title: Premature aging in chronic kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: similarities and differences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is increasing clinical and pathophysiological evidence that a premature aging process is involved in the pathogenesis of systemic complications of many chronic organ diseases, which result in analogous phenotypes, including premature vascular aging, osteoporosis and muscle wasting. Novel developments from research into the aging process will, therefore, have relevance for understanding complications of organ diseases, such as chronic kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The aim of the present article is to combine recent literature on aging mechanisms with evidence on the pathogenesis of systemic complications of these two chronic debilitating disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recently, nine hallmarks of aging have been identified. In this review, we argue that all of these hallmarks are relevant for the pathogenesis of premature aging processes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic kidney disease. Additionally, organ-specific alterations in proaging mechanisms, which reveal differences in phenotype against a generic background of premature aging, will be addressed. However, within patient populations who share a common diagnosis, clusters of patients with different phenotypes may be identified, which may show overlap with patients with other chronic diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increased understanding of the premature aging process as well as its systemic consequences may pave the way for 'precision' intervention as well as shared treatment opportunities between chronic debilitating diseases of various causes.
authors.affiliation: aDivision of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands bInstitute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK cDivision of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jeroen P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kooman
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Shiels
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stenvinkel
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D019588:Aging, Premature / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology*; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D010641:Phenotype; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications*