title: Noncoding Genomics in Gastric Cancer and the Gastric Precancerous Cascade: Pathogenesis and Biomarkers.
abstract: Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death, whose patterns vary among geographical regions and ethnicities. It is a multifactorial disease, and its development depends on infection by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), host genetic factors, and environmental factors. The heterogeneity of the disease has begun to be unraveled by a comprehensive mutational evaluation of primary tumors. The low-abundance of mutations suggests that other mechanisms participate in the evolution of the disease, such as those found through analyses of noncoding genomics. Noncoding genomics includes single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), regulation of gene expression through DNA methylation of promoter sites, miRNAs, other noncoding RNAs in regulatory regions, and other topics. These processes and molecules ultimately control gene expression. Potential biomarkers are appearing from analyses of noncoding genomics. This review focuses on noncoding genomics and potential biomarkers in the context of gastric cancer and the gastric precancerous cascade.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile ; Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN) and Graduate Program in Applied Cell and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, 4811230 Temuco, Chile ; UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sandoval-Bórquez
authors.affiliation: Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile ; Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN) and Graduate Program in Applied Cell and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, 4811230 Temuco, Chile ; UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saavedra
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Universidad de Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile ; Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carrasco-Avino
authors.affiliation: UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Garcia-Bloj
authors.affiliation: Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile ; UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.affiliation: Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile ; UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.affiliation: Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile ; UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile ; Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Alejandro H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Corvalán
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000235:genetics*; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D022661:RNA, Untranslated