title: A systematic review of suggestive seizure induction for the diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.
abstract: Suggestive seizure induction is a widely used method for diagnosing psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). Despite seven decades of multidisciplinary research, however, there is still no unified protocol, no definitive agreement on the ethical framework and no consensus on diagnostic utility. This systematic review surveys the evidence at hand and addresses clinically relevant aspects of suggestive seizure induction. In addition to its use for facilitating the diagnostic process, its mechanism of action and utility in elucidating the psychopathology of PNES will be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Ruhr-Epileptology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany. Electronic address: stoyan.popkirov@kk-bochum.de.
authors.forename: Stoyan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Popkirov
authors.affiliation: Ruhr-Epileptology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany. Electronic address: wenke.groenheit@kk-bochum.de.
authors.forename: Wenke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grönheit
authors.affiliation: Ruhr-Epileptology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany. Electronic address: joerg.wellmer@kk-bochum.de.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wellmer
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Induction; PNES; Provocation; Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures; Suggestion; Suggestive seizure induction