title: Depth of Processing and Age Differences.
abstract: The present article is aimed to investigate whether there are any differences between youngsters and adults in their working and long-term memory functioning. The theory of Depth of Processing (Craik and Lockhart in J Verbal Learning Verbal Behav 11:671-684, 1972) discusses the varying degrees of strengths of memory traces as the result of differential levels of processing on the retrieved input. Additionally, they claim that there are three levels of visual, auditory and semantic processes applied on the stimuli in the short-term memory leading to discrepancy in the durability of the memory traces and the later ease of recall and retrieval. In the present article, it is tried to demonstrate if there are evidences of more durable memory traces formed after semantic, visual and auditory processions of the incoming language data in two groups of (a) children in their language learning critical age and (b) youngsters who have passed the critical age period. The comparisons of the results made using two-way ANOVAs revealed the superiority of semantic processing for both age groups in recall, retention and consequently recognition of the new English vocabularies by EFL learners.
authors.affiliation: Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. sh.kheirzadeh@yahoo.com.|Sobhe Sadegh Institute of Higher Education, Isfahan, Iran. sh.kheirzadeh@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Shiela
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kheirzadeh
authors.affiliation: Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sarah Sadat
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Pakzadian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D012660:Semantics; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Auditory; Depth of processing; Semantic; Stimuli; Visual