title: Interprofessional collaboration milestones: advocating for common assessment criteria in graduate medical education.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Milestone-based assessments of resident physicians inform critical decisions regarding resident competence and advancement. Thus, it is essential that milestone evaluations are based upon strong validity evidence and that consistent evaluation criteria are used across residency programs. A common approach to assessment of interprofessional collaboration milestones is particularly important since standardized measures of individual resident competence in interprofessional collaboration have not been established.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that assessments of interprofessional collaboration in graduate medical education meet common criteria, namely, these assessments should: 1) measure competency of an individual resident, 2) occur in the context of an interprofessional team, 3) be ascertained via direct observation of the resident, 4) be performed in a real-world clinical practice setting (such as a hospital ward, outpatient clinic, or operating room). We present the evidence-based rationale for these criteria and cite examples of published assessment instruments that fulfill one or more of the criteria, however further research is needed to ensure fidelity of assessments. The proposed criteria may assist residency educators as they endeavor to provide robust and consistent assessments of interprofessional collaboration milestones.
authors.affiliation: Division of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. wingo.majken@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Majken T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Wingo
authors.affiliation: Division of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. havyer.rachel@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Rachel D A
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Havyer
authors.affiliation: Departments of Dermatology and Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. comfere.nneka@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Nneka I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Comfere
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. nelson.darlene@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Darlene R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Division of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. reed.darcy@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Darcy A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Reed
mesh_terms: D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000592:standards*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States