title: Impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on the lives of Italian children and adolescents: data from the European Lifetime Impairment Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In Italy, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remains under-diagnosed. The Lifetime Impairment Survey assessed impairments/symptoms of ADHD in children across six European countries. Results relating to the Italian sample are discussed here.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents/caregivers of children aged <20 years with ADHD (ADHD group) and without ADHD (control group) were invited to participate in an online survey. Participants answered questions relating to their eldest/only child. History of ADHD diagnosis was self-reported. Eight impairment and symptom scales and two summed scores were created to compare the ADHD and control groups; higher scores indicate greater impairment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Italy, 104 parents/caregivers of children with ADHD and 105 parents/caregivers of children without ADHD participated in the survey (N.=83 and N.=84, respectively, after exclusion of participants with implausible answers). The ADHD group had higher mean (standard deviation) scores than the control group for home impairment (2.1 [0.5]) vs. 1.9 [0.4]; P<0.001), school impairment (2.8 [0.6] vs. 2.1 [0.6]; P<0.001), relationship impairment (2.3 [0.8] vs. 1.9 [0.7]; P<0.001) and comorbid symptoms (3.3 [0.7] vs. 2.5 [0.7]; P<0.001). Impairment at home and at school were correlated with each other (r=0.478; P<0.001) and with ADHD symptoms (r=0.321; P<0.001 and r=0.462; P<0.001, respectively), comorbid symptoms (r=0.231; P<0.05 and r=0.420; P<0.001), school failure (r=0.208; P<0.02 and r=0.320; P<0.001) and relationship impairments (r=0.432; P<0.01 and r=0.645; P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The daily lives of children with ADHD in Italy are significantly affected by impairments associated with ADHD. Children and adolescents with ADHD in Italy should receive prompt diagnosis and appropriate therapy.
authors.affiliation: Child Neuropsychiatry Department, Sandro Pertini Hospital, Rome, Italy - renato.donfrancesco@yahoo.it.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Donfrancesco
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Loprieno
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010290:Parents; D012574:Schools