title: Cortisol as an indicator of hypothalmic-pitituary-adrenal axis dysregulation in patients with panic disorder: a literature review.
abstract: Dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) is seen in numerous mental disorders. Data of HPA axis disturbance in panic disorder are inconsistent. In panic disorder HPA axis hyperactivity has been observed with elevated cortisol levels. However, hypocortisolism has also been noted. Salivary cortisol as a biomarker of HPA-axis activity has received special attention. The aim of this paper is to review the findings on cortisol levels in panic disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7 St. build. 25, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland, mwiglusz@gumed.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jakuszkowiak-Wojten
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Landowski
authors.forename: Mariusz S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wiglusz
authors.forename: Wiesław Jerzy
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Cubała
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D047748:Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone