title: Effect of bupivacaine soaked gauze in postoperative pain relief in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective observational controlled trial in 120 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Symptomatic gallstone disease is one of the most common problem attended by a general surgeon. The application of minimally invasive surgical techniques for the removal of gallbladder is now an accepted and preferred method for treating this condition. The avoidance of a subcostal incision and minimal bowel handling leads to decreased postoperative pain, early returning to function and overall shorter duration of hospital stay. Nevertheless, patients do have significant postoperative pain, and newer techniques to further reduce this pain are the subject of many ongoing studies. Many intraoperative techniques for reducing postoperative pain have been described. The current practice at many institutions, including ours, is to discharge the patient on the first postoperative day on oral analgesics. Better control of postoperative pain may help establishing laparoscopic cholecystectomy as a day care procedure in selected patients. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of 0.5 % bupivacaine soaked oxidized regenerated cellulose surgical versus normal saline soaked surgical applied at the gallbladder bed on postoperative mean pain score after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were enrolled in the study after meeting the inclusion criteria. Relevant history was taken and clinical examination was done. Necessary investigations were carried out. All patients were divided to receive either 0.5 % bupivacaine soaked surgicel or normal saline soaked surgicel after laparoscopic cholecystectomy with each group having equal number of patients. The pain score was measured with a visual analogue scale (VAS) at 4, 12 and 24 h after the procedure in both groups. All data was recorded on performa and SPSS-19 was used for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The demographic characteristic of the two groups has shown that studied patients were matched as regarding gender, age, weight, ASA status and duration of surgery. Post-operative abdominal pain was significantly lower in bupivacaine Group than Saline group. This difference was reported from 4 h till 12 h post-operatively. Bradycardia, Hypotension and Urinary retention were the most common perioperative symptoms reported, with an incidence of 28.3 % in the saline Group and 15 % in the bupivacaine group with no significant differences. Evaluation of postoperative details such as oral intake, time to walk and length of hospital stay revealed that bupivacaine group reported better outcomes as compared to saline group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Placing bupivacaine soaked surgicel has been shown to decrease the mean postoperative pain score in patients. No significant complication was noticed with the use of surgicel. Because adequate pain control requires intravenous medications, additional methods for pain control need to be studied before laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be routinely performed as a day care case.
authors.affiliation: Department of General surgery, Liaquat national hospital and medical college, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Aman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of General surgery, Liaquat national hospital and medical college, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Salman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faridi
authors.affiliation: Department of General surgery, Liaquat national hospital and medical college, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Faisal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.affiliation: Intern, Liaquat national hospital and medical college, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Muzzammil
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Edhi
authors.affiliation: Intern, Dhaka medical college, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mehmood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan