title: S100A12 concentrations and myeloperoxidase activity in the intestinal mucosa of healthy dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Relatively few laboratory markers have been evaluated for the detection or monitoring of intestinal inflammation in canine chronic enteropathies, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Previous research found that the intestinal mucosal levels of S100A12 and myeloperoxidase (MPO), as biomarkers of gut inflammation, were elevated in human patients with IBD. To date, the S100A12 and MPO levels in intestinal mucosal samples from either healthy dogs or from dogs suffering from IBD remain unreported. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the mucosal S100A12 and MPO levels in four different parts of the intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon) in 12 healthy laboratory Beagle dogs using the ELISA and spectrophotometric methods, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on histological examinations, the recorded findings for all the samples were considered normal. The mucosal concentration of S100A12 in the ileum was significantly higher than in all other segments of the intestine (p < 0.05). MPO activity was significantly higher in the ileal, jejunal and duodenal than in colonic mucosal samples (p < 0.05). Moreover, its concentration was higher in the jejunum than in the duodenum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that S100A12 and MPO are reliably detectable in canine intestinal mucosa. The assays used appeared to be sufficient to further evaluate the role of S100A12 and MPO in the pathogenesis of canine chronic enteropathies, including IBD. These biomarkers may play a role in the initial detection of gut inflammation suggesting the need for further investigations to confirm IBD or to differentiate between IBD subtypes. Understanding the role of S100A12 and MPO in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation in future may result in an improved understanding of canine chronic intestinal inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 57, Viikintie 49, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. Mohsen.Hanifeh@helsinki.fi.|Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Postal code 5166616471, Tabriz, Iran. Mohsen.Hanifeh@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hanifeh
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA. RHeilmann@cvm.tamu.edu.
authors.forename: Romy M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Heilmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 57, Viikintie 49, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. Satu.Sankari@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sankari
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 57, Viikintie 49, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. Minna.M.Rajamaki@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Minna M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rajamäki
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. Laura.Makitalo@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mäkitalo
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. Pernilla.Syrja@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Pernilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Syrjä
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 57, Viikintie 49, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. Susanne.Kilpinen@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kilpinen
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA. jsuchodolski@cvm.tamu.edu.
authors.forename: Jan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Suchodolski
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA. jsteiner@cvm.tamu.edu.
authors.forename: Jörg M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 57, Viikintie 49, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. Thomas.Spillmann@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Spillmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D004285:Dogs / Q000378:metabolism*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000067616:S100A12 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000067616:S100A12 Protein; D009195:Peroxidase