title: Type III secretion systems: the bacterial flagellum and the injectisome.
abstract: The flagellum and the injectisome are two of the most complex and fascinating bacterial nanomachines. At their core, they share a type III secretion system (T3SS), a transmembrane export complex that forms the extracellular appendages, the flagellar filament and the injectisome needle. Recent advances, combining structural biology, cryo-electron tomography, molecular genetics, in vivo imaging, bioinformatics and biophysics, have greatly increased our understanding of the T3SS, especially the structure of its transmembrane and cytosolic components, the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and functional regulation and the remarkable adaptivity of the system. This review aims to integrate these new findings into our current knowledge of the evolution, function, regulation and dynamics of the T3SS, and to highlight commonalities and differences between the two systems, as well as their potential applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-3923
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diepold
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK judith.armitage@bioch.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Judith P
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4983-9731
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Armitage
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D005075:Biological Evolution; D022081:Cell Surface Extensions / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005407:Flagella / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D021381:Protein Transport; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D000069296:Type III Secretion Systems / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D000069296:Type III Secretion Systems
keywords: bacterial movement; chemotaxis; pathogenicity; regulation of virulence; translocation; transmembrane complexes