title: Roles of mucilage in Emilia fosbergii, a myxocarpic Asteraceae: Efficient seed imbibition and diaspore adhesion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several angiosperm families have myxodiaspory, such as the Asteraceae in which cypselae are frequently wind-dispersed. The roles of mucilage in cypselae remain misunderstood, and the route of water uptake from substrate to embryo remains unknown. In this work, we analyze the fruits of Emilia fosbergii aiming to clarify how the water is absorbed and how the structure of the pericarp can be related to the processes of diaspore adhesion and seed imbibition.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anatomy and ultrastructure of the cypselae of Emilia fosbergii were analyzed with histochemical tests and light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We assessed the roles of mucilage in seed imbibition using apoplasmic tracing with Lucifer yellow and epifluorescence microscopy and in adhesion with a sand assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We describe structural and ultrastructural aspects of the exocarpic cells, especially the mucilaginous twin hairs. Lucifer yellow was absorbed only by the twin hairs, the cells where water primarily enters the seed during seed imbibition. In the sand assay, the mucilage was adhesive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The twin hairs on the surface of the cypselae can play a dual role in the establishment of new plants of this species. First, these trichomes constitute the main passage for water intake, which is essential for seed imbibition and germination, and after imbibition, they release mucilage that can adhere the diaspore. Therefore, the presence of myxocarpy in Asteraceae could be important in anemochoric species to avoid secondary dispersal.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais 38405-315, Brazil.
authors.forename: Orlando C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: De-Paula
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais 38405-315, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marzinek
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, CP 486, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise M T
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, CP 486, Brazil epaiva@icb.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: Élder A S
authors.initials: ÉA
authors.lastname: Paiva
mesh_terms: D019659:Asteraceae / Q000502:physiology*; D018525:Germination; D063148:Plant Dispersal; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D012639:Seeds / Q000502:physiology; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011134:Polysaccharides; D014867:Water
keywords: Emilia fosbergii; apoplasmic tracing; cypsela; mucilaginous trichome; plant establishment; seed dispersion; seed imbibition