title: Double compartmented and hybrid implant outfitted with well-organized 3D stem cells for osteochondral regenerative nanomedicine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Articular cartilage repair remains challenging, because most clinical failures are due to the lack of subchondral bone regeneration. We report an innovative approach improving cartilage repair by regenerating a robust subchondral bone, supporting articular cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a compartmented living implant containing triple-3D structure: stem cells as microtissues for embryonic endochondral development mimic, nanofibrous collagen to enhance mineralization for subchondral bone and alginate hydrogel for cartilage regeneration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This system mimics the natural gradient of the osteochondral unit, using only one kind of stem cell, targeting their ability to express specific bone or cartilage proteins. Mineralization gradient of articular cartilage and the natural 'glue' between subchondral bone and cartilage were reproduced in vitro.
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR1109, Osteoarticular & Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, F-67085 Strasbourg, France.|Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 1 place de l'Hôpital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR1109, Osteoarticular & Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, F-67085 Strasbourg, France.|Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 1 place de l'Hôpital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Quentin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR1109, Osteoarticular & Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, F-67085 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schwinté
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR1109, Osteoarticular & Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, F-67085 Strasbourg, France.|Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 1 place de l'Hôpital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Benkirane-Jessel
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D020219:Chondrogenesis; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods; D012038:Regeneration; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D003094:Collagen
keywords: MTs; hMSCs; human mesenchymal stem cells; microtissues; nanofibrous collagen implant; osteoarticular regeneration; regenerative nanomedicine