title: The associations of physical activity with fracture risk--a 7-year prospective controlled intervention study in 3534 children.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study indicating an association between gradually diminished risk of fractures and years of increased physical activity. Our results could imply great benefits not only for the individual but also for the healthcare burden and cost of society.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Physical activity (PA) in childhood is associated with high bone mass and beneficial neuromuscular function. We investigate if increased PA also is associated with fracture risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We registered fractures in 3534 children aged 6 to 8 years at study start for up to 7 years; 1339 with 40 min of moderate PA every school day (intervention) and 2195 with the Swedish standard curriculum of 60 min of PA per school week (controls). In a subsample of 264 children, we measured areal bone mineral density (aBMD; g/cm(2)) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (femoral neck and total spine) and muscle strength (peak torque for knee extension and flexion; Nm) with computerized dynamometer at baseline and after 7 years. We estimated annual fracture incidence rate ratios (IRR) in the intervention group compared to the control group as well as changes in bone mass and muscle strength. Data is given as mean (95% CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IRR of fractures decreased with each year of the PA intervention (r = -0.79; p = 0.04). During the seventh year, IRR was almost halved [IRR 0.52 (0.27, 1.01)]. The intervention group had a statistically significant greater gain in total spine aBMD with a mean group difference of 0.03 (0.00, 0.05) g/cm(2) and peak flexion torque 180° with a mean group difference of 5.0 (1.5, 8.6) Nm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased PA is associated with decreased fracture risk, probably in part due to beneficial gains in aBMD and muscle strength.
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden. jesper.fritz@med.lu.se.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fritz
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cöster
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: J-Å
authors.initials: JÅ
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Rosengren
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dencker
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Karlsson
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D003479:Curriculum; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000503:physiopathology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D013131:Spine / Q000503:physiopathology; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Bone mass; Children; Fractures; Muscle strength; Physical activity