title: Prevalence and risk factors of cytomegalovirus infection among HIV-infected and HIV-exposed uninfected infants in Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) co-infection increases morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. There has been no study on CMV infection and its risk factors among Nigerian HIV-infected and/or HIV-exposed uninfected infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional cohort study at the Federal Medical Center, Makurdi, between January 2012 and March 2013. Acute CMV infection among consecutive three-month- old HIV-infected and HIV-exposed uninfected infants was determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the CMV immunoglobulin M (IgM). The relationship between acute CMV infections in the infants and the potential risk factors was tested using logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of acute CMV infection was 41.4% (91/220), including 12.1% (11/91) and 87.9% (80/91) among the HIV-infected and the HIV-exposed uninfected infants, respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, oropharyngeal candidiasis in the infants, HIV co-infection in the infants, maternal mastitis during breastfeeding, and the absence of maternal chronic CMV infections significantly increased the risk of acute CMV in the young infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our setting, concerted efforts to prevent and/or promptly treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and mastitis during breastfeeding may reduce the burden of CMV among HIV-infected and HIV-exposed uninfected infants. Public enlightenment on the mode of CMV transmission and its prevention is also important.
authors.affiliation: Benue State University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. demolaanigilaje@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Emmanuel Ademola
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Anigilaje
authors.forename: Joseph Othniel
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Dabit
authors.forename: Nnamdi Okechukwu
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Nweke
authors.forename: Augustine Aondohemba
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Agbedeh
mesh_terms: D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G