title: Macronutrient intakes in obese subjects with or without small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: an alimentary survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity is a multifactorial disorder with a possible microbiota derangement in its pathogenesis. Moreover, in obese patients the likelihood of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is greater than in controls, although few studies are currently available. This study investigates the prevalence of SIBO and the possible role of dietary macronutrients in obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty obese patients and normal lean controls were enrolled for SIBO detection. Diagnosis of SIBO was performed by a glucose breath test. A 24-hour recall questionnaire was administered to investigate macronutrient daily intake between the two obese patient subgroups (with/without SIBO).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of SIBO in obese and controls was respectively 23.3% and 6.6% (p = 0.02, OR = 4.26, 95% Confidence interval = 1.31-13.84). Obese patients with SIBO ingested more carbohydrates (252.75 ± 30.53 vs 201 ± 70.76 g/day, p = 0.01), more refined sugars (104.15 ± 28.69 vs 73.32 ± 44.93 g/day, p = 0.02) and less total and insoluble fibers (9.6 ± 1.97 vs 14.65 ± 8.80 g/day, p = 0.04 and 4.7 ± 1.11 vs 8.82 ± 5.80 g/day, p = 0.01, respectively). There were no significant differences in lipid and protein intake between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SIBO is widespread in obese subjects. Carbohydrates might promote the development of SIBO in obesity and fibers provide a protective function. Our results suggest a close relationship between diet and SIBO in obesity, thus supporting a possible role for intestinal microbiota.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation , Section of Gastroenterology, University of Bari , Bari , Italy and.
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ierardi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation , Section of Gastroenterology, University of Bari , Bari , Italy and.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Losurdo
authors.affiliation: a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation , Section of Gastroenterology, University of Bari , Bari , Italy and.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sorrentino
authors.affiliation: a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation , Section of Gastroenterology, University of Bari , Bari , Italy and.
authors.forename: Floriana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giorgio
authors.affiliation: b Obesity Outpatient Unit, University-Hospital of Foggia , Foggia , Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: b Obesity Outpatient Unit, University-Hospital of Foggia , Foggia , Italy.
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marinaro
authors.affiliation: b Obesity Outpatient Unit, University-Hospital of Foggia , Foggia , Italy.
authors.forename: Katia Romy
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Romagno
authors.affiliation: a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation , Section of Gastroenterology, University of Bari , Bari , Italy and.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Leo
authors.affiliation: a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation , Section of Gastroenterology, University of Bari , Bari , Italy and.
authors.forename: Mariabeatrice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Principi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001765:Blind Loop Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001944:Breath Tests; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D015995:Prevalence; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D019422:Dietary Sucrose
keywords: Diet; macronutrients; metabolic syndrome; obesity; small intestinal bacterial overgrowth