title: Effects of kiwi consumption on plasma lipids, fibrinogen and insulin resistance in the context of a normal diet.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Among fruits, kiwi is one of the richest in vitamins and polyphenols and has strong anti-oxidant effects. We aimed to analyze the relationship between the consumption of kiwi and plasma lipid values, fibrinogen, and insulin resistance in adults within the context of a normal diet and physical-activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study. Participants (N = 1469), who were free of cardiovascular diseases, completed a visit, which included the collection of information concerning the participant's usual diet and kiwi consumption using a previously validated, semi-quantitative, 137-item food-frequency-questionnaire. Fasting laboratory determinations included plasma lipids, fibrinogen and insulin resistance. Regular physical-activity was determined using accelerometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consumers of at least 1 kiwi/week presented higher plasma values of HDL-cholesterol (mean difference 4.50 [95% CI: 2.63 to 6.36]) and lower triglyceride values (mean difference -20.03 [95% CI: -6.77 to -33.29]), fibrinogen values (mean difference -13.22 [95% CI: -2.18 to -24.26]) and HOMAir values (mean difference -0.30 [95% CI: -0.09 to -0.50]) (p < 0.05, for all comparisons) than those who consumed less than 1 kiwi per week. In an adjusted logistic regression analysis, this group had a lower odds-ratio for presenting plasmatic fibrinogen concentrations above 400 mg/dL (OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.95), HDL-Cholesterol plasma values below 45 mg/dL (OR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.91) and a HOMAir above 3 (OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.00).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of at least one kiwi/week is associated with lower plasma concentrations of fibrinogen and improved plasma lipid profile in the context of a normal diet and regular exercise.
authors.affiliation: La Alamedilla Health Centre, Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, redIAPP, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain. donrecio@gmail.com.|Unidad de Investigación, Centro de Salud La Alamedilla, Avda. Comuneros 27-31, 37003, Salamanca, Spain. donrecio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jose I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Recio-Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: La Alamedilla Health Centre, Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, redIAPP, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gomez-Marcos
authors.affiliation: Statistics Department, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Patino-Alonso
authors.affiliation: Passeig de Sant Joan Health Center, Catalan Health Center, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Puigdomenech
authors.affiliation: Cuenca III Health Centre, Castilla La Mancha Health Service-SESCAM, Cuenca, Spain.
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Notario-Pacheco
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Research Unit of Bizkaia, Basque Health Care Service-Osakidetza, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Nere
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mendizabal-Gallastegui
authors.affiliation: Casa del Barco Health Center, Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: Aventina de la Cal
authors.initials: Ade L
authors.lastname: de la Fuente
authors.affiliation: Torre Ramona Health Center, Aragón Health Service-Salud, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Otegui-Ilarduya
authors.affiliation: La Alamedilla Health Centre, Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, redIAPP, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Maderuelo-Fernandez
authors.affiliation: La Alamedilla Health Centre, Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, redIAPP, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Cabo Laso
authors.affiliation: La Alamedilla Health Centre, Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, redIAPP, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agudo-Conde
authors.affiliation: La Alamedilla Health Centre, Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, redIAPP, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garcia-Ortiz
mesh_terms: D029042:Actinidia; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D059808:Polyphenols; D014280:Triglycerides; D005340:Fibrinogen