title: Manic episodes are related to changes in frontal cortex: a longitudinal neuroimaging study of bipolar disorder 1.
abstract: Higher numbers of manic episodes in bipolar patients has, in cross-sectional studies, been associated with less grey matter volume in prefrontal brain areas. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine if manic episodes set off progressive cortical changes, or if the association is better explained by premorbid brain conditions that increase risk for mania. We followed patients with bipolar disorder type 1 for 6 years. Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed at baseline and follow-up. We compared patients who had at least one manic episode between baseline and follow-up (Mania group, n = 13) with those who had no manic episodes (No-Mania group, n = 18). We used measures of cortical volume, thickness, and area to assess grey matter changes between baseline and follow-up. We found significantly decreased frontal cortical volume (dorsolateral prefrontal and inferior frontal cortex) in the Mania group, but no volume changes in the No-Mania group. Our results indicate that volume decrease in frontal brain regions can be attributed to the incidence of manic episodes.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden christoph.abe@ki.se.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abé
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Carl-Johan
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ekman
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 3 Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sellgren
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Predrag
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Petrovic
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ingvar
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 3 Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 4 Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Landén
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: bipolar disorder; cortical volume; longitudinal study; manic episodes; progressive changes