title: Vestibular Implants: 8 Years of Experience with Electrical Stimulation of the Vestibular Nerve in 11 Patients with Bilateral Vestibular Loss.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The concept of the vestibular implant is primarily to artificially restore the vestibular function in patients with a bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) by providing the central nervous system with motion information using electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve. Our group initiated human trials about 10 years ago.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2007 and 2013, 11 patients with a BVL received a vestibular implant prototype providing electrodes to stimulate the ampullary branches of the vestibular nerve. Eye movements were recorded and analyzed to assess the effects of the electrical stimulation. Perception induced by electrical stimulation was documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smooth, controlled eye movements were obtained in all patients showing that electrical stimulation successfully activated the vestibulo-ocular pathway. However, both the electrical dynamic range and the amplitude of the eye movements were variable from patient to patient. The axis of the response was consistent with the stimulated nerve branch in 17 out of the 24 tested electrodes. Furthermore, in at least 1 case, the elicited eye movements showed characteristics similar to those of compensatory eye movements observed during natural activities such as walking. Finally, diverse percepts were reported upon electrical stimulation (i.e., rotatory sensations, sound, tickling or pressure) with intensity increasing as the stimulation current increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that electrical stimulation is a safe and effective means to activate the vestibular system, even in a heterogeneous patient population with very different etiologies and disease durations. Successful tuning of this information could turn this vestibular implant prototype into a successful artificial balance organ.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Guinand
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van de Berg
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cavuscens
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stokroos
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ranieri
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pelizzone
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kingma
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Guyot
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perez-Fornos