title: An improved spatial span test of visuospatial memory.
abstract: In the widely used Corsi Block Test and Wechsler Spatial Span Tests, participants must reproduce sequences of blocks in the order touched by the examiner until two trials are missed at the same sequence length. The examiner records either the maximum number of blocks correctly reported or the total number of correct lists. Here, we describe a computerized spatial span test (C-SST) that uses psychophysical procedures to quantify visuospatial mean span (MnS) with sub-digit precision. Results from 187 participants ranging in age from 18 to 82 years showed that accuracy declined gradually with list length around the MnS (by ∼30% per item). Simulation studies revealed high variance and biases in CBT and Wechsler measures, and demonstrated that the C-SST provided the most accurate estimate of true span (i.e., the sequence length producing 50% correct). MnS declined more rapidly with age than mean digit span (MnDS) measured in the same participants. Response times correlated with both MnS and MnDS scores. Error analysis showed that omission and transposition errors predominated, with weaker primacy and recency effects in spatial span than digit span testing. The C-SST improves the precision of spatial span testing and reveals significant differences between visuospatial and verbal working memory.
authors.affiliation: a Human Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory , VANCHCS , 150 Muir Rd., Martinez , CA 94553 , USA.|b Department of Neurology , UC Davis , 4860 Y St., Suite 3700, Sacramento , CA 95817 , USA.|c Center for Neurosciences , UC Davis , 1544 Newton Ct., Davis , CA 95616 , USA.|d Center for Mind and Brain , UC Davis , 202 Cousteau Place, Suite 201, Davis , CA 95616 , USA.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.affiliation: a Human Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory , VANCHCS , 150 Muir Rd., Martinez , CA 94553 , USA.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wyma
authors.affiliation: a Human Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory , VANCHCS , 150 Muir Rd., Martinez , CA 94553 , USA.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Herron
authors.affiliation: a Human Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory , VANCHCS , 150 Muir Rd., Martinez , CA 94553 , USA.
authors.forename: E William
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Yund
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D065852:Spatial Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Digit span; aging; computer; gender; meta-analysis; processing speed; reaction time; review; sex