title: Change of periodontal inflammatory indicators through a 4-week weight control intervention including caloric restriction and exercise training in young Koreans: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent cross-sectional studies indicate that obesity is a risk factor for periodontal disease. Exercise training in high fat mice or rats can inhibit gingival inflammation effectively. The objective of this human intervention study was to investigate whether short-term weight control could affect periodontal indexes and serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biomarkers in young Koreans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one obese volunteers (body mass index (BMI) > 25.0) and 12 normal weight subjects (18.5 ≤ BMI ≤ 23.0) participated in a four-week weight control program to analyze the changes in anthropometric criteria, the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides in serum, gingival index, bleeding on probing, periodontal biomarkers in GCF, and dental plaque index at the first and the 27th days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The means of obesity measures decreased significantly more in the obese group (BMI 2.53 ± 0.96, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) 4.88 ± 1.58 %, LDL 35.85 ± 21.74 mgdL(-1)) than in the normal weight group (BMI 0.78 ± 0.72, WHR 2.00 ± 0.95 %, LDL 15.58 ± 18.07 mgdL(-1)). While the obese group showed significant decreases in the biomarkers in GCF (IL-1β 58.38 ± 65.55 pgmL(-1), MMP-8 4.19 ± 5.61 ngmL(-1), MMP-9 3.36 ± 6.30 ngmL(-1)), the mean changes for the normal weight group (IL-1β 10.07 ± 21.08 pgmL(-1), MMP-8 1.49 ± 4.61 ngmL(-1), MMP-9 -1.52 ± 9.71 ngmL(-1)) were not statistically significant. Anthropometric measures and the amounts of GCF biomarkers had weak positive correlations (0.242 ≤ r ≤ 0.340), and LDL in serum correlated with MMP-8 (r = 0.332) and IL-1β (r = 0.342) in the obese group. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis in the obese group showed that the relationship between the amount of IL-1β in GCF and predictor variables including LDL and BMI was highly significant and accounted for 19.1 % of the variance in IL-1β in GCF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In periodontally healthy subjects, weight control could reduce the amounts of MMP-8, MMP-9, and IL-1β in GCF of the obese subjects. Further studies with periodontally unhealthy and obese people are needed to identify the mechanism of decreases in inflammation biomarkers in GCF through weight control.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCTN86753073 (2015.08.14).
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea. prospark@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Hoo-Seob
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea. hsnam@cnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hae-Sung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, College of Culture, Science & Technology, Konyang University, Nonsan, Chungcheongnamdo, South Korea. hsseo@konyang.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hyung-Seok
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea. denthwang@konyang.ac.kr.|Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea. denthwang@konyang.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Soo-Jeong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000276:immunology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000378:metabolism; D010865:Pilot Projects; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers