title: Current density imaging sequence for monitoring current distribution during delivery of electric pulses in irreversible electroporation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electroporation is gaining its importance in everyday clinical practice of cancer treatment. For its success it is extremely important that coverage of the target tissue, i.e. treated tumor, with electric field is within the specified range. Therefore, an efficient tool for the electric field monitoring in the tumor during delivery of electroporation pulses is needed. The electric field can be reconstructed by the magnetic resonance electric impedance tomography method from current density distribution data. In this study, the use of current density imaging with MRI for monitoring current density distribution during delivery of irreversible electroporation pulses was demonstrated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a modified single-shot RARE sequence, where four 3000 V and 100 μs long pulses were included at the start, current distribution between a pair of electrodes inserted in a liver tissue sample was imaged. Two repetitions of the sequence with phases of refocusing radiofrequency pulses 90° apart were needed to acquire one current density image. For each sample in total 45 current density images were acquired to follow a standard protocol for irreversible electroporation where 90 electric pulses are delivered at 1 Hz.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acquired current density images showed that the current density in the middle of the sample increased from first to last electric pulses by 60%, i.e. from 8 kA/m2 to 13 kA/m2 and that direction of the current path did not change with repeated electric pulses significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented single-shot RARE-based current density imaging sequence was used successfully to image current distribution during delivery of short high-voltage electric pulses. The method has a potential to enable monitoring of tumor coverage by electric field during irreversible electroporation tissue ablation.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Serša
authors.forename: Matej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kranjc
authors.forename: Damijan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miklavčič
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D018274:Electroporation / Q000379:methods*; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging