title: Overweight, obesity and work functioning: the role of working-time arrangements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is associated with productivity loss, but little is known about how obese workers function at work and also the role of working-time arrangements on this association is lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the association of overweight and obesity with work functioning (WF), and to determine whether the associations differ between workers with different working-time arrangements.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted within the sampling frame of the 'Shift Your Work' study that examined the effect of irregular working-times in relation to health and functioning at work. We included N = 622 Dutch employees, of which N = 384 (62%) were shift-workers, N = 171 (27%) on-call workers and N = 67 (11%) day-workers. Overweight and obesity were defined as BMI 25-30 and ≥30, respectively. WF was assessed using the Work-Role Functioning Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalences of overweight and obesity were 48% and 10% in all workers, 49% and 11% in shift-workers, 45% and 10% in on-call workers, and 49% and 6% in day workers, respectively. In all workers, obesity was associated with lower WF scores for physical demands (adjusted estimate, aB = -5.5). In shift-workers, obesity was associated with lower WF scores for output and physical demands (aB = -8.8 and -6.8, respectively). In day and on-call workers, overweight and obesity were not associated with WF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overweight and obesity are highly prevalent in the working population. Obesity might reduce the executive function performance beyond physical limitations, and limit the ability to accomplish tasks successfully, especially in shift workers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: y.t.nigatu@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Yeshambel T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Nigatu
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hardy A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: van de Ven
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jac J L
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van der Klink
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sijmen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Reijneveld
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bültmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D000066477:Work Performance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: BMI; Body-mass index; Obesity; Overweight; Shift-work; Shift-workers; Work demands; Work functioning; Working-time arrangements