EAU Guidelines on Interventional Treatment for Urolithiasis.
BACKGROUND
Management of urinary stones is a major issue for most urologists. Treatment modalities are minimally invasive and include extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL), ureteroscopy (URS), and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL). Technological advances and changing treatment patterns have had an impact on current treatment recommendations, which have clearly shifted towards endourologic procedures. These guidelines describe recent recommendations on treatment indications and the choice of modality for ureteral and renal calculi.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the optimal measures for treatment of urinary stone disease.


METHODS
Several databases were searched to identify studies on interventional treatment of urolithiasis, with special attention to the level of evidence.


RESULTS
Treatment decisions are made individually according to stone size, location, and (if known) composition, as well as patient preference and local expertise. Treatment recommendations have shifted to endourologic procedures such as URS and PNL, and SWL has lost its place as the first-line modality for many indications despite its proven efficacy. Open and laparoscopic techniques are restricted to limited indications. Best clinical practice standards have been established for all treatments, making all options minimally invasive with low complication rates.


CONCLUSIONS
Active treatment of urolithiasis is currently a minimally invasive intervention, with preference for endourologic techniques.


RESULTS
For active removal of stones from the kidney or ureter, technological advances have made it possible to use less invasive surgical techniques. These interventions are safe and are generally associated with shorter recovery times and less discomfort for the patient.
Department of Urology, Rudolfstiftung Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
Christian
C
Türk
Department of Urology, Region Hospital, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Urology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
Aleš
A
Petřík
Department of Urology, Dr. Lutfi Kirdar Kartal Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
Kemal
K
Sarica
Department of Urology, Medical University Vienna, Austria.
Christian
C
Seitz
Second Department of Urology, Sismanoglio Hospital, Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
Andreas
A
Skolarikos
Department of Urology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
Michael
M
Straub
Department of Urology, Sindelfingen-Böblingen Medical Centre, University of Tübingen, Sindelfingen, Germany. Electronic address: t.knoll@klinikverbund-suedwest.de.
Thomas
T
Knoll
D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000592:standards; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000592:standards; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000592:standards; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000592:standards; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000592:standards; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D014572:Urology / Q000592:standards*
Laparoscopy; Medical expulsive therapy; Percutaneous nephrolithotomy; Pregnancy; Residual fragments; Shock wave lithotripsy; Stenting; Stone surgery; Ureteroscopy; Urinary calculi