title: Human papillomavirus DNA in pharyngeal scrapes as a marker of HPV-related squamous cell cancer of the oropharynx.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have indicated that human papillomavirus is an etiologic agent for a subset of head and neck cancers associated with better prognosis, therefore, prompt confirmation of such etiology seems to be crucial for choosing the optimal therapeutic option. Standard HPV diagnosis is currently based on histopathological material. In the present study, the novel diagnostic method based on pharyngeal brush biopsy is proposed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the Real-Time PCR-based (RT-PCR) test in detecting HPV-related cancer of the oropharynx using superficial scraps taken from the oropharyngeal region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer were enrolled in the study. The presence of HPV DNA in pharyngeal superficial scrapes assessed by RT-PCR was compared to the HPV status in the tumor tissue samples determined by a combined RT-PCR/P16(INK4A) expression algorithm. Analytical sensitivity and specificity were calculated and the clinical outcome was analyzed in correlation to the HPV status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HR-HPV DNA in pharyngeal swabs was revealed in 25 cases (28.4%) and simultaneously confirmed in all corresponding tissue samples. Sensitivity and specificity of the viral status assessment in the brush biopsies in respect to the RT-PCR/P16(INK4A) 20 were 100% and 96.2%, respectively. HR-HPV positive status was associated with an excellent clinical outcome and reduced hazard ratio of recurrence and disease-related death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed novel method of HPV status assessment using RT-PCR and superficial scraps appeared to be highly sensitive, specific, and useful in predicting the clinical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Tumor Pathology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland. Electronic address: mirek@snietura.net.
authors.forename: Miroslaw
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Snietura
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rutkowski
authors.affiliation: Tumor Pathology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Piglowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hajduk
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wygoda
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Skladowski
authors.affiliation: Tumor Pathology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland.
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lange
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018307:Neoplasms, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000821:virology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D010610:Pharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral
keywords: Head and neck squamous cell cancer; Human papillomavirus; Oropharyngeal cancer; Oropharynx; P16(INK4A); Pharyngeal scraps; RT-PCR