title: Using proteomic analysis to investigate uniconazole-induced phytohormone variation and starch accumulation in duckweed (Landoltia punctata).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Duckweed (Landoltia punctata) has the potential to remediate wastewater and accumulate enormous amounts of starch for bioethanol production. Using systematical screening, we determined that the highest biomass and starch percentage of duckweed was obtained after uniconazole application. Uniconazole contributes to starch accumulation of duckweed, but the molecular mechanism is still unclear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To elucidate the mechanisms of high starch accumulation, in the study, the responses of L. punctata to uniconazole were investigated using a quantitative proteomic approach combined with physiological and biochemical analysis. A total of 3327 proteins were identified. Among these identified proteins, a large number of enzymes involved in endogenous hormone synthetic and starch metabolic pathways were affected. Notably, most of the enzymes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis showed up-regulated expression, which was consistent with the content variation. The increased endogenous ABA may up-regulate expression of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase to promote starch biosynthesis. Importantly, the expression levels of several key enzymes in the starch biosynthetic pathway were up-regulated, which supported the enzymatic assay results and may explain why there is increased starch accumulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These generated data linked uniconazole with changes in expression of enzymes involved in hormone biosynthesis and starch metabolic pathways and elucidated the effect of hormones on starch accumulation. Thus, this study not only provided insights into the molecular mechanisms of uniconazole-induced hormone variation and starch accumulation but also highlighted the potential for duckweed to be feedstock for biofuel as well as for sewage treatment.
authors.affiliation: Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. huangmj806@gmail.com.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. huangmj806@gmail.com.|Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. huangmj806@gmail.com.|Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China. huangmj806@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mengjun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. fangyang@cib.ac.cn.|Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. fangyang@cib.ac.cn.|Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China. fangyang@cib.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. shuimu119@126.com.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. shuimu119@126.com.|Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. shuimu119@126.com.|Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China. shuimu119@126.com.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. jinyl@cib.ac.cn.|Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. jinyl@cib.ac.cn.|Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China. jinyl@cib.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yanling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. jiaolongsun@gmail.com.|Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. jiaolongsun@gmail.com.|Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China. jiaolongsun@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jiaolong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. taoxiang@cib.ac.cn.|Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. taoxiang@cib.ac.cn.|Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China. taoxiang@cib.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. maxr@cib.ac.cn.|Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. maxr@cib.ac.cn.|Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China. maxr@cib.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xinrong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. hekz@cib.ac.cn.|Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. hekz@cib.ac.cn.|Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China. hekz@cib.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Kaize
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. zhaohai@cib.ac.cn.|Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. zhaohai@cib.ac.cn.|Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China. zhaohai@cib.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D029064:Araceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D040901:Proteomics; D013213:Starch / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D010940:Plant Proteins; D020543:Proteome; D014230:Triazoles; D013213:Starch; C092705:uniconazole