title: Ethical Issues in Neuroprognostication after Severe Pediatric Brain Injury.
abstract: Neurologic outcome prediction, or neuroprognostication, after severe brain injury in children is a challenging task and has many ethical dimensions. Neurologists and intensivists are frequently asked by families to predict functional recovery after brain injury to help guide medical decision making despite limited outcome data. Using two clinical cases of children with severe brain injury from different mechanisms: hypoxic-ischemic injury secondary to cardiac arrest and traumatic brain injury, this article first addresses the importance of making a correct diagnosis in a child with a disorder of consciousness and then discusses some of the clinical challenges with deducing an accurate and timely outcome prediction. We further explore the ethical obligations of physicians when supporting parental decision making. We highlight the need to focus on how to elicit family values for a brain injured child, how to manage prognostic uncertainty, and how to effectively communicate with families in these challenging situations. We offer guidance for physicians when they have diverging views from families on aggressiveness of care or feel pressured to prognosticate with in a "window of opportunity" for limiting or withdrawing life sustaining therapies. We conclude with a discussion of the potential influence of emerging technologies, specifically advanced functional neuroimaging, on neurologic outcome prediction after severe brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Electronic address: kirschenm@chop.edu.
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kirschen
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Advanced Care Team, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Medical Ethics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Jennifer K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Walter
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009462:Neurology / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D013997:Time Factors