title: Level of constraint in revision knee arthroplasty.
abstract: Revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the setting of major bone deficiency and/or soft tissue laxity might require increasing levels of constraint to restore knee stability. However, increasing the level of constraint not always correlates with mid-to-long-term satisfactory results. Recently, modular components as tantalum cones and titanium sleeves have been introduced to the market with the goal of obtaining better fixation where bone deficiency is an issue; theoretically, satisfactory meta-diaphyseal fixation can reduce the mechanical stress at the level of the joint line, reducing the need for high levels of constraint. This article reviews the recent literature on the surgical management of the unstable TKA with the goal to propose a modern surgical algorithm for adult reconstruction surgeons.
authors.affiliation: Breyer Center for Overseas Studies, Stanford University in Florence, Stanford, CA, USA. pindelli@stanford.edu.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. pindelli@stanford.edu.|VA Palo Alto HCS, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA. pindelli@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Pier Francesco
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Indelli
authors.affiliation: Breyer Center for Overseas Studies, Stanford University in Florence, Stanford, CA, USA.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.|VA Palo Alto HCS, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Giori
authors.affiliation: Breyer Center for Overseas Studies, Stanford University in Florence, Stanford, CA, USA.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.|VA Palo Alto HCS, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maloney
keywords: Flexion/extension balance; Knee instability; Knee reconstruction; Total knee arthroplasty