title: Genome-wide expression profiling of microRNAs in poplar upon infection with the foliar rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the gene expression of target mRNAs involved in plant growth, development, and abiotic stress and pathogen responses. Previous studies have reported miRNAs in Populus that respond to abiotic stresses, such as cold, heat, drought, flooding, high salt and mechanical stress. However, little is known about the regulatory roles of these molecules in the Populus response to the stress of foliar rust fungal infection. Here, we identified the miRNA profiles of Populus after inoculation with Melampsora larici-populina using high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the expression levels of 10 miRNAs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 90 known miRNAs belonging to 42 families and 378 novel miRNAs were identified from three small-RNA libraries of Populus szechuanica infected with M. larici-populina isolates Sb052 and Th053 and a control. Comparative analysis revealed that the expression of 38 known miRNAs and 92 novel miRNAs in P. szechuanica after infection with different rust fungus isolates showed significant differences, and more miRNAs were suppressed during rust infection. Among the differentially expressed miRNAs, 7 known and 20 novel miRNAs were relevant to the rust fungus infection, and according to KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analysis, these miRNAs primarily regulate genes encoding disease-resistance proteins, serine/threonine protein kinases, transcription factors, and related proteins. QRT-PCR analysis indicated that most miRNAs were up-regulated in the Sb052 library and down-regulated in the Th053 library at 48 h post-inoculation (hpi).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that the expression of miRNAs was altered in poplar under stress associated with M. larici-populina infection, and different temporal dynamics were observed in incompatible and compatible libraries. These findings suggest important roles for miRNA regulation in Populus upon infection with foliar rust fungus.
authors.affiliation: College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China. chenmin.11070@163.com.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China. zmcao@nwsuaf.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhimin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D001487:Basidiomycota; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D005810:Multigene Family; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology*; D032107:Populus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D034622:RNA Interference; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D012333:RNA, Messenger