title: Ventilation tube insertion simulation: a literature review and validity assessment of five training models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to identify and investigate the face and content validity of ventilation tube insertion (VTI) training models described in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of literature was carried out to identify articles describing VTI simulators. Feasible models were replicated and assessed by a group of experts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postgraduate simulation centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experts were defined as surgeons who had performed at least 100 VTI on patients. Seventeen experts were participated ensuring sufficient statistical power for analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standardised 18-item Likert-scale questionnaire was used. This addressed face validity (realism), global and task-specific content (suitability of the model for teaching) and curriculum recommendation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search revealed eleven models, of which only five had associated validity data. Five models were found to be feasible to replicate. None of the tested models achieved face or global content validity. Only one model achieved task-specific validity, and hence, there was no agreement on curriculum recommendation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The quality of simulation models is moderate and there is room for improvement. There is a need for new models to be developed or existing ones to be refined in order to construct a more realistic training platform for VTI simulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, East Surrey Hospital, Redhill, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahalingam
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Z
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1294-2527
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Awad
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Tolley
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, East Surrey Hospital, Redhill, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khemani
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003479:Curriculum; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D004521:Educational Measurement; D006801:Humans; D008876:Middle Ear Ventilation / Q000379:methods*; D017145:Models, Educational; D000066908:Simulation Training