title: How should I regulate my emotions if I want to run faster?
abstract: The present study investigated the effects of emotion regulation strategies on self-reported emotions and 1600 m track running performance. In stage 1 of a three-stage study, participants (N = 15) reported emotional states associated with best, worst and ideal performance. Results indicated that a best and ideal emotional state for performance composed of feeling happy, calm, energetic and moderately anxious whereas the worst emotional state for performance composed of feeling downhearted, sluggish and highly anxious. In stage 2, emotion regulation interventions were developed using online material and supported by electronic feedback. One intervention motivated participants to increase the intensity of unpleasant emotions (e.g. feel more angry and anxious). A second intervention motivated participants to reduce the intensity of unpleasant emotions (e.g. feel less angry and anxious). In stage 3, using a repeated measures design, participants used each intervention before running a 1600 m time trial. Data were compared with a no treatment control condition. The intervention designed to increase the intensity of unpleasant emotions resulted in higher anxiety and lower calmness scores but no significant effects on 1600 m running time. The intervention designed to reduce the intensity of unpleasant emotions was associated with significantly slower times for the first 400 m. We suggest future research should investigate emotion regulation, emotion and performance using quasi-experimental methods with performance measures that are meaningful to participants.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Sport , University of Wolverhampton , Walsall , UK.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Sport , University of Wolverhampton , Walsall , UK.
authors.forename: Tracey J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Devonport
authors.affiliation: b Department of Psychology , Lakehead University , Thunder Bay , Canada.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Friesen
authors.affiliation: c Department of Psychology , Aberystwyth University , Wales , UK.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Beedie
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Sport , University of Wolverhampton , Walsall , UK.
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Fullerton
authors.affiliation: d Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK.
authors.forename: Damian M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Stanley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D001007:Anxiety; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000523:psychology*; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D012420:Running / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Emotion regulation; emotion; endurance performance; meta-emotional beliefs; psychological skills