title: Effects of Vacuum Annealing on the Conduction Characteristics of ZnO Nanosheets.
abstract: ZnO nanosheets are a relatively new form of nanostructure and have demonstrated potential as gas-sensing devices and dye sensitised solar cells. For integration into other devices, and when used as gas sensors, the nanosheets are often heated. Here we study the effect of vacuum annealing on the electrical transport properties of ZnO nanosheets in order to understand the role of heating in device fabrication. A low cost, mass production method has been used for synthesis and characterisation is achieved using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL), auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and nanoscale two-point probe. Before annealing, the measured nanosheet resistance displayed a non-linear increase with probe separation, attributed to surface contamination. Annealing to 300 °C removed this contamination giving a resistance drop, linear probe spacing dependence, increased grain size and a reduction in the number of n-type defects. Further annealing to 500 °C caused the n-type defect concentration to reduce further with a corresponding increase in nanosheet resistance not compensated by any further sintering. At 700 °C, the nanosheets partially disintegrated and the resistance increased and became less linear with probe separation. These effects need to be taken into account when using ZnO nanosheets in devices that require an annealing stage during fabrication or heating during use.
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK. 438468@swansea.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Chris J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0139-836X
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK. 523615@swansea.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Nathan A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK. 602782@swansea.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK. t.g.g.maffeis@swansea.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Thierry G G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Maffeis
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK. richard.j.cobley@swansea.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cobley
keywords: Defects; LBZA; Nanosheets; Resistance; ZnO