title: Evaluating geodesic active contours in microcalcifications segmentation on mammograms.
abstract: Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring type of cancer among women, and it is the major cause of female cancer-related deaths worldwide. Its incidence is increasing in developed as well as developing countries. Efficient strategies to reduce the high death rates due to breast cancer include early detection and tumor removal in the initial stages of the disease. Clinical and mammographic examinations are considered the best methods for detecting the early signs of breast cancer; however, these techniques are highly dependent on breast characteristics, equipment quality, and physician experience. Computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) systems have been developed to improve the accuracy of mammographic diagnosis; usually such systems may involve three steps: (i) segmentation; (ii) parameter extraction and selection of the segmented lesions and (iii) lesions classification. Literature considers the first step as the most important of them, as it has a direct impact on the lesions characteristics that will be used in the further steps. In this study, the original contribution is a microcalcification segmentation method based on the geodesic active contours (GAC) technique associated with anisotropic texture filtering as well as the radiologists' knowledge. Radiologists actively participate on the final step of the method, selecting the final segmentation that allows elaborating an adequate diagnosis hypothesis with the segmented microcalcifications presented in a region of interest (ROI). The proposed method was assessed by employing 1000 ROIs extracted from images of the Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM). For the selected ROIs, the rate of adequately segmented microcalcifications to establish a diagnosis hypothesis was at least 86.9%, according to the radiologists. The quantitative test, based on the area overlap measure (AOM), yielded a mean of 0.52±0.20 for the segmented images, when all 2136 segmented microcalcifications were considered. Moreover, a statistical difference was observed between the AOM values for large and small microcalcifications. The proposed method had better or similar performance as compared to literature for microcalcifications with maximum diameters larger than 460μm. For smaller microcalcifications the performance was limited.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Program, Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra (COPPE), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ultrasound, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: avalvarenga@inmetro.gov.br.
authors.forename: Andre V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Alvarenga
authors.affiliation: Gaffrée & Guinle University Hospital, University of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Julia G
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Calas
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Program, Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra (COPPE), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, Brazil. Electronic address: afci@peb.ufrj.br.
authors.forename: Antonio F C
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Infantosi
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Program, Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra (COPPE), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wagner C A
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D005556:Form Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Breast cancer; Geodesic active contours; Mammography; Microcalcification; Radiologists’ knowledge; Segmentation