title: Axis II disorders, body image and childhood abuse in bariatric surgery candidates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Psychiatric disorders are common in obese patients and they are often considered contraindications for bariatric surgery. In this patients Axis I profile has been widely investigated, while only few studies on Axis II profile are reported. Aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of Axis II psychopathology, to describe the typical body image and to evaluate the prevalence of childhood abuse in bariatric surgery candidates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 102 consecutive obese patients (77 females) were evaluated by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV which assessed Axis I Disorders. After the exclusion of Axis I Disorders, 50 patients (36 females, BMI: 44.68 ± 9.48 Kg/m2, age: 44.5 ± 11.7 years) were enrolled. All 50 patients received a psychiatric assessment including the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II); the Body Uneasiness Test, part a (BUT-A), which assesses body image disorders; the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) as a screening test of childhood maltreatment histories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen patients (38%) were affected by Axis II disorders. Cluster C disorders, including avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, represented the most common diagnosis (24%). Moreover, 34 patients (68%) showed body image disorders (BID), with a GSI score ≥1.2 and 24 (48%) referred an abuse during childhood. Patients with Axis II disorder or a body image uneasiness or a history of maltreatment during childhood, showed higher BMI in adulthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychiatric comorbidities in obese patients were not only represented by depression or anxiety (Axis I disorders), but also by personality disorders (Axis II), body image disorders and childhood abuse. The identification of these conditions could improve outcomes of bariatric surgery and represent an indication for a most important psychiatric support before, during and after surgery.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Experimental Medicine. Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Capoccia
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry. Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Monaco
authors.affiliation: Departments of Experimental Medicine. Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coccia
authors.affiliation: Departments of Experimental Medicine. Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leonetti
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry. Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cavaggioni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D050110:Bariatric Surgery; D057215:Body Dysmorphic Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Axis II disorders; Bariatric surgery; Body image; Childhood abuse; Obesity