title: Extreme soil acidity from biodegradable trap and skeet targets increases severity of pollution at shooting ranges.
abstract: Lead pollution at shooting ranges overshadows the potential for contamination issues from trap and skeet targets. We studied the environmental influence of targets sold as biodegradable by determining the components of the targets and sampling soils at a former sporting clay range. Targets comprised approximately 53% CaCO3, 41% S(0), and 6% modifiers, and on a molar basis, there was 2.3 times more S(0) than CaCO3. We observed a positive correlation between target cover and SO4(2-) (ρ=0.82, P<0.001), which indicated the oxidation of S(0) to H2SO4. Sulfate was negatively correlated with pH (ρ=-0.93, P<0.001) because insufficient CaCO3 existed in the targets to neutralize all the acid produced from S(0) oxidation. Plant cover decreased with decreasing soil pH (ρ=0.62, P=0.006). For sites that had pH values below 3, 24tons of lime per 1000tons of soil would be required to raise soil pH to 6.5. Lime-facilitated pH increases would be transitory because S(0) would continue to oxidize to H2SO4 until the S(0) is depleted. This study demonstrates that biodegradable trap and skeet targets can acidify soil, which has implications for increasing the mobility of Pb from shotgun pellets.
authors.affiliation: MPG Ranch, Florence, MT 59833, USA; Department of Geosciences, University of Montana 59801, USA. Electronic address: mmctee@mpgranch.com.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: McTee
authors.affiliation: MPG Ranch, Florence, MT 59833, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Mummey
authors.affiliation: MPG Ranch, Florence, MT 59833, USA.
authors.forename: Philip W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Ramsey
authors.affiliation: Department of Geosciences, University of Montana 59801, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Hinman
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005389:Firearms; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Acidification; Clay pigeon; Elemental sulfur; Lead; Shotgun; Sporting clay