title: Radiographic and histological evaluation of persistent periapical lesions associated with endodontic failures after apical microsurgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the histology of persistent periapical lesions associated with nonsurgical endodontic treatment failures and to compare radiographically the sizes of periapical lesions and the presence or absence of the radiopaque lamina with the histological findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-three anterior teeth designated for apical microsurgery were included in the study. After taking standard radiographs of all cases using the parallel technique, the films were scanned and evaluated for the size of periapical radiolucent lesions and the presence or absence of radiopaque lamina by two calibrated observers. Biopsy specimens were obtained during apical microsurgery and examined under light microscopy by oral pathologists. Histological analysis established diagnoses of granuloma, cyst, abscess and scar tissue. Interobserver agreement was evaluated by the kappa test, and the relationship between histological diagnosis and lesion size was analysed by the Pearson's chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 93 specimens consisted of 72% periradicular granulomas; 21.5% radicular cysts, including two keratocysts; 4.3% abscesses; and 2.2% scar tissue. Cystic prevalence increased as the size of the periapical lesion increased; however, there was no correlation between the presence of a radiopaque lamina and histological diagnosis of cyst.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither radiographic size nor presence of an associated radiopaque line alone was sufficient to determine the type of lesion. Histological examination is required in order to reach to a definitive diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Çalışkan
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. mehmetkaval@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kaval
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tekin
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ünal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D010482:Periapical Abscess / Q000473:pathology; D010483:Periapical Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D010486:Periapical Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011842:Radicular Cyst / Q000473:pathology; D011861:Radiography, Dental; D017211:Treatment Failure; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: apical microsurgery; biopsy; diagnosis; persistent periapical pathology; radiology