title: The effects of exogenous antioxidant germanium (Ge) on seed germination and growth of Lycium ruthenicum Murr subjected to NaCl stress.
abstract: In this paper, we present the results of a study on the effects of exogenous antioxidant germanium (Ge) on seed germination and seedling growth, and its role as a radical scavenger that regulates related enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), under salt stress. Seeds were incubated in 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mM NaCl to determine the salt tolerance of the Lycium ruthenicum Murr seedlings and from the results, the critical and ultimate salt concentrations were chosen for the next experiment. Subsequently, two treatments (seeds soaked in Ge and Ge added to salt) with four concentrations of GeO2 (0, 5, 10 and 20 μM) were used with the critical (150 mM) and ultimate salt concentrations (250 mM). The results demonstrated that salt alone inhibited seed germination significantly (≥150 mM) and reduced seedling growth (≥200 mM). The addition of exogenous Ge to the salt solution, as well as soaking the seeds in Ge, attenuated the salt stress effects in a manner dependent on the dose of Ge, as indicated by the increased percentage of seeds that germinated and improved seedling growth. The addition of Ge also showed a significant reversal of salt stress on the activities of antioxidant enzymes, with a decrease in SOD and POD activity, but an increase in CAT activity with 150 mM NaCl, and enhancement of SOD, POD and CAT with 250 mM NaCl. Correspondingly, the level of malondialdehyde was decreased significantly by each Ge treatment under salt stress. Further, for L. ruthenicum, adding 10 Ge and seeds soaked in 5 Ge were the most effective treatments. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show the protective effects of exogenous Ge against salt-induced oxidative damage in L. ruthenicum seed germination and seedling growth. Thus, L. ruthenicum can be used in areas with salty soil and Ge can promote the plants' salt tolerance.
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: b Grassland Science Department , China Agricultural University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Long-yu
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qing-mei
authors.initials: QM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ze-ping
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: c Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Duo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D005857:Germanium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects; D032305:Lycium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D055049:Salt Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005857:Germanium; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C040516:germanium oxide; D002374:Catalase; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Germanium; Lycium ruthenicum Murr; NaCl stress; antioxidant; seed germination; seedling growth