title: Auditory processing deficits in bipolar disorder with and without a history of psychotic features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Auditory perception deficits have been identified in schizophrenia (SZ) and linked to dysfunction in the auditory cortex. Given that psychotic symptoms, including auditory hallucinations, are also seen in bipolar disorder (BD), it may be that individuals with BD who also exhibit psychotic symptoms demonstrate a similar impairment in auditory perception.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty individuals with SZ, 30 individuals with bipolar I disorder with a history of psychosis (BD+), 28 individuals with bipolar I disorder with no history of psychotic features (BD-), and 29 normal controls (NC) were administered a tone discrimination task and an emotion recognition task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mixed-model analyses of covariance with planned comparisons indicated that individuals with BD+ performed at a level that was intermediate between those with BD- and those with SZ on the more difficult condition of the tone discrimination task and on the auditory condition of the emotion recognition task. There were no differences between the BD+ and BD- groups on the visual or auditory-visual affect recognition conditions. Regression analyses indicated that performance on the tone discrimination task predicted performance on all conditions of the emotion recognition task. Auditory hallucinations in BD+ were not related to performance on either task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggested that, although deficits in frequency discrimination and emotion recognition are more severe in SZ, these impairments extend to BD+. Although our results did not support the idea that auditory hallucinations may be related to these deficits, they indicated that basic auditory deficits may be a marker for psychosis, regardless of SZ or BD diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
authors.forename: RyAnna
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0720-7042
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zenisek
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Thaler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Griffin P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Erik N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Ringdahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Joel S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis; D012919:Social Behavior
keywords: bipolar disorder; emotion; frequency discrimination; prosody; psychosis; schizophrenia; social cognition