title: Cross-sectional study of alteration of phantom limb pain with visceral stimulation in military personnel with amputation.
abstract: While phantom limb pain is a well-recognized phenomenon, clinical experience has suggested that the augmentation of phantom limb pain with visceral stimulation is an issue for many military personnel with amputation (visceral stimulation being the sensation of the bowel or bladder either filling or evacuating). However, the prevalence of this phenomenon is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the alteration in phantom limb pain and the effect that visceral stimulation has on phantom limb pain intensity. A cross-sectional study of 75 military personnel who have lost one or both lower limbs completed a questionnaire to assess the prevalence of the alteration of phantom limb pain with visceral stimulation. Included in the questionnaire was a pain visual analog scale (VAS) graded from 0 to 10. Patients recorded the presence and intensity of phantom limb pain. They also recorded whether and how this pain altered with a need to micturate or micturition, and/or a need to defecate or defecation, again using a pain VAS. Time since amputation, level of amputation, and medications were also recorded. Patients reported a phantom limb pain prevalence of 85% with a mean VAS of 3.6. In all, 56% of patients reported a change in the severity of phantom limb pain with visceral stimuli. The mean increase in VAS for visceral stimulation was 2.5 +/- 1.6 for bladder stimulation and 2.9 +/- 2.0 for bowel stimulation. Of the patients questioned, 65% reported an improvement in symptoms over time. VAS scores were highest in the subgroup less than 6 mo postamputation. An increase in phantom limb pain with visceral stimulation is a common problem for military personnel with amputation.
authors.affiliation: Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre Headley Court, Headley, Epsom, Surrey, United Kingdom;
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rafferty
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Bennett Britton
authors.forename: Benjamin T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Drew
authors.forename: Rhodri D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Phillip
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003672:Defecation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010591:Phantom Limb / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014554:Urination; D014781:Viscera; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: amputation; bladder function; bowel function; defecation; micturition; military; pain; phantom limb; phantom pain; phantom sensation