title: Barriers to Access of Primary Healthcare by Immigrant Populations in Canada: A Literature Review.
abstract: To summarize information obtained from original research about barriers to access of primary healthcare by Canadian immigrants' and to identify research gaps. Electronic databases of primary research articles and grey literature were searched without restricting the time period. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement was followed for literature selection. Articles were selected based on three criteria: (a) the study population was Canadian legal immigrant(s), (b) the research was about the barriers to accessing primary healthcare in Canada, and (c) the article was written in English. Relevant information from the articles was extracted into tabular format and classified for thematic analysis. Identified barriers were grouped into five themes: cultural, communication, socio-economic status, healthcare system structure and immigrant knowledge. The barriers to accessing primary healthcare in each of these categories can provide insight and subsequent direction for changes needed to improve immigrant care and mitigate their deterioration in health status. The demographic and ethno-cultural distributions of the study populations across the provinces highlight the need to expand research to encompass more varied immigrant groups across more regions of Canada, including more research on male immigrants and immigrant seniors, and to increase research related to health care providers' perspectives on the barriers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, Room G012F, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, Room G012F, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Nusrat S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Shommu
authors.affiliation: Sleep Center, Foothills Medical Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Nahid
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rumana
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, Room G012F, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Gary R S
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Barron
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, Room G012F, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wicklum
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, Room G012F, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada. turin.chowdhury@ucalgary.ca.|Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. turin.chowdhury@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Tanvir C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Turin
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D003144:Communication Barriers; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Barriers; Canada; Immigrant; Primary healthcare