title: Overcoming language barriers in healthcare: A protocol for investigating safe and effective communication when patients or clinicians use a second language.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Miscommunication in the healthcare sector can be life-threatening. The rising number of migrant patients and foreign-trained staff means that communication errors between a healthcare practitioner and patient when one or both are speaking a second language are increasingly likely. However, there is limited research that addresses this issue systematically. This protocol outlines a hospital-based study examining interactions between healthcare practitioners and their patients who either share or do not share a first language. Of particular interest are the nature and efficacy of communication in language-discordant conversations, and the degree to which risk is communicated. Our aim is to understand language barriers and miscommunication that may occur in healthcare settings between patients and healthcare practitioners, especially where at least one of the speakers is using a second (weaker) language.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty individual interactions between patients and practitioners who speak either English or Chinese (Mandarin or Cantonese) as their first language will be video recorded in a range of in- and out-patient departments at three hospitals in the Metro South area of Brisbane, Australia. All participants will complete a language background questionnaire. Patients will also complete a short survey rating the effectiveness of the interaction. Recordings will be transcribed and submitted to both quantitative and qualitative analyses to determine elements of the language used that might be particularly problematic and the extent to which language concordance and discordance impacts on the quality of the patient-practitioner consultation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding the role that language plays in creating barriers to healthcare is critical for healthcare systems that are experiencing an increasing range of culturally and linguistically diverse populations both amongst patients and practitioners. The data resulting from this study will inform policy and practical solutions for communication training, provide an agenda for future research, and extend theory in health communication.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. r.meuter@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Renata F I
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Meuter
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gallois
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.|Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Norman S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Segalowitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.|Culture and Mental Health Research Unit, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Ryder
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hocking
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003142:Communication; D003144:Communication Barriers; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D019303:Multilingualism; D010045:Outpatients; D061214:Patient Safety; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011793:Queensland; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D014743:Videotape Recording