title: Endocrine hypertension: An overview on the current etiopathogenesis and management options.
abstract: Endocrine causes of secondary hypertension include primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, cushing's syndrome, hyperparathyroidism and hypo- and hyperthyroidism. They comprise of the 5%-10% of the causes of secondary hypertension. Primary hyperaldosteronism, the most common of the endocrine cause of hypertension often presents with resistant or difficult to control hypertension associated with either normo-or hypokalemia. Pheochromocytoma, the great mimicker of many conditions, is associated with high morbidity and mortality if left untreated. A complete history including pertinent family history, physical examination along with a high index of suspicion with focused biochemical and radiological evaluation is important to diagnose and effectively treat these conditions. The cost effective targeted genetic screening for current known mutations associated with pheochromocytoma are important for early diagnosis and management in family members. The current review focuses on the most recent evidence regarding causes, clinical features, methods of diagnosis, and management of these conditions. A multidisciplinary approach involving internists, endocrinologists and surgeons is recommended in optimal management of these conditions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
authors.forename: Reena M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruel
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition and Biochemical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Prapimporn Ch
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Shantavasinkul
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
authors.forename: Leonor
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Corsino
keywords: Adenoma; Adrenal; Hyperaldosteronism; Pheochromocytoma; Primary aldosteronism