title: Metabolic syndrome in Sjögren's syndrome patients: a relevant concern for clinical monitoring.
abstract: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been described in autoimmune diseases. However, there are scarce data about MetS and adipocytokine profile in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). Seventy-one female pSS patients (American-European Consensus Group Criteria, 2002) aged 18-65 years and 71 age-, race-matched control women were enrolled in this case-control study. Clinical data were collected by a standardized protocol. Blood levels of glucose, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)/IL-6, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), insulin, and leptin/adiponectin/visfatin/resistin were determined. Patients and controls were comparable regarding body mass index (BMI), smoking, sedentariness, and menopause (p > 0.05). MetS (39.4 vs. 16.9 %, p = 0.005), hypertension (p = 0.004), and dyslipidemia (p = 0.002) were more frequent in patients than controls. IL-1beta, IL-6, BAFF, resistin, and adiponectin levels were higher in patients than controls (p < 0.05). pSS patients with MetS (n = 28) had higher BMI, waist circumference, cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, insulin, leptin and HOMA-IR values, and greater hypertension and diabetes rates than pSS patients without MetS (n = 43) (p < 0.05). Current and/or previous prednisone use (75.0 vs. 62.8 %, p = 0.313), current (3.0 ± 4.5 vs. 1.6 ± 3.2 mg/day, p = 0.299), and cumulative prednisone doses (p = 0.495) were similar in both groups. Otherwise, IL-1beta level was higher in MetS patients than in non-MetS patients (p = 0.012), and this finding was confirmed (p = 0.048) by multivariate analysis with adjustments for age, ethnicity, prednisone use, current and cumulative prednisone doses, and duration of use. We identified high MetS frequency and abnormal adipocytokine profile in pSS. The association of MetS with elevated IL-1beta level suggests that inflammation plays an important role in its pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kristopherson Lustosa
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Augusto
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eloisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonfa
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosa Maria Rodrigues
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cleonice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elaine Pires
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vilma Santos Trindade
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Viana
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil. sandra.pasoto@hc.fm.usp.br.|Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, 3° andar (Disciplina de Reumatologia), sala 3192, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, ZIP code 01246-903, Brazil. sandra.pasoto@hc.fm.usp.br.
authors.forename: Sandra Gofinet
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Pasoto
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood; D052242:Adiponectin; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000097:blood; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D054392:Adipokines; D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020738:Leptin; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase
keywords: Adipocytokines; Cardiovascular risk factors; Insulin resistance; Interleukin-1beta; Metabolic syndrome; Sjögren’s syndrome