title: Smoking and adult glioma: a population-based case-control study in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking increases the risk of numerous cancers; however, an association of smoking with adult gliomas has not been found in a population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case-control study included 4556 glioma cases (ICD-9 code 191.0-191.9) aged ≥ 30 years and 9112 controls from a national survey of smoking and mortality in China in 1989-1991. Controls from 325 255 surviving spouses of all-cause deaths were randomly assigned to cases in each of 103 areas according to sex and age groups at a ratio of 2:1. Smoking information was ascertained retrospectively by interviewing surviving spouses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for confounders, smoking increased the risk of glioma deaths by 11% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.21). Compared with non-smokers; the increased risk was 9% (OR = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.99-1.20) in men and 16% (OR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.00-1.36) in women. The risk increased with age and doses. For individuals aged ≥ 50 years, smoking was associated with higher risk of glioma death by 25% (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.15-1.38); this increased risk for smokers who smoked ≥ 20 cigarettes daily for ≥ 30 years was 53% (OR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.34-1.74). There were similar findings in both men and women and with either pathology-based or non-pathology-based comparisons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that smoking is associated with glioma deaths in the Chinese population. Long-term heavy smoking could be a factor for risk stratification in individuals attending brain tumor clinics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.H., J.J., W.H., F.X., B.Z., H.P., Y.W., Z.W.); Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (B.L., Y.W., X.Z., Y.C., J.L.); School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (P.C.N.).
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.H., J.J., W.H., F.X., B.Z., H.P., Y.W., Z.W.); Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (B.L., Y.W., X.Z., Y.C., J.L.); School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (P.C.N.).
authors.forename: Jingmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.H., J.J., W.H., F.X., B.Z., H.P., Y.W., Z.W.); Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (B.L., Y.W., X.Z., Y.C., J.L.); School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (P.C.N.).
authors.forename: Boqi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.H., J.J., W.H., F.X., B.Z., H.P., Y.W., Z.W.); Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (B.L., Y.W., X.Z., Y.C., J.L.); School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (P.C.N.).
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.H., J.J., W.H., F.X., B.Z., H.P., Y.W., Z.W.); Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (B.L., Y.W., X.Z., Y.C., J.L.); School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (P.C.N.).
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.H., J.J., W.H., F.X., B.Z., H.P., Y.W., Z.W.); Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (B.L., Y.W., X.Z., Y.C., J.L.); School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (P.C.N.).
authors.forename: Xiaonong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.H., J.J., W.H., F.X., B.Z., H.P., Y.W., Z.W.); Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (B.L., Y.W., X.Z., Y.C., J.L.); School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (P.C.N.).
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Nasca
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.H., J.J., W.H., F.X., B.Z., H.P., Y.W., Z.W.); Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (B.L., Y.W., X.Z., Y.C., J.L.); School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (P.C.N.).
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.H., J.J., W.H., F.X., B.Z., H.P., Y.W., Z.W.); Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (B.L., Y.W., X.Z., Y.C., J.L.); School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (P.C.N.).
authors.forename: Yuanli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.H., J.J., W.H., F.X., B.Z., H.P., Y.W., Z.W.); Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (B.L., Y.W., X.Z., Y.C., J.L.); School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (P.C.N.).
authors.forename: Biao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.H., J.J., W.H., F.X., B.Z., H.P., Y.W., Z.W.); Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (B.L., Y.W., X.Z., Y.C., J.L.); School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (P.C.N.).
authors.forename: Haiyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.H., J.J., W.H., F.X., B.Z., H.P., Y.W., Z.W.); Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (B.L., Y.W., X.Z., Y.C., J.L.); School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (P.C.N.).
authors.forename: Yuyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.H., J.J., W.H., F.X., B.Z., H.P., Y.W., Z.W.); Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (B.L., Y.W., X.Z., Y.C., J.L.); School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (P.C.N.).
authors.forename: Zixing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.H., J.J., W.H., F.X., B.Z., H.P., Y.W., Z.W.); Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (B.L., Y.W., X.Z., Y.C., J.L.); School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (P.C.N.).
authors.forename: Junyao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: case-control; death; epidemiological design; glioma; smoking