title: Correlated spectroscopic imaging of calf muscle in three spatial dimensions using group sparse reconstruction of undersampled single and multichannel data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To implement a 5D (three spatial + two spectral) correlated spectroscopic imaging sequence for application to human calf.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonuniform sampling was applied across the two phase encoded dimensions and the indirect spectral dimension of an echo planar-correlated spectroscopic imaging sequence. Reconstruction was applied that minimized the group sparse mixed ℓ2,1-norm of the data. Multichannel data were compressed using a sensitivity map-based approach with a spatially dependent transform matrix and utilized the self-sparsity of the individual coil images to simplify the reconstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single channel data with 8× and 16× undersampling are shown in the calf of a diabetic patient. A 15-channel scan with 12× undersampling of a healthy volunteer was reconstructed using 5 virtual channels and compared to a fully sampled single slice scan. Group sparse reconstruction faithfully reconstructs the lipid cross peaks much better than ℓ1 minimization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  COSY spectra can be acquired over a 3D spatial volume with scan time under 15 min using echo planar readout with highly undersampled data and group sparse reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Neil E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Zohaib
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: M Albert
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
keywords: 3D spectroscopic imaging; EP-COSI; calf muscle; compressed sensing; group sparsity; nonuniform sampling