title: Maternal factors in the origin of isolated anorectal malformations - a population-based case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In most patients affected by isolated anorectal malformation (IARM), the etiology is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the possible role of maternal risk factors in the origin of IARM.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study samples included 231 cases with IARM, 361 matched and 38 151 population controls without any defect in the population-based large dataset of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980-1996. Cases with IARM were evaluated in the function of maternal diseases and related drug use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings of this case-control study suggested that cases with IARM have an obvious male excess. The mothers of cases with IARM had a lower incidence of severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and a higher incidence of acute infectious diseases in the urinary tract.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and the higher incidence of urinary tract infections may have a role in the development of IARM.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Military Hospital - State Health Centre , Budapest , Hungary .
authors.forename: Gabor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vermes
authors.affiliation: b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , St. Stephen's Hospital , Budapest , Hungary .
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: László
authors.affiliation: c 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine , Budapest , Hungary , and.
authors.forename: Ákos
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Mátrai
authors.affiliation: d Foundation for the Community Control of Hereditary Diseases , Budapest , Hungary.
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Czeizel
authors.affiliation: c 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine , Budapest , Hungary , and.
authors.forename: Nándor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ács
mesh_terms: D000071056:Anorectal Malformations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary / Q000453:epidemiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009325:Nausea / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D014839:Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Acute and chronic maternal disease; anorectal malformation; drug treatment; population-based case–control study