title: Intensive case management for high-risk patients with first-episode psychosis: service model and outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The first episode of psychosis is a crucial period when early intervention can alter the trajectory of the young person's ongoing mental health and general functioning. After an investigation into completed suicides in the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre (EPPIC) programme, the intensive case management subprogramme was developed in 2003 to provide assertive outreach to young people having a first episode of psychosis who are at high risk owing to risk to self or others, disengagement, or suboptimal recovery. We report intensive case management model development, characterise the target cohort, and report on outcomes compared with EPPIC treatment as usual.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inclusion criteria, staff support, referral pathways, clinical review processes, models of engagement and care, and risk management protocols are described. We compared 120 consecutive referrals with 50 EPPIC treatment as usual patients (age 15-24 years) in a naturalistic stratified quasi-experimental real-world design. Key performance indicators of service use plus engagement and suicide attempts were compared between EPPIC treatment as usual and intensive case management, and psychosocial and clinical measures were compared between intensive case management referral and discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Referrals were predominately unemployed males with low levels of functioning and educational attainment. They were characterised by a family history of mental illness, migration and early separation, with substantial trauma, history of violence, and forensic attention. Intensive case management improved psychopathology and psychosocial outcomes in high-risk patients and reduced risk ratings, admissions, bed days, and crisis contacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Characterisation of intensive case management patients validated the clinical research focus and identified a first episode of psychosis high-risk subgroup. In a real-world study, implementation of an intensive case management stream within a well-established first episode of psychosis service showed significant improvement in key service outcomes. Further analysis is needed to determine cost savings and effects on psychosocial outcomes. Targeting intensive case management services to high-risk patients with unmet needs should reduce the distress associated with pathways to care for patients, their families, and the community.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  National Health & Medical Research Council and the Colonial Foundation.
authors.affiliation: ORYGEN Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Electronic address: w.brewer@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Warrick J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.affiliation: Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.affiliation: ORYGEN Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.affiliation: Child Neuropsychology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dileo
authors.affiliation: ORYGEN Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Cameron
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duff
authors.affiliation: ORYGEN Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crlenjak
authors.affiliation: ORYGEN Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Patrick D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: McGorry
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Brendan P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Murphy