title: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: trends in the analysis of biological samples.
abstract: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a recent microextraction technique that was first developed by Rezaee and co-workers in 2006. It allows the simultaneous extraction and preconcentration of analytes into a micro-volume of extracting solvent based on a ternary solvent system involving an aqueous phase, a nonpolar water immiscible high-density solvent that acts as extraction phase, and a disperser solvent, which is often polar and water miscible. This article presents an overview of DLLME applications in the analysis of biological samples (e.g., plasma and urine). Aside from the classical DLLME applications using high density extraction solvents, recent advances in the use of low density solvents and ionic liquids are also discussed. Although most of the applications deal with the analysis of organic target compounds, a few applications on the bioanalysis of inorganic substances are also included.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P. K. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Olatz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zuloaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P. K. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Maitane
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olivares
authors.affiliation: General Services of Research, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Spain.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P. K. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Asier
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vallejo
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P. K. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Ailette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prieto
mesh_terms: D019963:Clinical Chemistry Tests / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents