title: Non-linear mixing effects on mass-47 CO2 clumped isotope thermometry: Patterns and implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mass-47 CO(2) clumped isotope thermometry requires relatively large (~20 mg) samples of carbonate minerals due to detection limits and shot noise in gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). However, it is unreasonable to assume that natural geologic materials are homogenous on the scale required for sampling. We show that sample heterogeneities can cause offsets from equilibrium Δ(47) values that are controlled solely by end member mixing and are independent of equilibrium temperatures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A numerical model was built to simulate and quantify the effects of end member mixing on Δ(47). The model was run in multiple possible configurations to produce a dataset of mixing effects. We verified that the model accurately simulated real phenomena by comparing two artificial laboratory mixtures measured using IRMS to model output.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mixing effects were found to be dependent on end member isotopic composition in δ(13)C and δ(18)O values, and independent of end member Δ(47) values. Both positive and negative offsets from equilibrium Δ(47) can occur, and the sign is dependent on the interaction between end member isotopic compositions. The overall magnitude of mixing offsets is controlled by the amount of variability within a sample; the larger the disparity between end member compositions, the larger the mixing offset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Samples varying by less than 2 ‰ in both δ(13)C and δ(18)O values have mixing offsets below current IRMS detection limits. We recommend the use of isotopic subsampling for δ(13)C and δ(18)O values to determine sample heterogeneity, and to evaluate any potential mixing effects in samples suspected of being heterogonous.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 1100 North University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48103, USA.|Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 595 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Defliese
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 1100 North University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48103, USA.
authors.forename: Kyger C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lohmann