title: Categorising intersectional targets: An "either/and" approach to race- and gender-emotion congruity.
abstract: Research on the interaction of emotional expressions with social category cues in face processing has focused on whether specific emotions are associated with single-category identities, thus overlooking the influence of intersectional identities. Instead, we examined how quickly people categorise intersectional targets by their race, gender, or emotional expression. In Experiment 1, participants categorised Black and White faces displaying angry, happy, or neutral expressions by either race or gender. Emotion influenced responses to men versus women only when gender was made salient by the task. Similarly, emotion influenced responses to Black versus White targets only when participants categorised by race. In Experiment 2, participants categorised faces by emotion so that neither category was more salient. As predicted, responses to Black women differed from those to both Black men and White women. Thus, examining race and gender separately is insufficient to understanding how emotion and social category cues are processed.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Yale University , 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven , CT , USA.|b Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , University of Massachusetts , 135 Hicks Way, Amherst , MA , USA.
authors.forename: Jacqueline S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Yale University , 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven , CT , USA.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: LaFrance
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Yale University , 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven , CT , USA.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dovidio
mesh_terms: D004644:Emotions; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D044469:Racial Groups; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012933:Social Identification; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Black women; Emotional expressions; intersectionality; social categorisation; stereotypes