title: Evolution in miniaturized column liquid chromatography instrumentation and applications: An overview.
abstract: The purpose of this article is to underline the miniaturized LC instrumental system and describe the evolution of commercially available systems by discussing their advantages and drawbacks. Nowadays, there are already many miniaturized LC systems available with a great variety of pump design, interface and detectors as well as efficient columns technologies and reduced connections devices. The solvent delivery systems are able to drive the mobile phase without flow splitters and promote gradient elution using either dual piston reciprocating or syringe-type pumps. The mass spectrometry as detection system is the most widely used detection system; among many alternative ionization sources direct-EI LC-MS is a promising alternative to APCI. In addition, capillary columns are now available showing many possibilities of stationary phases, inner diameters and hardware materials. This review provides a discussion about miniaturized LC demonstrating fundamentals and instrumentals' aspects of the commercially available miniaturized LC instrumental system mainly nano and micro LC formats. This review also covers the recent developments and trends in instrumentation, capillary and nano columns, and several applications of this very important and promising field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Goias, Jatai, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos E D
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Nazario
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Meire R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maraíssa S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: flancas@iqsc.usp.br.
authors.forename: Fernando M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Lanças
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D008904:Miniaturization; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods
keywords: Capillary columns; Capillary liquid chromatography; Instrumentation; Miniaturized LC; Nano-LC