title: Application of nephrostomy tubes with balloon after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A randomized controlled clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of nephrostomy tubing with balloon on postoperative hemorrhage after percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 284 patients with upper urinary calculi were enrolled for blocked randomization with 71 blocks and block length of 4. The experimental group consisted of 143 patients receiving 14-Fr silicone tubing with balloon, and the control group consisted of 141 patients receiving 14-Fr silicone tubing without balloon. One patient in the control group developed intraoperative bleeding as a result of calyceal laceration, and was reassigned to the experimental group receiving nephrostomy tubing with balloon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative drop in hemoglobin level at 3 days was significantly less in the experimental group (3.31 ± 2.85 g/L) compared with the control group (5.14 ± 3.43 g/L) (P < 0.001). The duration of gross hematuria, defined by urine with visible light or bright red color (2.73 ± 1.59 days vs. 3.55 ± 2.09 days, P < 0.001), and the incidence of postoperative extravasation (22/143 vs. 38/141, P < 0.05) for patients in the experimental group (implanted with 14-Fr silicone tubing with balloon) were significantly lower compared with the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of indwelling nephrostomy tubes with balloon after percutaneous nephrolithotomy can reduce blood loss. Further consideration for more widespread adoption of this type of tubing to limit perioperative bleeding complications is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Yongsheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Qingfu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004322:Drainage / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000209:etiology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins
keywords: hemorrhage; kidney calculi; nephrostomy tubes with balloon; percutaneous nephrolithotomy