title: Effects of Low Carbohydrate High Protein (LCHP) diet on atherosclerotic plaque phenotype in ApoE/LDLR-/- mice: FT-IR and Raman imaging.
abstract: Low Carbohydrate High Protein (LCHP) diet displays pro-atherogenic effects, however, the exact mechanisms involved are still unclear. Here, with the use of vibrational imaging, such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman (RS) spectroscopies, we characterize biochemical content of plaques in Brachiocephalic Arteries (BCA) from ApoE/LDLR(-/-) mice fed LCHP diet as compared to control, recomended by American Institute of Nutrition, AIN diet. FT-IR images were taken from 6-10 sections of BCA from each mice and were complemented with RS measurements with higher spatial resolution of chosen areas of plaque sections. In aortic plaques from LCHP fed ApoE/LDLR(-/-) mice, the content of cholesterol and cholesterol esters was increased, while that of proteins was decreased as evidenced by global FT-IR analysis. High resolution imaging by RS identified necrotic core/foam cells, lipids (including cholesterol crystals), calcium mineralization and fibrous cap. The decreased relative thickness of the outer fibrous cap and the presence of buried caps were prominent features of the plaques in ApoE/LDLR(-/-) mice fed LCHP diet. In conclusion, FT-IR and Raman-based imaging provided a complementary insight into the biochemical composition of the plaque suggesting that LCHP diet increased plaque cholesterol and cholesterol esters contents of atherosclerotic plaque, supporting the cholesterol-driven pathogenesis of LCHP-induced atherogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.|Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, ul. Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Wrobel
authors.affiliation: Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, ul. Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Marzec
authors.affiliation: Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, ul. Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.|Department of Experimental Pharamacology, Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chlopicki
authors.affiliation: Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, ul. Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maślak
authors.affiliation: Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, ul. Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jasztal
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, Agricultural University of Kraków, ul.Balicka 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franczyk-Żarów
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, Agricultural University of Kraków, ul.Balicka 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Czyżyńska-Cichoń
authors.affiliation: Department of Automatics and Bioengineering, AGH University of Science and Technology Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moszkowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, Agricultural University of Kraków, ul.Balicka 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Kostogrys
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.|Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, ul. Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baranska
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010641:Phenotype; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology*; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000172:deficiency; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D011973:Receptors, LDL