title: A p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor attenuates cardiotonic steroids-induced apoptotic and stress signaling in a Sw-71 cytotrophoblast cell line.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preeclampsia (preE) is characterized by abnormal placentation. Marinobufagenin (MBG), a cardiotonic steroid (CTS), inhibits the function of cytotrophoblast cells (CTBs). We demonstrated that CTSs induce anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative effects in Sw-71 CTBs. This study tests that CTSs induce apoptotic and stress signaling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human extravillous Sw-71 CTBs were incubated with 0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 nM of each of three CTSs (MBG, cinobufatalin (CINO) and ouabain (OUB)) for 48 h. Some cells were pretreated with 10 μM p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) inhibitor (SB203580) for 2 h prior to CTSs treatment. We analyzed p38 MAPK phosphorylation, expression of pro-inflammatory protein cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and ratio of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein by western blot in CTSs-treated CTBs lysates. Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and soluble endoglin (sEng) were measured in culture media using ELISA kits. Statistical comparisons were performed using analysis of variance with Duncan's post hoc test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  p38 MAPK phosphorylation, expression of Cox-2 and Bax/Bcl-2 was upregulated (*p < 0.05) in CTBs exposed to ≥ 0.1 nM CTSs. Secretion of sFlt-1 and sEng were increased while VEGF and PIGF were decreased in Sw-71 CTBs treated ≥1 nM of each CTSs (*p < 0.01 for each). The SB203580 pretreatment of CTBs significantly attenuated CTS-induced effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure of Sw-71 CTBs to CTSs induced apoptotic and stress signaling and causing anti-angiongenic effect. The observed diminution of CTS-induced signaling by SB203580 pretreatment implicates p38 MAPK as a regulator of these pathways.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ehrig
authors.affiliation: Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Syeda H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Afroze
authors.affiliation: Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.affiliation: Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Drever
authors.affiliation: Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Pilkinton
authors.affiliation: Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kuehl
authors.affiliation: Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA. Electronic address: MNUDDIN@sw.org.
authors.forename: Mohammad Nasir
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Uddin
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002301:Cardiac Glycosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D002301:Cardiac Glycosides; D007093:Imidazoles; D011725:Pyridines; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093642:SB 203580
keywords: Apoptotic and stress signaling; Cardiotonic steroids; Cytotrophoblast cells; Preeclampsia; p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor