title: Paper membrane-based SERS platform for the determination of glucose in blood samples.
abstract: In this report, we present a paper membrane-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform for the determination of blood glucose level using a nitrocellulose membrane as substrate paper, and the microfluidic channel was simply constructed by wax-printing method. The rod-shaped gold nanorod particles were modified with 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (4-MBA) and 1-decanethiol (1-DT) molecules and used as embedded SERS probe for paper-based microfluidics. The SERS measurement area was simply constructed by dropping gold nanoparticles on nitrocellulose membrane, and the blood sample was dropped on the membrane hydrophilic channel. While the blood cells and proteins were held on nitrocellulose membrane, glucose molecules were moved through the channel toward the SERS measurement area. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to confirm the effective separation of blood matrix, and total analysis is completed in 5 min. In SERS measurements, the intensity of the band at 1070 cm(-1) which is attributed to B-OH vibration decreased depending on the rise in glucose concentration in the blood sample. The glucose concentration was found to be 5.43 ± 0.51 mM in the reference blood sample by using a calibration equation, and the certified value for glucose was 6.17 ± 0.11 mM. The recovery of the glucose in the reference blood sample was about 88 %. According to these results, the developed paper-based microfluidic SERS platform has been found to be suitable for use for the detection of glucose in blood samples without any pretreatment procedure. We believe that paper-based microfluidic systems may provide a wide field of usage for paper-based applications.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hilal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Torul
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Kırıkkale Vocational High School, Kırıkkale University, Yahşihan, 71450, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Çiftçi
authors.affiliation: Science Teaching Programme, Gazi Faculty of Education, Gazi University, 06500, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Demet
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Çetin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Besevler, 06330, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zekiye
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Suludere
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06512, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ismail Hakkı
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Boyacı
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey. utamer@gazi.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Uğur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tamer
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D003101:Collodion / Q000737:chemistry*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry; D010209:Paper; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D006046:Gold; D003101:Collodion
keywords: Blood; Glucose; Nitrocellulose membrane; Paper-based microfluidics; SERS