title: Learning without Borders: A Review of the Implementation of Medical Error Reporting in Médecins Sans Frontières.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the results from the first 3 years of implementation of a medical error reporting system in Médecins Sans Frontières-Operational Centre Amsterdam (MSF) programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A medical error reporting policy was developed with input from frontline workers and introduced to the organisation in June 2010. The definition of medical error used was "the failure of a planned action to be completed as intended or the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim." All confirmed error reports were entered into a database without the use of personal identifiers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  179 errors were reported from 38 projects in 18 countries over the period of June 2010 to May 2013. The rate of reporting was 31, 42, and 106 incidents/year for reporting year 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The majority of errors were categorized as dispensing errors (62 cases or 34.6%), errors or delays in diagnosis (24 cases or 13.4%) and inappropriate treatment (19 cases or 10.6%). The impact of the error was categorized as no harm (58, 32.4%), harm (70, 39.1%), death (42, 23.5%) and unknown in 9 (5.0%) reports. Disclosure to the patient took place in 34 cases (19.0%), did not take place in 46 (25.7%), was not applicable for 5 (2.8%) cases and not reported for 94 (52.5%). Remedial actions introduced at headquarters level included guideline revisions and changes to medical supply procedures. At field level improvements included increased training and supervision, adjustments in staffing levels, and adaptations to the organization of the pharmacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was feasible to implement a voluntary reporting system for medical errors despite the complex contexts in which MSF intervenes. The reporting policy led to system changes that improved patient safety and accountability to patients. Challenges remain in achieving widespread acceptance of the policy as evidenced by the low reporting and disclosure rates.
authors.affiliation: Médecins Sans Frontières-Operational Centre Amsterdam, Plantage Middenlaan 14, PO Box 10014, 1001 EA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shanks
authors.affiliation: Médecins Sans Frontières-Operational Centre Amsterdam, Plantage Middenlaan 14, PO Box 10014, 1001 EA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bil
authors.affiliation: Médecins Sans Frontières-Operational Centre Amsterdam, Plantage Middenlaan 14, PO Box 10014, 1001 EA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernhout
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors; D061214:Patient Safety; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D035141:Voluntary Programs