title: Does Older Age Confer an Increased Risk of Incident Neurocognitive Disorders Among Persons Living with HIV Disease?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine the combined effects of age and HIV infection on the risk of incident neurocognitive disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 146 neurocognitively normal participants were enrolled at baseline into one of four groups based on age (≤ 40 years and ≥ 50 years) and HIV serostatus resulting in 24 younger HIV-, 27 younger HIV+, 39 older HIV-, and 56 older HIV+ individuals. All participants were administered a standardized clinical neuropsychological battery at baseline and 14.3 ± .2 months later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A logistic regression predicting incident neurocognitive disorders from HIV, age group, and their interaction was significant (χ(2)[4] = 13.56, p = .009), with a significant main effect of HIV serostatus (χ(2)[1] = 5.01, p = .025), but no main effect of age or age by HIV interaction (ps > .10). Specifically, 15.7% of the HIV+ individuals had an incident neurocognitive disorder as compared to 3.2% of the HIV- group (odds ratio = 4.8 [1.2, 32.6]). Among older HIV+ adults, lower baseline cognitive reserve, prospective memory, and verbal fluency each predicted incident neurocognitive disorders at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Independent of age, HIV infection confers a nearly fivefold risk for developing a neurocognitive disorder over approximately one year. Individuals with lower cognitive reserve and mild weaknesses in higher-order neurocognitive functions may be targeted for closer clinical monitoring and preventative measures.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , The University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Sheppard
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , The University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA.|b Department of Psychiatry , The HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California , San Diego , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Steven Paul
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.affiliation: c Psychology Service , VA San Diego Healthcare System , San Diego , CA , USA.|d Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Bondi
authors.affiliation: e Department of Psychology , San Diego State University , San Diego , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , The University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Massman
authors.affiliation: f SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Katie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Doyle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests
keywords: Aging; HIV; Hepatitis C.; Incidence; Neuropsychology