title: Parental urinary biomarkers of preconception exposure to bisphenol A and phthalates in relation to birth outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates are ubiquitous non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals whose relation with infant birth size is not clearly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined associations between maternal and paternal preconception urinary concentrations of total BPA and 14 phthalate metabolites and birth size for 233 infants. Multiple linear regression models were used to estimate parental quartiles of BPA and phthalates in relation to birth weight, length, head circumference, and ponderal index with separate models run for each parent adjusting for age, smoking, body mass index, education, alcohol, parity, and creatinine. Models also included an interaction term for each chemical and infant sex and were further adjusted to include the other partner's chemical concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In maternal models adjusted for partner's exposure and covariates, reductions in birth weight (range: 178-215 g; p < 0.05) were observed for the 2nd quartile of maternal monomethyl phthalate, mono-[(2-carboxymethyl) hexyl] phthalate and mono-n-octyl phthalate when compared with the 1st quartiles. The 3rd quartile of monoethylhexyl phthalate (mEHP) was also associated with a 200.16 g (95 % CI: -386.90, -13.42) reduction. Similar reductions in birth weight were observed for the 2(nd) quartile of paternal mEHP (β = -191.93 g; 95 % CI: -381.61, -2.25). Additionally, select maternal urinary metabolites were associated with decreased head circumference, birth length and gestational age. However, paternal concentrations were generally associated with increased birth length and gestational age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed some suggestion that preconception maternal and paternal urinary concentration of BPA and specific phthalate metabolites may be associated with smaller birth size and increased gestational age, though the findings appeared to be parent and chemical specific.
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. melissa.smarr@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Melissa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Smarr
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. katherine.grantz@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Grantz
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. sundaramr2@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Rajeshwari
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sundaram
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. jose.maisog@nih.gov.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Maisog
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The University at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, USA. kurunthachalam.kannan@health.ny.gov.
authors.forename: Kurunthachalam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. louisg@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Germaine M Buck
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Louis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000652:urine*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008824:Michigan; D018812:Paternal Exposure; D010636:Phenols / Q000652:urine*; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000652:urine*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000187:drug effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013781:Texas; D055815:Young Adult; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D015415:Biomarkers; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010636:Phenols; D010795:Phthalic Acids; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds