title: Blueprinting in assessment: A tool to increase the validity of undergraduate written examinations in pathology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Written examinations are the most commonly employed method for assessment of cognitive skills in medical education. The few disadvantages of essay questions are less number of questions, limited sampling, unfair distribution of questions over topics, vague questions etc., Blueprinting overcomes these issues, increasing the validity of examinations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the process of developing a blueprint for undergraduate written examinations in pathology; and to evaluate its effect as a tool to increase the content validity of assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A workshop was conducted in the Department of Pathology to sensitize the faculty about the importance of blueprinting. A blueprint was prepared for written examinations in pathology, question papers were set accordingly and administered in preliminary examinations. Feedback was collected from the students and faculty to know their perceptions about the question papers with reference to blueprinting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The students and faculty felt that there was appropriate distribution of questions across topics (77% and 89%, respectively), appropriate weightage given to topics of public health importance (65% and 100%), examinations were fair (86% and 89%). All the faculty felt that blueprints aligns assessment with objectives and helps as a guide and to paper construction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Students were satisfied as blueprinting helped them to attempt examination better. The faculty who validated the blueprint felt that it helps in distribution of appropriate weightage and questions across the topics and blueprinting should be an integral part of assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, J. N. Medical College, KLE University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Sunita Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, J. N. Medical College, KLE University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Manasi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gosavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, J. N. Medical College, KLE University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Hema B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bannur
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, J. N. Medical College, KLE University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Ashwini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ratnakar
keywords: Assessment; blueprinting; pathology