title: Evaluation of single and joint toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate and zinc to Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri: Acute toxicity, bioaccumulation and oxidative stress.
abstract: Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and zinc have been detected in aquatic environment widely. In order to study the combined effects of PFOS and Zn, a series of experiments was conducted to explore the acute mortality, bioaccumulation and antioxidant status of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. The acute toxicity was evaluated by calculating 24h-EC50 values, and it was observed that 24h-EC50 values in single and joint treatments decreased with decreasing pH value or increasing exposure concentration. Toxic unit analysis suggested that the combined effects of the PFOS+Zn binary mixture were mostly simple addition, with 8 groups showing synergism and only one group showing antagonism. The analysis of internal Zn and PFOS concentration showed that the possible interaction between Zn and PFOS can affect the bioaccumulation of the two chemicals in L. hoffmeisteri. In addition, oxidative stress status was assessed by measuring oxidation-related biochemical parameters such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde, and the integrated biomarker response index was estimated to rank the toxicity order. Exposures to Zn and PFOS were found to evoke some changes in the antioxidant defense system, and a strong self-adaptive ability was noticed for L. hoffmeisteri after 10 d exposure.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
authors.forename: Jiaoqin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
authors.forename: Ruijuan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
authors.forename: Liqing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
authors.forename: Liansheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China. Electronic address: wangzy@nju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zunyao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D015032:Zinc / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D015415:Biomarkers; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Acute toxicity; Bioaccumulation; Oxidative stress; Perfluorooctane sulfonate; Zinc