title: Biochemical Markers of Physical Exercise on Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Systematic Review and Perspectives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cognitive effects of physical exercise in patients with dementia disorders or mild cognitive impairment have been examined in various studies; however the biochemical effects of exercise from intervention studies are largely unknown. The objective of this systematic review is to investigate the published results on biomarkers in physical exercise intervention studies in patients with MCI or dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed database was searched for studies from 1976 to February 2015. We included intervention studies investigating the effect of physical exercise activity on biomarkers in patients with MCI or dementia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of eight studies were identified (n = 447 patients) evaluating exercise regimes with variable duration (single session-three sessions/week for 26 weeks) and intensity (light-resistance training-high-intensity aerobic exercise). Various biomarkers were measured before and after intervention. Seven of the eight studies found a significant effect on their selected biomarkers with a positive effect of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cholesterol, testosterone, estradiol, dehydroepiadrosterone, and insulin in the intervention groups compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although few studies suggest a beneficial effect on selected biomarkers, we need more knowledge of the biochemical effect of physical exercise in dementia or MCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark.
authors.forename: Camilla Steen
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark ; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.
authors.forename: Steen Gregers
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Hasselbalch
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark ; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.
authors.forename: Gunhild
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Waldemar
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark.
authors.forename: Anja Hviid
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Simonsen
keywords: MCI; biomarkers; dementia; exercise intervention; physical activity