title: Direct Observation of Melting in Shock-Compressed Bismuth With Femtosecond X-ray Diffraction.
abstract: The melting of bismuth in response to shock compression has been studied using in situ femtosecond x-ray diffraction at an x-ray free electron laser. Both solid-solid and solid-liquid phase transitions are documented using changes in discrete diffraction peaks and the emergence of broad, liquid scattering upon release from shock pressures up to 14 GPa. The transformation from the solid state to the liquid is found to occur in less than 3 ns, very much faster than previously believed. These results are the first quantitative measurements of a liquid material obtained on shock release using x-ray diffraction, and provide an upper limit for the time scale of melting of bismuth under shock loading.
authors.affiliation: SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.affiliation: SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Briggs
authors.affiliation: SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.|DESY Photon Science, Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Higginbotham
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 6000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94500, USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Eggert
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 6000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94500, USA.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Fratanduono
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Galtier
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 6000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94500, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lazicki
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: DESY Photon Science, Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Liermann
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nagler
authors.affiliation: DESY Photon Science, Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothkirch
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 6000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94500, USA.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 6000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94500, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Swift
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 6000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94500, USA.
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wark
authors.affiliation: SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: McMahon