title: Chlamydia trachomatis IgG3 seropositivity is associated with gastroschisis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection seropositivity and gastroschisis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this case-control study we enrolled pregnant women either prenatally diagnosed with gastroschisis (cases, n=33) or with a normal ultrasound (controls, n=66). Both groups attended the University of Utah's Maternal Fetal Medicine Diagnostic Center for their diagnostic ultrasound or because of a community obstetrician referral. Participants completed a structured interview on potential risk factors. Anti-CT immunoglobulin (IgG)1 and IgG3 were measured by a CT elementary body enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age at sexual debut was lower and reported sexual partner number higher in cases compared with controls. Risk factors for gastroschisis included having ⩾ 3 sexual partners (odds ratio (OR)=3.3, 95% CI 1.2, 9.4), change in partner from the previous pregnancy (OR=3.6, 95% CI 0.9, 13.9) and anti-CT IgG3 seropositivity (age-adjusted OR=3.9, 95% CI: 1.1, 13.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anti-CT IgG3 seropositivity was associated with greater than a threefold risk for gastroschisis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Feldkamp
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: E Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Enioutina
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Botto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krikov
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: J L B
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Geisler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000276:immunology*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D020139:Gastroschisis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology*; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012698:Serologic Tests; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G