title: Identification of immunohistochemical markers for distinguishing lung adenocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunohistochemical staining has been widely used in distinguishing lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) from lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), which is of vital importance for the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. Due to the lack of a comprehensive analysis of different lung cancer subtypes, there may still be undiscovered markers with higher diagnostic accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Herein first, we systematically analyzed high-throughput data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Combining differently expressed gene screening and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, we attempted to identify the genes which might be suitable as immunohistochemical markers in distinguishing LUAD from LUSC. Then we detected the expression of six of these genes (MLPH, TMC5, SFTA3, DSG3, DSC3 and CALML3) in lung cancer sections using immunohistochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A number of genes were identified as candidate immunohistochemical markers with high sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing LUAD from LUSC. Then the staining results confirmed the potentials of the six genes (MLPH, TMC5, SFTA3, DSG3, DSC3 and CALML3) in distinguishing LUAD from LUSC, and their sensitivity and specificity were not less than many commonly used markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results revealed that the six genes (MLPH, TMC5, SFTA3, DSG3, DSC3 and CALML3) might be suitable markers in distinguishing LUAD from LUSC, and also validated the feasibility of our methods for identification of candidate markers from high-throughput data.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China ; 3 Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 4 Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China ; 3 Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 4 Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China ; 3 Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 4 Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China ; 3 Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 4 Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China ; 3 Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 4 Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Xingxing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China ; 3 Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 4 Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Zongwu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China ; 3 Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 4 Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Yongxing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China ; 3 Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 4 Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China ; 3 Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 4 Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China ; 3 Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 4 Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: Lung cancer; The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA); immunohistochemical marker; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis