title: A multifunctional diet improves cardiometabolic-related biomarkers independently of weight changes: an 8-week randomized controlled intervention in healthy overweight and obese subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A multifunctional diet (MFD) was previously shown to reduce blood lipids, CRP and blood pressure in a 4-week intervention under weight-maintenance conditions. Here, MFD effects were evaluated in an 8-week intervention with no restriction for weight changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy subjects consumed MFD (23 subjects) or a control diet (CD) devoid of the functional components (24 subjects) in a "free-living" randomized controlled experiment. MFD included several functional concepts: low-glycemic-impact meals, antioxidant-rich foods, oily fish, viscous dietary fibers, soybean and whole barley kernel products, almonds and plant stanols. Measured outcomes were fasting blood values of lipids, glucose, insulin, GGT, CRP, HbA1c, PAI-1, GLP-1, GLP-2, body weight, blood pressure and breath hydrogen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, participants were 51-72 years old, with BMI between 25 and 34 and fasting glycemia  ≤ 6.1 mmol/L. Consumption of both diets resulted in similar weight loss after 8 weeks (-4 %; P  <  0.001). Compared to baseline, consumption of MFD reduced total serum cholesterol (-26 %; P  <  0.0001), LDL cholesterol (-35 %; P  <  0.0001), triglycerides (-16 %; P  < 0.05), LDL/HDL (-27 %; P  <  0.0001) and ApoB/ApoA1 (-15 %; P  <  0.0001). There were important net differences between diets, which remained significant after adjustment for body weight. Reduced systolic blood pressure, circulating GGT, HbA1c and insulin concentrations were observed with both MFD and CD with no difference between diets. The Reynolds cardiovascular risk score was decreased by 36 % (P  <  0.0001) with MFD. MFD increased breath hydrogen levels (120 %; P  <  0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of MFD decreased blood lipids and improved several other aspects of the cardiometabolic risk profile. This effect was not dependent on weight loss.
authors.affiliation: Food for Health Science Centre, Lund University, Medicon Village, 223 81, Lund, Sweden. juscelino.tovar@food-health-science.lu.se.
authors.forename: Juscelino
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tovar
authors.affiliation: Food for Health Science Centre, Lund University, Medicon Village, 223 81, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Food for Health Science Centre, Lund University, Medicon Village, 223 81, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Björck
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D053767:Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 / Q000097:blood; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D053767:Glucagon-Like Peptide 2; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; C051321:SERPINE1 protein, human; C554782:gamma-glutamyltransferase, human
keywords: Cardiometabolic diseases; Cardiovascular risk; Dietary prevention; Functional foods; Metabolic syndrome; Randomized controlled trial