title: Semiological and psychiatric characteristics of children with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: Gender-related differences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare semiological characteristics, precipitating stress factors and psychiatric diagnoses of girls and boys with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed medical records of children diagnosed with PNES and who also underwent psychiatric evaluation. Sixty-two children (44 girls, 18 boys), aged 11-18 years (mean age 14.19 ± 1.96 years) were included. Diagnosis of PNES was established by any of the following: (1) observation of the seizure by a neurologist and routine EEG, (2) evaluation of amateur video records of the typical seizure and routine EEG, or (3) video-EEG monitoring. Psychiatric examinations of patients were performed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (KSADS-PL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tremor was the most prevalent ictal motor sign in both girls and boys. Atonic falls and longer episodes were significantly more frequent in girls than boys. Tonic-clonic-like movements of the extremities were significantly more prevalent in boys than girls. No gender-specific differences were observed in the rates of semiological types. Academic underachievement was the most prevalent precipitating stressor for boys, and was significantly more prevalent in boys than girls. The rate of major depression was significantly higher in girls than boys. The most prominent diagnosis in boys was attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and this was significantly more prevalent than in girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PNES in males of juvenile age may be a distinct entity from that in girls with different semiological and psychogenic correlates. Consideration of these gender-related differences may be beneficial for the early recognition and treatment of PNES.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey. Electronic address: gokcenurtasdemir@yahoo.com.tr.
authors.forename: Gökçe Nur
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Say
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, OndokuzMayıs University, Samsun, Turkey.
authors.forename: Haydar Ali
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Taşdemir
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Neurology, Medical Park Hospital, Samsun, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hülya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: İnce
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: ADHD; Children; Gender; Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures; Psychopathology; Semiology