title: Prospective study of nephrolithiasis occurrence in children receiving cefotriaxone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ceftriaxone is a commonly used antibiotic among the paediatric population. Various reports have associated high doses of Ceftriaxone with the development of nephrolithiasis; our aim was to test this association with a 5 day course of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study group consisted of 120 patients divided into two groups. The first group included 60 patients who underwent treatment with Ceftriaxone therapy that was started empirically and continued for 5 days at the dose of 80 mg/kg per day. The second group (60 patients) who received treatment with other antibiotics (other than Ceftriaxone), as recommended by hospital protocols. Patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) were excluded as UTI may be a predisposing cause for nephrolithiasis. Baseline and follow up after 5 days were done with; abdominal ultrasound, serum urea, creatinine, serum calcium, 24 h urinary calcium and urinary calcium/ creatinine ratio. Extended metabolic tests were done for cases that developed nephrolithiasis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five cases out of the 60 patients treated with Ceftriaxone developed calculi; that were small and were eliminated spontaneously in four cases at mean duration of 3 weeks. In these cases renal ultrasonography examinations were normal prior to treatment; and none of them had metabolic disturbances or risk factors leading to stone formation. By multiple regression analysis, only age was related to nephrolithiasis formation being higher in the group that has developed stones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only patients who underwent Ceftriaxone therapy have developed renal stones, even with a short course of therapy (5 days), and in the absence of a known predisposing cause for nephrolithiasis. We have thus concluded that Ceftriaxone by itself maybe a predisposing factor for nephrolithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics, Zagazig University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Doaa Mohammed
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics, Zagazig University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Laila Metwaly
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sherief
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics, Zagazig University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hanan Saker
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Sherbiny
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics, Zagazig University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mai Yehia
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: ElAttar
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics, Zagazig University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Abdel Razek Mohammed El
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.affiliation: Radio-Diagnosis, Zagazig University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Faten Mohammed
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Fawzy
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Egypt.|University of Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Tamer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Adham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000652:urine; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D002443:Ceftriaxone
keywords: Ceftriaxone; children; renal stones; ultrasound