title: Thermal mineralization behavior of PFOA, PFHxA, and PFOS during reactivation of granular activated carbon (GAC) in nitrogen atmosphere.
abstract: Waste disposal site is one of the important sinks of chemicals. A significant amount of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) have been brought into it. Because of their aqueous solubility, PFASs are released to landfill effluent waters, from which PFASs are efficiently collected by adsorption technique using granular activated carbon (GAC). The exhausted GAC is reactivated by heating processes. The mineralization of PFASs during the reactivation process was studied. Being thermally treated in N2atmosphere, the recovery rate of mineralized fluorine and PFC homologues including short-chained perfluorocarboxylic acids was determined. If the reagent form of PFOA, PFHxA, and PFOS were treated at 700 °C, the recovery of mineralized fluorine was less than 30, 46, and 72 %, respectively. The rate increased to 51, 74, and 70 %, if PFASs were adsorbed onto GAC in advance; moreover, addition of excess sodium hydroxide (NaOH) improved the recovery to 74, 91, and 90 %. Residual PFAS homologue was less than 1 % of the original amount. Steamed condition did not affect destruction. The significant role of GAC was to suppress volatile release of PFASs from thermal ambient, whereas NaOH enhanced destruction and retained mineralized fluorine on the GAC surface. Comparing the recovery of mineralized fluorine, the degradability of PFOS was considered to be higher than PFOA and PFHxA. Whole mass balance missing 9~26 % of initial amount suggested formation of some volatile organofluoro compounds beyond analytical coverage.
authors.affiliation: Osaka Institute of Technology, Ohmiya 5-16-1, Asahi-ku, Osaka, 535-8585, Japan. nobuhisa.watanabe@oit.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Nobuhisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Osaka Institute of Technology, Ohmiya 5-16-1, Asahi-ku, Osaka, 535-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuyasu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takata
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Research and Training Institute, Namiki 3-3, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-0042, Japan.
authors.forename: Shusuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takemine
authors.affiliation: Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Yukihira-cho 3-1-18, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D005461:Fluorine / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry*; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002606:Charcoal; D005461:Fluorine; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Activated carbon; Decomposition; Destruction; Mineralization; Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances; Reactivation; Regeneration