title: Primary Care Parenting Intervention and Its Effects on the Use of Physical Punishment Among Low-Income Parents of Toddlers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As part of a large randomized controlled trial, the authors assessed the impact of 2 early primary care parenting interventions-the Video Interaction Project (VIP) and Building Blocks (BB)-on the use of physical punishment among low-income parents of toddlers. They also determined whether the impact was mediated through increases in responsive parenting and decreases in maternal psychosocial risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred thirty-eight mother-child dyads (161 VIP, 113 BB, 164 Control) were assessed when the children were 14 and/or 24 months old. Mothers were asked about their use of physical punishment and their responsive parenting behaviors, depressive symptoms, and parenting stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The VIP was associated with lower physical punishment scores at 24 months, as compared to BB and controls. In addition, fewer VIP parents reported ever using physical punishment as a disciplinary strategy. Significant indirect effects were found for both responsive parenting and maternal psychosocial risk, indicating that the VIP affects these behaviors and risk factors, and that this is an important pathway through which the VIP affects the parents' use of physical punishment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support the efficacy of the VIP and the role of pediatric primary care, in reducing the use of physical punishment among low-income families by enhancing parent-child relationships. In this way, the findings support the potential of the VIP to improve developmental outcomes for at-risk children.
authors.affiliation: *Division of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, NYU School of Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, NY; †Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY; ‡Department of Pediatrics, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY; §Department of Psychology, Marymount Manhattan College, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Caitlin F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Canfield
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weisleder
authors.forename: Carolyn B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Cates
authors.forename: Harris S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Huberman
authors.forename: Benard P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Dreyer
authors.forename: Lori A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Legano
authors.forename: Samantha Berkule
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seery
authors.forename: Alan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Mendelsohn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D009035:Mothers / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology*; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult