and has the potential to be implemented in other training programs.
Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue Room B5 159.6, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada. E-mail address for R.P. Coughlin: ryan.coughlin@mail.mcgill.ca. E-mail address for T. Pauyo: thierry.pauyo@mail.mcgill.ca. E-mail address for J.C. Sutton: joseph.sutton@mail.mcgill.ca.
Ryan P
RP
Coughlin
Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue Room B5 159.6, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada. E-mail address for R.P. Coughlin: ryan.coughlin@mail.mcgill.ca. E-mail address for T. Pauyo: thierry.pauyo@mail.mcgill.ca. E-mail address for J.C. Sutton: joseph.sutton@mail.mcgill.ca.
Thierry
T
Pauyo
Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue Room B5 159.6, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada. E-mail address for R.P. Coughlin: ryan.coughlin@mail.mcgill.ca. E-mail address for T. Pauyo: thierry.pauyo@mail.mcgill.ca. E-mail address for J.C. Sutton: joseph.sutton@mail.mcgill.ca.
J Carl
JC
Sutton
Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Mary's Hospital Center, 3830 Avenue Lacombe, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1M7, Canada. E-mail address: lpcoughlin@hotmail.ca.
Larry P
LP
Coughlin
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road, Pavilion E, Room E-003, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada. E-mail address: stephane.bergeron@mail.harvard.edu.
Stephane G
SG
Bergeron
D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000193:education* / Q000592:standards; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D003198:Computer Simulation / Q000592:standards*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000193:education* / Q000592:standards; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011792:Quebec; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors