title: Traumatic impact loading on human maxillary incisor: A Dynamic finite element analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most vulnerable tooth is the maxillary incisor, which sustains 80% of dental injuries. Dynamic Finite element analysis is used to understand the biomechanics of fracture of maxillary incisor under traumatic impact loading.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to investigate the stress patterns of an upper incisor in a three-dimensional (3D) model under traumatic impact loading in various directions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3D finite element model of the upper incisor and surrounding tissues was established. A sinusoidal force of 800N was applied over a period of 4 ms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Software performs a series of calculations and mathematical equations and yields the simulation results. During the horizontal impact (F1), stresses were concentrated in the cervical area of the crown, reaching peak stress of 125 MPa at 2 ms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A horizontal force exerted on the labial surface of the tooth tends to cause cervical crown fractures, oblique crown root fractures, and oblique root fractures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics and Preventive dentistry, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jayasudha
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hemanth
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baswa
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Raghuveer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vedavathi
authors.forename: Chatura
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hegde
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000293:injuries*; D008437:Maxilla; D012984:Software; D013314:Stress, Mechanical