title: An Endoscopic Surgical Skill Validation System for Pediatric Surgeons Using a Model of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We developed a system to objectively verify the endoscopic surgical skills of pediatric surgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a thoracoscopic model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia mimicking a newborn's size. The examinees were divided into Experts (n = 10) and Trainees (n = 19), and each group performed two tasks (Task 1, reduction of a herniated intestine from the thoracic space to the abdomen; Task 2, perform three suture ligatures of a diaphragm defect using intracorporeal knot-tying). The end points were the time required to complete Task 1, time score calculated using the residual time from the time limit for Task 2, number of complete full-thickness sutures, maximum air-pressure tolerance, degree of diaphragm deformation, and the residual defect areas after suturing. We also evaluated the total path length and velocity of the forceps tips using a three-dimensional position measurement instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Experts had significantly superior results for the time for Task 1, time score, number of complete full-thickness sutures, maximum air-pressure tolerance, and degree of diaphragm deformation in Task 2 (all P < .05). We found that the total path length and average velocities for the left forceps were inferior to those of the right forceps in both tasks in the Trainees (both P < .05, respectively), whereas the Expert group showed no significant laterality in these tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our model could validate the quality of endoscopic surgical skills and could differentiate between Expert and Trainee pediatric surgeons. The Experts could use their forceps equally well to perform tasks even in a small working space.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive, and Developmental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan .
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Obata
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive, and Developmental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan .|2 Department of Advanced Medicine and Innovative Technology, Kyushu University Hospital , Fukuoka, Japan .
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ieiri
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Advanced Medicine and Innovative Technology, Kyushu University Hospital , Fukuoka, Japan .
authors.forename: Munenori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uemura
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive, and Developmental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan .
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jimbo
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive, and Developmental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan .|2 Department of Advanced Medicine and Innovative Technology, Kyushu University Hospital , Fukuoka, Japan .
authors.forename: Ryota
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Souzaki
authors.affiliation: 3 Kyoto Kagaku Co., Ltd. , Kyoto, Japan .
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.affiliation: 3 Kyoto Kagaku Co., Ltd. , Kyoto, Japan .
authors.forename: Tamotsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Advanced Medicine and Innovative Technology, Kyushu University Hospital , Fukuoka, Japan .
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashizume
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive, and Developmental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan .
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taguchi
mesh_terms: D019985:Benchmarking; D002983:Clinical Competence; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D059685:Herniorrhaphy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation