title: Donkey genome and insight into the imprinting of fast karyotype evolution.
abstract: The donkey, like the horse, is a promising model for exploring karyotypic instability. We report the de novo whole-genome assemblies of the donkey and the Asiatic wild ass. Our results reflect the distinct characteristics of donkeys, including more effective energy metabolism and better immunity than horses. The donkey shows a steady demographic trajectory. We detected abundant satellite sequences in some inactive centromere regions but not in neocentromere regions, while ribosomal RNAs frequently emerged in neocentromere regions but not in the obsolete centromere regions. Expanded miRNA families and five newly discovered miRNA target genes involved in meiosis may be associated with fast karyotype evolution. APC/C, controlling sister chromatid segregation, cytokinesis, and the establishment of the G1 cell cycle phase were identified by analysis of miRNA targets and rapidly evolving genes.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jinlong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yiping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Dongyi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Wunierfu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shiraigol
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Bei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Wuyundalai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xiujuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Burenqiqige
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Qinan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Anaer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Sarula
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Wuyingga
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Zhencun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Aoruga
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yahan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Ruiyuan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yirugeletu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Taoketao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Haige
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Haitang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yanqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yuhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Dorjsuren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Daidiikhuu
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Wenjing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Shuyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jinmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Personal Biotechnology Limited Company, 218 Yindu Road, Shanghai 200231, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Weixing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Personal Biotechnology Limited Company, 218 Yindu Road, Shanghai 200231, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Fangmei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Personal Biotechnology Limited Company, 218 Yindu Road, Shanghai 200231, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Zikui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Personal Biotechnology Limited Company, 218 Yindu Road, Shanghai 200231, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yixiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: SRA Inc. 6003 Executive Blvd. Suite 400, Rockville, MD20852, USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Manglai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dugarjaviin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002503:Centromere / Q000235:genetics; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D018397:Equidae / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D015321:Gene Rearrangement; D016678:Genome; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D059785:Karyotype; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D034622:RNA Interference; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D012333:RNA, Messenger