title: Prevalence and Correlates of CKD in Hispanics/Latinos in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence of ESRD among Hispanics/Latinos is 2-fold higher than in non-Hispanic whites. However, little is known about the prevalence of earlier stages of CKD among Hispanics/Latinos. This study estimated the prevalence of CKD in US Hispanics/Latinos.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of 15,161 US Hispanic/Latino adults of Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Central American, and South American backgrounds enrolled in the multicenter, prospective, population-based Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). In addition, the prevalence of CKD in Hispanics/Latinos was compared with other racial/ethnic groups in the 2007-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Prevalent CKD was defined as an eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) (estimated with the 2012 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration eGFR creatinine-cystatin C equation) or albuminuria based on sex-specific cut points determined at a single point in time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of CKD among Hispanics/Latinos was 13.7%. Among women, the prevalence of CKD was 13.0%, and it was lowest in persons with South American background (7.4%) and highest (16.6%) in persons with Puerto Rican background. In men, the prevalence of CKD was 15.3%, and it was lowest (11.2%) in persons with South American background and highest in those who identified their Hispanic background as "other" (16.0%). The overall prevalence of CKD was similar in HCHS/SOL compared with non-Hispanic whites in NHANES. However, prevalence was higher in HCHS/SOL men and lower in HCHS/SOL women versus NHANES non-Hispanic whites. Low income, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease were each significantly associated with higher risk of CKD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among US Hispanic/Latino adults, there was significant variation in CKD prevalence among Hispanic/Latino background groups, and CKD was associated with established cardiovascular risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material. aricar2@uic.edu.
authors.forename: Ana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ricardo
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Flessner
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Eckfeldt
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Eggers
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Franceschini
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Go
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Nathan M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Gotman
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Holly J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kusek
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Laura R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Loehr
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Michal L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Melamed
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Carmen A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Peralta
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Leopoldo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Raij
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Sylvia E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Rosas
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Talavera
authors.affiliation: Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lash
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology; D002489:Central America / Q000208:ethnology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003462:Cuba / Q000208:ethnology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000208:ethnology; D004293:Dominican Republic / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000208:ethnology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011203:Poverty; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011647:Puerto Rico / Q000208:ethnology; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013020:South America / Q000208:ethnology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: CKD; Hispanics; prevalence