title: Cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 23-year cohort study and a meta-analysis of prospective studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a cohort of middle-age Finnish men and to summarise the current evidence in a meta-analysis of prospective studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  CRF was measured at baseline in a random population-based sample of 2520 subjects by assessing oxygen uptake during maximal exercise. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the association between CRF, expressed as metabolic equivalents (METs), and the risk of T2DM adjusted for potential confounders; this estimate was then pooled with the results of other prospective studies in a meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (SD) baseline age and CRF were 53 (5) years and 8.7 (2.1) METs, respectively. During 23 years of follow-up, 153 (6.1%) participants developed T2DM. The hazard ratio per 1-MET higher CRF, adjusted for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, serum HDL-cholesterol, and family history of T2DM, was 0.93 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.84, 1.02; p = 0.109); further adjustment for smoking, education, and socioeconomic status did not materially change the estimate. In a random-effects meta-analysis of eight studies (92,992 participants and 8564 T2DM cases) combining maximally adjusted estimates, the pooled risk ratio of T2DM per 1-MET higher CRF level was 0.95 (95% CI: 0.93, 0.98; p = 0.003; I(2) = 81%), corresponding to 23 fewer cases per 100,000 person-years based on the assumption of a causal link between CRF and T2DM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that there is an inverse relationship between CRF and T2DM that is largely independent of other risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. Electronic address: frazac@fastwebnet.it.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zaccardi
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle, and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, UK.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: O'Donovan
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle, and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, UK.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Sudhir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kurl
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Kamlesh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khunti
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Melanie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Central Finland Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jari A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Laukkanen
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002319:Cardiovascular System; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005387:Finland; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Cardiorespiratory fitness; Cohort study; Diabetes mellitus; Meta-analysis; Observational study; Physical activity; Systematic review; Type 2