title: Direct and indirect toxic effects of cotton-derived cellulose nanofibres on filamentous green algae.
abstract: Recently, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have attracted considerable attention as natural, abundant polymers with excellent mechanical properties and biodegradability. CNFs provide a new materials platform for the sustainable production of high-performance nano-enable products for various applications. Given the increasing rates of CNF production, the potential for their release to the environment and the subsequent impact on ecosystem is becoming an increasing concern that needs to be addressed. Here, we used the Klebsormidium flaccidum as a bioindicator organism of terrestrial and freshwater habitats pollution using a battery of biomarkers. Our results show that cotton CNFs inhibit the proliferation of algae and induce morphological changes in them. The two main toxicity mechanisms induced by cotton CNFs are: (i) a direct contact of CNFs with the cell wall and cellular membrane and (ii) an indirect effect through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, Brazil. Electronic address: michele.munk@ufjf.edu.br.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Munk
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, Brazil; CiPharma (EFAR/UFOP), Federal University of Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Humberto M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Brandão
authors.affiliation: Interfaces, Treatments, Organization and Dynamics of System (ITODYS), University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 7086 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.affiliation: Interfaces, Treatments, Organization and Dynamics of System (ITODYS), University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 7086 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Ludovic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mouton
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gern
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alessandro S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Guimaraes
authors.affiliation: Regulations Development Molecular Diversit (RDDM), French National Museum of Natural History, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yéprémian
authors.affiliation: Regulations Development Molecular Diversit (RDDM), French National Museum of Natural History, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Couté
authors.affiliation: Nucleus of Analytical Identification and Quantification (NIQUA), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nádia R B
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Raposo
authors.affiliation: National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, 13560-970 São Carlos, Brazil.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Marconcini
authors.affiliation: Interfaces, Treatments, Organization and Dynamics of System (ITODYS), University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 7086 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brayner
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D003368:Gossypium / Q000737:chemistry*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013499:Surface Properties; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002482:Cellulose
keywords: Bioindicator; Klebsormidium flaccidum; Nanoecotoxicology; Nanomaterials