title: Emerging evidence of the association between cognitive deficits and arm motor recovery after stroke: A meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Motor and cognitive impairments are common and often coexist in patients with stroke. Although evidence is emerging about specific relationships between cognitive deficits and upper-limb motor recovery, the practical implication of these relationships for rehabilitation is unclear. Using a structured review and meta-analyses, we examined the nature and strength of the associations between cognitive deficits and upper-limb motor recovery in studies of patients with stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Motor recovery was defined using measures of upper limb motor impairment and/or activity limitations. Studies were included if they reported on at least one measure of cognitive function and one measure of upper limb motor impairment or function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six studies met the selection criteria. There was a moderate association (r = 0.43; confidence interval; CI:0.09- 0.68, p = 0.014) between cognition and overall arm motor recovery. Separate meta-analyses showed a moderately strong association between executive function and motor recovery (r = 0.48; CI:0.26- 0.65; p < 0.001), a weak positive correlation between attention and motor recovery (r = 0.25; CI:0.04- 0.45; p = 0.023), and no correlation between memory and motor recovery (r = 0.42; CI:0.16- 0.79; p = 0.14).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results imply that information on the presence of cognitive deficits should be considered while planning interventions for clients in order to design more personalized interventions tailored to the individual for maximizing upper-limb recovery.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.|Feil and Oberfeld Research Center, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Laval, Canada.
authors.forename: Aditi A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mullick
authors.affiliation: Feil and Oberfeld Research Center, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Laval, Canada.|Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Sandeep K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.affiliation: School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.|Feil and Oberfeld Research Center, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Laval, Canada.
authors.forename: Mindy F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Motor learning; cognition; rehabilitation; upper limb