title: β-Lactam Resistance Genes: Characterization, Epidemiology, and First Detection of blaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-14 in Salmonella spp. Isolated from Poultry in Brazil-Brazil Ministry of Agriculture's Pathogen Reduction Program.
abstract: Salmonella spp. are widespread in nature; however, human infections occur mainly through ingestion of contaminated food, specially poultry and eggs. In Brazil, the Ministry of Agriculture (MAPA) oversees food production in general, with the goal of preventing transmission of pathogens through the food chain. In 2004, MAPA initiated a program to monitor and control levels of Salmonella in poultry during slaughter. This study analyzes isolates from MAPA's program for β-lactam resistance and the resistance genes involved, as well as the geographic distributions of potentially clonal populations of resistant isolates within Brazil. Initially, 1,939 Salmonella spp. isolated between 2004 and 2011 were examined. These isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, and 100 isolates resistant or intermediate to ampicillin and ceftriaxone were screened initially for the presence of blaSHV, blaTEM, blaOXA, blaPSA, blaCMY-1, and blaCMY-2 genes. There were 55 isolates whose resistance genes were not identified by this panel and these isolates are the subject of this report. These 55 isolates were differentiated into 31 distinct ribogroups, with multiple β-lactam resistance genes, including AmpC blaCMY, blaTEM, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-8, and blaCTX-M-14. Isolates carrying variants of blaCTX-M were identified in three geographic regions. Salmonella carrying particular genetic variants of blaCTX-M and belonging to the same ribogroup were identified from multiple poultry slaughtering facilities. In some instances, these presumptive clonal-related isolates were from facilities over 300 miles apart, indicating potential clonal spread between two geographic regions. This is the first report of blaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-14 in Salmonella in Brazil.
authors.affiliation: 1 Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .
authors.forename: Fernanda Marques
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Fitch
authors.affiliation: 1 Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .
authors.forename: Mirian Silva
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Carmo-Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: 1 Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .
authors.forename: Vinicius Gomes Sales
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: 1 Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .
authors.forename: Marcus Vinicius
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Gaspari
authors.affiliation: 2 Ministry of Agriculture and Food Supply , LANAGRO, Campinas, Brazil .
authors.forename: Amaury
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: 2 Ministry of Agriculture and Food Supply , LANAGRO, Campinas, Brazil .
authors.forename: Josinete Barros
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: de Freitas
authors.affiliation: 1 Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .
authors.forename: Antonio C C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pignatari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002645:Chickens; D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D006078:Government Programs; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010957:Plasmids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D021521:Ribotyping; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D047090:beta-Lactams / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D047090:beta-Lactams; C456080:beta-lactamase CTX-M-14; C055184:beta-lactamase TEM-3; D001618:beta-Lactamases