title: Disinfection by-products effect on swimmers oxidative stress and respiratory damage.
abstract: Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are generated through the reaction of chlorine with organic and inorganic matter in indoor swimming pools. Different DBPs are present in indoor swimming pools. This study evaluated the effects of different chlorinated formations in oxidative stress and lung damage in 20 swimmers after 40 min of aerobic swimming in 3 indoor pools with different characteristics. Biological samples were collected to measure lung damage (serum-surfactant-associated proteins A and B), oxidative stress parameters (plasma protein carbonylation and malondialdehyde, and whole-blood glutathione oxidation), and swimming exertion values (blood lactate) before and after exercise. Free chlorine and combined chlorine in water, and chlorine in air samples were determined in all the swimming pools. Chlorination as disinfection treatment led to the formation of chloramines in water samples, mainly mono- and dichloramine. However, free chlorine was the predominate species in ultraviolet-treated swimming pool. Levels of total chlorine increased as a function of the swimming activity in chlorinated swimming pools. The lower quality of the installation resulted in a higher content of total chlorine, especially in air samples, and therefore a higher exposure of the swimmer to DBPs. However, the concentration level of chlorinated DBPs did not result in significant variation in serum-surfactant-associated proteins A and oxidative stress parameters in swimmers. In conclusion, the quality of the installation affected the DBPs concentration; however, it did not lead to lung epithelial damage and oxidative stress parameters in swimmers.
authors.affiliation: a Research Group on Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sport , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Llana-Belloch
authors.affiliation: a Research Group on Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sport , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.|b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , Fundacion Investigacion Hospital Clinico Universitario/INCLIVA, University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.
authors.forename: Jose Ignacio
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Priego Quesada
authors.affiliation: a Research Group on Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sport , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pérez-Soriano
authors.affiliation: a Research Group on Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sport , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.
authors.forename: Ángel G
authors.initials: ÁG
authors.lastname: Lucas-Cuevas
authors.affiliation: b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , Fundacion Investigacion Hospital Clinico Universitario/INCLIVA, University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salvador-Pascual
authors.affiliation: b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , Fundacion Investigacion Hospital Clinico Universitario/INCLIVA, University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Olaso-González
authors.affiliation: c Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moliner-Martinez
authors.affiliation: c Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verdú-Andres
authors.affiliation: c Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Campins-Falco
authors.affiliation: b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , Fundacion Investigacion Hospital Clinico Universitario/INCLIVA, University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.
authors.forename: M Carmen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gómez-Cabrera
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D013550:Swimming; D013551:Swimming Pools; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D019344:Lactic Acid; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide
keywords: Exercise; chloramines; health; malondialdehyde; oxidized proteins; physiology