title: Clinical assessment of oral malodor using autofluorescence of tongue coating.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a new method using quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D) was appropriate for the diagnosis of oral malodor by quantifying the fluorescence of tongue coating.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined 103 healthy subjects who have an oral malodor as a main complaint. The levels of oral malodor were measured by organoleptic scores (OLS) and volatile sulfur compound (VSC) levels. The fluorescent tongue coating images captured by QLF-D were quantified as the integrated fluorescence score (IF score) by multiplying the intensity and area of fluorescence. The correlations between the fluorescence parameters and OLS as well as VSC levels and the diagnostic accuracy of the IF score were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IF score of tongue coating showed a significant positive correlation with the OLS (r=0.54, p<0.01) and the VSC levels (r=0.49, p<0.01). This score was significantly differed with the level of oral malodor (p<0.001), and its AUC was 0.72 in identifying the patient with definite oral malodor (≥OLS 2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new method quantifying tongue coating fluorescence detected by QLF-D can be used to diagnose oral malodor and assess its severity in the clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Public Oral Health, BK21 PLUS Project, Oral Science Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Song
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Public Oral Health, BK21 PLUS Project, Oral Science Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Kyung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Public Oral Health, BK21 PLUS Project, Oral Science Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung-Suk
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Orofacial Pain, Oral Medicine, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Public Oral Health, BK21 PLUS Project, Oral Science Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: drkbi@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Baek-Il
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006209:Halitosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014059:Tongue / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Diagnosis; Halitosis; Oral malodor; Quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital; Red fluorescence; Tongue coating