title: Maternal-fetal attachment in blind women using physical model from three-dimensional ultrasound and magnetic resonance scan data: six serious cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to assess the maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) in six blind pregnant women by means three-dimensional (3D) physical models from 3D ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan data.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective observational cross-sectional study with six blind pregnant women who performed 3D ultrasound and MRI exams to build 3D physical models for their fetuses. The MFA was assessed quantitatively by means a questionnaire of three questions, each one with a score ranging from 0 to 3. We considered MFA values ≥ 7 to each pregnant woman. The descriptive data were expressed by mean ± standard deviation (SD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (±SD) maternal age was 32 ± 2.7 years. The mean gestational age at 3DUS and MRI exams were 23.1 ± 3.7 and 21.3 ± 0.9 weeks, respectively. The mean of gestational age at delivery was 36.5 ± 4.7 weeks and all of them were cesarean sections. The mean newborn weight was 2615.8 ± 871.9 g and the gender was 50% both female and male. The MFA was quantitatively observed in all pregnant women, with maximum value (9) in all of them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MFA was quantitatively observed in all blind pregnant women using 3D physical models.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Radiology , Clínica De Diagnóstico Por Imagem (CPDI) , Rio De Janeiro-RJ , Brazil .
authors.forename: Heron
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.affiliation: b Department of Arts & Design , Pontifícia Universidade Católica (PUC Rio) , Rio De Janeiro-RJ , Brazil .
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guastalla Civil Hospital , Reggio Emilia , Italy , and.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tonni
authors.affiliation: d Department of Obstetrics , Paulista School of Medicine, São Paulo Federal University (EPM-UNIFESP) , São Paulo-SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Araujo Júnior
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001766:Blindness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009769:Object Attachment; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
keywords: Blind pregnant women; magnetic resonance imaging; maternal–fetal attachment; physical model; three-dimensional ultrasound