title: Interventional neuroradiology in children: diagnostics and therapeutics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To highlight the spectrum of pediatric neurovascular conditions typically referred for diagnostic or interventional neuroangiography, the range of techniques available in contemporary pediatric neurointerventional practice, and the specific considerations relating to radiation and contrast dosing applicable to pediatric neurointerventional procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neurointerventional procedures are increasingly utilized in children for a variety of indications, with continuous emphasis on improving safety and treatment effectiveness. Numerous steps can be taken to mitigate the potential risks of pediatric neurointerventional procedures, with recent data from high-volume centers suggesting similar, if not lower, complication rates in children compared with adults. Judicious patient selection and clarity of goals are critically important, however, because children undergoing complex and lengthy neurointerventional procedures are particularly vulnerable to the effects of ionizing radiation, vessel injury, and contrast overload.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With continued advances in endovascular technology, neurointerventionalists stand to play an important and expanding role in the multidisciplinary management of pediatric neurovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital bNeurointerventional Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Ramsey
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ashour
authors.forename: Darren B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Orbach
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D064795:Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods