title: The Oral Microbiome of Denture Wearers Is Influenced by Levels of Natural Dentition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The composition of dental plaque has been well defined, whereas currently there is limited understanding of the composition of denture plaque and how it directly influences denture related stomatitis (DS). The aims of this study were to compare the microbiomes of denture wearers, and to understand the implications of these towards inter-kingdom and host-pathogen interactions within the oral cavity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swab samples were obtained from 123 participants wearing either a complete or partial denture; the bacterial composition of each sample was determined using bar-coded illumina MiSeq sequencing of the bacterial hypervariable V4 region of 16S rDNA. Sequencing data processing was undertaken using QIIME, clustered in Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and assigned to taxonomy. The dentures were sonicated to remove the microbial flora residing on the prosthesis, sonicate was then cultured using diagnostic colorex Candida media. Samples of unstimulated saliva were obtained and antimicrobial peptides (AMP) levels were measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have shown that dental and denture plaques are significantly distinct both in composition and diversity and that the oral microbiome composition of a denture wearer is variable and is influenced by the location within the mouth. Dentures and mucosa were predominantly made up of Bacilli and Actinobacteria. Moreover, the presence of natural teeth has a significant impact on the overall microbial composition, when compared to the fully edentulous. Furthermore, increasing levels of Candida spp. positively correlate with Lactobacillus spp. AMPs were quantified, though showed no specific correlations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to provide a detailed understanding of the oral microbiome of denture wearers and has provided evidence that DS development is more complex than simply a candidal infection. Both fungal and bacterial kingdoms clearly play a role in defining the progression of DS, though we were unable to show a defined role for AMPs.
authors.affiliation: Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lindsay E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.affiliation: Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Nile
authors.affiliation: Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.affiliation: Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riggio
authors.affiliation: Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sherriff
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline, St Georges Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline, St Georges Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.affiliation: Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malcolm
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Buijs
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Egija
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zaura
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Crielaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bernd W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.affiliation: Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramage
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D002175:Candida / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis; D003778:Dentures / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology*; D013282:Stomatitis, Denture / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004271:DNA, Fungal