title: The effects of smoking and drinking on all-cause mortality in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: a single-center cohort study.
abstract: METHODS
  Recent studies have shown that smoking and drinking are associated with poorer outcomes in patients with cardiomyopathy. The purpose of this study was to determine all-cause mortality in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) associated with smoking and drinking.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational cohort study was undertaken in DCM patients from November 2003 to September 2011. A total of 1118 patients were enrolled, with a mean follow-up of 3.5 ± 2.3 years. Standard demographics were obtained, and transthoracic echocardiography and routine blood testing were performed shortly after admission. Outcome assessment was based on the all-cause death after admission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were divided into three groups: non-smokers (n = 593), mild-to-moderate smokers (n = 159) and heavy smokers (n = 366). The all-cause mortality rates showed no differences between the three groups (23.8, 20.8 and 24 %, respectively; log-rank χ (2) = 1.281, P = 0.527). There was also no significant difference in mortality between non-drinkers (n = 747), mild drinkers (n = 142) and moderate drinkers (n = 229) (23.7, 23.2 and 22.3 %, respectively; log-rank χ (2) = 2.343, P = 0.310). In the Cox analysis, neither the smoking (HR 0.971, P = 0.663) nor the drinking status (HR 0.891, P = 0.140) was a significant independent predictor of all-cause mortality in patients with DCM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, there were no significant differences in mortality between the smoking- and drinking-related patient groups, indicating no effect of smoking and drinking on all-cause mortality in patients with DCM in the present large-scale study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. lixiaoping0119@163.com.|School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. lixiaoping0119@163.com.|State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China. lixiaoping0119@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China. liuyang2010strive@163.com.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China. luorong77@126.com.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. li-gang@medmail.com.cn.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. 33099381@qq.com.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. lixiaoping0119@126.com.
authors.forename: MingJiang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. hch0119@sina.com.|Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China. hch0119@sina.com.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China. drhua@aliyun.com.|Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China. drhua@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hua
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*