title: The investigation of systolic and diastolic leaflet kinematics of bioprostheses with a new in-vitro test method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate leaflet kinematics of bioprostheses with a novel high-speed imaging method.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-speed-imaging (1000 Hz) was used to evaluate leaflet kinematics of the Carpentier-Edwards Perimount Magna (PM) and Magna Ease (PME) aortic bioprostheses. Both prostheses (diameter 23 mm) were placed inside a model aorta under pulsatile flow conditions. Frequencies (F) and different stroke volumes (S) were simulated. Maximum aortic valve area (AVA), total ejection time (TET), rapid valve opening time (RVOT) and rapid valve closing time (RVCT) as well as opening (OS) and closing (CS) speeds were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both bioprostheses showed different results dependent on flow conditions. The test setup was capable of identifying small AVA-differences between both valves (235 vs. 202 mm², F60/S60; 272 vs. 207 mm²; F70/S80), as well as differences in OS and CS (2.36 vs. 1.62 mm²/ms; 2.97 vs. 2.44 mm²/ms, F80/S60). TET was comparable (638 vs. 645 ms F60/S60; 341 vs. 343 ms, F90/S60), while results for RVOT and RVCT were equal, and dependent on frequency and stroke volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel evaluation method is sensitive to detect differences between valves, although differences were found to be small. PM has a larger visible AVA associated with higher opening and closing speeds in contrast to PME.
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Hospital Essen , Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Hospital Essen , Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stühle
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Hospital Essen , Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Hospital Essen , Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benedik
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Hospital Essen , Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.affiliation: b 2 Institute of Geoinformatics, University Münster , Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stühle
authors.affiliation: c 3 Léman Research Institute , Oberägeri, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thoenes
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Hospital Essen , Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thielmann
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Hospital Essen , Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jakob
authors.affiliation: d 4 Chair of Mechanics and Robotics, University Duisburg-Essen , Campus Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kowalczyk
mesh_terms: D001021:Aortic Valve; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D011474:Prosthesis Design
keywords: Aortic valve; bioprosthesis; flow channel; fluid simulation; simulation