title: Effect of smoking cessation for 1 year on periodontal biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this 12 mo prospective study was to assess the effect of smoking cessation on periodontal tissue without periodontal intervention, using matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9 and interleukin (IL)-1ß in gingival crevicular fluid, and nicotine and cotinine in saliva.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 122 male smokers enrolled in a smoking cessation clinic, 11 quitters, nine non-quitters, six oscillators and 13 non-smokers participated in all experiments done at follow-up week 2, and follow-up months 2, 4, 6 and 12. The following were measured: gingival index; dental plaque index and sites of 3.5 mm < probing depth < 5.5 mm using a WHO probe for the full mouth; amounts of MMP-8, MMP-9 and IL-1β in gingival crevicular fluid of the upper anterior teeth area using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; and concentrations of nicotine, cotinine and hydroxycotinine in saliva using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in MMP-8 and MMP-9 in gingival crevicular fluid were detected between smokers, quit-smokers, oscillators and non-smokers for 1 year. Only the amount of IL-1β showed that smokers (90.14 ± 65.32 pg/mL) had a significantly higher value compared with non-smokers (37.70 ± 40.90 pg/mL), quit-smokers (32.11 ± 40.50 pg/mL) and oscillators (11.90 ± 12.46 pg/mL) at 2 mo follow-up (p = 0.007). IL-1β had a positive correlation with nicotine (r = 0.351) and the cotinine (r = 0.376), nicotine (r = 0.492) and hydroxycotinine (r = 0.358), and hydroxycotinine (r = 0.413) levels at 2 wk and 4 and 6 mo follow-up, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This 1-year prospective smoking cessation study without nonsurgical periodontal therapy shows IL-1β in gingival crevicular fluid could have a positive relationship with the nicotine and cotinine levels in saliva.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Systems Biology and Bio-Inspired Engineering, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea.|Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000032:analysis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket; D010519:Periodontium / Q000737:chemistry*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012907:Smoking; D016540:Smoking Cessation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; C001381:hydroxycotinine; D009538:Nicotine; C488762:MMP8 protein, human; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D003367:Cotinine
keywords: IL-1β; MMP-8; MMP-9; gingival crevicular fluid; smoking