title: Surgical management of traumatic frontal sinus fractures: Case series from a single institution and literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurosurgeons are frequently involved in the management of patients with traumatic frontal sinus injury; however, management options and operative techniques can vary significantly. In this study, the authors review the current literature and retrospectively review the clinical series at a single tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  After Institutional Review Board approval, the medical records and computed tomographic (CT) imaging of patients whose traumatic frontal sinus fractures were treated surgically at the University of Utah were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic information, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, operative technique, and pattern of injury on CT were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 2000 and 2012, 33 patients underwent successful cranialization of the frontal sinus following traumatic injury. The material used to obliterate the sinus varied. No patients required immediate or delayed reoperation. Nasofrontal outflow tract obstruction, the importance of which has been emphasized in the plastic surgery literature, was apparent on either initial or retrospective review of the available CT imaging in 96%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this series, we successfully surgically treated 33 patients with frontal sinus fractures. The presence of cerebrospinal fluid leak, nasofrontal outflow tract injury, associated depressed skull fractures, and subsequent formation of communicating pathways and infection must be considered when constructing a treatment plan. The goals of treatment should be: (i) surgical repair of the defect and elimination of the conduit from the intracranial space to the outside and (ii) elimination of any cerebrospinal fluid pressure gradient that may develop across the surgical repair. We present a treatment algorithm focusing on the presence of nasofrontal outflow tract injury/obstruction, cosmetic deformity, and cerebrospinal fluid leak.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, 175 N. Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Vijay M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Ravindra
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, 175 N. Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Jayson A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Neil
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Utah, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Lubdha M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, 175 N. Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, 175 N. Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Erica F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Bisson
keywords: Cranialization; frontal sinus; nasofrontal outflow tract; pericranial flap; trauma