title: Profiling depression in childhood and adolescence: the role of conduct problems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is typically more common in females and rates rise around puberty. However, studies of children and adolescents suggest that depression accompanied by conduct problems may represent a different subtype not characterised by a female preponderance, with differing risk factors and genetic architecture compared to pure-depression. This study aimed to identify aetiologically distinct profiles of depressive symptoms, distinguished by the presence or absence of co-occurring conduct problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Latent profile analysis was conducted on a school sample of 1648 children (11-12 years) and replicated in a sample of 2006 twins (8-17 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both samples pure-depressive and conduct-depressive profiles were identified. The pure-depressive profile was associated with female gender, while the conduct-depressive profile was associated with lower cognitive ability but not with gender. Twin analyses indicated possible differences in genetic aetiology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was evidence for aetiologically heterogeneous depression symptom profiles based on the presence or absence of co-occurring conduct problems.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.|Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Riglin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thapar
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Katherine H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.|School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Langley
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Norah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Frederickson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.|Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Depression; aetiology; conduct problems; genetic; heterogeneity