title: Antibiotic use in a district hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan: are we overprescribing?
abstract: METHODS
  A district hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan, supported by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess antibiotic prescribing practices in the out-patient department in summer (August 2013) and winter (January 2014).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study, using routinely collected hospital data and using World Health Organization (WHO) defined daily dose (DDD) methodology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An analysis of 4857 prescriptions (summer) and 4821 prescriptions (winter) showed that respectively 62% and 50% of all out-patients were prescribed at least one antibiotic. Prescriptions without a recorded diagnosis represented a sizeable proportion of all antibiotics prescribed. For upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), dental indications, urinary tract infections (UTI) and diarrhoea, good adherence to dosages recommended in the MSF standard treatment guidelines was observed when measured by DDD. However, certain drugs not indicated in the guidelines were prescribed, such as amoxicillin and metronidazole for UTI and azithromycin for URTI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rates of antibiotic prescriptions for out-patients in a district hospital in Afghanistan were high, double the WHO recommendation of 30%. While systematic non-adherence to recommended dosages was not observed, inappropriate prescriptions for specific conditions may have occurred. This study suggests that knowledge about context-specific determinants of antibiotic prescribing is a first step towards promoting rational prescribing practices in such settings.
authors.affiliation: Operational Centre Brussels, Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bajis
authors.affiliation: Operational Centre Brussels, Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van den Bergh
authors.affiliation: Operational Centre Brussels, Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Bruycker
authors.affiliation: Operational Centre Brussels, Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mahama
authors.affiliation: Operational Centre Brussels, Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Overloop
authors.affiliation: Centre for Operational Research, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Satyanarayana
authors.affiliation: Operational Centre Brussels, Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bernardo
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Esmati
authors.affiliation: Operational Centre Brussels, Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Reid
keywords: SORT IT; anatomical therapeutic classification/defined daily dose; antibiotic prescribing; operational research; out-patient