title: Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators in Circulation Research.
abstract: Membrane potentials display the cellular status of non-excitable cells and mediate communication between excitable cells via action potentials. The use of genetically encoded biosensors employing fluorescent proteins allows a non-invasive biocompatible way to read out the membrane potential in cardiac myocytes and other cells of the circulation system. Although the approaches to design such biosensors date back to the time when the first fluorescent-protein based Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) sensors were constructed, it took 15 years before reliable sensors became readily available. Here, we review different developments of genetically encoded membrane potential sensors. Furthermore, it is shown how such sensors can be used in pharmacological screening applications as well as in circulation related basic biomedical research. Potentials and limitations will be discussed and perspectives of possible future developments will be provided.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Molecular Imaging and Screening, Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany. lars_kaestner@me.com.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaestner
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Molecular Imaging and Screening, Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany. qinghai.tian@uks.eu.
authors.forename: Qinghai
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Molecular Imaging and Screening, Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany. Elisabeth.Kaiser@uks.eu.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Molecular Imaging and Screening, Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany. Wenying.Xian@uks.eu.
authors.forename: Wenying
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xian
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany. Andreas.Mueller@uniklinikum-saarland.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Molecular Imaging and Screening, Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany. martin.oberhofer@gmx.de.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oberhofer
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Molecular Imaging and Screening, Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany. Sandra.Ruppenthal@uks.eu.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruppenthal
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany. sinnecker@tum.de.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sinnecker
authors.affiliation: Department of Material Science, JAIST, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan. matsushi@brain.riken.go.jp.|Cell Function Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako 351-0192, Japan. matsushi@brain.riken.go.jp.
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsutsui
authors.affiliation: Cell Function Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako 351-0192, Japan. matsushi@brain.riken.go.jp.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyawaki
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany. amoretti@mytum.de.|DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research)-partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. amoretti@mytum.de.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Molecular Imaging and Screening, Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany. Peter.Lipp@uks.eu.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lipp
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000378:metabolism; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; D015870:Gene Expression; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000235:genetics*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012106:Research; D056969:Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging
chemical_list: D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins
keywords: Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators (GEVI); action potential; cardiomyocyte; membrane potential