title: Forearm Range of Motion in Australovenator wintonensis (Theropoda, Megaraptoridae).
abstract: The hypertrophied manual claws and modified manus of megaraptoran theropods represent an unusual morphological adaptation among carnivorous dinosaurs. The skeleton of Australovenator wintonensis from the Cenomanian of Australia is among the most complete of any megaraptorid. It presents the opportunity to examine the range of motion of its forearm and the function of its highly modified manus. This provides the basis for behavioural inferences, and comparison with other Gondwanan theropod groups. Digital models created from computed tomography scans of the holotype reveal a humerus range of motion that is much greater than Allosaurus, Acrocanthosaurus, Tyrannosaurus but similar to that of the dromaeosaurid Bambiraptor. During flexion, the radius was forced distally by the radial condyle of the humerus. This movement is here suggested as a mechanism that forced a medial movement of the wrist. The antebrachium possessed a range of motion that was close to dromaeosaurids; however, the unguals were capable of hyper-extension, in particular manual phalanx I-2, which is a primitive range of motion characteristic seen in allosaurids and Dilophosaurus. During flexion, digits I and II slightly converge and diverge when extended which is accentuated by hyperextension of the digits in particular the unguals. We envision that prey was dispatched by its hands and feet with manual phalanx I-2 playing a dominant role. The range of motion analysis neither confirms nor refutes current phylogenetic hypotheses with regards to the placement of Megaraptoridae; however, we note Australovenator possessed, not only a similar forearm range of motion to some maniraptorans and basal coelurosaurs, but also similarities with Tetanurans (Allosauroids and Dilophosaurus).
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum of Natural History, The Jump Up, Winton, Queensland, 4735, Australia.
authors.forename: Matt A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
authors.forename: Phil R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: School of Earth Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Alex G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; Monash e-Research Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; Life Sciences Computation Centre, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.affiliation: Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum of Natural History, The Jump Up, Winton, Queensland, 4735, Australia.
authors.forename: Travis R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Tischler
authors.affiliation: Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum of Natural History, The Jump Up, Winton, Queensland, 4735, Australia.
authors.forename: Brant J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Bassam
authors.affiliation: Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum of Natural History, The Jump Up, Winton, Queensland, 4735, Australia.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D025061:Dinosaurs / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D006811:Humerus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*