title: Rational Concept for Designing Vapor-Liquid-Solid Growth of Single Crystalline Metal Oxide Nanowires.
abstract: Metal oxide nanowires hold great promise for various device applications due to their unique and robust physical properties in air and/or water and also due to their abundance on Earth. Vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth of metal oxide nanowires offers the high controllability of their diameters and spatial positions. In addition, VLS growth has applicability to axial and/or radial heterostructures, which are not attainable by other nanowire growth methods. However, material species available for the VLS growth of metal oxide nanowires are substantially limited even though the variety of material species, which has fascinating physical properties, is the most interesting feature of metal oxides. Here we demonstrate a rational design for the VLS growth of various metal oxide nanowires, based on the "material flux window". This material flux window describes the concept of VLS nanowire growth within a limited material flux range, where nucleation preferentially occurs only at a liquid-solid interface. Although the material flux was previously thought to affect primarily the growth rate, we experimentally and theoretically demonstrate that the material flux is the important experimental variable for the VLS growth of metal oxide nanowires. On the basis of the material flux window concept, we discover novel metal oxide nanowires, composed of MnO, CaO, Sm2O3, NiO, and Eu2O3, which were previously impossible to form via the VLS route. The newly grown NiO nanowires exhibited stable memristive properties superior to conventional polycrystalline devices due to the single crystallinity. Thus, this VLS design route offers a useful guideline for the discovery of single crystalline nanowires that are composed of functional metal oxide materials.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
authors.forename: Annop
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klamchuen
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University , 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagashima
authors.affiliation: Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University , 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanai
authors.affiliation: Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University , 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan.
authors.forename: Fuwei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhuge
authors.affiliation: Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University , 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University , 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
authors.forename: Shoichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.affiliation: Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.|Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University , 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yanagida
keywords: Metal oxide nanowires; single crystal; vapor−liquid−solid growth