title: Causes of upregulation of glycolysis in lymphocytes upon stimulation. A comparison with other cell types.
abstract: In this review, we revisit the metabolic shift from respiration to glycolysis in lymphocytes upon activation, which is known as the Warburg effect in tumour cells. We compare the situation in lymphocytes with those in several other cell types, such as muscle cells, Kupffer cells, microglia cells, astrocytes, stem cells, tumour cells and various unicellular organisms (e.g. yeasts). We critically discuss and compare several explanations put forward in the literature for the observation that proliferating cells adopt this apparently less efficient pathway: hypoxia, poisoning of competitors by end products, higher ATP production rate, higher precursor supply, regulatory effects, and avoiding harmful effects (e.g. by reactive oxygen species). We conclude that in the case of lymphocytes, increased ATP production rate and precursor supply are the main advantages of upregulating glycolysis.
authors.affiliation: Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dept. of Bioinformatics, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07737 Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Systematic Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Erbertstr. 1, 07737 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.affiliation: Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dept. of Bioinformatics, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07737 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fichtner
authors.affiliation: Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany; Network Modelling, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute Jena, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: König
authors.affiliation: Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutrition, Dept. of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Dornburger Str. 25, 07737 Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Competence Cluster of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Dornburger Str. 25, 07737 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lorkowski
authors.affiliation: Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dept. of Bioinformatics, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07737 Jena, Germany. Electronic address: stefan.schu@uni-jena.de.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schuster
mesh_terms: D019069:Cell Respiration; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000502:physiology*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation
keywords: (An)aerobic glycolysis; Cytokine production; Overflow metabolism; Proliferation of lymphocytes; Rate vs. yield; Warburg effect