title: Low tube voltage computed tomography urography using low-concentration contrast media: Comparison of image quality in conventional computed tomography urography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility and image quality of excretory CT urography performed using low iodine-concentration contrast media and low tube voltage.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study enrolled 63 patients who undergoing CT urography. The subjects were randomized into two groups of an excretory phase CT urography protocol and received either 240 mg I/mL of contrast media and 80 kVp of tube voltage (low-concentration protocol, n=32) or 350 mg I/mL and 120 kVp (conventional protocol, n=31). Two readers qualitatively evaluated images for sharpness of the urinary tract, image noise, streak artifact and overall diagnostic acceptability. The mean attenuation, signal-to-noise ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio and figure of merit were measured in the urinary tract. The non-inferiority test assessed the diagnostic acceptability between the two protocol groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The low-concentration protocol showed a significantly lower effective radiation dose (3.44 vs. 5.70 mSv, P<.001). The diagnostic acceptability was significantly lower in the low-concentration protocol with iterative reconstruction algorithm than in the conventional protocol (4.06±0.45 vs. 4.50±0.37, P<.001), however, all subjects showed at least more than standard diagnostic acceptability and the difference resided in the predefined non-inferiority margin. The signal-to-noise ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio and figure of merit were significantly higher in the low-concentration protocol along the entire urinary tract (P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT urography using 240 mg I/mL iodine contrast media, 80 kVp tube voltage and an iterative reconstruction algorithm is beneficial to reduce radiation dose and iodine load, and its objective image quality and subjective diagnostic acceptability is not inferior to that of conventional CT urography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: mit3000kr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Inpyeong
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: radjycho@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jeong Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: iwishluv@empas.com.
authors.forename: Sang Youn
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: sjo@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Seung-June
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kuuro70@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ja Hyeon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: c5cktail@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Joongyup
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kimshrad@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Seung Hyup
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D003287:Contrast Media; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014551:Urinary Tract; D014567:Urography / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Computed tomography; Contrast media; Radiation dosage; Urography