title: Effects of Racial Prejudice on the Health of Communities: A Multilevel Survival Analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined whether and how racial prejudice at both the individual and community levels contributes to mortality risk among majority as well as minority group members.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data on racial attitudes from the General Social Survey (1993-2002) prospectively linked to mortality data from the National Death Index through 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whites and Blacks living in communities with higher levels of racial prejudice were at an elevated risk of mortality, independent of individual and community sociodemographic characteristics and individually held racist beliefs (odds ratio = 1.24; 95% confidence interval = 1.04, 1.49). Living in a highly prejudiced community had similar harmful effects among both Blacks and Whites. Furthermore, the interaction observed between individual- and community-level racial prejudice indicated that respondents with higher levels of racial prejudice had lower survival rates if they lived in communities with low degrees of racial prejudice. Community-level social capital explained the relationship between community racial prejudice and mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Community-level racial prejudice may disrupt social capital, and reduced social capital is associated with increased mortality risk among both Whites and Blacks. Our results contribute to an emerging body of literature documenting the negative consequences of prejudice for population health.
authors.affiliation: Yeonjin Lee is with the Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Peter Muennig is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Ichiro Kawachi is with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Mark L. Hatzenbuehler is with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University.
authors.forename: Yeonjin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Yeonjin Lee is with the Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Peter Muennig is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Ichiro Kawachi is with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Mark L. Hatzenbuehler is with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muennig
authors.affiliation: Yeonjin Lee is with the Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Peter Muennig is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Ichiro Kawachi is with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Mark L. Hatzenbuehler is with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University.
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawachi
authors.affiliation: Yeonjin Lee is with the Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Peter Muennig is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Ichiro Kawachi is with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Mark L. Hatzenbuehler is with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University.
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hatzenbuehler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009026:Mortality; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D063505:Racism; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D066270:Social Capital; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*