title: The use of prognostic factors in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the last decade, the treatment landscape of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has evolved tremendously. The outcome of patients with mRCC has been improved since the advent of targeted therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this review, we address the use of prognostic schema in the era of targeted treatment. This article summarizes the current available prognostic models and the evidence to support their use in clinical settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prognostic models can help guide clinicians in their decision making, as they have been validated in the first- and second-line targeted therapy settings as well as in non-clear cell mRCC. Prognostic factors are important in patient counseling, clinical trial stratification, and therapy planning. Very selected favorable-risk patients with minimal bulk and slow-growing disease could potentially be observed before needing treatment. Patients with poor-risk disease may be eligible for treatment with temsirolimus. Patients with a very poor prognosis may not be suitable candidates for cytoreductive nephrectomy. New biomarkers are on the horizon, though their roles need to be validated and their additive contribution to improve existing prognostic models examined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Haoran
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Haider
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Samawi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Electronic address: Daniel.heng@albertahealthservices.ca.
authors.forename: Daniel Y C
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Heng
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium; Prognostic factor; Renal cell carcinoma