title: Design and characterisation of miniaturised cavity-backed patch antenna for microwave hyperthermia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to describe the design and characterisation of a miniaturised 434 MHz patch antenna enclosed in a metal cavity for microwave hyperthermia treatment of cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electromagnetic (EM) field distribution in the near field of a microstrip patch irradiating body tissue was studied using finite element method (FEM) simulations. Antenna miniaturisation was achieved through dielectric loading with very high permittivity, metal enclosure, patch folding and shorting post. Frequency dependent electrical properties of materials were incorporated wherever appropriate using dispersion model and measurements. Antenna return loss and specific absorption rate (SAR) at 434 MHz were measured on muscle phantoms for characterisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The design was progressively optimised to yield a compact 434 MHz patch (22 mm × 8.8 mm × 10 mm) inside a metal cavity (40 mm × 12 mm) with integrated coupling water bolus (35 mm). The fabricated antenna with integrated water bolus was self resonant at 434 MHz without load, and has better than -10 dB return loss (S11) with 13-20 MHz bandwidth on two different phantoms. SAR at 434 MHz measured using an infrared (IR) thermal camera on split phantoms indicated penetration depth for -3 dB SAR as 8.25 mm compared to 8.87 mm for simulation. The simulated and measured SAR coverage along phantom depth was 3.09 cm(2) and 3.21 cm(2) respectively at -3 dB, and 6.42 cm(2) and 9.07 cm(2) respectively at -6 dB. SAR full width at half maximum (FWHM) at 5 mm and 20 mm depths were 54.68 mm and 51.18 mm respectively in simulation, and 49.47 mm and 43.75 mm respectively in experiments. Performance comparison of the cavity-backed patch indicates more than 89% co-polarisation and higher directivity which resulted in deeper penetration compared to the patch applicators of similar or larger size proposed for hyperthermia treatment of cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fabricated cavity-backed applicator is self-resonant at 434 MHz with a negligible shift in resonance when coupled to different phantoms, Δf/f0 less than 1.16%. IR thermography-based SAR measurements indicated that the -3 dB SAR of the cavity-backed aperture antenna covered the radiating aperture surface at 5 mm and 20 mm depths. It can be concluded that the compact cavity-backed patch antenna has stable resonance, higher directivity and low cross polarisation, and is suitable for design of microwave hyperthermia array applicators with adjustable heating pattern for superficial and/or deep tissue heating.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Engineering Design , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai, Tamil Nadu , India.
authors.forename: Geetha
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chakaravarthi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Engineering Design , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai, Tamil Nadu , India.
authors.forename: Kavitha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arunachalam
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008872:Microwaves; D008904:Miniaturization; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Cavity; hyperthermia; microwave; miniaturisation; patch antenna