title: Anti-inflammatory effects of eugenol nanoemulsion as a topical delivery system.
abstract: Eugenol is the main constituent of clove oil with anti-inflammatory properties. In this work, for the first time, O/W nanoemulsion of eugenol was designed for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory effects as a topical delivery system. Topical formulations containing 1%, 2% and 4% of eugenol as well as a nanoemulsion system containing 4% eugenol and 0.5% piroxicam were prepared. Further to physicochemical examinations, such as determination of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and physical stability, anti-inflammatory activity was examined in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. The optimum formulation was found to contain 2% eugenol (oil phase), 14% Tween 20 (surfactant) and 14% isopropyl alcohol (co-surfactant) in water. Nanoemulsion with polydispersity index of 0.3 and median droplet diameter of 24.4 nm (d50) was obtained. Animal studies revealed that the nanoemulsions exhibited significantly improved anti-inflammatory activity after 1.5 h, compared with marketed piroxicam gel. Additionally, it was shown that increasing the concentration of eugenol did not show higher inhibition of inflammation. Also, the nanoemulsion having piroxicam showed less anti-inflammatory properties compared with the nanoemulsion without piroxicam.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical Nanotechnology , School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Fariba
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Esmaeili
authors.affiliation: b School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino , Camerino , Italy.
authors.forename: Saeid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajabnejhad
authors.affiliation: c Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Ali Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Partoazar
authors.affiliation: c Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Shahram Ejtemaei
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mehr
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical Nanotechnology , School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Faridi-Majidi
authors.affiliation: d Department of Pharmacology , School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Mousa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sahebgharani
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical Nanotechnology , School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Syedmoradi
authors.affiliation: e Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran , and.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rajabnejhad
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical Nanotechnology , School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.|f Medical Biomaterials Research Center (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amani
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000494:pharmacology; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D004355:Drug Stability; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D004655:Emulsions / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D005054:Eugenol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D011136:Polysorbates; D010894:Piroxicam; D005054:Eugenol; D002351:Carrageenan
keywords: Anti-inflammatory; eugenol; nanoemulsion; piroxicam