title: Preparing and Restoring Composite Resin Restorations. The Advantage of High Magnification Loupes or the Dental Surgical Operating Microscope.
abstract: Use of magnification, such as 6x to 8x binocular surgical loupes or the surgical operating microscope, combined with co-axial illumination, may facilitate the creation of stable composite resin restorations that are less likely to develop caries, cracks or margin stains over years of service. Microscopes facilitate observation of clinically relevant microscopic visual details, such as microscopic amounts of demineralization or caries at preparation margins; microscopic areas of soft, decayed tooth structure; microscopic amounts of moisture contamination of the preparation during bonding; or microscopic marginal gaps in the composite. Preventing microscope-level errors in composite fabrication can result in a composite restoration that, at initial placement, appears perfect when viewed under 6x to 8x magnification and which also is free of secondary caries, marginal staining or cracks at multi-year follow-up visits.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mamoun
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000295:instrumentation; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D003737:Dental Cavity Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003775:Dental Polishing / Q000295:instrumentation; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005881:Gingiva / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007909:Lenses; D055115:Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives; D008029:Lighting / Q000295:instrumentation; D008434:Matrix Bands; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation; D019558:Occlusal Adjustment / Q000295:instrumentation; D058105:Polymerization; D013499:Surface Properties; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000473:pathology; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; D014867:Water