title: Type 2 immunity-dependent reduction of segmented filamentous bacteria in mice infected with the helminthic parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dynamic interactions between the host and gastrointestinal microbiota play an important role for local and systemic immune homeostasis. Helminthic parasites modulate the host immune response, resulting in protection against autoimmune disease but also increased susceptibility to pathogen infection. The underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed that the type 2 immune response to enteric Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in mice was associated with altered intestinal mucin and AMP expression and shifts in microbiota composition. Most strikingly, infection reduced concentrations of intestinal segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), known inducers of T helper 17 cells, and IL-17-associated gene expression. Infected mice deficient in IL-13 or STAT6 did not reduce SFB or IL-17, and exogenous IL-25 replicated the effects of parasite infection in wild type mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that parasite infection acts through host type 2 immunity to reduce intestinal SFB and expression of IL-17, providing an example of a microbiota-dependent immune modulation by parasites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. w.florian.fricke@uni-hohenheim.de.|Department of Nutrigenomics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. w.florian.fricke@uni-hohenheim.de.
authors.forename: W Florian
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Fricke
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
authors.forename: An-Jiang
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Viktoriya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grinchuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mongodin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Chenlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
authors.forename: Nonghua
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Terez
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shea-Donohue
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. azhao@mbrc.umaryland.edu.
authors.forename: Aiping
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology*; D015415:Biomarkers; D015870:Gene Expression; D007109:Immunity; D056747:Immunomodulation; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D009077:Mucins / Q000378:metabolism; D009559:Nippostrongylus; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017206:Strongylida Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D015415:Biomarkers; D018793:Interleukin-13; D020381:Interleukin-17; D009077:Mucins; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor