title: Identification and molecular characterization of five putative toxins from the venom gland of the snake Philodryas chamissonis (Serpentes: Dipsadidae).
abstract: Philodryas chamissonis is a rear-fanged snake endemic to Chile. Its bite produces mild to moderate symptoms with proteolytic and anti-coagulant effects. Presently, the composition of the venom, as well as, the biochemical and structural characteristics of its toxins, remains unknown. In this study, we cloned and reported the first full-length sequences of five toxin-encoding genes from the venom gland of this species: Type III snake venom metalloprotease (SVMP), snake venom serine protease (SVSP), Cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP), α and β subunits of C-type lectin-like protein (CLP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (NP). These genes are highly expressed in the venom gland and their sequences exhibited a putative signal peptide, suggesting that these are components of the venom. These putative toxins had different evolutionary relationships with those reported for some front-fanged snakes, being SVMP, SVSP and CRISP of P. chamissonis closely related to the toxins present in Elapidae species, while NP was more related to those of Viperidae species. In addition, analyses suggest that the α and β subunits of CLP of P. chamissonis might have a α-subunit scaffold in common with Viperidae species, whose highly variable C-terminal region might have allowed the diversification in α and β subunits. Our results provide the first molecular description of the toxins possibly implicated in the envenomation of prey and humans by the bite of P. chamissonis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Neuroetología, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 70005, Correo 7, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Cáncer y Bioenergética, Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 70005, Correo 7, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: felix.urra@qf.uchile.cl.
authors.forename: Félix A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Urra
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile and Fondap Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), El Líbano 5524, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pulgar
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile and Fondap Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), El Líbano 5524, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile and Fondap Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), El Líbano 5524, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hodar
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile and Fondap Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), El Líbano 5524, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cambiazo
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Neuroetología, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 70005, Correo 7, Santiago, Chile; Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, PB1066 Blinder, 0316 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: a.l.lillo@ibv.uio.no.
authors.forename: Antonieta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Labra
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D051379:Mice; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein; D012910:Snake Venoms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000633:toxicity; D012911:Snakes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012910:Snake Venoms
keywords: CRISP; Cloning; Gene expression; Rear-fanged snakes; Serine proteases; Snake venom metalloproteases