title: The Dutch Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI): Factor Analysis, Discriminative Power, and Test-Retest Reliability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A standardized assessment of central sensitization can be performed with the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI), an English questionnaire consisting of 25 items relating to current health symptoms. The aim of this study was to translate the CSI into Dutch, to perform a factor analysis to reveal the underlying structure, examine its discriminative power, and test-retest reliability.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CSI was first translated into Dutch. A factor analysis was conducted on CSI data of a large group of chronic pain patients (n=368). The ability to discriminate between chronic pain patients (n=188) and pain-free controls (n=49) was determined and the test-retest reliability for chronic pain patients (n=36) and controls (n=45) with a time interval of 3 weeks was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 4-factor model based on 20 items, representing the domains "General disability and physical symptoms" (Cronbach α=0.80), "Higher central sensitivity"(Cronbach α=0.78), "Urological and dermatological symptoms"(Cronbach α=0.60), and "Emotional distress"(Cronbach α=0.80). Furthermore, a parsimonious second-order factor model was found, where the factor "General central sensitization" was underlying the 4 first-order factors. Chronic pain patients scored significantly worse on all 4 factors. The test-retest reliability was excellent values in both chronic pain patients (ICC=0.88) and controls (ICC=0.91).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The original CSI was translated into Dutch and did not reveal any problems during data acquisition. The domains represented by the 4 factors may be useful in setting up specific patient profiles and treatment targets. To conclude, the Dutch CSI revealed 4 distinguishable domains, showed good internal consistency for the total score and 3 out of 4 domains, good discriminative power, and excellent test-retest reliability.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent †Departments of Human Physiology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education & Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels #Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium ‡"Pain in Motion" International Research Group, www.paininmotion.be §Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam ∥Transcare, Transdisciplinary Pain Management Center ¶Inter-Fysio, Physical Therapy Practice, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kregel
authors.forename: Pieter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Vuijk
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Descheemaeker
authors.forename: Doeke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keizer
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van der Noord
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nijs
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cagnie
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meeus
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Wilgen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014175:Translating