title: Removal of disinfection by-product precursors by coagulation and an innovative suspended ion exchange process.
abstract: This investigation aimed to compare the disinfection by-product formation potentials (DBPFPs) of three UK surface waters (1 upland reservoir and 2 lowland rivers) with differing characteristics treated by (a) a full scale conventional process and (b) pilot scale processes using a novel suspended ion exchange (SIX) process and inline coagulation (ILCA) followed by ceramic membrane filtration (CMF). Liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection analysis highlighted clear differences between the organic fractions removed by coagulation and suspended ion exchange. Pretreatments which combined SIX and coagulation resulted in significant reductions in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV absorbance (UVA), trihalomethane and haloacetic acid formation potential (THMFP, HAAFP), in comparison with the SIX or coagulation process alone. Further experiments showed that in addition to greater overall DOC removal, the processes also reduced the concentration of brominated DBPs and selectively removed organic compounds with high DBPFP. The SIX/ILCA/CMF process resulted in additional removals of DOC, UVA, THMFP, HAAFP and brominated DBPs of 50, 62, 62, 62% and 47% respectively compared with conventional treatment.
authors.affiliation: Science and Water Quality Department, South West Water, Exeter, EX27HY, England, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.affiliation: Science and Water Quality Department, South West Water, Exeter, EX27HY, England, UK.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rockey
authors.affiliation: Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jefferson
authors.affiliation: Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK; Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Qatar.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Judd
authors.affiliation: Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK. Electronic address: p.jarvis@cranfield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jarvis
mesh_terms: D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D054879:Halogenation; D007474:Ion Exchange; D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis*; D006113:United Kingdom; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Ceramic membrane filtration; Disinfection by-products; Ion exchange; Natural organic matter