title: The effectiveness of racket-sport intervention on visual perception and executive functions in children with mild intellectual disabilities and borderline intellectual functioning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to investigate the effects of table tennis training (TTT) versus standard occupational therapy (SOT) on visual perception and executive functions in school-age children with mild intellectual disabilities and borderline intellectual functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children (n=91) were randomly assigned to intervention with either SOT (n=46, 20 females, mean age =10.9±3.9 years) or TTT (n=45, 21 females, mean age =10.6±3.6 years), while another 41 (18 females, mean age =10.7±4.0 years) served as controls. Both the SOT and TTT programs were administered 60 minutes per session, three times a week, for 16 weeks. The Test of Visual Perceptual Skill-third edition (TVPS-3) was used to evaluate visual perception, and executive functions were assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 64-card version (WCST-64) and the Stroop test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At postintervention, the two intervention groups significantly outperformed the control group on all measures of visual perception and executive functions. Participants in the TTT group had significantly greater before-after changes on all measures of the TVPS-3, WCST-64, and the Stroop test compared to the SOT and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Table tennis could be considered a therapy option while treating cognitive/perceptual problems in children with mild intellectual disabilities and borderline intellectual functioning. Implications for clinical professionals and recommendations for further research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-De
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsien-Yu
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Chung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yee-Pay
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Wuang
keywords: executive function; intellectual disabilities; table tennis; visual perception