title: Risk factors of failed transradial approach for percutaneous coronary interventions in Chaoshan Chinese: a locally retrospective analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transradial approach PCI reduces vascular complications compared with a transfemoral approach (TFA). TRA-PCI failure has been reported in 5-10% of cases. Reported studies showed that age > 75 years, previous CABG, short stature, female sex, and cardiogenic shock were independent predictors of TRA-PCI failure. However, related risk factors and causes of TRA-PCI failure are not well characterized, especially among Asians.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the risk factors and causes of transfemoral approach (TRA)-PCI failure in Chaoshan area.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed our databases for all patients who underwent TRA-PCI from January 2011 to June 2014 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine independent risk factors of TRA-PCI failure and the causes of TRA-PCI failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,276 patients underwent TRA-PCI. From univariate analyses, patients in the TRA-PCI failure group were significantly in women, and more likely to be age > 75 years compared with TRA-PCI success group. Besides, patients in the TRA-PCI failure group were significantly more likely to suffer from left main coronary disease, more heparin dose, longer fluoroscopy time, and more PCI procedural failure compared with the TRA-PCI successful group. From multivariate analysis, female and age > 75 years were independent predictors of TRA-PCI failure. The causes of TRA-PCI failure included unsuccessful radial artery puncture in 34, vascular anomaly in 54, and the problems of guide catheter and guide wire in 26 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Being female and age > 75 years were independent risk factors of TRA-PCI failure. TRA-PCI failures indicated more possibility to suffer from left main coronary disease. The causes of TRA-PCI failure were complicated, among of those vascular abnormalities was an important factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First Affliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College Shantou City, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgeon, First Affliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College Shantou City, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Xiangna
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First Affliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College Shantou City, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First Affliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College Shantou City, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First Affliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College Shantou City, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Duanmin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First Affliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College Shantou City, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Jilin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: Risk factors; percutaneous coronary intervention; transradial approach