title: Phosphoproteome dynamics mediate revival of bacterial spores.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial spores can remain dormant for decades, yet harbor the exceptional capacity to rapidly resume metabolic activity and recommence life. Although germinants and their corresponding receptors have been known for more than 30 years, the molecular events underlying this remarkable cellular transition from dormancy to full metabolic activity are only partially defined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we examined whether protein phospho-modifications occur during germination, the first step of exiting dormancy, thereby facilitating spore revival. Utilizing Bacillus subtilis as a model organism, we performed phosphoproteomic analysis to define the Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphoproteome of a reviving spore. The phosphoproteome was found to chiefly comprise newly identified phosphorylation sites located within proteins involved in basic biological functions, such as transcription, translation, carbon metabolism, and spore-specific determinants. Quantitative comparison of dormant and germinating spore phosphoproteomes revealed phosphorylation dynamics, indicating that phospho-modifications could modulate protein activity during this cellular transition. Furthermore, by mutating select phosphorylation sites located within proteins representative of key biological processes, we established a functional connection between phosphorylation and the progression of spore revival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Herein, we provide, for the first time, a phosphoproteomic view of a germinating bacterial spore. We further show that the spore phosphoproteome is dynamic and present evidence that phosphorylation events play an integral role in facilitating spore revival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.affiliation: Proteome Center Tuebingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Boumediene
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Soufi
authors.affiliation: Proteome Center Tuebingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Vaishnavi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ravikumar
authors.affiliation: Proteome Center Tuebingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Nelson C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Proteome Center Tuebingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krug
authors.affiliation: Genomic Data Analysis Unit, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Yoav
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Proteome Center Tuebingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany. boris.macek@uni-tuebingen.de.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Macek
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel. sigalb@ekmd.huji.ac.il.
authors.forename: Sigal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ben-Yehuda
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000502:physiology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism*; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D020543:Proteome