title: Incarceration and Current Tobacco Smoking Among Black and Caribbean Black Americans in the National Survey of American Life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the relationship between having a history of incarceration and being a current smoker using a national sample of noninstitutionalized Black adults living in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  With data from the National Survey of American Life collected between February 2001 and March 2003, we calculated individual propensity scores for having a history of incarceration. To examine the relationship between prior incarceration and current smoking status, we ran gender-specific propensity-matched fitted logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A history of incarceration was consistently and independently associated with a higher risk of current tobacco smoking in men and women. Formerly incarcerated Black men had 1.77 times the risk of being a current tobacco smoker than did their counterparts without a history of incarceration (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.20, 2.61) in the propensity score-matched sample. The results were similar among Black women (prevalence ratio = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.00, 2.57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mass incarceration likely contributes to the prevalence of smoking among US Blacks. Future research should explore whether the exclusion of institutionalized populations in national statistics obscures Black-White disparities in tobacco smoking.
authors.affiliation: Zinzi D. Bailey, Cassandra Okechukwu, Ichiro Kawachi, and David R. Williams are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Zinzi D. Bailey is also with the Montreal Health Equity Research Consortium, Institute of Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Zinzi D
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Zinzi D. Bailey, Cassandra Okechukwu, Ichiro Kawachi, and David R. Williams are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Zinzi D. Bailey is also with the Montreal Health Equity Research Consortium, Institute of Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Cassandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Okechukwu
authors.affiliation: Zinzi D. Bailey, Cassandra Okechukwu, Ichiro Kawachi, and David R. Williams are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Zinzi D. Bailey is also with the Montreal Health Equity Research Consortium, Institute of Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawachi
authors.affiliation: Zinzi D. Bailey, Cassandra Okechukwu, Ichiro Kawachi, and David R. Williams are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Zinzi D. Bailey is also with the Montreal Health Equity Research Consortium, Institute of Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017691:Caribbean Region; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000208:ethnology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011329:Prisoners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011330:Prisons; D057216:Propensity Score; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult