title: Histone Deacetylase Gene Expression Following Binge Alcohol Consumption in Rats and Humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol binge drinking is one of the most common patterns of excessive alcohol use and recent data would suggest that histone deacetylases (HDACs) gene expression profiling could be useful as a biomarker for psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study aimed to characterize the gene expression patterns of Hdac 1-11 in samples of rat peripheral blood, liver, heart, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala following repeated binge alcohol consumption and to determine the parallelism of Hdac gene expression between rats and humans in peripheral blood. To accomplish this goal, we examined Hdac gene expression following 1, 4, or 8 alcohol binges (3 g/kg, orally) in the rat, in patients who were admitted to the hospital emergency department for acute alcohol intoxication, and in rats trained in daily operant alcohol self-administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We primarily found that acute alcohol binging reduced gene expression (Hdac1-10) in the peripheral blood of alcohol-naïve rats and that this effect was attenuated following repeated alcohol binges. There was also a reduction of Hdac gene expression in the liver (Hdac2,4,5), whereas there was increased expression in the heart (Hdac1,7,8) and amygdala (Hdac1,2,5). Additionally, increased blood alcohol concentrations were measured in rat blood at 1 to 4 hours following repeated alcohol binging, and the only group that developed hepatic steotosis (fatty liver) were those animals exposed to 8 alcohol binge events. Finally, both binge consumption of alcohol in humans and daily operant alcohol self-administration in rats increased Hdac gene expression in peripheral blood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that increases in HDAC gene expression within the peripheral blood are associated with chronic alcohol consumption, whereas HDAC gene expression is reduced following initial exposure to alcohol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: López-Moreno
authors.affiliation: Alcoholism Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marcos
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Calleja-Conde
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Echeverry-Alzate
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Kora M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bühler
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Costa-Alba
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bernardo
authors.affiliation: Alcoholism Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco-Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Laso
authors.affiliation: Fundación IMABIS, Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodríguez de Fonseca
authors.affiliation: Psychobiology Unit, School of Psychology, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Roser
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nadal
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria Paz
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Viveros
authors.affiliation: Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giné
mesh_terms: D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D000679:Amygdala / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D063425:Binge Drinking / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D012646:Self Administration; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D006655:Histone Deacetylases
keywords: Alcohol Binge; Gene Expression; Histone Deacetylases; Human and Rat; Translational Research