title: Maxillofacial Fractures: Midface and Internal Orbit-Part I: Classification and Assessment.
abstract: Fractures of the midface and internal orbit occur isolated or in combination with other injuries. Frequently, the patients are first seen in emergency rooms responsible for the coordination of initial diagnostic procedures, followed by the transfer to specialties for further treatment. It is, therefore, important for all physicians treating facial trauma patients to understand the basic principles of injuries to the midface. Thus, this article aims to describe the anatomy and the current classification systems in use, the related clinical symptoms, and the essential diagnostic measures to obtain precise information about the injury pattern.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerson
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mast
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ehrenfeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Carl-Peter
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Cornelius
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Litschel
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Abel-Jan
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tasman
mesh_terms: D020209:Cranial Nerve Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009055:Mouth / Q000293:injuries; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000293:injuries; D009915:Orbit / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D063189:Symptom Assessment; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed