title: Cardiovascular drugs-induced oral toxicities: A murky area to be revisited and illuminated.
abstract: Oral health is an imperative part of overall human health. Oral disorders are often unreported, but are highly troublesome to human health in a long-standing situation. A strong association exists between cardiovascular drugs and oral adverse effects. Indeed, several cardiovascular drugs employed clinically have been reported to cause oral adverse effects such as xerostomia, oral lichen planus, angioedema, aphthae, dysgeusia, gingival enlargement, scalded mouth syndrome, cheilitis, glossitis and so forth. Oral complications might in turn worsen the cardiovascular disease condition as some reports suggest an adverse correlation between periodontal oral disease pathogenesis and cardiovascular disease. These are certainly important to be understood for a better use of cardiovascular medicines and control of associated oral adverse effects. This review sheds lights on the oral adverse effects pertaining to the clinical use of cardiovascular drugs. Above and beyond, an adverse correlation between oral disease and cardiovascular disease has been discussed.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Malaysia. Electronic address: pbala2006@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pitchai
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Balakumar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, AIMST University, 08100 Bedong, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Muthu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kavitha
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, AIMST University, 08100 Bedong, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nanditha
mesh_terms: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents
keywords: Angioedema; Cardiovascular drugs; Dry mouth; Dysgeusia; Gingival enlargement; Oral adverse effects