title: Potential of the microbial assay for risk assessment (MARA) for assessing ecotoxicological effects of herbicides to non-target organisms.
abstract: Many microbiotests that have been proposed for use in the risk assessment of environmental pollutants have the drawback of lacking relevant published data on various aspects of their test application possibilities and therefore do not receive the regulatory recognition which they may deserve. The MARA bioassay lacks published data for many relevant environmental pollutants, particularly pesticides and this may limit its use in regulatory framework. The present study has assessed the sensitivity of the MARA bioassay relative to other established bioassays (Daphnia magna and Oreochromis niloticus) to two widely used herbicide formulations: Roundup (having glyphosate as active ingredient) and Herbextra (with the active ingredient being 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-2,4-D). Roundup was found to be more toxic than Herbextra in all three bioassays. The D. magna EC50 s obtained for Roundup and Herbextra were respectively 5.55 and 356.61 mg/l while the LC50 s for O. niloticus were 11.30 and 222,28 mg/l respectively. In the case of the MARA bioassay microbial toxic concentrations (MTCs) for individual species ranged from 6.85 to 468 mg/l with an overall mean MTC of 101.82 mg/l for glyphosate and from 74.67 to 13,333 mg/l for 2,4-D giving an overall mean MTC of 2855.88 mg/l. Although the overall MTCs from the MARA bioassay were much higher than the LC50 s and EC50 s from the fish and daphnia bioassays respectively, the most sensitive MARA organism for each of the herbicides had MTCs that were comparable to or lower than the corresponding endpoints from the other bioassays implying that the MARA assay is a potentially useful bioassay for risk assessment of pesticides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, West Region, Dschang, Cameroon. patriciafai17@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Patricia Bi Asanga
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Fai
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, West Region, Dschang, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Mpoame
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mbida
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, West Region, Dschang, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Jean Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Demefack
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, West Region, Dschang, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Cedric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yamssi
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D023681:Cichlids / Q000378:metabolism; D003621:Daphnia / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D010843:Pichia / Q000187:drug effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000097797:Glyphosate
keywords: 2; 4-D; Glyphosate; Herbicides; MARA; Microbial assays