title: Salt-kneading: alternative sizing of active pharmaceutical ingredients?
abstract: The most of currently produced active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are poorly soluble in the human body. One of the options how to increase their dissolution rate is reducing their particle size. If very small particles of API are desired, traditional milling methods often cause smeared, agglomerated or non-flowing particles due to the forces applied. We tried to compare some of milling methods with the salt-kneading method, which is not typically used in the pharmaceutical industry. Salt-kneading process is driven by several variable parameters (e.g. the amount, hardness and particle size of the salt-kneading material), which influence the degree of size reduction of API particles which are chafed by a surplus of salt-kneading material. A model poorly-soluble API was separately processed with oscillation mill, vibratory mill and kneader; and the morphology, size distribution and solid form of prepared particles were analyzed. Our basic variation of salt-kneading parameters showed the potential of the salt-kneading method, which appears a very effective method of API controlled reduction. The final size can be modified according to the amount and properties of the salt-kneading material. The availability of such a method equips pharmaceutical scientists with a size-reduction method that provides very small, rounded and free-flowing particles of the poorly soluble API and reduces non-preferred needle shape.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Solid State Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Prague , Czech Republic.|b Zentiva k.s. , Prague , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Šimek
authors.affiliation: c SBU Pigments and Dyes, Synthesia a.s. , Pardubice , Czech Republic.|d Faculty of Chemical Technology , University of Pardubice , Pardubice , Czech Republic , and.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vyňuchal
authors.affiliation: e Tomášová Lea s.r.o., Pardubice-Bílé předměstí , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tomášová
mesh_terms: D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012965:Sodium Chloride
keywords: API; Agitator bead milling; particle size; reduction; salt-kneading