title: Genetic, pathogenic and antigenic diversity of Newcastle disease viruses in Shandong Province, China.
abstract: Thirty-one Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) isolated from domestic and wild birds in Shandong Province, China (2006-2014) were characterized genetically, pathogenically and antigenically. Phylogenetic analysis classified the viruses into a single genotype under Class I, and four genotypes under Class II. The nineteen viruses classified in genotype VII of Class II were velogenic, while the other viruses were either mesogenic or lentogenic to chickens. Some NDV isolates (17/23) showed no neutralizing reactivity with a monoclonal antibody developed against the HN protein of the LaSota strain, reflecting the mutation at the related antigenic epitope. When challenged with two genotype VII NDV isolates, LaSota-vaccinated SPF chickens were prevented from disease development, but virus shedding was detected for at least 5 days post challenge. Circulation of the same NDV isolate for up to 13 years suggested the role of an environmental reservoir in NDV perpetuation, and reinforced the importance of strict biosecurity measures in addition to vaccination for disease control.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, Shandong, China. Electronic address: 506785625@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yanyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, Shandong, China. Electronic address: ysh7865@163.com.
authors.forename: Shaohua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, Shandong, China. Electronic address: hubeixia917@sina.com.
authors.forename: Beixia
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, Shandong, China. Electronic address: 37116976@qq.com.
authors.forename: Chuantian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China. Electronic address: 774798020@qq.com.
authors.forename: Dandan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, Shandong, China. Electronic address: 411041991@qq.com.
authors.forename: Manling
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, Shandong, China. Electronic address: huangqih@163.com.
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, Shandong, China. Electronic address: lzhang3406@163.com.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, Shandong, China. Electronic address: wujiaqiang2000@sina.com.
authors.forename: Jiaqiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, Shandong, China. Electronic address: zxm820410@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiumei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. Electronic address: mazhar.khan@uconn.edu.
authors.forename: Marzhar I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D000940:Antigenic Variation; D002645:Chickens / Q000821:virology; D002681:China; D056738:Cross Protection; D005838:Genotype; D015707:HN Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D009521:Newcastle Disease / Q000821:virology; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D015707:HN Protein
keywords: Phylogenetic analysis; Virus antigenicity; Virus diversity; Virus pathogenicity