title: Effects of cognitive speed of processing training on a composite neuropsychological outcome: results at one-year from the IHAMS randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Age-related cognitive decline is common and well-documented. Cognitive speed of processing training (SOPT) has been shown to improve trained abilities (Useful Field of View; UFOV), but transfer to individual non-trained cognitive outcomes or neuropsychological composites is sparse. We examine the effects of SOPT on a composite of six equally weighted tests--UFOV, Trail-making A and B, Symbol Digit Modality, Controlled Oral Word Association, Stroop Color and Word, and Digit Vigilance.
  
  
  METHODS
  681 patients were randomized separately within two age-bands (50-64, ≥ 65) to three SOPT groups (10 initial hours on-site, 10 initial hours on-site plus 4 hours of boosters, or 10 initial hours at-home) or an attention-control group (10 initial hours on-site of crossword puzzles). At one-year, 587 patients (86.2%) had complete data. A repeated measures linear mixed model was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factor analysis revealed a simple unidimensional structure with Cronbach's α of 0.82. The time effect was statistically significant (p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.246), but the time by treatment group (p = 0.331), time by age-band (p = 0.463), and time by treatment group by age-band (p = 0.564) effects were not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to the attention-control group who played a computerized crossword puzzle game, assignment to 10-14 hours of SOPT did not significantly improve a composite measure of cognitive abilities.
authors.affiliation: John W. Colloton Chair of Health Management and Policy,College of Public Health,University of Iowa,Iowa City,Iowa,USA.
authors.forename: Fredric D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Wolinsky
authors.affiliation: Investigator,Center for Comprehensive Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation,Iowa City VA HealthCare System,Iowa City,Iowa,USA.
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Vander Weg
authors.affiliation: Investigator,Center for Comprehensive Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation,Iowa City VA HealthCare System,Iowa City,Iowa,USA.
authors.forename: M Bryant
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Howren
authors.affiliation: Professor of Biostatistics,College of Public Health,University of Iowa,Iowa City,Iowa,USA.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Project Coordinator,College of Nursing,University of Iowa,Iowa City,Iowa,USA.
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Dotson
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D014163:Transfer, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018910:Video Games
keywords: cognitive assessment; cognitive training; geriatric medicine; health aging; randomized controlled trial