title: Enhanced biofilm formation and multi-host transmission evolve from divergent genetic backgrounds in Campylobacter jejuni.
abstract: Multicellular biofilms are an ancient bacterial adaptation that offers a protective environment for survival in hostile habitats. In microaerophilic organisms such as Campylobacter, biofilms play a key role in transmission to humans as the bacteria are exposed to atmospheric oxygen concentrations when leaving the reservoir host gut. Genetic determinants of biofilm formation differ between species, but little is known about how strains of the same species achieve the biofilm phenotype with different genetic backgrounds. Our approach combines genome-wide association studies with traditional microbiology techniques to investigate the genetic basis of biofilm formation in 102 Campylobacter jejuni isolates. We quantified biofilm formation among the isolates and identified hotspots of genetic variation in homologous sequences that correspond to variation in biofilm phenotypes. Thirteen genes demonstrated a statistically robust association including those involved in adhesion, motility, glycosylation, capsule production and oxidative stress. The genes associated with biofilm formation were different in the host generalist ST-21 and ST-45 clonal complexes, which are frequently isolated from multiple host species and clinical samples. This suggests the evolution of enhanced biofilm from different genetic backgrounds and a possible role in colonization of multiple hosts and transmission to humans.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.|MRC CLIMB Consortium, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pascoe
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Méric
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.|Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yahara
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Leonardos
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mageiros
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Nathan H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Rose E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Jeeves
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Hilary M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lappin-Scott
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Asakura
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.|MRC CLIMB Consortium, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.|Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Samuel K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sheppard
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D016123:Campylobacter jejuni / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000068617:Genetic Background; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen