title: Effects of unstable elements with different hardness on lower limb loading.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Osteoarthritis of the knee is one of the most common diseases. For this chronic disease, modified footwear structure can effectively prevent and relieve disease of the knee. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of shoe surface elastic modulus on external knee adduction moment and ground reaction force and foot loading characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen healthy female volunteers were recruited, and each subject performed five walking trials under two shoes condition. The lower limb loading data was collected using force platform and in-sole pressure measurement system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the external knee adduction moment was decreased in all stance phase when wearing SS (unstable shoes with soft unstable elements), compared with HS (unstable shoes with hard unstable elements). The ground reaction force showed no obvious change under two shoes condition. Additionally, compared with HS, plantar pressure transferred from medial foot to lateral foot when wearing SS. Along with changes of contact areas, average pressure and impulse had also presented this tendency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results can provide some scientific evidence and suggestions for footwear companies, and for the foot plantar medial injury disease has also certain applicability.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, China.
authors.forename: Fengling
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, China.
authors.forename: Qichang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, China.
authors.forename: Yaodong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019245:Compressive Strength; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D012775:Shoes; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D019415:Torque; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult