Microbial and enzymatic activity of soil contaminated with azoxystrobin.
The use of fungicides in crop protection still effectively eliminates fungal pathogens of plants. However, fungicides may dissipate to various elements of the environment and cause irreversible changes. Considering this problem, the aim of the presented study was to evaluate changes in soil biological activity in response to contamination with azoxystrobin. The study was carried out in the laboratory on samples of sandy loam with a pH of 7.0 in 1 Mol KCl dm(-3). Soil samples were treated with azoxystrobin in one of four doses: 0.075 (dose recommended by the manufacturer), 2.250, 11.25 and 22.50 mg kg(-1) soil DM (dry matter of soil). The control soil sample did not contain fungicide. Bacteria were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and fungi were identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequencing. The study revealed that increased doses of azoxystrobin inhibited the growth of organotrophic bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi. The fungicide also caused changes in microbial biodiversity. The lowest values of the colony development (CD) index were recorded for fungi and the ecophysiological (EP) index for organotrophic bacteria. Azoxystrobin had an inhibitory effect on the activity of dehydrogenases, catalase, urease, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. Dehydrogenases were found to be most resistant to the effects of the fungicide, while alkaline phosphatase in the soil recovered the balance in the shortest time. Four species of bacteria from the genus Bacillus and two species of fungi from the genus Aphanoascus were isolated from the soil contaminated with the highest dose of azoxystrobin (22.50 mg kg(-1)).
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727, Olsztyn, Poland.
Małgorzata
M
Baćmaga
Jan
J
Kucharski
Jadwiga
J
Wyszkowska
D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001407:Bacillus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044822:Biodiversity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004798:Enzymes / Q000032:analysis*; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards; D012988:Soil Microbiology / Q000592:standards; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D000073739:Strobilurins
D004798:Enzymes; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D008689:Methacrylates; D011743:Pyrimidines; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D000073739:Strobilurins; C087670:azoxystrobin