title: Strategies for treatment of dystonia.
abstract: Treatment of dystonias is generally symptomatic. To produce sufficient therapy effects, therefore, frequently a multimodal and interdisciplinary therapeutic approach becomes necessary, combining botulinum toxin therapy, deep brain stimulation, oral antidystonic drugs, adjuvant drugs and rehabilitation therapy including physiotherapy, occupational therapy, re-training, speech therapy, psychotherapy and sociotherapy. This review presents the recommendations of the IAB-Interdisciplinary Working Group for Movement Disorders Special Task Force on Interdisciplinary Treatment of Dystonia. It reviews the different therapeutic modalities and outlines a strategy to adapt them to the dystonia localisation and severity of the individual patient. Hints to emerging and future therapies will be given.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany. dressler.dirk@mh-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dressler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Eckart
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Altenmueller
authors.affiliation: Chulalongkorn Centre for Excellence on Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Roongroj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhidayasiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bohlega
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios de Trastornos del Movimiento, University of Santiago, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chana
authors.affiliation: Hospital Sao Joaquim Beneficencia Portuguesa, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tae Mo
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frucht
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Pedro J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Garcia-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Neurocentro della Svizzera Italiana, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaelin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryuji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaji
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kanovsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Ear-, Nose and Throat, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laskawi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Micheli
authors.affiliation: Clinic 'Cecil Plus', Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Orlova
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Relja
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosales
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological-Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Jaroslaw
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slawek
authors.affiliation: Scientific Research Institute of Neurology, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Timerbaeva
authors.affiliation: Reta Lila Weston Institute, University College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Thomas T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.affiliation: IAB-Interdisciplinary Working Group for Movement Disorders, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Fereshte Adib
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Saberi
mesh_terms: D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans
keywords: Antidystonic drugs; Botulinum toxin; Deep brain stimulation; Dystonia; Interdisciplinary approach; Multimodal therapies; Rehabilitation therapy; Treatment strategies