title: "Visual" Cortex of Congenitally Blind Adults Responds to Syntactic Movement.
abstract: Human cortex is comprised of specialized networks that support functions, such as visual motion perception and language processing. How do genes and experience contribute to this specialization? Studies of plasticity offer unique insights into this question. In congenitally blind individuals, "visual" cortex responds to auditory and tactile stimuli. Remarkably, recent evidence suggests that occipital areas participate in language processing. We asked whether in blindness, occipital cortices: (1) develop domain-specific responses to language and (2) respond to a highly specialized aspect of language-syntactic movement. Nineteen congenitally blind and 18 sighted participants took part in two fMRI experiments. We report that in congenitally blind individuals, but not in sighted controls, "visual" cortex is more active during sentence comprehension than during a sequence memory task with nonwords, or a symbolic math task. This suggests that areas of occipital cortex become selective for language, relative to other similar higher-cognitive tasks. Crucially, we find that these occipital areas respond more to sentences with syntactic movement but do not respond to the difficulty of math equations. We conclude that regions within the visual cortex of blind adults are involved in syntactic processing. Our findings suggest that the cognitive function of human cortical areas is largely determined by input during development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human cortex is made up of specialized regions that perform different functions, such as visual motion perception and language processing. How do genes and experience contribute to this specialization? Studies of plasticity show that cortical areas can change function from one sensory modality to another. Here we demonstrate that input during development can alter cortical function even more dramatically. In blindness a subset of "visual" areas becomes specialized for language processing. Crucially, we find that the same "visual" areas respond to a highly specialized and uniquely human aspect of language-syntactic movement. These data suggest that human cortex has broad functional capacity during development, and input plays a major role in determining functional specialization.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences and.
authors.forename: Connor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences and.
authors.forename: Shipra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanjlia
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5996-7919
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Omaki
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences and marina.bedny@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2907-8042
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bedny
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001766:Blindness / Q000151:congenital / Q000503:physiopathology*; D032882:Comprehension; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007804:Language Development; D057130:Leber Congenital Amaurosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008875:Middle Aged; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000503:physiopathology; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: blindness; language; plasticity; syntax