title: A comparison of indices of glucose metabolism in five black populations: data from modeling the epidemiologic transition study (METS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Globally, Africans and African Americans experience a disproportionate burden of type 2 diabetes, compared to other race and ethnic groups. The aim of the study was to examine the association of plasma glucose with indices of glucose metabolism in young adults of African origin from 5 different countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified participants from the Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study, an international study of weight change and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in five populations of African origin: USA (US), Jamaica, Ghana, South Africa, and Seychelles. For the current study, we included 667 participants (34.8 ± 6.3 years), with measures of plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin, as well as moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA, minutes/day [min/day]), daily sedentary time (min/day), anthropometrics, and body composition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 282 men, body mass index (BMI) ranged from 22.1 to 29.6 kg/m(2) in men and from 25.8 to 34.8 kg/m(2) in 385 women. MVPA ranged from 26.2 to 47.1 min/day in men, and from 14.3 to 27.3 min/day in women and correlated with adiposity (BMI, waist size, and % body fat) only among US males after controlling for age. Plasma glucose ranged from 4.6 ± 0.8 mmol/L in the South African men to 5.8 mmol/L US men, while the overall prevalence for diabetes was very low, except in the US men and women (6.7 and 12 %, respectively). Using multivariate linear regression, glucose was associated with BMI, age, sex, smoking hypertension, daily sedentary time but not daily MVPA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obesity, metabolic risk, and other potential determinants vary significantly between populations at differing stages of the epidemiologic transition, requiring tailored public health policies to address local population characteristics.
authors.affiliation: University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana. yacobat@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yacoba
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Atiase
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA. kfarni@luc.edu.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Farni
authors.affiliation: Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. jprhule@africaonline.com.gh.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plange-Rhule
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA. aluke@luc.edu.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luke
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social & Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. pascal.bovet@chuv.ch.|Switzerland & Ministry of Health, Victoria, Republic of Seychelles. pascal.bovet@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bovet
authors.affiliation: Solutions for Developing Countries (SODECO), University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica. terrence.forrester@uwimona.edu.jm.
authors.forename: Terrence G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Forrester
authors.affiliation: Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Vicki.Lambert@uct.ac.za.
authors.forename: Vicki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. naomi.levitt@uct.ac.za.
authors.forename: Naomi S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Levitt
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA. skliethermes@luc.edu.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kliethermes
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA. GCAO@luc.edu.
authors.forename: Guichan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA. rdurazo@luc.edu.
authors.forename: Ramon A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Durazo-Arvizu
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA. rcooper@luc.edu.
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA. ldugas@luc.edu.|Public Health Sciences, 2160 S. 1st Ave, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA. ldugas@luc.edu.
authors.forename: Lara R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Dugas
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D044383:Black People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood; D012923:Social Class; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin