title: Global prevention and control of NCDs: Limitations of the standard approach.
abstract: The five-target '25 × 25' strategy for tackling the emerging global epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) focuses on four diseases (CVD, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease), four risk factors (tobacco, diet and physical activity, dietary salt, and alcohol), and one cardiovascular preventive drug treatment. The goal is to decrease mortality from NCDs by 25 per cent by the year 2025. The 'standard approach' to the '25 × 25' strategy has the benefit of simplicity, but also has major weaknesses. These include lack of recognition of: (i) the fundamental drivers of the NCD epidemic; (ii) the 'missing NCDs', which are major causes of morbidity; (iii) the 'missing causes' and the 'causes of the causes'; and (iv) the role of health care and the need for integration of interventions.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global NCDs, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.|Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global NCDs, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
authors.forename: Shah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebrahim
authors.affiliation: European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition (ECOHOST), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global NCDs, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lamptey
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Saude Coletiva, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauricio L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.affiliation: Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matheson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global NCDs, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.|Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health, London, UK.|The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Walls
authors.affiliation: Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Sunia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Foliaki
authors.affiliation: CRONICAS Centre of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: J Jaime
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (SPHPM), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Oyun
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Chimeddamba
authors.affiliation: Respiratory and Allergy Units, Arrixaca University Children's Hospital, University of Murcia and IMIB-Arrixaca Research Institute, Spain.|IMIB-Arrixaca Research Institute, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garcia-Marcos
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.affiliation: MRC-PHE Center for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vineis
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D003906:Developing Countries; D014943:Global Health; D006291:Health Policy; D040361:Healthy People Programs; D006801:Humans