title: Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the Mesoamerican endemic freshwater fish family Profundulidae (Cyprinodontiformes: Actinopterygii).
abstract: Freshwater fishes of Profundulidae, which until now was composed of two subgenera, represent one of the few extant fish families endemic to Mesoamerica. In this study we investigated the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the eight recognized extant species (from 37 populations) of Profundulidae using three mitochondrial and one nuclear gene markers (∼2.9 Kbp). We applied a Bayesian species delimitation method as a first approach to resolving speciation patterns within Profundulidae considering two different scenarios, eight-species and twelve-species models, obtained in a previous phylogenetic analysis. Based on our results, each of the two subgenera was resolved as monophyletic, with a remarkable molecular divergence of 24.5% for mtDNA and 7.8% for nDNA uncorrected p distances, and thus we propose that they correspond to separate genera. Moreover, we propose a conservative taxonomic hypothesis with five species within Profundulus and three within Tlaloc, although both eight-species and twelve-species models were highly supported by the bayesian species delimitation analysis, providing additional evidence of higher taxonomic diversity than currently recognized in this family. According to our divergence time estimates, the family originated during the Upper Oligocene 26 Mya, and Profundulus and Tlaloc diverged in the Upper Oligocene or Lower Miocene about 20 Mya.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: fmorcalo@yahoo.es.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morcillo
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Zoología, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Mexico. Electronic address: patriciaornelasg@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Claudia Patricia
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Ornelas-García
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: lourdes@mncn.csic.es.
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alcaraz
authors.affiliation: Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas (UNICACH), Libramiento Norte Poniente 1150, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico. Electronic address: wilmatamoros@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Wilfredo A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Matamoros
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: doadrio@mncn.csic.es.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Doadrio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D003532:Cyprinodontiformes / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D005618:Fresh Water; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D008800:Mexico; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: Killifish; Molecular clock; Phylogeny; Profundulus; Tlaloc