title: A small scale honey dehydrator.
abstract: A small scale honey dehydrator has been designed, developed, and tested to reduce moisture content of honey below 17 %. Experiments have been conducted for honey dehydration by using drying air at ambient temperature, 30 and 40 °C and water at 35, 40 and 45 °C. In this dehydrator, hot water has been circulated in a water jacket around the honey container to heat honey. The heated honey has been pumped through a sieve to form honey streams through which drying air passes for moisture removal. The honey streams help in increasing the exposed surface area of honey in contact with drying air, thus resulting in faster dehydration of honey. The maximum drying rate per square meter area of honey exposed to drying air was found to be 197.0 g/h-m(2) corresponding to the drying air and water temperature of 40 and 45 °C respectively whereas it was found to be minimum (74.8 g/h-m(2)) corresponding to the drying air at ambient temperature (8-17 °C) and water at 35 °C. The energy cost of honey moisture content reduction from 25.2 to 16.4 % was Rs. 6.20 to Rs. 17.36 (US $ 0.10 to US $ 0.28 (One US $ = 62.00 Indian Rupee on February, 2014) per kilogram of honey.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India.
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Hans
authors.affiliation: School of Energy Studies for Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India.
authors.forename: Sukhmeet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: School of Energy Studies for Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India.
authors.forename: Parm
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pal Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dhaliwal
keywords: Dehydration rate; Drying; Energy consumption; Honey; Moisture content