title: Extended spectrum beta-lactamases in Escherichia coli from municipal wastewater.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Over the past decades, awareness of the environmental load of resistant organisms has increased. The presented paper focuses on antibiotic resistance and detection of resistance genes in environmental E. coli and on the evaluation of biofilm formation in ESBLs (extended spectrum beta-lactamase) producing E. coli isolated from an urban wastewater treatment plant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wastewater samples and artificially added polystyrene pellets were used as the source for E. coli isolation. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 19 antibiotics were determined according to CLSI (2013). Biofilm formation was investigated by crystal violet or resazurin methods. CTX-M, carbapenemases, qnrS, mobile elements and virulence factors were determined by PCR. Clonal relatedness of strains was detected by principal component analysis by a Maldi biotyper.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ESBL phenotype was detected in 26% of environmental strains. CTX-M, CMY-2 and qnrS genes of antibiotic resistance were detected. IMP gene together with integron 1 in one ertapenem resistant E. coli was also recorded. There was no evident correlation between antibiotic resistance, virulence and biofilm production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that the wastewater is a source of ESBLs, carbapenemases and plasmid fluoroquinolone resistance. Strains with biofilm production, antibiotic resistance of CTX-M group, CMY-2, qnrS genes and virulence factors present a potential environmental health risk.
authors.affiliation: University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Čornejová
authors.affiliation: University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Venglovsky
authors.affiliation: University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gregova
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kmetova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kmet
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019450:Genes, MDR; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018154:Slovakia; D014774:Virulence; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000382:microbiology; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D062065:Wastewater; D001618:beta-Lactamases