title: Men's use of positive strategies for preventing and managing depression: A qualitative investigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One in eight men experience depression and men account for 75% of suicides. Previous research has focused on men's reluctance to seek help and use of unhelpful coping strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thematic analysis was used on transcripts from 21 focus groups and 24 in-depth interviews focused on positive strategies men use to prevent and manage depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 168 men were recruited and the majority (63%) reported no current depression. Four major themes were identified, where men: (1) used a broad variety of positive strategies and made clear distinctions between prevention and management, (2) used strategies that were "typically masculine", as well as challenged expectations of manliness, (3) felt powerless in the face of suicide, and (4) had accumulated wisdom they felt was beneficial for others. Men specifically advised others to talk about problems. Prevention relied upon regular routines for "balance", while management relied upon "having a plan".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of the men were aged over 55 years and highly educated. Younger men or those without tertiary education may favour different strategies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to using only unhelpful strategies, the men used a broad range of positive strategies and adapted their use depending on mood, symptom or problem severity. Use of positive strategies was sophisticated, nuanced, and often underlined by a guiding philosophy. Rather than simply reacting to problems, men actively engaged in preventing the development of depressed moods, and made conscious choices about when or how to take action. Clinical and public health implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia. Electronic address: a.fogarty@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Andrea S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fogarty
authors.affiliation: Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Suicide Prevention, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Proudfoot
authors.affiliation: Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.
authors.forename: Erin L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Whittle
authors.affiliation: Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Player
authors.affiliation: Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Suicide Prevention, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Dusan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hadzi-Pavlovic
authors.affiliation: Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Faces in the Street, Urban Mental Health and Wellbeing Institute, Level 6, O'Brien Building, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003863:Depression / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D057228:Masculinity; D008875:Middle Aged; D036301:Qualitative Research; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Coping strategies; Depression; Management; Men; Prevention