title: Life-threatening hemorrhage associated with dental implant surgery: a review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Life-threatening bleeding may occur during implant placement.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present review was conducted to evaluate the localization, the symptoms, and therapies of life-threatening bleedings associated with implant placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review including 590 articles was performed in PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane database. Any article reporting on life-threatening bleeding was included which additionally reported on the site of implant surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven cases were extracted. In the majority of the cases, bleeding occurred in the anterior interforaminal region. Aside local management stopping the bleedings, most cases required intubation or tracheotomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgeons must be aware of the risk of severe bleedings during implant surgery and should immediately refer patients to a specialized clinic in suspicious or proved cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Oral Radiology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Branka
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tomljenovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Oral Radiology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Seraina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Oral Radiology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Filippi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Oral Radiology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kühl
mesh_terms: D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003757:Dental Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D058734:Exsanguination / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans
keywords: bone implant interactions; clinical assessment; clinical research; clinical trials; diagnosis