title: Replication and Transmission of the Novel Bovine Influenza D Virus in a Guinea Pig Model.
abstract: Influenza D virus (FLUDV) is a novel influenza virus that infects cattle and swine. The goal of this study was to investigate the replication and transmission of bovine FLUDV in guinea pigs. Following direct intranasal inoculation of animals, the virus was detected in nasal washes of infected animals during the first 7 days postinfection. High viral titers were obtained from nasal turbinates and lung tissues of directly inoculated animals. Further, bovine FLUDV was able to transmit from the infected guinea pigs to sentinel animals by means of contact and not by aerosol dissemination under the experimental conditions tested in this study. Despite exhibiting no clinical signs, infected guinea pigs developed seroconversion and the viral antigen was detected in lungs of animals by immunohistochemistry. The observation that bovine FLUDV replicated in the respiratory tract of guinea pigs was similar to observations described previously in studies of gnotobiotic calves and pigs experimentally infected with bovine FLUDV but different from those described previously in experimental infections in ferrets and swine with a swine FLUDV, which supported virus replication only in the upper respiratory tract and not in the lower respiratory tract, including lung. Our study established that guinea pigs could be used as an animal model for studying this newly emerging influenza virus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Influenza D virus (FLUDV) is a novel emerging pathogen with bovine as its primary host. The epidemiology and pathogenicity of the virus are not yet known. FLUDV also spreads to swine, and the presence of FLUDV-specific antibodies in humans could indicate that there is a potential for zoonosis. Our results showed that bovine FLUDV replicated in the nasal turbinate and lungs of guinea pigs at high titers and was also able to transmit from an infected animal to sentinel animals by contact. The fact that bovine FLUDV replicated productively in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts of guinea pigs, similarly to virus infection in its native host, demonstrates that guinea pigs would be a suitable model host to study the replication and transmission potential of bovine FLUDV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Chithra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sreenivasan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Milton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Zizhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
authors.forename: Ben M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hause
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Collin
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: David E B
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pillatzki
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Radhey S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kaushik
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA feng.li@sdstate.edu.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology*; D002460:Cell Line; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000662:veterinary*; D004285:Dogs; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008168:Lung / Q000821:virology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D000069078:Seroconversion; D018117:Thogotovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014420:Turbinates / Q000821:virology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology*