title: Emerging therapeutic approaches in renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: In the past decade, targeted therapy with VEGF and mTOR inhibition has significantly improved the outcome of renal cell carcinoma. However, the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma still remains challenging as most patients eventually progress on targeted therapy, and long-term survivors are still relatively uncommon. There has recently been a resurgence of interest in cancer immunotherapy with the development of checkpoint inhibitors. Here we discuss the best methods to optimize the current standard of care with targeted therapy, and describe select emerging targeted therapies and immunotherapies with anti programmed death-1 pathway inhibitors in the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: a 1 Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Hiral
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Parekh
authors.affiliation: b 2 Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.|c 3 Department of Hematology and Oncology Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave, Desk R35, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Brian I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Rini
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
keywords: anti programmed death-1 therapies; immunotherapy; ipilimumab; nivolumab; renal cell carcinoma; targeted therapy