title: National estimates of Australian gambling prevalence: f indings from a dual-frame omnibus survey.
abstract: The increase in mobile telephone-only households may be a source of bias for traditional landline gambling prevalence surveys. Aims were to: (1) identify Australian gambling participation and problem gambling prevalence using a dual-frame (50% landline and 50% mobile telephone) computer-assisted telephone interviewing methodology; (2) explore the predictors of sample frame and telephone status; and (3) explore the degree to which sample frame and telephone status moderate the relationships between respondent characteristics and problem gambling.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2000 adult respondents residing in Australia were interviewed from March to April 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participation in multiple gambling activities and Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimates were: gambling participation [63.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 61.4-66.3], problem gambling (0.4%, 95% CI = 0.2-0.8), moderate-risk gambling (1.9%, 95% CI = 1.3-2.6) and low-risk gambling (3.0%, 95% CI = 2.2-4.0). Relative to the landline frame, the mobile frame was more likely to gamble on horse/greyhound races [odds ratio (OR) = 1.4], casino table games (OR = 5.0), sporting events (OR = 2.2), private games (OR = 1.9) and the internet (OR = 6.5); less likely to gamble on lotteries (OR = 0.6); and more likely to gamble on five or more activities (OR = 2.4), display problem gambling (OR = 6.4) and endorse PGSI items (OR = 2.4-6.1). Only casino table gambling (OR = 2.9) and internet gambling (OR = 3.5) independently predicted mobile frame membership. Telephone status (landline frame versus mobile dual users and mobile-only users) displayed similar findings. Finally, sample frame and/or telephone status moderated the relationship between gender, relationship status, health and problem gambling (OR = 2.9-7.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given expected future increases in the mobile telephone-only population, best practice in population gambling research should use dual frame sampling methodologies (at least 50% landline and 50% mobile telephone) for telephone interviewing.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia.|Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.|School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.|Centre for Gambling Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Dowling
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.affiliation: Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: The Social Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia.|Australian Centre for Applied Social Research Methods, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.|Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Pennay
authors.affiliation: Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.|Centre for Health and Social Research (CHaSR), Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.affiliation: Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pennay
authors.affiliation: Turning Point, Eastern Health, Victoria, Australia.|Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Lubman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D040421:Cell Phone; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013689:Telephone; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cellphones; dual-frame; gambling; mobile telephone; prevalence; problem gambling; sampling; surveys