title: Randomised controlled trials cited in pharmaceutical advertisements targeting New Zealand health professionals: do they support the advertising claims and what is the risk of bias?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether pharmaceutical advertisement claims targeting health professionals were supported by the randomised controlled trials (RCTs) cited in the advertisements, and to assess the risk of bias in those trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmaceutical advertisements were obtained from New Zealand Doctor and Pharmacy Today for the period July 2013 to June 2014. All claims made regarding efficacy, safety, and indications were identified and RCTs cited to substantiate these claims were examined. A claim was defined as supported by an RCT if the conclusions drawn in the paper were consistent with the claim. The quality of the RCT was assessed separately, using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 25 (19%) of the 133 instances in which an RCT was cited, the published paper did not support the promotional claim. Moreover, there were only 10 (8%) instances in which the claim was supported by an RCT with a low risk of bias. Of the 78 cited RCTs, only 14% had a low risk of bias, while 49% had an unclear risk and 37% had a high risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high proportion of advertisements failed to meet New Zealand regulatory requirements that claims "are valid and have been substantiated".
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054. lianne.parkin@otago.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Lianne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parkin
mesh_terms: D000329:Advertising; D015982:Bias; D008192:Deception; D004345:Drug Industry; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D006801:Humans; D009520:New Zealand; D010506:Periodicals as Topic; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations