title: Development of latent fingermarks on surfaces submerged in water: Optimization studies for phase transfer catalyst (PTC) based reagents.
abstract: The use of a phase transfer catalyst (PTC) based reagent for the development of latent fingermarks is relatively a recent one and therefore a thorough evaluation is required before making any suggestion for its use in the routine fingermark development protocol. In the present study, non-porous surfaces including the sticky side of adhesive tapes loaded with latent fingermarks (eccrine, groomed and natural fingermarks) were submerged in water for different times and were treated with a PTC based reagent to develop fingermarks. The PTC based reagent was able to develop latent fingermarks on various surfaces submerged in water for different time intervals. The proposed method has been compared with standard methods like superglue fuming, small particle reagent and gentian violet (for adhesive tapes). The results have shown that the duration of submersion and the method selected for visualization have influences on the quality of developed fingermarks. The performance of the PTC technique against conventional methods was evaluated and compared thoroughly as a part of the optimization studies for the reagent.
authors.affiliation: Punjabi University, Patiala, India.
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Jasuja
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.
authors.forename: Parveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.
authors.forename: Gagandeep
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D002606:Charcoal; D003487:Cyanoacrylates; D003878:Dermatoglyphics; D003902:Detergents; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005840:Gentian Violet; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D011208:Powders; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012395:Rose Bengal; D014835:Volatilization; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D003487:Cyanoacrylates; D003902:Detergents; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011208:Powders; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D014867:Water; D002606:Charcoal; D012395:Rose Bengal; C009405:tetrabutylammonium; D005840:Gentian Violet
keywords: Latent fingermarks; Optimization; Personal identification; Phase transfer catalyst; Water submerged surfaces