title: Patenting strategies, the authentication US fiscal methodology, discovery and development of imidazole-containing peptide compounds with free-radical scavenging and transglycating properties acting as targeted drug regulators and homeostatic agents with diverse therapeutic activities for pharmacy of diabetes and metabolic diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus is the seventh-leading cause of death in the US and diabetic complications are interlaced with specific diverse microvascular and macrovascular pathologies resulting from hyperglycemia. The society should expand prowess and patenting of biotechnology to cure disease and complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  The work summarizes biological activities of patented carnosine mimetics resistant in formulations to enzymatic hydrolysis with human carnosinases that are acting as a universal form of antioxidant, deglycating and transglycating agents that inhibit sugar-mediated protein crosslinking, chelate or inactivate a number of transition metal ions (including ferrous and copper ions), possess lipid peroxidase type of activity and protection of antioxidant enzymes from inactivation. L-Carnosine released systemically from N-acetylcarnosine lubricant eye drops or from skeletal muscle during exercise is transported into hypothalamic tuberomammillary nucleus-histamine neurons and hydrolyzed. The resulting L-histidine is subsequently converted into histamine acting as metabolic fuel feeding for the hypothalamic histaminergic system. This mechanism is responsible for the effects of L-carnosine on autonomic neurotransmission and physiological function of pancreas, stimulating in vivo regeneration of insulin-producing β cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapeutic benefits for imidazole-containing antioxidants (nutraceutical non-hydrolyzed carnosine, carcinine, D-carnosine, ophthalmic prodrug N-acetylcarnosine, leucyl-histidylhydrazide and patented formulations thereof) are an essential part of diabetes treatment.
authors.affiliation: a Innovative Vision Products, Inc , 3511 Silverside Road, Suite 105, County of New Castle, Delaware, USA +7 499 977 2387 ; markbabizhayev@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Babizhayev
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015195:Drug Design; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010330:Patents as Topic; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007093:Imidazoles; D010455:Peptides
keywords: D-carnosine; carcinine; diabetes complications: nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and atherosclerosis; excessive nonenzymatic glycosylation; hypothalamic histaminergic system; increased free radical production; leucyl-histidylhydrazide and patented formulations thereof; non-hydrolyzed carnosine; ophthalmic prodrug N-acetylcarnosine; patented carnosine mimetics resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis with human carnosinases; peptides; retinopathy; therapeutic management strategies for type 2 diabetes; universal form of antioxidant and transglycating agents