title: Risk Factors Associated with Symptomatic Pulmonary Embolism of Catheter Directed Thrombolysis for Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to study the risk factors associated with symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the lower limbs treated by catheter directed thrombolysis (CDT) without inferior vena cava filter (IVCF) placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total 266 patients with acute/subacute ilio-femoral, ilio-femoropopliteal, and femoropopliteal thrombosis confirmed by computed tomography venography or ultrasound Doppler were studied. All patients were treated with CDT. CTPA (computed tomography pulmonary angiography) examination was performed in all patients before thrombolysis. Patients with clinically suspected symptomatic PE were confirmed by repeated CTPA after treatment. The major outcome of this study was the occurrence of symptomatic PE events during CDT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During CDT, the incidence of symptomatic PE events was 4.9% (13/266). Patients with silent PE had a higher risk of developing symptomatic PE (10/110, 9.1%) than those who had no prior PE (3/156, 1.9%); multivariate analysis confirmed this difference (OR 4.018, 95% CI 1.048-15.402). It was also found that patients with previous heart disease had a higher risk of developing symptomatic PE (11/90, 12.2%) than those with no prior heart disease (2/176, 1.1%). Multivariate analysis confirmed that previous heart disease increased the risk of developing symptomatic PE (OR 10.407, 95% CI 2.228-48.617). One patient who suffered from heart failure and silent PE before CDT died of symptomatic PE (1/13, 7.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of developing symptomatic PE is most markedly increased in patients with previous silent PE and heart disease. Selective rather than routine IVCF placement is an appropriate approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: X H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Q N
authors.initials: QN
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. Electronic address: hw_cqmu@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005268:Femoral Vein; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007084:Iliac Vein; D015994:Incidence; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011152:Popliteal Vein; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D006493:Heparin
keywords: Catheter directed thrombolysis; Deep venous thrombosis; Inferior vena cava filter; Silent pulmonary embolism; Symptomatic pulmonary embolism