title: Epidemiology of tuberculosis in children in Kampala district, Uganda, 2009-2010; a retrospective cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The global tuberculosis (TB) estimate in 2011 was 500,000 cases among children under 15 years representing 5.7 % of all cases and 64, 000 deaths among HIV negative children representing 6.5 % of the total deaths. In Uganda, the child TB cases reported in 2012 made up less than 3 % of the total cases while recent modelling estimates it at 15-20 % of adult cases. Mapping of these cases in Kampala district most especially for the children under five years would reflect recent transmission in the various communities in the district. We therefore conducted a retrospective study of reported child TB cases in Kampala district Uganda for 2009-2010 to provide an estimate of child TB incidence and map the cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective cross-sectional study on data collected from the health unit TB registers in the five divisions of Kampala district, Uganda. The data was a starting point in preparation for a TB Vaccine study in children. The extracted data spanned a period from 1st January 2009 to 31st December 2010. The projected population of children below 15 years was 637,922 in 2009 and 744,750 in 2010 for Kampala district. We based our projections on the National Bureau of Statistics most recent census report of 2002 before the study duration while assuming a population growth rate of 3.7 % each year. We captured the data into EPI DATA 3.1 and analysed it using STATA version 12.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We accessed 15,499 records and analysed 1167 records that were of children below 15 years old. The child TB cases represented 7.5 % (7.3 in 2009 & 7.6 % in 2010) of all the registered cases in Kampala district. The females were 47 % and the median age was 4 years (IQR 1, 10). The percent of children less than 5 years old was 54 %. The percent of pulmonary TB cases was 89 % (1041/1167) with 15 % smear positive. The proportion of extra-pulmonary TB cases was 11 % (126/1167). Among those that tested for HIV, 60 % (359/620) had test results available with an HIV co-infection rate of 47 % (168/359). Antiretroviral treatment uptake was 24 % among the co-infected. The incidence of child TB in Kampala was 56 (95 % CI 50-62) per 100,000 in 2009 and 44 (95 % CI 40-49) per 100,000 in 2010. Most of the TB cases (60 % (410/685)) in Kampala live in slum areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a higher child TB incidence of 56 per 100,000 in 2009 compared with 44 per 100,000 in 2010. The percentage of child TB cases was much higher at 7.5 % of all the reported TB cases than the WHO reported national average. For the review period, the TB cases clustered in particular slums in Kampala district.
authors.affiliation: Directorate of Paediatrics & Child health, Mulago National Referral Hospital, P. O. Box 7051, Kampala, Uganda. ewobudeya@gmail.com.|MU-JHU Research Collaboration, P. O. Box 23491, Kampala, Uganda. ewobudeya@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wobudeya
authors.affiliation: TRACK TB Project, Management Sciences for Health, P. O. Box 71419, Kampala, Uganda. deuslukoye@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Deus
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lukoye
authors.affiliation: Directorate of Paediatrics & Child health, Mulago National Referral Hospital, P. O. Box 7051, Kampala, Uganda. ilubega@mujhu.org.|MU-JHU Research Collaboration, P. O. Box 23491, Kampala, Uganda. ilubega@mujhu.org.
authors.forename: Irene R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Lubega
authors.affiliation: Uganda National TB & Leprosy Programme, P. O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda. rfmugabe@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mugabe
authors.affiliation: Uganda National TB & Leprosy Programme, P. O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda. moorine.sekadde@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Moorine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sekadde
authors.affiliation: MU-JHU Research Collaboration, P. O. Box 23491, Kampala, Uganda. pmusoke@mujhu.org.|Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. pmusoke@mujhu.org.
authors.forename: Philippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Musoke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology