title: Identification of California Condor Estrogen Receptors 1 and 2 and Their Activation by Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals.
abstract: Recently, California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) have been reintroduced to coastal regions of California where they feed on marine mammal carcasses. There is evidence that coastal-dwelling condors experience reproductive issues, such as eggshell thinning, likely resulting from exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). To address this problem, we have identified and cloned condor estrogen receptors (ESRs) 1 and 2 and characterized their activation by EDCs present in the coastal habitats where condors reside. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites all activated ESR1 and ESR2, although their relative potency differed between the receptors. Bisphenol A, dieldrin, trans-nonachlor, and polychlorinated biphenyl 52 (PCB52) moderately activated both ESRs, whereas PCB138 and PCB153 stimulated little to no activation. Overall, EDC activation of condor ESR2, which is the first ESR2 cloned from a raptor species, was greater than that of ESR1. Significant activation of both condor ESRs by EDCs occurred at high concentrations (≥1μM), which are within the range of plasma levels of certain EDCs (eg, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [p'p-DDE]) in coastal-dwelling condors. Finally, phylogenetic analyses of ESRs of 41 avian species identified a single amino acid position in ESR2 under positive selection. Mutation of this amino acid affected receptor activation by EDCs, suggesting the identity of this amino acid may influence EDC sensitivity of avian species. Together, these findings broaden our understanding of EDC interactions with ESRs in avian species. For condors specifically, these data could be used to evaluate EDC exposure risk at future release sites to identify those least likely to compromise the continued recovery of this species.
authors.affiliation: San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research (R.G.F., C.C.S., B.S.D., C.W.T.), Escondido, California 92027; Division of Animal Sciences (D.H.K.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Natural Sciences (M.R.M.), Mars Hill University, Mars Hill, North Carolina 28754.
authors.forename: Rachel G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Felton
authors.affiliation: San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research (R.G.F., C.C.S., B.S.D., C.W.T.), Escondido, California 92027; Division of Animal Sciences (D.H.K.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Natural Sciences (M.R.M.), Mars Hill University, Mars Hill, North Carolina 28754.
authors.forename: Cynthia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.affiliation: San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research (R.G.F., C.C.S., B.S.D., C.W.T.), Escondido, California 92027; Division of Animal Sciences (D.H.K.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Natural Sciences (M.R.M.), Mars Hill University, Mars Hill, North Carolina 28754.
authors.forename: Barbara S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Durrant
authors.affiliation: San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research (R.G.F., C.C.S., B.S.D., C.W.T.), Escondido, California 92027; Division of Animal Sciences (D.H.K.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Natural Sciences (M.R.M.), Mars Hill University, Mars Hill, North Carolina 28754.
authors.forename: Duane H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Keisler
authors.affiliation: San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research (R.G.F., C.C.S., B.S.D., C.W.T.), Escondido, California 92027; Division of Animal Sciences (D.H.K.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Natural Sciences (M.R.M.), Mars Hill University, Mars Hill, North Carolina 28754.
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Milnes
authors.affiliation: San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research (R.G.F., C.C.S., B.S.D., C.W.T.), Escondido, California 92027; Division of Animal Sciences (D.H.K.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Natural Sciences (M.R.M.), Mars Hill University, Mars Hill, North Carolina 28754.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Tubbs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D001717:Birds / Q000235:genetics; D002140:California; D003634:DDT / Q000494:pharmacology; D004026:Dieldrin / Q000494:pharmacology; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000494:pharmacology; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000494:pharmacology; D009154:Mutation; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000494:pharmacology; D020304:Raptors / Q000235:genetics; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D003634:DDT; D004026:Dieldrin; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010636:Phenols; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; C009407:2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl; C001870:nonachlor; C029790:2,2',3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds; C014024:2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl