title: Relationship of CTLA4 and CD28 polymorphisms with lung involvement, HRCT findings and pulmonary function tests in Turkish patients with ankylosing spondylitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a multisystem disorder with ocular, pulmonary, and cardiovascular involvement. The incidence of pulmonary involvement varies from 1 to 52%. Abnormal T-cell function-derived immune responses are involved in AS pathogenesis. Numerous genes such as CTLA4 and CD28 control T-cell functions. In this study, we aimed to address the relationship between CTLA4 and CD28 polymorphisms and lung involvement in Turkish patients with AS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional evaluation of 80 healthy and 89 AS subjects with no active infection or malignancy was performed to determine the relationship between pulmonary involvement and CTLA4 and CD28 gene polymorphisms. All patients were assessed for clinical, radiological, and spirometric findings. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and independent-sample t-tests were used for statistical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients with the CD28 CC genotype (n = 4) had abnormal HRCT, but it was not significant (p = 0.47). All of the normal HRCT patients have CD 28 T alleles. In addition to this data ; 4 patients who have not any T alleles have abnormal HRCT finding. It was significant and was considered that T genotype have protective effect (p= 0,047) on radiologic involvement but no other association was found between CTLA4 and CD28 gene polymorphism with respect to pulmonary function tests (PFT), diffusion capacity, and clinical characteristics in the Turkish patients with AS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest a possible association of CTLA4 and CD28 variants with AS pulmonary involvement. Furthermore, these results may lead to the development of new therapeutic agents to control more aggressive forms of the disease. However, further studies are needed in larger populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Disease, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatmanur
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Karakose Okyaltırık
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aylin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rezvani
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Istanbul University, Institute for Experimental Medicine Research, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Saime
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ömer
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Uysal
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Disease, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yakar
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Disease, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hatice
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sozgen
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Istanbul University, Institute for Experimental Medicine Research, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nazlı Ezgi
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Disease, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Muhammet Emin
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Akkoyunlu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Disease, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bayram
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Disease, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hatice
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kutbay Ozcelik
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Disease, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sezer
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guler
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Istanbul University, Institute for Experimental Medicine Research, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: İlhan
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: Yaylım
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Disease, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000235:genetics*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000379:methods*; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018106:CD28 Antigens; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human
keywords: Ankylosing spondylitis - CD28 - CTLA4 - lung involvement