title: A systematic review of SNAPO (Smoking, Nutrition, Alcohol, Physical activity and Obesity) randomized controlled trials in young adult men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effectiveness of Smoking, Nutrition, Alcohol, Physical activity and Obesity (SNAPO) interventions in young men exclusively. The secondary aim was to evaluate the recruitment, retention and engagement strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search with no date restrictions was conducted across seven databases. Randomized controlled trials recruiting young men only (aged 18-35 years) into interventions targeting any SNAPO risk factors were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten studies were included (two nutrition, six alcohol use, two targeting multiple SNAPO risk factors). Six studies (two nutrition, three alcohol use and one targeting multiple SNAPO risk factors) demonstrated significant positive short-term intervention effects, but impact was either not assessed beyond the intervention (n=3), had short-term follow-up (≤6 months) (n=2) or not sustained beyond six months (n=1). Overall, a high risk of bias was identified across studies. Only one study undertook a power calculation and recruited the required sample size. Adequate retention was achieved in three studies. Effectiveness of engagement strategies was not reported in any studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite preliminary evidence of short-term effectiveness of SNAPO interventions in young men, few studies characterized by a high risk of bias were identified. High quality SNAPO interventions for young men are warranted.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Australia. Electronic address: lee.ashton@uon.edu.au.
authors.forename: Lee M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.affiliation: School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Australia. Electronic address: philip.morgan@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Australia. Electronic address: melinda.hutchesson@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: Melinda J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hutchesson
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Australia. Electronic address: megan.rollo@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rollo
authors.affiliation: School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Australia. Electronic address: myles.young@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: Myles D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Australia. Electronic address: clare.collins@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: Clare E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol; Nutrition; Obesity; Physical activity; Smoking; Systematic review; Young adult men