title: How long can culturable bacteria and total DNA persist in environmental waters? The role of sunlight and solid particles.
abstract: In this work, sunlight inactivation of two indicator bacteria in freshwater, with and without solid particles, was studied and the persistence of culturable cells and total DNA was compared. Environmental water was used to prepare two matrices, with and without solid particles, which were spiked with Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. These matrices were used to prepare microcosm bags that were placed in two containers: one exposed to sunlight and the other in the dark. During one month, samples were removed from each container and detection was done by membrane filter technique and real-time PCR. Kinetic parameters were calculated to assess sunlight effect. Indicator bacteria without solid particles exposed to sunlight suffered an immediate decay (<4h) compared with the ones which were shielded from them. In addition, the survival of both bacteria with solid particles varied depending on the situation analyzed (T99 from 3 up to 60days), being always culturable E. coli more persistent than E. faecalis. On the other side, E. faecalis DNA persisted much longer than culturable cells (T99>40h in the dark with particles). In this case active cells were more prone to sunlight than total DNA and the protective effect of solid particles was also observed. Results highlight that the effects caused by the parameters which describe the behavior of culturable microorganisms and total DNA in water are different and must be included in simulation models but without forgetting that these parameters will also depend on bacterial properties, sensitizers, composition, type, and uses of the aquatic environment under assessment.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Salta (INIQUI - CONICET, UNSa), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina; Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina. Electronic address: dolo83@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Cacciabue
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Salta (INIQUI - CONICET, UNSa), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina; Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina. Electronic address: aliciagracielacid@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alicia G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Cid
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Salta (INIQUI - CONICET, UNSa), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina; Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina; Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Electronic address: vbrajal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Verónica B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Rajal
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D013472:Sunlight; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial
keywords: Bacterial indicators; Culture-based methods; Environmental waters; Solid particles; Sunlight inactivation; qPCR