title: Leatherback sea turtle shell: A tough and flexible biological design.
abstract: The leatherback sea turtle is unique among chelonians for having a soft skin which covers its osteoderms. The osteoderm is composed of bony plates that are interconnected with collagen fibers in a structure called suture. The soft dermis and suture geometry enable a significant amount of flexing of the junction between adjacent osteoderms. This design allows the body to contract better than a hard-shelled sea turtle as it dives to depths of over 1,000 m. The leatherback turtle has ridges along the carapace to enhance the hydrodynamic flow and provide a tailored stiffness. The osteoderms are of two types: flat and ridged. The structure of the two types of osteoderms is characterized and their mechanical properties are investigated with particular attention to the failure mechanisms. They both are bony structures with a porous core sandwiched between compact layers that form the outside and inside surfaces. The compressive strength is highly anisotropic by virtue of the interaction between loading orientation and arrangement of porous and compact components of osteoderms. The angle of interpenetration at the suture of osteoderms is analyzed and compared with analytical predictions. The sutures have a triangular shape with an angle of ∼30° which provides a balance between the tensile strength of the osteoderms and shear strength of the collagen fiber layer and is verified by Li-Ortiz-Boyce in a previous study. This is confirmed by an FEM analysis. A calculation is developed to quantify the flexibility of the carapace and plastron as a function of the angular displacement at the sutures, predicting the interdependence between geometrical parameters and flexibility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The leatherback turtle is a magnificent chelonian whose decreasing numbers have brought it to the brink of extinction in the Pacific Ocean. This first study of the structure of its shell provides important new insights that explain its amazing capacity for diving: depths of over 1,000 m have been recorded. This is enabled by the flexibility between the bony plates comprising its shell, which is covered by a skin and not by hard keratin as all other turtles. We use the arsenal of Materials Science characterization techniques to probe the structure of the shell and explain its amazing structure and capacity for flexing, while retaining its protection capability.
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors.forename: Irene H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Departments of Nanoengineering and Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Electronic address: mameyers@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Meyers
mesh_terms: D060105:Animal Shells; D000818:Animals; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D008422:Materials Testing; D014426:Turtles; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
keywords: Finite element analysis; Leatherback turtle; Mechanical properties; Suture