title: The effects of hypnotherapy during transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsy for pain and anxiety.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies evaluating the tolerance of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided needle biopsies showed that moderate-to-severe pain was associated with the procedure. Additionally, prebiopsy anxiety or rebiopsy as a result of a prior biopsy procedure is mentioned as factors predisposing to higher pain intensity. Thus, in this study, we investigated the effects of hypnotherapy during transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsy for pain and anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four patients presenting for TRUS-guided prostate needle biopsy were randomly assigned to receive either 10-min presurgery hypnosis session (n = 32, mean age 63.5 ± 6.1, p = 0.289) or a presurgery control session (n = 32, mean age 61.8 ± 6.8, p = 0.289). The hypnosis session involved suggestions for increased relaxation and decreased anxiety. Presurgery pain and anxiety were measured using visual analog scales (VAS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS), respectively. In our statistics, p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postintervention, and before surgery, patients in the hypnosis group had significantly lower mean values for presurgery VAS [mean 1 (0-8); p = 0.011], BAI (6.0 vs 2.0; p < 0.001), and HAS (11.0 vs 6.0; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study results indicate that a brief presurgery hypnosis intervention can be an effective means of controlling presurgical anxiety, and therefore pain, in patients awaiting diagnostic prostate cancer surgery.
authors.affiliation: Ankara Oncology Research and Treatment Center, Ankara, Turkey. fatihhizli33@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hızlı
authors.affiliation: Turgut Özal University, Ankara, Turkey. osmanozcan61@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Özcan
authors.affiliation: Ankara Oncology Research and Treatment Center, Ankara, Turkey. ismselvi33@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: İsmail
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: Selvi
authors.affiliation: Ankara Oncology Research and Treatment Center, Ankara, Turkey. dr_pinartekin@yahoo.com.tr.
authors.forename: Pınar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eraslan
authors.affiliation: Turgut Özal University, Ankara, Turkey. aydinkosus@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aydın
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Köşüş
authors.affiliation: Ankara Oncology Research and Treatment Center, Ankara, Turkey. drokanbas@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Okan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Baş
authors.affiliation: Ankara Oncology Research and Treatment Center, Ankara, Turkey. numanyikilmaz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Taha Numan
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Yıkılmaz
authors.affiliation: Ankara Oncology Research and Treatment Center, Ankara, Turkey. oguz73tr@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Oğuz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Güven
authors.affiliation: Ankara Oncology Research and Treatment Center, Ankara, Turkey. hbasar@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Halil
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Başar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D061765:Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
keywords: Anxiety; Hypnotherapy; Pain; Prostate needle biopsy