title: A Review of Back Injury Cases Notified to the Ministry of Manpower from 2011 to 2012.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Singapore, the notification of workplace accidents and occupational diseases is a legal requirement under the Workplace Safety and Health (Incident Reporting) Regulations. This review is to identify back injury cases with physical work stresses and propose recommendations for preventive measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases involving back injuries notified to the Ministry of Manpower (MOM) from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2012 were reviewed. Using predefined criteria, cases with physical work stresses were identified and the associated variables analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1124 notifications involving back injuries were received from 2011 to 2012; 579 cases (52%) were identified to have physical work stresses, of which 447 cases (77%) were males and 375 (64%) of them were between the ages of 21 to 40 years. The commonest physical work stresses were carrying (35%), awkward postures (22%) and lifting (20%). Majority of the cases came from the following sectors: construction (14%), accommodation and food services (12%), transport and storage (12%), manufacturing (10%) and wholesale and retail trade (10%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified the main physical work stresses in the back injury cases as carrying, awkward postures and lifting. The common industries involved were construction, accommodation and food services, and transport and storage sectors. This is useful for programmes aimed at reducing physical work stresses which can lead to improved work and health outcomes for our workers.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Medicine Unit, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Shiu Hong
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Kenneth Ky
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Choy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019567:Back Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003132:Commerce; D060389:Construction Industry; D005260:Female; D019649:Food Industry; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D066192:Manufacturing Industry; D008875:Middle Aged; D060051:Occupational Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D014186:Transportation; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D055815:Young Adult