title: 3D-printed supercapacitor-powered electrochemiluminescent protein immunoarray.
abstract: Herein we report a low cost, sensitive, supercapacitor-powered electrochemiluminescent (ECL) protein immunoarray fabricated by an inexpensive 3-dimensional (3D) printer. The immunosensor detects three cancer biomarker proteins in serum within 35 min. The 3D-printed device employs hand screen printed carbon sensors with gravity flow for sample/reagent delivery and washing. Prostate cancer biomarker proteins, prostate specific antigen (PSA), prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and platelet factor-4 (PF-4) in serum were captured on the antibody-coated carbon sensors followed by delivery of detection-antibody-coated Ru(bpy)3(2+) (RuBPY)-doped silica nanoparticles in a sandwich immunoassay. ECL light was initiated from RuBPY in the silica nanoparticles by electrochemical oxidation with tripropylamine (TPrA) co-reactant using supercapacitor power and ECL was captured with a CCD camera. The supercapacitor was rapidly photo-recharged between assays using an inexpensive solar cell. Detection limits were 300-500f gmL(-1) for the 3 proteins in undiluted calf serum. Assays of 6 prostate cancer patient serum samples gave good correlation with conventional single protein ELISAs. This technology could provide sensitive onsite cancer diagnostic tests in resource-limited settings with the need for only moderate-level training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Karteek
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kadimisetty
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Department of Chemistry, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
authors.forename: Islam M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Mosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Spundana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malla
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Satterwhite-Warden
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Tyler M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Kuhns
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ronaldo C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Norman H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. Electronic address: james.rusling@uconn.edu.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rusling
mesh_terms: D003217:Conductometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D025802:Electric Capacitance; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008904:Miniaturization; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D040081:Protein Array Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: 3D-printing; Biomarker proteins; ECL immunoarray; Microfluidics; Prostate cancer; Supercapacitor