title: Volatilisation of pesticides under field conditions: inverse modelling and pesticide fate models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A substantial fraction of the applied crop protection products on crops is lost to the atmosphere. Models describing the prediction of volatility and potential fate of these substances in the environment have become an important tool in the pesticide authorisation procedure at the EU level. The main topic of this research is to assess the rate and extent of volatilisation of ten pesticides after application on field crops.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For eight of the ten pesticides, the volatilisation rates modelled with PEARL (Pesticide Emission Assessment at Regional and Local scales) corresponded well to the calculated rates modelled with ADMS (Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System). For the other pesticides, large differences were found between the models. Formulation might affect the volatilisation potential of pesticides. Increased leaf wetness increased the volatilisation of propyzamide and trifloxystrobin at the end of the field trial. The reliability of pesticide input parameters, in particular the vapour pressure, is discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Volatilisation of propyzamide, pyrimethanil, chlorothalonil, diflufenican, tolylfluanid, cyprodinil and E- and Z-dimethomorph from crops under realistic environmental conditions can be modelled with the PEARL model, as corroborated against field observations. Suggested improvements to the volatilisation component in PEARL should include formulation attributes and leaf wetness at the time of pesticide application. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Houbraken
authors.affiliation: Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6700, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.affiliation: Silsoe Spray Applications Unit, Wrest Park, Silsoe, Bedford, UK.
authors.forename: Clare M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Butler Ellis
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Sciences, Agricultural Engineering, Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dekeyser
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Sciences, Agricultural Engineering, Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nuyttens
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Schampheleire
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spanoghe
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000397:Air Pollution; D001549:Benzamides / Q000737:chemistry; D000069601:Crop Protection / Q000379:methods; D007097:Imines / Q000737:chemistry; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009025:Morpholines / Q000737:chemistry; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D009570:Nitriles / Q000737:chemistry; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000737:chemistry; D000073739:Strobilurins; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000737:chemistry; D014052:Toluidines / Q000737:chemistry; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D001549:Benzamides; D007097:Imines; D008689:Methacrylates; D009025:Morpholines; D009570:Nitriles; D010575:Pesticides; D011743:Pyrimidines; D000073739:Strobilurins; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014052:Toluidines; D009536:Niacinamide; C001059:pronamide; C070021:N-dichlorofluoromethylthio-N',N'-dimethyl-N-p-tolylsulfamide; C076154:dimethomorph; C072847:diflufenican; C108338:cyprodinil; C108337:pyrimethanil; C467051:trifloxystrobin; C005806:tetrachloroisophthalonitrile
keywords: PEARL; atmospheric dispersion modelling system; formulation; pesticides; volatilisation