title: Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus aureus on Various Surfaces and Their Resistance to Chlorine Sanitizer.
abstract: This study investigated the effect of material types (polystyrene, polypropylene, glass, and stainless steel) and glucose addition on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation, and the relationship between biofilm formation measured by crystal violet (CV) staining and the number of biofilm cells determined by cell counts was studied. We also evaluated the efficacy of chlorine sanitizer on inhibiting various different types of S. aureus biofilms on the surface of stainless steel. Levels of biofilm formation of S. aureus were higher on hydrophilic surfaces (glass and stainless steel) than on hydrophobic surfaces (polypropylene and polystyrene). With the exception of biofilm formed on glass, the addition of glucose in broth significantly increased the biofilm formation of S. aureus on all surfaces and for all tested strains (P ≤ 0.05). The number of biofilm cells was not correlated with the biomass of the biofilms determined using the CV staining method. The efficacy of chlorine sanitizer against biofilm of S. aureus was not significantly different depending on types of biofilm (P > 0.05). Therefore, further studies are needed in order to determine an accurate method quantifying levels of bacterial biofilm and to evaluate the resistance of bacterial biofilm on the material surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus on the surface was different depending on the surface characteristics and S. aureus strains. There was low correlation between crystal violet staining method and viable counts technique for measuring levels of biofilm formation of S. aureus on the surfaces. These results could provide helpful information for finding and understanding the quantification method and resistance of bacterial biofilm on the surface.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang Univ, 72-1 Nae-ri, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 456-756, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Su
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang Univ, 72-1 Nae-ri, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 456-756, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang Univ, 72-1 Nae-ri, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 456-756, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sook-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang Univ, 72-1 Nae-ri, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 456-756, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005840:Gentian Violet; D005898:Glass; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D011126:Polypropylenes; D011137:Polystyrenes; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D011126:Polypropylenes; D011137:Polystyrenes; D013193:Stainless Steel; D002713:Chlorine; D005947:Glucose; D005840:Gentian Violet
keywords: Staphylococcus aureus; biofilm; crystal violet staining; sanitizer resistance