title: Effect of Intramuscular Protons, Lactate, and ATP on Muscle Hyperalgesia in Rats.
abstract: Chronic muscle pain is a significant health problem leading to disability[1]. Muscle fatigue can exacerbate muscle pain. Metabolites, including ATP, lactate, and protons, are released during fatiguing exercise and produce pain in humans. These substances directly activate purinergic (P2X) and acid sensing ion channels (ASICs) on muscle nociceptors, and when combined, produce a greater increase in neuron firing than when given alone. Whether the enhanced effect of combining protons, lactate, and ATP is the sum of individual effects (additive) or more than the sum of individual effects (synergistic) is unknown. Using a rat model of muscle nociceptive behavior, we tested each of these compounds individually over a range of physiologic and supra-physiologic concentrations. Further, we combined all three compounds in a series of dilutions and tested their effect on muscle nociceptive behavior. We also tested a non-hydrolyzable form of ATP (α,β-meATP) alone and in combination with lactate and acidic pH. Surprisingly, we found no dose-dependent effect on muscle nociceptive behavior for protons, lactate, or ATP when given alone. We similarly found no effect after application of each two-metabolite combination. Only pH 4 saline and α,β-meATP produced hyperalgesia when given alone. When all 3 substances were combined, however, ATP (2.4μm), lactate (10mM), and acidic pH (pH 6.0) produced an enhanced effect greater than the sum of the effects of the individual components, i.e. synergism. α,β me ATP (3nmol), on the other hand, showed no enhanced effects when combined with lactate (10mM) or acidic pH (pH 6.0), i.e. additive. These data suggest that combining fatigue metabolites in muscle produces a synergistic effect on muscle nociception.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America.
authors.forename: Nicholas S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.affiliation: CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America.
authors.forename: Phillip E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Whitley
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America; Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Sluka
mesh_terms: D062565:Acid Sensing Ion Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000378:metabolism*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism*; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000378:metabolism; D010146:Pain / Q000378:metabolism; D011522:Protons; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D062565:Acid Sensing Ion Channels; D011522:Protons; D019344:Lactic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; C002630:alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate