title: Optimal Timing of Surgical Decompression for Acute Traumatic Central Cord Syndrome: A Systematic Review of the Literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traumatic central cord syndrome (TCCS) is an incomplete spinal cord injury defined by greater weakness in upper versus lower extremities, variable sensory loss, and variable bladder, bowel, and sexual dysfunction. The optimal timing of surgery for TCCS remains controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether timing of surgery for TCCS predicts neurological outcomes, length of stay, and complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five databases were searched through March 2015. Articles were appraised independently by 2 reviewers, and the evidence synthesized according to Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation principles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine studies (3 prognostic, 5 therapeutic, 1 both) satisfied inclusion criteria. Low level evidence suggests that patients operated on <24 hours after injury exhibit significantly greater improvements in postoperative American Spinal Injury Association motor scores and the functional independence measure at 1 year than those operated on >24 hours after injury. Moderate evidence suggests that patients operated on <2 weeks after injury have a higher postoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association score and recovery rate than those operated on >2 weeks after injury. There is insufficient evidence that lengths of hospital or intensive care unit stay differ between patients who undergo early versus delayed surgery. Furthermore, there is insufficient evidence that timing between injury and surgery predicts mortality rates or serious or minor adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgery for TCCS <24 hours after injury appears safe and effective. Although there is insufficient evidence to provide a clear recommendation for early surgery (<24 hours), it is preferable to operate during the first hospital admission and <2 weeks after injury.
authors.affiliation: *University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Kansas City, Kansas; ‡University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; §Toronto Western Hospital, Techna Research Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ‖Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ¶University of Kansas Medical Center, A.R. Dykes Library of the Health Sciences, Kansas City, Kansas; #Departments of Neurological and Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; **University of Toronto, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ‡‡Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Karen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tetreault
authors.forename: Mohammed F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Shamji
authors.forename: Anoushka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Rachel R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Vukas
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Harrop
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fehlings
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hilibrand
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Arnold
mesh_terms: D020210:Central Cord Syndrome / Q000601:surgery*; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D011379:Prognosis; D013997:Time Factors; D061665:Time-to-Treatment; D016896:Treatment Outcome