title: Similar Subgroups Based on Cognitive Performance Parse Heterogeneity in Adults With ADHD and Healthy Controls.
abstract: To characterize heterogeneity in adults with ADHD we aimed to identify subgroups within the adult ADHD spectrum, which differ in their cognitive profile.
  
  
  
  Neuropsychological data from adults with ADHD ( n = 133) and healthy control participants ( n = 132) were used in a confirmatory factor analysis. The resulting six cognitive factors were correlated across participants to form networks. We used a community detection algorithm to cluster these networks into subgroups.
  
  
  
  Both the ADHD and control group separated into three profiles that differed in cognitive performance. Profile 1 was characterized by aberrant attention and inhibition, profile 2 by increased delay discounting, and profile 3 by atypical working memory and verbal fluency.
  
  
  
  Our findings suggest that qualitative differences in neuropsychological performance exist in both control and ADHD adult individuals. This extends prior findings in children with and without ADHD and provides a framework to parse participants into well-defined subgroups.
authors.affiliation: 1 Radboud university medical center, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|2 Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeanette C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mostert
authors.affiliation: 1 Radboud university medical center, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoogman
authors.affiliation: 1 Radboud university medical center, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A Marten H
authors.initials: AMH
authors.lastname: Onnink
authors.affiliation: 3 Radboud university medical center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Rooij
authors.affiliation: 3 Radboud university medical center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: von Rhein
authors.affiliation: 1 Radboud university medical center, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kimm J E
authors.initials: KJE
authors.lastname: van Hulzen
authors.affiliation: 1 Radboud university medical center, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Janneke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dammers
authors.affiliation: 4 Radboud university medical center, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelis C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.affiliation: 4 Radboud university medical center, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|5 Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.affiliation: 2 Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.affiliation: 1 Radboud university medical center, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|3 Radboud university medical center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|4 Radboud university medical center, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D065786:Delay Discounting; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests
keywords: adult ADHD; delay discounting; executive functions; heterogeneity; neuropsychology