title: Downhill Running Excessive Training Inhibits Hypertrophy in Mice Skeletal Muscles with Different Fiber Type Composition.
abstract: The aim of this study was to verify the effects of running overtraining protocols performed in downhill, uphill, and without inclination on the proteins related to hypertrophy signaling pathway in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus of C57BL/6 mice. We also performed histological and stereological analyses. Rodents were divided into control (CT; sedentary mice), overtrained by downhill running (OTR/down), overtrained by uphill running (OTR/up), and overtrained by running without inclination (OTR). The incremental load, exhaustive, and grip force tests were used as performance evaluation parameters. 36 h after the grip force test, EDL and soleus were removed and immediately used for immunoblotting analysis or stored at -80°C for histological and stereological analyses. For EDL, OTR/down decreased the protein kinase B (Akt) and tuberous sclerosis protein 2 (TSC2) phosphorylation (p), and increased myostatin, receptor-activated Smads (pSMAD2-3), and insulin receptor substrate-1 (pIRS-1; Ser307/636). OTR/down also presented low and high relative proportions of cytoplasm and connective tissue, respectively. OTR/up increased the mammalian target of rapamycin (pmTOR), 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (pS6K1) and pSMAD2-3, and decreased pTSC2. OTR decreased pTSC2 and increased pIRS-1 (Ser636). For soleus, OTR/down increased S6 ribosomal protein (pS6RP) and pSMAD2-3, and decreased pIRS-1 (Ser639). OTR/up decreased pS6K1, pS6RP and pIRS-1 (Ser639), and increased pTSC2 (Ser939), and pSMAD2-3. OTR increased pS6RP, 4E-binding protein-1 (p4E-BP1), pTSC2 (Ser939), and pSMAD2-3, and decreased pIRS-1 (Ser639). In summary, OTR/down inhibited the skeletal muscle hypertrophy with concomitant signs of atrophy in EDL. The effects of OTR/up and OTR depended on the analyzed skeletal muscle type.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alisson L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: da Rocha
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Sport Sciences Course, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: José R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pauli
authors.affiliation: Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology Laboratory Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Far Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudio T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giovana R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Lira
authors.affiliation: Sport Sciences Course, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dennys E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Cintra
authors.affiliation: Sport Sciences Course, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Ropelle
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos R B
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Júnior
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.|School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adelino S R
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: da Silva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006984:Hypertrophy; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D009124:Muscle Proteins