title: Evaluation of complex gonioapparent samples using a bidirectional spectrometer.
abstract: Many applications use gonioapparent targets whose appearance depends on irradiation and viewing angles; the strongest effects are provided by light diffraction. These targets, optically variable devices (OVDs), are used in both security and authentication applications. This study introduces a bidirectional spectrometer, which enables to analyze samples with most complex angular and spectral properties. In our work, the spectrometer is evaluated with samples having very different types of reflection, concerning spectral and angular distributions. Furthermore, an OVD containing several different grating patches is evaluated. The device uses automatically adjusting exposure time to provide maximum signal dynamics and is capable of doing steps as small as 0.01°. However, even 2° steps for the detector movement showed that this device is more than capable of characterizing even the most complex reflecting surfaces. This study presents sRGB visualizations, discussion of bidirectional reflection, and accurate grating period calculations for all of the grating samples used.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rogelj
authors.forename: Niko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Penttinen
authors.forename: Marta Klanjšek
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gunde