title: Identifying foraging habitats of Baltic ringed seals using movement data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identification of key foraging habitats of aquatic top predators is essential for designing effective management and conservation strategies. The Baltic ringed seal (Phoca hispida botnica) interacts with anthropogenic activities and knowledge of its spatial ecology is needed for planning population management and mitigating interactions with coastal fisheries. We investigated habitat use and foraging habitats of ringed seals (n = 26) with satellite telemetry in the northern Baltic Sea during autumn, which is important time for foraging for ringed seals. We used first passage time (FPT) approach to identify the areas of high residency corresponding to foraging areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tracked seals showed considerable movement; mean (±SD) home ranges (95 % adaptive local nearest-neighbour convex hull, a-LoCoH) were 8030 ± 4796 km(2). Two seals moved randomly and foraging areas could not be identified for them. The majority (24/26) of the studied seals occupied 1-6 main foraging areas, where they spent 47 ± 22 % of their total time. Typically the foraging areas of individuals had a mean distance of 254 ± 194 km. Most of the seals (n = 17) were "long-range foragers" which occupied several spatially remote foraging areas (mean distance 328 ± 180 km) or, in the case of two individuals, did not concentrate foraging to any particular area. The other seals (n = 9) were "local foragers" having only one foraging area or the mean distance between several areas was shorter (67 ± 26 km). Foraging areas of all seals were characterised by shallow bathymetry (median ± SD: 13 ± 49 m) and proximity to the mainland (10 ± 14 km), partly overlapping with protected areas and coastal fisheries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that in general the ringed seals range over large areas and concentrate feeding to different-often remote-areas during the open water season. Therefore, removal of individuals near the fishing gear may not be a locally effective method to mitigate seal depredation. Overlap of foraging areas with protected areas indicate that management of key foraging and resting habitats could to some extent be implemented within the existing network of marine protected areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
authors.forename: Sari M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Oksanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niemi
authors.affiliation: The Natural Resources Institute Finland, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 3, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Markus P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ahola
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
authors.forename: Mervi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kunnasranta
keywords: Baltic Sea; First passage time; GPS phone tag; Habitat use; Home range; Pusa hispida botnica; Seal-fishery interaction