title: Evaluation of the epidemiological and economic consequences of control scenarios for bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy herds.
abstract: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important endemic infection. However, no information was available on whether it would be economically beneficial to implement a national control program in the Netherlands. Therefore, a stochastic simulation model was developed in which control scenarios were added to compare the epidemiological and economic consequences of BVDV control in Dutch dairy herds in the next 10 yr. In the epidemiological part of the model, herds could be classified as susceptible, infectious, recovered, or vaccinated. The outputs of the epidemiological module served as input for the economic module. Net costs that could be attributed to bovine viral diarrhea consisted of production losses, costs for testing, and culling persistently infected cattle in the present voluntary Dutch BVDV control program and costs for vaccination. Four different control scenarios were simulated, involving testing and culling of persistently infected (based on serum or ear-notch testing), and monitoring BVDV statuses and vaccination and were derived from BVDV control programs that are currently executed in Europe. The costs and benefits of BVDV control in the current situation and in each of the simulated control scenarios were evaluated assuming an annual discount rate of 2%. The model estimated a mean BVDV herd prevalence of 18.0% in 2014 and showed a slightly decreasing prevalence over time. The outputs seemed realistic for the present situation in the Netherlands when compared with actual survey data. The average annual net costs associated with bovine viral diarrhea were estimated at €27.8 million for the dairy industry. Two control scenarios were beneficial in controlling BVDV during the study period (between 2015 and 2025). In the scenario where tracing and removing of PI animals and monitoring of the subsequent status was obligatory, the benefit to cost (B/C) ratio was 1.5 (€1.5 benefit for each invested euro). In the scenario in which the BVDV status of all herds was determined, followed by voluntary measures before control measures became obligatory, the B/C ratio was 1.1. The B/C ratio of the scenarios included could be even higher when it was assumed that nondairy herds participated in the control program as well. The model provided the opportunity to compare the effect of voluntary and mandatory control scenarios on the BVDV prevalence and costs and benefits relative to the current situation in the Netherlands. The model was used to support policy makers in their decisions about a BVDV control program.
authors.affiliation: GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands. Electronic address: i.santman@gdanimalhealth.com.
authors.forename: I M G A
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Santman-Berends
authors.affiliation: GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Mars
authors.affiliation: GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Duijn
authors.affiliation: GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Schaik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001912:Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002417:Cattle; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003657:Decision Making; D001908:Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018803:Models, Economic; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics
keywords: bovine viral diarrhea virus; control scenario; dairy cattle; stochastic model