title: Operative management of cryptorchidism: guidelines and reality--a 10-year observational analysis of 3587 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Undescended testis (UDT) is the most common disorder in pediatric surgery and one of the most important risk factors for malignancy and subfertility. In 2009 local guidelines were modified and now recommend treatment to be completed by the age of 1. Aim of this study was to analyze age distribution at the time of orchidopexy, whether the procedure is performed according to guideline recommendations and to assess primary care pediatricians' attitude regarding their treatment approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed 3587 patients with UDT regarding age at orchidopexy between 2003 and 2012 in 13 German hospitals. Furthermore, we conducted an anonymized nation-wide survey among primary care pediatricians regarding their attitude toward management of UDT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before modification of the guideline 78% (n = 1245) of the boys with UDT were not operated according to guideline recommendations. After the modification that number rose to 95% (n = 1472). 42% of the orchidopexies were performed on patients aged 4 to 17 years. 46% of the primary care pediatricians were not aware of this discrepancy and 38% would only initiate operative management after the first year of life. In hospitals with pediatric surgery departments significantly more patients received orchidopexy in their first year of life (p < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The guideline for UDT in Germany has not yet been implemented sufficiently. Timing of orchidopexy must be optimized in order to improve long-term prognosis. Both primary care providers and parents should be educated regarding the advantages of early orchidopexy in UDT. Prospective studies are needed to elucidate the high rate of late orchidopexies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, HELIOS Medical Center Wuppertal, Children's Hospital, Centre for Clinical & Translational Research (CCTR), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, D-42283, Wuppertal, Germany. kai.hensel@uni-wh.de.
authors.forename: Kai O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Hensel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, HELIOS Medical Center Wuppertal, Children's Hospital, Centre for Clinical & Translational Research (CCTR), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, D-42283, Wuppertal, Germany. tawa.caspers@uni-wh.de.
authors.forename: Tawa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Caspers
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, HELIOS Medical Center Wuppertal, Children's Hospital, Centre for Clinical & Translational Research (CCTR), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, D-42283, Wuppertal, Germany. andreas.jenke@helios-kliniken.de.
authors.forename: Andreas C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Jenke
authors.affiliation: Institute for Quality Management, HELIOS Kliniken GmbH, Berlin, Germany. ekkehard.schuler@helios-kliniken.de.
authors.forename: Ekkehard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schuler
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, HELIOS Medical Center Wuppertal, Children's Hospital, Centre for Clinical & Translational Research (CCTR), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, D-42283, Wuppertal, Germany. stefan.wirth@helios-kliniken.de.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wirth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000601:surgery*; D005858:Germany; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D056126:Orchiopexy; D010372:Pediatrics; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012189:Retrospective Studies