title: Inhibitory Actions Unified by Network Integration.
abstract: Cortical function is regulated by a strikingly diverse array of local-circuit inhibitory neurons. We evaluated how optogenetically activating somatostatin- and parvalbumin-positive interneurons subtractively or divisively suppressed auditory cortical cells' responses to tones. In both awake and anesthetized animals, we found that activating either family of interneurons produced mixtures of divisive and subtractive effects and that simultaneously recorded neurons were often suppressed in qualitatively different ways. A simple network model shows that threshold nonlinearities can interact with network activity to transform subtractive inhibition of neurons into divisive inhibition of networks, or vice versa. Varying threshold and the strength of suppression of a model neuron could determine whether the effect of inhibition appeared divisive, subtractive, or both. We conclude that the characteristics of response inhibition specific to a single interneuron type can be "masked" by the network configuration and cellular properties of the network in which they are embedded.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Coleman Memorial Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Seybold
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Coleman Memorial Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A K
authors.initials: EAK
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Coleman Memorial Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Christoph E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Schreiner
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Coleman Memorial Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Electronic address: andrea.hasenstaub@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Andrea R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hasenstaub
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D007395:Interneurons / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D062308:Optogenetics / Q000379:methods