title: S100B Serum Levels Predict Treatment Response in Patients with Melancholic Depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an ongoing search for biomarkers in psychiatry, for example, as diagnostic tools or predictors of treatment response. The neurotrophic factor S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B) has been discussed as a possible predictor of antidepressant response in patients with major depression, but also as a possible biomarker of an acute depressive state. The aim of the present study was to study the association of serum S100B levels with antidepressant treatment response and depression severity in melancholically depressed inpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a wash-out period of 1 week, 40 inpatients with melancholic depression were treated with either venlafaxine or imipramine. S100B levels and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) scores were assessed at baseline, after 7 weeks of treatment, and after 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with high S100B levels at baseline showed a markedly better treatment response defined as relative reduction in HAM-D scores than those with low baseline S100B levels after 7 weeks (P=.002) and 6 months (P=.003). In linear regression models, S100B was a significant predictor for treatment response at both time points. It is of interest to note that nonresponders were detected with a predictive value of 85% and a false negative rate of 7.5%. S100B levels were not associated with depression severity and did not change with clinical improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low S100B levels predict nonresponse to venlafaxine and imipramine with high precision. Future studies have to show which treatments are effective in patients with low levels of S100B so that this biomarker will help to reduce patients' burden of nonresponding to frequently used antidepressants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany (Dr Ambrée, Ms Grosse, Dr Alferink, Dr Rothermundt, and Dr Arolt); Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Drs Bergink and Birkenhäger); Radiology Morphological Solutions, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Ms Grosse); Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Dr Drexhage); Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany (Dr Alferink); Department of Psychiatry, St. Rochus-Hospital, Telgte, Oberhausen, Germany (Dr Rothermundt). ambree@uni-muenster.de.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ambrée
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany (Dr Ambrée, Ms Grosse, Dr Alferink, Dr Rothermundt, and Dr Arolt); Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Drs Bergink and Birkenhäger); Radiology Morphological Solutions, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Ms Grosse); Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Dr Drexhage); Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany (Dr Alferink); Department of Psychiatry, St. Rochus-Hospital, Telgte, Oberhausen, Germany (Dr Rothermundt).
authors.forename: Veerle
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bergink
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany (Dr Ambrée, Ms Grosse, Dr Alferink, Dr Rothermundt, and Dr Arolt); Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Drs Bergink and Birkenhäger); Radiology Morphological Solutions, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Ms Grosse); Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Dr Drexhage); Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany (Dr Alferink); Department of Psychiatry, St. Rochus-Hospital, Telgte, Oberhausen, Germany (Dr Rothermundt).
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grosse
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany (Dr Ambrée, Ms Grosse, Dr Alferink, Dr Rothermundt, and Dr Arolt); Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Drs Bergink and Birkenhäger); Radiology Morphological Solutions, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Ms Grosse); Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Dr Drexhage); Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany (Dr Alferink); Department of Psychiatry, St. Rochus-Hospital, Telgte, Oberhausen, Germany (Dr Rothermundt).
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alferink
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany (Dr Ambrée, Ms Grosse, Dr Alferink, Dr Rothermundt, and Dr Arolt); Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Drs Bergink and Birkenhäger); Radiology Morphological Solutions, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Ms Grosse); Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Dr Drexhage); Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany (Dr Alferink); Department of Psychiatry, St. Rochus-Hospital, Telgte, Oberhausen, Germany (Dr Rothermundt).
authors.forename: Hemmo A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Drexhage
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany (Dr Ambrée, Ms Grosse, Dr Alferink, Dr Rothermundt, and Dr Arolt); Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Drs Bergink and Birkenhäger); Radiology Morphological Solutions, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Ms Grosse); Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Dr Drexhage); Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany (Dr Alferink); Department of Psychiatry, St. Rochus-Hospital, Telgte, Oberhausen, Germany (Dr Rothermundt).
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rothermundt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany (Dr Ambrée, Ms Grosse, Dr Alferink, Dr Rothermundt, and Dr Arolt); Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Drs Bergink and Birkenhäger); Radiology Morphological Solutions, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Ms Grosse); Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Dr Drexhage); Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany (Dr Alferink); Department of Psychiatry, St. Rochus-Hospital, Telgte, Oberhausen, Germany (Dr Rothermundt).
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Arolt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany (Dr Ambrée, Ms Grosse, Dr Alferink, Dr Rothermundt, and Dr Arolt); Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Drs Bergink and Birkenhäger); Radiology Morphological Solutions, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Ms Grosse); Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Dr Drexhage); Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany (Dr Alferink); Department of Psychiatry, St. Rochus-Hospital, Telgte, Oberhausen, Germany (Dr Rothermundt).
authors.forename: Tom K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Birkenhäger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007099:Imipramine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit / Q000097:blood*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; C579160:S100B protein, human; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride; D007099:Imipramine
keywords: Major depression; antidepressant response; neurotrophic factor; predictive biomarker; treatment resistance