title: In vitro toxicity of carbon nanotubes, nano-graphite and carbon black, similar impacts of acid functionalization.
abstract: Carbon nanotubes (CNT) and nano-graphite (NG) are graphene-based nanomaterials which share exceptional physicochemical properties, but whose health impacts are unfortunately still not well understood. On the other hand, carbon black (CB) is a conventional and widely studied material. The comparison of these three carbon-based nanomaterials is thus of great interest to improve our understanding of their toxicity. An acid functionalization was carried out on CNT, NG and CB so that, after a thorough characterization, their impacts on RAW 264.7 macrophages could be compared for a similar surface chemistry (15 to 120 μg·mL(-1) nanomaterials, 90-min to 24-h contact). Functionalized nanomaterials triggered a weak cytotoxicity similar to the pristine nanomaterials. Acid functionalization increased the pro-inflammatory response except for CB which did not trigger any TNF-α production before or after functionalization, and seemed to strongly decrease the oxidative stress. The toxicological impact of acid functionalization appeared thus to follow a similar trend whatever the carbon-based nanomaterial. At equivalent dose expressed in surface and equivalent surface chemistry, the toxicological responses from murine macrophages to NG were higher than for CNT and CB. It seemed to correspond to the hypothesis of a platelet and fiber paradigm.
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, SPIN-EMSE, CNRS: UMR 5307, LGF, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, EA 4624, SFR IFRESIS, LINA, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France. Electronic address: figarol@emse.fr.
authors.forename: Agathe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Figarol
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, EA 4624, SFR IFRESIS, LINA, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Jérémie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pourchez
authors.affiliation: Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, EA 4624, SFR IFRESIS, LINA, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; CHU de Saint-Etienne, F-42055 Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boudard
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, EA 4624, SFR IFRESIS, LINA, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Forest
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, SPIN-EMSE, CNRS: UMR 5307, LGF, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Akono
authors.affiliation: Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology, 10129 Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tulliani
authors.affiliation: SPCTS Centre Européen de la Céramique CNRS: UMR 7315, F-87068 Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lecompte
authors.affiliation: Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, EA 4624, SFR IFRESIS, LINA, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; CHU de Saint-Etienne, F-42055 Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Michèle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cottier
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, EA 4624, SFR IFRESIS, LINA, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bernache-Assollant
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, SPIN-EMSE, CNRS: UMR 5307, LGF, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grosseau
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006108:Graphite / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000633:toxicity*; D053260:Soot / Q000633:toxicity*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D053260:Soot; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Acid functionalization; Biological toxicity; Carbon black; Carbon nanotubes; Graphene; Nano-graphite