title: When is 'Urgent' Really Urgent and Does it Matter? Misclassification of Procedural Status and Implications for Risk Assessment in Cardiac Surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many patients classified as "urgent" in Australia New Zealand Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons (ANZSCTS) registry contradict the prescribed definition (surgery within 72hours of angiogram or unplanned admission). The aim was to examine the impacts of this misclassification on the prediction of 30-day mortality following cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 'reported clinical status' was compared with a 'corrected clinical status' following reclassification based on the standard definition calculated from raw data. Observed-to-predicted risk ratios (OPRs) of 30-day mortality were calculated for the model using reported status and corrected status and compared. A Bland-Altman plot was generated to examine the level of agreement between the two OPRs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 18496 cases reported as urgent, 49.9% were operated after 72hours, leading to misclassification of 14.6% in the registry. Misclassified patients had significantly higher mortality (3.5%) than true urgent patients (2.9%). Underweight (OR:1.6,CI:1.2-2.1), dialysis (OR:1.4,CI:1.1-1.7), endocarditis (OR:2.1,CI:1.7-2.5), shock (OR:1.6,CI:1.3-2.0) and poor ejection fraction (OR:1.2,CI:1.1-1.4) were significant predictors of misclassification. Bland- Altman plot demonstrates significant disagreement between two risk estimates (P<0.001). Misclassification results in overestimation of risk by 9.1%. Observed-to-predicted risk increased with corrected definition (0.8975 vs 0.9875), suggesting poorer calibration with reported status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the ANZSCTS database, misclassification prevalence is 14.6%. Misclassification compromises the discrimination capacity and calibration of the model and results in overestimation of mortality risk.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
authors.forename: Md N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.affiliation: CCRE Therapeutics, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Department of Surgery, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cochrane
authors.affiliation: CCRE Therapeutics, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
authors.forename: Lavinia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Electronic address: baki.billah@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Baki
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Billah
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000145:classification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009026:Mortality; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: 30-day-mortality; Cardiac surgery; Clinical status; Global model; Misclassification; Risk prediction