title: Urinary biomarker concentrations of captan, chlormequat, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in UK adults and children living near agricultural land.
abstract: There is limited information on the exposure to pesticides experienced by UK residents living near agricultural land. This study aimed to investigate their pesticide exposure in relation to spray events. Farmers treating crops with captan, chlormequat, chlorpyrifos or cypermethrin provided spray event information. Adults and children residing ≤100 m from sprayed fields provided first-morning void urine samples during and outwith the spray season. Selected samples (1-2 days after a spray event and at other times (background samples)) were analysed and creatinine adjusted. Generalised Linear Mixed Models were used to investigate if urinary biomarkers of these pesticides were elevated after spray events. The final data set for statistical analysis contained 1518 urine samples from 140 participants, consisting of 523 spray event and 995 background samples which were analysed for pesticide urinary biomarkers. For captan and cypermethrin, the proportion of values below the limit of detection was greater than 80%, with no difference between spray event and background samples. For chlormequat and chlorpyrifos, the geometric mean urinary biomarker concentrations following spray events were 15.4 μg/g creatinine and 2.5 μg/g creatinine, respectively, compared with 16.5 μg/g creatinine and 3.0 μg/g creatinine for background samples within the spraying season. Outwith the spraying season, concentrations for chlorpyrifos were the same as those within spraying season backgrounds, but for chlormequat, lower concentrations were observed outwith the spraying season (12.3 μg/g creatinine). Overall, we observed no evidence indicative of additional urinary pesticide biomarker excretion as a result of spray events, suggesting that sources other than local spraying are responsible for the relatively low urinary pesticide biomarkers detected in the study population.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Karen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Galea
authors.affiliation: Centre for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: MacCalman
authors.affiliation: Health and Safety Laboratory, Buxton, UK.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Health and Safety Laboratory, Buxton, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cocker
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Teedon
authors.affiliation: Centre for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK.|School of Life Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Cherrie
authors.affiliation: Centre for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Martie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Tongeren
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000383:Agriculture / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002215:Captan / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002716:Chlormequat / Q000652:urine*; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000652:urine*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010575:Pesticides / Q000652:urine*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000652:urine*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010575:Pesticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin; D002716:Chlormequat; D002215:Captan; D004390:Chlorpyrifos