title: Antigenic Patterns and Evolution of the Human Influenza A (H1N1) Virus.
abstract: The influenza A (H1N1) virus causes seasonal epidemics that result in severe illnesses and deaths almost every year. A deep understanding of the antigenic patterns and evolution of human influenza A (H1N1) virus is extremely important for its effective surveillance and prevention. Through development of antigenicity inference method for human influenza A (H1N1), named PREDAC-H1, we systematically mapped the antigenic patterns and evolution of the human influenza A (H1N1) virus. Eight dominant antigenic clusters have been inferred for seasonal H1N1 viruses since 1977, which demonstrated sequential replacements over time with a similar pattern in Asia, Europe and North America. Among them, six clusters emerged first in Asia. As for China, three of the eight antigenic clusters were detected in South China earlier than in North China, indicating the leading role of South China in H1N1 transmission. The comprehensive view of the antigenic evolution of human influenza A (H1N1) virus can help formulate better strategy for its prevention and control.
authors.affiliation: Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.|Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Mi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.|University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Sha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.
authors.forename: Xiangjun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
authors.forename: Yousong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Xiyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Dayan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.|Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Aiping
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Yuelong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.affiliation: Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.|Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Taijiao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000266:history / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D008390:Markov Chains; D015233:Models, Statistical
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus