title: Miniature adjustable-focus endoscope with a solid electrically tunable lens.
abstract: The design, fabrication and characterization of a miniature adjustable-focus endoscope are reported. Such an endoscope consists of a solid tunable lens for optical power tuning, two slender piezoelectric benders for laterally moving the lens elements perpendicular to the optical axis, and an image fiber bundle for image transmission. Both optical and mechanical designs are presented in this paper. Dynamic tuning of optical powers from about 135 diopters to about 205 diopters is experimentally achieved from the solid tunable lens, which contains two freeform surfaces governed by 6-degree polynomials and optimized by ray tracing studies. Results show that there is no obvious distortion or blurring in the images obtained, and the recorded resolution of the lens reaches about 30 line pairs per mm. Three test targets located at various object distances of 20 mm, 50 mm and 150 mm are focused individually by the endoscope by applying different driving DC voltages to demonstrate its adjustable-focus capability.
authors.forename: Yongchao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Fook Siong
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.forename: Guangya
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhou