title: Analysis of the association between polymorphisms in MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, MMP20, TIMP1, and TIMP2 genes with white spot lesions and early childhood caries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors might be involved in enamel formation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the association between polymorphisms in MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, MMP20, TIMP1, and TIMP2 with white spot lesions (WSL) and early childhood caries (ECC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was performed on 786 children aged from 2 to 6 years in Brazil. After clinical evaluation, they were classified into groups with disease (the presence of WSL and/or ECC) and without disease (the absence of WSL or ECC). Genotyping of the selected polymorphisms was carried out with TaqMan real-time PCR, using genomic DNA extracted from buccal cells. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between groups. Chi-square test, odds ratio (OR), and logistic regression were used (P ≤ 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dmft score was 1.3 (SD: 2.4), and 41.34% of the children have at least one caries lesion. In MMP9, the GG genotype was more frequent in the group without disease (P = 0.006). In a recessive model, WSL was associated with the marker rs1711437 in MMP20 (P = 0.019; OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.02-1.42). The marker rs1784418 in MMP20 showed an association between the allele G distribution for the WSL group (P = 0.020; OR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.55-0.96).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MMP9 and MMP20 are involved in WSL and ECC development.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Brazil.|Biology Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.|Clinical Research Unit, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lívia Azeredo
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Brazil.|Clinical Research Unit, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonardo Santos
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, São Paulo University, Riberão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Erika Calvano
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Küchler
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Unit, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ludiana Barbosa
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Unit, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moura
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rhyan Silva
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bigonha
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda Volpe
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Abreu
authors.affiliation: Directory of Programs, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Mauro
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Granjeiro
authors.affiliation: Biology Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lidia Maria da Fonte
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: de Amorim
authors.affiliation: Biology Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.
authors.forename: Izabel Christina N P
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Paixão
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008297:Male; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000235:genetics*; D009061:Mouth Mucosa; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; C560822:TIMP1 protein, human; C560823:TIMP2 protein, human; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D004247:DNA; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases