title: A Comparison of Carbon Dioxide Sources for Mosquito Capture in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Light Traps on the Florida Gulf Coast (1).
abstract: Traditional sources of carbon dioxide (CO₂), dry ice, and compressed gas, were tested against 3 combinations of food-grade reagents known to generate CO₂using a compact, lightweight generator delivery system with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps. Three 6 × 6 Latin square trials were completed near the Florida Gulf Coast in the Lower Suwannee Wildlife Refuge during the summer of 2013, collecting a total of 31,632 female mosquitoes. Treatments included dry ice, compressed CO₂gas, a control trap (no CO₂), citric acid + sodium bicarbonate, vinegar + sodium bicarbonate, and yeast + sugar. Decreasing order of trap collections (treatment mean number of mosquitoes per trap night ± standard error) were dry ice 773.5 (± 110.1) > compressed gas 440.7 (± 42.3) > citric acid + sodium bicarbonate 197.6 (± 30.4), yeast + sugar 153.6 (± 27.4) > vinegar + sodium bicarbonate 109.6 (± 16.2) > control 82.4 (± 14.0). A 2-way Kruskal-Wallis analysis by treatment, site, and treatment × site interaction identified significant differences between all treatments. Although dry ice and compressed CO₂gas collected significantly more mosquitoes than other combinations (P < 0.05), use of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate or yeast and sugar greatly outperformed unbaited traps and offer a good alternative to dry ice and compressed gas in areas where these agents are not readily available or are difficult to obtain due to logistical constraints. An inexpensive, portable CO₂generator for use with food-grade reagents is described.
authors.affiliation: 2  Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center Detachment, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329.|3  Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Hoel
authors.affiliation: 4  US Navy Environmental and Preventive Medicine Unit Two, 1285 West D Street, Bldg. U 238, Norfolk, VA 23511.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dunford
authors.affiliation: 5  Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, USDA/ARS, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.affiliation: 6  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329.
authors.forename: Seth R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Irish
authors.affiliation: 7  onVector Technology, 825 La Crosse Court, Sunnyvale, CA 94087.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: 8  Navy Entomology Center of Excellence, Bldg. 937, Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32212.
authors.forename: Alec G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: 8  Navy Entomology Center of Excellence, Bldg. 937, Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32212.
authors.forename: Carl W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Doud
authors.affiliation: 6  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wirtz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000502:physiology*; D009033:Culicidae / Q000502:physiology*; D004367:Dry Ice; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D008027:Light; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004367:Dry Ice; D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: Carbon dioxide; citric acid; dry ice; generator; sodium bicarbonate; yeast