title: Association of early inflammatory parameters after subarachnoid hemorrhage with functional outcome: A prospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early brain injury after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) comprises a pronounced neuroinflammatory reaction. Nevertheless, its relevance for functional outcome and its role as outcome predictor remains uncertain. We evaluated the relationship of various early inflammatory parameters regarding functional outcome according to the modified Rankin Scale score (mRS) at discharge (primary objective) and six months after aSAH.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 81 patients (63% female) with a mean age of 53.8 ± 13.2 years were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  At admission clinical data and various inflammatory parameters in serum and - wherever applicable - cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients after aSAH were assessed. Outcome was evaluated according to dichotomized mRS at discharge and six months after aSAH (unfavorable outcome: mRS 3-6). Univariate and thereafter multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed using SAS 9.2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in serum and CSF were related to unfavorable outcome at discharge (p<0.05; univariate analyses). IL-6 remains the only parameter relevant for outcome applying a multivariate model including the relevant baseline characteristics. Six months after aSAH no significant correlation was found regarding the outcome, most likely due to the high drop-out rate (27%). A pronounced rise of LIF serum and CSF levels after aSAH was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher early IL-6 serum levels after aSAH are associated with poor outcome at discharge. In addition, involvement of LIF in the early inflammatory reaction after aSAH has been demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. Electronic address: ahoellig@ukaachen.de.
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Höllig
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Remmel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stoffel-Wagner
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerrit A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coburn
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Clusmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001930:Brain Injuries; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6
keywords: Early brain injury; Inflammation; Interleukin 6; Intracranial aneurysm; Leukemia inhibitory factor; Subarachnoid hemorrhage