title: Low frequency of acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections but high past HEV exposure in subjects from Cambodia with mild liver enzyme elevations, unexplained fever or immunodeficiency due to HIV-1 infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Cambodia, previous studies conducted on hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection are scant, sometimes old, and showed inconsistent results. Moreover, there is no data about HEV infection in Cambodian HIV-1-infected patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the occurrence of acute HEV infections and the level of past HEV exposure in one Mekong country.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using anti-HEV IgM and HEV RNA detection, we retrospectively investigated the presence of acute HEV infection in 825 individuals, including 350 subjects with or without fever, 300 subjects with or without liver enzyme elevations (LEE) and 175 antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naïve, severely immunocompromised HIV-1-infected patients. The detection of anti-HEV IgG was also performed to assess ancient HEV exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine individuals tested positive for anti-HEV IgM yielding an overall rate of 1.1% (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.5-2.0). We did not find significant differences for anti-HEV IgM rates between subjects with unexplained fevers (1.5%) and those with malaria or dengue-associated fever (1.7%) or non-febrile individuals (0%) (P=0.49), and between subjects with (1.5%) and without (2.0%) LEE (P=0.87). No HIV-infected patient tested positive for anti-HEV IgM. HEV RNA was not detected in all tested plasma specimens (n=578). Overall, the anti-HEV IgG prevalence rate was 30.1% (95% CI, 27.0-33.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The scarcity of recent HEV infection contrasted with the high level of past HEV exposure. The role of HEV in liver disease is likely minor in Cambodia since no HEV RNA was detected in our studied populations, including HIV-positive patients with severe immunodepression.
authors.affiliation: HIV/Hepatitis Unit, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
authors.forename: Janin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nouhin
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barennes
authors.affiliation: Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Yoann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Madec
authors.affiliation: HIV/Hepatitis Unit, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
authors.forename: Sophearot
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prak
authors.affiliation: Medical Laboratory, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
authors.forename: Serey Vannak
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Medical Laboratory, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kerleguer
authors.affiliation: Malaria Unit, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
authors.forename: Saorin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Immunology Platform, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
authors.forename: Polidy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pean
authors.affiliation: HIV/Hepatitis Unit, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Electronic address: frouet@pasteur-kh.org.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rouet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002160:Cambodia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004798:Enzymes / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D016751:Hepatitis E / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D016752:Hepatitis E virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: Cambodia; HEV