title: Familial determinants of current smoking among adolescents of Lithuania: a cross-sectional survey 2014.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding the role of the family in shaping adolescent health risk behaviours has recently been given increased attention. This study investigated association between current smoking and a range of familial factors in a representative sample of Lithuanian adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study subjects (N = 3696) were adolescents aged 13- and 15-years from the schools in Lithuania who were surveyed in Spring 2014 according to the methodology of the cross-national Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC). A standard HBSC international questionnaire was translated into Lithuanian and used anonymously to obtain information about current smoking patterns and family life (family structure, quality of communication in family, parental monitoring, bonding, parenting style, family time, etc.). Logistic regression was used to assess association between smoking and familial variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of current smoking was 16.5 % (20.8 % in boys and 11.9 % in girls; P < 0.001). Adjusting for gender, age and family affluence, adolescents from non-intact families were significantly more likely to be current smokers (OR = 2.10; 95 % CI: 1.74-2.54) compared with intact families. Five independent familial factors were significantly related to increased risk for adolescent smoking: low maternal monitoring (OR = 2.79; 95 % CI: 1.98-3.92), low satisfaction with family relationships (OR = 1.89; 95 % CI: 1.27-2.83), low school-related parental support (OR = 1.40; 95 % CI: 1.01-1.95), easy communication with the father (OR = 0.56; 95 % CI: 0.38-0.80) and often use of electronic media for communication with parents (OR = 0.66; 95 % CI: 0.50-0.88). The last two determinants showed an inverse effect than it was hypothesized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher prevalence of smoking among adolescents of Lithuania is associated with a non- intact family structure as well as weaker parental support and bonding. Family life practices are critical components to be incorporated in prevention and intervention programs for adolescent smoking in Lithuania.
authors.affiliation: Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Academy of Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, A.Mickeviciaus street 9, Kaunas, LT-44307, Lithuania. apolinaras.zaborskis@lsmuni.lt.
authors.forename: Apolinaras
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaborskis
authors.affiliation: Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Academy of Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, A.Mickeviciaus street 9, Kaunas, LT-44307, Lithuania. d.sirvyte@gmail.com.|Public Health Bureau of Ukmerge municipality, Deltuvos street 17, Ukmerge, LT-20127, Lithuania. d.sirvyte@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dainora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sirvyte
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003142:Communication; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004581:Electronics; D005190:Family; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008097:Lithuania / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D009679:Nuclear Family; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D015995:Prevalence; D012574:Schools; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires