title: Hawthorn ethanolic extracts with triterpenoids and flavonoids exert hepatoprotective effects and suppress the hypercholesterolemia-induced oxidative stress in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current study was aimed to determine the bioactive constituents and biological effects of the Crataegus monogyna ethanolic extracts from bark, leaves and berries on hypercholesterolemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, quercetin and lupeol concentrations were quantified by HPLC. Total phenol content and radical scavenging activity of extracts were also measured. The hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects of the extracts were examined in hypercholesterolemic rats and compared with orlistat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest phenol content, oleanolic acid, quercetin and lupeol levels and free radical scavenging potency were found in the bark extract, and the highest ursolic acid level was found in the berries extract. Orlistat and extracts significantly (P<0.05) lowered the hypercholesterolemia-increased serum level of hepatic enzymes and lipid peroxidation level. Hawthorn's extracts protected from hepatic thiol depletion and improved the lipid profile and hepatic damages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data suggested that hawthorn's extracts are able to protect from hypercholesterolemia-induced oxidative stress and hepatic injuries. Moreover, the hypocholesterolemic effect of extracts was found comparable to orlistat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rezaei-Golmisheh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia Medical University of Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Malekinejad
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Siamak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asri-Rezaei
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Amir Abbas
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Farshid
authors.affiliation: Division of Veterinary Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands ; Division of Pharmacology, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peyman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Akbari
keywords: Antioxidant; Bioactive compounds; Flavonoids; Hepatoprotective Triterpenoids