title: Effects of word frequency and visual complexity on eye movements of young and older Chinese readers.
abstract: Research using alphabetic languages shows that, compared to young adults, older adults employ a risky reading strategy in which they are more likely to guess word identities and skip words to compensate for their slower processing of text. However, little is known about how ageing affects reading behaviour for naturally unspaced, logographic languages like Chinese. Accordingly, to assess the generality of age-related changes in reading strategy across different writing systems we undertook an eye movement investigation of adult age differences in Chinese reading. Participants read sentences containing a target word (a single Chinese character) that had a high or low frequency of usage and was constructed from either few or many character strokes, and so either visually simple or complex. Frequency and complexity produced similar patterns of influence for both age groups on skipping rates and fixation times for target words. Both groups therefore demonstrated sensitivity to these manipulations. But compared to the young adults, the older adults made more and longer fixations and more forward and backward eye movements overall. They also fixated the target words for longer, especially when these were visually complex. Crucially, the older adults skipped words less and made shorter progressive saccades. Therefore, in contrast with findings for alphabetic languages, older Chinese readers appear to use a careful reading strategy according to which they move their eyes cautiously along lines of text and skip words infrequently. We propose they use this more careful reading strategy to compensate for increased difficulty processing word boundaries in Chinese.
authors.affiliation: a Academy of Psychology and Behavior, School of Education Science , Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin , China.
authors.forename: Chuanli
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.affiliation: a Academy of Psychology and Behavior, School of Education Science , Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin , China.
authors.forename: Manman
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a Academy of Psychology and Behavior, School of Education Science , Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin , China.
authors.forename: Xuejun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: a Academy of Psychology and Behavior, School of Education Science , Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin , China.
authors.forename: Guoli
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: b Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour , University of Leicester , Leicester , UK.
authors.forename: Kevin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.affiliation: c Centre for Vision and Cognition, School of Psychology , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK.
authors.forename: Simon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Liversedge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D044466:Asian People; D001288:Attention; D032882:Comprehension; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011932:Reading; D012660:Semantics; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014825:Vocabulary; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Ageing; Chinese reading; Eye movements; Visual complexity; Word frequency