title: Bruising caused by traditional Chinese massage therapy (ba sha) complicating the assessment of a case of fatal child abuse.
abstract: Precise evaluation of bruises and patterned skin lesions in infants and children is an essential requirement in cases of potential abuse. Such injuries may be markers of more significant internal injuries and/or may be supportive of an assault rather than an accident. On occasion, however, unusual patterned skin lesions may be identified that have been inflicted as part of traditional therapeutic techniques. A five-year-old boy from a rural Chinese community is reported who died from ligature strangulation. In addition to bruises from abusive trauma he had a series of unusual patterned, often-paired, bruises over the anterior and posterior aspects of both shoulders, unrelated to the ligature mark. Upon further police inquiries it transpired that his grandmother and mother had been using traditional Chinese therapeutic massage or "ba sha" to treat an episode of vomiting. The term means "to pull out fever" and involves firm pinching of the skin between the thumb and index finger, often on the neck, chest or back. An awareness of the potential manifestations of traditional therapies is important in contemporary forensic practice so that injuries caused by these treatments are not confused with non-therapeutic inflicted injury.
authors.affiliation: School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huan
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA, Australia. Electronic address: roger.byard@sa.gov.au.
authors.forename: Roger W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Byard
mesh_terms: D001237:Asphyxia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D003288:Contusions / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Bruises; Child abuse; Inflicted injury; Massage; Pinching; Traditional Chinese therapy