title: Clinical Outcomes of Impending Nasal Skin Necrosis Related to Nose and Nasolabial Fold Augmentation with Hyaluronic Acid Fillers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although there are several case reports of facial skin ischemia/necrosis caused by hyaluronic acid filler injections, no systematic study of the clinical outcomes of a series of cases with this complication has been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors report a study of 20 consecutive patients who developed impending nasal skin necrosis as a primary concern, after nose and/or nasolabial fold augmentation with hyaluronic acid fillers. The authors retrospectively reviewed the clinical outcomes and the risk factors for this complication using case-control analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven patients (35 percent) developed full skin necrosis, and 13 patients (65 percent) recovered fully after combination treatment with hyaluronidase. Although the two groups had similar age, sex, filler injection sites, and treatment for the complication, 85 percent of the patients in the full skin necrosis group were late presenters who did not receive the combination treatment with hyaluronidase within 2 days after the vascular complication first appeared. In contrast, just 15 percent of the patients in the full recovery group were late presenters (p = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nose and nasolabial fold augmentations with hyaluronic acid fillers can lead to impending nasal skin necrosis, possibly caused by intravascular embolism and/or extravascular compression. The key for preventing the skin ischemia from progressing to necrosis is to identify and treat the ischemia as early as possible. Early (<2 days) combination treatment with hyaluronidase is associated with the full resolution of the complication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic, IV.
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial People's Hospital.
authors.forename: Zhong-Sheng
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Guo-Zhang
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Hai-Bin
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Jin-Qing
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Sheng-Kang
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000067548:Dermal Fillers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D060052:Nasolabial Fold / Q000473:pathology*; D009336:Necrosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D009666:Nose / Q000473:pathology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000067548:Dermal Fillers; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase