Online visualization of brain connectivity.
BACKGROUND
While visualization of brain activity has well established practical applications such as real-time functional mapping or neurofeedback, visual representation of brain connectivity is not widely used. In addition, technically challenging single-trial connectivity estimation may have hindered practical usage of connectivity in online applications.


METHODS
In this work, we developed algorithms that are capable of estimating and visualizing (effective) connectivity between independent cortical sources during online EEG recordings.


RESULTS
The core routines of our procedure, such as CSPVARICA source extraction and regularized connectivity estimation, are available in our open source Python-based toolbox SCoT. We demonstrate for the first time that online connectivity visualization is feasible. We show this in a feasibility study with twelve participants performing two different tasks, namely motor execution and resting with eyes open or closed. Connectivity patterns were significantly different between two motor tasks in four participants, whereas significant differences between resting task patterns were found in seven participants.


METHODS
Existing connectivity studies have focused on offline methods. In contrast, there are only a small number of examples in the literature that explored online connectivity estimation. For example, a system based on wearable EEG has been demonstrated to work for one subject, and the Glass Brain project has received considerable attention in popular sciences last year. However, none of these attempts validate their methods on multiple subjects.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results show that causal connectivity patterns can be observed online during EEG measurements, which is a first step towards real-time connectivity analysis.
Institute for Knowledge Discovery, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Karl-Wiechert-Allee 3, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all", Hannover, Germany.
Martin
M
Billinger
Institute for Knowledge Discovery, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria. Electronic address: clemens.brunner@uni-graz.at.
Clemens
C
Brunner
Institute for Knowledge Discovery, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria.
Gernot R
GR
Müller-Putz
D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003201:Computers; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012146:Rest; D012984:Software; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
Connectivity; EEG; ICA; Real-time; Visualization