title: Levels of sP-selectin and hs-CRP Decrease with Dietary Intervention with Selenium and Coenzyme Q10 Combined: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation and oxidative stress are central in many disease states. The major anti-oxidative enzymes contain selenium. The selenium intake in Europe is low, and supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10, important anti-oxidants, was evaluated in a previous study. The aim of this study was to evaluate response on the inflammatory biomarkers C-reactive protein, and sP-selectin, and their possible impact on cardiovascular mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  437 elderly individuals were included in the study. Clinical examination, echocardiography, electrocardiography and blood samples were drawn. The intervention time was 48 months, and median follow-up was 5.2 years. The effects on inflammation/atherosclerosis were evaluated through analyses of CRP and sP-selectin. Evaluations of the effect of the intervention was performed using repeated measures of variance. All mortality was registered, and endpoints of mortality were assessed by Kaplan-Meier plots.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The placebo group showed a CRP level of 4.8 ng/mL at the start, and 5.1 ng/mL at the study end. The active supplementation group showed a CRP level of 4.1 ng/mL at the start, and 2.1 ng/mL at the study end. SP-selectin exhibited a level of 56.6 mg/mL at the start in the placebo group and 72.3 mg/mL at the study end, and in the active group the corresponding figures were 55.9 mg/mL and 58.0 mg/mL. A significantly smaller increase was demonstrated through repeated measurements of the two biomarkers in those on active supplementation. Active supplementation showed an effect on the CRP and sP-selectin levels, irrespective of the biomarker levels. Reduced cardiovascular mortality was demonstrated in both those with high and low levels of CRP and sP-selectin in the active supplementation group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CRP and sP-selectin showed significant changes reflecting effects on inflammation and atherosclerosis in those given selenium and coenzyme Q10 combined. A reduced cardiovascular mortality could be demonstrated in the active group, irrespective of biomarker level. This result should be regarded as hypothesis-generating, and it is hoped it will stimulate more research in the area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Urban
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Alehagen
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Dept. of Clinical Chemistry, County Council of Östergötlan, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lindahl
authors.affiliation: Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust and Hedmark University College, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aaseth
authors.affiliation: Formerly Swedish Defence Research Agency, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Erland
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D018479:Early Intervention, Educational; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007249:Inflammation / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012643:Selenium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015996:Survival Rate; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019007:P-Selectin; D014451:Ubiquinone; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; C024989:coenzyme Q10; D012643:Selenium