title: Smoking and philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A single-institution case-control study was conducted to test the hypothesis that a history of smoking was associated with a higher risk of developing MPNs compared to CLL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases (n = 323) were all MPN patients diagnosed in a 10-year period, and controls (n = 333) were all patients with CLL diagnosed during that same period. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated and adjusted for gender and age by logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant association between a personal history of smoking and the risk of MPNs compared to CLL were observed for all MPNs (OR = 1.73, 95%CI 1.25-2.40) and for the WHO 2008 classified MPNs (OR = 1.64, 95%CI 1.16-2.30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No other larger case-control study has described a positive association between the risk of MPN and a history of smoking in the general MPN population. This association might be explained by the chronic inflammatory state and oxidative stress in response to smoking, eliciting genomic instability in the stem cell compartment and ultimately clonal evolution resulting in MPNs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital Roskilde, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindholm Sørensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital Roskilde, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hans Carl
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Hasselbalch
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D042822:Genomic Instability; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009196:Myeloproliferative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: case-control study; chronic lymphocytic leukaemia; chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms; inflammation; oxidative stress; smoking