title: Coproduction of healthcare service.
abstract: Efforts to ensure effective participation of patients in healthcare are called by many names-patient centredness, patient engagement, patient experience. Improvement initiatives in this domain often resemble the efforts of manufacturers to engage consumers in designing and marketing products. Services, however, are fundamentally different than products; unlike goods, services are always 'coproduced'. Failure to recognise this unique character of a service and its implications may limit our success in partnering with patients to improve health care. We trace a partial history of the coproduction concept, present a model of healthcare service coproduction and explore its application as a design principle in three healthcare service delivery innovations. We use the principle to examine the roles, relationships and aims of this interdependent work. We explore the principle's implications and challenges for health professional development, for service delivery system design and for understanding and measuring benefit in healthcare services.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Maren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Batalden
authors.affiliation: The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Batalden
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Margolis
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seid
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Opipari-Arrigan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock, East Ayrshire, UK.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hartung
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D017146:Models, Organizational; D010358:Patient Participation; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D058996:Quality Improvement / Q000458:organization & administration
keywords: Health professions education; Health services research; Healthcare quality improvement; Patient-centred care; Social sciences