title: Pediatric hydrocephalus: 40-year outcomes in 128 hydrocephalic patients treated with shunts during childhood. Assessment of surgical outcome, work participation, and health-related quality of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment for hydrocephalus has not advanced appreciably since the advent of CSF shunts more than 50 years ago. The outcome for pediatric patients with hydrocephalus has been the object for several studies; however, much uncertainty remains regarding the very long term outcome for these patients. Shunting became the standard treatment for hydrocephalus in Norway during the 1960s, and the first cohorts from this era have now reached middle age. Therefore, the objective of this study was to review surgical outcome, mortality, social outcome, and health-related quality of life in middle-aged patients treated for hydrocephalus during childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected in all patients, age 14 years or less, who required a CSF shunt during the years 1967-1970. Descriptive statistics were assessed regarding patient characteristics, surgical features, social functioning, and work participation. The time and cause of death, if applicable, were also determined. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were used to determine the overall survival of patients. Information regarding self-perceived health and functional status was assessed using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Barthel Index score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 128 patients were included in the study, with no patient lost to follow-up. Of the 128 patients in the study, 61 (47.6%) patients died during the 42-45 years of observation. The patients who died belonged to the tumor group (22 patients) and the myelomeningocele group (13 patients). The mortality rate was lowered to 39% if the patients with tumors were excluded. The overall mortality rates at 1, 2, 10, 20, and 40 years from time of initial shunt insertion were 16%, 24%, 31%, 40%, and 48% respectively. The incidence of shunt-related mortality was 8%. The majority of children graduated from a normal school (67%) or from a school specializing in education for physically handicapped children (20%). Self-perceived health was significantly poorer in 6 out of 8 domains assessed by SF-36 as compared with the background population. Functional status among the survivors varied greatly during the follow-up period, but the majority of patients were self-dependent. A total of 56% of the patients were socially independent, and 42% of the patients were employed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately half of the patients are still alive. During the 42-45 year follow-up period, the mortality rate was 48%. Two deaths were due to acute shunt failure, and at least 8% of the deaths were shunt related (probable or late onset). The morbidity in middle-aged individuals treated for pediatric hydrocephalus is considerable. The late mortality rate was low, but not negligible. Twelve patients died during the last 2 decades, 1 of whom died because of acute shunt failure. Although the shunt revision rate was decreasing during the study period, many patients required shunt surgery during adulthood. Forty-one revisions in 21 patients were performed during the last decade. Thus, there is an obvious need for life-long follow-up in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Anne Henriette
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Tryggve
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lundar
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Karl-Fredrik
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Lindegaard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D015994:Incidence; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D044583:Neuroendoscopy; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020542:Third Ventricle; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt; D014696:Ventriculostomy
keywords: BI = Barthel Index; ETV = endoscopic third ventriculostomy; HC = hydrocephalus; HRQOL = health-related quality of life; MMC = myelomeningocele; SF-36 = 36-Item Short Form Health Survey; VA = ventriculoatrial; VP = ventriculoperitoneal; health-related quality of life; pediatric hydrocephalus; very long term outcome