title: Mapping patients' experiences from initial symptoms to gout diagnosis: a qualitative exploration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore patients' experiences from initial symptoms to receiving a diagnosis of gout.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from in-depth semistructured interviews were used to construct themes to describe key features of patients' experiences of gout diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A maximum variation sample of 43 UK patients with gout (29 men; 14 women; age range 32-87 years) were recruited from general practices, rheumatology clinics, gout support groups and through online advertising.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Severe joint pain, combined with no obvious signs of physical trauma or knowledge of injury, caused confusion for patients attempting to interpret their symptoms. Reasons for delayed consultation included self-diagnosis and/or self-medication, reluctance to seek medical attention, and financial/work pressures. Factors potentially contributing to delayed diagnosis after consultation included reported misdiagnosis, attacks in joints other than the first metatarsophalangeal joint, and female gender. The limitations in using serum uric acid (SUA) levels for diagnostic purposes were not always communicated effectively to patients, and led to uncertainty and lack of confidence in the accuracy of the diagnosis. Resistance to the diagnosis occurred in response to patients' beliefs about the causes of gout and characteristics of the people likely to be affected. Diagnosis prompted actions, such as changes in diet, and evidence was found of self-monitoring of SUA levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to report data specifically about patients' pathways to initial consultation and subsequent experiences of gout diagnosis. A more targeted approach to information provision at diagnosis would improve patients' experiences.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liddle
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roddy
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK.
authors.forename: Christian D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mallen
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK.
authors.forename: Samantha L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hider
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Suman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prinjha
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ziebland
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK.
authors.forename: Jane C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D058006:General Practice; D006073:Gout / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D006074:Gout Suppressants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D006074:Gout Suppressants
keywords: Diagnosis; Gout; PRIMARY CARE; Patient experiences; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH