title: Design of a compact antenna with flared groundplane for a wearable breast hyperthermia system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Currently available microwave hyperthermia systems for breast cancer treatment do not conform to the intact breast and provide limited control of heating patterns, thereby hindering an effective treatment. A compact patch antenna with a flared groundplane that may be integrated within a wearable hyperthermia system for the treatment of the intact breast disease is proposed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3D simulation-based approach was employed to optimise the antenna design with the objective of maximising the hyperthermia treatment volume (41 °C iso-therm) while maintaining good impedance matching. The optimised antenna design was fabricated and experimentally evaluated with ex vivo tissue measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The optimised compact antenna yielded a -10 dB bandwidth of 90 MHz centred at 915 MHz, and was capable of creating hyperthermia treatment volumes up to 14.4 cm(3) (31 mm × 28 mm × 32 mm) with an input power of 15 W. Experimentally measured reflection coefficient and transient temperature profiles were in good agreement with simulated profiles. Variations of + 50% in blood perfusion yielded variations in the treatment volume up to 11.5%. When compared to an antenna with a similar patch element employing a conventional rectangular groundplane, the antenna with flared groundplane afforded 22.3% reduction in required power levels to reach the same temperature, and yielded 2.4 times larger treatment volumes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed patch antenna with a flared groundplane may be integrated within a wearable applicator for hyperthermia treatment of intact breast targets and has the potential to improve efficiency, increase patient comfort, and ultimately clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas , USA.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Curto
authors.affiliation: a Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas , USA.
authors.forename: Punit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prakash
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging
keywords: Breast cancer treatment; flared groundplane; microwave hyperthermia; patch antenna; wearable medical devices