title: Tracking inorganic foulants irreversibly accumulated on low-pressure membranes for treating surface water.
abstract: While low-pressure membrane filtration processes (i.e., microfiltration and ultrafiltration) can offer precise filtration than sand filtration, they pose the problem of reduced efficiency due to membrane fouling. Although many studies have examined membrane fouling by organic substances, there is still not enough data available concerning membrane fouling by inorganic substances. The present research investigated changes in the amounts of inorganic components deposited on the surface of membrane filters over time using membrane specimens sampled thirteen times at arbitrary time intervals during pilot testing in order to determine the mechanism by which irreversible fouling by inorganic substances progresses. The experiments showed that the inorganic components that primarily contribute to irreversible fouling vary as filtration continues. It was discovered that, in the initial stage of operation, the main membrane-fouling substance was iron, whereas the primary membrane-fouling substances when operation finished were manganese, calcium, and silica. The amount of iron accumulated on the membrane increased up to the thirtieth day of operation, after which it reached a steady state. After the accumulation of iron became static, subsequent accumulation of manganese was observed. The fact that the removal rates of these inorganic components also increased gradually shows that the size of the exclusion pores of the membrane filter narrows as operation continues. Studying particle size distributions of inorganic components contained in source water revealed that while many iron particles are approximately the same size as membrane pores, the fraction of manganese particles slightly smaller than the pores in diameter was large. From these results, it is surmised that iron particles approximately the same size as the pores block them soon after the start of operation, and as the membrane pores narrow with the development of fouling, they become further blocked by manganese particles approximately the same size as the narrowed pores. Calcium and silica are assumed to accumulate on the membrane due to their cross-linking action and/or complex formation with organic substances such as humic compounds. The present research is the first to clearly show that the inorganic components that contribute to membrane fouling differ according to the stage of membrane fouling progression; the information obtained by this research should enable chemical cleaning or operational control in accordance with the stage of membrane fouling progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Science and Engineering for Sustainable Society, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 112-8551 1-13-27, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: yamamura.10x@g.chuo-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamura
authors.affiliation: Division of Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, 060-8628, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan. Electronic address: kkatsu@eng.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Katsuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Division of Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, 060-8628, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Initiatives, Chuo University, 112-8551 1-13-27, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: yoshiw@eng.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshimasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Science and Engineering for Sustainable Society, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 112-8551 1-13-27, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Science and Engineering for Sustainable Society, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 112-8551 1-13-27, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hafuka
mesh_terms: D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods*; D007287:Inorganic Chemicals; D010865:Pilot Projects; D020959:Polyethylene / Q000737:chemistry; D014462:Ultrafiltration; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007287:Inorganic Chemicals; D020959:Polyethylene
keywords: Drinking water treatment; Inorganic matter; Membrane fouling; Microfiltration; Time-course change