title: Brief condom interventions targeting males in clinical settings: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of brief clinic-based condom skills interventions that target males.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature and PsychInfo for studies published from January 1980 through September 2014, using relevant search terms. We included studies if interventions taught about condoms lasting 60 min or shorter, used randomized or quasi-experimental design, were conducted in a clinical setting and targeted males. Two investigators sequentially reviewed abstracts. We abstracted and reviewed data from 16 studies that met the selection criteria. Where outcomes were poolable, we conducted meta-analyses using a random-effects model and I(2) index to assess heterogeneity. Outcome measures included condom knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/human immunodeficiency virus and unintended pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across studies, teaching about condoms was nested within sexual risk reduction curricula. Most interventions were one on one and conducted in STI clinics. Pooled analyses indicated that intervention receipt was associated with increases in percent of sex acts with condoms (standardized mean difference=0.29 [0.18, 0.41]; 0.19 [0.06, 0.33]) and reductions in STIs at 12-month follow-up or longer {odds ratio (OR)=0.82 [95% confidence interval: 0.67, 0.99]}. One study assessed unintended pregnancy and did not find an intervention effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study findings hold promise for considering brief condom skills interventions in clinical settings that can result in improvements in males' condom behaviors and possibly biological outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 200 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: amarcell@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Arik V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Marcell
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: sgibbs3@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Susannah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 200 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Electronic address: lehmann@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Harold P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Lehmann
mesh_terms: D017280:Condoms; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011275:Pregnancy, Unwanted; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control
keywords: Condom use; Condoms; HIV; Male health; Pregnancy prevention; STIs/STDs