title: Executive functions in early childhood: the role of maternal and paternal parenting practices.
abstract: We investigated the association between mothers' and fathers' harsh parenting and sensitive parenting practices and child's executive functions (EF) in early childhood in 607 families. We focused on three broad dimensions of child EF: Emergent metacognition, inhibitory self-control, and flexibility measured with the parent-reported Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version. Less sensitive parenting of the mother and harsher parenting of the father were related to lower scores of emergent metacognition and inhibitory self-control. Parenting was not associated with child flexibility. This study extends previous research on the association between parenting and EF by the focus on the role of the father and demonstrates independent effects of mother and father on child EF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|The Generation R Study, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lucassen
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|The Generation R Study, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rianne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.affiliation: Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marian J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bakermans-Kranenburg
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marinus H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Van Ijzendoorn
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mijke P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lambregtse-Van den Berg
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tiemeier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005219:Father-Child Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D000067489:Metacognition / Q000502:physiology*; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D000068356:Self-Control / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: emergent metacognition; executive function; flexibility; inhibitory self-control; parenting