title: Synergy of multi-scale toughening and protective mechanisms at hierarchical branch-stem interfaces.
abstract: Biological materials possess a variety of artful interfaces whose size and properties are adapted to their hierarchical levels and functional requirements. Bone, nacre, and wood exhibit an impressive fracture resistance based mainly on small crystallite size, interface organic adhesives and hierarchical microstructure. Currently, little is known about mechanical concepts in macroscopic biological interfaces like the branch-stem junction with estimated 10(14) instances on earth and sizes up to few meters. Here we demonstrate that the crack growth in the upper region of the branch-stem interface of conifer trees proceeds along a narrow predefined region of transversally loaded tracheids, denoted as sacrificial tissue, which fail upon critical bending moments on the branch. The specific arrangement of the tracheids allows disconnecting the overloaded branch from the stem in a controlled way by maintaining the stem integrity. The interface microstructure based on the sharply adjusted cell orientation and cell helical angle secures a zig-zag crack propagation path, mechanical interlock closing after the bending moment is removed, crack gap bridging and self-repairing by resin deposition. The multi-scale synergetic concepts allows for a controllable crack growth between stiff stem and flexible branch, as well as mechanical tree integrity, intact physiological functions and recovery after the cracking.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gindl-Altmutter
authors.affiliation: Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Konnerth
authors.affiliation: Materials Center Leoben, Leoben, Austria.
authors.forename: Günther A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, Austria.
authors.forename: Jozef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keckes
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006245:Hardness Tests; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength; D064028:Tracheophyta / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D014197:Trees / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*