title: Identification of regions of normal grey matter and white matter from pathologic glioblastoma and necrosis in frozen sections using Raman imaging.
abstract: In neurosurgical applications, a tool capable of distinguishing grey matter, white matter, and areas of tumor and/or necrosis in near-real time could greatly aid in tumor resection decision making. Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive spectroscopic technique which provides molecular information about the tissue under examination based on the vibrational properties of the constituent molecules. With careful measurement and data processing, a spatial step and repeat acquisition of Raman spectra can be used to create Raman images. Forty frozen brain tissue sections were imaged in their entirety using a 300-µm-square measurement grid, and two or more regions of interest within each tissue were also imaged using a 25 µm-square step size. Molecular correlates for histologic features of interest were identified within the Raman spectra, and novel imaging algorithms were developed to compare molecular features across multiple tissues. In previous work, the relative concentration of individual biomolecules was imaged. Here, the relative concentrations of 1004, 1300:1344, and 1660 cm(-1), which correspond primarily to protein and lipid content, were simultaneously imaged across all tissues. This provided simple interpretation of boundaries between grey matter, white matter, and diseased tissue, and corresponded with findings from adjacent hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. This novel, yet simple, multi-channel imaging technique allows clinically-relevant resolution with straightforward molecular interpretation of Raman images not possible by imaging any single peak. This method can be applied to either surgical or laboratory tools for rapid, non-destructive imaging of grey and white matter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kast
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Auner
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yurgelevic
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
authors.forename: Brandy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Broadbent
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Aditya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raghunathan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
authors.forename: Laila M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Poisson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mikkelsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rosenblum
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. skalkan1@hfhs.org.|Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. skalkan1@hfhs.org.
authors.forename: Steven N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Kalkanis
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005629:Frozen Sections; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000473:pathology*; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis / Q000473:pathology; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D066127:White Matter / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Grey matter; Raman imaging; Raman spectroscopy; White matter