title: Autism Spectrum Disorder Risk in Relation to Maternal Mid-Pregnancy Serum Hormone and Protein Markers from Prenatal Screening in California.
abstract: We examined prenatal screening markers and offspring autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using California statewide data on singleton births in 1996 and 2002. Second trimester levels of unconjugated estriol (uE3), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) were compared between mothers of children with ASD (n = 2586) and of non-cases (n = 600,103). Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were calculated by logistic regression. Lower uE3 (AOR for < 10th percentile vs. 25th-74th percentiles = 1.21, 95 % CI 1.06-1.37), and higher MSAFP (AOR = 1.21, 95 % CI 1.07-1.37 for > 90th percentile) were significantly associated with ASD. A U-shaped relationship was seen for hCG (AOR = 1.16, 95 % CI 1.02-1.32 for < 10th percentile; AOR = 1.19, 95 % CI 1.05-1.36 for > 90th percentile). Our results further support prenatal hormone involvement in ASD risk.
authors.affiliation: California Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control, Environmental Health Investigations Branch, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA. gayle.windham@cdph.ca.gov.
authors.forename: Gayle C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Windham
authors.affiliation: California Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control, Environmental Health Investigations Branch, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA.|A. J. Drexel Autism Inst., Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lyall
authors.affiliation: Impact Assessment Inc., 2166 Avenida de la Playa, Suite F, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: California Department of Public Health, Genetics Disease Screening Program, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA.|California Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control, Environmental Health Investigations Branch, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA, 94804, USA.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kharrazi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002140:California; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000097:blood*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000097:blood; D004964:Estriol / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second / Q000097:blood*; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; D004964:Estriol
keywords: Alpha-fetoprotein; Autism spectrum disorder; Estriol; Estrogen; Prenatal screening; Steroid hormones; hCG