title: Television viewing and fatty liver in early midlife. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both sedentary behaviour and fatty liver are associated with increased risk of obesity and non-communicable diseases, but their relationship remains unknown. We investigated the relationship of television (TV) viewing time with serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and Fatty Liver Index (FLI), and ultrasonographically assessed liver fat.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,367 adults of the population-based Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study (748 women, 619 men, aged 34-49 years) had fasting serum GGT, triglycerides, weight, height, and waist circumference, and self-reported TV time data from 2001, 2007, and 2011. Changes in GGT and FLI, and liver ultrasound images in 2011 were studied in groups with constantly low (≤ 1 h/d), moderate (1-3 h/d), or high (≥ 3 h/d) daily TV time, and in groups with ≥ 1 hour increase/decrease in daily TV time between 2001 and 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Constantly high TV time was associated with higher GGT and FLI (P < 0.02 in both), and 2.3-fold (95% CI 1.2-4.5) increased risk of fatty liver regardless of age, sex, leisure-time and occupational physical activity, energy intake, diet composition, alcohol use, sleep duration, socioeconomic status, and smoking. Adjustment for BMI partly attenuated the associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High TV viewing increases fatty liver risk. It may be one mechanism linking sedentary behaviour with increased cardiometabolic disease risks.
authors.affiliation: a Paavo Nurmi Centre, Department of Health and Physical Activity , University of Turku , Turku , Finland.
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Helajärvi
authors.affiliation: a Paavo Nurmi Centre, Department of Health and Physical Activity , University of Turku , Turku , Finland.|b Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku , Finland.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pahkala
authors.affiliation: a Paavo Nurmi Centre, Department of Health and Physical Activity , University of Turku , Turku , Finland.
authors.forename: Olli J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Heinonen
authors.affiliation: c Department of Medicine , University of Turku, Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland.|d Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville, Victoria , Australia.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Juonala
authors.affiliation: b Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku , Finland.
authors.forename: Mervi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oikonen
authors.affiliation: e LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences , Jyväskylä , Finland.
authors.forename: Tuija
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tammelin
authors.affiliation: f Department of Pediatrics , University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hutri-Kähönen
authors.affiliation: g Department of Clinical Physiology , University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kähönen
authors.affiliation: h Department of Clinical Chemistry , Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.
authors.forename: Terho
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lehtimäki
authors.affiliation: b Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku , Finland.|i Division of Nutrition, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mikkilä
authors.affiliation: c Department of Medicine , University of Turku, Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland.
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Viikari
authors.affiliation: b Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku , Finland.|j Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine , Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland.
authors.forename: Olli T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Raitakari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D013690:Television / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055105:Waist Circumference; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase
keywords: Echography; Fatty Liver Index; NAFLD; elevated liver enzymes; fatty liver; liver; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; sedentary lifestyle; television; ultrasound