title: The Influence of CKD on Colonic Microbial Metabolism.
abstract: There is increasing interest in the colonic microbiota as a relevant source of uremic retention solutes accumulating in CKD. Renal disease can also profoundly affect the colonic microenvironment and has been associated with a distinct colonic microbial composition. However, the influence of CKD on the colonic microbial metabolism is largely unknown. Therefore, we studied fecal metabolite profiles of hemodialysis patients and healthy controls using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. We observed a clear discrimination between both groups, with 81 fecal volatile organic compounds detected at significantly different levels in hemodialysis patients and healthy controls. To further explore the differential impact of renal function loss per se versus the effect of dietary and other CKD-related factors, we also compared fecal metabolite profiles between patients on hemodialysis and household contacts on the same diet, which revealed a close resemblance. In contrast, significant differences were noted between the fecal samples of rats 6 weeks after 5/6th nephrectomy and those of sham-operated rats, still suggesting an independent influence of renal function loss. Thus, CKD associates with a distinct colonic microbial metabolism, although the effect of renal function loss per se in humans may be inferior to the effects of dietary and other CKD-related factors. The potential beneficial effect of therapeutics targeting colonic microbiota in patients with CKD remains to be examined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poesen
authors.affiliation: Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders (Targid) and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Windey
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; and.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Neven
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kuypers
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; and.
authors.forename: Vicky
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Preter
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Augustijns
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; and.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: D'Haese
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Evenepoel
authors.affiliation: Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders (Targid) and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Verbeke
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; bjorn.meijers@uzleuven.be.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meijers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D008875:Middle Aged; D051381:Rats; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: chronic kidney disease; intestine; nutrition