title: "How many times must a man look up before he can really see the sky?" Rheumatic cardiovascular disease in the era of multimodality imaging.
abstract: Cardiovascular involvement in rheumatic diseases (RD) is the result of various pathophysiologic mechanisms including inflammation, accelerated atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia, due to micro- or macro-vascular lesions and fibrosis. Noninvasive cardiovascular imaging, including echocardiography, nuclear techniques, cardiovascular computed tomography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance, represents the main diagnostic tool for early, non-invasive diagnosis of heart disease in RD. However, in the era of multimodality imaging and financial crisis there is an imperative need for rational use of imaging techniques in order to obtain the maximum benefit at the lowest possible cost for the health insurance system. The oligo-asymptomatic cardiovascular presentation and the high cardiovascular mortality of RD necessitate a reliable and reproducible diagnostic approach to catch early cardiovascular involvement. Echocardiography remains the routine cornerstone of cardiovascular evaluation. However, a normal echocardiogram can not always exclude cardiac involvement and/or identify heart disease acuity and pathophysiology. Therefore, cardiovascular magnetic resonance is a necessary adjunct complementary to echocardiography, especially in new onset heart failure and when there are conflicting data from clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation of RD patients.
authors.affiliation: Sophie I Mavrogeni, George Markousis-Mavrogenis, Genovefa Kolovou, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Sophie I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Mavrogeni
authors.affiliation: Sophie I Mavrogeni, George Markousis-Mavrogenis, Genovefa Kolovou, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Markousis-Mavrogenis
authors.affiliation: Sophie I Mavrogeni, George Markousis-Mavrogenis, Genovefa Kolovou, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heutemann
authors.affiliation: Sophie I Mavrogeni, George Markousis-Mavrogenis, Genovefa Kolovou, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van Wijk
authors.affiliation: Sophie I Mavrogeni, George Markousis-Mavrogenis, Genovefa Kolovou, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Hans J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Reiber
authors.affiliation: Sophie I Mavrogeni, George Markousis-Mavrogenis, Genovefa Kolovou, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Genovefa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kolovou
keywords: Cardiovascular computed tomography; Cardiovascular magnetic resonance; Coronary artery disease; Echocardiography; Myocardial perfusion-fibrosis; Myocarditis; Nuclear imaging; Rheumatic cardiovascular disease; Vasculitis