title: Residual micro-stress distributions in heat-pressed ceramic on zirconia and porcelain-fused to metal systems: Analysis by FIB-DIC ring-core method and correlation with fracture toughness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The production of fixed partial dentures (FPDs) induces complex residual stress profiles, due to both the thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the veneering ceramic and the framework and to the thermal gradients occurring during the final cooling. Detailed knowledge of residual stress distributions in the veneering ceramics is important to understand the interface phenomena with the framework and the consequences of the different firing systems. The first objective of this study was to analyse the residual stress distribution in heat-pressed ceramic on zirconia core with micrometer spatial resolution, with also a focus on the stress at the interface versus porcelain-fused-to-metal samples. The second purpose was to correlate the residual stress with the fracture toughness.
  
  
  METHODS
  The micron-scale focused ion beam (FIB) ring-core method was used to map the residual stress over the cross-sections of the veneering ceramics. The methodology is based on FIB micro-milling of annular trenches, combined with high-resolution in situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging, a full field strain analysis by digital image correlation (DIC) and numerical models for residual stress calculation. Fracture toughness was evaluated by using high load Vickers indentation and hardness/modulus were measured by nanoindentation testing also across the interfaces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both prosthetic systems showed a compressive stress at the ceramic surface on a micron-scale. The stress profile for porcelain fused to metal (PFM) showed a transition to tensile stress at the half of the layer, whilst the stress in proximity of the interface was more compressive in both the cases. Residual stress on a micron scale are higher in magnitude than the corresponding macro-scale values reported in the literature, due to the stress relaxation given, at larger scales, by micro-voids and cracks. The stress field was directly correlated with the indentation fracture toughness, which was higher in those areas where the compressive stress is greater. Stress analysis in correspondence of interfacial porosity for the zirconia sample also showed that micro-defects could induce local modifications of the residual stress field, which may even locally generate a tensile stress state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The interfacial stress in dental systems was analysed on a micron scale and can give further insights into the process/property/performance correlation for this class of materials. In particular, interfacial and/or local modifications of the residual stress are expected to have a significant influence on crack nucleation mechanism in correspondence of micro-defects. A direct correlation between residual stress distribution and fracture toughness was proposed. It is noteworthy that the method can be used to study real crowns and bridges. In fact, complex geometries can be easily analysed by this procedure.
authors.affiliation: Roma Tre University, Engineering Department, via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Rome, Italy. Electronic address: marco.sebastiani@stm.uniroma3.it.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sebastiani
authors.affiliation: Roma Tre University, Engineering Department, via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Massimi
authors.affiliation: University of Pavia, Dental Materials Unit, piazzale Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Merlati
authors.affiliation: Roma Tre University, Engineering Department, via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bemporad
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D003801:Dental Veneers; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008422:Materials Testing; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D003776:Dental Porcelain; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide
keywords: Depth profiling; Digital image correlation; Focused ion beam; Fracture toughness; Interface; Residual stress; Ring-core; Veneering ceramic; Zirconia