title: Electrochemotherapy of colorectal liver metastases--an observational study of its effects on the electrocardiogram.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a combined treatment in which high voltage electroporation (EP) pulses are used to facilitate the uptake of a chemotherapeutic drug into tumor cells, thus increasing antitumor effectiveness of the drug. The effect of ECT of deep-seated tumors located close to the heart on functioning of the heart has not been previously investigated. In this study, we investigate the effects of intra-abdominal ECT of colorectal liver metastases on functioning of the heart during the early post-operative care period.
  
  
  METHODS
  For ECT high voltage EP pulses with amplitudes of up to 3000 V and 30 A were delivered in synchronization with electrical activity of the heart. Holter electrocardiographic (ECG) signals were obtained from 10 patients with colorectal liver metastases treated with ECT. ECG was recorded during the periods of 24 hours before and after the surgical procedure involving ECT. Four-hour long night-time ECG segments from both periods exhibiting the highest level of signal stationarity were analyzed and compared. Changes in several ECG and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No major heart rhythm changes (i.e., induction of extrasystoles, ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation) or pathological morphological changes (i.e., ST segment changes) indicating myocardial ischemia were found. However, we found several minor statistically significant but clinically irrelevant changes in HRV parameters after ECT procedures: a decrease in median values of the mean NN interval, a decrease in the low-frequency and in the normalized low-frequency component, and an increase in the normalized high-frequency component.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only minor effects of intra-abdominal ECT treatment on functioning of the heart were found. They were expressed as statistically significant but clinically irrelevant changes in heart rate and long-term HRV parameters and were as such not life-threatening to the patients. The nature of these changes is such that they can be attributed to the known effects of the drugs given to the patients in the post-operative care. Further investigation is still warranted to unambiguously resolve whether ECT with high voltage EP pulses applied in immediate vicinity of the heart is responsible for the observed effects.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mali
authors.forename: Vojka
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gorjup
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Edhemovic
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brecelj
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cemazar
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sersa
authors.forename: Branka
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Strazisar
authors.forename: Damijan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miklavcic
authors.forename: Tomaz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jarm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D053672:Electrochemotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period