title: T2-based temperature monitoring in abdominal fat during MR-guided focused ultrasound treatment of patients with uterine fibroids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Near-field heating is a potential problem in focused ultrasound treatments, as it can result in thermal injury to skin, subcutaneous fat, and other tissues. Our goals were to determine if T2-based temperature mapping could be used reliably to measure near-field heating in adipose tissue and whether it is practical to perform such mapping during focused ultrasound treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the dependence of T2 on temperature in ex vivo adipose tissue at 3T using a double-echo fast spin echo (FSE) sequence. We implemented and evaluated the T2-based temperature mapping technique in the adipose tissue of two healthy volunteers. Finally, we applied the technique during magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) treatments to measure near-field heating in eight patients with uterine fibroids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calibration experiments in porcine adipose tissue determined a temperature coefficient of 6.16 ms/°C during heating and 5.37 ms/°C during cooling. The volunteer experiments demonstrated a strong correlation between the skin temperature and T2-based temperature measurements in the fat layer. During the treatments of patients with uterine fibroids, we observed a measurable change in the T2 of fat tissue within the path of the ultrasound beam and a temperature increase of up to 15 °C with sustained heating of more than 10 °C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate the feasibility and importance of monitoring near-field heating in fatty tissues. The implementation of near-field monitoring between sonications can shorten treatments by reducing the cooling time. It can help improve safety by avoiding excessive heating in the near field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, Box 0946, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ozhinsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, Box 0946, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
authors.forename: Maureen P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kohi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA.
authors.forename: Pejman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghanouni
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, Box 0946, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rieke