title: Cross-culturally modified University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test for a Turkish population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) is a well-developed and popular olfactory test, which has been validated in various populations. However, there was only one study in a Turkish population, and this study indicated that the North American version of the UPSIT was not enough to evaluate the olfactory functions of Turkish population. So, we developed a cross-cultural adaptation of the UPSIT, the UPSIT-Turkish (UPSIT-T). Thus, the goal of this study was to investigate the applicability of the UPSIT-T in healthy Turkish subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 51 healthy individuals who reported having normal olfactory function. The participants were administered the North American version of the UPSIT firstly, and then, after a day UPSIT-T was applied to the participants. The results of two smell tests were compared, and the applicability of UPSIT-T was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (standard deviation) value for correctly identified odors was 27.2 ± 5.7 (range, 14-38) with the UPSIT application, whereas the mean (standard deviation) value for correctly identified odors was 35.9 ± 3.1 for UPSIT-T. There was a statistically significant increase in the scores of the participants when UPSIT-T was performed (p < 0.001). The identification rates of 10 test odorants were <80% for our study group, and 2 of 10 were <70% for the UPSIT-T.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The UPSIT-T modification is an adequate olfactory test for clinical use in a Turkish population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul Surgery Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aytug
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Altundag
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tekeli
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salihoglu
authors.forename: Melih
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cayonu
authors.forename: Halit
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yasar
authors.forename: Mustafa T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kendirli
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Saglam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009812:Odorants; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D055696:Olfactory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult