title: Immunotherapies for bladder cancer: a new hope.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We review recent data on immunotherapies for bladder cancer and discuss strategies to maximize the antitumor effect of immunotherapy in solid tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anti-programmed death ligand 1 has shown promise in advanced bladder cancer. Clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors as monotherapy or in combination are underway. Here we review strategies for enhancing antitumor immunity using immunomodulating agents or combination treatments that may increase tumor response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with other treatment modalities may lead to the development of new treatment strategies in advanced bladder cancer; however, identifying predictive biomarkers is essential for appropriate patient selection.
authors.affiliation: aGenitourinary Malignancies Branch bDevelopmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA cDepartment of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria dCancer Research Unit, Warwick University Medical School, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fakhrejahani
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maj-Hes
authors.forename: Jane B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Trepel
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Santis
authors.forename: Andrea B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Apolo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059248:Chemoradiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor