title: Identifying Septal Support Reconstructions for Saddle Nose Deformity: The Cakmak Algorithm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The saddle nose deformity is one of the most challenging problems in nasal surgery with a less predictable and reproducible result than other nasal procedures. The main feature of this deformity is loss of septal support with both functional and aesthetic implications. Most reports on saddle nose have focused on aesthetic improvement and neglected the reestablishment of septal support to improve airway.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explain how the Cakmak algorithm, an algorithm that describes various fixation techniques and grafts in different types of saddle nose deformities, aids in identifying saddle nose reconstructions that restore supportive nasal framework and provide the aesthetic improvements typically associated with procedures to correct saddle nose deformities.
  
  
  METHODS
  This algorithm presents septal support reconstruction of patients with saddle nose deformity based on the experience of the senior author in 206 patients with saddle nose deformity. Preoperative examination, intraoperative assessment, reconstruction techniques, graft materials, and patient evaluation of aesthetic success were documented, and 4 different types of saddle nose deformities were defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cakmak algorithm classifies varying degrees of saddle nose deformity from type 0 to type 4 and helps identify the most appropriate surgical procedure to restore the supportive nasal framework and aesthetic dorsum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 206 patients, 110 women and 96 men, mean (range) age was 39.7 years (15-68 years), and mean (range) of follow-up was 32 months (6-148 months). All but 12 patients had a history of previous nasal surgeries. Application of the Cakmak algorithm resulted in 36 patients categorized with type 0 saddle nose deformities; 79, type 1; 50, type 2; 20, type 3a; 7, type 3b; and 14, type 4. Postoperative photographs showed improvement of deformities, and patient surveys revealed aesthetic improvement in 201 patients and improvement in nasal breathing in 195 patients. Three patients developed postoperative infection and 21 patients underwent revision septal surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The goal of saddle nose reconstruction should be not only to restore an aesthetic dorsum but also to restore the supportive nasal framework. The surgeon should provide more projected and strengthened septal support before augmentation of saddle nose deformity to improve breathing and achieve a stable long-term result. The Cakmak algorithm is a mechanism that helps surgeons identify the most effective way to maximize septal support and aesthetic appeal.
  
  
  METHODS
  4.
authors.affiliation: Facial Plastic Surgeon, FACEISTANBUL Private Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozcan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cakmak
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Acibadem University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ismet Emrah
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Emre
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fazil Emre
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Ozkurt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000601:surgery*; D009667:Nose Deformities, Acquired / Q000601:surgery*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012086:Reoperation; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult