title: Integration of production and financial models to analyse the financial impact of livestock diseases: a case study of Schmallenberg virus disease on British and French dairy farms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate and compare the financial impact of Schmallenberg disease for different dairy production types in the United Kingdom and France.
  
  
  METHODS
  Integrated production and financial models for dairy cattle were developed and applied to Schmallenberg virus (SBV) disease in a British and French context. The five main production systems that prevail in these two countries were considered. Their respective gross margins measuring the holding's profitability were calculated based on public benchmarking, literature and expert opinion data. A partial budget analysis was performed within each production model to estimate the impact of SBV in the systems modelled. Two disease scenarios were simulated: low impact and high impact.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model gross margin obtained per cow space and year ranged from £1014 to £1484 for the UK and from £1037 to £1890 for France depending on the production system considered. In the UK, the net SBV disease costs in £/cow space/year for an average dairy farm with 100 milking spaces were estimated between £16.3 and £51.4 in the high-impact scenario and between £8.2 and £25.9 in the low-impact scenario. For France, the net SBV disease costs in £/cow space/year ranged from £19.6 to £48.6 in the high-impact scenario and £9.7 to £22.8 in the low-impact scenario, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study illustrates how the combination of production and financial models allows assessing disease impact taking into account differing management and husbandry practices and associated price structures in the dairy sector. It supports decision-making of farmers and veterinarians who are considering disease control measures as it provides an approach to estimate baseline disease impact in common dairy production systems in the UK and France.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Epidemiology Economics and Public Health Group , Royal Veterinary College , London , UK ; Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health, Royal Veterinary College , London , UK.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Häsler
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Epidemiology Economics and Public Health Group , Royal Veterinary College , London , UK.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alarcon
authors.affiliation: UMR1225, Interaction Hôte Agent Pathogène (IHAP), INRA - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT) , Toulouse , France.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raboisson
authors.affiliation: UMR1225, Interaction Hôte Agent Pathogène (IHAP), INRA - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT) , Toulouse , France.
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waret-Szkuta
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Epidemiology Economics and Public Health Group , Royal Veterinary College , London , UK ; Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health, Royal Veterinary College , London , UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rushton
keywords: Cattle; Economics; Infectious diseases; Production model; Schmallenberg virus