title: Targeting Inflammation Through a Physical Active Lifestyle and Pharmaceuticals for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.
abstract: Evidence exists that interleukin (IL)-1β is involved in pancreatic β-cell damage, whereas TNF-α appears to be a key molecule in peripheral insulin resistance. Although increased plasma levels of IL-6 are seen in individuals with type 2 diabetes, mechanistic studies suggest that moderate acute elevations in IL-6, as provoked by exercise, exert anti-inflammatory effects by an inhibition of TNF-α and by stimulating IL-1 receptor antagonist (ra), thereby limiting IL-1β signaling. A number of medical treatments have anti-inflammatory effects. IL-1 antagonists have been tested in clinical studies and appear very promising. Also, there is a potential for anti-TNF-α strategies and salsalate has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in clinical trials. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory potential of statins, antagonists of the renin-angiotensin system, and glucose-lowering agents are discussed. While waiting for the outcome of long-term clinical pharmacological trials, it should be emphasized that physical activity represents a natural strong anti-inflammatory intervention with little or no side effects.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre of Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Section 7641, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sine Haugaard
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.affiliation: Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre of Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Section 7641, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. bkp@rh.dk.
authors.forename: Bente Klarlund
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D008019:Life Style; D009043:Motor Activity; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D009479:Neuropeptides; C119583:myokinin
keywords: Anti-inflammation; Drugs; Exercise; Myokines; Physical training