title: Removal of enteric viruses and Escherichia coli from municipal treated effluent by zebra mussels.
abstract: Dreissena polymorpha is a widespread filter-feeder species, resistant to a broad range of environmental conditions and different types of pollutants,which has recently colonized Italian freshwaters. Although widely used to monitor pollution in freshwater environments, this species is also an important food source for some fish and water birds. It can also be used to concentrate or remove particulate organic matter to interrupt avian-to-human transmission of pollutants and control health risks for animals and humans. In this study, the accumulation/inactivation in D. polymorpha of human health-related spiked enteric viruses was described. The removal of endogenous Escherichia coli, the classical indicator of fecal contamination,was tested as well.Our preliminary lab-scale results demonstrate that zebra mussels can reduce significantly poliovirus titer after 24 h and rotavirus titer after 8 h. E. coli counts were also reduced in the presence of zebra mussels by about 1.5 log after 4 h and nearly completely after 24 h. The fate of the two enteric viruses after concentration by zebra mussels was also investigated after mechanical disruption of the tissues. To our knowledge, the accumulation from water and inactivation of human health-related enteric viruses by zebra mussels has never been reported.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: valeria.mezzanotte@unimib.it.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mezzanotte
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: fra.marazzi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marazzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: massimiliano.bissa@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bissa
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: sole.pacchioni@studenti.unimi.it.
authors.forename: Sole
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pacchioni
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: andrea.binelli@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Binelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: marco.parolini@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parolini
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: stefano.magni@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Magni
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, I.S.S., Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy. Electronic address: franco.ruggeri@iss.it.
authors.forename: Franco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Ruggeri
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milan, Italy; CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Section, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: carlo.degiulimorghen@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Giuli Morghen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: carlo.zanotto@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zanotto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Section, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: antonia.radaelli@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Radaelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D049875:Dreissena / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology*; D004770:Enterovirus; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014873:Water Pollutants
keywords: Dreissena polymorpha; Enteric viruses; Escherichia coli; Wastewater bioremediation; Zebra mussel biofiltration