title: Development and comparative evaluation of two antigen detection tests for Visceral Leishmaniasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) can be fatal without timely diagnosis and treatment. Treatment efficacies vary due to drug resistance, drug toxicity and co-morbidities. It is important to monitor treatment responsiveness to confirm cure and curtail relapse. Currently, microscopy of spleen, bone marrow or lymph node biopsies is the only definitive method to evaluate cure. A less invasive test for treatment success is a high priority for VL management.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we describe the development of a capture ELISA based on detecting Leishmania donovani antigens in urine samples and comparison with the Leishmania Antigen ELISA, also developed for the same purpose. Both were developed as prototype kits and tested on patient urine samples from Sudan, Ethiopia, Bangladesh and Brazil, along with appropriate control samples from endemic and non-endemic regions. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed based on accurate detection of patients compared to control samples. One-Way ANOVA was used to assess the discrimination capacity of the tests and Cohen's kappa was used to assess their correlation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Leishmania Antigen Detect ELISA demonstrated >90% sensitivity on VL patient samples from Sudan, Bangladesh and Ethiopia and 88% on samples from Brazil. The Leishmania Antigen ELISA was comparable in performance except for lower sensitivity on Sudanese samples. Both were highly specific. To confirm utility in monitoring treatment, urine samples were collected from VL patients at days 0, 30 and 180 post-treatment. For the Leishmania Antigen Detect ELISA, positivity was high at day 0 at 95%, falling to 21% at day 30. At day 180, all samples were negative, corresponding well with clinical cure. A similar trend was also seen for the Leishmania Antigen ELISA albeit; with lower positivity of 91% at Day 0 and more patients, remaining positive at Days 30 and 180.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Leishmania Antigen Detect and the Leishmania Antigen ELISAs are standardized, user- friendly, quantitative and direct tests to detect Leishmania during acute VL as well as to monitor parasite clearance during treatment. They are a clear improvement over existing options.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ELISAs provide a non-invasive method to detect parasite antigens during acute infection and monitor its clearance upon cure, filling an unmet need in VL management. Further refinement of the tests with more samples from endemic regions will define their utility in monitoring treatment.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA. avallur@idri.org.
authors.forename: Aarthy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vallur
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA. yltutterrow@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yeung L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Tutterrow
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA. Raodoh.Mohamath@idri.org.
authors.forename: Raodoh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohamath
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA. sowmyapattabhi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sowmya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pattabhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. hailu_a2004@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Asrat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hailu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan. aasemabdoon@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Asim O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Abdoun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan. abdallah_elseer@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Abdalla E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan. mmukhtar@tropmedicine.org.
authors.forename: Maowia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mukhtar
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. drsalamrmc@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Md Abdus
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Salam
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. meirifarma@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Meirielly Lima
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. roquepachecoalmeida@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Roque P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh. din63d@icddrb.org.
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mondal
authors.affiliation: Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland. audrey.albertini@finddx.org.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albertini
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA. hashimghalib@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hashim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ghalib
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA. Malcolm.Duthie@idri.org.
authors.forename: Malcolm S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Duthie
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA. Steven.Reed@idri.org.
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Reed
mesh_terms: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology* / Q000652:urine; D001459:Bangladesh; D001938:Brazil; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods*; D005002:Ethiopia; D006801:Humans; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000652:urine; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013397:Sudan
chemical_list: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan