title: Different outcomes of never-treated and treated patients with schizophrenia: 14-year follow-up study in rural China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The long-term outcome of never-treated patients with schizophrenia is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the 14-year outcomes of never-treated and treated patients with schizophrenia and to establish predictors for never being treated.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants with schizophrenia (n = 510) in Xinjin, Chengdu, China were identified in an epidemiological investigation of 123 572 people and followed up from 1994 to 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that there were 30.6%, 25.0% and 20.4% of patients who received no antipsychotic medication in 1994, 2004 and 2008 respectively. Compared with treated patients, those who were never treated in 2008 were significantly older, had significantly fewer family members, had higher rates of homelessness, death from other causes, being unmarried, living alone, being without a caregiver and poor family attitudes. Partial and complete remission in treated patients (57.3%) was significantly higher than that in the never-treated group (29.8%). Predictors of being in the never-treated group in 2008 encompassed baseline never-treated status, being without a caregiver and poor mental health status in 1994.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many patients with schizophrenia still do not receive antipsychotic medication in rural areas of China. The 14-year follow-up showed that outcomes for the untreated group were worse. Community-based mental healthcare, health insurance and family intervention are crucial for earlier diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation in the community.
authors.affiliation: Mao-Sheng Ran, MMed, PhD, Xue Weng, BSW, Cecilia Lai-Wan Chan, PhD, Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Eric Yu-Hai Chen, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Cui-Ping Tang, RN, Fu-Rong Lin, MD, Xinjin Mental Hospital, Xinjin, Chengdu, China; Wen-Jun Mao, MD, Shi-Hui Hu, MD, Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, China; Yue-Qin Huang, PhD, Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Meng-Ze Xiang, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Sichuan University, China msran@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Mao-Sheng
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ran
authors.affiliation: Mao-Sheng Ran, MMed, PhD, Xue Weng, BSW, Cecilia Lai-Wan Chan, PhD, Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Eric Yu-Hai Chen, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Cui-Ping Tang, RN, Fu-Rong Lin, MD, Xinjin Mental Hospital, Xinjin, Chengdu, China; Wen-Jun Mao, MD, Shi-Hui Hu, MD, Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, China; Yue-Qin Huang, PhD, Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Meng-Ze Xiang, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Sichuan University, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.affiliation: Mao-Sheng Ran, MMed, PhD, Xue Weng, BSW, Cecilia Lai-Wan Chan, PhD, Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Eric Yu-Hai Chen, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Cui-Ping Tang, RN, Fu-Rong Lin, MD, Xinjin Mental Hospital, Xinjin, Chengdu, China; Wen-Jun Mao, MD, Shi-Hui Hu, MD, Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, China; Yue-Qin Huang, PhD, Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Meng-Ze Xiang, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Sichuan University, China.
authors.forename: Cecilia Lai-Wan
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Mao-Sheng Ran, MMed, PhD, Xue Weng, BSW, Cecilia Lai-Wan Chan, PhD, Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Eric Yu-Hai Chen, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Cui-Ping Tang, RN, Fu-Rong Lin, MD, Xinjin Mental Hospital, Xinjin, Chengdu, China; Wen-Jun Mao, MD, Shi-Hui Hu, MD, Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, China; Yue-Qin Huang, PhD, Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Meng-Ze Xiang, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Sichuan University, China.
authors.forename: Eric Yu-Hai
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Mao-Sheng Ran, MMed, PhD, Xue Weng, BSW, Cecilia Lai-Wan Chan, PhD, Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Eric Yu-Hai Chen, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Cui-Ping Tang, RN, Fu-Rong Lin, MD, Xinjin Mental Hospital, Xinjin, Chengdu, China; Wen-Jun Mao, MD, Shi-Hui Hu, MD, Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, China; Yue-Qin Huang, PhD, Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Meng-Ze Xiang, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Sichuan University, China.
authors.forename: Cui-Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Mao-Sheng Ran, MMed, PhD, Xue Weng, BSW, Cecilia Lai-Wan Chan, PhD, Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Eric Yu-Hai Chen, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Cui-Ping Tang, RN, Fu-Rong Lin, MD, Xinjin Mental Hospital, Xinjin, Chengdu, China; Wen-Jun Mao, MD, Shi-Hui Hu, MD, Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, China; Yue-Qin Huang, PhD, Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Meng-Ze Xiang, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Sichuan University, China.
authors.forename: Fu-Rong
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Mao-Sheng Ran, MMed, PhD, Xue Weng, BSW, Cecilia Lai-Wan Chan, PhD, Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Eric Yu-Hai Chen, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Cui-Ping Tang, RN, Fu-Rong Lin, MD, Xinjin Mental Hospital, Xinjin, Chengdu, China; Wen-Jun Mao, MD, Shi-Hui Hu, MD, Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, China; Yue-Qin Huang, PhD, Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Meng-Ze Xiang, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Sichuan University, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Jun
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Mao-Sheng Ran, MMed, PhD, Xue Weng, BSW, Cecilia Lai-Wan Chan, PhD, Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Eric Yu-Hai Chen, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Cui-Ping Tang, RN, Fu-Rong Lin, MD, Xinjin Mental Hospital, Xinjin, Chengdu, China; Wen-Jun Mao, MD, Shi-Hui Hu, MD, Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, China; Yue-Qin Huang, PhD, Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Meng-Ze Xiang, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Sichuan University, China.
authors.forename: Shi-Hui
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Mao-Sheng Ran, MMed, PhD, Xue Weng, BSW, Cecilia Lai-Wan Chan, PhD, Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Eric Yu-Hai Chen, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Cui-Ping Tang, RN, Fu-Rong Lin, MD, Xinjin Mental Hospital, Xinjin, Chengdu, China; Wen-Jun Mao, MD, Shi-Hui Hu, MD, Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, China; Yue-Qin Huang, PhD, Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Meng-Ze Xiang, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Sichuan University, China.
authors.forename: Yue-Qin
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Mao-Sheng Ran, MMed, PhD, Xue Weng, BSW, Cecilia Lai-Wan Chan, PhD, Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Eric Yu-Hai Chen, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Cui-Ping Tang, RN, Fu-Rong Lin, MD, Xinjin Mental Hospital, Xinjin, Chengdu, China; Wen-Jun Mao, MD, Shi-Hui Hu, MD, Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, China; Yue-Qin Huang, PhD, Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Meng-Ze Xiang, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Sichuan University, China.
authors.forename: Meng-Ze
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Xiang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002423:Cause of Death; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents