title: Genomic Resources of Three Pulsatilla Species Reveal Evolutionary Hotspots, Species-Specific Sites and Variable Plastid Structure in the Family Ranunculaceae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The European continent is presently colonized by nine species of the genus Pulsatilla, five of which are encountered only in mountainous regions of southwest and south-central Europe. The remaining four species inhabit lowlands in the north-central and eastern parts of the continent. Most plants of the genus Pulsatilla are rare and endangered, which is why most research efforts focused on their biology, ecology and hybridization. The objective of this study was to develop genomic resources, including complete plastid genomes and nuclear rRNA clusters, for three sympatric Pulsatilla species that are most commonly found in Central Europe. The results will supply valuable information about genetic variation, which can be used in the process of designing primers for population studies and conservation genetics research. The complete plastid genomes together with the nuclear rRNA cluster can serve as a useful tool in hybridization studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six complete plastid genomes and nuclear rRNA clusters were sequenced from three species of Pulsatilla using the Illumina sequencing technology. Four junctions between single copy regions and inverted repeats and junctions between the identified locally-collinear blocks (LCB) were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Pulsatilla genomes of 120 unique genes had a total length of approximately 161-162 kb, and 21 were duplicated in the inverted repeats (IR) region. Comparative plastid genomes of newly-sequenced Pulsatilla and the previously-identified plastomes of Aconitum and Ranunculus species belonging to the family Ranunculaceae revealed several variations in the structure of the genome, but the gene content remained constant. The nuclear rRNA cluster (18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-26S) of studied Pulsatilla species is 5795 bp long. Among five analyzed regions of the rRNA cluster, only Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) enabled the molecular delimitation of closely-related Pulsatilla patens and Pulsatilla vernalis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The determination of complete plastid genome and nuclear rRNA cluster sequences in three species of the genus Pulsatilla is an important contribution to our knowledge of the evolution and phylogeography of those endangered taxa. The resulting data can be used to identify regions that are particularly useful for barcoding, phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies. The investigated taxa can be identified at each stage of development based on their species-specific SNPs. The nuclear and plastid genomic resources enable advanced studies on hybridization, including identification of parent species, including their roles in that process. The identified nonsynonymous mutations could play an important role in adaptations to changing environments. The results of the study will also provide valuable information about the evolution of the plastome structure in the family Ranunculaceae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-728 Olsztyn, Poland. monika.szczecinska@uwm.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szczecińska
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-728 Olsztyn, Poland. jakub.sawicki@uwm.edu.pl.|Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic. jakub.sawicki@uwm.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sawicki
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D056727:Endangered Species; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D018745:Genome, Plant; D054627:Genome, Plastid; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D059645:Mutation Rate; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D031946:Pulsatilla / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D012335:RNA, Ribosomal
keywords: Pulsatilla; Ranunculaceae; barcoding; comparative genomics; nuclear rRNA; plastid genome