title: [Female urethral obstruction and bladder neck stenosis - fact or myth - how to proceed].
abstract: The female urethra is probably the most neglected organ in women. Female urethral stricture and primary bladder neck obstruction are rare clinical entities. Traditional and new surgical techniques have been described for the treatment of female urethral stricture. However, they are based on limited data. There is no consensus on best management. The techniques of urethroplasty all have a higher mean success rate (80-94%) than urethral dilatation (< 50%), albeit with shorter mean follow-up. Urethroplasty performed by experienced surgeons appears to be a feasible option in women who have failed urethral dilatation, although there is a lack of high-level evidence to recommend one technique over another.Primary bladder neck obstruction (PBNO) is a condition in which the bladder neck fails to open adequately during voiding. This leads to increased striated sphincter activity or obstruction of urinary flow without another anatomic cause being present, for example an obstruction caused by genitourinary prolapse in women. Watchful waiting, pharmacotherapy and surgical intervention are possible treatments.
authors.affiliation: Chefarzt Urologische Klinik, Klinikum Lippe GmbH, Detmold.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gunnemann
authors.affiliation: Chefarzt Urogenitale Chirurgie, Beckenbodenzentrum München, München.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liedl
authors.affiliation: Prof. Titular de Urologia UNICAMP, Presidente da ABAP, Brasilien.
authors.forename: P C R
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Yotsuya Medical Cube, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.affiliation: Leiter des Kontinenz- und Beckenboden-Zentrums, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muctar
mesh_terms: D004106:Dilatation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D014521:Urethra / Q000601:surgery; D014525:Urethral Stricture / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*