title: Easily processable multimodal spectral converters based on metal oxide/organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites.
abstract: This manuscript reports the synthesis and characterization of the first organic-inorganic hybrid material exhibiting efficient multimodal spectral converting properties. The nanocomposite, made of Er(3+), Yb(3+) codoped zirconia nanoparticles (NPs) entrapped in a di-ureasil d-U(600) hybrid matrix, is prepared by an easy two-step sol-gel synthesis leading to homogeneous and transparent materials that can be very easily processed as monolith or film. Extensive structural characterization reveals that zirconia nanocrystals of 10-20 nm in size are efficiently dispersed into the hybrid matrix and that the local structure of the di-ureasil is not affected by the presence of the NPs. A significant enhancement in the refractive index of the di-ureasil matrix with the incorporation of the ZrO2 nanocrystals is observed. The optical study demonstrates that luminescent properties of both constituents are perfectly preserved in the final hybrid. Thus, the material displays a white-light photoluminescence from the di-ureasil component upon excitation at UV/visible radiation and also intense green and red emissions from the Er(3+)- and Yb(3+)-doped NPs after NIR excitation. The dynamics of the optical processes were also studied as a function of the lanthanide content and the thickness of the films. Our results indicate that these luminescent hybrids represent a low-cost, environmentally friendly, size-controlled, easily processed and chemically stable alternative material to be used in light harvesting devices such as luminescent solar concentrators, optical fibres and sensors. Furthermore, this synthetic approach can be extended to a wide variety of luminescent NPs entrapped in hybrid matrices, thus leading to multifunctional and versatile materials for efficient tuneable nonlinear optical nanodevices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Julián-López
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gonell
authors.forename: Patricia P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Vânia T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.forename: Paulo S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: André
authors.forename: Luis D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Carlos
authors.forename: Rute A S
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ferreira