title: Disruptions in a cluster of computationally identified enhancers near FOXC1 and GMDS may influence brain development.
abstract: Regulatory elements are more evolutionarily conserved and provide a larger mutational target than coding regions of the human genome, suggesting that mutations in non-coding regions contribute significantly to development and disease. Using a computational approach to predict gene regulatory enhancers, we found that many known and predicted embryonic enhancers cluster in genomic loci harboring development-associated genes. One of the densest clusters of predicted enhancers in the human genome is near the genes GMDS and FOXC1. GMDS encodes a short-chain mannose dehydrogenase enzyme involved in the regulation of hindbrain neural migration, and FOXC1 encodes a developmental transcription factor required for brain, heart, and eye development. We experimentally validate four novel enhancers in this locus and demonstrate that these enhancers show consistent activity during embryonic development in domains that overlap with the expression of FOXC1 and GMDS. These four enhancers contain binding motifs for several transcription factors, including the ZIC family of transcription factors. Removal of the ZIC binding sites significantly alters enhancer activity in three of these enhancers, reducing expression in the eye, hindbrain, and limb, suggesting a mechanism whereby ZIC family members may transcriptionally regulate FOXC1 and/or GMDS expression. Our findings uncover novel enhancer regions that may control transcription in a topological domain important for embryonic development.
authors.affiliation: Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.|Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Genevieve D E
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Haliburton
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriel L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: McKinsey
authors.affiliation: Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. katherine.pollard@gladstone.ucsf.edu.|Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. katherine.pollard@gladstone.ucsf.edu.|Division of Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. katherine.pollard@gladstone.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Katherine S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Pollard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology*; D019295:Computational Biology; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D050437:Genes, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D006836:Hydro-Lyases / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D005810:Multigene Family; D016296:Mutagenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C112743:FOXC1 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; C492123:ZIC1 protein, human; D006836:Hydro-Lyases; C044971:GDPmannose 4,6-dehydratase
keywords: Development; Enhancer; Gene regulation; Transcription factor