title: Evolutionary and Ecological Characterization of Mayaro Virus Strains Isolated during an Outbreak, Venezuela, 2010.
abstract: In 2010, an outbreak of febrile illness with arthralgic manifestations was detected at La Estación village, Portuguesa State, Venezuela. The etiologic agent was determined to be Mayaro virus (MAYV), a reemerging South American alphavirus. A total of 77 cases was reported and 19 were confirmed as seropositive. MAYV was isolated from acute-phase serum samples from 6 symptomatic patients. We sequenced 27 complete genomes representing the full spectrum of MAYV genetic diversity, which facilitated detection of a new genotype, designated N. Phylogenetic analysis of genomic sequences indicated that etiologic strains from Venezuela belong to genotype D. Results indicate that MAYV is highly conserved genetically, showing ≈17% nucleotide divergence across all 3 genotypes and 4% among genotype D strains in the most variable genes. Coalescent analyses suggested genotypes D and L diverged ≈150 years ago and genotype diverged N ≈250 years ago. This virus commonly infects persons residing near enzootic transmission foci because of anthropogenic incursions.
authors.forename: Albert J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Auguste
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liria
authors.forename: Naomi L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Forrester
authors.forename: Dileyvic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giambalvo
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moncada
authors.forename: Kanya C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Dulce
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morón
authors.forename: Nuris
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: de Manzione
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Tesh
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Halsey
authors.forename: Tadeusz J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kochel
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Juan-Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: Scott C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Weaver
mesh_terms: D000524:Alphavirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D018354:Alphavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D058448:Biota / Q000276:immunology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D014687:Venezuela / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Mayaro virus; Venezuela; alphavirus; coalescent analysis; ecology; epidemic; evolution; niche modeling; outbreak; phylogeny; viruses; zoonoses