title: Effects of BPA and BPS exposure limited to early embryogenesis persist to impair non-associative learning in adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a polymerizing agent used in plastic bottles and several routinely used consumer items. It is classified among endocrine disrupting chemicals suspected to cause adverse health effects in mammals ranging from infertility and cancer to behavioral disorders. Work with the invertebrate lab model Caenorhabditis elegans has shown that BPA affects germ cells by disrupting double-stranded DNA break repair mechanisms. The current study utilizes this model organism to provide insight into low-dose and long-term behavioral effects of BPA and bisphenol-S (BPS), a supposed safer replacement for BPA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experiments presented in our report demonstrate that the effects of embryonic exposure to considerably low levels of BPA persist into adulthood, affecting neural functionality as assayed by measuring habituation to mechano-sensory stimuli in C. elegans. These results are noteworthy in that they are based on low-dose exposures, following the rationale that subtler effects that may not be morphologically apparent are likely to be discernible through behavioral changes. In addition, we report that embryonic exposure to BPS follows a pattern similar to BPA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Building upon previous observations using the C. elegans model, we have shown that exposure of embryos to BPA and BPS affects their behavior as adults. These long-term effects are in line with recommended alternate low-dose chemical safety testing approaches. Our observation that the effects of BPS are similar to BPA is not unexpected, considering their structural similarity. This, to our knowledge, is the first reported behavioral study on low-dose toxicity of any endocrine disrupting chemical in C. elegans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA. Mahlet.Mersha@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mahlet D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Mersha
authors.affiliation: Sussex Tech High School, Georgetown, DE, 19947, USA. bmp55@pitt.edu.|Neuroscience and Psychology Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA. bmp55@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Bansri M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA. dnp17391@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dipen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA. bnrichardson10@students.desu.edu.
authors.forename: Brittany N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA. hsdhillon@desu.edu.
authors.forename: Harbinder S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Dhillon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans; D005260:Female; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D013450:Sulfones / Q000633:toxicity*; D000098831:Bisphenol S Compounds; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D010636:Phenols; D013450:Sulfones; C543008:bisphenol S; D000098831:Bisphenol S Compounds; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds