title: Consensus reference gene(s) for gene expression studies in human cancers: end of the tunnel visible?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gene expression studies are increasingly used to provide valuable information on the diagnosis and prognosis of human cancers. Also, for in vitro and in vivo experimental cancer models gene expression studies are widely used. The complex algorithms of differential gene expression analyses require normalization of data against a reference or normalizer gene, or a set of such genes. For this purpose, mostly invariant housekeeping genes are used. Unfortunately, however, there are no consensus (housekeeping) genes that serve as reference or normalizer for different human cancers. In fact, scientists have employed a wide range of reference genes across different types of cancer for normalization of gene expression data. As a consequence, comparisons of these data and/or data harmonizations are difficult to perform and challenging. In addition, an inadequate choice for a reference gene may obscure genuine changes and/or result in erroneous gene expression data comparisons.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our effort to highlight the importance of selecting the most appropriate reference gene(s), we have screened the literature for gene expression studies published since the turn of the century on thirteen of the most prevalent human cancers worldwide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the analysis of the data at hand, we firstly recommend that in each study the suitability of candidate reference gene(s) should carefully be evaluated in order to yield reliable differential gene expression data. Secondly, we recommend that a combination of PPIA and either GAPDH, ACTB, HPRT and TBP, or appropriate combinations of two or three of these genes, should be employed in future studies, to ensure that results from different studies on different human cancers can be harmonized. This approach will ultimately increase the depth of our understanding of gene expression signatures across human cancers.
authors.affiliation: Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India. rnsharan@nehu.ac.in.
authors.forename: R N
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7120-8023
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Sharan
authors.affiliation: Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India.
authors.forename: S Thangminlal
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Vaiphei
authors.affiliation: Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India.
authors.forename: Saibadaiahun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nongrum
authors.affiliation: Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keppen
authors.affiliation: Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India.
authors.forename: Mandahakani
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ksoo
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000592:standards*; D020043:Genes, Essential; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D012015:Reference Standards
keywords: Endogenous controls; Gene expression; Human cancers; Normalizer genes; Reference genes; qPCR