title: An overview of age estimation in forensic anthropology: perspectives and practical considerations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information on methods of age estimation in physical anthropology, in particular with regard to age-at-death from human skeletal remains, is widely available in the literature. However, the practicalities and real challenges faced in forensic casework are not always highlighted.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide a practitioner's perspective, regarding age estimation in forensic anthropology (both in the living as well as the dead), with an emphasis on the types of cases, the value of such work and its challenges and limitations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The paper reviews the current literature on age estimation with a focus on forensic anthropology, but it also brings the author's personal perspective derived from a number of forensic cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although much is known about what methods to use, but not always how to apply them, little attention has been given in the literature to the real practicalities faced by forensic anthropologists, for example: the challenges in different types of scenarios; how to report age estimations; responsibilities; and ethical concerns. This paper gathers some of these aspects into one overview which includes the value of such work and the practical challenges, not necessarily with the methods themselves, but also with regard to how these are applied in the different cases where age estimation is required.
authors.affiliation: a Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom , Shrivenham , UK , and.|b School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Márquez-Grant
mesh_terms: D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D000366:Age Determination by Teeth / Q000379:methods*; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Age estimation; age-at-death; ethics; forensic anthropology