title: Recognizing Autoimmune-Mediated Encephalitis in the Differential Diagnosis of Limbic Disorders.
abstract: Limbic encephalitis is far more common than previously thought. It is not always associated with cancer, and it is potentially treatable. Autoantibodies against various neuronal cell antigens may arise independently or in association with cancer and cause autoimmune damage to the limbic system. Neuroimaging plays a key role in the management of patients with suspected limbic encephalitis by supporting diagnosis and excluding differential possibilities. This article describes the main types of autoimmune limbic encephalitis and its mimic disorders, and emphasizes their major imaging features.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M., L.L.F.d.A.), Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M.), Fleury Medicina e Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil renatohn@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: A J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2591-9171
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: da Rocha
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M., L.L.F.d.A.), Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M.), Fleury Medicina e Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil Research Fellow, University of North Carolina (R.H.N.), Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: R H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2483-964X
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M., L.L.F.d.A.), Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M.), Fleury Medicina e Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: A C M
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M., L.L.F.d.A.), Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil Division of Neuroradiology (L.L.F.d.A.), Med Imagem, Hospital da Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: L L F
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: do Amaral
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000175:diagnosis; D050031:Hashimoto Disease / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D020363:Limbic Encephalitis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D059906:Neuroimaging
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies