title: Dietary fiber, whole grains, carbohydrate, glycemic index, and glycemic load in relation to risk of prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationships between dietary fiber, whole grains, carbohydrate, glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and prostate cancer risk are unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate these associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant studies were identified by a search of PubMed database and EMBASE database up to April 2015. A random effects model was used to calculate the summary relative risks (RRs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven epidemiological studies (18 case-control studies and nine cohort studies) were included in the final analysis. The pooled RRs of prostate cancer were 0.94 (95% CI 0.85-1.05, P=0.285), 1.13 (95% CI 0.98-1.30, P=0.095), 0.96 (95% CI 0.81-1.14, P=0.672), 1.06 (95% CI 0.96-1.18, P=0.254), and 1.04 (95% CI 0.91-1.18, P=0.590) for dietary fiber, whole grains, carbohydrate, GI, and GL, respectively. There was no evidence of significant publication bias based on the Begg's test and Egger's test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this meta-analysis indicate that, based on available information, dietary fiber, whole grains, carbohydrate, GI, and GL are not associated with the risk of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Rong-Jiang
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jian-Er
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jian-Guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Gao
keywords: carbohydrate; fiber; glycemic index; glycemic load; prostate cancer; whole grains