title: Pharmacokinetics of Compounded Intravenous and Oral Gabapentin in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots ( Amazona ventralis ).
abstract: Neuropathic pain is a manifestation of chronic pain that arises with damage to the somatosensory system. Pharmacologic treatment recommendations for alleviation of neuropathic pain are often multimodal, and the few reports communicating treatment of suspected neuropathic pain in avian patients describe the use of gabapentin as part of the therapeutic regimen. To determine the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots ( Amazona ventralis ), compounded gabapentin suspensions were administered at 30 mg/kg IV to 2 birds, 10 mg/kg PO to 3 birds, and 30 mg/kg PO to 3 birds. Blood samples were collected immediately before and at 9 different time points after drug administration. Plasma samples were analyzed for gabapentin concentration, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with both a nonlinear mixed-effect approach and a noncompartmental analysis. The best compartmental, oral model was used to simulate the concentration-time profiles resulting from different dosing scenarios. Mild sedation was observed in both study birds after intravenous injection. Computer simulation of different dosing scenarios with the mean parameter estimates showed that 15 mg/kg every 8 hours would be a starting point for oral dosing in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots based on effective plasma concentrations reported for human patients; however, additional studies need to be performed to establish a therapeutic dose.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baine
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Sherry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Tomás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Martín-Jiménez
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D046708:Amazona / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D000588:Amines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000077206:Gabapentin; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D000700:Analgesics; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000077206:Gabapentin
keywords: Amazona ventralis; Hispaniolan Amazon parrot; avian; gabapentin; neuropathic pain; pharmacokinetics