title: Simple shoulder test and Oxford Shoulder Score: Persian translation and cross-cultural validation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To translate, culturally adapt, and validate the simple shoulder test (SST) and Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) into Persian language using a cross-sectional and prospective cohort design.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standard forward and backward translation was followed to culturally adapt the SST and the OSS into Persian language. Psychometric properties of floor and ceiling effects, construct convergent validity, discriminant validity, internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, standard error of the measurement (SEM), smallest detectable change (SDC), and factor structure were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred patients with shoulder disorders and 50 healthy subjects participated in the study. The PSST and the POSS showed no missing responses. No floor or ceiling effects were observed. Both the PSST and POSS detected differences between patients and healthy subjects supporting their discriminant validity. Construct convergent validity was confirmed by a very good correlation between the PSST and POSS (r = 0.68). There was high internal consistency for both the PSST (α = 0.73) and the POSS (α = 0.91 and 0.92). Test-retest reliability with 1-week interval was excellent (ICCagreement = 0.94 for PSST and 0.90 for POSS). Factor analyses demonstrated a three-factor solution for the PSST (49.7 % of variance) and a two-factor solution for the POSS (61.6 % of variance). The SEM/SDC was satisfactory for PSST (5.5/15.3) and POSS (6.8/18.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PSST and POSS are valid and reliable outcome measures for assessing functional limitations in Persian-speaking patients with shoulder disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Ave, Pitch-e-shemiran, 11489, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Soofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naghdi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Ave, Pitch-e-shemiran, 11489, Tehran, Iran. nakhostin@sina.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Noureddin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakhostin Ansari
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Ave, Pitch-e-shemiran, 11489, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Nilufar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rustaie
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akbari
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Safoora
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Ave, Pitch-e-shemiran, 11489, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Senobari
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014177:Translations; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cultural adaptation; Oxford Shoulder Score; Persian language; Reliability; Simple shoulder test; Validity