title: Laboratory, Environmental, and Epidemiologic Investigation and Regulatory Enforcement Actions in Response to an Outbreak of Salmonella Bredeney Infections Linked to Peanut Butter.
abstract: Background.  In September 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and state and local partners investigated an outbreak of Salmonella enterica serovar Bredeney linked to peanut butter (PB). Methods.  A case was defined as infection with the outbreak strain of Salmonella Bredeney between June 1, 2012 and October 31, 2012. Food exposure questionnaires were analyzed by the CDC to determine the food vehicle. The FDA reviewed production information from Retail Chain A's sole supplier of PB, Company A. The PB samples collected from case-patients and Company A were tested for Salmonella. Results.  Forty-two case-patients from 20 states were identified. Of 33 case-patients from whom food exposure information was obtained, 25 (76%) shopped at Retail Chain A and 25 (100%) purchased Company A PB. Three state health departments isolated the outbreak strain from opened jars of PB collected from case-patients. The FDA investigators identified multiple deficiencies in current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs) in Company A's manufacturing facility and determined that internal controls were insufficient to prevent shipment of contaminated product. The FDA isolated the outbreak strain of Salmonella Bredeney from implicated product collected at the firm and the environment of the firm's food production facility. Conclusions.  Timely laboratory, investigational, and epidemiologic data led to the voluntary recall of PB by Company A. The FDA suspended Company A's food facility registration, prohibiting the firm from introducing food into interstate commerce. This outbreak underscores the need for effective preventive controls, including robust internal environmental monitoring programs, appropriate action in response to contamination findings, and an improved understanding of food safety at the managerial and corporate levels.
authors.affiliation: Coordinated Outbreak Response and Evaluation Network.
authors.forename: Stelios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Viazis
authors.affiliation: Coordinated Outbreak Response and Evaluation Network.
authors.forename: Jennifer K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Beal
authors.affiliation: Coordinated Outbreak Response and Evaluation Network.
authors.forename: Caitlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Monahan
authors.affiliation: Coordinated Outbreak Response and Evaluation Network.
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Lanier
authors.affiliation: Coordinated Outbreak Response and Evaluation Network.
authors.forename: Katherine R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kreil
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park, Maryland.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Melka
authors.affiliation: Denver District Office.
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Boden
authors.affiliation: Denver District Office.
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Dion
authors.affiliation: Denver Laboratory , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Colorado.
authors.forename: Zachary A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Thai-An
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Laura B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Gieraltowski
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park, Maryland.
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Zink
keywords: Salmonella; food safety; outbreak; peanut butter