title: A Phospholipid-Protein Complex from Antarctic Krill Reduced Plasma Homocysteine Levels and Increased Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) and Carnitine Levels in Male Wistar Rats.
abstract: Seafood is assumed to be beneficial for cardiovascular health, mainly based on plasma lipid lowering and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, other plasma risk factors linked to cardiovascular disease are less studied. This study aimed to penetrate the effect of a phospholipid-protein complex (PPC) from Antarctic krill on one-carbon metabolism and production of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed isoenergetic control, 6%, or 11% PPC diets for four weeks. Rats fed PPC had reduced total homocysteine plasma level and increased levels of choline, dimethylglycine and cysteine, whereas the plasma level of methionine was unchanged compared to control. PPC feeding increased the plasma level of TMAO, carnitine, its precursors trimethyllysine and γ-butyrobetaine. There was a close correlation between plasma TMAO and carnitine, trimethyllysine, and γ-butyrobetaine, but not between TMAO and choline. The present data suggest that PPC has a homocysteine lowering effect and is associated with altered plasma concentrations of metabolites related to one-carbon metabolism and B-vitamin status in rats. Moreover, the present study reveals a non-obligatory role of gut microbiota in the increased plasma TMAO level as it can be explained by the PPC's content of TMAO. The increased level of carnitine and carnitine precursors is interpreted to reflect increased carnitine biosynthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway. Bodil.Bjorndal@uib.no.
authors.forename: Bodil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bjørndal
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway. Inge.Bruheim@olympic.no.|Olympic Seafood AS, N-6080 Fosnavaag, Norway. Inge.Bruheim@olympic.no.
authors.forename: Marie S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ramsvik
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway. Carine.Lindquist@uib.no.
authors.forename: Carine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lindquist
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway. jan.erik.nordrehaug@sus.no.|Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4036 Stavanger, Norway. jan.erik.nordrehaug@sus.no.
authors.forename: Jan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nordrehaug
authors.affiliation: Olympic Seafood AS, N-6080 Fosnavaag, Norway. Inge.Bruheim@olympic.no.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bruheim
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway. Asbjorn.Svardal@uib.no.
authors.forename: Asbjørn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Svardal
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway. Ottar.Nygard@helse-bergen.no.|Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway. Ottar.Nygard@helse-bergen.no.
authors.forename: Ottar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nygård
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway. Rolf.Berge@uib.no.|Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway. Rolf.Berge@uib.no.
authors.forename: Rolf K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Berge
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002331:Carnitine / Q000097:blood*; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D033201:Euphausiacea / Q000737:chemistry*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008715:Methionine / Q000378:metabolism; D008744:Methylamines / Q000097:blood*; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D008744:Methylamines; D010743:Phospholipids; D006710:Homocysteine; D008715:Methionine; C005855:trimethyloxamine; D002331:Carnitine
keywords: Euphausia superba; Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; carnitine; homocysteine; one-carbon metabolism; phospholipid-protein complex; trimethylamine-N-oxide