title: Use of parenteral caffeinum natrio-benzoicum: an underestimated risk factor for HCV transmission in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fuyu city in China has a high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection resulting in a high morbidity and mortality from chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. This study was conducted to identify the risk factors for HCV infection in Fuyu city.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recruitment of study subjects involved a cross-sectional survey using non-random, convenience sampling. Information on demographic variables, risk factors for HCV infection, clinical manifestations, behavioral practices and family history was collected by administering a questionnaire. Anti-HCV antibody was detected using Abbott ARCHITECT i2000SR. HCV infection was confirmed by HCV-RNA testing by the Roche Taqman HCV test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the factors associated with HCV infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 3,228 persons that participated in the survey, 3,219 were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of HCV infection was 42.1 % (1355/3219). Among 734 patients with chronic HCV infection whose HCV-RNA genotyping was performed, genotype 1b was the most common (58.0 %), followed by genotype 2a (40.2 %), while co-infection with genotypes 1b and 2a was detected in 1.8 % of the subjects. On univariate analysis, male gender, older age, parenteral caffeinum natrio-benzoicum and share syringes (PCNBSS), and nine other factors were significantly associated with HCV infection. After adjusting for potential confounders, male gender, old age, cigarette smoking, lower education level, history of blood transfusion, blood donation, prior dental surgery, and PCNBSS were found to be independently associated with HCV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of HCV infection is likely to be high among residents in Fuyu and we observed that genotypes 1b and 2a dominated in the city. Our findings support the hypothesis that PCNBSS which became endemic in Fuyu city during 1970s-1980s is strongly associated with HCV positivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China. hongqinxu11@163.com.|Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, No.519 Dongminzhu Street, Changchun, 130061, China. hongqinxu11@163.com.
authors.forename: Hongqin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China. fishyuge@163.com.
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China. 13578711604@163.com.
authors.forename: Haibo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China. 15943021175@163.com.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China. lndlwml@163.com.
authors.forename: Moli
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China. kongfei531@163.com.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China. mingyuanzhang@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Mingyuan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China. xiumeichi@hotmail.com.|Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, No.519 Dongminzhu Street, Changchun, 130061, China. xiumeichi@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Xiumei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China. xiaomei_wang2010@163.com.|Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, No.519 Dongminzhu Street, Changchun, 130061, China. xiaomei_wang2010@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiaomei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China. wuruihong1984@163.com.|Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, No.519 Dongminzhu Street, Changchun, 130061, China. wuruihong1984@163.com.
authors.forename: Ruihong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China. Leona.1985@163.com.|Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, No.519 Dongminzhu Street, Changchun, 130061, China. Leona.1985@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiuzhu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China. jzhong@sibs.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China. bsun@sibs.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, No. 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China. jiangjing19702000@jlu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China. yupan20000@163.com.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China. junqiniu@aliyun.com.|Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, No.519 Dongminzhu Street, Changchun, 130061, China. junqiniu@aliyun.com.|Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, No.519 Dongminzhu Street, Changchun, 130061, China. junqiniu@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Junqi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Niu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000235:genetics*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016485:Needle Sharing; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D020160:Sodium Benzoate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies; D002110:Caffeine; D020160:Sodium Benzoate