title: Growth Hormone Receptor Antagonist Transgenic Mice Have Increased Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Mass, Altered Glucose Homeostasis and No Change in White Adipose Tissue Cellular Senescence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Growth hormone (GH)-resistant/deficient mice experience improved glucose homeostasis and substantially increased lifespan. Recent evidence suggests that long-lived GH-resistant/deficient mice are protected from white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction, including WAT cellular senescence, impaired adipogenesis and loss of subcutaneous WAT in old age. This preservation of WAT function has been suggested to be a potential mechanism for the extended lifespan of these mice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine WAT senescence, WAT distribution and glucose homeostasis in dwarf GH receptor antagonist (GHA) transgenic mice, a unique mouse strain having decreased GH action but normal longevity.
  
  
  METHODS
  18-month-old female GHA mice and wild-type (WT) littermate controls were used. Prior to dissection, body composition, fasting blood glucose as well as glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed. WAT distribution was determined by weighing four distinct WAT depots at the time of dissection. Cellular senescence in four WAT depots was assessed using senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining to quantify the senescent cell burden, and real-time qPCR to quantify gene expression of senescence markers p16 and IL-6.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GHA mice had a 22% reduction in total body weight, a 33% reduction in lean mass and a 10% increase in body fat percentage compared to WT controls. GHA mice had normal fasting blood glucose and improved insulin sensitivity; however, they exhibited impaired glucose tolerance. Moreover, GHA mice displayed enhanced lipid storage in the inguinal subcutaneous WAT depot (p < 0.05) and a 1.7-fold increase in extra-/intraperitoneal WAT ratio compared to controls (p < 0.05). Measurements of WAT cellular senescence showed no difference between GHA mice and WT controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar to other mice with decreased GH action, female GHA mice display reduced age-related lipid redistribution and improved insulin sensitivity, but no change in cellular senescence. The similar abundance of WAT senescent cells in GHA and control mice suggests that any protection against generation of senescent cells afforded by decreased GH action, low insulin-like growth factor 1 and/or improved insulin sensitivity in the GHA mice may be offset by their severe adiposity, since obesity is known to increase senescence.
authors.affiliation: Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Comisford
authors.forename: Ellen R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Lubbers
authors.forename: Lara A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Householder
authors.forename: Ozan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Suer
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tchkonia
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kirkland
authors.forename: Edward O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: List
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kopchick
authors.forename: Darlene E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Berryman
mesh_terms: D052438:Adipocytes, White; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000235:genetics; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D046150:Laron Syndrome; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011986:Receptors, Somatotropin / Q000235:genetics*; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D011986:Receptors, Somatotropin; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D001616:beta-Galactosidase