title: The impact of the EU Directive on patients' rights and cross border health care in Malta.
abstract: The patients' rights and cross-border health care directive was implemented in Malta in 2013. Malta's transposition of the directive used the discretionary elements allowable to retain national control on cross-border care to the fullest extent. This paper seeks to analyse the underlying dynamics of this directive on the Maltese health care system through the lens of key health system stakeholders. Thirty-three interviews were conducted. Qualitative content analysis of the interviews reveals six key themes: fear from the potential impact of increased patient mobility, strategies employed for damage control, opportunities exploited for health system reform, moderate enhancement of patients' rights, negligible additional patient mobility and unforeseen health system reforms. The findings indicate that local stakeholders expected the directive to have significant negative effects and adopted measures to minimise these effects. In practice the directive has not affected patient mobility in Malta in the first months following its implementation. Government appears to have instrumentalised the implementation of the directive to implement certain reforms including legislation on patients' rights, a health benefits package and compulsory indemnity insurance. Whilst the Maltese geo-demographic situation precludes automatic generalisation of the conclusions from this case study to other Member States, the findings serve to advance our understanding of the mechanisms through which European legislation on health services is influencing health systems, particularly in small EU Member States.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, 30 Duboisdomein, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Health Services Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta c/o MSD 2090 Msida, Malta. Electronic address: Natasha.azzopardi-muscat@um.edu.mt.
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Azzopardi-Muscat
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, 30 Duboisdomein, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Christoph.aluttis@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aluttis
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, 30 Duboisdomein, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Kristine.sorensen@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sorensen
authors.affiliation: Institute for European Studies, University of Malta Tal-Qroqq, MSD 2090 Msida, Malta. Electronic address: Roderick.pace@um.edu.mt.
authors.forename: Roderick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pace
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, 30 Duboisdomein, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Helmut.brand@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brand
mesh_terms: D005062:European Union; D006291:Health Policy; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008319:Malta; D028701:Patient Rights / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D010465:Perception
keywords: Case study; Cross-border health care; Europeanisation; Health policy; Malta; Patients’ rights