title: Global, regional and national consumption of major food groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys worldwide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify global intakes of key foods related to non-communicable diseases in adults by region (n=21), country (n=187), age and sex, in 1990 and 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched and obtained individual-level intake data in 16 age/sex groups worldwide from 266 surveys across 113 countries. We combined these data with food balance sheets available in all nations and years. A hierarchical Bayesian model estimated mean food intake and associated uncertainty for each age-sex-country-year stratum, accounting for differences in intakes versus availability, survey methods and representativeness, and sampling and modelling uncertainty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Global adult population, by age, sex, country and time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2010, global fruit intake was 81.3 g/day (95% uncertainty interval 78.9-83.7), with country-specific intakes ranging from 19.2-325.1 g/day; in only 2 countries (representing 0.4% of the world's population), mean intakes met recommended targets of ≥300 g/day. Country-specific vegetable intake ranged from 34.6-493.1 g/day (global mean=208.8 g/day); corresponding values for nuts/seeds were 0.2-152.7 g/day (8.9 g/day); for whole grains, 1.3-334.3 g/day (38.4 g/day); for seafood, 6.0-87.6 g/day (27.9 g/day); for red meats, 3.0-124.2 g/day (41.8 g/day); and for processed meats, 2.5-66.1 g/day (13.7 g/day). Mean national intakes met recommended targets in countries representing 0.4% of the global population for vegetables (≥400 g/day); 9.6% for nuts/seeds (≥4 (28.35 g) servings/week); 7.6% for whole grains (≥2.5 (50 g) servings/day); 4.4% for seafood (≥3.5 (100 g) servings/week); 20.3% for red meats (≤1 (100 g) serving/week); and 38.5% for processed meats (≤1 (50 g) serving/week). Intakes of healthful foods were generally higher and of less healthful foods generally lower at older ages. Intakes were generally similar by sex. Vegetable, seafood and processed meat intakes were stable over time; fruits, nuts/seeds and red meat, increased; and whole grains, decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These global dietary data by nation, age and sex identify key challenges and opportunities for optimising diets, informing policies and priorities for improving global health.
authors.affiliation: Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Micha
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Shahab
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khatibzadeh
authors.affiliation: Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Peilin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Engell
authors.affiliation: Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Dariush
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mozaffarian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005006:Ethnicity; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005523:Food Supply; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; PUBLIC HEALTH