title: Precise navigation surgery of tumours in the lung in mouse models enabled by in situ fluorescence labelling with a killer-reporter adenovirus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current methods of image-guided surgery of tumours of the lung mostly rely on CT. A sensitive procedure of selective tumour fluorescence labelling would allow simple and high-resolution visualisation of the tumour for precise surgical navigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human lung cancer cell lines H460 and A549 were genetically transformed to express red fluorescent protein (RFP). Tumours were grown subcutaneously for each cell line and harvested and minced for surgical orthotopic implantation on the left lung of nude mice. Tumour growth was measured by fluorescence imaging. After the tumours reached 5 mm in diameter, they were injected under fluorescence guidance with the telomerase-dependent green fluorescent protein (GFP)-containing adenovirus, OBP-401. Viral labelling of the lung tumours with GFP precisely colocalised with tumour RFP expression. Three days after administration of OBP-401, fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FGS of tumours in the lung was enabled by labelling with a telomerase-dependent adenovirus containing the GFP gene. Tumours in the lung were selectively and brightly labelled. FGS enabled complete lung tumour resection with no residual fluorescent tumour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FGS of tumours in the lung is feasible and more effective than bright-light surgery.
authors.affiliation: AntiCancer, Inc. , San Diego, California , USA ; Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego, California , USA ; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Shuya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.affiliation: AntiCancer, Inc. , San Diego, California , USA.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: AntiCancer, Inc. , San Diego, California , USA ; Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego, California , USA.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kishimoto
authors.affiliation: Oncolys BioPharm Inc. , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Urata
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego, California , USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bouvet
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Shunsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.affiliation: AntiCancer, Inc. , San Diego, California , USA ; Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego, California , USA.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
keywords: Imaging/CT MRI etc; Lung Cancer; Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer; Thoracic Surgery