title: The larval head anatomy of Rhyacophila (Rhyacophilidae) with discussion on mouthpart homology and the groundplan of Trichoptera.
abstract: The external and internal features of the larval head of Rhyacophila fasciata (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) were described in detail. Anatomical examinations were carried out using a multimethod approach including histology, scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser-scanning microscopy, microcomputed tomography, and computer-based three-dimensional reconstructions. Additionally, the information on the larval head of Limnephilus flavicornis (Limnephilidae) and Hydropsyche angustipennis (Hydropsychidae) available in the literature were reinvestigated. These anatomical data were used to address major questions of homology and terminology, that is, the ventral closure of the head capsule, the sclerites, and appendages of labium and maxilla and their muscles. These topics were discussed by summarizing the main hypotheses present in the literature and a critical inclusion of new findings. Consequently, the inner lobe of the maxilla very likely represents the galea. The distal maxillary sclerite (palpifer) is an anatomical composite formation at least including dististipes and lacinia. Based on these homology hypotheses several potential groundplan features of the larval head of Trichoptera were reconstructed. The head of Rhyacophila shows several presumably plesiomorphic features as for instance the prognath orientation of the mouthparts, the well-developed hypocranial bridge, the triangular submentum and eyes composed of seven stemmata. Derived features of Rhyacophila are the reduced antennae, the anterior directing of three stemmata and the shift of the tentorio-stipital muscle to the mentum.
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum Grindel, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum Grindel, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany.|Centrum für Naturkunde, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum Grindel, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany.|Centrum für Naturkunde, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubiak
authors.affiliation: Institut Für Materialforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Außenstelle am DESY, Hamburg, 22607, Germany.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beckmann
authors.affiliation: Institut Für Materialforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Außenstelle am DESY, Hamburg, 22607, Germany.
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wilde
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007313:Insecta / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification; D007814:Larva / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009132:Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
keywords: Spicipalpia; glands; homology; morphology; musculature; skeleton