title: Environmental Impacts of China's Urbanization from 2000 to 2010 and Management Implications.
abstract: Rapid urbanization in China during the first decade of the twenty first century has brought about profound environmental changes at citywide and regional scales. In this paper, we present a comprehensive set of indicators and put forward a new evaluation method for measuring environmental impacts of urbanization from 2000 to 2010. We compared these impacts among 286 cities in mainland China and found that the overall quantity of pollutant discharge decreased as cities became more economically developed during the years 2000-2010. However, larger and denser cities, and wealthier cities in the eastern part of China tended to have larger quantities of pollutant discharge, resource consumption, and changes in land use (i.e., expansion of the built environment). The discharge increase occurred despite these cities having increased their investment in pollution control and construction of municipal environmental infrastructure. The negative impact from the intensity of pollutant discharge (i.e., discharge per unit of economic output) was generally less in more developed cities, although this was not always the case. Some cities, such as resource-based cities and old industrial cities, had both larger quantities of pollutant discharge and greater pollution intensity compared to other types of cities, indicating that environmental impacts did not necessarily decrease with increasing urbanization. The results of this study provide a promising basis for decision-making to reduce the impacts for different types of cities in the decades to come.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China. taoyu880216@126.com.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China. lifeng@rcees.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 828 West Peachtree St. NW, Suite 320, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0595, USA. john.crittenden@ce.gatech.edu.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Crittenden
authors.affiliation: Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 828 West Peachtree St. NW, Suite 320, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0595, USA. Zhongming.Lu@gatech.edu.
authors.forename: Zhongming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China. sxdreamfree@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004777:Environment; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D007221:Industry; D014507:Urbanization
keywords: Comparative study; Environmental impacts; Megacities; Sustainable cities; Urbanization