title: The relationship between temperament and character and psychotic-like experiences in healthy children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior work by our group identified personality profiles associated with psychotic-like experiences (PLE's) in healthy adults that were strikingly similar to those found in schizophrenia patients, with the exception of two key differences. Specifically, higher levels of PLE's were linked to higher persistence and cooperativeness, suggesting that these characteristics might represent personality-based resilience factors. Notably, age and personality were significantly correlated in these data, raising questions about whether healthy children and adolescents would show similar results. To date, no study has examined personality profiles associated with both positive and negative PLE's in healthy children and adolescents using Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Thus, this study examined the relationship between TCI dimensions and PLE's in healthy children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The TCI and the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) were administered to 123 healthy children and adolescents aged 8-18. Multiple regression models were used to examine personality dimensions associated with overall severity of PLE's as well as severity of positive and negative PLE's separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive, negative, and overall PLE severity were all associated with a personality pattern of higher harm avoidance and lower self-directedness. Negative PLE severity was also associated with lower persistence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Personality correlates of PLE's in healthy children and adolescents were largely consistent with our past work on PLE's in healthy adults. However, our previously identified resilience factors were notably absent in this sample. These findings may suggest that these personality characteristics have not yet crystallized or emerged to aid in coping with PLE's.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA. Electronic address: gnitzburg@nshs.edu.
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Nitzburg
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Gopin
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Karlsgodt
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Psychiatry, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA; Hofstra North Shore - LIJ School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Psychiatry, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: DeRosse
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002605:Character; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010551:Personality; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013694:Temperament
keywords: Adolescents; Children; Personality; Psychotic-like experiences; Subclinical psychosis; Temperament