title: CMOS Image Sensor and System for Imaging Hemodynamic Changes in Response to Deep Brain Stimulation.
abstract: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a therapeutic intervention used for a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, but its mechanism of action is not well understood. It is known that DBS modulates neural activity which changes metabolic demands and thus the cerebral circulation state. However, it is unclear whether there are correlations between electrophysiological, hemodynamic and behavioral changes and whether they have any implications for clinical benefits. In order to investigate these questions, we present a miniaturized system for spectroscopic imaging of brain hemodynamics. The system consists of a 144 ×144, [Formula: see text] pixel pitch, high-sensitivity, analog-output CMOS imager fabricated in a standard 0.35 μm CMOS process, along with a miniaturized imaging system comprising illumination, focusing, analog-to-digital conversion and μSD card based data storage. This enables stand alone operation without a computer, nor electrical or fiberoptic tethers. To achieve high sensitivity, the pixel uses a capacitive transimpedance amplifier (CTIA). The nMOS transistors are in the pixel while pMOS transistors are column-parallel, resulting in a fill factor (FF) of 26%. Running at 60 fps and exposed to 470 nm light, the CMOS imager has a minimum detectable intensity of 2.3 nW/cm(2) , a maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 49 dB at 2.45 μW/cm(2) leading to a dynamic range (DR) of 61 dB while consuming 167 μA from a 3.3 V supply. In anesthetized rats, the system was able to detect temporal, spatial and spectral hemodynamic changes in response to DBS.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Muhammad S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Noor
authors.forename: Clinton B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: McCracken
authors.forename: Zelma H T
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.forename: Orly
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yadid-Pecht
authors.forename: Kartikeya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murari
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000669:Amplifiers, Electronic; D000703:Analog-Digital Conversion; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008904:Miniaturization; D051381:Rats; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio