title: Evidence of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida Species in Tortoises and Sea Turtles.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. recovered from tortoises (Chelonoidis spp.) and sea turtles (Chelonia mydas, Caretta caretta, Lepidochelys olivacea, Eretmochelys imbricata). For this purpose, material from the oral cavity and cloaca of 77 animals (60 tortoises and 17 sea turtles) was collected. The collected specimens were seeded on 2% Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol, and the identification was carried out by morphological and biochemical methods. Sixty-six isolates were recovered from tortoises, out of which 27 were C. tropicalis, 27 C. famata, 7 C. albicans, 4 C. guilliermondii and 1 C. intermedia, whereas 12 strains were obtained from sea turtles, which were identified as Candida parapsilosis (n = 4), Candida guilliermondii (n = 4), Candida tropicalis (n = 2), Candida albicans (n = 1) and Candida intermedia (n = 1). The minimum inhibitory concentrations for amphotericin B, itraconazole and fluconazole ranged from 0.03125 to 0.5, 0.03125 to >16 and 0.125 to >64, respectively. Overall, 19 azole-resistant strains (14 C. tropicalis and 5 C. albicans) were found. Thus, this study shows that Testudines carry azole-resistant Candida spp.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, College of Medicine, Ceará Federal University, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP 60430-275, Brazil. brilhante@ufc.br.
authors.forename: Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Brilhante
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, College of Medicine, Ceará Federal University, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP 60430-275, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro Henrique de Aragão
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas Pereira
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: de Alencar
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, College of Medicine, Ceará Federal University, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP 60430-275, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giovanna Barbosa
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Riello
authors.affiliation: Maurício de Nassau College, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joyce Fonteles
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, College of Medicine, Ceará Federal University, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP 60430-275, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jonathas Sales
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, College of Medicine, Ceará Federal University, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP 60430-275, Brazil.
authors.forename: Débora de Souza Collares Maia
authors.initials: Dde S
authors.lastname: Castelo-Branco
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Christus University, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tereza de Jesus Pinheiro Gomes
authors.initials: Tde J
authors.lastname: Bandeira
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, College of Medicine, Ceará Federal University, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP 60430-275, Brazil.
authors.forename: André Jalles
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, College of Medicine, Ceará Federal University, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP 60430-275, Brazil.|Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Fábio Gadelha
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, College of Medicine, Ceará Federal University, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP 60430-275, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rossana de Aguiar
authors.initials: Rde A
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, College of Medicine, Ceará Federal University, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP 60430-275, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Luciano Bezerra
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, College of Medicine, Ceará Federal University, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP 60430-275, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Júlio Costa
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sidrim
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002175:Candida / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002988:Cloaca / Q000382:microbiology; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology; D014426:Turtles / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D017964:Itraconazole; D000666:Amphotericin B; D015725:Fluconazole
keywords: Antifungal susceptibility; Candida spp.; Resistance; Testudines