title: Are Second-Generation Antipsychotics Useful in Tardive Dystonia?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current evidence on the effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) in the treatment of tardive dystonia (TDt) and give recommendations for treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline/PubMed/Psyclit/Embase database searches were conducted in January 2015, and a manual review of references within the retrieved articles was done. All articles in English and those that had English abstracts and dealt with treatment of TDt were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our search and review yielded a total of 88 reports (none of them a controlled trial) involving 145 patients treated with one of the 5 SGAs. Clozapine has the maximum number of published reports (52 reports involving 90 subjects, whereas there were 36 reports involving 55 subjects treated with other SGAs, including olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, aripiprazole, and perospirone).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available evidence points to the effectiveness of clozapine as monotherapy and in combination with clonazepam for the treatment of TDt. When clozapine is not an option, olanzapine and quetiapine are reasonable alternatives. Given the lack of controlled trials, future focus should be on conducting randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter, collaborative controlled clinical trials of several years' duration.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Psychiatry, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Cherry Hill, NJ; and †North-Coast Behavioral Healthcare, Northfield, OH; ‡Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN; §St Mathews School of Medicine, Orlando, FL.
authors.forename: Narsimha Reddy
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Pinninti
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Faden
authors.forename: Adit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adityanjee
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002998:Clonazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018757:GABA Modulators; D002998:Clonazepam