title: Intrinsic motivation and amotivation in first episode and prolonged psychosis.
abstract: The deleterious functional implications of motivation deficits in psychosis have generated interest in examining dimensions of the construct. However, there remains a paucity of data regarding whether dimensions of motivation differ over the course of psychosis. Therefore, this study examined two motivation dimensions, trait-like intrinsic motivation, and the negative symptom of amotivation, and tested the impact of illness phase on the 1) levels of these dimensions and 2) relationship between these dimensions. Participants with first episode psychosis (FEP; n=40) and prolonged psychosis (n=66) completed clinician-rated measures of intrinsic motivation and amotivation. Analyses revealed that when controlling for group differences in gender and education, the FEP group had significantly more intrinsic motivation and lower amotivation than the prolonged psychosis group. Moreover, intrinsic motivation was negatively correlated with amotivation in both FEP and prolonged psychosis, but the magnitude of the relationship did not statistically differ between groups. These findings suggest that motivation deficits are more severe later in the course of psychosis and that low intrinsic motivation may be partially independent of amotivation in both first episode and prolonged psychosis. Clinically, these results highlight the importance of targeting motivation in early intervention services.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N., Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. Electronic address: lutherl@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luther
authors.affiliation: Roudebush VA Medical Center, Research Dept. Mail code (151), 1481 W. 10th St., Indianapolis, IN 46219, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 West 10th Street, Suite 6200, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. Electronic address: plysaker@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lysaker
authors.affiliation: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N., Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. Electronic address: rfirmin@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Ruth L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Firmin
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 West 10th Street, Suite 6200, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Prevention and Recovery Center for Early Psychosis, Midtown Community Mental Health Centers, Wishard Hospital, 720 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, IU Psychotic Disorders Research Program, 2601 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46222,USA.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Breier
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 West 10th Street, Suite 6200, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Prevention and Recovery Center for Early Psychosis, Midtown Community Mental Health Centers, Wishard Hospital, 720 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, IU Psychotic Disorders Research Program, 2601 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46222,USA. Electronic address: jvohs@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Jenifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vohs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Early psychosis; Motivation; Negative symptoms; Schizophrenia