title: Under-recognised co-morbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A review.
abstract: Co-morbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are common. These co-morbidities include obstructive sleep apnoea, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, pulmonary hypertension and depression. The presence of co-morbidities among patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis contributes to worse quality of life, morbidity and mortality. Despite the high prevalence of certain co-morbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the optimal screening and management of many of these conditions remains unclear. The impact of co-morbidities on this patient population is becoming more apparent. Their relevance will only increase as significant effort is being made to develop novel therapeutics that will alter the disease trajectory of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The purpose of this review is to focus on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of select co-morbidities, including obstructive sleep apnoea, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, pulmonary hypertension and depression, in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.|Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Kaïssa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Joyce S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019468:Disease Management; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology*; D054990:Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: depression; gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; obstructive sleep apnoea; pulmonary hypertension