title: Repeated Witnessing of Conspecifics in Pain: Effects on Emotional Contagion.
abstract: Witnessing of conspecifics in pain has been shown to elicit socially triggered freezing in rodents. It is unknown how robust this response is to repeated exposure to a cage-mate experiencing painful stimulation. To address this question, shock-experienced Observer rats repeatedly witnessed familiar Demonstrators receive painful footshocks (six sessions). Results confirm that Observers freeze during the first testing session. The occurrence of this behaviour however gradually diminished as the experimental sessions progressed, reaching minimal freezing levels by the end of the experiments. In contrast, the appearance and continuous increase in the frequency of yawning, a behavior that was inhibited by metyrapone (i.e,. a glucocorticoid synthesis blocker), might represent an alternative coping strategy, suggesting that the observer's reduced freezing does not necessarily indicate a disappearance in the affective response to the Demonstrator's distress.
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the KNAW, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carrillo
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the KNAW, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Migliorati
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the KNAW, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bruls
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the KNAW, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the KNAW, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heinemans
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the KNAW, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Earth and Life Sciences, VU university, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ilanah
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pruis
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the KNAW, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gazzola
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the KNAW, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keysers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004644:Emotions; D046352:Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D015000:Yawning