title: Alteration of Basal Ganglia and Right Frontoparietal Network in Early Drug-Naïve Parkinson's Disease during Heat Pain Stimuli and Resting State.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The symptoms and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) are complicated and an accurate diagnosis of PD is difficult, particularly in early-stage. Because functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is non-invasive and is characterized by the integration of different brain areas in terms of functional connectivity (FC), fMRI has been widely used in PD research. Non-motor symptom (NMS) features are also frequently present in PD before the onset of classical motor symptoms with pain as the primary NMS. Considering that PD could affect the pain process at multiple levels, we hypothesized that pain is one of the earliest symptoms in PD and investigated whether FC of the pain network was disrupted in PD without pain. To better understand the pathogenesis of pain in PD, we combined resting state and pain-stimuli-induced task state fMRI to identify alterations in FC related to pain in PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen early drug-naïve PD without pain and 17 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) participated in our testing task. We used independent component analysis to select seven functional networks related to PD and pain. We focused on abnormalities in FC and in functional network connectivity (FNC) in PD compared with HC during the task (51°C heat pain stimuli) and at rest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with HC, PD showed decreased FC in putamen within basal ganglia network (BGN) in task state and decreased FC in putamen of salience network (SN) and mid-cingulate cortex of sensorimotor network in rest state. FNC between the BGN and the SN are reduced during both states in PD compared with HC. In addition, right frontoparietal network (RFPN), which is considered as a bridge between the SN and default-mode network, was significantly disturbed during the task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that BGN plays a role in the pathological mechanisms of pain underlying PD, and RFPN likely contributes greatly to harmonization between intrinsic brain activity and external stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , China ; School of Computer Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities , Chengdu , China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong , China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , China.
authors.forename: Jiayan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong , China.
authors.forename: Wenjuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong , China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong , China.
authors.forename: Hongjie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong , China.
authors.forename: Ruhui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong , China.
authors.forename: Zhengkuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , China.
authors.forename: Xingxing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Science Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities , Chengdu , China.
authors.forename: Xiaotao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities , Chengdu , China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong , China.
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , China.
authors.forename: Dezhong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luo
keywords: Parkinson’s disease; basal ganglia network; fMRI; functional connectivity; functional network connectivity; right frontoparietal network