title: Impact of dynamic rate coding aspects of mobile phone networks on forensic voice comparison.
abstract: Previous studies have shown that landline and mobile phone networks are different in their ways of handling the speech signal, and therefore in their impact on it. But the same is also true of the different networks within the mobile phone arena. There are two major mobile phone technologies currently in use today, namely the global system for mobile communications (GSM) and code division multiple access (CDMA) and these are fundamentally different in their design. For example, the quality of the coded speech in the GSM network is a function of channel quality, whereas in the CDMA network it is determined by channel capacity (i.e., the number of users sharing a cell site). This paper examines the impact on the speech signal of a key feature of these networks, namely dynamic rate coding, and its subsequent impact on the task of likelihood-ratio-based forensic voice comparison (FVC). Surprisingly, both FVC accuracy and precision are found to be better for both GSM- and CDMA-coded speech than for uncoded. Intuitively one expects FVC accuracy to increase with increasing coded speech quality. This trend is shown to occur for the CDMA network, but, surprisingly, not for the GSM network. Further, in respect to comparisons between these two networks, FVC accuracy for CDMA-coded speech is shown to be slightly better than for GSM-coded speech, particularly when the coded-speech quality is high, but in terms of FVC precision the two networks are shown to be very similar.
authors.affiliation: Forensic and Biometrics Research Group (FaB); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. Electronic address: ealz002@aucklanduni.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Esam A S
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Alzqhoul
authors.affiliation: Forensic and Biometrics Research Group (FaB); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. Electronic address: bbah005@aucklanduni.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Balamurali B T
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Forensic and Biometrics Research Group (FaB); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. Electronic address: bj.guillemin@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Bernard J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Guillemin
mesh_terms: D056667:Biometric Identification; D040421:Cell Phone; D003195:Computer Communication Networks; D044707:Forensic Sciences; D006801:Humans; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D014831:Voice; D059015:Wireless Technology
keywords: CDMA; Dynamic rate coding; Forensic voice comparison; GSM; Likelihood ratio