title: Plasma bioavailability and regional brain distribution of polyphenols from apple/grape seed and bilberry extracts in a young swine model.
abstract: METHODS
  The pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and regional brain distribution of polyphenols from apple-grape seed extract (AGSE) mixture and bilberry extract were studied after 3 weeks of dosing in weanling pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Weanling piglets were treated for 3 weeks with extracts of (AGSE) or bilberry extracts, using a physiological (27.5 mg/kg) or supplement (82.5 mg/kg) dose. A 24-h pharmacokinetic study was conducted and brain tissue was harvested. Major flavan-3-ol and flavonol metabolites including catechin-O-β-glucuronide, epicatechin-O-β-glucuronide, 3'O-methyl-catechin-O-β-glucuronide, 3'O-methyl-epicatechin-O-β-glucuronide, quercetin-O-β-glucuronide, and O-methyl-quercetin-O-β-glucuronide were analyzed in plasma, urine, and regional brain extracts from AGSE groups. Anthocyanidin-O-galactosides and O-glucosides of delphinidin (Del), cyanidin (Cyn), petunidin (Pet), peonidin (Peo), and malvidin (Mal) were analyzed in plasma, urine, and brain extracts from bilberry groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant plasma dose-dependence was observed in flavan-3-ol metabolites of the AGSE group and in Mal, Del and Cyn galactosides and Pet, Peo, and Cyn glucosides of the bilberry groups. In the brain, a significant dose dependence was found in the cerebellum and frontal cortex in all major flavan-3-ol metabolites. All anthocyanidin glycosides, except for delphinidin, showed a dose-dependent increase in the cerebellum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Tzu-Ying
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kritchevsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hargett
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Feller
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klobusnik
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Mead Johnson Pediatric Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Zeina
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jouni
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.|Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Mario G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ferruzzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Elsa M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Janle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001682:Biological Availability; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000737:chemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D034421:Sus scrofa; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D029800:Vaccinium myrtillus / Q000737:chemistry*; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols
keywords: Anthocyanins; Brain distribution; Catechins; Pharmacokinetics; Polyphenols