title: Ocular involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many patients suffer from the ocular manifestations associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Retinal vasculitis and optic neuritis are two of the most vision-threatening complications that can be associated with the disease. Ocular manifestations are often associated with wide-spread systemic inflammation which can be fatal. Thus, immediate recognition and treatment is vital for a positive outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is an array of medications available to ophthalmologists for treating the ocular manifestations of SLE. Treating the underlying systemic disease is crucial, as well as treating the active ocular complications. Recently, more attention has been placed on evaluating biologic agents' efficacy in treating the systemic condition. New therapies continue to emerge that have the potential to provide benefit to patients suffering from SLE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SLE is a serious systemic condition that may first present with ocular manifestations. Thus, it is crucial for ophthalmologists to be equipped with the knowledge to detect and adequately treat the disorder to avoid vision/life-threatening complications. More research is needed to determine which therapy provides the best outcome for patients with limited side-effects.
authors.affiliation: aMassachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution (MERSI) bOcular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation (OIUF), Waltham, Massachusetts, USA cFaculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Rajavithi Hospital, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand dHarvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Janine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Preble
authors.forename: Sukhum
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silpa-archa
authors.forename: C Stephen
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D014785:Vision, Ocular
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents