title: Gender Differences in Compensation, Job Satisfaction and Other Practice Patterns in Urology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The proportion of women in urology has increased from less than 0.5% in 1981 to 10% today. Furthermore, 33% of students matching in urology are now female. In this analysis we characterize the female workforce in urology compared to that of men with regard to income, workload and job satisfaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collaborated with the American Urological Association to survey its domestic membership of practicing urologists regarding socioeconomic, workforce and quality of life issues. A total of 6,511 survey invitations were sent via e-mail. The survey consisted of 26 questions and took approximately 13 minutes to complete. Linear regression models were used to evaluate bivariable and multivariable associations with job satisfaction and compensation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 848 responses (660 or 90% male, 73 or 10% female) were collected for a total response rate of 13%. On bivariable analysis female urologists were younger (p <0.0001), more likely to be fellowship trained (p=0.002), worked in academics (p=0.008), were less likely to be self-employed and worked fewer hours (p=0.03) compared to male urologists. On multivariable analysis female gender was a significant predictor of lower compensation (p=0.001) when controlling for work hours, call frequency, age, practice setting and type, fellowship training and advance practice provider employment. Adjusted salaries among female urologists were $76,321 less than those of men. Gender was not a predictor of job satisfaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female urologists are significantly less compensated compared to male urologists after adjusting for several factors likely contributing to compensation. There is no difference in job satisfaction between male and female urologists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: E Sophie
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.affiliation: Cancer Outcomes Research Group, Biostatistics and Clinical Data Management, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Allison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Deal
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Pruthi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Chris M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: E Will
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langston
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Patrick H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Maxim J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McKibben
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer Outcomes Research Group, Multidisciplinary Genitourinary Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Mathew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Raynor
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer Outcomes Research Group, Multidisciplinary Genitourinary Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wallen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer Outcomes Research Group, Multidisciplinary Genitourinary Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer Outcomes Research Group, Multidisciplinary Genitourinary Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Raj S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Pruthi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer Outcomes Research Group, Multidisciplinary Genitourinary Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Electronic address: angela_smith@med.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Angela B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014572:Urology; D000078329:Workforce; D016526:Workload / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: job satisfaction; physician’s practice patterns; sex; socioeconomic factors; urology