title: Effects of melatonin on diclofenac sodium treated rat kidney: a stereological and histopathological study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of diclofenac sodium (DS) and melatonin (MEL) on kidney of the prenatally administered rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant rats were divided into the control, physiological saline, DS, and DS + MEL groups. All injections were given beginning from the 5th day after mating to the 15th day of the pregnancy. Physical dissector and Cavalieri principle were used to estimate the numerical density and total number of glomeruli and the volumetric parameters of kidney, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our stereological results indicated that DS application during the pregnancy lead to decrease in the mean volume, numerical density, and total number of the glomeruli (p < 0.05). In addition, we determined that usage of the MEL with the DS caused increases in the mean volume, numerical density, and total number of the glomeruli (p < 0.05). So, there was no significant difference in terms of the any parameter between the CONT and DS + MEL groups (p > 0.05). Light microscopic investigation showed congestion in blood vessels and shrinkage of the Bowman's space in the DS group. Moreover, there was degeneration in nephrons including glomerulosclerosis and tubular defects, and an increase in the connective tissue in the kidneys of the DS-treated group. However, usage of the MEL with the DS caused preventing of these pathological alterations in the kidney.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggested that DS might lead to adverse effects in the kidneys of the rats that are prenatally subjected to this drug. Fortunately, these adverse effects can be prevented by the melatonin supplementation.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun , Turkey.
authors.forename: Habib
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khoshvakhti
authors.affiliation: a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun , Turkey.
authors.forename: K Kübra
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Yurt
authors.affiliation: a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun , Turkey.
authors.forename: B Zuhal
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Altunkaynak
authors.affiliation: a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun , Turkey.
authors.forename: Aysın P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Türkmen
authors.affiliation: a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun , Turkey.
authors.forename: Ebru
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Elibol
authors.affiliation: a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun , Turkey.
authors.forename: Işınsu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aydın
authors.affiliation: a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun , Turkey.
authors.forename: Elfide G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Kıvrak
authors.affiliation: a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun , Turkey.
authors.forename: M Emin
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Önger
authors.affiliation: a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun , Turkey.
authors.forename: Süleyman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000473:pathology*; D008550:Melatonin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D004008:Diclofenac; D008550:Melatonin
keywords: Kidney; diclofenac sodium; melatonin; microscopy; rat; stereology