title: Long-term Follow-up and Outcomes in Traumatic Macular Holes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review presenting characteristics, clinical course, and long-term visual and anatomic outcomes of patients with traumatic macular holes at a tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight consecutive patients with traumatic macular holes at a single tertiary referral center were reviewed. In addition to visual acuities and treatments throughout the clinical course, specific dimensions of the macular hole, including diameters, height, configuration, shape, and the presence of a cuff of fluid, were examined using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight patients were identified with a mean initial visual acuity (VA) of logMAR 1.3 (20/400) and a mean follow-up of 2.2 years. Eleven holes (39.3%) closed spontaneously in median 5.7 weeks. Eleven underwent vitrectomy with a median time to intervention of 35.1 weeks. Median time to surgery for the 5 eyes with successful hole closure was 11.0 weeks vs 56.3 weeks for the 6 eyes that failed to close (P = .02). VA improved in closed holes (P < .01), whether spontaneously (P < .01) or via vitrectomy (P = .04), but VA did not improve in holes that did not close (P = .22). There was no relation between initial OCT dimensions and final hole closure status, although there was a trend, which did not reach statistical significance, toward small dimensions for those that closed spontaneously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A fairly high spontaneous closure rate was observed, with a trend toward smaller OCT dimensions. We found no relationship between hole closure and the OCT characteristics of the hole. Surgical intervention was less successful at hole closure when elected after 3 months.
authors.affiliation: Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School Department of Ophthalmology, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School Department of Ophthalmology, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yonekawa
authors.affiliation: Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School Department of Ophthalmology, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eliott
authors.affiliation: Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School Department of Ophthalmology, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ivana K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School Department of Ophthalmology, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Leo A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School Department of Ophthalmology, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: John I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Loewenstein
authors.affiliation: Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School Department of Ophthalmology, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sobrin
authors.affiliation: Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School Department of Ophthalmology, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Lucy H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School Department of Ophthalmology, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Shizuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukai
authors.affiliation: Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School Department of Ophthalmology, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: demetrios_vavvas@meei.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Demetrios G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Vavvas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014821:Vitrectomy; D055815:Young Adult