title: Assessment of the probability of introduction of bovine tuberculosis to Danish cattle farms via imports of live cattle from abroad and immigrant workers.
abstract: Denmark has been recognized as officially free (OTF) from bovine tuberculosis (bTB) since 1980. In this study, we estimated the annual probability (PIntro) of introducing Mycobacterium bovis into the Danish cattle population, through (a) imports of cattle and (b) foreign personnel working in Danish cattle herds. Data from 2000 to 2013 with date, number and origin of imported live cattle were obtained from the Danish Cattle Federation. Information on immigrants working in Danish cattle herds was obtained through a questionnaire sent by email to a sample of Danish cattle farmers (N=460). Inputs obtained from data analysis, expert opinion, the questionnaire and literature were fed into three stochastic scenario tree models used to simulate the effect of import trade patterns, and contact between immigrant workers and cattle. We also investigated the opportunity of testing animals imported from OTF countries by tuberculin skin test and animals from non-OTF countries by interferon-γ test (IFN-γ), exemplified by using year 2009 where the number of imported animals was higher than usual. Results showed that PIntro is driven mainly by importation of live cattle. The combined median annual probability of introducing M. bovis into the Danish cattle population by either imported live cattle or infectious immigrant workers, ranged from 0.3% (90% prediction interval (P.I.): 0.04%:1.4%) in 2001 to 4.9% (90% P.I.: 0.6%; 19.2%) in 2009. The median of the median PIntro estimates from the 14 years was 0.7% (median of 90% P.I.: 0.08%; 3.5%). Hence, on average, at least one introduction each 143 years could be expected, if the annual number of imported animals does not change remarkably in the future. If the number of imported animals increases, compared to the years we analyzed, additional testing of imported cattle might be considered. For example, in 2009, PIntro would have been reduced from 4.9% to 0.8% (90% P.I.: 0.1%; 4.7%) if animals from OTF countries had been tested with the tuberculin skin test and animals from non-OTF countries had been tested with the IFN-γ test. The presented model could be used easily in other countries with similar bTB status to Denmark, where wildlife represents a negligible probability of infection for domestic cattle and where the imported live cattle represent the main pathway of bTB introduction into the local cattle population.
authors.affiliation: Risk Analysis Group, Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Issues, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Axeltorv 3, DK-1609 Copenhagen V, Denmark; Section of Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Electronic address: afo@lf.dk.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Foddai
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Liza Rosenbaum
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Knowledge Centre for Agriculture, Cattle, Agro Food Park 15, Skejby, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kaspar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krogh
authors.affiliation: Risk Analysis Group, Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Issues, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Axeltorv 3, DK-1609 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alban
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D000067565:Farmers; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000502:physiology; D011336:Probability; D012307:Risk Factors; D014186:Transportation; D014374:Tuberculin Test / Q000662:veterinary; D014380:Tuberculosis, Bovine / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: Bovine tuberculosis; Immigrant workers; Import risk assessment; Imported cattle; Stochastic scenario tree