title: Investigation of Chronic Toxic and Carcinogenic Effects of Gasoline Engine Exhausts Deriving from Fuel without and with Ferrocene Additive.
abstract: Chronic toxic and carcinogenic effects of gasoline engine exhaust inhalation were investigated in rats. The exhaust from the combustion of commercial fuel containing 30 ppm ferrocene additive was compared to exhaust from the same fuel without ferrocene. This study was part of a procedure to get a special authorization for the use of ferrocene as gasoline additive according to the German Gasoline Lead Act. To generate the exhausts, pairs of engines of the same type and age were operated on computer-controlled test benches in a combined urban-freeway driving cycle. The engines were equipped with three-way catalysts and lambda sensors. Rats inhaled the exhausts after dilution at ratios of about 1.20 and 1:40 for 18 h/day, 5 days/wk for 12 mo (chronic toxicity study) or for 24 mo followed by 6 mo of clean air (carcinogenicity study). The limiting factor for the exhaust concentration was the relative humidity of the exposure atmosphere. At defined intervals, body weight and food consumption, parameters of clinical chemistry, hematology, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and mechanical lung function were measured, as well as lung clearance and particle retention in the lungs. In the high-dose groups and the controls the complete organ/tissue spectrum was investigated histopathologically, and in the low-dose groups the respiratory tract. Only slight exposure-related effects could be detected, like a loss in the background iron content of the cell pellet of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and cytoplasmic inclusions and goblet-cell hyperplasias in the nasal cavity. Between the clean-air controls and the exhaust-exposed groups, no exposure-related differences occurred in body weight development, mortality incidences, or any of the clinical investigations. Ninety-two to 94% of the animals developed age-related tumors, predominantly in the mammary glands, uterus, adrenals, thyroid, and pituitary. In the respiratory tract a total of five tumors was found: one in the controls and four in the low-dose groups. No physical, chemical, or toxicological differences between the exhausts from fuel without or with ferrocene were demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: a Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research , Hannover , Germany.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: a Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research , Hannover , Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.affiliation: a Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research , Hannover , Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.affiliation: a Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research , Hannover , Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.affiliation: a Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research , Hannover , Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bellmann
authors.affiliation: a Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research , Hannover , Germany.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Creutzenberg
authors.affiliation: a Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research , Hannover , Germany.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Hoymann
authors.affiliation: a Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research , Hannover , Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dasenbrock
authors.affiliation: a Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research , Hannover , Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Heinrich