title: Protective effect of pioglitazone on morphine-induced neuroinflammation in the rat lumbar spinal cord.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Morphine-induced tolerance is associated with the spinal neuroinflammation. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of oral administration of the pioglitazone, the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist, on the morphine-induced neuroinflammation in the lumbar region of the male Wistar rat spinal cord.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Co-administration of the pioglitazone with morphine not only attenuated morphine-induced tolerance, but also prevented the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin 6) and nuclear factor-kappa B activity. Administration of the GW-9662 antagonized the above mentioned effects of the pioglitazone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that oral administration of the pioglitazone attenuates morphine-induced tolerance and the neuroinflammation in the lumbar region of the rat spinal cord. This action of the pioglitazone may be, at least in part, due to an interaction with the spinal pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and the nuclear factor-kappa B activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Charkhpour
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. hamed.ghavimi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ghavimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghanbarzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.|Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Bahman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yousefi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khorrami
authors.affiliation: Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mesgari
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. kambizhassanzadeh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kambiz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hassanzadeh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists*; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D047495:PPAR gamma; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D009020:Morphine; D000077205:Pioglitazone