title: Multiple sclerosis: review of eye movement disorders and update of disease-modifying therapies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review important eye movement disorders in multiple sclerosis (MS) and update the ophthalmologist on disease-modifying therapies in MS, from the perspective of expert neurologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A large study confirmed that eye movement abnormalities in MS can be commonly identified by bedside examination. Identifying such ocular motility disturbances can assist in the diagnosis and prognosis for patients with MS. Articles published on such agents as oral teriflunomide and the biologics, natalizumab and alemtuzumab, have defined emerging roles of these treatments in the management of MS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many patients with MS suffer from isolated or a combination of eye movement disorders. Understanding their ocular motility disturbance patterns can help diagnose MS and correlate with the progression of MS. Exciting advances in MS disease-modifying treatments have been developed. Patients have more options than ever before of injectable, infusion and oral therapies. The therapeutic efficacy in lowering relapse rates is counterbalanced by these drugs' side-effects.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Neurology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles bDepartment of Neurology, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance cDepartment of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles dDepartment of Ophthalmology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, La Palma, California, USA.
authors.forename: Lilyana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Amezcua
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: Guy V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Jirawuthiworavong
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012008:Recurrence; D014785:Vision, Ocular
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents