title: Development of a Three-Dimensional Hand Model Using Three-Dimensional Stereophotogrammetry: Assessment of Image Reproducibility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry precise images and reconstructions of the human body can be produced. Over the last few years, this technique is mainly being developed in the field of maxillofacial reconstructive surgery, creating fusion images with computed tomography (CT) data for precise planning and prediction of treatment outcome. Though, in hand surgery 3D stereophotogrammetry is not yet being used in clinical settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 34 three-dimensional hand photographs were analyzed to investigate the reproducibility. For every individual, 3D photographs were captured at two different time points (baseline T0 and one week later T1). Using two different registration methods, the reproducibility of the methods was analyzed. Furthermore, the differences between 3D photos of men and women were compared in a distance map as a first clinical pilot testing our registration method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The absolute mean registration error for the complete hand was 1.46 mm. This reduced to an error of 0.56 mm isolating the region to the palm of the hand. When comparing hands of both sexes, it was seen that the male hand was larger (broader base and longer fingers) than the female hand.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that 3D stereophotogrammetry can produce reproducible images of the hand without harmful side effects for the patient, so proving to be a reliable method for soft tissue analysis. Its potential use in everyday practice of hand surgery needs to be further explored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Inge A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Hoevenaren
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meulstee
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Technical medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krikken
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bergé
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: D J O
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Thomas J J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Maal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results