title: The general movement optimality score: a detailed assessment of general movements during preterm and term age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the appropriateness of applying a detailed assessment of general movements and characterize the relationship between global and detailed assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis was based on 783 video recordings of 233 infants (154 males, 79 females) who had been videoed from 27 to 45 weeks postmenstrual age. Apart from assessing the global general movement categories (normal, poor repertoire, cramped-synchronized, or chaotic general movements), we scored the amplitude, speed, spatial range, proximal and distal rotations, onset and offset, tremulous and cramped components of the upper and lower extremities. Applying the optimality concept, the maximum general movement optimality score of 42 indicates the optimal performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  General movement optimality scores (GMOS) differentiated between normal general movements (median 39 [25-75th centile 37-41]), poor repertoire general movements (median 25 [22-29]), and cramped-synchronized general movements (median 12 [10-14]; p<0.01). The optimality score for chaotic general movements (mainly occurring at late preterm age) was similar to those for cramped-synchronized general movements (median 14 [12-17]). Short-lasting tremulous movements occurred from very preterm age (<32wks) to post-term age across all general movement categories, including normal general movements. The detailed score at post-term age was slightly lower compared to the scores at preterm and term age for both normal (p=0.02) and poor repertoire general movements (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research might demonstrate that the GMOS provides a solid base for the prediction of improvement versus deterioration within an individual general movement trajectory.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit iDN, Interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience, Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Einspieler
authors.affiliation: Research Unit iDN, Interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience, Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.|Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Marschik
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Jasmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pansy
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheuchenegger
authors.affiliation: Research Unit iDN, Interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience, Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krieber
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Neonatal and Intensive Care Department, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Maria K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kornacka
authors.affiliation: Neonatal and Intensive Care Department, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Edyta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rowinska
authors.affiliation: Preterm and High Risk Babies Follow-Up Clinic, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soloveichick
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arend F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Bos
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D065886:Neurodevelopmental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014741:Video Recording