title: Neutron Activated Samarium-153 Microparticles for Transarterial Radioembolization of Liver Tumour with Post-Procedure Imaging Capabilities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Samarium-153 (153Sm) styrene divinylbenzene microparticles were developed as a surrogate for Yttrium-90 (90Y) microspheres in liver radioembolization therapy. Unlike the pure beta emitter 90Y, 153Sm possess both therapeutic beta and diagnostic gamma radiations, making it possible for post-procedure imaging following therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The microparticles were prepared using commercially available cation exchange resin, Amberlite IR-120 H+ (620-830 μm), which were reduced to 20-40 μm via ball mill grinding and sieve separation. The microparticles were labelled with 152Sm via ion exchange process with 152SmCl3, prior to neutron activation to produce radioactive 153Sm through 152Sm(n,γ)153Sm reaction. Therapeutic activity of 3 GBq was referred based on the recommended activity used in 90Y-microspheres therapy. The samples were irradiated in 1.494 x 10(12) n.cm(-2).s(-1) neutron flux for 6 h to achieve the nominal activity of 3.1 GBq.g(-1). Physicochemical characterisation of the microparticles, gamma spectrometry, and in vitro radiolabelling studies were carried out to study the performance and stability of the microparticles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of the Amberlite IR-120 resins showed unaffected functional groups, following size reduction of the beads. However, as shown by the electron microscope, the microparticles were irregular in shape. The radioactivity achieved after 6 h neutron activation was 3.104 ± 0.029 GBq. The specific activity per microparticle was 53.855 ± 0.503 Bq. Gamma spectrometry and elemental analysis showed no radioactive impurities in the samples. Radiolabelling efficiencies of 153Sm-Amberlite in distilled water and blood plasma over 48 h were excellent and higher than 95%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The laboratory work revealed that the 153Sm-Amberlite microparticles demonstrated superior characteristics for potential use in hepatic radioembolization.
authors.affiliation: University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nurul Ab Aziz
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Hashikin
authors.affiliation: University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Chai-Hong
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yeong
authors.affiliation: University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Basri Johan Jeet
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.affiliation: University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kwan-Hoong
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Lip-Yong
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Medical Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rehir
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dahalan
authors.affiliation: Radiological and Imaging Sciences, Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alan Christopher
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Perkins
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008863:Microspheres; D009502:Neutrons; D010316:Particle Size; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012493:Samarium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes; D012493:Samarium; C046797:amberlite