title: HIF-1α Plays a Critical Role in the Gestational Sidestream Smoke-Induced Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and, in mice, gestational exposure to sidestream cigarette smoke (SS) induces BPD-like condition characterized by alveolar simplification, impaired angiogenesis, and suppressed surfactant protein production. Normal fetal development occurs in a hypoxic environment and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α that controls apoptosis and angiogenesis. To understand SS-induced BPD, we hypothesized that gestational SS affected alveolar development through HIF-1α.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant BALB/c mice were exposed to air (control) or SS throughout the gestational period and the 7-day-old lungs of the progeny were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gestational SS increased apoptosis of alveolar and airway epithelial cells. This response was associated with increased alveolar volumes, higher levels of proapoptotic factors (FOXO3a, HIPK2, p53, BIM, BIK, and BAX) and the antiangiogenic factor (GAX), and lower levels of antiapoptotic factors (Akt-PI3K, NF-κB, HIF-1α, and Bcl-2) in the lung. Although gestational SS increased the cells containing the proangiogenic bombesin-like-peptide, it markedly decreased the expression of its receptor GRPR in the lung. The effects of SS on apoptosis were attenuated by the nAChR antagonist mecamylamine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gestational SS-induced BPD is potentially regulated by nAChRs and associated with downregulation of HIF-1α, increased apoptosis of epithelial cells, and increased alveolar volumes. Thus, in mice, exposure to sidestream tobacco smoke during pregnancy promotes BPD-like condition that is potentially mediated through the nAChR/HIF-1α pathway.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Division, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Shashi P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hitendra S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chand
authors.affiliation: Immunology Division, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sravanthi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gundavarapu
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ali Imran
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.affiliation: Immunology Division, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Raymond J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Langley
authors.affiliation: COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yohannes
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tesfaigzi
authors.affiliation: Immunology Division, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Neerad C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Immunology Division, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mohan L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sopori
mesh_terms: D056809:Alveolar Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007633:Keratins / Q000378:metabolism; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008464:Mecamylamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D016328:NF-kappa B; D007633:Keratins; D008464:Mecamylamine; D053148:Caspase 3