title: Development and characterization of multiple emulsions for controlled release of Trichilia catigua (Catuaba) extract.
abstract: Considering the antioxidant activity of the Trichilia catigua extract (TCE), the aim of the current study was to develop and characterize W/O/W multiple emulsions containing different vegetable oils as a platform to deliver a TCE. The extract displayed antioxidant activity (IC50) of 4.59 µg/mL and total phenol content (TPC) of 50.84%. Formulations were prepared by the phase-inversion emulsification method and analyzed for morphological appearance, pH, conductivity, droplet size and distribution, content of active, rheological properties, in vitro release, skin permeation, and stability. Formulations prepared with canola oil were selected and displayed regular morphology, mean diameter 2.77 µm (without TCE), 3.07 µm with 0.5% and 3.23 µm with 1.0% TCE. Rheometry (flow) showed pseudoplastic behavior with minimal thixotropy for both systems. TCE could be released from emulsions containing 1.0% and 0.5% TCE in a controlled manner for 16 and 23 h, respectively. The emulsions allowed good retention of TCE in the skin (stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis). In a 180-d assessment of accelerated chemical stability, TPC was more reduced for the emulsions at 40 °C; other parameters remained stable. Multiple emulsions containing TCE were developed, exhibited good characteristics, and may be considered for future investigations as anti-aging formulations for the skin.
authors.affiliation: a Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy.
authors.forename: Audrey Alesandra Stinghen Garcia
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lonni
authors.affiliation: a Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy.
authors.forename: Vanessa Marquito
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Munhoz
authors.affiliation: a Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy.
authors.forename: Gisely Cristiny
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: a Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Longhini
authors.affiliation: a Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy.
authors.forename: Fernanda Belincanta
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Borghi-Pangoni
authors.affiliation: a Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy.
authors.forename: Rafaela Said
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: a Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy.
authors.forename: Mariana Volpato
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Junqueira
authors.affiliation: b Department of Morphological Sciences.
authors.forename: Maria Raquel Marçal
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Natali
authors.affiliation: b Department of Morphological Sciences.
authors.forename: Eneri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leite-Mello
authors.affiliation: c Department of Physics , State University of Maringá , Maringá, PR , Brazil , and.
authors.forename: Francine Baesso
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Guimaraes
authors.affiliation: c Department of Physics , State University of Maringá , Maringá, PR , Brazil , and.
authors.forename: Mauro Luciano
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Baesso
authors.affiliation: d Laboratory of Chemometrics in Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry , State University of Londrina , Londrina , PR , Brazil.
authors.forename: Ieda Spacino
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Scarminio
authors.affiliation: a Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy.
authors.forename: Marcos Luciano
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bruschi
authors.affiliation: a Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy.
authors.forename: João Carlos Palazzo de
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mello
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D065546:Drug Liberation; D004355:Drug Stability; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry*; D029582:Meliaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D010539:Permeability; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D012212:Rheology; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013552:Swine; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004655:Emulsions; D010938:Plant Oils; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D014867:Water
keywords: Antioxidant activity; drug delivery system; drug release; rheometry; stability