title: Interleukin 10 and dendritic cells are the main suppression mediators of regulatory T cells in human neurocysticercosis.
abstract: Neurocysticercosis is caused by the establishment of Taenia solium cysticerci in the central nervous system. It is considered that, during co-evolution, the parasite developed strategies to modulate the host's immune response. The action mechanisms of regulatory T cells in controlling the immune response in neurocysticercosis are studied in this work. Higher blood levels of regulatory T cells with CD4(+) CD45RO(+) forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)(high) and CD4(+) CD25(high) FoxP3(+) CD95(high) phenotype and of non-regulatory CD4(+) CD45RO(+) FoxP3(med) T cells were found in neurocysticercosis patients with respect to controls. Interestingly, regulatory T cells express higher levels of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3), programmed death 1 (PD-1) and glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor (GITR), suggesting a cell-to-cell contact mechanism with dendritic cells. Furthermore, higher IL-10 and regulatory T cell type 1 (Tr1) levels were found in neurocysticercosis patients' peripheral blood, suggesting that the action mechanism of regulatory T cells involves the release of immunomodulatory cytokines. No evidence was found of the regulatory T cell role in inhibiting the proliferative response. Suppressive regulatory T cells from neurocysticercosis patients correlated negatively with late activated lymphocytes (CD4(+) CD38(+) ). Our results suggest that, during neurocysticercosis, regulatory T cells could control the immune response, probably by a cell-to-cell contact with dendritic cells and interleukin (IL)-10 release by Tr1, to create an immunomodulatory environment that may favour the development of T. solium cysticerci and their permanence in the central nervous system.
authors.affiliation: Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de Neuroinflamación del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México.|Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arce-Sillas
authors.affiliation: Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de Neuroinflamación del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México.|Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México.
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Álvarez-Luquín
authors.affiliation: Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de Neuroinflamación del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México.|Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cárdenas
authors.affiliation: Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de Neuroinflamación del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México.|Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Casanova-Hernández
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fragoso
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médica de Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, México.
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Proaño Narváez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: García-Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de Neuroinflamación del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México.|Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fleury
authors.affiliation: Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de Neuroinflamación del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México.|Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sciutto
authors.affiliation: Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de Neuroinflamación del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México.|Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Adalid-Peralta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000276:immunology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D053450:Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020019:Neurocysticercosis / Q000276:immunology*; D010641:Phenotype; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology*; D041201:Taenia solium / Q000276:immunology; D000093322:Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 Protein
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D016207:Cytokines; D053450:Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein; C508609:IL10 protein, human; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D016753:Interleukin-10; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens; D000093322:Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 Protein
keywords: Taenia solium; cysticerci; dendritic cells; neurocysticercosis; regulatory T cells