title: Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori: A recent literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review previous studies (the last 6 years) about the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibiotic resistance in order to evaluate the trend in antibiotic resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the PubMed, MEDLINE, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Scielo manuscripts were reviewed from 2009 to 2014.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the whole rates of H. pylori antibiotic resistance were 47.22% (30.5%-75.02%) for metronidazole, 19.74% (5.46%-30.8%) for clarithromycin, 18.94% (14.19%-25.28%) for levofloxacin, and 14.67% (2%-40.87%) for amoxicillin, 11.70% (0%-50%) for tetracycline, 11.5% (0%-23%) for furazolidon and 6.75% (1%-12.45%) for rifabutin. The frequency of tetracycline, metronidazole and amoxicillin resistance was higher in Africa, while clarithromycin and levofloxacin resistance was higher in North America and Asian, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most sensitive drug is rifabutin and the lowest sensitive drug is metronidazole in the world. The worldwide H. pylori antibiotic resistance to clarithromycin and levofloxacin has increased during the last 6 years. The present systematic review show alarming results and a novel plan is needed for eradication therapy of H. pylori infections.
authors.affiliation: Reza Ghotaslou, Research Center of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51663-39888, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghotaslou
authors.affiliation: Reza Ghotaslou, Research Center of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51663-39888, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamed Ebrahimzadeh
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Leylabadlo
authors.affiliation: Reza Ghotaslou, Research Center of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51663-39888, Iran.
authors.forename: Yalda Mohammadzadeh
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Asl
keywords: Antibiotic resistance; Helicobacter pylori; Worldwide