title: Association of serum lipid levels and prostate cancer severity among Hispanic Puerto Rican men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While obesity and fat intake have been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (PCa) aggressiveness and mortality, the association between lipid levels and PCa phenotype remains unclear. Previous reports evaluating this association are inconsistent and highly variable when considering different racial/ethnic groups. There are scarce data regarding this association among Hispanics, and specifically Puerto Rico's Hispanic men, a population with a higher burden of PCa, metabolic syndrome and overweight. This population has a different ancestry profile than other Hispanics from Central and South America. Due to the above the researchers inquired if there is a relationship between serum lipid levels and PCa phenotype in this understudied population using a cohort of patients treated with radical prostatectomy as their first treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an exploratory retrospective medical record review study of 199 PCa patients who underwent radical prostatectomy between 2005 and 2012. Variables analyzed included age at PCa diagnosis, Body Mass Index (BMI), preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), lipid levels, and clinical parameters such as prostatectomy pathologic stage and Gleason Score (GS). PCa severity was defined using pathologic stage and GS. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) to define the relationship among clinical characteristics and PCa severity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age for the cohort was 58.8 years (range: 40-75), 78.9 % were overweight or obese, 36.7 % had hypertriglyceridemia, and 35.2 % had low HDL levels. In the unadjusted logistic regression model, hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 2.11, 95 % CI = 1.13-3.93), low HDL (OR: 1.90, 95 % CI = 1.02-3.56-), and age (OR: 2.34, 95 % CI 1.25-4.40) were significantly associated with a diagnosis of high severity of PCa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Puerto Rican men with PCa, elevated hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL levels, and age were statistically associated with high grade PCa on bivariate analysis. Total cholesterol level was not associated with severity of disease. Associations lost significance upon multivariate adjustment. These data generate important hypotheses regarding the potential relationship between lipid pathways and PCa development and underscore the need to perform larger scale and longitudinal studies to sort out whether, hypertriglyceridemia is associated with PCa phenotype and development.
authors.affiliation: UPR/MDACC Partnership in Excellence in Cancer Research Program, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 365067, San Juan, 00936-5067, Puerto Rico. jeannette.salgado@upr.edu.
authors.forename: Jeannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salgado-Montilla
authors.affiliation: UPR/MDACC Partnership in Excellence in Cancer Research Program, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 365067, San Juan, 00936-5067, Puerto Rico. marievelisse.soto1@upr.edu.
authors.forename: Marievelisse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soto Salgado
authors.affiliation: Graduate Department, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Professions, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 365067, San Juan, 00936-5067, Puerto Rico. barbara.surillo@upr.edu.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Surillo Trautmann
authors.affiliation: Urology Section, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 365067, San Juan, 00936-5067, Puerto Rico. drsanchezortiz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Graduate Department, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Professions, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 365067, San Juan, 00936-5067, Puerto Rico. margarita.irizarry@upr.edu.
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Irizarry-Ramírez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011647:Puerto Rico; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen