title: Wheat-based foods and non celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity: Is drastic processing the main key issue?
abstract: While gluten and wheat must be absolutely avoided in coeliac disease and allergy, respectively, nutritional recommendations are largely more confused about non-coeliac wheat/gluten sensitivity (NCWGS). Today, some even recommend avoiding all cereal-based foods. In this paper, the increased NCWGS prevalence is hypothesized to parallel the use of more and more drastic processes applied to the original wheat grain. First, a parallel between gluten-related disorders and wheat processing and consumption evolution is briefly proposed. Notably, increased use of exogenous vital gluten is considered. Drastic processing in wheat technology are mainly grain fractionation and refining followed by recombination and salt, sugars and fats addition, being able to render ultra-processed cereal-based foods more prone to trigger chronic low-grade inflammation. Concerning bread, intensive kneading and the choice of wheat varieties with high baking quality may have rendered gluten less digestible, moving digestion from pancreatic to intestinal proteases. The hypothesis of a gluten resistant fraction reaching colon and interacting with microflora is also considered in relation with increased inflammation. Besides, wheat flour refining removes fiber co-passenger which have potential anti-inflammatory property able to protect digestive epithelium. Finally, some research tracks are proposed, notably the comparison of NCWGS prevalence in populations consuming ultra-versus minimally-processed cereal-based foods.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 CLERMONT-FERRAND & Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France. Electronic address: anthony.fardet@clermont.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fardet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001939:Bread / Q000009:adverse effects; D004032:Diet; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D005285:Fermentation; D005433:Flour / Q000009:adverse effects; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019649:Food Industry; D005524:Food Technology / Q000379:methods; D005983:Glutens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D014908:Triticum / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D004187:Disaccharides; D009005:Monosaccharides; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D011108:Polymers; C024617:polyol; D005983:Glutens