Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children: A systematic literature review.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this article was to systematically review the literature to identify papers dealing with risk factors associated with sleep bruxism (SB) in children.


METHODS
A systematic search was carried out based on the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trial Register and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, LILACs, SciELO. Studies investigating risk factors related to SB after multiple regression analysis and bruxism symptoms assessed with clinical diagnosis or specific questionnaires were searched. Six out of the 4546 initially identified studies were selected. This review was conducted according to the guidelines from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, with reporting in agreement to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines.


RESULTS
Among the six analyzed articles, one randomized clinical trial (RCT) suggested the increase of SB in heavily exposed patients to second hand smoke (SHS) (OR=4.5, CI=2.2-9.4), two cross-sectional studies suggested neuroticism as determinant factor for the development of sleep bruxism (OR=1.9, CI=1.3-2.6), among children and three case-control studies suggested that children with sleep disturbances were more likely to have SB (OR=3.3, CI=1.6-6.6). Parafunctional behaviours (OR=2.3, CI=1.2-4.3) had a moderate association.


CONCLUSIONS
SHS and sleep disturbances presented the strongest association with SB. The most recurrent source of bias was the lack of blinding procedures. Furthermore, the use of reliable SB diagnostic procedures should be recommended to increase the quality of future studies. The evidence emerged from the considered studies was clinically relevant.
Department of Surgical Sciences, Specialization School of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Torino, Via Nizza 230, 10126 Torino, Italy.
Tommaso
T
Castroflorio
Department of Surgical Sciences, Specialization School of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Torino, Via Nizza 230, 10126 Torino, Italy; Department of Surgical Sciences, Gnathology Unit, Dental School, University of Torino, Via Nizza 230, 10126 Torino, Italy. Electronic address: bargelli@ipsnet.it.
Andrea
A
Bargellini
Department of Surgical Sciences, Specialization School of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Torino, Via Nizza 230, 10126 Torino, Italy; Department of Surgical Sciences, Gnathology Unit, Dental School, University of Torino, Via Nizza 230, 10126 Torino, Italy.
Gabriele
G
Rossini
Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, Unit of Medical and Genomic Statistics, University of Pavia, StradaNuova, 65, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Motor Science Research Center, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, SUISM, University of Turin, P.za Bernini 12, 10143 Torino, Italy.
Giovanni
G
Cugliari
Department of Medical Sciences, Motor Science Research Center, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, SUISM, University of Turin, P.za Bernini 12, 10143 Torino, Italy.
Alberto
A
Rainoldi
Department of Surgical Sciences, Specialization School of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Torino, Via Nizza 230, 10126 Torino, Italy; Department of Surgical Sciences, Gnathology Unit, Dental School, University of Torino, Via Nizza 230, 10126 Torino, Italy.
Andrea
A
Deregibus
D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D020186:Sleep Bruxism / Q000209:etiology*
Children; Diagnostic criteria; Review; Risk factors; Sleep bruxism