title: Image-driven pharmacokinetics: nanomedicine concentration across space and time.
abstract: Clinical pharmacokinetics (PK) primarily measures the concentration of drugs in the blood. For nanomedicines it may be more relevant to determine concentration within a target tissue. The emerging field of image-driven PK, which utilizes clinically accepted molecular imaging technology, empirically and noninvasively, measures concentration in multiple tissues. Image-driven PK represents the intersection of PK and biodistribution, combining to provide models of concentration across space and time. Image-driven PK can be used both as a research tool and in the clinic. This review explores the history of pharmacokinetics, technologies used in molecular imaging (especially positron emission tomography) and research using image-driven pharmacokinetic analysis. When standardized, image-driven PK may have significant implications in preclinical development as well as clinical optimization of targeted nanomedicines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Dab A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Brill
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: J Andrew
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: MacKay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000032:analysis; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: biodistribution; image-driven; molecular imaging; pharmacokinetics; positron emission tomography