title: Factors Associated with Delayed Ejection in Mishaps Between 1993 and 2013.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this investigation was to identify factors associated with Air Force aviators delaying ejection during in-flight emergencies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The investigator reviewed all reports within the Air Force Safety Automated System describing mishaps that resulted in the destruction of Air Force ejection-seat equipped aircraft between 1993 and 2013. Crewmembers were classified as either timely or delayed ejectors based on altitude at onset of emergency, altitude at ejection, and a determination regarding whether or not the aircraft was controlled during the mishap sequence. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to explore the association between delayed ejection and multiple potential risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 366 crewmembers were involved in in-flight emergencies in ejection-seat-equipped aircraft that resulted in the loss of the aircraft; 201 (54.9%) of these crewmembers delayed ejection until their aircraft had descended below recommended minimum ejection altitudes. Multivariate analysis indicated that independent risk factors for delayed ejection included increased crewmember flight hours and a mechanical or human-factors related cause of the emergency versus bird strike or midair collision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This investigation provided quantitative assessments of factors associated with aviators delaying ejection during in-flight emergencies. Increased odds of delay among crewmembers with greater than 1500 total flight hours suggests that complacency and overconfidence may adversely influence the ejection decision to at least as great a degree as inexperience. Increased odds of delay during mechanical and human factors mishaps confirms previously reported hypotheses and reaffirms the importance of targeting these areas to reduce aviator injuries and fatalities.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Miles
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000401:Aircraft; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004630:Emergencies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety