title: Frontobasal Fractures.
abstract: Frontobasal fractures occur in up to 24% of head injuries and often require a multidisciplinary approach. Besides the common bone fractures, the complex anatomy can cause damage to the sense of vision and smell. Further possibly lethal complications such as cerebrospinal fluid leak followed by meningitis or internal carotid bleeding can follow. Diagnostic and treatment options are reviewed with a focus on the endoscopic endonasal approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Litschel
authors.affiliation: Division of Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Kühnel
authors.affiliation: Division of Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Traumatology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal; D065634:Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D020209:Cranial Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries*; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000293:injuries; D006801:Humans; D057605:Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery; D009666:Nose; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D020205:Skull Fracture, Basilar / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*