title: Custom fit 3D-printed brain holders for comparison of histology with MRI in marmosets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MRI has the advantage of sampling large areas of tissue and locating areas of interest in 3D space in both living and ex vivo systems, whereas histology has the ability to examine thin slices of ex vivo tissue with high detail and specificity. Although both are valuable tools, it is currently difficult to make high-precision comparisons between MRI and histology due to large differences inherent to the techniques. A method combining the advantages would be an asset to understanding the pathological correlates of MRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  3D-printed brain holders were used to maintain marmoset brains in the same orientation during acquisition of ex vivo MRI and pathologic cutting of the tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of maintaining this same orientation show that sub-millimeter, discrete neuropathological features in marmoset brain consistently share size, shape, and location between histology and ex vivo MRI, which facilitates comparison with serial imaging acquired in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Existing methods use computational approaches sensitive to data input in order to warp histologic images to match large-scale features on MRI, but the new method requires no warping of images, due to a preregistration accomplished in the technique, and is insensitive to data formatting and artifacts in both MRI and histology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The simple method of using 3D-printed brain holders to match brain orientation during pathologic sectioning and MRI acquisition enables rapid and precise comparison of small features seen on MRI to their underlying histology.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, 10 Center Drive MSC 1400, Building 10 Room 5C103, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States. Electronic address: joseph.guy@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, 10 Center Drive MSC 1400, Building 10 Room 5C103, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States. Electronic address: pascal.sati@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sati
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, 10 Center Drive MSC 1400, Building 10 Room 5C103, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States. Electronic address: leibovitchel@ninds.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leibovitch
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, 10 Center Drive MSC 1400, Building 10 Room 5C103, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States. Electronic address: JacobsonS@ninds.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, 49 Convent Drive MSC 1065 Building 49 Room 3A72, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States. Electronic address: SilvaA@ninds.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Afonso C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, 10 Center Drive MSC 1400, Building 10 Room 5C103, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States. Electronic address: reichds@ninds.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Reich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D002144:Callithrix / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005404:Fixatives; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006652:Histological Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional
chemical_list: D005404:Fixatives; D005557:Formaldehyde
keywords: 3D printing; EAE; Ex vivo; Histology; MRI; Marmoset