title: ASSESSING THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF FUNGICIDES ON NONTARGET GUT FUNGI (TRICHOMYCETES) AND THEIR ASSOCIATED LARVAL BLACK FLY HOSTS.
abstract: Fungicides are moderately hydrophobic and have been detected in water and sediment, particularly in agricultural watersheds, but typically are not included in routine water quality monitoring efforts. This is despite their widespread use and frequent application to combat fungal pathogens. Whereas the efficacy of these compounds on fungal pathogens is well documented, little is known about their effects on nontarget fungi. This pilot study, a field survey in southwestern Idaho from April to December 2010 on four streams with varying pesticide inputs (two agricultural and two reference sites), was conducted to assess nontarget impact of fungicides on gut fungi, or trichomycetes. Tissues of larval black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae), hosts of gut fungi, were analyzed for pesticide accumulation. Fungicides were detected in hosts from streams within agricultural watersheds but were not detected in hosts from reference streams. Gut fungi from agricultural sites exhibited decreased percent infestation, density within the gut, and sporulation, and black fly tissues had elevated pesticide concentrations. Differences observed between the sites demonstrate a potential effect on this symbiotic system. Future research is needed to parse out the details of the complex biotic and abiotic relationships; however, these preliminary results indicate that impacts to nontarget organisms could have far-reaching consequences within aquatic ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Respectively, Graduate Student (Wilson), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725; Research Hydrologist (Smalling), US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California, USA 95819; Research Hydrologist (Reilly), US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 810 Bear Tavern Road, Suite 206, West Trenton, New Jersey, USA 08628; Agricultural Research Coordinator (Gray), University of Georgia, 413 Bio Sciences, Department of Entomology, Athens, Georgia, USA 30602; Bioinformatics Coordinator (Bond), Students (Steele, Kandel, Chamberlin, Gause, and Reynolds), Professors (Robertson and Novak), Associate Professors (Feris and White), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725.
authors.forename: Emma R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Respectively, Graduate Student (Wilson), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725; Research Hydrologist (Smalling), US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California, USA 95819; Research Hydrologist (Reilly), US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 810 Bear Tavern Road, Suite 206, West Trenton, New Jersey, USA 08628; Agricultural Research Coordinator (Gray), University of Georgia, 413 Bio Sciences, Department of Entomology, Athens, Georgia, USA 30602; Bioinformatics Coordinator (Bond), Students (Steele, Kandel, Chamberlin, Gause, and Reynolds), Professors (Robertson and Novak), Associate Professors (Feris and White), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725.
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Smalling
authors.affiliation: Respectively, Graduate Student (Wilson), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725; Research Hydrologist (Smalling), US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California, USA 95819; Research Hydrologist (Reilly), US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 810 Bear Tavern Road, Suite 206, West Trenton, New Jersey, USA 08628; Agricultural Research Coordinator (Gray), University of Georgia, 413 Bio Sciences, Department of Entomology, Athens, Georgia, USA 30602; Bioinformatics Coordinator (Bond), Students (Steele, Kandel, Chamberlin, Gause, and Reynolds), Professors (Robertson and Novak), Associate Professors (Feris and White), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.affiliation: Respectively, Graduate Student (Wilson), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725; Research Hydrologist (Smalling), US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California, USA 95819; Research Hydrologist (Reilly), US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 810 Bear Tavern Road, Suite 206, West Trenton, New Jersey, USA 08628; Agricultural Research Coordinator (Gray), University of Georgia, 413 Bio Sciences, Department of Entomology, Athens, Georgia, USA 30602; Bioinformatics Coordinator (Bond), Students (Steele, Kandel, Chamberlin, Gause, and Reynolds), Professors (Robertson and Novak), Associate Professors (Feris and White), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725.
authors.forename: Elmer
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Respectively, Graduate Student (Wilson), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725; Research Hydrologist (Smalling), US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California, USA 95819; Research Hydrologist (Reilly), US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 810 Bear Tavern Road, Suite 206, West Trenton, New Jersey, USA 08628; Agricultural Research Coordinator (Gray), University of Georgia, 413 Bio Sciences, Department of Entomology, Athens, Georgia, USA 30602; Bioinformatics Coordinator (Bond), Students (Steele, Kandel, Chamberlin, Gause, and Reynolds), Professors (Robertson and Novak), Associate Professors (Feris and White), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.affiliation: Respectively, Graduate Student (Wilson), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725; Research Hydrologist (Smalling), US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California, USA 95819; Research Hydrologist (Reilly), US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 810 Bear Tavern Road, Suite 206, West Trenton, New Jersey, USA 08628; Agricultural Research Coordinator (Gray), University of Georgia, 413 Bio Sciences, Department of Entomology, Athens, Georgia, USA 30602; Bioinformatics Coordinator (Bond), Students (Steele, Kandel, Chamberlin, Gause, and Reynolds), Professors (Robertson and Novak), Associate Professors (Feris and White), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725.
