title: Long-term attraction and toxic effects of tephritid insecticide-bait mixtures by applying Torricelli's barometer principle in a trapping device.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The field activity of the mixtures of liquid baits and insecticides used in the control of tephritid pests is normally short, both when they are sprayed or when used in trapping or in attract-and-kill devices. A new lure-and-kill device based on Torricelli's barometer principle was tested as a long-lasting dispenser for two liquid hydrolysed protein baits mixed with insecticide, GF-120 and Captor 300 + malathion, against Anastrepha ludens (Loew) flies of laboratory origin. The dispensers were kept under field conditions for 42 days. Laboratory bioassays for insecticide properties and field cage studies for attraction capacity were carried out on a weekly basis after 22 and 42 days of weathering respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results demonstrated that both mixtures of insecticides and phagostimulant baits killed up to 80% of the tested flies when they were 42 days old. The attraction capacity of both weathering-exposed mixtures was even higher than fresh insecticidal-bait mixtures after the same period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The device is efficient when used with the liquid baits currently employed in the control of tephritid flies. It also offers a high potential for combining visual stimuli, such as shape and colour, and for improving trapping and bait station designs. Incorporating this new device in trapping and attract-and-kill methods could help to reduce the frequency of servicing of the traps and bait stations and lower their costs. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: INBIOTECA, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Díaz-Fleischer
authors.affiliation: INBIOTECA, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pérez-Staples
authors.affiliation: El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cabrera-Mireles
authors.affiliation: Programa MOSCAFRUT, SAGARPA-SENASICA, Metapa de Dominguez, Chiapas, Mexico.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montoya
authors.affiliation: El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liedo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides; D008294:Malathion; D008297:Male; D010675:Pheromones; D033621:Tephritidae
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010675:Pheromones; C010411:insect attractants; D008294:Malathion
keywords: GF-120; bait station; hydrolysed protein; malathion; trap