title: Influence of breastfeeding and postnatal nutrition on cardiovascular remodeling induced by fetal growth restriction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our aim was to determine the influence of breastfeeding and postnatal nutrition on cardiovascular remodeling induced by fetal growth restriction (FGR).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort study including 81 children with birthweight <10th centile (FGR) and 121 with adequate fetal growth for gestational age (AGA) was conducted. Cardiovascular endpoints were left ventricular sphericity index (LVSI), carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), and blood pressure (BP) at 4-5 y of age. The combined effect of FGR and postnatal variables-including breastfeeding, fat dietary intake, and BMI-on cardiovascular endpoints was assessed by linear and robust regressions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FGR was the strongest predictor of cardiovascular remodeling in childhood, leading to lower LVSI and increased cIMT and BP as compared with AGA. Breastfeeding >6 mo (coefficient: 0.0982) and healthy-fat dietary intake (coefficient: -0.0128) showed an independent beneficial effect on LVSI and cIMT, respectively. Overweight/obesity induced an additional increment of 1 SD on cIMT in FGR children (interaction coefficient: 0.0307) when compared with its effect in AGA. BMI increased systolic BP (coefficient: 0.7830) while weight catch-up increased diastolic BP (coefficient: 4.8929).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postnatal nutrition ameliorates cardiovascular remodeling induced by FGR. Breastfeeding and healthy-fat dietary intake improved while increased BMI worsened cardiovascular endpoints, which opens opportunities for targeted postnatal interventions from early life.
authors.affiliation: BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|Epidemiology and Population Health Research Group (GESP), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.|Comfandi Health Services Research Group, Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: Merida
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Lopez
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Population Health Research Group (GESP), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: Lyda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Osorio
authors.affiliation: BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ruthy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Acosta-Rojas
authors.affiliation: BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Figueras
authors.affiliation: BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6807-3578
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cruz-Lemini
authors.affiliation: BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Figueras
authors.affiliation: Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bijnens
authors.affiliation: BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gratacós
authors.affiliation: BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Crispi
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001942:Breast Feeding; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food; D007228:Infant Nutrition Disorders; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight / Q000503:physiopathology; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats