title: Integrated insulin pump therapy with continuous glucose monitoring for improved adherence: technology update.
abstract: Insulin pump therapy combined with real-time continuous glucose monitoring, known as sensor-augmented pump (SAP) therapy, has been shown to improve metabolic control and to reduce the rate of hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes compared to multiple daily injections or standard continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Glycemic variability is also reduced in patients on SAP therapy. This approach allows patients to monitor their glucose levels being informed of glycemic concentration and trend. Trained diabetic patients, therefore, can appropriately modify insulin infusion and/or carbohydrate intake in order to prevent hypo- or hyperglycemia. For these reasons, SAP therapy is now considered the gold standard for type 1 diabetes treatment. To be clinically effective, however, devices and techniques using advanced technology should not only have the potential to theoretically ameliorate metabolic control, but also be well accepted by patients in terms of satisfaction and health-related quality of life, because these factors will improve treatment adherence and consequently overall outcome. SAP therapy is generally well tolerated by patients; however, many clinical trials have identified significant noncompliance in the use of this device, most notably in the pediatric and adolescent populations. In this review we aim to analyze the main reasons for good or poor adherence to SAP therapy and to provide useful tips in order to fully benefit from this kind of novel therapeutic approach.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tumminia
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sciacca
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frittitta
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Sebastiano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Squatrito
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vigneri
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Le Moli
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Letizia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tomaselli
keywords: continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; patient adherence; quality of life; sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy; type 1 diabetes