title: The role of cognitive dysfunction in the symptoms and remission from depression.
abstract: The disability and burden associated with major depression comes only in part from its affective symptoms; cognitive dysfunctions associated with depression also play a crucial role. Furthermore, these cognitive impairments during depression are manifold and multilevel affecting elementary and more complex cognitive processes equally. Several models from different directions tried to evaluate, conceptualize and understand the depth and magnitude of cognitive dysfunctions in depression and their bidirectional interactions with other types of depressive symptomatology including mood symptoms. In the current review, we briefly overview different types of cognitive symptoms and deficits related to major depression including hot and cold as well as trait- and state-like cognitive alterations and we also describe current knowledge related to the impact of cognitive impairments on the course and outcomes of depression including remission, residual symptoms, function, and response to treatment. We also emphasize shortcomings of currently available treatments for depression in sufficiently improving cognitive dysfunctions and point out the need for newer pharmacological approaches especially in cooperation with psychotherapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Kutvolgyi ut 4., Budapest, 1125 Hungary ; Laboratory for Suicide Research and Prevention, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary ; MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group of Semmelweis Univeristy and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Xenia
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9015-4203
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gonda
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs Sant'Andrea Hospital Sapienza University of Roma, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pompili
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, IRCCS San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Serafini
authors.affiliation: Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE Brazil.
authors.forename: Andre F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Kutvolgyi ut 4., Budapest, 1125 Hungary ; Laboratory for Suicide Research and Prevention, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rihmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Kutvolgyi ut 4., Budapest, 1125 Hungary ; Laboratory for Suicide Research and Prevention, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dome
keywords: Cognitive dysfunction; Depression; Functioning; Hot and cold cognitions