title: The PFP and ESG protein function prediction methods in 2014: effect of database updates and ensemble approaches.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional annotation of novel proteins is one of the central problems in bioinformatics. With the ever-increasing development of genome sequencing technologies, more and more sequence information is becoming available to analyze and annotate. To achieve fast and automatic function annotation, many computational (automated) function prediction (AFP) methods have been developed. To objectively evaluate the performance of such methods on a large scale, community-wide assessment experiments have been conducted. The second round of the Critical Assessment of Function Annotation (CAFA) experiment was held in 2013-2014. Evaluation of participating groups was reported in a special interest group meeting at the Intelligent Systems in Molecular Biology (ISMB) conference in Boston in 2014. Our group participated in both CAFA1 and CAFA2 using multiple, in-house AFP methods. Here, we report benchmark results of our methods obtained in the course of preparation for CAFA2 prior to submitting function predictions for CAFA2 targets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For CAFA2, we updated the annotation databases used by our methods, protein function prediction (PFP) and extended similarity group (ESG), and benchmarked their function prediction performances using the original (older) and updated databases. Performance evaluation for PFP with different settings and ESG are discussed. We also developed two ensemble methods that combine function predictions from six independent, sequence-based AFP methods. We further analyzed the performances of our prediction methods by enriching the predictions with prior distribution of gene ontology (GO) terms. Examples of predictions by the ensemble methods are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Updating the annotation database was successful, improving the Fmax prediction accuracy score for both PFP and ESG. Adding the prior distribution of GO terms did not make much improvement. Both of the ensemble methods we developed improved the average Fmax score over all individual component methods except for ESG. Our benchmark results will not only complement the overall assessment that will be done by the CAFA organizers, but also help elucidate the predictive powers of sequence-based function prediction methods in general.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
authors.forename: Ishita K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Computational Science and Engineering, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.affiliation: Department of Computational Science and Engineering, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA.
authors.forename: Dukka B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kc
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA ; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kihara
mesh_terms: D030562:Databases, Protein; D011506:Proteins / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins
keywords: CAFA; ESG; PFP; Protein function; consensus method; ensemble method; function prediction; gene annotation; sequence