title: Acute choke zone effects: Lessons from radioactive and fluorescent microspheres in a pig model muscle flap.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Choke vessels dilate and contract to regulate blood flow between adjacent arterial angiosomes. In skin flap surgery, when arterial inflow to an angiosome is ligated, choke vessels allow blood supply from an adjacent angiosome. In muscle flap surgery, the vascular anatomy is analogous to skin flaps; however, while it is established that the choke vessels will fully dilate irreversibly after two to three days, no study has yet analyzed the acute changes in each vascular region immediately following ligation of one pedicle.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish whether the choke vessels open or close immediately following ligation of a pedicle, and how this change affects blood flow in the adjacent proximal and distal vascular regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radioactive and fluorescent microspheres in a pig model were used to study the regional intramuscular blood flow in each anatomical zone of a rectus abdominis flap. Blood flow measurements for each zone were calculated relative to the entire muscle at preligation, ligation and various times (15 min to 90 min) postligation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no statistically significant difference in blood flow across choke zones as a result of ligation. This signifies that the choke vessels do not significantly dilate to produce a statistically significant measureable change in blood flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given these results and previous literature findings, the anatomical presence of choke vessels in a muscle is the strongest determining factor for acute flap viability in surgery.
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia; ; Department of Surgery, British Columbia Children's Hospital;
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Courtemanche
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of British Columbia;
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.affiliation: British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver;
authors.forename: Rjm
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Courtemanche
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kelowna General Hospital, Kelowna.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Vancouver Hospital & Health Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lyster
keywords: Blood flow; Choke zone; Fluorescent microspheres; Pig model; Radioactive microspheres; Rectus abdominis flap