title: Imaging human brain networks to improve the clinical efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation.
abstract: The flexible integration of segregated neural processes is essential to healthy brain function. Advances in neuroimaging techniques have revealed that psychiatric and neurological disorders are characterized by anomalies in the dynamic integration of widespread neural populations. Re-establishing optimal neural activity is an important component of the treatment of such disorders. Non-invasive brain stimulation is emerging as a viable tool to selectively restore both local and widespread neural activity in patients affected by psychiatric and neurological disorders. Importantly, the different forms of non-invasive brain stimulation affect neural activity in distinct ways, which has important ramifications for their clinical efficacy. In this review, we discuss how non-invasive brain stimulation techniques influence widespread neural integration across brain regions. We suggest that the efficacy of such techniques in the treatment of psychiatric and neurological conditions is contingent on applying the appropriate stimulation paradigm to restore specific aspects of altered neural integration.
authors.affiliation: Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Martin V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Sale
authors.affiliation: Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Jason B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mattingley
authors.affiliation: Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre and Melbourne Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zalesky
authors.affiliation: Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia. Electronic address: l.cocchi@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cocchi
mesh_terms: D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Connectivity; Connectomics; Depression; EEG; Networks; Neurology; OCD; Psychiatry; Schizophrenia; Stroke; Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS); fMRI; rTMS; tDCS