title: DNA damage and oxidative stress induced at low doses by the fungicide hexachlorobenzene in human intestinal Caco-2 cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), a persistent chlorinated organic chemical, could be detected in human tissues in several countries of the world. Human exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) occurring primarily through diet, HCB and its metabolites are therefore supposed to interact directly with intestinal mucosa.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of low doses of HCB on DNA integrity, cellular viability, differentiation and oxidative status in vitro in human colonic carcinoma cell line Caco-2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells were exposed to increasing doses of HCB for 14 days to assess the cytotoxic, genotoxic and oxidative properties of this compound. The involvement of oxidative stress in the observed effects was evaluated by co exposure of Caco-2 cells with HCB and α-tocopherol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure of Caco-2 cells to HCB resulted in a dose-dependent cytotoxicity, DNA damages and alterations of the cell layer integrity and the barrier function. Moreover, exposure of Caco-2 cells to HCB led to an enhancement of H(2)O(2) production and to an increased activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, Co exposure of Caco-2 cells to HCB and α-tocopherol reversed the effects observed in cells exposed to HCB alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggested that HCB effects on Caco-2 cells could be linked, at least in part, to its pro-oxidative potential.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis , Université Tunis el Manar , Tunis , Tunisie and.|b Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) UMR 1331, INRA/INP/UPS , 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille , Toulouse , France.
authors.forename: Hela
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chalouati
authors.affiliation: b Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) UMR 1331, INRA/INP/UPS , 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille , Toulouse , France.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boutet
authors.affiliation: b Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) UMR 1331, INRA/INP/UPS , 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille , Toulouse , France.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Metais
authors.affiliation: b Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) UMR 1331, INRA/INP/UPS , 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille , Toulouse , France.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fouche
authors.affiliation: a Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis , Université Tunis el Manar , Tunis , Tunisie and.
authors.forename: Mohamed Moncef
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ben Sâad
authors.affiliation: b Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) UMR 1331, INRA/INP/UPS , 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille , Toulouse , France.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gamet-Payrastre
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D006581:Hexachlorobenzene / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016877:Oxidants / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004798:Enzymes; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D016877:Oxidants; D006581:Hexachlorobenzene; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: Antioxidant; Caco-2; genotoxicity; hexachlorobenzene; oxidative stress