title: Measurement of clavicular length and shortening after a midshaft clavicular fracture: Spatial digitization versus planar roentgen photogrammetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clavicular shortening after fracture is deemed prognostic for clinical outcome and is therefore generally assessed on radiographs. It is used for clinical decision making regarding operative or non-operative treatment in the first 2weeks after trauma, although the reliability and accuracy of the measurements are unclear. This study aimed to assess the reliability of roentgen photogrammetry (2D) of clavicular length and shortening, and to compare these with 3D-spatial digitization measurements, obtained with an electromagnetic recording system (Flock of Birds).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two participants with a consolidated non-operatively treated two or multi-fragmented dislocated midshaft clavicular fracture were analysed. Two observers measured clavicular lengths and absolute and proportional clavicular shortening on radiographs taken before and after fracture consolidation. The clavicular lengths were also measured with spatial digitization. Inter-observer agreement on the radiographic measurements was assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Agreement between the radiographic and spatial digitization measurements was assessed using a Bland-Altman plot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inter-observer agreement on clavicular length, and absolute and proportional shortening on trauma radiographs was almost perfect (ICC>0.90), but moderate for absolute shortening after consolidation (ICC=0.45). The Bland-Altman plot compared measurements of length on AP panorama radiographs with spatial digitization and showed that planar roentgen photogrammetry resulted in up to 37mm longer and 34mm shorter measurements than spatial digitization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurements of clavicular length on radiographs are highly reliable between observers, but may not reflect the actual length and shortening of the clavicle when compared to length measurements with spatial digitization. We recommend to use proportional shortening when measuring clavicular length or shortening on radiographs for clinical decision making.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery-Trauma Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: s.a.stegeman@lumc.nl.
authors.forename: Sylvia A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stegeman
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Laboratory for Kinematics and Neuromechanics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pieter Bas
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: de Witte
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery-Trauma Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sjoerd
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boonstra
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Laboratory for Kinematics and Neuromechanics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jurriaan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jochem
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nagels
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery-Trauma Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pieta
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krijnen
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery-Trauma Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Inger B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Schipper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002968:Clavicle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology; D004571:Electrokymography / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D015588:Observer Variation; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Adult; Clavicle; Diagnostic techniques and procedures; Fracture healing; Fractures; Observational study; Radiography; Shortening