title: A weighting approach for judging the effect of patient strata on high-dimensional risk prediction signatures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-dimensional molecular measurements, e.g. gene expression data, can be linked to clinical time-to-event endpoints by Cox regression models and regularized estimation approaches, such as componentwise boosting, and can incorporate a large number of covariates as well as provide variable selection. If there is heterogeneity due to known patient subgroups, a stratified Cox model allows for separate baseline hazards in each subgroup. Variable selection will still depend on the relative stratum sizes in the data, which might be a convenience sample and not representative for future applications. Such effects need to be systematically investigated and could even help to more reliably identify components of risk prediction signatures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correspondingly, we propose a weighted regression approach based on componentwise likelihood-based boosting which is implemented in the R package CoxBoost (https://github.com/binderh/CoxBoost). This approach focuses on building a risk prediction signature for a specific stratum by down-weighting the observations from the other strata using a range of weights. Stability of selection for specific covariates as a function of the weights is investigated by resampling inclusion frequencies, and two types of corresponding visualizations are suggested. This is illustrated for two applications with methylation and gene expression measurements from cancer patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed approach is meant to point out components of risk prediction signatures that are specific to the stratum of interest and components that are also important to other strata. Performance is mostly improved by incorporating down-weighted information from the other strata. This suggests more general usefulness for risk prediction signature development in data with heterogeneity due to known subgroups.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 69, Mainz, Germany. weyer@uni-mainz.de.
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Weyer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 69, Mainz, Germany. binderh@uni-mainz.de.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Binder
mesh_terms: D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*