title: Relative Peripheral Hyperopia Does Not Predict Development and Progression of Myopia in Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that relative peripheral hyperopia predicts development and progression of myopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Refraction along the horizontal visual field was measured under cycloplegia at visual field angles of 0°, ±15°, and ±30° at baseline, 1 and 2 years in over 1700 initially 7-year-old Chinese children, and at baseline and 1 year in over 1000 initially 14-year olds. One refraction classification for central refraction was "nonmyopia, myopia" (nM, M), consisting of nM greater than -0.50 diopters (D; spherical equivalent) and M less than or equal to -0.50 D. A second classification was "hyperopia, emmetropia, low myopia, and moderate/high myopia" (H, E, LM, MM) with H greater than or equal to +1.00 D, E, -0.49 to +0.99 D, LM, -2.99 to -0.50 D, and MM less than or equal to -3.00 D. Subclassifications were made on the basis of development and progression of myopia over the 2 years. Changes in central refraction over time were determined for different groups, and relative peripheral refraction over time was compared between different subgroups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simple linear regression of central refraction as a function of relative peripheral refraction did not predict myopia progression as relative peripheral refraction became more hyperopic: relative peripheral hyperopia and relative peripheral myopia predicted significant myopia progression for 0% and 35% of group/visual field angle combinations, respectively. Subgroups who developed myopia did not have more initial relative peripheral hyperopia than subgroups who did not develop myopia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relative peripheral hyperopia does not predict development nor progression of myopia in children. This calls into question the efficacy of treatments that aim to slow progression of myopia in children by "treating" relative peripheral hyperopia.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China 2School of Optometry & Vision Science and Institute of Health & Biomedical.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Atchison
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shi-Ming
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Anyang Eye Hospital, Henan Province, China.
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Si-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Anyang Eye Hospital, Henan Province, China.
authors.forename: Luo-Ru
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Meng-Tian
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yun-Yun
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Si-Yan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ningli
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D018450:Disease Progression; D058453:Emmetropia / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*