title: ADHD & Pharmacotherapy: Past, Present and Future: A Review of the Changing Landscape of Drug Therapy for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
abstract: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobiological disorder in children, with a prevalence of ~6-7%1,2that has remained stable for decades2. The social and economic burden associated with patients3, families, and broader systems (healthcare/educational) is substantial, with the annual economic impact of ADHD exceed $30 billion in the US alone4. Efficacy of pharmacotherapy in treating ADHD symptoms has generally been considerable with at least ¾ of individuals benefitting from pharmacotherapy, typically in the form of stimulants5. In this review, we begin by briefly reviewing the history of pharmacotherapy in relation to ADHD, before focusing (primarily) on the state-of-the-field on themes such as biophysiology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacogenomics. We conclude with a summary of emerging clinical and research studies, particularly the potential role for precision therapy in matching ADHD patients and drug types.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.affiliation: The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Glessner
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA ; AI Dupont Hospital for Children, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elia
authors.affiliation: The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hakonarson
keywords: ADHD; adverse events; drug; medication; pharmacology; pharmacotherapy