title: Specific Antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Are Present in Serum from Pigs with Osteomyelitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Achilles heel in osteomyelitis is that bacteria, primarily Staphylococcus aureus, grow as a biofilm in the bone lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, we explored the serum level of specific antibodies to S. aurues biofilm in porcine models of osteomyelitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly increased levels of antibodies towards the specific biofilm antigen SA0688 were measured in serum from pigs with S. aureus-associated acute and chronic osteomyelitis 5-7 and 10-14 days after inoculation, respectively. Simultaneously with raised antibody levels, an increase in serum interleukin 6 (IL 6) levels was also seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed biofilm-specific antibody response represents a T-helper cell 17 (Th17) response and potentially a T-helper cell 1 (Th1) response. This is in agreement with previous studies in mice and rabbits speculating that S. aureus induces a Th1- and Th17-biased adaptive immune response, instead of a protective Th2 response, in order to evade the immune system, resulting in a chronic infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark louise-k@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Louise Kruse
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Henrik Elvang
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Janne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.affiliation: Costerton Biofilm Center, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bjarnsholt
authors.affiliation: Costerton Biofilm Center, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eickhardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Dental School and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shirtliff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D018441:Biofilms; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000276:immunology; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000662:veterinary*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000662:veterinary*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology*; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D015850:Interleukin-6
keywords: Biofilm; Staphylococcus aurcus; adaptive immunity; osteomyelitis; porcine model