title: Coxiella burnetii seropositivity and associated risk factors in sheep in Ontario, Canada.
abstract: Coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic bacterium that can cause abortion in sheep in late gestation, as well as the delivery of stillborn, and non-viable lambs (Rodolakis, 2006). A cross-sectional study was conducted in Ontario, Canada, to investigate C. burnetii exposure in sheep. Between August 2010 and January 2012, sera from 2363 reproductively active ewes from 72 farms were tested for C. burnetii specific antibodies using the CHEKIT Q fever ELISA Test kit (IDEXX Laboratories). Overall, exposure was common; sheep-level seroprevalence was 14.7% (347/2363, 95% CI: 13.3-16.2), and was higher in dairy sheep (24.3%, 181/744) than meat sheep (10.2%, 166/1619) (p<0.0001). At the farm-level, 48.6% (35/72, 95% CI: 37.2-60.1) of farms had at least one seropositive sheep. A mixed multivariable logistic model that controlled for farm-level clustering, identified risk factors associated (p<0.05) with sheep seropositivity. Increasing female flock size (logarithmic scale) was associated with increased odds of seropositivity. By way of illustration, increasing the female flock size from 100 to 200 increased the odds of seropositivity by 2.26 times (95% CI: 1.5-3.5). Sheep that lambed in an airspace separate from the flock had 11.3 times (95% CI: 2.9-43.6) the odds of seropositivity relative to other sheep. The practice of loaning sheep that returned to the farm increased odds of seropositivity by 8.1 times (95% CI: 1.8-33.6). Lambing pen hygiene practices also influenced odds of seropositivity. Relative to sheep from farms where all lambing pen hygiene measures were practiced after lambing (i.e., adding bedding, removing birth materials and disinfection), sheep from farms that only added bedding, or those that just added bedding and removed birthing materials had 5.9 times (95% CI: 1.1-32.1) and 9.0 times (95% CI: 2.2-36.9) the odds of seropositivity, respectively. These results can be used to inform prevention and control strategies with the aim of reducing C. burnetii exposure in sheep.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada. Electronic address: smeadows@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meadows
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones-Bitton
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McEwen
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Science and Policy, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, and Rural Affairs, 6484 Wellington Rd 7, Unit 10, Elora, Ontario, N0B 1S0, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Menzies
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D016997:Coxiella burnetii / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011778:Q Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology
keywords: Coxiella burnetii; Coxiellosis; Ontario; Risk factors; Seroprevalence; Sheep