title: Common Traffic Violations of Bus Drivers in Urban China: An Observational Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report common traffic violations in bus drivers and the factors that influence those violations in urban China.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an observational study to record three types of traffic violations among bus drivers in Changsha City, China: illegal stopping at bus stations, violating traffic light signals, and distracted driving. The behaviors of bus drivers on 32 routes (20% of bus routes in the city) were observed. A two-level Poisson regression examined factors that predicted bus driver violations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of illegal stopping at bus stations was 20.2%. Illegal stopping was less frequent on weekends, sunny days, and at stations with cameras, with adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of 0.81, 0.65 and 0.89, respectively. The incidence of violating traffic light signals was 2.2%, and was lower on cloudy than sunny days (adjusted IRR: 0.60). The incidence of distracted driving was 3.3%. The incidence of distracted driving was less common on cloudy days, rainy or snowy days, and foggy/windy/dusty days compared to sunny days, with adjusted IRRs of 0.54, 0.55 and 0.07, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traffic violations are common in bus drivers in urban China and they are associated with the date, weather, and presence of traffic cameras at bus station. Further studies are recommended to understand the behavioral mechanisms that may explain bus driver violations and to develop feasible prevention measures.
authors.affiliation: Office of Epidemiology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qiqi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Rendong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Yuanxiu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Peishan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Xunjie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Schwebel
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Guoqing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Office of Epidemiology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hongyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yao
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002681:China; D002947:Cities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans