title: LDL electronegativity index: a potential novel index for predicting cardiovascular disease.
abstract: High cardiovascular risk conditions are frequently associated with altered plasma lipoprotein profile, such as elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and LDL cholesterol and decreased high-density lipoprotein. There is, however, accumulating evidence that specific subclasses of LDL may play an important role in cardiovascular disease development, and their relative concentration can be regarded as a more relevant risk factor. LDL particles undergo multiple modifications in plasma that can lead to the increase of their negative charge. The resulting electronegative LDL [LDL(-)] subfraction has been demonstrated to be especially atherogenic, and became a subject of numerous recent studies. In this review, we discuss the physicochemical properties of LDL(-), methods of its detection, atherogenic activity, and relevance of the LDL electronegativity index as a potential independent predictor of cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Growth and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ekaterina A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ivanova
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Yuri V
authors.initials: YV
authors.lastname: Bobryshev
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia ; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Orekhov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein
keywords: LDL; LDL electronegativity index; atherosclerosis; cardiovascular disease; low-density lipoprotein