title: Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of yoruba version of the short-form 36 health survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) is a valid quality of life tool often employed to determine the impact of medical intervention and the outcome of health care services. However, the SF-36 is culturally sensitive which necessitates its adaptation and translation into different languages. This study was conducted to cross-culturally adapt the SF-36 into Yoruba language and determine its reliability and validity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on the International Quality of Life Assessment project guidelines, a sequence of translation, test of item-scale correlation, and validation was implemented for the translation of the Yoruba version of the SF-36. Following pilot testing, the English and the Yoruba versions of the SF-36 were administered to a random sample of 1087 apparently healthy individuals to test validity and 249 respondents completed the Yoruba SF-36 again after two weeks to test reliability. Data was analyzed using Pearson's product moment correlation analysis, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, multi trait scaling analysis and Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) at p < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concurrent validity scores for scales and domains ranges between 0.749 and 0.902 with the highest and lowest scores in the General Health (0.902) and Bodily Pain (0.749) scale. Scale-level descriptive result showed that all scale and domain scores had negative skewness ranging from -2.08 to -0.98. The mean scores for each scales ranges between 83.2 and 88.8. The domain scores for Physical Health Component and Mental Health Component were 85.6 ± 13.7 and 85.9 ± 15.4 respectively. The convergent validity was satisfactory, ranging from 0.421 to 0.907. Discriminant validity was also satisfactory except for item '1'. The ICC for the test-retest reliability of the Yoruba SF-36 ranges between 0.636 and 0.843 for scales; and 0.783 and 0.851 for domains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data quality, concurrent and discriminant validity, reliability and internal consistency of the Yoruba version of the SF-36 are adequate and it is recommended for measuring health-related quality of life among Yoruba population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile - Ife, Nigeria. doziembada@yahoo.com.|African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya. doziembada@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Chidozie Emmanuel
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mbada
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile - Ife, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Gafar Atanda
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Adeogun
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Michael Opeoluwa
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Ogunlana
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile - Ife, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Rufus Adesoji
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Adedoyin
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile - Ife, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Adesanmi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akinsulore
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile - Ife, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Taofeek Oluwole
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Awotidebe
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Opeyemi Ayodiipo
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Idowu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile - Ife, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olumide Ayoola
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Olaoye
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014177:Translations; D055815:Young Adult