title: Representation of continuous hand and arm movements in macaque areas M1, F5, and AIP: a comparative decoding study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the last decade, multiple brain areas have been investigated with respect to their decoding capability of continuous arm or hand movements. So far, these studies have mainly focused on motor or premotor areas like M1 and F5. However, there is accumulating evidence that anterior intraparietal area (AIP) in the parietal cortex also contains information about continuous movement.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we decoded 27 degrees of freedom representing complete hand and arm kinematics during a delayed grasping task from simultaneously recorded activity in areas M1, F5, and AIP of two macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that all three areas provided decoding performances that lay significantly above chance. In particular, M1 yielded highest decoding accuracy followed by F5 and AIP. Furthermore, we provide support for the notion that AIP does not only code categorical visual features of objects to be grasped, but also contains a substantial amount of temporal kinematic information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This fact could be utilized in future developments of neural interfaces restoring hand and arm movements.
authors.affiliation: German Primate Center GmbH, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Veera Katharina
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Menz
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schaffelhofer
authors.forename: Hansjörg
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Scherberger
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity