title: Patient reported outcomes for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Multiple patient-reported outcomes (PROs) have been used to assess symptoms among patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN). However, there is little consistent application of measures in clinical or research settings. Our goal was to identify and compare patient reported outcome measures (PROs) specifically evaluated in neuropathy populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature search, summary, and qualitative comparison of PROs validated in neuropathy populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 12 studies of PROs evaluated in neuropathy populations that included DPN patients. Two assessed sleep quality, 5 assessed painful symptoms, and 5 assessed quality of life. The number of items per measure ranged from one to 97, and the number of domains ranged from one to 18. All had adequate internal consistency (Chronbach's Alpha>0.70). There was mild to moderate standardization of domains across measures and only a few instruments used common comparators. The spectrum of DPN symptoms addressed included: sensory symptoms, autonomic symptoms, and function, beliefs, role participation, sleep quality, and perceptions of illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There remains a need for a gold standard for DPN symptom assessment. Few existing instruments are adequately validated and the domains assessed are inconsistent. Current instrument selection should depend on the clinical and social context of the assessment.
authors.affiliation: Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States, Rockville, MD; Lewin Group, Falls Church, VA.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bredfeldt
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Altschuler
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA.
authors.forename: Alyce S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO; School of Social Work, College of Health and Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
authors.forename: Jennifer D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Portz
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO; Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO. Electronic address: elizabeth.bayliss@kp.org.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bayliss
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D011788:Quality of Life; D057566:Self Report; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D054928:Validation Studies as Topic
keywords: Diabetes; Neuropathy; Patient-reported outcome; Quality of life; Treatment