title: Cyanophages Infection of Microcystis Bloom in Lowland Dam Reservoir of Sulejów, Poland.
abstract: An increased incidence of cyanobacterial blooms, which are largely composed of toxigenic cyanobacteria from the Microcystis genus, leads to a disruption of aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Therefore, a better understanding of the impact of environmental parameters on the development and collapse of blooms is important. The objectives of the present study were as follows: (1) to investigate the presence and identity of Microcystis-specific cyanophages capable of cyanobacterial cell lysis in a lowland dam reservoir in Central Europe; (2) to investigate Microcystis sensitivity to phage infections with regard to toxic genotypes; and (3) to identify key abiotic parameters influencing phage infections during the summer seasons between 2009 and 2013. Sequencing analysis of selected g91 gene amplification products confirmed that the identified cyanophages belonged to the family Myoviridae (95 % homology). Cyanophages and Microcystis hosts, including toxic genotypes, were positively correlated in 4 of the 5 years analyzed (r = 0.67-0.82). The average percentage of infected Microcystis cells varied between 0.1 and 32 %, and no particular sensitivity of the phages to toxigenic genotypes was recorded. The highest number of cyanophages (>10(4) gene copy number per microliter) was observed in the period preceded by the following: an increase of the water retention time, growth of the water temperature, optimum nutrient concentrations, and the predomination of Microcystis bloom.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland. j.mankiewicz@erce.unesco.lodz.pl.|European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tylna 3, 90-364, Łódź, Poland. j.mankiewicz@erce.unesco.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mankiewicz-Boczek
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.|European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tylna 3, 90-364, Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaskulska
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232, Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pawełczyk
authors.affiliation: European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tylna 3, 90-364, Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gągała
authors.affiliation: European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tylna 3, 90-364, Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Serwecińska
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232, Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dziadek
mesh_terms: D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D001483:Base Sequence; D017753:Ecosystem; D005068:Eutrophication; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D046931:Microcystis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000821:virology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011044:Poland; D012621:Seasons; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D062066:Water Resources
chemical_list: D014764:Viral Proteins
keywords: Cyanophage infection; Freshwater; Microcystis; Myoviridae; Real-time PCR; g91 gene