title: Dosing of Appropriate Antibiotics and Time to Administration of First Doses in the Pediatric Emergency Department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Emergency department (ED) providers are faced with the challenge of diagnosing and treating patients in a timely fashion given many obstacles including limited patient information, complex disease states, and high patient turnover. Time delays in administration or selection of appropriate drug therapies have been associated with negative outcomes in severe infections. This study was conducted to assess the impact of an emergency medicine pharmacist (EPh) on the selection of appropriate antibiotics and the timeliness of administration in pediatric patients in the ED.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients younger than 18 years were evaluated who were admitted through the ED and received 1 dose of intravenous antibiotic for the following conditions: community-acquired pneumonia, complicated skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), meningitis, and sepsis. To evaluate the impact of the presence of an EPh, patients with orders placed during the EPh's hours of 1 pm and 11 pm were compared to those with an order placed between 11 pm and 1 pm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 142 patients were included in the study. Patients seen during EPh hours received an appropriate first antibiotic 93.4% of the time (p = 0.157) and second antibiotic 96.8% of the time (p = 0.023). Time from order to verification was significantly shorter for the first 2 antimicrobials in the EPh group (10.5 minutes [p = 0.003] and 11.4 minutes [p = 0.047], respectively). The days from discharge to return to readmission to the ED were also significantly different (17.5 days vs. 62.4 days, p = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available data suggest that patients are more likely to receive appropriate doses of antimicrobials, and in a more timely fashion, whenever the EPh is present. Areas for future investigation include whether the presence of EPhs at the bedside has the potential to impact areas of patient care, including readmission rates, drug costs, and medication errors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Abby M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Richmond, Virginia.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.affiliation: KentuckyOne Health, University of Louisville and Jewish Hospital, Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Kyle A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Weant
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Stephanie Baker
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Justice
keywords: adverse reactions; antibiotic; emergency medicine; medication errors; pediatrics