title: The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals.
abstract: Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal's muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University; anh13@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Alexander N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Hristov
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University.
authors.forename: Joonpyo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giallongo
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University.
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frederick
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University.
authors.forename: Holley
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weeks
authors.affiliation: C-Lock, Inc. Rapid City, SD.
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.affiliation: Color Productions, State College, PA.
authors.forename: Rada A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hristova
authors.affiliation: C-Lock, Inc. Rapid City, SD.
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá
authors.forename: Antonio F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Branco
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism*; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D008697:Methane; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride