title: Methods to place a value on additional evidence are illustrated using a case study of corticosteroids after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish whether evidence about the effectiveness of a health care intervention is sufficient to justify the use of the intervention in practice and show how value of information (VOI) analysis can be used to place a value on the need for additional evidence and inform research prioritization decisions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analysis provides an estimate of the effect of an intervention with uncertainty. VOI analysis determines the adverse health consequences of not resolving this uncertainty. A case study examining the evidence before the high profile trial of Corticosteroid Randomisation After Significant Head injury (CRASH) shows the consequences on patient outcomes if this trial had not been successfully funded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The consequences of uncertainty before CRASH were high at 40 deaths and 1,067 years of full health per annum. VOI analysis indicates that CRASH was worthwhile and the UK National Health Service would have had to spend an additional £205 million elsewhere to generate health benefits similar to CRASH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VOI analysis can be integrated with the results of meta-analysis to help inform whether a particular research proposal is potentially worthwhile and whether it should be prioritized over other research topics that could be commissioned with the same resources.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics, Alcuin 'A' Block, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK. Electronic address: claire.mckenna@york.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics, Alcuin 'A' Block, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.affiliation: Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koffijberg
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics, Alcuin 'A' Block, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, York ​YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Claxton
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D035501:Uncertainty
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones
keywords: Corticosteroids; Head injury; Meta-analysis; Research prioritization; Uncertainty; Value of information analysis