authors.forename: Lance
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.affiliation: Respectively, Graduate Student (Wilson), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725; Research Hydrologist (Smalling), US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California, USA 95819; Research Hydrologist (Reilly), US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 810 Bear Tavern Road, Suite 206, West Trenton, New Jersey, USA 08628; Agricultural Research Coordinator (Gray), University of Georgia, 413 Bio Sciences, Department of Entomology, Athens, Georgia, USA 30602; Bioinformatics Coordinator (Bond), Students (Steele, Kandel, Chamberlin, Gause, and Reynolds), Professors (Robertson and Novak), Associate Professors (Feris and White), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725.
authors.forename: Prasanna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kandel
authors.affiliation: Respectively, Graduate Student (Wilson), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725; Research Hydrologist (Smalling), US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California, USA 95819; Research Hydrologist (Reilly), US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 810 Bear Tavern Road, Suite 206, West Trenton, New Jersey, USA 08628; Agricultural Research Coordinator (Gray), University of Georgia, 413 Bio Sciences, Department of Entomology, Athens, Georgia, USA 30602; Bioinformatics Coordinator (Bond), Students (Steele, Kandel, Chamberlin, Gause, and Reynolds), Professors (Robertson and Novak), Associate Professors (Feris and White), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chamberlin
authors.affiliation: Respectively, Graduate Student (Wilson), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725; Research Hydrologist (Smalling), US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California, USA 95819; Research Hydrologist (Reilly), US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 810 Bear Tavern Road, Suite 206, West Trenton, New Jersey, USA 08628; Agricultural Research Coordinator (Gray), University of Georgia, 413 Bio Sciences, Department of Entomology, Athens, Georgia, USA 30602; Bioinformatics Coordinator (Bond), Students (Steele, Kandel, Chamberlin, Gause, and Reynolds), Professors (Robertson and Novak), Associate Professors (Feris and White), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gause
authors.affiliation: Respectively, Graduate Student (Wilson), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725; Research Hydrologist (Smalling), US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California, USA 95819; Research Hydrologist (Reilly), US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 810 Bear Tavern Road, Suite 206, West Trenton, New Jersey, USA 08628; Agricultural Research Coordinator (Gray), University of Georgia, 413 Bio Sciences, Department of Entomology, Athens, Georgia, USA 30602; Bioinformatics Coordinator (Bond), Students (Steele, Kandel, Chamberlin, Gause, and Reynolds), Professors (Robertson and Novak), Associate Professors (Feris and White), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.affiliation: Respectively, Graduate Student (Wilson), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725; Research Hydrologist (Smalling), US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California, USA 95819; Research Hydrologist (Reilly), US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 810 Bear Tavern Road, Suite 206, West Trenton, New Jersey, USA 08628; Agricultural Research Coordinator (Gray), University of Georgia, 413 Bio Sciences, Department of Entomology, Athens, Georgia, USA 30602; Bioinformatics Coordinator (Bond), Students (Steele, Kandel, Chamberlin, Gause, and Reynolds), Professors (Robertson and Novak), Associate Professors (Feris and White), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Respectively, Graduate Student (Wilson), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725; Research Hydrologist (Smalling), US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California, USA 95819; Research Hydrologist (Reilly), US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 810 Bear Tavern Road, Suite 206, West Trenton, New Jersey, USA 08628; Agricultural Research Coordinator (Gray), University of Georgia, 413 Bio Sciences, Department of Entomology, Athens, Georgia, USA 30602; Bioinformatics Coordinator (Bond), Students (Steele, Kandel, Chamberlin, Gause, and Reynolds), Professors (Robertson and Novak), Associate Professors (Feris and White), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.affiliation: Respectively, Graduate Student (Wilson), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725; Research Hydrologist (Smalling), US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California, USA 95819; Research Hydrologist (Reilly), US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 810 Bear Tavern Road, Suite 206, West Trenton, New Jersey, USA 08628; Agricultural Research Coordinator (Gray), University of Georgia, 413 Bio Sciences, Department of Entomology, Athens, Georgia, USA 30602; Bioinformatics Coordinator (Bond), Students (Steele, Kandel, Chamberlin, Gause, and Reynolds), Professors (Robertson and Novak), Associate Professors (Feris and White), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Feris
authors.affiliation: Respectively, Graduate Student (Wilson), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725; Research Hydrologist (Smalling), US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California, USA 95819; Research Hydrologist (Reilly), US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 810 Bear Tavern Road, Suite 206, West Trenton, New Jersey, USA 08628; Agricultural Research Coordinator (Gray), University of Georgia, 413 Bio Sciences, Department of Entomology, Athens, Georgia, USA 30602; Bioinformatics Coordinator (Bond), Students (Steele, Kandel, Chamberlin, Gause, and Reynolds), Professors (Robertson and Novak), Associate Professors (Feris and White), Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725.
authors.forename: Merlin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: White
keywords: agriculture; aquatic fungi; black fly; fungicides; nontarget