title: Role of fumaric acid in anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of a Fumaria indica extracts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to test whether the ethanolic extract of Fumaria indica (FI) possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, and fumaric acid (FA) could be one of its bioactive constituent involved in such activities of the extract.
  
  
  METHODS
  For anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan-induced edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma tests in rats and for analgesic activity rat tail flick test and hot plate and acetic acid writhing tests in mice were used. All tests were performed after seven daily oral doses of the FI extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day) and pure FA (1.25, 2.50, and 5.00 mg/kg/day).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anti-inflammatory activities of FI and FA were observed in carrageenan-induced edema and cotton pallet granuloma even after their lowest tested doses. No analgesic activity of lowest tested dose of FA was observed in the acetic acid writhing test, but likewise, all tested dose levels of FI, higher tested dose levels of FA were also possess significant analgesic activity in this test. Further, significant analgesic activities of both FI and FA in hot plate and tale flick tests were observed after all their tested doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations are in agreement with our working hypothesis on the connection of FA in mode(s) of action(s) of FI, and reaffirm the conviction that FI could be an herbal alternative against fibromyalgia and other pathologies often associate with, or caused by, inflammatory processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Anshul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shakya
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Gireesh Kumar
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: (Retired) Head of the Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Shyam Sunder
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
keywords: Analgesic; anti-inflammatory; central nervous system function Fumaria indica; central sensitivity syndrome; fumaric acid