title: Comparison of responses of salivary antioxidant markers to exhaustive aerobic exercise in smoker and non-smoker young girls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking is known as a serious global public health problem, and is also an important risk factor for oral diseases and cause of oxidative stress and cellular damage. Saliva is the first biological medium encountered during inhalation of cigarette smoke. Additionally, previous studies demonstrated that exhaustive aerobic exercise could increase oxidative stress and cellular damage. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to compare the response of salivary antioxidants (peroxides (POX), uric acid (UA), 1-1dipheny l-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) of exhaustive aerobic exercise between healthy smoker and non-smoker young girls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten smokers and 10 non-smokers were enrolled for this study. Subjects performed a progressive cycle ergometer with an initial load of 50 W that was increased 50Wevery 3 minutes at the speed of 60rpm, until exhaustion. Un-stimulated saliva samples were collected before, immediately and 1 hour after exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that POX activity and UA concentration significantly increased immediately after exercise in both groups when compared to the pre exercise values (P<0.01). The level of salivary POX of non-smokers were greater than smokers immediately after exercise (P<0.01). Aerobic exercise caused a decrease in salivary DPPH activity immediately and 1 h after exercise in both groups (P<0.01). When the DPPH values were compared between smoker and non-smoker subjects, a significant decrease was observed in smokers immediately and 1 h after exercise (P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, aerobic exercise was induced oxidative stress in both groups but oxidative stress in smoking females was greater.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran - hamidarazi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arazi
authors.forename: Esmat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Simaei
authors.forename: Behzad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Taati
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012907:Smoking; D014527:Uric Acid; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D014527:Uric Acid