title: Scattered radiation doses absorbed by technicians at different distances from X-ray exposure: Experiments on prosthesis.
abstract: This work aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of scattered radiation doses induced by exposure to the portable X-ray, the C-arm machine, and to simulate the radiologist without a shield of lead clothing, radiation doses absorbed by medical staff at 2 m from the central exposure point.
  
  
  METHODS
  With the adoption of the Rando Phantom, several frequently X-rayed body parts were exposed to X-ray radiation, and the scattered radiation doses were measured by ionization chamber dosimeters at various angles from the patient. Assuming that the central point of the X-ray was located at the belly button, five detection points were distributed in the operation room at 1 m above the ground and 1-2 m from the central point horizontally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The radiation dose measured at point B was the lowest, and the scattered radiation dose absorbed by the prosthesis from the X-ray's vertical projection was 0.07 ±0.03 μGy, which was less than the background radiation levels. The Fluke biomedical model 660-5DE (400 cc) and 660-3DE (4 cc) ion chambers were used to detect air dose at a distance of approximately two meters from the central point. The AP projection radiation doses at point B was the lowest (0.07±0.03 μGy) and the radiation doses at point D was the highest (0.26±0.08 μGy) .Only taking the vertical projection into account, the radiation doses at point B was the lowest (0.52 μGy), and the radiation doses at point E was the highest (4 μGy).The PA projection radiation at point B was the lowest (0.36 μGy) and the radiation doses at point E was the highest(2.77 μGy), occupying 10-32% of the maximum doses. The maximum dose in five directions was nine times to the minimum dose. When the PX and the C-arm machine were used, the radiation doses at a distance of 2 m were attenuated to the background radiation level. The radiologist without a lead shield should stand at point B of patient's feet. Accordingly, teaching materials on radiation safety for radiological interns and clinical technicians were formulated.
authors.affiliation: Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsien-Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.|Shing-Hou Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ya-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tou-Rong
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Lon
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsien-Jen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shin-Yu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chao
mesh_terms: D065638:Absorption, Radiation; D000488:Allied Health Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D000069079:Radiation Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013624:Taiwan; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014965:X-Rays
keywords: Portable X-ray machine; dose; exposure; ionization chamber dosimeter