title: Using mobile technology to motivate adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review of recent literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Behavioural interventions have been shown to improve outcomes in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). There are a small number of studies that suggest text-messages (TM), native mobile applications (NMAs), and other mobile tools may be useful platforms for delivering behavioural interventions to adolescents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to explore, by way of a systematic review of available literature, (a) the outcomes of interventions using mobile technology for youth with T1DM and (b) what mobile technologies, functional design elements and aesthetic design elements have the best evidence to support their use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of six online databases returned 196 unique results, of which 13 met the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and all others prospective cohort studies. TM (10) was the most common intervention technology, while NMAs were used in four studies. The most common outcome measured was HbA1c (9); however, only three studies showed a significant decrease. Similarly, the results reported for other outcome measures were mixed. The studies included in this review suggest that interventions which have data collection and clinician support functionality may be more effective in improving adherence and glycaemic control, but more evidence is needed. Further, the evidence base supporting the use of NMAs in T1DM management for adolescents is weak, with most studies adopting TM as the intervention tool. Overall, the studies lack adequate descriptions of their methodology, and better quality studies are required to inform future intervention design.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Online Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia School of Information Systems, Queensland University of Technology a.deacon@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Deacon
authors.affiliation: Centre for Online Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Sisira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Edirippulige
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019468:Disease Management; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009042:Motivation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D017010:Reminder Systems; D012648:Self Care / Q000592:standards*; D060145:Text Messaging
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Online health; ehealth; self-care