title: Comparison of Hygroscopicity, Volatility, and Mixing State of Submicrometer Particles between Cruises over the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
abstract: Ship-borne measurements of ambient aerosols were conducted during an 11 937 km cruise over the Arctic Ocean (cruise 1) and the Pacific Ocean (cruise 2). A frequent nucleation event was observed during cruise 1 under marine influence, and the abundant organic matter resulting from the strong biological activity in the ocean could contribute to the formation of new particles and their growth to a detectable size. Concentrations of particle mass and black carbon increased with increasing continental influence from polluted areas. During cruise 1, multiple peaks of hygroscopic growth factor (HGF) of 1.1-1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 were found, and higher amounts of volatile organic species existed in the particles compared to that during cruise 2, which is consistent with the greater availability of volatile organic species caused by the strong oceanic biological activity (cruise 1). Internal mixtures of volatile and nonhygroscopic organic species, nonvolatile and less-hygroscopic organic species, and nonvolatile and hygroscopic nss-sulfate with varying fractions can be assumed to constitute the submicrometer particles. On the basis of elemental composition and morphology, the submicrometer particles were classified into C-rich mixture, S-rich mixture, C/S-rich mixture, Na-rich mixture, C/P-rich mixture, and mineral-rich mixture. Consistently, the fraction of biological particles (i.e., P-containing particles) increased when the ship traveled along a strongly biologically active area.
authors.affiliation: National Leading Research Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gibaek
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: National Leading Research Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Joo
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: National Leading Research Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Arom
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: National Leading Research Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dohyung
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yeontae
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gim
authors.affiliation: Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bang Yong
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: National Leading Research Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kihong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D001110:Arctic Regions; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D010316:Particle Size; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D012767:Ships; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis; D013431:Sulfates / Q000032:analysis; D013455:Sulfur / Q000032:analysis; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D014835:Volatilization; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D013431:Sulfates; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D010758:Phosphorus; D013455:Sulfur; D002244:Carbon; D012964:Sodium