title: Daily oscillations of skin temperature in military personnel using thermography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The human body makes many physiological adjustments throughout the day, including adjustments to body temperature. The purpose of this study was to determine oscillations in the skin temperature (Tsk-1-Tsk-25) at 25 body regions of interest (ROIs) over 1 day using infrared thermography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tsk values of 31 male (age 22.9±3.0 years) Brazilian Air Force members were evaluated from five thermograms collected at 7, 11, 15, 19 and 23 h (Tsk7,11,15,19,23) by a Fluke imager. We applied one-way analysis of variance for repeated measures for the different times of the day and Tukey's post hoc test to determine significant Tsk differences between ROIs (α=0.05), and the cosinor analysis was used to determine the midline estimating statistic of rhythm, amplitude and acrophase of Tsk during the 24 h period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anterior hands showed the greatest Tsk variations throughout the day. In the lower limbs, scapula, abdomen, chest and lower back, Tsk-11, Tsk-15, Tsk-19 and Tsk-23 were significantly different (p<0.05) from Tsk-7. The lowest Tsk values were obtained in the early morning, with increases in the afternoon and levelling after 15:00.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Tsk at all ROIs and the averaged Tsk showed oscillations throughout the day, with the lowest values in the early morning (07:00). Temperature fluctuations depended on the specific ROI, with thermal stabilisation in some regions in the afternoon and a central upward trend throughout the day in the hands.
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Viçosa, Laboratory Human Performance, Minas Gerais, Brazil Aeronatutics Instruction and Adaptation Center, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Magno Amaral
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sillero-Quintana
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piñonosa Cano
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Viçosa, Laboratory Human Performance, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Viçosa, Laboratory Human Performance, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Viçosa, Laboratory Human Performance, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Viçosa, Laboratory Human Performance, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Pussieldi
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Viçosa, Laboratory Human Performance, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: J C B
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Marins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D013817:Thermography; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: circadian rhythm; infrared thermography; military; skin temperature; thermal profile