title: Management options and fertility-preserving therapy for premenopausal endometrial hyperplasia and early-stage endometrial cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Definitive management with hysterectomy could be appropriate for some patients with endometrial cancer and its precursor lesions, but poses challenges for those desiring future fertility.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia/cancer among premenopausal women and discuss management options for fertility preservation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search through the PubMed, Ovid, and Cochrane databases was conducted using the terms "endometrial hyperplasia" and "endometrial cancer," cross-referenced with "fertility preservation."
  
  
  METHODS
  All articles published in English between January 1, 2000, and January 1, 2015, were considered if they were readily available online.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were analyzed and information was synthesized into a comprehensive review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic anovulation, obesity, polycystic ovarian syndrome, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus must be appreciated as risk factors for endometrial pathology. Providers must exert vigilance in identifying patients at risk and in initiating pre-emptive strategies. Risk reduction with lifestyle modification, weight loss, and glycemic control can improve regression and overall health. Fertility outcomes for these patients are promising, especially with assisted reproductive technology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conservative management could be appropriate for carefully selected women with complex atypical endometrial hyperplasia or early-stage endometrial cancer who desire future fertility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gressel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Vinita
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Parkash
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. Electronic address: lubna.pal@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Lubna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pal
mesh_terms: D004714:Endometrial Hyperplasia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D059247:Fertility Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011247:Pregnancy; D017697:Premenopause; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior
keywords: Complex atypical endometrial hyperplasia; Early-stage endometrial cancer; Fertility preservation; Progestin therapy