title: Relationship between Serum Uric Acid Levels and Chronic Kidney Disease in a Japanese Cohort with Normal or Mildly Reduced Kidney Function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some observational studies have shown the relationships between hyperuricemia and chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the threshold of serum uric acid (SUA) for deterioration of kidney function and the association between SUA and kidney injury by baseline kidney function remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the relationships between SUA and reduced kidney function.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed a historical cohort of male Japanese individuals who underwent medical checkup between 1998 and 2007. Participants with baseline data and who were followed up for at least one year were included and stratified according to baseline kidney function. Kidney function was classified as normal [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m2] or mildly reduced (eGFR 60-89 ml/min/1.73 m2). The outcome measured was kidney impairment defined as a decrease in eGFR to < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Associations between SUA and risk for outcome and eGFR slopes were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 41632 subjects with mean age 45.4 years were included. During a mean follow-up of four years, 3186 (7.6%) subjects developed kidney dysfunction. Subjects with SUA ≥ 6.0 mg/dL had a significantly increased risk for kidney impairment compared with subjects with SUA of 4-4.9 mg/dL. SUA threshold levels were different according to baseline kidney function; SUA ≥ 7.0 and ≥ 6.0 mg/dL for normal and mildly reduced kidney function, respectively. Approximately the same trends were observed for eGFR slopes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the general population, hyperuricemia appears to be a risk factor for kidney impairment in males. For participants with mild kidney dysfunction, even a slight elevation of SUA can be a risk factor.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan; The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toyama
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kengo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furuichi
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Vlado
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Perkovic
authors.affiliation: Tama Graduate School of Management and Information Science, Tokyo, Japan; CRECON Research and Consulting Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Tama Graduate School of Management and Information Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mano
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wada
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid