title: Frequency, Nature, and Correlates of Hate Crime Victimization Experiences in an Urban Sample of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Community Members.
abstract: The present study examines two central research questions. First, we sought to add to current knowledge on the frequency and types of hate crime experiences in an urban sample. Also, drawing on existing frameworks for sexual minority specific (SMS) stress, we examined internalized SMS stress (defined by internalized homophobia and acceptance concerns regarding one's minority status) as a mediator of the association between hate crime victimization (i.e., objective or social SMS stress) and mental health symptoms (i.e., symptoms of depression, anxiety, and general stress). Participants were 336 self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) community members who elected to participate in research at a community health agency in an urban southwestern United States jurisdiction. Results suggested (a) approximately one third of the sample reported lifetime hate crime victimization, with the most common types characterized by interpersonal, as opposed to property, crimes; (b) approximately half of participants reported their most recent victimization to law enforcement; and (c) internalized SMS stress mediated the relation between hate crime victimization and overall mental health symptoms. Findings are discussed with respect to implications of the unique nature of hate crimes in an urban setting, as well as theoretical and practical implications of SMS stress findings.
authors.affiliation: 1 Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Alixandra C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Burks
authors.affiliation: 2 University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.|3 Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.affiliation: 1 Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Craig E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.affiliation: 1 Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Caroline H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Stroud
authors.affiliation: 1 Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Crosby
authors.affiliation: 4 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001727:Bisexuality / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003415:Crime / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006252:Hate; D063509:Homophobia / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups; D000072339:Sexual and Gender Minorities / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: anxiety; depression; hate crime reporting; hate crimes; internalized homophobia; sexual minority specific stress