title: Impact of risk factors on cardiovascular risk: a perspective on risk estimation in a Swiss population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In models and scores for estimating cardiovascular risk (CVR), the relative weightings given to blood pressure measurements (BPMs), and biometric and laboratory variables are such that even large differences in blood pressure lead to rather low differences in the resulting total risk when compared with other concurrent risk factors. We evaluated this phenomenon based on the PROCAM score, using BPMs made by volunteer subjects at home (HBPMs) and automated ambulatory BPMs (ABPMs) carried out in the same subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 153 volunteers provided the data needed to estimate their CVR by means of the PROCAM formula. Differences (deltaCVR) between the risk estimated by entering the ABPM and that estimated with the HBPM were compared with the differences (deltaBPM) between the ABPM and the corresponding HBPM. In addition to the median values (= second quartile), the first and third quartiles of blood pressure profiles were also considered. PROCAM risk values were converted to European Society of Cardiology (ESC) risk values and all participants were assigned to the risk groups low, medium and high.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the PROCAM score, 132 participants had a low risk for suffering myocardial infarction, 16 a medium risk and 5 a high risk. The calculated ESC scores classified 125 participants into the low-risk group, 26 into the medium- and 2 into the high-risk group for death from a cardiovascular event. Mean ABPM tended to be higher than mean HBPM. Use of mean systolic ABPM or HBPM in the PROCAM formula had no major impact on the risk level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observations are in agreement with the rather low weighting of blood pressure as risk determinant in the PROCAM score. BPMs assessed with different methods had relatively little impact on estimation of cardiovascular risk in the given context of other important determinants. The risk calculations in our unselected population reflect the given classification of Switzerland as a so-called cardiovascular "low risk country".
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sigrun A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Chrubasik
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Kardiologie des Kantonsspitals Luzern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Cosima A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Chrubasik
authors.affiliation: Meduna-Klinik, Bad Bertrich, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schulte-Moenting
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Kardiologie des Kantonsspitals Luzern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Erne
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000379:methods*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology