title: Endoscopic sphenopalatine ganglion blockade efficacy in pain control after endoscopic sinus surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of bilateral endoscopic injection of lidocaine with epinephrine in the sphenopalatine ganglion at the end of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in controlling postoperative pain and rescue analgesic requirements.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, double blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 60 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) undergoing general anesthesia for ESS was undertaken. Patients were randomized to receive injection of 2 mL of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine or 2 mL saline at the end of surgery. Postoperatively, patients were observed for 24 hours. Pain severity was reported immediately, 6 hours, and 24 hours after surgery using a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS). The need of rescue analgesia was recorded and compared between the 2 groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2 groups were matched in demographic and intraoperative details. Postoperative pain severity average was 3.4, 3.0, and 1.6 in the saline group compared to 1.6, 1.7, and 1.0 in the lidocaine group. These differences reached statically significant for the first 2 follow-up intervals. Also, there was significant difference in the whole-day postoperative average score between the 2 groups (2.6 vs 1.4). Twelve patients in the saline group required rescue analgesia compared to 5 in the lidocaine group. The average rescue analgesia dose was 27.5 mg of tramadol in the saline group vs 11.6 in the lidocaine group. These differences were statistically significant. No complications were reported in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sphenopalatine ganglion injection of lidocaine at the end of surgery is safe, simple, noninvasive, and an effective method of short-term pain control after sinus surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Special Surgery, Division of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (ORL-HNS), Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbed, Jordan.
authors.forename: Mohannad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Qudah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004724:Endoscopy; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D059387:Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: analgesia; endoscopic sinus surgery; epinephrine; ganglion; lidocaine; pain; sphenopalatine block