title: A confirmed case of toxic shock syndrome associated with the use of a menstrual cup.
abstract: Menstrual cups have been reported to be an acceptable substitute for tampons. These flexible cups have also been reported to provide a sustainable solution to menstrual management, with modest cost savings and no significant health risk. The present article documents the first case of toxic shock syndrome associated with the use of a menstrual cup in a woman 37 years of age, using a menstrual cup for the first time. Toxic shock syndrome and the literature on menstrual cups is reviewed and a possible mechanism for the development of toxic shock syndrome in the patient is described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine;
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bisch
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arntfield
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine;
authors.forename: Seyed M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hosseini-Moghaddam
keywords: Feminine hygiene products; Menstrual cups; Staphylococcus aureus; Toxic shock syndrome; Vaginal cups