title: Protection against oxidative damage in human erythrocytes and preliminary photosafety assessment of Punica granatum seed oil nanoemulsions entrapping polyphenol-rich ethyl acetate fraction.
abstract: The main purpose of the present study is to evaluate the ability of nanoemulsion entrapping pomegranate peel polyphenol-rich ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) prepared from pomegranate seed oil and medium chain triglyceride to protect human erythrocyte membrane from oxidative damage and to assess preliminary in vitro photosafety. In order to evaluate the phototoxic effect of nanoemulsions, human red blood cells (RBCs) are used as a biological model and the rate of haemolysis and photohaemolysis (5 J cm(-2) UVA) is assessed in vitro. The level of protection against oxidative damage caused by the peroxyl radical generator AAPH in human RBCs as well as its effects on bilayer membrane characteristics such as fluidity, protein profile and RBCs morphology are determined. EAF-loaded nanoemulsions do not promote haemolysis or photohaemolysis. Anisotropy measurements show that nanoemulsions significantly retrain the increase in membrane fluidity caused by AAPH. SDS-PAGE analysis reveals that AAPH induced degradation of membrane proteins, but that nanoemulsions reduce the extension of degradation. Scanning electron microscopy examinations corroborate the interaction between AAPH, nanoemulsions and the RBC membrane bilayer. Our work demonstrates that Punica granatum nanoemulsions are photosafe and protect RBCs against oxidative damage and possible disturbance of the lipid bilayer of biomembranes. Moreover it suggests that these nanoemulsions could be promising new topical products to reduce the effects of sunlight on skin.
authors.affiliation: Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thaisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baccarin
authors.affiliation: Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mitjans
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elenara
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lemos-Senna
authors.affiliation: Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: mpvinardellmh@ub.edu.
authors.forename: Maria Pilar
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Vinardell
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017484:Dermatitis, Phototoxic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D029561:Lythraceae; D008560:Membrane Fluidity / Q000187:drug effects; D064347:Microscopy, Electrochemical, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012639:Seeds
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000975:Antioxidants; D004655:Emulsions; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; D059808:Polyphenols; C007650:ethyl acetate
keywords: Fluorescent probes; Haemolysis; Photohaemolysis; Polyphenol-rich ethyl acetate fraction; Punica granatum; Seed oil