title: Effects of the boscalid fungicide Filan® on the marine amphipod Allorchestes compressa at environmentally relevant concentrations.
abstract: Fungicides are widely used in agriculture to control fungal diseases. After application, fungicides can be transported offsite to surface and groundwater and ultimately enter estuarine and marine environments. The presence of fungicides in the marine environment may pose risks to marine organisms, but little is known about fungicide effects on these organisms, especially invertebrates. The present study investigated the effects of the commonly used boscalid fungicide Filan® on life history traits, feeding rate, and energy reserves (lipid, glycogen, and protein content) of the marine amphipod Allorchestes compressa over 6 wk under laboratory conditions. Amphipods were exposed to 3 concentrations of Filan (1 μg, 10 μg, and 40 μg active ingredient [a.i.]/L), with 5 replicates per treatment. Lipid content and reproduction were the most sensitive measures of effect, with lipid content reduced by 53.8% at the highest concentration. Survival, growth, and other energy reserves of amphipods were also negatively affected by Filan, and the effects were concentration dependent. Antennal deformities were incidentally observed on the amphipods at a concentration of 40 μg a.i./L. The results of the present study indicate comprehensive effects of the boscalid fungicide Filan on A. compressa at environmentally relevant concentrations. The decline or absence of A. compressa in marine ecosystems could impair the ecosystem function because of their important role in trophic transfer and nutrient recycling. The authors' results suggest that even though the use of fungicides is often regarded as posing only a minor risk to aquatic organisms, the assessment of their long-term effects is critical.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Hung T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Keough
authors.affiliation: Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Vincent J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Pettigrove
mesh_terms: D033304:Amphipoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms; D001315:Australia; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D017753:Ecosystem; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D035962:Zosteraceae / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D009536:Niacinamide; C550088:2-chloro-N-(4-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)nicotinamide; D006003:Glycogen
keywords: Energy reserves; Filan®; Fungicide; Marine invertebrates; Reproduction