title: Nanoemulsion-based gel formulation of diclofenac diethylamine: design, optimization, rheological behavior and in vitro diffusion studies.
abstract: Chronic oral administration of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac diethylamine (DDEA), is often associated with gastrointestinal ulcers and bleeding. As an alternative to oral administration, a nanoemulsion-based gel (NE gel) formulation of DDEA was developed for topical administration. An optimized formulation for the o/w nanoemulsion of oil, surfactant and cosurfactant was selected based on nanoemulsion mean droplet size, clarity, stability, and flowability, and incorporated into the gelling agent Carbopol® 971P. Rheological studies of the DDEA NE gel were conducted and compared to those of conventional DDEA gel and emulgel. The three gels exhibited an elastic behavior, where G' dominated G″ at all frequencies, indicating the formation of strong gels. NE gel exhibited higher G' values than conventional gel and emulgel, which indicated the formation of a stronger gel network. Strat-M® membrane, a synthetic membrane with diffusion characteristics that are well correlated to human skin, was used for the in vitro diffusion studies. The release of DDEA from conventional gel, emulgel and NE gel showed a controlled release pattern over 12 h, which was consistent with the rheological properties of the gels. DDEA release kinetics from the three gels followed super case II transport as fitted by Korsmeyer-Peppas model.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan.
authors.forename: Rania
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hamed
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan.
authors.forename: Marwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basil
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan.
authors.forename: Tamadur
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: AlBaraghthi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan.
authors.forename: Suhair
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sunoqrot
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan.
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tarawneh
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D004048:Diethylamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry*; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry*; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D012212:Rheology; D012995:Solubility; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004048:Diethylamines; D004655:Emulsions; D005782:Gels; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D004008:Diclofenac; C000614065:diclofenac diethylamine
keywords: Diclofenac diethylamine; Start M membrane; diffusion; nanoemulsion; rheology