title: [Cytology in uropathological diagnostics].
abstract: Cytology in uropathological diagnostics is mainly performed for oncological purposes. The assessment of malignancy by urothelial cell morphology is therefore decisive; however, cytology is only sensitive enough to detect high-grade tumor cells and the different low-grade tumors cannot be reliably diagnosed. Thus, the four-tier classification system of cytological findings (i.e. negative, atypical cells but significance uncertain, suspicious and positive) refers to high-grade tumor cells only. Furthermore, for valid cytological diagnostics not only the cytological specimen but also clinical information on cystoscopy findings and, if applicable, a biopsy should be evaluated together. In difficult differential diagnostic settings, e.g. differentiation between reactive versus neoplastic atypia or difficult to access lesions in the upper urinary tract, additional fluorescence in situ hybridization of cytological preparations might be helpful. At the moment there are no indications for further immunocytology or additional biomarker tests.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pathologie, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland.
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Gaisa
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pathologie, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland. klindemann-docter@ukaachen.de.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lindemann-Docter
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology; D003584:Cytological Techniques; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000473:pathology; D006417:Hematuria / Q000473:pathology; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: Cytology; Fluorescence in situ hybridization; High grade; Low grade; Urothelial neoplasia