title: Can low-level laser therapy (LLLT) associated with an aerobic plus resistance training change the cardiometabolic risk in obese women? A placebo-controlled clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is one of the most important link factors to coronary artery disease development mainly due to the pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic states favoring atherosclerosis progression. The LLLT acts in the cellular metabolism and it is highly effective to improve inflammation. The same occur in response to different kinds of exercise. However, we have not known the associate effects using LLLT therapies with aerobic plus resistance training as strategy specifically with target at human obesity control and its comorbidities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Investigate the effects of the LLLT associated with aerobic plus resistance training on cardiometabolic risk factors in obese women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women aged 20-40 years (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)), were divided into 2 groups: Phototherapy (PHOTO) and Placebo. They were trained aerobic plus resistance exercises (in a concurrent mode), 1h, 3 times/week during 16 weeks. Phototherapy was applied after each exercise session for 16 min, with infrared laser, wavelength 808 nm, continuous output, power 100 mW, and energy delivery 50 J. The body composition was measured with bioimpedance. Inflammatory mark concentrations were measured using a commercially available multiplex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LLLT associated with aerobic plus resistance training was effective in decrease neck (P=0.0003) and waist circumferences (P=0.02); percentual of fat (P=0.04); visceral fat area (P=0.02); HOMA-IR (P=0.0009); Leptin (P=0.03) and ICAM (P=0.03). Also, the reduction in leptin (P=0.008) and ICAM-1 (0, 05) was much more expressive in the phototherapy group in comparison to placebo group when analyzed by delta values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LLLT associated with concurrent exercise (aerobic plus resistance training) potentiates the exercise effects of decreasing the cardiometabolic risk factors in obese woman. These results suggest the LLLT associated with exercises as a new therapeutic tool in the control of obesity and its comorbidities for obese people, targeting to optimize the strategies to control the cardiometabolic risk factors in these populations.
authors.affiliation: Therapeutic Resources Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: fefa.duarte74@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fernanda Oliveira
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense, 400, PO Box 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sene-Fiorese
authors.affiliation: Therapeutic Resources Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil; Post-Graduated Program of Biotechnology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio Eduardo
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: de Aquino Junior
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduated Program of Nutrition, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Marselhesa, 650, 04021-001 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raquel Munhoz
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: da Silveira Campos
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduated Program of Nutrition, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Marselhesa, 650, 04021-001 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Deborah Cristina Landi
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Masquio
authors.affiliation: Weight Science, rua Teodoro Sampaio, 744, Cj. 98, 05406-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tock
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Metabolism Applied to Exercise Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Claudia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Garcia de Oliveira Duarte
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduated Program of Nutrition, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Marselhesa, 650, 04021-001 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Raimunda
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dâmaso
authors.affiliation: São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense, 400, PO Box 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil; Post-Graduated Program of Biotechnology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanderlei Salvador
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Bagnato
authors.affiliation: Therapeutic Resources Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil; Post-Graduated Program of Biotechnology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nivaldo Antonio
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Parizotto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D007834:Lasers; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy; D009765:Obesity / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D015990:Placebo Effect; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1
keywords: Aerobic exercise; Cardiometabolic risk; Inflammation; Low-level laser therapy (LLLT); Obesity; Resistance exercise