title: Teaming Up with Virtual Humans: How Other People Change Our Perceptions of and Behavior with Virtual Teammates.
abstract: In this paper we present a study exploring whether the physical presence of another human changes how people perceive and behave with virtual teammates. We conducted a study (n = 69) in which nurses worked with a simulated health care team to prepare a patient for surgery. The agency of participants' teammates was varied between conditions; participants either worked with a virtual surgeon and a virtual anesthesiologist, a human confederate playing a surgeon and a virtual anesthesiologist, or a virtual surgeon and a human confederate playing an anesthesiologist. While participants perceived the human confederates to have more social presence (p <; 0.01), participants did not preferentially agree with their human team members. We also observed an interaction effect between agency and behavioral realism. Participants experienced less social presence from the virtual anesthesiologist, whose behavior was less in line with participants' expectations, when a human surgeon was present.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Robb
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cordar
authors.forename: Samsun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lampotang
authors.forename: Casey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wendling
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lok
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000776:Anesthesiology; D003196:Computer Graphics; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010348:Patient Care Team; D012938:Social Perception; D014584:User-Computer Interface