title: Potential risk associated with animal culling and disposal during the foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Japan in 2010.
abstract: The large-scale foot-and-mouth (FMD) outbreak in 2010 in Japan presented logistical challenges in conducting animal culling and disposal. During the epidemic, culling of animals on infected farms was delayed owing to the difficulties in finding suitable burial sites. In this study, a retrospective matched case-control study was conducted to investigate the potential transmission risk associated with carcass disposal by considering the geographical relationship between farms and burial sites. The results showed that burial sites and transportation routes used for carcass disposal were not significant infection sources to the neighboring farms. However, infectious farms within 500 m, particularly, pig infected farms, posed a significant transmission risk to the neighboring farms. Implementation of strict bio-security measures during carcass disposal operation is essential to reduce the risk of disease transmission to neighboring farms.
authors.affiliation: Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan. Electronic address: hayama@affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Graduate School of Literature and Human Sciences, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan. Electronic address: yoshi@lit.osaka-cu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshinari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan. Electronic address: mtbook@affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Takehisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan. Electronic address: sotaco@affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Sota
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan. Electronic address: tsutsui@affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsutsui
mesh_terms: D065136:Animal Culling / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D002048:Burial; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D058872:Epidemics / Q000662:veterinary*; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D005843:Geography; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D006041:Goats; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D014186:Transportation
keywords: Carcass disposal; Culling; Foot-and-mouth disease; Japan; Transmission risk