title: Risk indicators for peri-implantitis. A narrative review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the existing evidence in identifying risk indicators in the etiology of peri-implantitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed in MEDLINE via PubMed database of the US National Library of Medicine, for articles published until October 2014 using Medical Subject Heading search terms + free text terms and in different combinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The microbiota associated with peri-implantitis is complex, demonstrating differences and similarities to the one seen at periodontitis sites. Plaque accumulation at dental implants triggers the inflammatory response leading to peri-implant mucositis/peri-implantitis. Individuals with a history of periodontal disease and smokers have an increased risk of developing peri-implantitis. There is some evidence to support the role of genetic polymorphism, diabetes, and excess cement as risk indicators for the development of peri-implantitis. There is also evidence to support that individuals on regular maintenance are less likely to develop peri-implantitis and that successful treatment of periodontitis prior to implant placement lowers the risk of peri-implantitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plaque accumulation at implants will result in the development of an inflammation at implants. A history of periodontal disease, smoking, excess cement, and lack of supportive therapy should be considered as risk indicators for the development of peri-implantitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden.|School of Dental Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.|Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Renvert
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quirynen
mesh_terms: D003738:Dental Cements / Q000009:adverse effects; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000150:complications; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D006801:Humans; D064307:Microbiota; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements
keywords: biofilm; etiology; excess cement; genotype; microbiology; oral hygiene; partial edentulism; peri-implantitis; periodontitis; risk indicators; smoking; supportive periodontal therapy