title: A Proposed Grading System to Standardize the Description of Renal Papillary Appearance at the Time of Endoscopy in Patients with Nephrolithiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The appearance of the renal papillae in patients with nephrolithiasis can be quite variable and can range from entirely healthy to markedly diseased. The implications of such findings remain unknown. One potential reason is the lack of a standardized system to describe such features. We propose a novel grading scale to describe papillary appearance at the time of renal endoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comprehensive endoscopic renal assessment and mapping were performed on more than 300 patients with nephrolithiasis. Recurring abnormal papillary characteristics were identified and quantified based on degree of severity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four unique papillary features were chosen for inclusion in the PPLA scoring system- ductal Plugging, Pitting, Loss of contour, and Amount of Randall's plaque. Unique scores are calculated for individual papillae based on reference examples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The description and study of renal papillary appearance in stone formers have considerable potential as both a clinical and research tool; however, a standardized grading system is necessary before using it for these purposes.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Borofsky
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: Jessica E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Paonessa
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Evan
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: 3 Section of Nephrology, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Fredric L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Coe
authors.affiliation: 3 Section of Nephrology, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Worcester
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lingeman
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007679:Kidney Medulla / Q000473:pathology*; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D015588:Observer Variation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018666:Ureteroscopy