title: Toxicity of atrazine, glyphosate, and quinclorac in bullfrog tadpoles exposed to concentrations below legal limits.
abstract: This work sought to ascertain survival and possible changes in levels of glycogen, triglycerides, total lipids, cholesterol, protein, and lipid peroxidation in gills, liver, and muscle of bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus) exposed to low concentrations of atrazine (2.5 μg L(-1)), glyphosate (18 μg L(-1)), and quinclorac (0.025 μg L(-1)) at laboratorial conditions. Tadpoles showed a reduction of glycogen and triglyceride in all organs and an increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) compared with control animals. Total lipid in gills and muscle increased in exposure to atrazine, and gills alone in exposure to glyphosate, but decreased in gills, liver, and muscle after quinclorac. Cholesterol increased in gills and liver after atrazine, in gills and muscle after glyphosate, and decreased in liver after quinclorac. Total protein in gills decreased after exposure to all herbicides, increased in muscle after atrazine, and in liver and muscle after quinclorac. These findings show that at concentrations of these herbicides tested can lead to an increase in energy expenditure to maintain homeostasis and survival of these animals despite the increase in lipid peroxidation levels in all organs analyzed. Responses observed can be one of the factors responsible for the decline in the number of amphibians around the world.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Biociências, Departamento de Ciências Morfofisiológicas, Laboratório de Fisiologia da Conservação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Avenida Ipiranga, 6681 Pd. 12, Bloco C, Sala 250, CP. 1429, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dornelles
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Biociências, Departamento de Ciências Morfofisiológicas, Laboratório de Fisiologia da Conservação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Avenida Ipiranga, 6681 Pd. 12, Bloco C, Sala 250, CP. 1429, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil. guendato@pucrs.br.
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D058735:Environmental Policy; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011804:Quinolines / Q000633:toxicity*; D011892:Rana catesbeiana; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D001280:Atrazine; D005998:Glycine; D006003:Glycogen; D006540:Herbicides; D011804:Quinolines; D000097797:Glyphosate; C489048:quinclorac
keywords: Agrochemicals; Biochemical changes; Bullfrog; Lipid peroxidation (LPO); Lithobates catesbeianus; Tadpoles