title: A personal 35 year perspective on Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: prevalence, phenomenology, comorbidities, and coexistent psychopathologies.
abstract: This Series is a personal narrative of my experience with patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and covers its definition and history since the first description in 1825. Controversy entered the prevalence debate early. Although originally considered very rare, in the 1980s, Tourette's syndrome was reported to be common. However, Tourette's syndrome has been shown to occur at a prevalence of about 0·85% to 1%. Tourette's syndrome is more common in the male population, more prominent during childhood, and usually improves, but does not disappear with age. Tourette's syndrome is considered less common in people of sub-Saharan black African, African-American, and American Hispanic ethnic origin. The phenomenology is similar worldwide, indicating a biological basis. The hallmark characteristics are multiple motor and one or more vocal/phonic tics. Other associated features include premonitory urges, a waxing and waning course, and to a much lesser degree, coprolalia. Comorbid disorders are common and are suggested to include obsessive-compulsive disorder and behaviours, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autistic spectrum disorder. Coexistent psychopathologies are suggested to include depression and conduct and personality disorders. Importantly, I argue that Tourette's syndrome is not a unitary condition. Finally, I offer suggestions for future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tourette Clinic, Atkinson Morley Wing, St George's Hospital, London, UK; Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: m.robertson@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Mary M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D015995:Prevalence; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011599:Psychopathology; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000150:complications; D012737:Sex Factors; D020323:Tics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology