title: Quantitative Sonographic Texture Analysis in Preterm Neonates With White Matter Injury: Correlation of Texture Features With White Matter Injury Severity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the texture features on cranial sonography in preterm neonates with white matter injury quantitatively and to correlate these features with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 33 preterm neonates treated in our neonatal intensive care unit who underwent serial cranial sonography and brain MRI near term. Patients were subdivided into 3 groups according to the presence and severity of white matter injury as revealed by MRI: normal (group 1; n = 20), mild (group 2; n = 5), and severe (group 3; n = 8). The periventricular echogenicity on sonography was evaluated quantitatively with second-order gray-level statistics (gray-level co-occurrence matrix [GLCM] method). Four GLCM texture features representing homogeneity were extracted in 12 directions: (1) angular second moment (ASM), (2) inverse differential moment (IDM), (3) contrast, and (4) entropy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty of 48 features showed a statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 3 (ASM in 9 directions, IDM in 6 directions, contrast in 3 directions, and entropy in all 12 directions). There were no significant differences observed between groups 1 and 2 or groups 2 and 3. The mean contrast and entropy values were generally lower in group 1 than group 3, whereas the mean ASM and IDM values were higher in group 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe white matter injury could be identified by using GLCM texture analysis, whereas mild white matter injury observed on MRI could not be evaluated by GLCM analysis. Quantitative texture analysis using the GLCM may serve as a complementary tool for quantitative assessment of periventricular echogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (S.K.Y., Y.H.C., J-E.C., I.-O.K., W.-S.K., S.M.L., H.-H.C.); Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J-E.C., I.-O.K., W.-S.K.); and Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (S.J.P.).
authors.forename: Sun Kyoung
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (S.K.Y., Y.H.C., J-E.C., I.-O.K., W.-S.K., S.M.L., H.-H.C.); Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J-E.C., I.-O.K., W.-S.K.); and Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (S.J.P.). iater@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Young Hun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (S.K.Y., Y.H.C., J-E.C., I.-O.K., W.-S.K., S.M.L., H.-H.C.); Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J-E.C., I.-O.K., W.-S.K.); and Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (S.J.P.).
authors.forename: Sang Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (S.K.Y., Y.H.C., J-E.C., I.-O.K., W.-S.K., S.M.L., H.-H.C.); Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J-E.C., I.-O.K., W.-S.K.); and Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (S.J.P.).
authors.forename: Jung-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cheon
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (S.K.Y., Y.H.C., J-E.C., I.-O.K., W.-S.K., S.M.L., H.-H.C.); Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J-E.C., I.-O.K., W.-S.K.); and Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (S.J.P.).
authors.forename: In-One
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (S.K.Y., Y.H.C., J-E.C., I.-O.K., W.-S.K., S.M.L., H.-H.C.); Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J-E.C., I.-O.K., W.-S.K.); and Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (S.J.P.).
authors.forename: Woo-Sun
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (S.K.Y., Y.H.C., J-E.C., I.-O.K., W.-S.K., S.M.L., H.-H.C.); Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J-E.C., I.-O.K., W.-S.K.); and Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (S.J.P.).
authors.forename: So Mi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (S.K.Y., Y.H.C., J-E.C., I.-O.K., W.-S.K., S.M.L., H.-H.C.); Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J-E.C., I.-O.K., W.-S.K.); and Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (S.J.P.).
authors.forename: Hyun-Hae
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D056784:Leukoencephalopathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*; D066127:White Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: gray-level co-occurrence matrix; pediatric ultrasound; periventricular leukomalacia; quantitative analysis; sonography; white matter injury