title: New Treatment Approaches for the Anemia of CKD.
abstract: Normocytic normochromic anemia is a common complication in chronic kidney disease and is associated with many adverse clinical consequences. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and adjuvant iron therapy represent the primary treatment for anemia in chronic kidney disease. The introduction of ESAs into clinical practice was a success story, mediating an increase in hemoglobin concentrations without the risk for recurrent blood transfusions and improving quality of life substantially. However, recombinant ESAs are still expensive and require a parenteral route of administration. Moreover, concern has arisen following randomized clinical trials showing that higher hemoglobin targets and/or high ESA doses may cause significant harm. This, together with changes in ESA reimbursement policy in some countries, has resulted in a significant reduction in ESA prescribing and the hemoglobin level targeted during therapy. Several attempts are being made to develop new drugs with improved characteristics and/or easier manufacturing processes compared with currently available ESAs, including new treatment approaches that may indirectly improve erythropoiesis. We give an update on the new investigational strategies for increasing erythropoiesis, examining in depth their characteristics and possible advantages in the clinical setting and the caveats to be aware of at the present stage of development.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy. Electronic address: m.bonomini@nephro.unich.it.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonomini
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Alessandro Manzoni Hospital, Lecco, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Del Vecchio
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sirolli
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Alessandro Manzoni Hospital, Lecco, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Locatelli
mesh_terms: D028341:Activins / Q000187:drug effects; D000740:Anemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D006397:Hematinics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D017467:Receptors, Erythropoietin / Q000187:drug effects; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D006397:Hematinics; D017467:Receptors, Erythropoietin; D028341:Activins
keywords: Chronic kidney disease (CKD); EPO receptor; HIF stabilizer; activin trap; chronic renal insufficiency; dialysis; end-stage renal disease; erythropoiesis; erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA); erythropoietin (EPO); gene therapy; hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF); prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor; renal anemia; review