title: Patient reported outcome measures for visual impairment after stroke: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review was to identify patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) for use in research and clinical practice involving individuals with visual impairment following stroke and to evaluate their content validity against quality assessment criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify articles related to the development and/or validation of PROMS. We searched scholarly online resources and hand searched journals. Search terms included MESH terms and alternatives relating to PROMs, visual impairments and quality of life. Data were extracted relating to the development and validation of the included instruments. The quality of the development process was assessed using a modified version of a PROM quality assessment tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 142 PROMs were identified, 34 vision-specific PROMs were relevant and available to be analysed in this review. Quality appraisal identified four highly rated instruments: the National Eye Institute Visual Functional Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ), Activity Inventory (AI), Daily Living Tasks Dependant on Vision (DLTV) and Veterans Affairs Low Visual Function Questionnaire (VA LV VFQ). The four instruments have only been used with either a limited number of stroke survivors or a sub-population within visual impairment following stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No instruments were identified which specifically targeted individuals with visual impairment following stroke. Further research is required to identify the items which a population of stroke survivors with visual impairment consider to be of most importance. The validation of a combination of instruments or a new instrument for use with this population is required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research, Whelan Building (1.10), University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GB, UK. lauren.hepworth@liverpool.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Lauren R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Hepworth
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research, Whelan Building (1.10), University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GB, UK. rowef@liverpool.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Fiona J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.affiliation: Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK. robert.harper@cmft.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GB, UK. jarvik@liverpool.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthoptics, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, S10 2JF, Sheffield, UK. tracey.shipman@sth.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shipman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AE, UK. helen.rodgers@newcastle.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rodgers
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D011788:Quality of Life; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*