title: Nation related participation and performance trends in 'Norseman Xtreme Triathlon' from 2006 to 2014.
abstract: We investigated the nation related participation and performance trends in triathletes competing in 'Norseman Xtreme Triathlon' between 2006 and 2014 using mixed models, one-way analysis of variance and multi-variate regression analyses. A total of 1594 athletes (139 women and 1455 men) originating from 34 different countries finished the race. Most of the athletes originated from Norway, Germany, Great Britain, Sweden, USA and France. In the mixed model analysis considering all finishers (n = 1594), with calendar year, sex and country as independent and overall race time as dependent variable, calendar year (p < 0.0001), sex (p < 0.0001), country (p < 0.0001) and the interaction sex × calendar year (p = 0.012) were significant. In the model where overall race time was separated in the three disciplines, we found interactions such as country × discipline (p < 0.0001), year × discipline (p < 0.0001), sex × discipline (p < 0.0001), calendar year × sex (p = 0.044), calendar year × sex × discipline (p = 0.031). Overall race time decreased every year, above all in the year 2012. Women were slower than men, but women reduced this gender gap year after year and above all in the year 2007 (p = 0.001). Athletes from Norway and Germany were faster than those from Great Britain and other countries. Split times of the discipline decreased throughout the years. In particular, the discipline having more impact on overall race time was cycling. Most of the podiums were achieved by Norwegian women and men. For women, the fastest split and transition times were achieved by Norwegian women with exception of the run where German women were faster. Norwegian men were the fastest in split and transition times although French athletes were the fastest in swimming. Across years, the annual three fastest Norwegian women improved in cycling, running, overall race time and transition times but not Norwegian and German men. British men, however, improved running split times and transition times. To summarize, most of the finishers in 'Norseman Xtreme Triathlon' originated from Norway and the fastest race times were achieved by Norwegian women and men. Norwegian women improved race times across years but not Norwegian men.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christoph A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rüst
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy ; Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Section of Biostatistics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy ; Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy ; Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Neurosurgery, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola Luigi
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Bragazzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Section of Biostatistics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Signori
authors.affiliation: Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stiefel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rosemann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; Facharzt FMH für Allgemeinmedizin, Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Knechtle
keywords: Cycling; Mixed model; Running; Swimming; Ultra-endurance