title: Echinochrome A Improves Exercise Capacity during Short-Term Endurance Training in Rats.
abstract: Echinochrome A (Echi A) improves mitochondrial function in the heart; however, its effects on skeletal muscle are still unclear. We hypothesized that Echi A administration during short-term exercise may improve exercise capacity. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following groups: control group (CG), Echi A-treated group (EG), aerobic exercise group (AG), and aerobic exercise treated with Echi A group (AEG) (n = 6 per group). Echi A was administered intra-peritoneally (0.1 mg/kg of Echi A in 300 µL phosphate-buffered saline) daily 30 min before each exercise training. The AG and AEG groups performed treadmill running (20 m/min, 60 min/day) five days/week for two weeks. The exercise capacity was significantly higher in the AG and AEG groups compared to other groups. Interestingly, the exercise capacity increased more effectively in the AEG group. The body weight in the EG tended to be slightly lower than that in the other groups. There were no significant changes in the plasma lipids among the groups. However, the gastrocnemius muscle mitochondria content was greater in the EG and AEG groups. These findings show that Echi A administration after short-term endurance training enhances exercise capacity, which was associated with an increase in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content.
authors.affiliation: National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin, Busan 633-165, Korea. sdy925@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dae Yun
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin, Busan 633-165, Korea. robinmcgregor@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Robin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: McGregor
authors.affiliation: National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin, Busan 633-165, Korea. msns6336@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Su Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.affiliation: Division of Sports and Health Science, Kyungsung University, 309 Suyoung-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 608-736, Korea. choisj@ks.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Seung Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: George B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian, Academy of Science, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. mischenkonp@mail.ru.
authors.forename: Natalia P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Mishchenko
authors.affiliation: George B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian, Academy of Science, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. fedoreev-s@mail.ru.
authors.forename: Sergey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Fedoreyev
authors.affiliation: George B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian, Academy of Science, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. stonik@piboc.dvo.ru.
authors.forename: Valentin A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Stonik
authors.affiliation: National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin, Busan 633-165, Korea. phyhanj@inje.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009929:Organ Size; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D009285:Naphthoquinones; C007573:echinochrome A
keywords: Echinochrome A; aerobic exercise; mitochondrial function; skeletal muscle