title: Lactational changes in concentration and distribution of ganglioside molecular species in human breast milk from Chinese mothers.
abstract: Gangliosides play a critical role in human brain development and function. Human breast milk (HBM) is an important dietary source of gangliosides for the growing infant. In this study, ganglioside concentrations were measured in the breast milk from a cross-sectional sample of Chinese mothers over an 8-month lactation period. The average total ganglioside concentration increased from 13.1 mg/l during the first month to 20.9 mg/l by 8 months of lactation. The average concentration during the typically solely breast-feeding period of 1‒6 months was 18.9 mg/l. This is the first study to report the relative distribution of the individual ganglioside molecular species through lactation for any population group. The ganglioside molecular species are made up of different fatty acid moieties that influence the physical properties of these gangliosides, and hence affect their function. The GM(3) molecular species containing long-chain acyl fatty acids had the most prominent changes, increasing in both concentration and relative distribution. The equivalent long-chain acyl fatty acid GD(3) molecular species typically decreased in concentration and relative distribution. The lactational trends for both concentration and relative distribution for the very long-chain acyl fatty acid molecular species were more varied. The major GM(3) and GD(3) molecular species during lactation were d40:1 and d42:1, respectively. An understanding of ganglioside molecular species distribution in HBM is essential for accurate application of mass spectrometry methods for ganglioside quantification.
authors.affiliation: Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Guangzhou Woman and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xihong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Alastair K H
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: MacGibbon
authors.affiliation: Fonterra Co-Operative Group Ltd, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rowan
authors.affiliation: Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McJarrow
authors.affiliation: Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand. bertram.fong@fonterra.com.
authors.forename: Bertram Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Fong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005732:Gangliosides / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D009035:Mothers
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D005732:Gangliosides
keywords: Breast milk; Complex milk lipids; Fatty acids; Gangliosides; Human lactation; Mass spectrometry