title: Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Shares Features of Both Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Lentiviral Infections.
abstract: The virus-host relationship in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected chimpanzees is thought to be different from that found in other SIV infected African primates. However, studies of captive SIVcpz infected chimpanzees are limited. Previously, the natural SIVcpz infection of one chimpanzee, and the experimental infection of six chimpanzees was reported, with limited follow-up. Here, we present a long-term study of these seven animals, with a retrospective re-examination of the early stages of infection. The only clinical signs consistent with AIDS or AIDS associated disease was thrombocytopenia in two cases, associated with the development of anti-platelet antibodies. However, compared to uninfected and HIV-1 infected animals, SIVcpz infected animals had significantly lower levels of peripheral blood CD4+ T-cells. Despite this, levels of T-cell activation in chronic infection were not significantly elevated. In addition, while plasma levels of β2 microglobulin, neopterin and soluble TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (sTRAIL) were elevated in acute infection, these markers returned to near-normal levels in chronic infection, reminiscent of immune activation patterns in 'natural host' species. Furthermore, plasma soluble CD14 was not elevated in chronic infection. However, examination of the secondary lymphoid environment revealed persistent changes to the lymphoid structure, including follicular hyperplasia in SIVcpz infected animals. In addition, both SIV and HIV-1 infected chimpanzees showed increased levels of deposition of collagen and increased levels of Mx1 expression in the T-cell zones of the lymph node. The outcome of SIVcpz infection of captive chimpanzees therefore shares features of both non-pathogenic and pathogenic lentivirus infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Edward J D
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Greenwood
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathology and Microbiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ivanela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kondova
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niphuis
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America; Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Vida L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Hodara
authors.affiliation: The Genome Analysis Centre (TGAC), Norwich, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Clissold
authors.affiliation: The Genome Analysis Centre (TGAC), Norwich, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McLay
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.affiliation: Twycross Zoo - East Midland Zoological Society, Atherstone, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Redrobe
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America; Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Luis D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Giavedoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America; Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Lanford
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Krishna K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rouet
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Heeney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018420:Ape Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D006965:Hyperplasia; D016180:Lentivirus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D017958:Lentiviruses, Primate / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D064547:Myxovirus Resistance Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019798:Neopterin / Q000097:blood; D002679:Pan troglodytes; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D019562:Viral Load; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D064547:Myxovirus Resistance Proteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D019798:Neopterin