title: The increased severity in patients presenting to hospital with diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh since the emergence of the hybrid strain of Vibrio cholerae O1 is not unique to cholera patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A hybrid strain of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor that expresses a classical cholera toxin (CT) emerged in 2001. This hybrid variant rapidly replaced the previous El Tor strain around the world. The global emergence of this variant coincided with anecdotal reports that cholera patients were presenting with more severe dehydration and disease in many locations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comparison was made of the severity of disease before and after the emergence of the hybrid strain in cholera patients attending an icddr,b hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that cholera patients presented with more severe dehydration and severe disease in the later period. However, this was also true for all non-cholera patients as well. In addition, in sub-analyses of patients who presented with rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), similar results were found. Comparing the two periods for differences in patient characteristics, nutritional status, vaccination status, and income, no plausible cause for patients presenting with more severe disease was identified in the later period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a shift in severity for both cholera and non-cholera was observed, these results indicate that the altered El Tor strain cannot fully explain the difference in cholera severity before and after 2001.
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Fahima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuchta
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Ashraful Islam
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: A S G
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Faruque
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Calderwood
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Edward T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Electronic address: fqadri@icddrb.org.
authors.forename: Firdausi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qadri
mesh_terms: D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D002771:Cholera / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D041241:Vibrio cholerae O1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D002772:Cholera Toxin
keywords: Cholera; Hybrid; Severity; Vibrio cholerae; Watery diarrhea