title: Cardiorespiratory fitness is a stronger indicator of cardiometabolic risk factors and risk prediction than self-reported physical activity levels.
abstract: This study investigated the relationships of self-reported physical activity levels and cardiorespiratory fitness in 81 males to assess which measurement is the greatest indicator of cardiometabolic risk. Physical activity levels were determined by the General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire tool and cardiorespiratory fitness assessed using the Chester Step Test. Cardiovascular disease risk was estimated using the QRISK2, Framingham Lipids, Framingham body mass index and Joint British Societies' Guidelines-2 equations, and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk calculated using QDiabetes, Leicester Risk Assessment, Finnish Diabetes Risk Score and Cambridge Risk Score models. Categorising employees by cardiorespiratory fitness categories ('Excellent/Good' vs 'Average/Below Average') identified more differences in cardiometabolic risk factor (body mass index, waist circumference, total cholesterol, total cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein ratio, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, HbA(1c)) scores than physical activity (waist circumference only). Cardiorespiratory fitness levels also demonstrated differences in all four type 2 diabetes mellitus risk prediction models and both the QRISK2 and Joint British Societies' Guidelines-2 cardiovascular disease equations. Furthermore, significant negative correlations (p < 0.001) were observed between individual cardiorespiratory fitness values and estimated risk in all prediction models. In conclusion, from this preliminary observational study, cardiorespiratory fitness levels reveal a greater number of associations with markers of cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to physical activity determined by the General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire tool.
authors.affiliation: Policy, Research and International Development, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK Benjamin.Gray@wales.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.affiliation: TATA Steel Packaging Recycling, Llanelli, UK.
authors.forename: Sally P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: TATA Steel Packaging Recycling, Llanelli, UK.
authors.forename: Christine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bracken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Type 2 diabetes; cardiorespiratory fitness; cardiovascular disease; risk factors; risk prediction