title: Childhood Symptoms of ADHD Overrule Comorbidity in Relation to Psychosocial Outcome at Age 15: A Longitudinal Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neurodevelopmental problems (NDPs) may influence the transition from childhood to adolescence. Our aim was to study long-term psychosocial outcomes of NDPs, focusing on ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was collected through a telephone interview with parents of twins at ages 9 or 12 years. NDP screen-positive children were clinically assessed at age 15; N = 450. Psychosocial outcome concerning peers, school, internalizing problems, antisocial behavior, alcohol misuse, drug misuse, and impaired daily functioning was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Even after controlling for other NDP comorbidity, screen-positivity for ADHD doubled or tripled the odds of later psychosocial problems. When controlling for parental education level, the significant effect of ADHD remained only for antisocial behavior and impaired daily functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Signs of NDPs as well as other psychiatric diagnoses at ages 9 or 12 years are associated with a more problematic adolescence. However, despite the presence of comorbidity, early ADHD symptoms stand out as the most important risk factor for later antisocial development and impaired daily functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research & Education, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Norén Selinus
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Yasmina
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Molero
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.affiliation: Center for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.affiliation: Center for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lundström
authors.affiliation: Center for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Anckarsäter
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research & Education, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Clara Hellner
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Gumpert
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014427:Twins / Q000706:statistics & numerical data