title: Effects of Socialization on Gender Discrimination and Violence Against Women in Lebanon.
abstract: This study explored the socialization of Lebanese men's attitudes toward gender equality to understand violence against women in Middle Eastern countries. Two hundred seventy-three men completed a survey, and 73 participated in seven focus groups. Survey results showed that participants' education, parents' expectations for gender-typed behavior, school discipline, and exposure to community violence predicted the men's attitudes toward gender inequality. In focus group discussions, participants expressed that masculinity imposed a taxing role wherein they perceived themselves as "victims" of a traditional culture where norms grant men control and power over women.
authors.affiliation: American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Jinan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Usta
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA farver@usc.edu.
authors.forename: JoAnn M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Farver
authors.affiliation: University of Georgia, Athens, USA.
authors.forename: Christine Sylva
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hamieh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon; D008297:Male; D057228:Masculinity; D008875:Middle Aged; D012747:Sexual Partners; D012938:Social Perception; D012951:Socialization; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Lebanese culture; gender-based violence; masculinity