title: Genetic assimilation: a review of its potential proximate causes and evolutionary consequences.
abstract: Most, if not all, organisms possess the ability to alter their phenotype in direct response to changes in their environment, a phenomenon known as phenotypic plasticity. Selection can break this environmental sensitivity, however, and cause a formerly environmentally induced trait to evolve to become fixed through a process called genetic assimilation. Essentially, genetic assimilation can be viewed as the evolution of environmental robustness in what was formerly an environmentally sensitive trait. Because genetic assimilation has long been suggested to play a key role in the origins of phenotypic novelty and possibly even new species, identifying and characterizing the proximate mechanisms that underlie genetic assimilation may advance our basic understanding of how novel traits and species evolve.
  
  
  
  This review begins by discussing how the evolution of phenotypic plasticity, followed by genetic assimilation, might promote the origins of new traits and possibly fuel speciation and adaptive radiation. The evidence implicating genetic assimilation in evolutionary innovation and diversification is then briefly considered. Next, the potential causes of phenotypic plasticity generally and genetic assimilation specifically are examined at the genetic, molecular and physiological levels and approaches that can improve our understanding of these mechanisms are described. The review concludes by outlining major challenges for future work.
  
  
  
  Identifying and characterizing the proximate mechanisms involved in phenotypic plasticity and genetic assimilation promises to help advance our basic understanding of evolutionary innovation and diversification.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA and ian.ehrenreich@usc.edu dpfennig@unc.edu.
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Ehrenreich
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ian.ehrenreich@usc.edu dpfennig@unc.edu.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Pfennig
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D010641:Phenotype; D012641:Selection, Genetic
keywords: Genetic accommodation; canalization; cis and trans regulatory evolution; developmental robustness; genetic assimilation; phenotypic plasticity; species diversity