title: Effects of activated carbon ageing in three PCB contaminated sediments: Sorption efficiency and secondary effects on Lumbriculus variegatus.
abstract: The sorption efficiency and possible secondary effects of activated carbon (AC) (ø 63-200 μm) was studied with Lumbriculus variegatus in three PCB contaminated sediments applying long AC-sediment contact time (3 years). AC amendment efficiently reduced PCB bioavailability as determined with both, L. variegatus bioaccumulation test and passive samplers. However, dose related secondary effects of AC on egestion rate and biomass were observed (applied doses 0.25% and 2.5% sediment dry weight). The sorption capacity and secondary effects remained similar when the experiments were repeated after three years of AC-sediment contact time. Further, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples revealed morphological changes in the L. variegatus gut wall microvilli layer. Sediment properties affected both sorption efficiency and secondary effects, but 2.5% AC addition had significant effects regardless of the sediment. In, conclusion, AC is an efficient and stable sorbent to decrease the bioavailability of PCBs. However, sediment dwelling organisms, such as Oligochaete worms in this study, may be sensitive to the carbon amendments. The secondary effects and possible morphological changes in benthic organisms should not be overlooked as in many cases they form the basis of the aquatic food webs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland. Electronic address: inna.nybom@uef.fi.
authors.forename: Inna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nybom
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland.
authors.forename: Greta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Waissi-Leinonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland.
authors.forename: Kimmo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mäenpää
authors.affiliation: Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment Group, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Matti T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Leppänen
authors.affiliation: University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Jussi V K
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Kukkonen
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland.
authors.forename: Jarkko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Akkanen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002606:Charcoal; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
keywords: Activated carbon; PCBs; PDMS method; Sediment remediation; Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)