title: Poor peer relations predict parent- and self-reported behavioral and emotional problems of adolescents with gender dysphoria: a cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis.
abstract: This study is the third in a series to examine behavioral and emotional problems in children and adolescents with gender dysphoria in a comparative analysis between two clinics in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and Amsterdam, the Netherlands. In the present study, we report Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Youth Self-Report (YSR) data on adolescents assessed in the Toronto clinic (n = 177) and the Amsterdam clinic (n = 139). On the CBCL and the YSR, we found that the percentage of adolescents with clinical range behavioral and emotional problems was higher when compared to the non-referred standardization samples but similar to the referred adolescents. On both the CBCL and the YSR, the Toronto adolescents had a significantly higher Total Problem score than the Amsterdam adolescents. Like our earlier studies of CBCL data of children and Teacher's Report Form data of children and adolescents, a measure of poor peer relations was the strongest predictor of CBCL and YSR behavioral and emotional problems in gender dysphoric adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. alc.devries@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Annelou L C
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Steensma
authors.affiliation: Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peggy T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Cohen-Kettenis
authors.affiliation: Gender Identity Clinic, Child, Youth, and Family Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Doug P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: VanderLaan
authors.affiliation: Gender Identity Clinic, Child, Youth, and Family Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Zucker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D000068116:Gender Dysphoria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D010379:Peer Group; D057566:Self Report
keywords: Adolescents; Behavioral and emotional problems; Child Behavior Checklist; Gender dysphoria; Gender identity disorder; Peer relations; Transgender; Youth Self-Report Form