title: Evidence of intense chromosomal shuffling during conifer evolution.
abstract: While recent advances have been gained on genome evolution in angiosperm lineages, virtually nothing is known about karyotype evolution in the other group of seed plants, the gymnosperms. Here we used high density gene-based linkage mapping to compare the karyotype structure of two families of conifers (the most abundant group of gymnosperms) separated around 290 million years ago: Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. We propose for the first time a model based on the fusion of 20 ancestral chromosomal blocks that may have shaped the modern karyotpes of Pinaceae (with n=12) and Cupressaceae (with n=11). The considerable difference in modern genome organization between these two lineages contrasts strongly with the remarkable level of synteny already reported within the Pinaceae. It also suggests a convergent evolutionary mechanism of chromosomal block shuffling that has shaped the genomes of the spermatophytes.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, 69 Route d'Arcachon,F-33610 Cestas, France Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33170 Talence, France.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Miguel
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, 69 Route d'Arcachon,F-33610 Cestas, France Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33170 Talence, France.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bartholomé
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, 69 Route d'Arcachon,F-33610 Cestas, France Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33170 Talence, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ehrenmann
authors.affiliation: INRA/UBP UMR 1095 GDEC 'Génétique, Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales', 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63100 Clermont Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Florent
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Murat
authors.affiliation: Niigata University, Graduate School of Science and Technology, 8050, Igarashi 2-Nocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moriguchi
authors.affiliation: Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Department of Forest Genetics, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.affiliation: Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Department of Forest Genetics, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan.
authors.forename: Saneyoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.affiliation: University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life & Environmental Sciences, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsumura
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, 69 Route d'Arcachon,F-33610 Cestas, France Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33170 Talence, France.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lagraulet
authors.affiliation: INIA-CIFOR, departamento de Ecologia y Genetica Forestal, 28040, Madrid, Spain INIA-UPM, Unidad mixta de Genomica y Ecofisiologia Forestal, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: de Maria
authors.affiliation: INIA-CIFOR, departamento de Ecologia y Genetica Forestal, 28040, Madrid, Spain INIA-UPM, Unidad mixta de Genomica y Ecofisiologia Forestal, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José-Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cabezas
authors.affiliation: INIA-CIFOR, departamento de Ecologia y Genetica Forestal, 28040, Madrid, Spain INIA-UPM, Unidad mixta de Genomica y Ecofisiologia Forestal, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria-Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Cervera
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, 69 Route d'Arcachon,F-33610 Cestas, France Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33170 Talence, France CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-33612 Cestas, France.
authors.forename: Jean Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gion
authors.affiliation: INRA/UBP UMR 1095 GDEC 'Génétique, Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales', 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63100 Clermont Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salse
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, 69 Route d'Arcachon,F-33610 Cestas, France Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33170 Talence, France plomion@pierroton.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Plomion
keywords: Cuppressaceae; Pinaceae; chromosomal rearrangement; comparative mapping; gymnosperm; synteny