title: Determinants of cigarette smoking among school adolescents on the island of Java, Indonesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Integrated Model of Change has successfully explained the behavior change process. Cigarette smoking is a social phenomenon, which needs to be understood for devising effective preventive strategies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study aims to apply the Integrated Model of Change to determine predictive factors of cigarette smoking behavior among school adolescents in Indonesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A school-based cross-sectional study was designed to collect data in Banten, Indonesia. A total of 698 students from eight high schools were recruited by multi-stage cluster sampling. The association between cigarette smoking and the independent variables was examined by multiple logistic regressions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of respondents (86.4%) were between the ages of 15 and 17 years (Mean=16.4 years; SD=1.01). Approximately half (48.8%) of the students ever tried a cigarette while 29.6% were current smokers. Curiosity was reported as the main reason for experimenting with cigarettes (32%). The significant factors regarding current cigarette smoking were attitude [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=2.68], social norms (AOR=12.80), self-efficacy (AOR=15.85), and accessibility (AOR=4.39).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study revealed social influence and self-efficacy that were strongly associated with cigarette smoking can help authorities in guiding possible intervention programs for school adolescents.
authors.affiliation: ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phudthamonthon, Nakorn Pathom.
authors.forename: Mouhamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bigwanto
authors.affiliation: ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phudthamonthon, Nakorn Pathom.
authors.forename: Aroonsri
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mongkolcharti
authors.affiliation: ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phudthamonthon, Nakorn Pathom.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peltzer
authors.affiliation: ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phudthamonthon, Nakorn Pathom.
authors.forename: Orapin
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Laosee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D010379:Peer Group; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Indonesia; adolescents; cigarette smoking; high school