title: Species of Apatemon Szidat, 1928 and Australapatemon Sudarikov, 1959 (Trematoda: Strigeidae) from New Zealand: linking and characterising life cycle stages with morphology and molecules.
abstract: Species of Apatemon Szidat, 1928 and Australapatemon Sudarikov, 1959 are reported from New Zealand for the first time, and their life cycles are resolved using molecular sequence data (28S and ITS rDNA regions and mitochondrial COI). The metacercaria of Apatemon sp. 'jamiesoni' ex Gobiomorphus cotidianus and its cercaria ex Potamopyrgus antipodarum are described in detail. Its adult, found in Anas platyrhynchos and Phalacrocorax punctatus, is identified by molecular sequence data. Apatemon sp. 'jamiesoni' uses a different species of snail host, exhibits consistent differences in the genetic markers examined and its single described adult differs from known species so as to be considered distinct, but its formal description awaits additional adult specimens. Australapatemon niewiadomski n. sp. is described from Anas platyrhynchos. It is distinguished morphologically by the absence of a ringnapf and its overall smaller size compared to most other Australapatemon spp. except Au. magnacetabulum and Au. minor, which are smaller in nearly all features than the new species. Au. niewiadomski n. sp. metacercaria and its intermediate host (Barbronia weberi) are identified via matching of molecular sequence data. The status of Apatemon and Australapatemon as distinct genera is confirmed based on their respective monophyly, and genetic divergence between them is comparable to other well-established genera in the Strigeidae. The diagnosis of Australapatemon is emended. Life history data, accurate patterns of host specialisation and distribution, alongside concurrent molecular and morphological evidence would be useful for an integrative taxonomical approach towards the elucidation of species diversity in this group.
authors.affiliation: Natural History Museum of Geneva, Route de Malagnou 1, CH-1211, Geneva 6, Switzerland. isa.blasco.costa@gmail.com.|Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. isa.blasco.costa@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Blasco-Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poulin
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Bronwen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Presswell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D001717:Birds; D058487:Cercaria; D018509:DNA, Helminth / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004372:Ducks / Q000469:parasitology*; D060106:Lakes; D007865:Leeches / Q000469:parasitology; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D058488:Metacercariae; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics; D009520:New Zealand; D010802:Phylogeny; D012908:Snails / Q000469:parasitology; D014200:Trematoda / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D018509:DNA, Helminth; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal
keywords: Apatemon; Australapatemon; Genetic divergence; Phylogenetics; Strigeidae; Taxonomy