title: Effectiveness of Rehabilitative Balloon Swallowing Treatment on Upper Esophageal Sphincter Relaxation and Pharyngeal Motility for Neurogenic Dysphagia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between dysphagia severity and opening of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES), and to assess the effect of balloon size on functional improvement after rehabilitative balloon swallowing treatment in patients with severe dysphagia with cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction (CPD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed videofluoroscopic swallowing studies (VFSS) conducted in the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Myongji Hospital from January through December in 2012. All subjects diagnosed with CPD by VFSS further swallowed a 16-Fr Foley catheter filled with barium sulfate suspension for three to five minutes. We measured the maximum diameter of the balloon that a patient could swallow into the esophagus and subsequently conducted a second VFSS. Then, we applied a statistical technique to correlate the balloon diameter with functional improvement after the balloon treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 283 inpatients who received VFSS, 21 subjects were diagnosed with CPD. It was observed that the degree of UES opening evaluated by swallowing a catheter balloon had inverse linear correlations with pharyngeal transit time and post-swallow pharyngeal remnant. Videofluoroscopy guided iterative balloon swallowing treatment for three to five minutes, significantly improved the swallowing ability in terms of pharyngeal transit time and pharyngeal remnant (p<0.005 and p<0.001, respectively). Correlation was seen between balloon size and reduction in pharyngeal remnants after balloon treatment (Pearson correlation coefficient R=-0.729, p<0.001), whereas there was no definite relationship between balloon size and improvement in pharyngeal transit time (R=-0.078, p=0.738).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The maximum size of the balloon that a patient with CPD can swallow possibly indicates the maximum UES opening. The iterative balloon swallowing treatment is safe without the risk of aspiration, and it can be an effective technique to improve both pharyngeal motility and UES relaxation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Kyun
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Sik
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Hwa
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Gyu
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Yoon
keywords: Cricopharyngeus muscle; Oropharyngeal dysphagia; Upper esophageal sphincter