title: The relationship between iodine nutrition and thyroid disease in lactating women with different iodine intakes.
abstract: Areas with low, adequate and excessive I content in water co-exist in China. Limited data are currently available on I nutrition and thyroid disease in lactating women and their breast-fed infants with different I intakes. This study aimed to evaluate I nutrition in both lactating women and their infants and the prevalence of thyroid disease in areas with different levels of I in water. From January to June 2014, a total of 343 healthy lactating women (excluding those taking anti-thyroid drugs or I supplements within a year of the study, consuming seafood at the time of the study or those diagnosed with congenital thyroid disease) from Beihai in Guangxi province and Jiajiazhuang, Yangcheng, Jicun and Pingyao townships in Shanxi province were selected. Compared with the I-sufficient group, median urinary I concentrations in both lactating women and infants as well as breast milk I levels were significantly lower in the I-deficient group (P<0·001). The prevalence of thyroid disease in lactating women, particularly subclinical hypothyroidism, was higher in the I-excess group than in the I-sufficient group (P<0·05). In areas with excessive water I content, high thyroid peroxidase antibody and high thyroglobulin levels were risk factors for abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. Our data collectively suggest that excessive I intake potentially causes subclinical hypothyroidism in lactating women. Moreover, enhanced monitoring of I status is important to avoid adverse effects of I deficiency or excess, particularly in susceptible populations such as pregnant or lactating women and infants.
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Endemic Disease Control,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Harbin Medical University,Harbin City,Heilongjiang Province 150081,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lixiang
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4941-6990
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Endemic Disease Control,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Harbin Medical University,Harbin City,Heilongjiang Province 150081,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dandan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Endemic Disease Control,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Harbin Medical University,Harbin City,Heilongjiang Province 150081,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Endemic Disease Control,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Harbin Medical University,Harbin City,Heilongjiang Province 150081,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fangang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Endemic Disease Control,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Harbin Medical University,Harbin City,Heilongjiang Province 150081,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Da
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: 2Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Shanxi Province,Linfen City,Shanxi Province 041000,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qingzhen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: 3Center for Disease Control and Prevention,GuangXi Province,Nanning City,Guangxi Province 530028,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Endemic Disease Control,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Harbin Medical University,Harbin City,Heilongjiang Province 150081,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoye
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Endemic Disease Control,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Harbin Medical University,Harbin City,Heilongjiang Province 150081,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Endemic Disease Control,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Harbin Medical University,Harbin City,Heilongjiang Province 150081,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D007774:Lactation; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D013972:Thyrotropin; D007455:Iodine
keywords: BM breast milk; FT4 free thyroxin; Iodine deficiency; Iodine excess; Iodine nutrition; Lactating women; MUI median urinary iodine; TPOAb thyroid peroxidase antibody; TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone; Tg thyroglobulin; TgAb thyroglobulin antibody; Thyroid disease; UI urinary iodine