title: Regulation of Certified Nurse-Midwife Scope of Practice: Change in the Professional Practice Index, 2000 to 2015.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) across the United States are educated in the same core competencies, yet scope of practice varies with state regulation. The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) funded studies published in 1994 and 2004 on the professional practice environment of CNMs, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants, and developed the Certified Nurse-Midwife Professional Practice Index (CNMPPI), a 100-point scoring system of state regulation focusing on 3 domains: legal status, reimbursement, and prescriptive authority. The purpose of this study was to examine changes to CNM regulation between 2000 and 2015 by updating scores to the CNMPPI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual state CNMPPI scores from 2000 were updated for every year through 2015 by reviewing data published in the American College of Nurse-Midwives (ACNM) quarterly publication Quickening, the annual advanced practice registered nurse legislative updates in the journal Nurse Practitioner, and the ACNM State Legislative and Regulatory Guidance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean state scores increased 18%, from 69.7 in 2000 to 79.8 in 2015, and variation between state scores fell. Increases were seen in all 3 domains, with the greatest increase in the domain of prescriptive authority and the smallest in the legal domain. Individual state CNMPPI scores tend to be correlated with scores of adjacent states.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CNMPPI can be used to document changes in practice authority of CNMs. The increase in state CNMPPI scores and decrease in variance across states can be interpreted as indicating growth of professional authority and increasing consensus regarding the CNM role. The scoring system needs to be updated to reflect the current health systems environment and to include certified midwives and other midwives meeting the International Confederation of Midwives definition of a midwife. Applications of the CNMPPI to future research are discussed.
authors.forename: Margaret W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Beal
authors.forename: Mara E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Batzli
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoyt
mesh_terms: D002568:Certification; D032921:Consensus; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D005260:Female; D033161:Government Regulation; D018166:Health Care Reform / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D008880:Midwifery / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D009721:Nurse Midwives / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000639:trends*; D057184:Practice Patterns, Nurses' / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000639:trends*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011364:Professional Practice / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000639:trends*; D024382:Professional Role; D013219:State Government; D014481:United States
keywords: health policy; health services needs and demands; midwifery; nurse-midwife; prescriptive authority; reimbursement; scope of practice; workforce