title: Interactions between Financial and Environmental Networks in OECD Countries.
abstract: We analysed a multiplex of financial and environmental networks between OECD countries from 2002 to 2010. Foreign direct investments and portfolio investment showing the flows in equity securities, short-term, long-term and total debt, these securities represent the financial layers; emissions of NOx, PM10, SO2, CO2 equivalent and the water footprint associated with international trade represent the environmental layers. We present a new measure of cross-layer correlations between flows in different layers based on reciprocity. For the assessment of results, we implement a null model for this measure based on the exponential random graph theory. We find that short-term financial flows are more correlated with environmental flows than long-term investments. Moreover, the correlations between reverse financial and environmental flows (i.e. the flows of different layers going in opposite directions) are generally stronger than correlations between synergic flows (flows going in the same direction). This suggests a trade-off between financial and environmental layers, where, more financialised countries display higher correlations between outgoing financial flows and incoming environmental flows than from lower financialised countries. Five countries are identified as hubs in this finance-environment multiplex: The United States, France, Germany, Belgium-Luxembourg and United Kingdom.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 1, IT-53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ruzzenenti
authors.affiliation: Advanced Analytics, Bank of England, Threadneedle Street, London EC2R 8AH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Siena, Via S.Francesco 1, IT-53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ticci
authors.affiliation: Department of Business and Law, University of Siena, Via S.Francesco 1, IT-53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vozzella
authors.affiliation: Department of Business and Law, University of Siena, Via S.Francesco 1, IT-53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Giampaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gabbi
mesh_terms: D004777:Environment; D007449:Investments; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D066150:Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development; D013696:Temperature