title: Metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer risk in a population-based case-control study in Montreal, Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in prostate cancer risk is still debated. We investigated it in a large population-based case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases were 1937 men with incident prostate cancer, aged ≤ 75 years, diagnosed across French hospitals in the Montreal area between 2005 and 2009. Concurrently, 1995 population controls from the same residential area and age distribution were randomly selected from electoral list of French-speaking men. Detailed lifestyle and medical histories, and anthropometric measures, were collected during in-person interviews. Prevalence of MetS components (type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity) was estimated at 2 years before diagnosis for cases/ interview for controls, and at ages 20, 40, 50 and 60. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals for the association between MetS and prostate cancer risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A history of MetS (≥ 3 components vs < 3) was associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer (OR = 0.70 [0.60, 0.82]) after considering potential confounders. The negative association was particularly pronounced with a young age (≤ 40 years) at MetS onset (OR = 0.38 [0.16-0.89]), did not vary according to prostate cancer aggressiveness, and was only partly explained by the presence of type 2 diabetes. A risk decrease was observed with the number of MetS components, suggesting a synergistic interaction of the components.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed negative association, consistent with results from other North American populations undergoing regular prostate cancer screening, underlines the importance of considering PSA-testing when studying the MetS-prostate cancer association.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from this study are consistent with an inverse association between MetS and prostate cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Institut national de la recherche scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, University of Quebec, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada. audrey.blanc-lapierre@iaf.inrs.ca.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blanc-Lapierre
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Institut national de la recherche scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, University of Quebec, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada. andrea.spence@ladydavis.ca.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, 1058, rue St-Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 3 J4, Canada. prost8@videotron.ca.|Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 1058, rue St-Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 3 J4, Canada. prost8@videotron.ca.
authors.forename: Pierre I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Karakiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery (Urology), McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada. armen.aprikian@muhc.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Armen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aprikian
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 1058, rue St-Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 3 J4, Canada. fred.saad@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Institut national de la recherche scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, University of Quebec, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada. marie-elise.parent@iaf.inrs.ca.|Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, 7101 Avenue du Parc, Montreal, QC, Canada. marie-elise.parent@iaf.inrs.ca.
authors.forename: Marie-Élise
authors.initials: MÉ
authors.lastname: Parent
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors