title: Effects of Running on Chronic Diseases and Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality.
abstract: Considerable evidence has established the link between high levels of physical activity (PA) and all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-specific mortality. Running is a popular form of vigorous PA that has been associated with better overall survival, but there is debate about the dose-response relationship between running and CVD and all-cause survival. In this review, we specifically reviewed studies published in PubMed since 2000 that included at least 500 runners and 5-year follow-up so as to analyze the relationship between vigorous aerobic PA, specifically running, and major health consequences, especially CVD and all-cause mortality. We also made recommendations on the optimal dose of running associated with protection against CVD and premature mortality, as well as briefly discuss the potential cardiotoxicity of a high dose of aerobic exercise, including running (eg, marathons).
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA. Electronic address: clavie@ochsner.org.
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lavie
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, College of Human Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames.
authors.forename: Duck-chul
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sui
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago.
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arena
authors.affiliation: Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO.
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: O'Keefe
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA.
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Church
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA.
authors.forename: Richard V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Milani
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
authors.forename: Steven N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Blair
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D061213:Mortality, Premature; D009043:Motor Activity; D012420:Running