title: The Impact of Photobleaching on Microarray Analysis.
abstract: DNA-Microarrays have become a potent technology for high-throughput analysis of genetic regulation. However, the wide dynamic range of signal intensities of fluorophore-based microarrays exceeds the dynamic range of a single array scan by far, thus limiting the key benefit of microarray technology: parallelization. The implementation of multi-scan techniques represents a promising approach to overcome these limitations. These techniques are, in turn, limited by the fluorophores' susceptibility to photobleaching when exposed to the scanner's laser light. In this paper the photobleaching characteristics of cyanine-3 and cyanine-5 as part of solid state DNA microarrays are studied. The effects of initial fluorophore intensity as well as laser scanner dependent variables such as the photomultiplier tube's voltage on bleaching and imaging are investigated. The resulting data is used to develop a model capable of simulating the expected degree of signal intensity reduction caused by photobleaching for each fluorophore individually, allowing for the removal of photobleaching-induced, systematic bias in multi-scan procedures. Single-scan applications also benefit as they rely on pre-scans to determine the optimal scanner settings. These findings constitute a step towards standardization of microarray experiments and analysis and may help to increase the lab-to-lab comparability of microarray experiment results.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hanover, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hanover, Germany. koch@iftc.uni-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: von der Haar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hanover, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hanover, Germany. johnalexanderpreuss@googlemail.com.
authors.forename: John-Alexander
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Preuß
authors.affiliation: Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hanover, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hanover, Germany. vonderhaar@iftc.uni-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: von der Haar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hanover, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hanover, Germany. lindner@iftc.uni-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hanover, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hanover, Germany. scheper@iftc.uni-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scheper
authors.affiliation: Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hanover, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hanover, Germany. stahl@iftc.uni-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stahl
keywords: DNA; bioanalytics; bioinformatics; cyanine dye; fluorophore; microarray; photobleaching