A Critical Evaluation of the Updated Evidence for Casting for Equinus Deformity in Children with Cerebral Palsy.
OBJECTIVE
Equinus deformity is common in ambulant children with cerebral palsy (CP). Although lower leg casting is frequently used, the physiological basis for casting and effects beyond range of motion (ROM) gains are unclear. This review critically evaluates the updated evidence for casting in the management of ankle equinus in children with CP.


METHODS
Comprehensive searches were conducted using electronic databases AMED, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, PEDro and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, publication years 2005-2014, in order to identify literature published since an earlier comprehensive systematic review. Only studies evaluating lower leg casting for conservative management of equinus deformity in children with CP were considered. Two independent raters critically appraised studies against the hierarchy of levels of evidence and rigour of study conduct questions proposed by the American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine's methodology for systematic review.


RESULTS
Four relevant systematic reviews were identified, although these largely concerned earlier literature. Five original studies were included, all demonstrating improvement in dorsiflexion ROM. Combined treatment with botulinum toxin and casting offered greater and/or more sustained ROM gains than botulinum toxin alone in three studies. Effects on gait parameters and motor function were inconsistent. Participation outcomes were not evaluated. Methodological limitations make firm conclusions difficult.


CONCLUSIONS
Recent years have offered little progress in the state of evidence for casting in the management of equinus deformity. Casting appears to offer at least short-term improvement in ankle dorsiflexion, although the proposition that this improves function or avoids surgery is not well substantiated. Future research needs to ensure more robust study design and broader evaluation across domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health to determine the functional and long-term effect of casting for equinus deformity. Greater knowledge is required of the effect of casting on muscle structure and function in spastic CP. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex Motor Disorders Service, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Evelina London Children's Hospital, 6th Floor Sky, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
Kylee
K
Tustin
Paediatric Neurosciences, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Evelina London Children's Hospital, 6th Floor Sky, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
Anita
A
Patel
D002370:Casts, Surgical; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002648:Child; D003025:Clubfoot / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004863:Equinus Deformity / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020127:Recovery of Function; D016896:Treatment Outcome
casting; cerebral palsy; equinus deformity