title: Opioid Prescribing Laws and Emergency Department Guidelines for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain in Washington State.
abstract: Rising mortality rates, increased opioid prescription abuse, and a perceived need to provide practitioners with structured guidance in opioid prescribing have prompted the Washington State Legislature to establish new legal standards of practice regarding chronic non-cancer pain management. Clinicians are required to conduct a detailed physical examination and health history prior to treatment. Risk assessments for abuse and detailed periodic reviews of treatment are required at least every 6 months. Those considered "high risk" or who have significant psychiatric comorbidities will be required to sign and follow a written agreement or pain contract, obtain their pain prescriptions from a single provider, and submit to biological drug screening. Unless an exemption exists, patients prescribed > 120 mg of morphine-equivalents daily, considered severe pain nonresponders, necessitating dosage escalation, diagnosed with multifaceted mental health-related comorbidities, demonstrating diagnostic ambiguity, and/or requiring significant treatment individualization are referred to a pain specialist. Episodic care settings should refrain from supplying opioids to chronic pain patients whenever possible. The ER is for Emergencies coalition instituted the Seven Best Practices program throughout the state to reduce unnecessary visits, coordinate prescribing practice, reduce Medicaid expenditures, and improve overall patient care. The state reported approximately $33.65 million in savings in 2013 through the use of these practices and converting Medicaid participants from fee-for-service to managed care plans. Similar legislation to complement clinical practice guidelines is expected to be enacted in other states. It is vital that practitioners comprehend the new guidelines and make appropriate adjustments in their opioid prescribing habits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Skaer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Azuka C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Nwude
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000592:standards*; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007880:Legislation, Drug / Q000639:trends*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000639:trends*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D014861:Washington
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: best practices; chronic pain; emergency department prescribing; medical legal; opioid agreement; opioid analgesics; pain contract; pain specialist; practice management