title: Disorders of the Flexor Hallucis Longus and Os Trigonum.
abstract: Os trigonum syndrome with disease of the flexor hallucis longus tendon, so-called stenosing flexor tenosynovitis, is a common cause of posterior ankle impingement. Conservative treatment is the recommended first line of treatment, with secondary treatment options of either open or arthroscopic os trigonum excision with flexor hallucis longus retinaculum release. The arthroscopic approaches have gained popularity in the past decade because of less scarring, less postoperative pain, minimal overall morbidity, and earlier return to activities. However, comprehensive understanding of the anatomy of the posterior ankle is crucial to warrant successful outcomes and minimizing complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Phramongkutklao Hospital and College of Medicine, 315 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chamnanni
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rungprai
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 3147 Bioinformatics Building, 130 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Tennant
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. Electronic address: phinit-phisitkul@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Phinit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Phisitkul
mesh_terms: D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D003646:Debridement; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D013639:Tarsal Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D013717:Tenosynovitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Flexor hallucis longus; Os trigonum; Posterior ankle impingement syndrome; Stenosing tenosynovitis