title: A Chemical and Toxicological Comparison of Urban Air PM10 Collected During Winter and Spring in Finland.
abstract: We have used a new high-volume, low-cutoff inertial impactor (HVLI) in a pilot study on chemical characterization and toxicity testing of ambient air PM10 in Helsinki, Finland. Ambient air PM10 was collected at 1100 L/min in 2- to 4-day periods. Two different PM10 samples were selected to represent wintertime combustion type and springtime resuspension type particulate matter (PM) pollution. The most abundant water-soluble ions and elements were analyzed by ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively. The proinflammatory activation ¡NO and interleukin 6 (IL-6) production] and viability of cultured murine RAW 264.7 macrophages were tested in 24-h incubations with increasing mass doses (30-2000 µg per 10(6) cells) from the collected PM10 samples. The winter sample had a higher assessed PM2.5 fraction and sulfate content, and lower chloride, sodium, calcium, aluminum, copper, manganese, and especially iron contents than the spring sample. Both PMjo samples induced dose-dependent NO production in murine macrophages, and the springtime PM10 produced also a strong, dose-dependent IL-6 production. In conclusion, the HVLI proved to be a suitable technique for short-term collection of relatively large ambient air PM masses, enabling extensive chemical characterization and toxicity testing from the same samples.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Medicine , National Public Health Institute , Kuopio , Finland.
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Salonen
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Medicine , National Public Health Institute , Kuopio , Finland.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pennanen
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Medicine , National Public Health Institute , Kuopio , Finland.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Hälinen
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Medicine , National Public Health Institute , Kuopio , Finland.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
authors.affiliation: b Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sillanpää
authors.affiliation: b Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hillamo
authors.affiliation: b Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.affiliation: c Environmental Office , Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koskentalo
authors.affiliation: c Environmental Office , Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aarnio
authors.affiliation: d Department of Environmental Health , Harvard School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.affiliation: d Department of Environmental Health , Harvard School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koutrakis