title: The Etiologies of Chest Wall and Breast Asymmetry and Improvement in Breast Augmentation.
abstract: Patients presenting for correction of breast and chest wall asymmetries may have undergone numerous thoracic procedures in early childhood and may have suffered profound psychosocial effects. Complex congenital syndromes as well as mild breast asymmetries should be carefully documented using objective measurements, photography, and 3-dimensional simulations when available. Shaped highly cohesive breast implants offer plastic surgeons more possibilities and precision by fine-tuning the gel distribution and specific volumes required to correct the hypoplastic elements. Long-lasting correction of asymmetry can be obtained when patients are not oversized, and care is taken to avoid visibility, palpability, and malposition problems.
authors.affiliation: Glicksman Plastic Surgery, Sea Girt, NJ, USA; Department of Surgery, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, USA. Electronic address: docmomcag@aol.com.
authors.forename: Caroline A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Glicksman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ferenz
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000002:abnormalities*; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D019928:Breast Implantation; D018427:Breast Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D009139:Musculoskeletal Abnormalities / Q000196:embryology / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D035441:Thoracic Wall / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology
keywords: 3-dimensional imaging; Biodimentional planning; Breast augmentation; Congenital deformities of the chest wall; Highly cohesive breast implants; Shaped breast implants