title: Concept for quantifying the dose from image guided radiotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiographic image guidance is routinely used for patient positioning in radiotherapy. All radiographic guidance techniques can give a significant radiation dose to the patient. The dose from diagnostic imaging is usually managed by using effective dose minimization. In contrast, image-guided radiotherapy adds the imaging dose to an already high level of therapeutic radiation which cannot be easily managed using effective dose. The purpose of this work is the development of a concept of IGRT dose quantification which allows a comparison of imaging dose with commonly accepted variations of therapeutic dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  It is assumed that dose variations of the treatment beam which are accepted in the spirit of the ALARA convention can also be applied to the additional imaging dose. Therefore we propose three dose categories: Category I: The imaging dose is lower than a 2% variation of the therapy dose. Category II: The imaging dose is larger than in category I, but lower than the therapy dose variations between different treatment techniques. Category III: The imaging dose is larger than in Category II. For various treatment techniques dose measurements are used to define the dose categories. The imaging devices were categorized according to the measured dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Planar kV-kV imaging is a category I imaging procedure. kV-MV imaging is located at the edge between category I and II and is for increasing fraction size safely a category I imaging technique. MV-MV imaging is for all imaging technologies a category II procedure. MV fan beam CT for localization is a category I technology. Low dose protocols for kV CBCT are located between category I and II and are for increasing fraction size a category I imaging technique. All other investigated Pelvis-CBCT protocols are category II procedures. Fan beam CT scout views are category I technology. Live imaging modalities are category III for conventional fractionation, but category II for stereotactic treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dose from radiotherapy imaging can be categorized in terms of generally accepted dose variations of therapy dose. This concept allows the quantification of daily dose from image guided radiotherapy in the spirit of the ALARA convention.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physics, Science Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. uwe.schneider@uzh.ch.|Radiotherapy Hirslanden, Witellikerstrasse 40, CH-8032, Zürich, Switzerland. uwe.schneider@uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physics, Science Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. roger.haelg@uzh.ch.|Radiotherapy Hirslanden, Witellikerstrasse 40, CH-8032, Zürich, Switzerland. roger.haelg@uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hälg
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physics, Science Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. juergen.besserer@uzh.ch.|Radiotherapy Hirslanden, Witellikerstrasse 40, CH-8032, Zürich, Switzerland. juergen.besserer@uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Besserer
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*