title: Biologically inspired skin lesion segmentation using a geodesic active contour technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Computer-aided diagnosis of skin cancer requires accurate lesion segmentation, which must overcome noise such as hair, skin color variations, and ambient light variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  A biologically inspired geodesic active contour (GAC) technique is used for lesion segmentation. The algorithm presented here employs automatic contour initialization close to the actual lesion boundary, overcoming the 'sticking' at minimum local energy spots caused by noise artifacts such as hair. The border is significantly smoothed to mimic natural lesions. In addition, features that mimic biological parameters include spectral image subtraction and removal of peninsulas and inlets. Multiple boundary choices borders are created by parameter options used at different steps. These choices can allow future improvement over the basic default border.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The basic GAC algorithm was tested on 100 images (30 melanomas and 70 benign lesions), yielding a median XOR border error of 6.7%, comparable to the median inter-dermatologist XOR border error (7.4%), and lower than the gradient vector flow snake median XOR error of 14.2% on the same image set. On a difficult low-contrast border set of 1238 images, which included 350 non-melanocytic lesions, a median XOR error of 23.9% is obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GAC techniques show promise in attaining the goal of automatic skin lesion segmentation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, LTII Laboratory, University of Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kasmi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, LTII Laboratory, University of Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mokrani
authors.affiliation: Stoecker & Associates, LLC, Rolla, MO, USA.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Rader
authors.affiliation: Stoecker & Associates, LLC, Rolla, MO, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.affiliation: Stoecker & Associates, LLC, Rolla, MO, USA.
authors.forename: W V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Stoecker
mesh_terms: D032701:Biomimetics / Q000379:methods*; D046169:Dermoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: automatic; contour evolution; dermoscopy; detection; geodesic active contour; image analysis; level set; melanoma; segmentation