title: In vitro evaluation of peri-implantitis treatment modalities on Saos-2osteoblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mechanical treatment of the implant surface through surgical approach is recommended to control peri-implantitis. Few conclusive data exist about the physical and chemical properties of treated titanium surfaces and their biocompatibility towards osteoblasts. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate four clinical procedures: plastic curette, air-abrasive device (Perio-Flow(®) ), titanium brush (Ti-Brush(®) ) and implantoplasty in terms of biocompatibility and osteogenic effect when cultured with Saos2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Titanium disks were treated with plastic curette, air-abrasive device (Perio-Flow(®) ), titanium brush (Ti-Brush(®) ) and implantoplasty. Their surface microtopography (SEM), chemical composition (EDX) and wettability were evaluated. After seeding with Saos-2, cell morphology (1 h, 24 h), viability (three and 6 days) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteocalcin (OCN) production (7 days) were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control, plastic curette, Perio-Flow(®) and Ti-Brush(®) groups presented complex microstructures including craters and micropits, whereas the implantoplasty group appeared much smoother (SEM). Titanium, oxygen, aluminium and carbon were identified as the main components in all disks with a decrease in the percentage of oxygen, carbon and an increase in the percentage of titanium in the implantoplasty group (EDX). Implantoplasty disks were also significantly more hydrophilic than the other ones, whose surfaces appeared hydrophobic. Saos-2 showed no morphological difference at 1 h. At 24 h, they appeared round shaped in all groups, except the implantoplasty group where the cells appeared stretched and elongated. Viability was similar in all groups, but significantly higher in the Perio-Flow(®) than the control group at day six. ALP, OPG and OCN protein expression at 7 days was similar in all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although implantoplasty was the only modality to modify the titanium surface morphology, composition and wettability, all treatment modalities promoted ALP, OPG and OCN production and appeared as valid approaches in terms of biocompatibility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Selena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toma
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lasserre
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Michel C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Brecx
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Morphology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nyssen-Behets
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000378:metabolism; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000378:metabolism; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000601:surgery*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D015675:Osteocalcin; D014025:Titanium
keywords: biomaterials; bone implant interactions; periodontology