title: Investigation on the Factors Affecting Cronobacter sakazakii Contamination Levels in Reconstituted Powdered Infant Formula.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Certain strains of Cronobacter sakazakii can cause serious invasive infections in children, mainly those <2 months old and fed with powdered infant formula (PIF). The infectious dose of C. sakazakii is unknown but evidence suggests that it is approximately 1000 colony forming units (CFU). PIF is currently considered safe if its end-product C. sakazakii level is <1 CFU/g. In this study, we determined the lag time, generation time (GT), and growth rate of five pooled C. sakazakii isolates to evaluate the factors affecting contamination levels in reconstituted PIF.
  
  
  METHODS
  1.71 log CFU/ml of C. sakazakii were inoculated into 100 and 3000 ml of reconstituted PIF and incubated at 22 and 35°C. Growth was evaluated over a 24-h period. ComBase was used for modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 3000 ml, the growth rate was 0.45 ± 0.02 log CFU/h with a lag phase of 3 ± 0.05 h and GT of 0.67 h at 22°C, while the growth rate was 0.73 ± 0.01 log CFU/h with a lag phase of 0.45 ± 0.03 h and GT of 0.41 h at 35° C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cronobacter sakazakii grows rapidly in reconstituted PIF, especially at 35° C.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrición y Salud Pública, Universidad del Bío-Bío , Chillán , Chile.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parra-Flores
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrición y Salud Pública, Universidad del Bío-Bío , Chillán , Chile.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción , Concepción , Chile.
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Riffo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro , Querétaro , México.
authors.forename: Sofía M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Arvizu-Medrano
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA.
authors.forename: E Verónica
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Arias-Rios
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown, PE , Canada ; Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aguirre
keywords: Cronobacter spp; contamination levels; hypothetical dose; infants; powdered infant formula