title: Human amygdala activation by the sound produced during dental treatment: A fMRI study.
abstract: During dental treatments, patients may experience negative emotions associated with the procedure. This study was conducted with the aim of using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to visualize cerebral cortical stimulation among dental patients in response to auditory stimuli produced by ultrasonic scaling and power suction equipment. Subjects (n = 7) aged 23-35 years were recruited for this study. All were right-handed and underwent clinical pure-tone audiometry testing to reveal a normal hearing threshold below 20 dB hearing level (HL). As part of the study, subjects initially underwent a dental calculus removal treatment. During the treatment, subjects were exposed to ultrasonic auditory stimuli originating from the scaling handpiece and salivary suction instruments. After dental treatment, subjects were imaged with fMRI while being exposed to recordings of the noise from the same dental instrument so that cerebral cortical stimulation in response to aversive auditory stimulation could be observed. The independent sample confirmatory t-test was used. Subjects also showed stimulation in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, indicating that the ultrasonic auditory stimuli elicited an unpleasant response in the subjects. Patients experienced unpleasant sensations caused by contact stimuli in the treatment procedure. In addition, this study has demonstrated that aversive auditory stimuli such as sounds from the ultrasonic scaling handpiece also cause aversive emotions. This study was indicated by observed stimulation of the auditory cortex as well as the amygdala, indicating that noise from the ultrasonic scaling handpiece was perceived as an aversive auditory stimulus by the subjects. Subjects can experience unpleasant sensations caused by the sounds from the ultrasonic scaling handpiece based on their auditory stimuli.
authors.forename: Jen-Fang
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Kun-Che
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hsiang-Hsi
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Song-Bor
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Chung-De
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yau-Yau
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Wai
authors.forename: Yi-Fen
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ying-Chin
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Peng
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000502:physiology; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D003729:Dental Care / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013016:Sound / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology