title: Health Care Expenditure and GDP in Oil Exporting Countries: Evidence From OPEC Data, 1995-2012.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a large body of literature examining income in relation to health expenditures. The share of expenditures in health sector from GDP in developed countries is often larger than in non-developed countries, suggesting that as the level of economic growth increases, health spending increase, too.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper estimates long-run relationships between health expenditures and GDP based on panel data of a sample of 12 countries of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), using data for the period 1995-2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  We use panel data unit root tests, cointegration analysis and ECM model to find long-run and short-run relation. This study examines whether health is a luxury or a necessity for OPEC countries within a unit root and cointegration framework.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Panel data analysis indicates that health expenditures and GDP are co-integrated and have Engle and Granger causality. In addition, in oil countries that have oil export income, the share of government expenditures in the health sector is often greater than in private health expenditures similar developed countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings verify that health care is not a luxury good and income has a robust relationship to health expenditures in OPEC countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Economic, school of health management and information sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran. afazaeli83@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ali Akbar
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Fazaeli
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ghaderi
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salehi
authors.forename: Ali Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fazaeli
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D059066:Gross Domestic Product / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008877:Middle East; D017059:Models, Econometric; D010578:Petroleum; D013020:South America
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum