title: Long-Term Follow-Up of the Repair of the Multiple-Branch Facial Nerve Defect Using Acellular Nerve Allograft.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the clinical efficacy of the repair of facial nerve defects by allograft transplantation using acellular facial nerves.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven patients with facial nerve defects, ranging from damage to 1 facial nerve branch to combined defects of all branches, were enrolled. Defects ranged from 3 to longer than 4 cm. All defects were repaired by transplantation of acellular facial nerve allografts. Static and dynamic symmetry and facial expressions were evaluated using the House-Brackmann classification and the functional status of the facial nerve was assessed electromyographically. No patient received immunosuppressive therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All wounds healed well, with no swelling or inflammatory exudation. The patients recovered facial nerve function to various extents. Six months postoperatively, 4 of 7 patients showed static facial asymmetry. Twelve months postoperatively, 3 patients had static facial asymmetry with normal eye closure, and only careful observation could detect slight asymmetry of forehead movement. Two of 7 patients showed moderate facial nerve dysfunction. Ipsilateral facial movement and facial asymmetry were obvious in the patient whose defect affected the common trunk and all facial nerve branches. Two years postoperatively, 5 of 7 patients had mild facial nerve dysfunction, with symmetric faces and incomplete eye occlusion. Six years postoperatively, these patients continued to show symmetric faces and incomplete ipsilateral eye occlusion, but facial muscle function was considerably restored. Follow-up electromyography showed neurologic recovery in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The repair of a facial nerve defect by transplantation of an acellular facial nerve allograft is feasible.
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hongxi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hongfei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Electronic address: zhanglihai@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lihai
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D064591:Allografts / Q000637:transplantation*; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005149:Facial Expression; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D005153:Facial Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D005155:Facial Nerve Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D020220:Facial Nerve Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D013497:Sural Nerve / Q000502:physiology / Q000637:transplantation*; D014021:Tissue Preservation / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult