title: Chlorella vulgaris Attenuates Dermatophagoides Farinae-Induced Atopic Dermatitis-Like Symptoms in NC/Nga Mice.
abstract: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and inflammatory skin disease that can place a significant burden on quality of life for patients. AD most frequently appears under the age of six and although its prevalence is increasing worldwide, therapeutic treatment options are limited. Chlorella vulgaris (CV) is a species of the freshwater green algae genus chlorella, and has been reported to modulate allergy-inducible factors when ingested. Here, we examined the effect of CV supplementation on AD-like symptoms in NC/Nga mice. CV was orally administrated for six weeks while AD-like symptoms were induced via topical application of Dermatophagoides farinae extract (DFE). CV treatment reduced dermatitis scores, epidermal thickness, and skin hydration. Histological analysis also revealed that CV treatment reduced DFE-induced eosinophil and mast cell infiltration into the skin, while analysis of serum chemokine levels indicated that CV treatment downregulated thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) levels. In addition, CV treatment downregulated mRNA expression levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ. Taken together, these results suggest that CV extract may have potential as a nutraceutical ingredient for the prevention of AD.
authors.affiliation: WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. heeerim@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Heerim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. changhyungds@naver.com.
authors.forename: Chang Hyung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. jungykwon@snu.ac.kr.|Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea. jungykwon@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jong Rhan
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea. jungykwon@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jung Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. seo0414@naver.com.|Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea. seo0414@naver.com.
authors.forename: Sang Gwon
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea. jaegab@daesang.com.|Department of Health Food Research & Development of Daesang Corp., Icheon 467-813, Korea. jaegab@daesang.com.
authors.forename: Jae Gab
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Food Research & Development of Daesang Corp., Icheon 467-813, Korea. gonee@daesang.com.|Interdisplinary course of Science for Aging, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea. gonee@daesang.com.
authors.forename: Byung Gon
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. idonlik1@snu.ac.kr.|Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea. idonlik1@snu.ac.kr.|Research Institute of Bio-Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio-Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 232-916, Korea. idonlik1@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jong-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. kiwon@snu.ac.kr.|Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea. kiwon@snu.ac.kr.|Research Institute of Bio-Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio-Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 232-916, Korea. kiwon@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ki Won
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood; D048408:Chlorella vulgaris / Q000737:chemistry*; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D040001:Dermatophagoides farinae / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000382:microbiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000187:drug effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents
keywords: atopic dermatitis; chlorella vulgaris; immune cell infiltration; inflammatory cytokines; inflammatory skin lesions