title: Uptake and translocation of imidacloprid, clothianidin and flupyradifurone in seed-treated soybeans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seed treatment insecticides have become a popular management option for early-season insect control. This study investigated the total uptake and translocation of seed-applied [(14) C]imidacloprid, [(14) C]clothianidin and [(14) C]flupyradifurone into different plant parts in three soybean vegetative stages (VC, V1 and V2). The effects of soil moisture stress on insecticide uptake and translocation were also assessed among treatments. We hypothesized that (1) uptake and translocation would be different among the insecticides owing to differences in water solubility, and (2) moisture stress would increase insecticide uptake and translocation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Uptake and translocation did not follow a clear trend in the three vegetative stages. Initially, flupyradifurone uptake was greater than clothianidin uptake in VC soybeans. In V1 soybeans, differences in uptake among the three insecticides were not apparent and unaffected by soil moisture stress. Clothianidin was negatively affected by soil moisture stress in V2 soybeans, while imidacloprid and flupyradifurone were unaffected. Specifically, soil moisture stress had a positive effect on the distribution of flupyradifurone in leaves. This was not observed with the neonicotinoids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study enhances our understanding of the uptake and distribution of insecticides used as seed treatments in soybean. The uptake and translocation of these insecticides differed in response to soil moisture stress. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Mitchell D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stamm
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Tiffany M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Heng-Moss
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Frederick P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Baxendale
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Blair D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Siegfried
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Blankenship
authors.affiliation: Bayer CropScience AG, Pest Control Biology, Monheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nauen
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006146:Guanidines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012639:Seeds / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D013025:Glycine max / Q000378:metabolism*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D006146:Guanidines; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D011725:Pyridines; D012987:Soil; D013844:Thiazoles; D014867:Water; C480342:clothianidin; C082359:imidacloprid; C000606086:flupyradifurone; D015107:4-Butyrolactone
keywords: butenolide; neonicotinoid; seed treatment; soybean aphid