title: Sugar-containing beverage intake at the age of 1 year and cardiometabolic health at the age of 6 years: the Generation R Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Consumption of sugar-containing beverages (SCBs) in adults has been associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Although the effect of SCB on body weight in children is well established, little is known about the cardiometabolic effects in young children. We studied the associations of SCB intake at the age of 1 year with cardiometabolic health at age 6 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was performed among 2,045 Dutch children from a population based prospective birth cohort. SCB intake was assessed with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at the age of 13 months and sex-specific tertiles were created. Children visited the research center at the age of 6 years. We created a continuous cardiometabolic risk factor score including: body fat percentage, blood pressure, insulin, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. Age-and sex-specific standard deviation (SD) scores were created for all outcomes. Multivariable linear regression was performed with adjustment for socio-demographic and lifestyle variables of mother and child.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the total population, we observed an association between higher SCB intake at 13 months of age and a higher cardiometabolic risk factor score at the age of 6 years (0.13SD (95 % CI 0.01; 0.25), highest vs. lowest tertile) After stratification by sex, we found that boys in the highest tertile of SCB intake had a higher cardiometabolic risk factor score (0.18 SD (95 % CI 0.01; 0.34)), as compared to boys in the lowest tertile of SCB intake. There was no significant association in girls. We did not find associations of SCB intake with the individual cardiometabolic risk factors in the total population, or in the stratified analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher SCB intake at 1 year of age was associated with a higher cardiometabolic risk factor score at age 6 years in boys, but not in girls. Further research on sex-specific effects of SCBs is needed.
authors.affiliation: Generation R Study Group, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. e.leermakers@erasmusmc.nl.|Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, room Na 2909, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. e.leermakers@erasmusmc.nl.|Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. e.leermakers@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Elisabeth T M
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Leermakers
authors.affiliation: Generation R Study Group, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. j.felix@erasmusmc.nl.|Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, room Na 2909, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. j.felix@erasmusmc.nl.|Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. j.felix@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Janine F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.affiliation: Generation R Study Group, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. v.jaddoe@erasmusmc.nl.|Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, room Na 2909, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. v.jaddoe@erasmusmc.nl.|Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. v.jaddoe@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. h.raat@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Raat
authors.affiliation: Generation R Study Group, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. o.franco@erasmusmc.nl.|Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, room Na 2909, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. o.franco@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Oscar H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, room Na 2909, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. j.c.kiefte-dejong@erasmusmc.nl.|Leiden University College, The Hague, The Netherlands. j.c.kiefte-dejong@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Jessica C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kiefte-de Jong
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides