title: Relationship between CBCT and panoramic images of the morphology and angulation of the posterior mandibular jaw bone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined actual bucco-lingual angulation values and morphological variations of residual bone in the mandibular posterior edentulous region using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and panoramic radiography. A second aim was to investigate whether it was possible to predict bone morphology from panoramic radiographs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 77 consecutive patients referred for both CBCT and panoramic radiography in our department. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional images of the probable implant placement region were investigated. The bucco-lingual angulation values and crest type were determined directly from the cross-sectional images of the posterior edentulous region. The edentulous region was divided into three groups: second premolar, first molar, or second molar region. The observations were evaluated by the computer software, SPSS 22.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, USA). The crest type was classified into three groups: type U, type C, or type P. Kappa statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used in statistical analyses. The significance level was set at p < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type C was more frequent in the second premolar region and the crest type had changed to type U in the second molar region. The predictability of the type U was highest in the second molar region. Moderate agreement was found in the predictability of type U in the molars (κ = 0.602). The mean value of bucco-lingual angulation was highest in the second molar region, followed by the first molar region. There were statistically significant differences between the bucco-lingual angulation of the crest types in the second premolar and first molar regions (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bucco-lingual angulation values and morphology change through the posterior mandible. Type U was predicted at a higher rate in the second molar region from panoramic radiographs. These results demonstrate predicting high-risk areas in the posterior mandible for implant therapy from panoramic radiography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Akdeniz, Antalya, Turkey. mertugrulciftci@hotmail.com.|Dişhekimliği Fakültesi, Ağız, Diş ve Çene Radyolojisi A.D., Akdeniz Üniversitesi, 07058, Antalya, Turkey. mertugrulciftci@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Mehmet Ertuğrul
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Çiftçi
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ali Murat
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Aktan
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey.
authors.forename: Özlem
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: İşman
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kırıkkale, Kirikkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Eren
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yıldırım
mesh_terms: D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008963:Molar / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: Bucco-lingual angulation; Crest type; Panoramic radiography; Posterior region