title: Susceptibility Loci for Clinical Coronary Artery Disease and Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis Throughout the Life-Course.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent genome-wide association studies have identified 49 single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with clinical coronary artery disease. The mechanism by which these loci influence risk remains largely unclear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined the association between a genetic risk score composed of high-risk alleles at the 49 single nucleotide polymorphisms and the degree of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in 7798 participants from 6 studies stratified into 4 age groups at the time of assessment (15-34, 35-54, 55-74, and >75 years). Atherosclerosis was quantified by staining and direct visual inspection of the right coronary artery in the youngest group and by scanning for coronary artery calcification in the remaining groups. We defined cases as subjects within the top quartile of degree of atherosclerosis in 3 groups and as subjects with a coronary artery calcium score >0 in the fourth (35-54 years) where less than one quarter had any coronary artery calcium. In our meta-analysis of all strata, we found 1-SD increase in the genetic risk score increased the risk of advanced subclinical coronary atherosclerosis by 36% (P=8.3×10(-25)). This increase in risk was significant in all 4 age groups including the youngest group where atherosclerosis consisted primarily of raised lesions without macroscopic evidence of plaque rupture or thrombosis. Results were similar when we restricted the genetic risk score to 32 single nucleotide polymorphisms not associated with traditional risk factors or when we adjusted for traditional risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A genetic risk score for clinical coronary artery disease is associated with advanced subclinical coronary atherosclerosis throughout the life-course. This association is apparent even at the earliest, uncomplicated stages of atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.S., S.P.F., M.A.H., T.Q., B.A.G., T.L.A.); Ecole Doctorale B2T, IUH, Université Paris 7, Paris, France (E.S.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (S.N.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA (S.S., A.S.G., C.I.); Heart and Vascular Center of Excellence, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.M.H.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC (B.A.G.).
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salfati
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.S., S.P.F., M.A.H., T.Q., B.A.G., T.L.A.); Ecole Doctorale B2T, IUH, Université Paris 7, Paris, France (E.S.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (S.N.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA (S.S., A.S.G., C.I.); Heart and Vascular Center of Excellence, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.M.H.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC (B.A.G.).
authors.forename: Shuktika
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nandkeolyar
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.S., S.P.F., M.A.H., T.Q., B.A.G., T.L.A.); Ecole Doctorale B2T, IUH, Université Paris 7, Paris, France (E.S.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (S.N.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA (S.S., A.S.G., C.I.); Heart and Vascular Center of Excellence, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.M.H.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC (B.A.G.).
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Fortmann
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.S., S.P.F., M.A.H., T.Q., B.A.G., T.L.A.); Ecole Doctorale B2T, IUH, Université Paris 7, Paris, France (E.S.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (S.N.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA (S.S., A.S.G., C.I.); Heart and Vascular Center of Excellence, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.M.H.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC (B.A.G.).
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sidney
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.S., S.P.F., M.A.H., T.Q., B.A.G., T.L.A.); Ecole Doctorale B2T, IUH, Université Paris 7, Paris, France (E.S.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (S.N.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA (S.S., A.S.G., C.I.); Heart and Vascular Center of Excellence, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.M.H.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC (B.A.G.).
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hlatky
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.S., S.P.F., M.A.H., T.Q., B.A.G., T.L.A.); Ecole Doctorale B2T, IUH, Université Paris 7, Paris, France (E.S.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (S.N.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA (S.S., A.S.G., C.I.); Heart and Vascular Center of Excellence, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.M.H.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC (B.A.G.).
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Quertermous
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.S., S.P.F., M.A.H., T.Q., B.A.G., T.L.A.); Ecole Doctorale B2T, IUH, Université Paris 7, Paris, France (E.S.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (S.N.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA (S.S., A.S.G., C.I.); Heart and Vascular Center of Excellence, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.M.H.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC (B.A.G.).
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Go
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.S., S.P.F., M.A.H., T.Q., B.A.G., T.L.A.); Ecole Doctorale B2T, IUH, Université Paris 7, Paris, France (E.S.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (S.N.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA (S.S., A.S.G., C.I.); Heart and Vascular Center of Excellence, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.M.H.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC (B.A.G.).
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iribarren
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.S., S.P.F., M.A.H., T.Q., B.A.G., T.L.A.); Ecole Doctorale B2T, IUH, Université Paris 7, Paris, France (E.S.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (S.N.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA (S.S., A.S.G., C.I.); Heart and Vascular Center of Excellence, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.M.H.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC (B.A.G.).
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Herrington
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.S., S.P.F., M.A.H., T.Q., B.A.G., T.L.A.); Ecole Doctorale B2T, IUH, Université Paris 7, Paris, France (E.S.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (S.N.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA (S.S., A.S.G., C.I.); Heart and Vascular Center of Excellence, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.M.H.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC (B.A.G.).
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.S., S.P.F., M.A.H., T.Q., B.A.G., T.L.A.); Ecole Doctorale B2T, IUH, Université Paris 7, Paris, France (E.S.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (S.N.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA (S.S., A.S.G., C.I.); Heart and Vascular Center of Excellence, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.M.H.); and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC (B.A.G.). tassimes@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Themistocles L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Assimes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D056426:Genetic Loci; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
keywords: atherosclerosis; coronary artery disease; genetics; humans; molecular epidemiology