title: Lipid-Lowering Drug Therapy for CVD Prevention: Looking into the Future.
abstract: Over the past three decades, statins have become first-line treatment for reducing LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). They have provided a clear, robust, and reproducible relationship between the absolute LDL-C reduction and the decrease in CVD; every 1 mmol/L (~40 mg/dL) in LDL-C reduction results in a 22 % decrease in CVD events. This relationship has recently been extended to reduction in LDL-C with a non-statin, ezetimibe, on top of statin therapy, further consolidating LDL-C as the cornerstone in CVD risk reduction. Despite these two effective and safe LDL-C-lowering drugs, there remains a need for additional drugs to reduce LDL-C, the focus of this review which covers agents which produce sufficient LDL-C reduction to potentially help address this unmet need and are either recently approved or currently in clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, 5355 Medpace Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45227, USA. esteinmrl@aol.com.
authors.forename: Evan A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Rd, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa. frederick.raal@wits.ac.za.
authors.forename: Frederick J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Raal
mesh_terms: D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000639:trends; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047494:PPAR delta / Q000819:agonists; D000071449:Proprotein Convertase 9; D043484:Proprotein Convertases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D047494:PPAR delta; C106092:microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; C581236:8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid; C524142:mipomersen; C472125:PCSK9 protein, human; D000071449:Proprotein Convertase 9; D043484:Proprotein Convertases; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
keywords: Apo B antisense; LDL cholesterol; MTP inhibitors; PCSK9 inhibitors