title: Short-term test-retest reliability of resting state fMRI metrics in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: To date, only one study has examined test-retest reliability of resting state fMRI (R-fMRI) in children, none in clinical developing groups. Here, we assessed short-term test-retest reliability in a sample of 46 children (11-17.9 years) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 57 typically developing children (TDC). Our primary test-retest reliability measure was the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), quantified for a range of R-fMRI metrics. We aimed to (1) survey reliability within and across diagnostic groups, and (2) compare voxel-wise ICC between groups. We found moderate-to-high ICC across all children and within groups, with higher-order functional networks showing greater ICC. Nearly all R-fMRI metrics exhibited significantly higher ICC in TDC than in children with ADHD for one or more regions. In particular, posterior cingulate and ventral precuneus exhibited group differences in ICC across multiple measures. In the context of overall moderate-to-high test-retest reliability in children, regional differences in ICC related to diagnostic groups likely reflect the underlying pathophysiology for ADHD. Our currently limited understanding of the factors contributing to inter- and intra-subject variability in ADHD underscores the need for large initiatives aimed at examining their impact on test-retest reliability in both clinical and developing populations.
authors.affiliation: Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Somandepalli
authors.affiliation: Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Philip T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Xi-Nian
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, 445 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10022, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Craddock
authors.affiliation: Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Chao-Gan
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Petkova
authors.affiliation: Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
authors.forename: F X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.affiliation: Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, 445 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10022, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Milham
authors.affiliation: Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. Electronic address: dimara01@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Martino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: ADHD; Image intraclass correlation coefficient (I2C2); Intraclass correlation coefficient; Resting state fMRI; Test–retest reliability