title: Decontamination Efficacy and Skin Toxicity of Two Decontaminants against Bacillus anthracis.
abstract: Decontamination of bacterial endospores such as Bacillus anthracis has traditionally required the use of harsh or caustic chemicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a chlorine dioxide decontaminant in killing Bacillus anthracis spores in solution and on a human skin simulant (porcine cadaver skin), compared to that of commonly used sodium hypochlorite or soapy water decontamination procedures. In addition, the relative toxicities of these decontaminants were compared in human skin keratinocyte primary cultures. The chlorine dioxide decontaminant was similarly effective to sodium hypochlorite in reducing spore numbers of Bacillus anthracis Ames in liquid suspension after a 10 minute exposure. After five minutes, the chlorine dioxide product was significantly more efficacious. Decontamination of isolated swine skin contaminated with Bacillus anthracis Sterne with the chlorine dioxide product resulted in no viable spores sampled. The toxicity of the chlorine dioxide decontaminant was up to two orders of magnitude less than that of sodium hypochlorite in human skin keratinocyte cultures. In summary, the chlorine dioxide based decontaminant efficiently killed Bacillus anthracis spores in liquid suspension, as well as on isolated swine skin, and was less toxic than sodium hypochlorite in cultures of human skin keratinocytes.
authors.affiliation: Biological Threat Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield Research Centre, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Chad W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Stratilo
authors.affiliation: Biological Threat Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield Research Centre, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Melissa K F
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Crichton
authors.affiliation: Casualty Management Section, Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield Research Centre, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Sawyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000502:physiology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects*; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D010087:Oxides; C025109:chlorine dioxide; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite