title: L-Carnitine inhibits eryptosis induced by uremic serum and the related mechanisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether L-carnitine (LC) inhibits eryptosis induced by uremic serum and the related mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  One percent erythrocyte suspension was cultured by three kinds of mediums in vitro, which was included in the control group (Group C, phosphate buffered saline [PBS]), the uremic serum group (Group U, 30% uremic serum + 70% PBS) and the LC group (Group L, 30% uremic serum + 70% PBS + 200 umol/L LC), respectively. Erythrocytes were collected at 24 and 48 h, respectively. Phosphatidylserine (PS) was estimated from Annexin-V-binding and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by flow cytometry, glutathione (GSH) was estimated from Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) by Microplate reader.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eryptosis in Group C increased as the incubating time extended (3.43 ± 0.37 at 24 h, 4.21 ± 0.44 at 48 h). Eryptosis increased in Group U compared with Group C (6.5 1 ± 0.71 at 24 h, p < 0.01; 8.55 ± 0.76 at 48 h, p < 0.01), while decreased in Group L compared with Group U (5.80 ± 0.69 at 24 h, p < 0.05; 7.87 ± 0.76 at 48 h, p < 0.05). Meanwhile, ROS of erythrocytes increased in Group U compared with Group C (33.12 ± 1.61 versus 14.83 ± 2.22 at 24 h, p < 0.01; 42.06 ± 1.81 versus 20.94 ± 1.78 at 48 h, p < 0.01), and GSH decreased in Group U compared with Group C (25.66 ± 0.32 versus 31.27 ± 0.38 at 24 h, p < 0.01; 8.53 ± 0.59 versus 17.29 ± 0.54 at 48 h, p < 0.01). ROS of erythrocytes decreased in Group L compared with Group C (26.29 ± 1.69 at 24 h, p < 0.01; 36.21 ± 2.00 at 48 h, p < 0.01). GSH increased in Group L compared with Group U (27.54 ± 0.60 at 24 h, p < 0.01; 15.18 ± 0.42 at 48 h, p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LC inhibits eryptosis induced by uremic serum, which possibly relates to oxidative stress in part.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nephrology , The Second Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nephrology , The Second Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , China.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nephrology , The Second Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nephrology , The Second Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nephrology , The Second Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , China.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guan
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002331:Carnitine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values; D044967:Serum; D014511:Uremia / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002331:Carnitine
keywords: Eryptosis; L-carnitine; glutathione; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species; uremia