title: Automated lesion detectors in retinal fundus images.
abstract: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight-threatening condition occurring in persons with diabetes, which causes progressive damage to the retina. The early detection and diagnosis of DR is vital for saving the vision of diabetic persons. The early signs of DR which appear on the surface of the retina are the dark lesions such as microaneurysms (MAs) and hemorrhages (HEMs), and bright lesions (BLs) such as exudates. In this paper, we propose a novel automated system for the detection and diagnosis of these retinal lesions by processing retinal fundus images. We devise appropriate binary classifiers for these three different types of lesions. Some novel contextual/numerical features are derived, for each lesion type, depending on its inherent properties. This is performed by analysing several wavelet bands (resulting from the isotropic undecimated wavelet transform decomposition of the retinal image green channel) and by using an appropriate combination of Hessian multiscale analysis, variational segmentation and cartoon+texture decomposition. The proposed methodology has been validated on several medical datasets, with a total of 45,770 images, using standard performance measures such as sensitivity and specificity. The individual performance, per frame, of the MA detector is 93% sensitivity and 89% specificity, of the HEM detector is 86% sensitivity and 90% specificity, and of the BL detector is 90% sensitivity and 97% specificity. Regarding the collective performance of these binary detectors, as an automated screening system for DR (meaning that a patient is considered to have DR if it is a positive patient for at least one of the detectors) it achieves an average 95-100% of sensitivity and 70% of specificity at a per patient basis. Furthermore, evaluation conducted on publicly available datasets, for comparison with other existing techniques, shows the promising potential of the proposed detectors.
authors.affiliation: CMUC, Department of Mathematics, University of Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: isabelf@mat.uc.pt.
authors.forename: I N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Sciences, National Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110040, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Retmarker, Coimbra, Portugal; Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Retmarker, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and ICES, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Engquist
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000783:Aneurysm / Q000473:pathology; D001331:Automation; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005122:Exudates and Transudates; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D058067:Wavelet Analysis
keywords: Bright lesion detector; Cartoon+texture decomposition; Computer-aided diagnosis; Hemorrhage detector; Microaneurysm detector; Multiscale analysis; Retinal fundus image; Variational segmentation; Wavelets