title: Chirp- and random-based coded ultrasonic  excitation for localized blood-brain barrier  opening.
abstract: Chirp- and random-based coded excitation methods have been proposed to reduce standing wave formation and improve focusing of transcranial ultrasound. However, no clear evidence has been shown to support the benefits of these ultrasonic excitation sequences in vivo. This study evaluates the chirp and periodic selection of random frequency (PSRF) coded-excitation methods for opening the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in mice. Three groups of mice (n  =  15) were injected with polydisperse microbubbles and sonicated in the caudate putamen using the chirp/PSRF coded (bandwidth: 1.5–1.9 MHz, peak negative pressure: 0.52 MPa, duration: 30 s) or standard ultrasound (frequency: 1.5 MHz, pressure: 0.52 MPa, burst duration: 20 ms, duration: 5 min) sequences. T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MRI scans were performed to quantitatively analyze focused ultrasound induced BBB opening. The mean opening volumes evaluated from the MRI were mm3, mm3and mm3 for the chirp, random and regular sonications, respectively. The mean cavitation levels were V.s, V.s and V.s for the chirp, random and regular sonications, respectively. The chirp and PSRF coded pulsing sequences improved the BBB opening localization by inducing lower cavitation levels and smaller opening volumes compared to results of the regular sonication technique. Larger bandwidths were associated with more focused targeting but were limited by the frequency response of the transducer, the skull attenuation and the microbubbles optimal frequency range. The coded methods could therefore facilitate highly localized drug delivery as well as benefit other transcranial ultrasound techniques that use higher pressure levels and higher precision to induce the necessary bioeffects in a brain region while avoiding damage to the surrounding healthy tissue.
authors.forename: H A S
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Kamimura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S-Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Karakatsani
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Acosta
authors.forename: A A O
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Carneiro
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Konofagou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000378:metabolism; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D045423:Microbubbles; D010539:Permeability / Q000528:radiation effects; D011312:Pressure; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D013010:Sonication / Q000379:methods; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media