title: Antiviral Activity of Graphene Oxide: How Sharp Edged Structure and Charge Matter.
abstract: Graphene oxide and its derivatives have been widely explored for their antimicrobial properties due to their high surface-to-volume ratios and unique chemical and physical properties. However, little information is available on their effects on viruses. In this study, we report the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of GO against pseudorabies virus (PRV, a DNA virus) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV, an RNA virus). Our results showed that GO significantly suppressed the infection of PRV and PEDV for a 2 log reduction in virus titers at noncytotoxic concentrations. The potent antiviral activity of both GO and rGO can be attributed to the unique single-layer structure and negative charge. First, GO exhibited potent antiviral activity when conjugated with PVP, a nonionic polymer, but not when conjugated with PDDA, a cationic polymer. Additionally, the precursors Gt and GtO showed much weaker antiviral activity than monolayer GO and rGO, suggesting that the nanosheet structure is important for antiviral properties. Furthermore, GO inactivated both viruses by structural destruction prior to viral entry. The overall results suggest the potential of graphene oxide as a novel promising antiviral agent with a broad and potent antiviral activity.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Shiyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Kang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhonghua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yunpeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhicheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qigai
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Heyou
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D011558:Herpesvirus 1, Suid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053485:Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D014709:Vero Cells; D014771:Virion / Q000187:drug effects; D053586:Virus Internalization / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D006108:Graphite
keywords: antivirus; graphene oxide; porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; pseudorabies virus; reduced graphene oxide