title: Prediction of postoperative pain from assessment of pain induced by venous cannulation and propofol infusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative pain may lead to delayed mobilization, persisting pain, and psychosocial distress. There are no simple and reliable techniques for prediction of postoperative pain. This study was designed to evaluate if pain induced by venous cannulation or propofol injection can be used to predict postoperative pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study included 180 patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Pain intensity associated with peripheral venous cannulation and administration of propofol preoperatively and pain intensity, and use of opioid postoperatively was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients scoring cannulation-induced pain intensity > 2.0 VAS units were given postoperative opioid more often (65% vs. 36%; P < 0.001), earlier (12 min vs. 90 min; P < 0.001), and in higher doses (4.8 mg vs. 0 mg; P < 0.001), and also reported higher levels of postoperative pain intensity (5.8 vs. 2.9 VAS units; P < 0.001). There were also significant (P < 0.01) correlations with postoperative pain intensity (rs = 0.24), time to opioid administration (rs = -0.26), and total dose of opioid (rs = 0.25). Propofol-induced pain intensity correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with postoperative pain intensity (rs = 0.19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain intensity associated with venous cannulation and propofol infusion can easily be evaluated at bedside before surgery without specific equipment or training. Patients scoring > 2.0 VAS units on venous cannulation were found to have 3.4 times higher risk of postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Low pain intensity associated with venous cannulation and propofol infusion indicate lower risk of postoperative pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.|Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hallands Sjukhus Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden.
authors.forename: A K M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9000-849X
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institute, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Medical Management Centre, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hallands Sjukhus Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden.
authors.forename: L-E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Dyrehag
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Åkeson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D015742:Propofol