title: Altered intestinal neuroendocrine gene expression in humans with obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gastrointestinal hormones are critically involved in the regulation of food intake and body weight. Previous studies support an interplay between gastrointestinal hormones and the serotonergic system. This study explored intestinal neuroendocrine expression patterns in humans with obesity versus nonobese humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Jejunum samples were collected from 164 humans with obesity (120 women; BMI (mean ± SD): 43.5 ± 6.6 kg/m(2) ) while they underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery and from 18 nonobese humans (7 women; BMI: 23.5 ± 3.0 kg/m(2) ) undergoing distinct intestinal surgeries. mRNA expression of cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY3-36 (PYY), nesfatin1, ghrelin, ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), leptin, leptin receptor (leptinR), glucagon-like-peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R), serotonin transporter (SERT), tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), and serotonin receptor 3A (5HT3A R) was determined with qRT-PCR. Ghrelin and GOAT protein expression was quantified using immunohistological stainings. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Jejunum samples from humans with obesity showed a higher expression of GOAT (mRNA and protein), TPH1, and SERT mRNA compared with the nonobese humans (all P < 0.05). Positive correlations were observed between TPH1, CCK, PYY, and nesfatin1 in nonobese and GOAT, ghrelin, TPH1, SERT, CCK, and PYY in humans with obesity (all P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our top-down approach substantiates the dysregulation of jejunal neuroendocrine hormones in obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ritze
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hengelhaupt
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Gyöngyi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bárdos
authors.affiliation: eSwiss Medical and Surgical Center, Interdisciplinary Obesity Center, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.affiliation: eSwiss Medical and Surgical Center, Interdisciplinary Obesity Center, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thurnheer
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: D'Haese
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bischoff
authors.affiliation: eSwiss Medical and Surgical Center, Interdisciplinary Obesity Center, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schultes
mesh_terms: D000217:Acyltransferases / Q000235:genetics; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015390:Gastric Bypass; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007583:Jejunum / Q000378:metabolism*; D020738:Leptin / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D055099:Neuroendocrine Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000235:genetics* / Q000601:surgery; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000235:genetics; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000235:genetics; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D054439:Ghrelin; D020738:Leptin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D019894:Peptide YY; C061785:peptide YY (3-36); D002766:Cholecystokinin; D000217:Acyltransferases; C542776:MBOAT4 protein, human