title: Annual Research Review: Threats to the validity of child psychiatry and psychology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Suggestions have been made that many claims concern false-positive findings in the field of child psychology and psychiatry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature was searched for concepts and findings on the validity of child psychiatry and psychology. Substantial progress has been made in some, but not all, areas and considerable challenges remain in all.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two major threats to validity concern the inability to examine brain tissues in life and the evidence that there is a high overlap among disorders. We emphasize the need to follow published guidelines on preplanned analyses and we note the dangers associated with unregulated flexibility in data analysis. We note the very important clinical and developmental findings that have been ignored, perhaps partly because of an excessive focus on technologies. Nevertheless, we are positive about both the accomplishments and the ways in which challenges are being met.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rutter
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pickles
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000592:standards; D002648:Child; D002665:Child Psychiatry / Q000592:standards*; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D002666:Psychology, Child / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Classification; bioinformatics; biomarkers; brain imaging; diagnosis; epigenetics; genetics; neural networks