title: Secondary batteries with multivalent ions for energy storage.
abstract: The use of electricity generated from clean and renewable sources, such as water, wind, or sunlight, requires efficiently distributed electrical energy storage by high-power and high-energy secondary batteries using abundant, low-cost materials in sustainable processes. American Science Policy Reports state that the next-generation "beyond-lithium" battery chemistry is one feasible solution for such goals. Here we discover new "multivalent ion" battery chemistry beyond lithium battery chemistry. Through theoretic calculation and experiment confirmation, stable thermodynamics and fast kinetics are presented during the storage of multivalent ions (Ni(2+), Zn(2+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Ba(2+), or La(3+) ions) in alpha type manganese dioxide. Apart from zinc ion battery, we further use multivalent Ni(2+) ion to invent another rechargeable battery, named as nickel ion battery for the first time. The nickel ion battery generally uses an alpha type manganese dioxide cathode, an electrolyte containing Ni(2+) ions, and Ni anode. The nickel ion battery delivers a high energy density (340 Wh kg(-1), close to lithium ion batteries), fast charge ability (1 minute), and long cycle life (over 2200 times).
authors.affiliation: Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Chengjun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yanyi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.|State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.|State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Feiyu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.|Shenyang National Laboratory of Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Dangsheng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Su