title: Vitamin D status is associated with cardiometabolic markers in 8-11-year-old children, independently of body fat and physical activity.
abstract: Vitamin D status has been associated with cardiometabolic markers even in children, but the associations may be confounded by fat mass and physical activity behaviour. This study investigated associations between vitamin D status and cardiometabolic risk profile, as well as the impact of fat mass and physical activity in Danish 8-11-year-old children, using baseline data from 782 children participating in the Optimal well-being, development and health for Danish children through a healthy New Nordic Diet (OPUS) School Meal Study. We assessed vitamin D status as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and measured blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, homoeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance, plasma lipids, inflammatory markers, anthropometry and fat mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and physical activity by 7 d accelerometry during August-November. Mean serum 25(OH)D was 60·8 (sd 18·7) nmol/l. Each 10 mmol/l 25(OH)D increase was associated with lower diastolic blood pressure (-0·3 mmHg, 95 % CI -0·6, -0·0) (P=0·02), total cholesterol (-0·07 mmol/l, 95 % CI -0·10, -0·05), LDL-cholesterol (-0·05 mmol/l, 95 % CI -0·08, -0·03), TAG (-0·02 mmol/l, 95 % CI -0·03, -0·01) (P≤0·001 for all lipids) and lower metabolic syndrome (MetS) score (P=0·01). Adjustment for fat mass index did not change the associations, but the association with blood pressure became borderline significant after adjustment for physical activity (P=0·06). In conclusion, vitamin D status was negatively associated with blood pressure, plasma lipids and a MetS score in Danish school children with low prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, and apart from blood pressure the associations were independent of body fat and physical activity. The potential underlying cause-effect relationship and possible long-term implications should be investigated in randomised controlled trials.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition,Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Denmark,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Rikke A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition,Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Denmark,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Stine-Mathilde
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dalskov
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition,Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Denmark,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Louise B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition,Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Denmark,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Mads F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hjorth
authors.affiliation: 3Division of Nutrition,The National Food Institute,Technical University of Denmark,Mørkhøj Bygade 19,2860 Søborg,Denmark.
authors.forename: Rikke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: 3Division of Nutrition,The National Food Institute,Technical University of Denmark,Mørkhøj Bygade 19,2860 Søborg,Denmark.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tetens
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Clinical Biochemistry,Section of Molecular Diagnostics,Aalborg University Hospital,Hobrovej 18-22,9000 Aalborg,Denmark.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krarup
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition,Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Denmark,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ritz
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition,Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Denmark,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astrup
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition,Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Denmark,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Kim F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Michaelsen
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition,Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Denmark,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mølgaard
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition,Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Denmark,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Camilla T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Damsgaard
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004032:Diet; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome; D009043:Motor Activity; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D; Cardiometabolic health; Children; FMI fat mass index; HOMA-IR homoeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance; MVPA moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; MetS metabolic syndrome; PTH parathyroid hormone; Vitamin D