Health sector employment: a tracer indicator for universal health coverage in national Social Protection Floors.
BACKGROUND
Health sector employment is a prerequisite for availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality (AAAQ) of health services. Thus, in this article health worker shortages are used as a tracer indicator estimating the proportion of the population lacking access to such services: The SAD (ILO Staff Access Deficit Indicator) estimates gaps towards UHC in the context of Social Protection Floors (SPFs). Further, it highlights the impact of investments in health sector employment equity and sustainable development.


METHODS
The SAD is used to estimate the share of the population lacking access to health services due to gaps in the number of skilled health workers. It is based on the difference of the density of the skilled health workforce per population in a given country and a threshold indicating UHC staffing requirements. It identifies deficits, differences and developments in access at global, regional and national levels and between rural and urban areas.


RESULTS
In 2014, the global UHC deficit in numbers of health workers is estimated at 10.3 million, with most important gaps in Asia (7.1 million) and Africa (2.8 million). Globally, 97 countries are understaffed with significantly higher gaps in rural than in urban areas. Most affected are low-income countries, where 84 per cent of the population remains excluded from access due to the lack of skilled health workers. A positive correlation of health worker employment and population health outcomes could be identified. Legislation is found to be a prerequisite for closing access as gaps.


CONCLUSIONS
Health worker shortages hamper the achievement of UHC and aggravate weaknesses of health systems. They have major impacts on socio-economic development, particularly in the world's poorest countries where they act as drivers of health inequities. Closing the gaps by establishing inclusive multi-sectoral policy approaches based on the right to health would significantly increase equity, reduce poverty due to ill health and ultimately contribute to sustainable development and social justice.
International Labour Organization (ILO), Route des Morillons 4, CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland. scheil@ilo.org.
Xenia
X
Scheil-Adlung
International Labour Organization (ILO), Route des Morillons 4, CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland. behrendtt@ilo.org.
Thorsten
T
Behrendt
International Labour Organization (ILO), Route des Morillons 4, CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland. lorrainewong.ilo@gmail.com.
Lorraine
L
Wong
D003906:Developing Countries; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014943:Global Health; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006280:Health Workforce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D019472:Universal Health Insurance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*