title: Distribution and etiology of chronic respiratory diseases in primary healthcare departments in Cape Verde.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) are scarce or unavailable in most African countries. We aimed to determine the prevalence of CRD and associated risk factors in Cape Verde, at the primary healthcare level.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the frame of the Global Alliance Against Chronic Respiratory Diseases, a cross-sectional study was carried out in October 2006 in 3256 outpatients (2142 women) (median age of 30 years) seeking care at primary healthcare departments, through a standardized interview questionnaire during two weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of emphysema, tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma were 0.7%, 2%, 4.5%, 12.3% and 6.2%, respectively. Current smoking was associated with emphysema (OR: 3.36; 95% CI: 0.97-11.40) and tuberculosis (OR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.07-4.30), ever exposed to a dusty workplace with chronic bronchitis (OR: 2.20; CI 95%: 1.50-3.21) and rhinoconjunctivitis (OR: 1.56; CI 95%: 1.23-1.98) and cooking or heating using an open fire with asthma (OR: 1.59; CI 95%: 1.16-2.19). The estimates of attributable risks percent indicated that, in the sample, a noticeable part of CRD could be attributed to active smoking, exposure to dust and biomass. Results varied according to gender, particularly regarding current smoking which was more important for men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tobacco smoking, exposure to dust at work and using an open fire were important risk factors for CRD. Our results suggest that if actions were taken in order to reduce the aforementioned exposures, an important CRD decrease could be achieved.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, EPE, Lisbon, Portugal; CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre - Respiratory Group, NOVA Medical School / Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: pmartinsalergo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carreiro-Martins
authors.affiliation: Hospital da Luz, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosado-Pinto
authors.affiliation: Agostinho Neto Hospital, Praia, Cabo Verde.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: do Céu Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, EPE, Lisbon, Portugal; CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre - Respiratory Group, NOVA Medical School / Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neuparth
authors.affiliation: Dr. Baptista de Sousa Hospital, Mindelo, Cabo Verde.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioestatística e Informática, CEAUL, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Papoila
authors.affiliation: WHO/GARD Secretariat, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khaltaev
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Diseases, hôpital Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, University Hospital, Montpellier, France; Inserm, CESP Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology Team, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bousquet
authors.affiliation: Inserm, UMR-S 1136, i-PLESP : EPAR, 75012 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, UMR-S 1136, i-PLESP : EPAR, 75012 Paris, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Annesi-Maesano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D055726:Cabo Verde / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Asthma; Asthme; Attributable risk; BPCO; Biomass; Biomasse; COPD; Dust; Poussière; Rhinite; Rhinitis; Risque attribuable; Smoking; Tabac; Tuberculose; Tuberculosis