title: Toxic and essential elements in Nigerian rice and estimation of dietary intake through rice consumption.
abstract: In this study, levels and estimated daily intake (EDI) of two toxic elements, Cd and Pb, and eight essential elements: Ca, P, Zn, Mn, Co, Cu, Se and Mo, were determined in Nigerian rice samples. The mean levels of Cd, Pb and Co were 5.43±0.88, 38.66±5.42, 25.8±3.18 ng/g. The mean levels of Ca, P, Zn, Mn, Cu, Se and Mo were 71.5±7.31, 951±52.0, 10.2±0.63, 8.5±0.47, 3.07±0.18, 40.1±9.2 and 0.39±0.05 µg/g, respectively. The percentage contribution to the reference values for each element was 0.54, 7.71, 0.38, 9.51, 8.97, 31.3, 30.7, 5.1 and 60.7% for Cd, Pb, Ca, P, Zn, Mn, Cu, Se and Mo, respectively. The elemental nutrient levels in Nigerian rice samples are comparable to those obtained from other regions and their consumption does not pose any serious health risk to consumers.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biology, School of Science , Federal University of Technology , Akure , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Chris O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Adedire
authors.affiliation: b Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil.|c Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences , Osun State University , Osogbo , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Adeyemi
authors.affiliation: b Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Paulelli
authors.affiliation: b Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil.
authors.forename: Airton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: da Cunha Martins-Junior
authors.affiliation: d Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries, Faculty of Science , Adekunle Ajasin University , Akungba Akoko , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Kayode D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Ileke
authors.affiliation: e Centre of Human and Natural Sciences , Federal University of ABC , Santo André , Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabiana Roberta
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Segura
authors.affiliation: b Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: de Oliveira-Souza
authors.affiliation: b Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil.|e Centre of Human and Natural Sciences , Federal University of ABC , Santo André , Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.affiliation: b Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barbosa
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis; D004032:Diet; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D009549:Nigeria; D012275:Oryza; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014131:Trace Elements; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead
keywords: ICP-MS; cadmium; essential elements; estimated dietary intake; lead; local rice; toxic elements