title: Sound Source Localization and Speech Understanding in Complex Listening Environments by Single-sided Deaf Listeners After Cochlear Implantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess improvements in sound source localization and speech understanding in complex listening environments after unilateral cochlear implantation for single-sided deafness (SSD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonrandomized, open, prospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine subjects with a unilateral cochlear implant (CI) for SSD (SSD-CI) were tested. Reference groups for the task of sound source localization included young (n = 45) and older (n = 12) normal-hearing (NH) subjects and 27 bilateral CI (BCI) subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unilateral cochlear implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sound source localization was tested with 13 loudspeakers in a 180 arc in front of the subject. Speech understanding was tested with the subject seated in an 8-loudspeaker sound system arrayed in a 360-degree pattern. Directionally appropriate noise, originally recorded in a restaurant, was played from each loudspeaker. Speech understanding in noise was tested using the Azbio sentence test and sound source localization quantified using root mean square error.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All CI subjects showed poorer-than-normal sound source localization. SSD-CI subjects showed a bimodal distribution of scores: six subjects had scores near the mean of those obtained by BCI subjects, whereas three had scores just outside the 95th percentile of NH listeners. Speech understanding improved significantly in the restaurant environment when the signal was presented to the side of the CI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cochlear implantation for SSD can offer improved speech understanding in complex listening environments and improved sound source localization in both children and adults. On tasks of sound source localization, SSD-CI patients typically perform as well as BCI patients and, in some cases, achieve scores at the upper boundary of normal performance.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington †Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona ‡Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Zeitler
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dorman
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Natale
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Loiselle
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Yost
authors.forename: Rene H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gifford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001307:Auditory Perception; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D019929:Cochlear Implantation; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D003638:Deafness / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D046088:Hearing Loss, Unilateral / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009622:Noise; D019986:Persons with Hearing Disabilities; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013017:Sound Localization; D013060:Speech; D013067:Speech Perception; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult