title: Malaria endemicity and co-infection with tissue-dwelling parasites in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review.
abstract: Mechanisms and outcomes of host-parasite interactions during malaria co-infections with gastrointestinal helminths are reasonably understood. In contrast, very little is known about such mechanisms in cases of malaria co-infections with tissue-dwelling parasites. This is lack of knowledge is exacerbated by misdiagnosis, lack of pathognomonic clinical signs and the chronic nature of tissue-dwelling helminthic infections. A good understanding of the implications of tissue-dwelling parasitic co-infections with malaria will contribute towards the improvement of the control and management of such co-infections in endemic areas. This review summarises and discusses current information available and gaps in research on malaria co-infection with gastro-intestinal helminths and tissue-dwelling parasites with emphasis on helminthic infections, in terms of the effects of migrating larval stages and intra and extracellular localisations of protozoan parasites and helminths in organs, tissues, and vascular and lymphatic circulations.
authors.affiliation: College of Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard Campus, Durban, South Africa. bwonkoba@gmail.com.|Departmet of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya. bwonkoba@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nyamongo W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Onkoba
authors.affiliation: College of Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard Campus, Durban, South Africa. chimbari@ukzn.ac.za.
authors.forename: Moses J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Chimbari
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa. mukaratirwa@ukzn.ac.za.
authors.forename: Samson
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukaratirwa
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D060085:Coinfection; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000635:transmission; D015995:Prevalence