title: The New Semisynthetic Cardenolide Analog 3β-[2-(1-Amantadine)-1-on-ethylamine]-digitoxigenin (AMANTADIG) Efficiently Suppresses Cell Growth in Human Leukemia and Urological Tumor Cell Lines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of cardenolides in the treatment of cardiac insufficiency is well-established. However, the potential of cardenolides in tumor therapy has not been comprehensively studied. The aim of the present study was to characterize the cytotoxic effects of the new semisynthetic cardenolide analog AMANTADIG (3β-[2-(1-amantadine)-1-on-ethylamine]-digitoxigenin), and the cardenolide digitoxin on leukemia and urological tumor cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anti-proliferative effects of AMANTADIG and digitoxin on leukemia and urological cancer cell lines were analyzed using (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) tetrazolium reduction viability assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AMANTADIG and digitoxin exhibited anti-proliferative activities against the leukemia cell lines in the low nanomolar range. The prostate cancer and renal cell carcinoma cell lines were equally sensitive to AMANTADIG and digitoxin, however, the leukemia cell lines were more sensitive to both cardenolides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new cardenolide analog AMANTADIG appears effective in cell growth inhibition of leukemia and urological tumor cell lines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany elke.nolte@uk-erlangen.de.
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nolte
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sobel
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wach
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hertlein
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Nadja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ebert
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Frieder
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Müller-Uri
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Slany
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taubert
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wullich
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kreis
mesh_terms: D000547:Amantadine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004073:Digitoxigenin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004074:Digitoxin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C000603969:3-(2-(1-amantadine)-1-one-ethylamine)digitoxigenin; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004073:Digitoxigenin; D000547:Amantadine; D004074:Digitoxin
keywords: 3β-[2-(1-Amantadine)-1-on-ethylamine]-digitoxigenin; AMANTADIG; cardenolide analog; human leukemia cells; human urological cancer cells; porcine cerebral cortex Na+/K+-ATPase