title: Elimination of Gut Microbes with Antibiotics Confers Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Proteins in Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner).
abstract: Helicoverpa armigera is one of the most important pests worldwide. Transgenic crops with toxin genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been deployed on a large scale to control this pest. The insecticidal activity of Bt is probably influenced by the insect midgut microbes, which vary across crop hosts and locations. Therefore, we examined the role of gut microbes in pathogenicity of Bt toxins in the H. armigera. Antibiotic cocktail was used for the complete elimination of the H. armigera gut microbes. Activated Cry1Ac, Bt formulation, and transgenic cotton resulted in larval weight loss and increase in mortality, but pretreatment of larvae with antibiotic cocktail significantly decreased larval mortality and increased the larval weight gain. Activated Cry1Ac and Bt formulation inhibited the activity of proteases in midgut of H. armigera larvae but showed no such effect in the larvae pretreated with antibiotic cocktail. Five protease bands in activated Cry1Ac and two in Bt formulation-treated larvae were inhibited but no such effect in the larvae pretreated with antibiotic cocktail. Cry1Ac protein was detected in Bt/Cry1Ac protoxin-fed larval gut extract in the absence of antibiotic cocktail, but fewer in larvae pretreated with antibiotic cocktail. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and aminopeptidases increased in larvae fed on Bt toxin, but there was no significant increase in antioxidant enzymes in larvae reared on toxin protein in combination with antibiotic cocktail. The results suggest that gut microbes exercise a significant influence on the toxicity of Cry1Ac and Bt formulation in H. armigera larvae. The implications of these results have been discussed in relation to development of insect resistance to Bt transgenic crops deployed for pest management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, 585 106, India.|Department of Entomology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, 502324, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Visweshwar
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, 502324, India.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, 502324, India.
authors.forename: S M D
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Akbar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, 585 106, India. ksramu@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sreeramulu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007814:Larva / Q000382:microbiology; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis
keywords: Aminopeptidase; Antioxidant enzyme; Bacillus thuringiensis toxin protein; Gut microbes; Helicoverpa armigera; Protease; Resistance development