title: Intergenerational Patterns of Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Among US Adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined associations between parental and adolescent smoking and nicotine dependence in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the 2004 to 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which ascertained smoking behaviors of 1 parent and 1 adolescent aged 12 to 17 years in 35 000 dyads. We estimated associations between parental and adolescent smoking behaviors, adjusted for covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parental current dependence was strongly associated with adolescents' lifetime smoking (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.47, 3.55), whereas parental current nondependent smoking (AOR = 2.26; 95% CI = 1.92, 2.67) and former smoking (AOR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.31, 1.75) were less strongly associated. Only parental nicotine dependence was associated with adolescent nicotine dependence (AOR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.00, 2.74). Associations between parental and adolescent smoking did not differ by race/ethnicity. Parents' education, marital status, and parenting and adolescents' mental health, beliefs about smoking, perception of schoolmates' smoking, and other substance use predicted adolescent smoking and dependence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reducing parental smoking would reduce adolescent smoking. Prevention efforts should encourage parental smoking cessation, improve parenting, address adolescent mental health, and reinforce adolescents' negative beliefs about smoking.
authors.affiliation: Denise B. Kandel and Mei-Chen Hu are with the Department of Psychiatry, and Denise B. Kandel is also with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Denise B. Kandel and Pamela C. Griesler are with the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York.
authors.forename: Denise B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kandel
authors.affiliation: Denise B. Kandel and Mei-Chen Hu are with the Department of Psychiatry, and Denise B. Kandel is also with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Denise B. Kandel and Pamela C. Griesler are with the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York.
authors.forename: Pamela C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Griesler
authors.affiliation: Denise B. Kandel and Mei-Chen Hu are with the Department of Psychiatry, and Denise B. Kandel is also with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Denise B. Kandel and Pamela C. Griesler are with the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York.
authors.forename: Mei-Chen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010290:Parents; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology