title: Opt-Out HIV Testing of Inmates in North Carolina Prisons: Factors Associated with not Wanting a Test and not Knowing They Were Tested.
abstract: Opt-out HIV testing is recommended for correctional settings but may occur without inmates' knowledge or against their wishes. Through surveying inmates receiving opt-out testing in a large prison system, we estimated the proportion unaware of being tested or not wanting a test, and associations [prevalence ratios (PRs)] with inmate characteristics. Of 871 tested, 11.8 % were unknowingly tested and 10.8 % had unwanted tests. Not attending an educational HIV course [PR = 2.34, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.47-3.74], lower HIV knowledge (PR = 0.95, 95 % CI 0.91-0.98), and thinking testing is not mandatory (PR = 9.84, 95 % CI 4.93-19.67) were associated with unawareness of testing. No prior incarcerations (PR = 1.59, 95 % CI 1.03-2.46) and not using crack/cocaine recently (PR = 2.37, 95 % CI 1.21-4.64) were associated with unwanted testing. Residence at specific facilities was associated with both outcomes. Increased assessment of inmate understanding and enhanced implementation are needed to ensure inmates receive full benefits of opt-out testing: being informed and tested according to their wishes.
authors.affiliation: Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. grodensk@med.unc.edu.|, 725 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., CB 7590, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7590, USA. grodensk@med.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Grodensky
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hino
authors.affiliation: Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.|Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.|Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Carol E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Golin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wohl
mesh_terms: D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D018580:Mandatory Testing; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D015995:Prevalence; D011329:Prisoners; D011330:Prisons; D045808:Refusal to Participate; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D035141:Voluntary Programs
keywords: HIV testing; Informed consent; Opt-out testing; Prison; Prisoners