title: Cardiovascular involvement in inflammatory bowel disease: Dangerous liaisons.
abstract: Increasing evidence of a link between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and adverse cardiovascular events has emerged during the last decade. In 2014, an important number of meta-analyses and cohort studies clarified the subtle dangerous liaisons between gut inflammation and cardiovascular pathology. The evidence suggests that patients with IBD have a significantly increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality, especially during periods of IBD activity. Some populations (e.g., women, young patients) may have an even greater risk. Current effective treatment of IBD is aimed at disease remission and seems to reduce cardiovascular risk in these patients. A beneficial effect was demonstrated for salicylates, but not for steroids or azathioprine. tumor necrosis factor-α antagonists, which are highly effective in the reduction of inflammation and in the restoration of the digestive mucosa, lead to conflicting cardiovascular effects, as they seem to reduce the risk for ischemic heart disease but increase the rate of cerebrovascular events. Future supplemental treatment strategies that may reduce the atherothrombotic risk during periods of IBD activity should be explored.
authors.affiliation: Ana Maria Filimon, Andreea Ciobanu, Dragos Vinereanu, Internal Medicine and Cardiology Department, University Hospital Carol Davila University of Medicine Bucharest, 011465 Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Filimon
authors.affiliation: Ana Maria Filimon, Andreea Ciobanu, Dragos Vinereanu, Internal Medicine and Cardiology Department, University Hospital Carol Davila University of Medicine Bucharest, 011465 Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Lucian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Negreanu
authors.affiliation: Ana Maria Filimon, Andreea Ciobanu, Dragos Vinereanu, Internal Medicine and Cardiology Department, University Hospital Carol Davila University of Medicine Bucharest, 011465 Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doca
authors.affiliation: Ana Maria Filimon, Andreea Ciobanu, Dragos Vinereanu, Internal Medicine and Cardiology Department, University Hospital Carol Davila University of Medicine Bucharest, 011465 Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Andreea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciobanu
authors.affiliation: Ana Maria Filimon, Andreea Ciobanu, Dragos Vinereanu, Internal Medicine and Cardiology Department, University Hospital Carol Davila University of Medicine Bucharest, 011465 Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Carmen Monica
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Preda
authors.affiliation: Ana Maria Filimon, Andreea Ciobanu, Dragos Vinereanu, Internal Medicine and Cardiology Department, University Hospital Carol Davila University of Medicine Bucharest, 011465 Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Dragos
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vinereanu
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D065840:Protective Factors; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents
keywords: Active disease; Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α; Cardiovascular risk; Inflammatory bowel disease; Thrombotic events