title: Detection of Alzheimer's disease by displacement field and machine learning.
abstract: Aim. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. Recently, computer scientists have developed various methods for early detection based on computer vision and machine learning techniques. Method. In this study, we proposed a novel AD detection method by displacement field (DF) estimation between a normal brain and an AD brain. The DF was treated as the AD-related features, reduced by principal component analysis (PCA), and finally fed into three classifiers: support vector machine (SVM), generalized eigenvalue proximal SVM (GEPSVM), and twin SVM (TSVM). The 10-fold cross validation repeated 50 times. Results. The results showed the "DF + PCA + TSVM" achieved the accuracy of 92.75 ± 1.77, sensitivity of 90.56 ± 1.15, specificity of 93.37 ± 2.05, and precision of 79.61 ± 2.21. This result is better than or comparable with not only the other proposed two methods, but also ten state-of-the-art methods. Besides, our method discovers the AD is related to following brain regions disclosed in recent publications: Angular Gyrus, Anterior Cingulate, Cingulate Gyrus, Culmen, Cuneus, Fusiform Gyrus, Inferior Frontal Gyrus, Inferior Occipital Gyrus, Inferior Parietal Lobule, Inferior Semi-Lunar Lobule, Inferior Temporal Gyrus, Insula, Lateral Ventricle, Lingual Gyrus, Medial Frontal Gyrus, Middle Frontal Gyrus, Middle Occipital Gyrus, Middle Temporal Gyrus, Paracentral Lobule, Parahippocampal Gyrus, Postcentral Gyrus, Posterior Cingulate, Precentral Gyrus, Precuneus, Sub-Gyral, Superior Parietal Lobule, Superior Temporal Gyrus, Supramarginal Gyrus, and Uncus. Conclusion. The displacement filed is effective in detection of AD and related brain-regions.
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China.
authors.forename: Yudong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China.
authors.forename: Shuihua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Generalized eigenvalue proximal SVM; Machine learning; Machine vision; Region detection; Support vector machine (SVM); Twin SVM (TSVM); Whole brain analysis