title: Systematic review of periprosthetic tibia fracture after total knee arthroplasties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the known incidences, treatment options, and related outcomes of periprosthetic tibia fractures after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was done to identify studies that fit the inclusion criteria. The database search yielded 185 results, which were further reduced by the exclusion criteria to 13 papers, totaling 157 patients that met these criteria. Incidence rates of the different types of periprosthetic tibia fractures were determined and their treatments were subsequently analyzed based on the fracture's subclass, with patient outcomes being overall favorable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 144 documented patients, 54 (37.5%) had a subclass C fracture, which are frequently seen in revision arthroplasties or when using cement intraoperatively. The fractures of subclasses A and B occur postoperatively. There were 90 subclass A and B fractures with incidences of 18.75% and 43.75% respectively. When broken down by type, 62 (55.36%) were type 1, 24 (21.4%) were type 2, 24 (21.4%) were type 3, and 2 (1.8%) were type 4. Furthermore, from the studies that included origin of injury, the types were further classified as having non-traumatic or traumatic origins. Type 1 had 78% (40/51) non-traumatic origin and 22% (11/51) traumatic origin. Fifteen fractures were type 2, but 5 were falls and 1 through a motor vehicle accident, giving a trauma causation of 40% (6/15). Of the 24 type 3 fractures, 12 were falls and 2 vehicular accidents, leading to a trauma causation of 58% (14/24).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type 1 fractures were the most common. Subclass A was treated with locking plates, B required a revision TKA, and C was treated intraoperatively or nonoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Nabil A Ebraheim, Joseph R Ray, Meghan E Wandtke, Grant S Buchanan, Chris G Sanford, Jiayong Liu, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
authors.forename: Nabil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ebraheim
authors.affiliation: Nabil A Ebraheim, Joseph R Ray, Meghan E Wandtke, Grant S Buchanan, Chris G Sanford, Jiayong Liu, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: Nabil A Ebraheim, Joseph R Ray, Meghan E Wandtke, Grant S Buchanan, Chris G Sanford, Jiayong Liu, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
authors.forename: Meghan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wandtke
authors.affiliation: Nabil A Ebraheim, Joseph R Ray, Meghan E Wandtke, Grant S Buchanan, Chris G Sanford, Jiayong Liu, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
authors.forename: Grant S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.affiliation: Nabil A Ebraheim, Joseph R Ray, Meghan E Wandtke, Grant S Buchanan, Chris G Sanford, Jiayong Liu, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
authors.forename: Chris G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Sanford
authors.affiliation: Nabil A Ebraheim, Joseph R Ray, Meghan E Wandtke, Grant S Buchanan, Chris G Sanford, Jiayong Liu, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
authors.forename: Jiayong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
keywords: Literature review; Periprosthetic fractures; Tibia fractures