title: A clinic-based study of refractive errors, strabismus, and amblyopia in pediatric age-group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this cross-sectional observational study was to determine the distribution and patterns of refractive errors, strabismus, and amblyopia in children seen at a pediatric eye care.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in a Private Hospital in Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from March to July 2013. During this period, a total of 1350 children, aged 1-15 years were seen at this Center's Pediatric Ophthalmology Unit. All the children underwent complete ophthalmic examination with cycloplegic refraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Refractive errors accounted for 44.4% of the cases, the predominant refractive error being hypermetropia which represented 83%. Strabismus and amblyopia were present in 38% and 9.1% of children, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this clinic-based study, the focus was on the frequency of refractive errors, strabismus, and amblyopia which were considerably high. Hypermetropia was the predominant refractive error in contrast to other studies in which myopia was more common. This could be attributed to the criteria for sample selection since it was clinic-based rather than a population-based study. However, it is important to promote public education on the significance of early detection of refractive errors, and have periodic screening in schools.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Elham R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Al-Tamimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Al-Nafees Medical College and Hospital, Isra University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ayisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shakeel
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sanaa A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Yassin
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Alkahhal Medical Complex, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Syed I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Al-Nafees Medical College and Hospital, Isra University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Umar A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Khan
keywords: Amblyopia; children; refractive errors; strabismus