title: Correlation between non-alcoholic fatty liver with metabolic risk factors and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with metabolic risk factors and brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 8603 subjects (6662 males and 1941 females) were enrolled during an annual health check-up. Fatty liver was examined using a Philips HD 11 XE multi-function color Doppler diagnostic instrument, and baPWV was determined using a novel arteriosclerosis detection device. Blood pressure (BP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), waist circumference (WC), plasma triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and uric acid (UA) were measured using standard methods. The relationship between fatty liver with metabolic risk factors and baPWV was analyzed using regression analysis and the χ (2) test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The values and abnormal rates of baPWV were significantly different between NAFLD patients and non-NAFLD subjects (P < 0.001). In addition, the values of baPWV were different by gender between NAFLD patients and non-NAFLD subjects. The OR values in females, males, and the entire population were 3.33, 1.67, and 2.13, respectively (P < 0.001). The incidence of high baPWV increased with increasing degree of NAFLD (levels 0, 1, 2, and 3) (P < 0.001), which was 45.9%, 54.5%, 60.2%, and 71.4% in males and 27.0%, 49.1%, 55.60%, and 60.0% in females (P < 0.001), respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that the OR value for baPWV in the non-metabolic syndrome group and the metabolic syndrome group was 1.28 vs 1.14 (males) and 2.55 vs 0.98 (females). The OR values for baPWV in the non-high-BP and high-BP, non-high-WC and high-WC, non-high-FPG and high-FPG, non-high-TG and high-TG, non-high-HDL and high-HDL, non-high-TC and high-TC, non-high-LDL and high-LDL, non-high-UA and high-UA groups were 3.38 vs 1.19, 3.50 vs 1.44, 2.80 vs 2.30, 3.29 vs 1.88, 3.03 vs 3.28, 3.35 vs 2.70, 3.93 vs 1.66, and 3.20 vs 2.34, respectively, in females (P < 0.001), and were 1.37 vs 1.34, 1.56 vs 1.26, 1.51 vs 1.28, 1.49 vs 1.52, 1.71 vs 1.61, 1.59 vs 1.74, 1.76 vs 1.47, and 1.73 vs 1.54, respectively, in males (P < 0.01). The OR value for baPWV was still higher than 1.2 (1.21 in males and 1.40 in females) after adjustment for the metabolic component (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and above) (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NAFLD is closely correlated with baPWV, particularly in females. NAFLD has a large impact on baPWV, no matter whether the metabolic index is increased or not. NAFLD may be a useful indicator for assessing early arteriosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Wen-Hua Zhu, Li-Zheng Fang, Chong-Rong Lu, Hong-Lei Dai, Jian-Hua Chen, Qiao-Hua Qiao, Li-Ying Chen, Department of Family Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Institute of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Wen-Hua Zhu, Li-Zheng Fang, Chong-Rong Lu, Hong-Lei Dai, Jian-Hua Chen, Qiao-Hua Qiao, Li-Ying Chen, Department of Family Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Institute of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Li-Zheng
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Wen-Hua Zhu, Li-Zheng Fang, Chong-Rong Lu, Hong-Lei Dai, Jian-Hua Chen, Qiao-Hua Qiao, Li-Ying Chen, Department of Family Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Institute of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Chong-Rong
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Wen-Hua Zhu, Li-Zheng Fang, Chong-Rong Lu, Hong-Lei Dai, Jian-Hua Chen, Qiao-Hua Qiao, Li-Ying Chen, Department of Family Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Institute of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Lei
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Wen-Hua Zhu, Li-Zheng Fang, Chong-Rong Lu, Hong-Lei Dai, Jian-Hua Chen, Qiao-Hua Qiao, Li-Ying Chen, Department of Family Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Institute of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Wen-Hua Zhu, Li-Zheng Fang, Chong-Rong Lu, Hong-Lei Dai, Jian-Hua Chen, Qiao-Hua Qiao, Li-Ying Chen, Department of Family Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Institute of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Qiao-Hua
authors.initials: QH
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: Wen-Hua Zhu, Li-Zheng Fang, Chong-Rong Lu, Hong-Lei Dai, Jian-Hua Chen, Qiao-Hua Qiao, Li-Ying Chen, Department of Family Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Institute of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Li-Ying
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016014:Linear Models; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood; D059289:Vascular Stiffness; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids; D014527:Uric Acid
keywords: Brachial ankle pulse wave velocity; Metabolic risk factors; Non-alcoholic fatty liver