title: A meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of forage particle size, level, source, and preservation method on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and performance in dairy cows.
abstract: A meta-analysis of the effect of forage particle size (FPS) on nutrient intake, digestibility, and milk production of dairy cattle was conducted using published data from the literature (1998-2014). Meta-regression was used to evaluate the effect of forage level, source, and preservation method on heterogeneity of the results for FPS. A total of 46 papers and 28 to 91 trials (each trial consisting of 2 treatment means) that reported changes in FPS in the diet of dairy cattle were identified. Estimated effect sizes of FPS were calculated on nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility, and milk production and composition. Intakes of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber increased with decreasing FPS (0.527 and 0.166kg/d, respectively) but neutral detergent fiber digestibility decreased (0.6%) with decreasing FPS. Heterogeneity (amount of variation among studies) was significant for all intake and digestibility parameters and the improvement in feed intake only occurred with decreasing FPS for diets containing a high level of forage (>50%). Also, the improvement in dry matter intake due to lowering FPS occurred for diets containing silage but not hay. Digestibility of dry matter increased with decreasing FPS when the forage source of the diet was not corn. Milk production consistently increased (0.541kg/d; heterogeneity=19%) and milk protein production increased (0.02kg/d) as FPS decreased, but FCM was not affected by FPS. Likewise, milk fat percentage decreased (0.058%) with decreasing FPS. The heterogeneity of milk parameters (including fat-corrected milk, milk fat, and milk protein), other than milk production, was also significant. Decreasing FPS in high-forage diets (>50%) increased milk protein production by 0.027%. Decreasing FPS increased milk protein content in corn forage-based diets and milk fat and protein percentage in hay-based diets. In conclusion, FPS has the potential to affect feed intake and milk production of dairy cows, but its effects depend upon source, level, and the method of preservation of forages in the diet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, P.O. Box 3158711167-4111, Iran. Electronic address: smnasrolahi@ut.ac.ir.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nasrollahi
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, P.O. Box 3158711167-4111, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imani
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zebeli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D004063:Digestion; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005519:Food Preservation; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D012820:Silage / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D008894:Milk Proteins
keywords: forage level; forage particle size; forage preservation method; forage source; meta-analysis