title: Improvement of grasping after motor imagery in C6-C7 tetraplegia: A kinematic and MEG pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Grasp recovery after C6-C7-spinal cord injury (SCI) requires learning "tenodesis grasp" whereby active wrist extension elicits passive thumb-to-forefinger and finger-to-palm flexion. Evidence that motor imagery (MI) promotes upper limb function after tetraplegia is growing, but whether MI potentiates grasp recovery in C6-C7-SCI individuals who have successfully learned the "tenodesis grasp" remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six chronic stable C6-C7-SCI inpatients and six healthy control participants were included. C6-C7-SCI participants imagined grasping movements and controls visualized geometric forms for 45 minutes, three times a week for five weeks. Three separate measures taken over a five week period before the intervention formed the baseline. Intervention effects were assessed immediately after the intervention and eight weeks later. Each testing session consisted of kinematic recordings during reach-to-grasp and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings during wrist extension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During baseline, kinematic wrist extension angle during "tenodesis grasp" and MEG contralateral sensorimotor cortex (cSMC) activity during wrist extension were stable. Moreover, SCI participants exhibited a greater number of voxels within cSMC than controls. After MI sessions, wrist extension angle increased during "tenodesis grasp" and the number of voxels within cSMC during wrist extension decreased and became similar to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide further support for the use of MI to reinforce a compensatory grasping movement (tenodesis) and induce brain plasticity.
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, F-69676 Lyon, France.|Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle, Plate-forme Mouvement et Handicap, F-69000 Lyon, France.|Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport, Equipe d'Accueil 647, Performance Motrice, Mentale et du Matériel, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mateo
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport, Equipe d'Accueil 647, Performance Motrice, Mentale et du Matériel, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Rienzo
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, F-69676 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Karen T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, F-69676 Lyon, France.|Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle, Plate-forme Mouvement et Handicap, F-69000 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Revol
authors.affiliation: CERMEP - imagerie du vivant, Bron, France.|Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Dycog Team, F-69000 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delpuech
authors.affiliation: CERMEP - imagerie du vivant, Bron, France.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daligault
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport, Equipe d'Accueil 647, Performance Motrice, Mentale et du Matériel, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.|Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Aymeric
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guillot
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, F-69676 Lyon, France.|Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle, Plate-forme Mouvement et Handicap, F-69000 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacquin-Courtois
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, F-69676 Lyon, France.|Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle, Plate-forme Mouvement et Handicap, F-69000 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luauté
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, F-69676 Lyon, France.|Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle, Plate-forme Mouvement et Handicap, F-69000 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rossetti
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport, Equipe d'Accueil 647, Performance Motrice, Mentale et du Matériel, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Collet
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, F-69676 Lyon, France.|Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle, Plate-forme Mouvement et Handicap, F-69000 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rode
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology*; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D066191:Sensorimotor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014953:Wrist / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: C6-C7 tetraplegia; Motor imagery; brain plasticity; kinematic; magnetoencephalography; rehabilitation; “tenodesis grasp”