title: Postoperative posterior lumbar muscle changes and their relationship to segmental motion preservation or restriction: a randomized prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To date, it remains unclear whether the preservation of segmental motion by total disc replacement (TDR) or motion restriction by stand-alone anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) have an influence on postoperative degeneration of the posterior paraspinal muscles or the associated clinical results. Therefore, the purpose of the present prospective randomized study was to evaluate the clinical parameters and 3D quantitative radiological changes in the paraspinal muscles of the lumbar spine in surgically treated segments and superior adjacent segments after ALIF and TDR.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 50 patients with chronic low-back pain caused by single-level intervertebral disc degeneration (Pfirrmann Grade ≥ III) and/or osteochondrosis (Modic Type ≤ 2) without symptomatic facet joint degeneration (Fujiwara Grade ≤ 2, infiltration test) of the segments L4-5 or L5-S1 were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups. Twenty-five patients were treated with a stand-alone ALIF and the remaining 25 patients underwent TDR. For ALIF and TDR, a retroperitoneal approach was used. At 1 week and at 12 months after surgery, CT was used to analyze paraspinal lumbar muscle tissue volume and relative fat content. Residual muscle tissue volume at 12 months and change in the relative fat content were compared between the groups. In addition, clinical parameters (visual analog scale [VAS] for low-back pain and Oswestry Disability Index [ODI] Questionnaire Version 2 for function) were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with 1 week after surgery, the radiological analysis at 12 months revealed a small decrease in the posterior muscle volume (the mean decrease was < 2.5%), along with a small increase in the relative fat content (the mean increase was < 1.9%), in both groups at the index and superior adjacent segments. At the adjacent segment, the ALIF group presented significantly less muscle tissue volume atrophy and a smaller increase in fat content compared with the TDR group. At final follow-up, the clinical parameters related to pain and function were significantly improved in both groups compared with 1 week postsurgery, but there were no differences between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Motion restriction via stand-alone ALIF and motion preservation via TDR both present small changes in the posterior lumbar paraspinal muscles with regard to volume atrophy or fatty degeneration at the index and superior adjacent segments. Therefore, although the clinical outcome was not affected by the observed muscular changes, the authors concluded that the expected negative influence of motion restriction on the posterior muscles compared with motion preservation does not occur on a clinically relevant level.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Orthopädie der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle" gGmbH, Eisenberg;
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Strube
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Orthopädie, Centrum für Muskuloskeletale Chirurgie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; and.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Putzier
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Streitparth
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Orthopädie, Centrum für Muskuloskeletale Chirurgie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; and.
authors.forename: Eike K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Orthopädie, Centrum für Muskuloskeletale Chirurgie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; and.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hartwig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000601:surgery; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: ALIF; ALIF = anterior lumbar interbody fusion; CSA = cross-sectional area; IQR = interquartile range; ODI = Oswestry Disability Index; RM-ANOVA = analysis of variance for repeated measures; ROI = region of interest; ROM = range of motion; TDR = total disc replacement; VAS = visual analog scale; fatty degeneration; lumbar spine; muscle atrophy; muscle evaluation; total disc replacement