title: Bioaccessibility of AhR-active PAHs in sediments contaminated by the Hebei Spirit oil spill: Application of Tenax extraction in effect-directed analysis.
abstract: Bioaccessibility of toxic substances in sedimentary residual oil is a crucial factor that needs to be considered for accurate risk assessments posed by oil spills. However, information on oil weathering processes and bioaccessibility of residual oil is often not sufficient and clear. In the present study, bioaccessibility of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-active polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal sediments near the site of the Hebei Spirit oil spill (Korea, 2007) was assessed by Tenax extraction in effect-directed analysis (EDA). Sediment samples collected 6 years after the oil spill were extracted using Soxhlet or Tenax, and EDA was performed using a battery of H4IIE-luc bioassay and GC/MSD analysis. Concentrations of PAHs and alkyl-PAHs in Soxhlet extracts ranged from 210 to 53,000 μg kg(-1) dry mass. However, concentrations of PAHs and alkyl-PAHs in Tenax extracts were approximately 20-fold less compared to those in Soxhlet extracts. In Soxhlet and Tenax extracts, the major AhR-active PAHs were identified as C1-chrysene, C3-chrysene, and C4-phenanthrene. Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents (TEQ(PAHs)) explained 31% and 60% of the bioassay-derived TCDD-EQ concentrations in Soxhlet and Tenax extracts, respectively. Overall, bioaccessibility of PAHs and alkyl-PAHs in sedimentary residual oils depended on hydrophobicity (log K(ow)) and degree of weathering of crude oil. The results of the present study provide further evidence in support of the biological and ecological recoveries of oil spill sites.
authors.affiliation: School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seongjin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Un Hyuk
authors.initials: UH
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.affiliation: Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Won Joon
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seungyeon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sangwoo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Cheolmin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyungho
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jinho
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Zoology & Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biology and Chemistry & State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Giesy
authors.affiliation: School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jskocean@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jong Seong
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Khim
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D059392:Petroleum Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism*; D056910:Republic of Korea
chemical_list: D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011108:Polymers; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; C010514:tenax
keywords: GC/MSD; H4IIE-luc bioassay; Potency balance; Sediment; Toxicity equivalents; Yellow sea