title: Neurorehabilitation for Parkinson's disease: Future perspectives for behavioural adaptation.
abstract: Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder, resulting in both motor and non-motor symptoms that significantly reduce quality of life. Treatment consists of both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical treatment approaches. Neurorehabilitation is an important non-pharmaceutical treatment approach, and a prime component of this is formed by the training of behavioural adaptations that can assist patients to cope better with their motor and non-motor symptoms. Optimal delivery of neurorehabilitation requires a tailor-made, personalized approach. In this review we discuss the great potential for growth in the field of neurorehabilitation. Specifically, we will focus on four relatively new developments: visual rehabilitation (because Parkinson patients are very dependent on optimal vision); cueing delivered by wearable devices (allowing for objective, continuous, and quantitative detection of mobility problems, such that cueing can be delivered effectively in an on-demand manner - i.e., with external cues being delivered only at a time when they are needed most); exergaming (to promote compliance with exercise programs); and telemedicine (allowing for delivery of expert rehabilitation advice to the patient's own home). Evidence in these new fields is growing, based on good clinical trials, fuelling hope that state-of-the-art neurorehabilitation can make a real impact on improving the quality of life of patients affected by Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Merel.Ekker@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Merel S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ekker
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Biomedical Signal and Systems Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. Electronic address: SabineNeuro.Janssen@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Biomedical Signal and Systems Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Rehabilitation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Jorik.nonnekes@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Jorik
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nonnekes
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: bas.bloem@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Bastiaan R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Bloem
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Nienke.deVries-Farrouh@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Nienke M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005544:Forecasting; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000066530:Neurological Rehabilitation / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011788:Quality of Life; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D018910:Video Games / Q000639:trends
keywords: Behavioural adaptations; Cueing; Future perspective; Neurorehabilitation; Parkinson's disease; Technology; Telemedicine; Videogames; Visual disability