title: Associations between Achievement Goal Orientations and Academic Performance Among Students at a U.K. Pharmacy School.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain goal orientations of pharmacy students and establish whether associations exist between academic performance, gender, or year of study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Goal orientations were assessed using a validated questionnaire. Respondents were categorized as high or low performers based on university grades. Associations and statistical significance were ascertained using parametric and nonparametric tests and linear regression, as appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A response rate of 60.7% was obtained. High performers were more likely to be female than male. The highest mean score was for mastery approach; the lowest for work avoidance. The mean score for work avoidance was significantly greater for low performers than for high performers and for males than for females. First-year students were most likely to have top scores in mastery and performance approaches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is encouraging that the highest mean score was for mastery approach orientation, as goal orientation may play a role in academic performance of pharmacy students.
authors.affiliation: Queen's University Belfast, Antrim, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Queen's University Belfast, Antrim, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lezley-Anne
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.affiliation: Queen's University Belfast, Antrim, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.affiliation: Queen's University Belfast, Antrim, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004512:Education, Pharmacy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology; D012580:Schools, Pharmacy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013339:Students, Pharmacy / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: academic performance; achievement goals; pharmacy students