title: Non-coding RNAs: Functions and applications in endocrine-related cancer.
abstract: A significant fraction of the human genome is transcribed as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). This non-coding transcriptome has challenged the notion of the central dogma and its involvement in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression is well established. Interestingly, several ncRNAs are dysregulated in cancer and current non-coding transcriptome research aims to use our increasing knowledge of these ncRNAs for the development of cancer biomarkers and anti-cancer drugs. In endocrine-related cancers, for which survival rates can be relatively low, there is a need for such advancements. In this review, we aimed to summarize the roles and clinical implications of recently discovered ncRNAs, including long ncRNAs, PIWI-interacting RNAs, tRNA- and Y RNA-derived ncRNAs, and small nucleolar RNAs, in endocrine-related cancers affecting both sexes. We focus on recent studies highlighting discoveries in ncRNA biology and expression in cancer, and conclude with a discussion on the challenges and future directions, including clinical application. ncRNAs show great promise as diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets, but further work is necessary to realize the potential of these unconventional transcripts.
authors.affiliation: Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Nitte University, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Thejaswini
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Venkatesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Mangalore 574 199, Karnataka, India. Electronic address: surepadman@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Padmanaban S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Suresh
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tsutsumi
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004701:Endocrine Gland Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020537:RNA, Small Nucleolar / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D020537:RNA, Small Nucleolar
keywords: Endocrine-related cancer; Long non-coding RNA; Non-coding RNA; PIWI-interacting RNA; Small nucleolar RNA; Y RNA; tRNA-derived small RNA