title: Objective and subjective evaluations of the Nurotron Venus cochlear implant system via animal experiments and clinical trials.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  This study described objective and subjective evaluations of the Nurotron® Venus™ Cochlear Implant System and indicated that this system produced a satisfactory performance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To observe the performance of the Nurotron® Venus™ cochlear implant (CI) system via electrophysiological and psychophysical evaluations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 26-electrode CI system was specially designed. The performance of MRI in animal and cadaveric head experiments, EABR in cats experiment, the correlation between ESRT and C level, and psychophysics evaluations in clinical trials were observed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the animal and cadaveric head experiments, magnet dislocation could not be prevented in the 1.5 T MRI without removal of the internal magnet. The EABR was clearly elicited in cat experiment. In the clinical trial, the ESRT was strongly correlated with C level (p < 0.001). The human clinical trial involving 57 post-lingually deafened native Mandarin-speaking patients was performed. Residual hearing protection in the implanted ear at each audiometric frequency was observed in 27.5-46.3% patients post-operatively. A pitch ranking test revealed that place pitches were generally ordered from apical to basal electrodes. The recognitions of the perceptions of 301 disyllabic words, environment sounds, disyllabic words, and numerals were significantly better than the pre-operative performance and reached plateaus.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery , Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , PR China.|b Shanghai Auditory Medical Center , Shanghai , PR China.|c Key Laboratory of Hearing Science , Ministry of Health , Shanghai , PR China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery , Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , PR China.|b Shanghai Auditory Medical Center , Shanghai , PR China.|c Key Laboratory of Hearing Science , Ministry of Health , Shanghai , PR China.
authors.forename: Xin-Da
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery , Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , PR China.|b Shanghai Auditory Medical Center , Shanghai , PR China.|c Key Laboratory of Hearing Science , Ministry of Health , Shanghai , PR China.
authors.forename: Fang-Lu
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: d Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology , Biomedical Engineering, Cognitive Sciences and Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California , Irvine , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Fan-Gang
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: e Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Qian-Jie
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery , Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , PR China.|b Shanghai Auditory Medical Center , Shanghai , PR China.|c Key Laboratory of Hearing Science , Ministry of Health , Shanghai , PR China.
authors.forename: Xian-Hao
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery , Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , PR China.|b Shanghai Auditory Medical Center , Shanghai , PR China.|c Key Laboratory of Hearing Science , Ministry of Health , Shanghai , PR China.
authors.forename: Yan-Bo
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: f Nurotron Biotechnology Inc. , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , PR China.
authors.forename: Li-Chuan
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Ping
authors.affiliation: g Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , PR China.
authors.forename: Hou-Yong
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: h Shanghai Acoustics Laboratory , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , PR China.
authors.forename: Hai-Hong
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery , Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , PR China.|b Shanghai Auditory Medical Center , Shanghai , PR China.|c Key Laboratory of Hearing Science , Ministry of Health , Shanghai , PR China.
authors.forename: Yong-Zhen
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery , Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , PR China.|b Shanghai Auditory Medical Center , Shanghai , PR China.|c Key Laboratory of Hearing Science , Ministry of Health , Shanghai , PR China.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D002102:Cadaver; D002415:Cats; D002648:Child; D019929:Cochlear Implantation; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cochlear implant; MRI; Nurotron; electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses (EABR); electrically evoked stapedius reflex threshold (ESRT); pitch ranking; speech perception