title: A review on risk assessment techniques for hydraulic fracturing water and produced water management implemented in onshore unconventional oil and gas production.
abstract: The objective of this paper is to review different risk assessment techniques applicable to onshore unconventional oil and gas production to determine the risks to water quantity and quality associated with hydraulic fracturing and produced water management. Water resources could be at risk without proper management of water, chemicals, and produced water. Previous risk assessments in the oil and gas industry were performed from an engineering perspective leaving aside important social factors. Different risk assessment methods and techniques are reviewed and summarized to select the most appropriate one to perform a holistic and integrated analysis of risks at every stage of the water life cycle. Constraints to performing risk assessment are identified including gaps in databases, which require more advanced techniques such as modeling. Discussions on each risk associated with water and produced water management, mitigation strategies, and future research direction are presented. Further research on risks in onshore unconventional oil and gas will benefit not only the U.S. but also other countries with shale oil and gas resources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
authors.forename: Om Prakash
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA. Electronic address: eakalak.khan@ndsu.edu.
authors.forename: Eakalak
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019652:Extraction and Processing Industry; D000067071:Hydraulic Fracking; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D061329:Oil and Gas Fields; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D014866:Waste Products / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014876:Water Pollution
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D014866:Waste Products
keywords: Hydraulic fracturing; Risk assessment; Unconventional oil and gas production; Water quality and quantity