title: Characterization of a Novel Hepadnavirus in the White Sucker (Catostomus commersonii) from the Great Lakes Region of the United States.
abstract: The white sucker Catostomus commersonii is a freshwater teleost often utilized as a resident sentinel. Here, we sequenced the full genome of a hepatitis B-like virus that infects white suckers from the Great Lakes Region of the United States. Dideoxy sequencing confirmed that the white sucker hepatitis B virus (WSHBV) has a circular genome (3,542 bp) with the prototypical codon organization of hepadnaviruses. Electron microscopy demonstrated that complete virions of approximately 40 nm were present in the plasma of infected fish. Compared to avi- and orthohepadnaviruses, sequence conservation of the core, polymerase, and surface proteins was low and ranged from 16 to 27% at the amino acid level. An X protein homologue common to the orthohepadnaviruses was not present. The WSHBV genome included an atypical, presumptively noncoding region absent in previously described hepadnaviruses. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed WSHBV as distinct from previously documented hepadnaviruses. The level of divergence in protein sequences between WSHBV and other hepadnaviruses and the identification of an HBV-like sequence in an African cichlid provide evidence that a novel genus of the family Hepadnaviridae may need to be established that includes these hepatitis B-like viruses in fishes. Viral transcription was observed in 9.5% (16 of 169) of white suckers evaluated. The prevalence of hepatic tumors in these fish was 4.9%, and only 2.4% of fish were positive for both virus and hepatic tumors. These results are not sufficient to draw inferences regarding the association of WSHBV and carcinogenesis in white sucker.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We report the first full-length genome of a hepadnavirus from fishes. Phylogenetic analysis of this genome indicates divergence from genomes of previously described hepadnaviruses from mammalian and avian hosts and supports the creation of a novel genus. The discovery of this novel virus may better our understanding of the evolutionary history of hepatitis B-like viruses of other hosts. In fishes, knowledge of this virus may provide insight regarding possible risk factors associated with hepatic neoplasia in the white sucker. This may also offer another model system for mechanistic research.
authors.affiliation: West Virginia University, School of Natural Resources, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Cassidy M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA liwanowicz@usgs.gov.
authors.forename: Luke R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Iwanowicz
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Cornman
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Carla M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Winton
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Vicki S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Blazer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D003531:Cypriniformes / Q000821:virology*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D040481:Genome Components; D016679:Genome, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D006114:Great Lakes Region; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron / Q000662:veterinary; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000662:veterinary; D013045:Species Specificity; D014771:Virion / Q000648:ultrastructure