title: Integrated WiFi/PDR/Smartphone Using an Unscented Kalman Filter Algorithm for 3D Indoor Localization.
abstract: Because of the high calculation cost and poor performance of a traditional planar map when dealing with complicated indoor geographic information, a WiFi fingerprint indoor positioning system cannot be widely employed on a smartphone platform. By making full use of the hardware sensors embedded in the smartphone, this study proposes an integrated approach to a three-dimensional (3D) indoor positioning system. First, an improved K-means clustering method is adopted to reduce the fingerprint database retrieval time and enhance positioning efficiency. Next, with the mobile phone's acceleration sensor, a new step counting method based on auto-correlation analysis is proposed to achieve cell phone inertial navigation positioning. Furthermore, the integration of WiFi positioning with Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) obtains higher positional accuracy with the help of the Unscented Kalman Filter algorithm. Finally, a hybrid 3D positioning system based on Unity 3D, which can carry out real-time positioning for targets in 3D scenes, is designed for the fluent operation of mobile terminals.
authors.affiliation: School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, 221116 Xuzhou, China. chgl@cumt.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guoliang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Nottingham Geospatial Institute, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, NG7 2TU Nottingham, UK. xiaolin.meng@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, 221116 Xuzhou, China. wyj4139@cumt.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yunjia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, 221116 Xuzhou, China. zyz@cumt.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yanzhe
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, 221116 Xuzhou, China. tianp@cumt.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, 221116 Xuzhou, China. huachao.yang@cumt.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Huachao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
keywords: Unity 3D; Unscented Kalman Filter; WiFi/PDR; auto-correlation analysis; clustering; indoor localization