title: Glycaemic control and its associated factors in Chinese adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glycaemic control is a great challenge in the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). There is limited data concerning glycaemic control among adults with T1DM. We used data from the Guangdong T1DM Translational Medicine Study to evaluate glycaemic control and its associated factors in Chinese adults with T1DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional analysis included 827 participants who were 18 years of age or older and had been living with T1DM for at least 1 year. Participants with HbA1c levels <7% were compared against those with HbA1c levels ≥ 7%. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to examine factors associated with glycaemic control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 827 participants, the mean age was 34.2 ± 12.1 years and the median (interquartile range) duration of diabetes was 6.1 (3.4, 10.4) years. The median HbA1c level was 8.5% (7.5%, 10.2%). Only one-fifth of participants had HbA1c levels <7%. Insufficient glycaemic control (HbA1c  ≥ 7%) was strongly associated with infrequent self-monitoring of blood glucose (OR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.14 ~ 1.29, p = 0.000), high insulin dose (OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.07 ~ 1.52, p = 0.006), smoking (OR = 3.11, 95% CI 1.44 ~ 6.72, p = 0.004), low-frequency clinical visits (OR = 2.74, 95% CI 1.47 ~ 5.10, p = 0.001), the presence of diabetic autoantibodies (OR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.07 ~ 2.48, p = 0.022) and low fasting C-peptide (FCP) levels (OR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.01 ~ 1.46, p = 0.049) after adjustment for age at disease onset, education level, household income and diet control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most adult patients with T1DM did not achieve the HbA1c target. Identifying determinants for glycaemic control provides us valuable information to improve glycaemic control in these patients. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Diabetes Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Diabetes Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Daizhi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Diabetes Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Diabetes Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Shuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Diabetes Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xueying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou, China.
authors.forename: Shaoda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
authors.forename: Lishu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, China.
authors.forename: Xiuwei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, China.
authors.forename: Ganxiong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Diabetes Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Diabetes Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Diabetes Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weng
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents
keywords: Chinese; adults; glycaemic control; type 1 diabetes