title: The morphology of the articular surfaces of biological knee joints provides essential guidance for the construction of functional knee endoprostheses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In comparative examinations of kinematics of the knees of humans and pigs in flexional/extensional motion under compressive loads, the significant differential geometric essentials of articular guidance are elaborated to criticise the shaping of the articular surfaces of conventional knee-endoprostheses and to suggest constructional outlines that allow the endoprosthesis to adopt natural knee kinematics. Implantation is discussed with regard to the remaining ligamentous apparatus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve fresh pig knee joints and 19 preserved human knee joints were moved into several flexional/extensional positions. In each joint, the tibia and femur were repeatably caught by metal plates. After removing all ligaments, the tibia and femur were again caught in these positions, and their points of contact were marked on both articular surfaces. Along the marker points, a thin lead wire was glued onto each surface. The positions and shapes of the four contact lines were mapped by teleradiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All contact lines were found to be plane curves. The medial and lateral planes were parallel, thus defining the joint's sagittal plane. In the human knee, as compared to the lateral, the medial femoral contact line was always shifted anteriorly by several millimetres. The tibial contact curve was laterally convex and medially concave. In the pig knees, the lateral and medial contact lines were asymmetrically placed. Both tibial curves were convex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both knees represent cam mechanisms (with one degree of freedom) that produce rolling of the articular surfaces during the stance phase. Implantation requires preservation of the anterior cruciate ligament, and ligamentous balancing is disadvantageous.
authors.affiliation: University of Göttingen, Biomechanical Working Group in Department of Orthodontics, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nägerl
authors.affiliation: University of Göttingen, Biomechanical Working Group in Department of Orthodontics, Germany.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dathe
authors.affiliation: Lima Corporate; Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fiedler
authors.affiliation: University of Göttingen, Biomechanical Working Group in Department of Orthodontics, Germany.
authors.forename: Luiko
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gowers
authors.affiliation: University of Göttingen, Biomechanical Working Group in Department of Orthodontics, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kirsch
authors.affiliation: University of Göttingen, Biomechanical Working Group in Department of Orthodontics, Germany.
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kubein-Meesenburg
authors.affiliation: University of Göttingen, Department of Trauma Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dumont
authors.affiliation: University of Göttingen, Department of Trauma Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wachowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D007720:Knee Prosthesis; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D017755:Prosthesis Fitting / Q000379:methods*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013552:Swine