title: Effect of glucose on fatigue-induced changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of demineralized bovine cortical bone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to test a hypothesis that fatigue-induced weakening of cortical bone was intensified in bone incubated in glucose and that this weakening is revealed in the microstructure and mechanical competence of the bone matrix.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cubic specimens of bovine femoral shaft were incubated in glucose solution (G) or in buffer (NG). One half of G samples and one half of NG were axially loaded in 300 cycles (30 mm/min) at constant deformation (F); the other half was a control (C). Samples from each group (GF, NGF, GC, NGC) were completely demineralized. Slices from demineralized samples were used for microscopic image analysis. A combined effect of glycation and fatigue on demineralized bone was tested in compression (10 mm/min). Damage of samples during the test was examined in terms of acoustic emission analysis (AE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the fatigue procedure, resistance to loading in glycated samples decreased by 14.5% but only by 8.1% in nonglycated samples. In glycated samples fatigue resulted in increased porosity with pores significantly larger than in the other groups. Under compression, strain at failure in demineralized bone was significantly affected by glucose and fatigue. AE from demineralized bone matrix was considerably related to the largest pores in the tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirm the hypothesis that the effect of fatigue on cortical bone tissue was intensified after incubation in glucose, both in the terms of the mechanical competence of bone tissue and the structural changes in the collagenous matrix of bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin - Poland.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Trębacz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin - Poland.
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zdunek
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin - Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wlizło-Dyś
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin - Poland.
authors.forename: Justyna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cybulska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin - Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pieczywek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D018775:Bone Demineralization Technique; D001857:Bone Matrix / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle; D005269:Femur / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016062:Porosity; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose