title: Characterization of evoked tactile sensation in forearm amputees with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study is to characterize the phenomenon of evoked tactile sensation (ETS) on the stump skin of forearm amputees using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified the projected finger map (PFM) of ETS on the stump skin in 11 forearm amputees, and compared perceptual attributes of the ETS in nine forearm amputees and eight able-bodied subjects using TENS. The profile of perceptual thresholds at the most sensitive points (MSPs) in each finger-projected area was obtained by modulating current amplitude, pulse width, and frequency of the biphasic, rectangular current stimulus. The long-term stability of the PFM and the perceptual threshold of the ETS were monitored in five forearm amputees for a period of 11 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five finger-specific projection areas can be independently identified on the stump skin of forearm amputees with a relatively long residual stump length. The shape of the PFM was progressively similar to that of the hand with more distal amputation. Similar sensory modalities of touch, pressure, buzz, vibration, and numb below pain sensation could be evoked both in the PFM of the stump skin of amputees and in the normal skin of able-bodied subjects. Sensory thresholds in the normal skin of able-bodied subjects were generally lower than those in the stump skin of forearm amputees, however, both were linearly modulated by current amplitude and pulse width. The variation of the MSPs in the PFM was confined to a small elliptical area with 95% confidence. The perceptual thresholds of thumb-projected areas were found to vary less than 0.99 × 10(-2) mA cm(-2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stable PFM and sensory thresholds of ETS are desirable for a non-invasive neural interface that can feed back finger-specific tactile information from the prosthetic hand to forearm amputees.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guohong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sui
authors.forename: Si
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Longwen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000672:Amputation Stumps / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000674:Amputees; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology*; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology*; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods*