title: Diagnosis and treatment of foetal heart failure: foetal echocardiography and foetal hydrops.
abstract: Foetal echocardiography has progressed to be able to diagnose many forms of CHD and to assess the prognosis of cardiac lesions based on their anatomy and presentation in utero. This article outlines a straightforward method for the rapid evaluation of foetus that may have congestive heart failure with or without hydrops and for the differentiation of the pre-hydropic state from normal. The presence of signs of foetal heart failure, such as cardiomegaly or valvular regurgitation, gives clues to the aetiology of hydrops. The assessment of the prognosis of hydrops foetalis can be difficult but can be aided by the use of the cardiovascular profile score. Once identified, the neurohumoral effects of foetal heart failure can be ameliorated using transplacental digoxin if the hydrops has not progressed.
authors.affiliation: 1Perinatal Cardiology,All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg,Florida,United States of America.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Huhta
mesh_terms: D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004077:Digoxin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D015160:Hydrops Fetalis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004077:Digoxin
keywords: CHD; Doppler echocardiography; Foetal; congestive heart failure; hydrops foetalis