title: Caregiving reduces mortality risk for most  caregivers: a census-based record linkage study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Countries with advanced welfare systems are increasingly relying on the input of informal caregivers, and there are growing concerns for their mental and physical wellbeing. However, the evidence about the relationship between caregiving and mortality risk is less clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  A census-based record linkage study with mortality follow-up of 33 months: participants totalled 1 122 779 individuals including 183 842 caregivers, of whom 28.2% (51 927) were providing 50 or more hours caregiving per week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 33 months of follow-up a total of 29 335 deaths occurred, 2443 of these among caregivers. Mortality risk for caregivers was lower than for non-caregivers [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.72: 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.69, 0.75 in the fully adjusted model], and the lower risk was evident even for those providing 50 or more h of caregiving per week (adjusted HR = 0.77: 95% CI = 0.71, 0.83 and 0.76: 95% CI = 0.69, 0.83 for men and women, respectively). There was no evidence that this relationship varied by either age or marital status. Even among people with chronic health problems such as poor mental health, caregivers had lower mortality risk than non-caregivers. Caregiving is associated with reduced mortality risk for most causes—for example, the risk of death from ischaemic heart disease for caregivers providing 50 or more h was 27% and 31% lower for men and for women, respectively, compared with non-caregivers (HR = 0.73: 95% CI = 0.60, 0.88 and HR = 0.69: 95% CI = 0.51, 0.92).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This large population-based study confirms that for the majority of caregivers the beneficial effects of caregiving in terms of short-term mortality risk appear to outweigh any negative effects, even among people with significant health problems. These results underscore the need for a reappraisal of how caregiving is perceived.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland. d.oreilly@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: Dermot
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosato
authors.forename: Aideen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maguire
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017028:Caregivers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019352:Censuses; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D009026:Mortality; D009660:Northern Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D065840:Protective Factors; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data