title: Authentication of the origin of sucrose-based sugar products using quantitative natural abundance (13) C NMR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to possible falsification of sugar cane products with cheaper alternative (sugar beet) on the market, a simple analytical methodology needs to be developed to control the authenticity of sugar products.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A direct (13) C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method has been validated to differentiate between sucrose-based sugar products produced from sugar beet (C3 plant) and sugar cane (C4 plant). The method is based on calculating relative (13) C content of the C1, C2, C5, and the C1, C4, C5, C6 positions of the glycosyl and fructosyl moieties of the sucrose molecule, respectively. NMR acquisition parameters and data processing have been optimized to reach a high level of intraday and interday precision (<0.2%). Good linearity (R(2)  = 0.93) was obtained for the beet sugar-cane sugar blends containing from 0 to 100 wt% of beet sugar. The method was applied to ten commercial sucrose-based sugar products of different botanical origin. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the relative peak areas for replicate measurements to visualize the difference between studied products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The (13) C NMR method is a good alternative to complex isotope ratio mass spectrometry measurements for routine detection and semi-quantification of adulteration of commercial cane sugar (C4 plant) with less expensive beet sugar (C3 plant). © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Spectral Service AG, 50996, Cologne, Germany.|Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, 410012, Saratov, Russia.
authors.forename: Yulia B
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6176-239X
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Monakhova
authors.affiliation: Spectral Service AG, 50996, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd Wk
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Diehl
mesh_terms: D027461:Beta vulgaris / Q000737:chemistry*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D031786:Saccharum / Q000737:chemistry*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D013395:Sucrose
keywords: 13C NMR; 13C profiling; authenticity; sucrose-based sugar products