title: An in-depth psychometric analysis of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale: calibration with Rasch-Andrich model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) is inarguably one of the best-known instruments in the field of resilience assessment. However, the criteria for the psychometric quality of the instrument were based only on classical test theory.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this paper has focused on the calibration of the CD-RISC with a nonclinical sample of 444 adults using the Rasch-Andrich Rating Scale Model, in order to clarify its structure and analyze its psychometric properties at the level of item.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two items showed misfit to the model and were eliminated. The remaining 22 items form basically a unidimensional scale. The CD-RISC has good psychometric properties. The fit of both the items and the persons to the Rasch model was good, and the response categories were functioning properly. Two of the items showed differential item functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CD-RISC has an obvious ceiling effect, which suggests to include more difficult items in future versions of the scale.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Psicología [School of Psychology], Universidad de Talca [University of Talca], 2 norte 685, Av. Lircay s/n, Talca, Chile. viarias@utalca.cl.
authors.forename: Víctor B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Arias González
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Educación y Trabajo Social [School of Education and Social Work], Universidad de Valladolid [University of Valladolid], Av. De Belén s/n, Valladolid, España. crespomt@psi.uva.es.
authors.forename: María Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Crespo Sierra
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Educación y Trabajo Social [School of Education and Social Work], Universidad de Valladolid [University of Valladolid], Av. De Belén s/n, Valladolid, España. barias@psi.uva.es.
authors.forename: Benito
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arias Martínez
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Psicología [School of Psychology], Universidad de Talca [University of Talca], 2 norte 685, Av. Lircay s/n, Talca, Chile. agmartinez@utalca.cl.
authors.forename: Agustín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martínez-Molina
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Psicología [School of Psychology], Universidad de Talca [University of Talca], 2 norte 685, Av. Lircay s/n, Talca, Chile. fponce@utalca.cl.
authors.forename: Fernando P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Ponce
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002138:Calibration; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*