title: Viscoelastic substance in prefilled syringe as an etiology of Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome (TASS) is an acute postoperative inflammatory reaction in which a noninfectious substance enters the anterior segment and induces toxic damage to the intraocular tissues.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To present etiologic investigation of two consecutive clusters of TASS. TASS outbreak and investigation: This paper presents two consecutive clusters of TASS in 15 of the 24 uneventful surgeries and the investigation carried out to find the etiology. After the occurrence of first cluster of TASS, sterilization-related etiology was explored; however, we did not find any lacunae in the sterilization and cleaning process in the operating theater (OT). Nevertheless, multiple changes in cleaning process were implemented. Still a second cluster of TASS was encountered in the following session of OT. Several other factors which include preservatives, hand gloves, intraocular lenses, medications/solutions, intraocular penetration of topically administered drugs, and viscoelastics were investigated as the possible etiology of the second consecutive cluster of TASS; however, most of them were ruled out. The newly introduced viscoelastic I-visc® 1.4% sodium hyaluronate (I medical, i-Medical Ophthalmic International GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) was thought to be the most likely cause and was replaced with previously in use sodium hyaluronate 1.5% and lidocaine hydrochloride 1% (Visthesia, CZ, Germany) in the following session of OT. No further TASS incident was encountered after replacing the viscoelastic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Investigation revealed that 1.4% sodium hyaluronate in prefilled syringe (PFS) (I-visc® 1.4%) was the etiologic factor of two consecutive clusters of TASS. While TASS due to residual denatured ophthalamic viscosurgical devices (OVDs) is a common knowledge, current study brings out that even disposable viscoelastic material supplied in PFSs can be an etiology of TASS. It is important to recognize that contamination of OVDs with endotoxins can occur at the time of manufacturing. Therefore, in the absence of appropriate guidelines for ophthalmic preparations, endotoxin limit for medical preparations (i.e. <0.5 endotoxin units/ml) must be considered during OVD manufacture.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Taif University , Taif , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Talal Abdulrahman
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Althomali
mesh_terms: D000869:Anterior Eye Segment / Q000187:drug effects*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D013577:Syndrome; D013594:Syringes; D055682:Viscoelastic Substances / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D055682:Viscoelastic Substances; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid
keywords: Cataract surgery complications; TASS etiology; Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome; disposable prefilled syringe viscoelastic