title: Childhood ADHD Symptoms: Association with Parental Social Networks and Mental Health Service Use during Adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines the associations of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) risk status with subsequent parental social network characteristics and caregiver strain in adolescence; and examines predictors of adolescent mental health service use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline ADHD screening identified children at high risk (n = 207) and low risk (n = 167) for ADHD. At eight-year follow-up, parents reported their social network characteristics, caregiver strain, adolescents' psychopathology and mental health service utilization, whereas adolescents self-reported their emotional status and ADHD stigma perceptions. Analyses were conducted using ANOVAs and nested logistic regression modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents of youth with childhood ADHD reported support networks consisting of fewer spouses but more healthcare professionals, and lower levels of support than control parents. Caregiver strain increased with adolescent age and psychopathology. Increased parental network support, youth ADHD symptoms, and caregiver strain, but lower youth stigma perceptions were independently associated with increased service use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Raising children with ADHD appears to significantly impact parental social network experiences. Reduced spousal support and overall lower network support levels may contribute to high caregiver strain commonly reported among parents of ADHD youth. Parental social network experiences influence adolescent ADHD service use. With advances in social networking technology, further research is needed to elucidate ways to enhance caregiver support during ADHD care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Box 100256, Gainesville, FL 32610-0256, USA. rbussing@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bussing
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia. jmm730@uowmail.edu.au.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: UCLA-Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 10920 Wilshire Blvd. Suite 300, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA. bzima@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Bonnie T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Zima
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Box 100256, Gainesville, FL 32610-0256, USA. dmason@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Dana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.affiliation: Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, 2120 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. fxg21@case.edu.
authors.forename: Faye A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Gary
authors.affiliation: Office for Research Affairs, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. cgarvan@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Cynthia Wilson
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Garvan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; caregiver strain; community sample; mental health services utilization; social support networks