title: Dysglycaemia in small-for-gestational-age neonates: a matched case-control study in monochorionic twins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates (birth weight <10th centile) are at higher risk of altered glucose homeostasis compared to appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates. The aim of this matched case-control study was to estimate the incidence of hypoglycaemia and/or hyperglycaemia in monochorionic (MC) twins with selective intrauterine growth restriction (sIUGR).
  
  
  METHODS
  We included all MC twins with sIUGR (2002-2013). Neonates in the SGA group were matched with their AGA co-twin. We recorded the occurrence of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia in the first 48 h after birth and studied the association with SGA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this retrospective study were 126 twin pairs included. The incidence of hypoglycaemia in the SGA group and AGA group was 29.6% and 17.4%, respectively, hyperglycaemia occurred in 8.7% of the SGA neonates and in 2.6% of the AGA co-twins. Multivariate analysis showed an independent association of SGA with hypoglycaemia (OR 1.97, CI 1.23-3.18, p ≤ 0.01), but not with hyperglycaemia (OR 2.57, CI 1.64-10.28, p = 0.182). Low gestational age (GA) at birth (OR 1.65, CI 1.09-2.48, p = 0.02) showed an independent association with hyperglycaemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of hypoglycaemia is almost twofold higher in SGA neonates compared to their MC AGA twins. Low GA appeared to be an independent risk factor for hyperglycaemia in SGA neonates.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics .
authors.forename: Claudia D E
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: de Bruin
authors.affiliation: a Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics .
authors.forename: N Margreth
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: van der Lugt
authors.affiliation: a Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics .
authors.forename: Remco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.affiliation: b Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics , and.
authors.forename: Wilma
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Oostdijk
authors.affiliation: c Department of Medical Statistics , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erik W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: van Zwet
authors.affiliation: a Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics .
authors.forename: Arjan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Te Pas
authors.affiliation: a Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics .
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lopriore
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D044882:Glucose Metabolism Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Glucose; hypoglycaemia; risk factor; sIUGR