title: What is a normal blood glucose?
abstract: Glucose is the key metabolic substrate for tissue energy production. In the perinatal period the mother supplies glucose to the fetus and for most of the gestational period the normal lower limit of fetal glucose concentration is around 3 mmol/L. Just after birth, for the first few hours of life in a normal term neonate appropriate for gestational age, blood glucose levels can range between 1.4 mmol/L and 6.2 mmol/L but by about 72 h of age fasting blood glucose levels reach normal infant, child and adult values (3.5-5.5 mmol/L). Normal blood glucose levels are maintained within this narrow range by factors which control glucose production and glucose utilisation. The key hormones which regulate glucose homoeostasis include insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol and growth hormone. Pathological states that affect either glucose production or utilisation will lead to hypoglycaemia. Although hypoglycaemia is a common biochemical finding in children (especially in the newborn) it is not possible to define by a single (or a range of) blood glucose value/s. It can be defined as the concentration of glucose in the blood or plasma at which the individual demonstrates a unique response to the abnormal milieu caused by the inadequate delivery of glucose to a target organ (eg, the brain). Hypoglycaemia should therefore be considered as a continuum and the blood glucose level should be interpreted within the clinical scenario and with respect to the counter-regulatory hormonal responses and intermediate metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.|Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS, London, UK.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Güemes
authors.affiliation: Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.|Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sofia A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.|Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS, London, UK.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hussain
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000737:chemistry; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000502:physiology; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D006728:Hormones; D006003:Glycogen
keywords: Diabetes; Endocrinology