title: Why semicarbazide (SEM) is not an appropriate marker for the usage of nitrofurazone on agricultural animals.
abstract: A comprehensive global database on semicarbazide (SEM) in foodstuffs and food ingredients is presented, with over 4000 data collected in foods such as seafood (crustaceans, fish powders), meat (beef, chicken powders), dairy products (e.g. raw milk, milk powders, whey, sweet buttermilk powder, caseinate, yoghurt, cheese), honey and other ingredients. The results provide evidence that the presence of SEM in certain dairy ingredients (whey, milk protein concentrates) is a by-product of chemical reactions taking place during the manufacturing process. Of the dairy ingredients tested (c. 2000 samples), 5.3% showed traces of SEM > 0.5 µg/kg. The highest incidence of SEM-positive samples in the dairy category were whey (powders, liquid) and milk protein concentrates (35% positive), with up to 13 µg/kg measured in a whey powder. Sweet buttermilk powder and caseinate followed, with 27% and 9.3% positives, respectively. SEM was not detected in raw milk, or in yoghurt or cheese. Of the crustacean products (shrimp and prawn powders) tested, 44% were positive for SEM, the highest value measured at 284 µg/kg. Fish powders revealed an unexpectedly high incidence of positive samples (25%); in this case, fraudulent addition of shellfish shells or carry-over during processing cannot be excluded. Overall, the data provide new insights into the occurrence of SEM (for dairy products and fish powders), substantially strengthening the arguments that SEM in certain food categories is not a conclusive marker of the use of the illegal antibiotic nitrofurazone.
authors.affiliation: a Nestec Ltd - QM , Vevey 1800 , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.affiliation: b Nestec Ltd - RSA , Vevey , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ludovica
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Verzegnassi
authors.affiliation: c Nestlé Nutrition , Vevey , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Walburga
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Seefelder
authors.affiliation: d NRC , Lausanne , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Racault
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis; D009583:Nitrofurazone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012663:Semicarbazides / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012663:Semicarbazides; C010059:carbamylhydrazine; D009583:Nitrofurazone
keywords: azodicarbonamide; dairy; food ingredients; gaskets; hydrazine; hypochlorite; meat; milk; nitrofurazone; seafood; semicarbazide; survey; urea