title: Acute Toxicity and Genotoxicity of Carbendazim, Main Impurities and Metabolite to Earthworms (Eisenia foetida).
abstract: The acute toxicity and genotoxicity of carbendazim, two impurities (3-amino-2-hydroxyphenazine and 2,3-diaminophenazine) and one metabolite (2-aminobenzimidazole) to Eisenia foetida were assessed using artificial soil test and comet assay respectively. Acute toxicity results showed carbendazim was moderately toxic to the earthworms with 14 day-LC50 of 8.6 mg/kg dry soil while 3-amino-2-hydroxyphenazine, 2,3-diaminophenazine, and 2-aminobenzimidazole were of low toxicity with 14 day-LC50 values of 19.0, 14.9, and 27.7 mg/kg dry soil respectively (nominal concentration). The olive tail moment and percentage of DNA in the tail were used as genotoxicity indices, and carbendazim could significantly induce DNA damage to the earthworm coelomocytes with obviously positive dose- and duration-response relationships while the other three substances showed similar (p = 0.05) genotoxicity results to the negative controls in all of the tests.
authors.affiliation: Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China. huanzhibo@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhibo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huan
authors.affiliation: Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
authors.forename: Jinhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
authors.forename: Defang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D002219:Carbamates / Q000633:toxicity*; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects*; D010619:Phenazines / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002219:Carbamates; D010619:Phenazines; C054312:2,3-diaminophenazine; C086313:2-amino-3-hydroxyphenazine; C027391:2-aminobenzimidazole; C006698:carbendazim
keywords: Acute toxicity; Carbendazim; Earthworm; Genotoxicity