title: Methadone Recycling Sustains Drug Reservoir in Tissue.
abstract: We hypothesize that there is a tissue store of methadone content in humans that is not directly accessible, but is quantifiable. Further, we hypothesize the mechanism by which methadone content is sustained in tissue stores involves methadone uptake, storage, and release from tissue depots in the body (recycling). Accordingly, we hypothesize that such tissue stores, in part, determine plasma methadone levels. We studied a random sample of six opioid-naïve healthy subjects. We performed a clinical trial simulation in silico using pharmacokinetic modeling. We found a large tissue store of methadone content whose size was much larger than methadone's size in plasma in response to a single oral dose of methadone 10 mg. The tissue store measured 13-17 mg. This finding could only be explained by the contemporaneous storage of methadone in tissue with dose recycling. We found that methadone recycles 2-5 times through an inaccessible extravascular compartment (IAC), from an accessible plasma-containing compartment (AC), before exiting irreversibly. We estimate the rate of accumulation (or storage) of methadone in tissue was 0.029-7.29 mg/h. We predict 39 ± 13% to 83 ± 6% of methadone's tissue stores "spillover" into the circulation. Our results indicate that there exists a large quantifiable tissue store of methadone in humans. Our results support the notion that methadone in humans undergoes tissue uptake, storage, release into the circulation, reuptake from the circulation, and re-release into the circulation, and that spillover of methadone from tissue stores, in part, maintain plasma methadone levels in humans.
authors.forename: Oscar A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Linares
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fudin
authors.forename: Annemarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Schiesser
authors.forename: Raymond C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Boston
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008691:Methadone / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D008691:Methadone
keywords: addiction; methadone; mu-opioid receptor; opioid tolerance; pain; recycling