title: Peripheral nerve blocks on the upper extremity: Technique of landmark-based and ultrasound-guided approaches.
abstract: The German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, DGAI) established an expert panel to develop preliminary recommendations for the application of peripheral nerve blocks on the upper extremity. The present recommendations state in different variations how ultrasound and/or electrical nerve stimulation guided nerve blocks should be performed. The description of each procedure is rather a recommendation than a guideline. The anaesthesiologist should select the variation of block which provides the highest grade of safety according to his individual opportunities. The first section comprises recommendations regarding dosages of local anaesthetics, general indications and contraindications for peripheral nerve blocks and informations about complications. In the following sections most common blocks techniques on the upper extremity are described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, UKGM Giessen-Marburg, Location Marburg, Marburg, Germany. Thorsten.steinfeldt@med.uni-marburg.de.|Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, Philipps University Hospital, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033, Marburg, Germany. Thorsten.steinfeldt@med.uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steinfeldt
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, University Hospital Saarland, Homburg, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Volk
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care- and Pain Medicine, Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Karl-Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vicent
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, UKGM Giessen-Marburg, Location Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wulf
authors.affiliation: Department for Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care- and Pain Medicine, Diakonische Dienste Hannover gGmbH, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gottschalk
authors.affiliation: Department for Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Therapy, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle" GmbH, Eisenberg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.affiliation: Department for Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy and Palliative Medicine, HELIOS Klinikum Borna, HELIOS Klinikum Borna, Borna, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schwartzkopf
authors.affiliation: Department for Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Worms gGmbH, Worms, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hüttemann
authors.affiliation: Department for Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tessmann
authors.affiliation: Department for Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care- and Pain Medicine, Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Souquet
authors.affiliation: Department for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Diakonissenkrankenhaus, Flensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Häger
authors.affiliation: Department for Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, St. Vincentius-Kliniken gAG Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nagel
authors.affiliation: Department for Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, St. Vincentius-Kliniken gAG Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biscoping
authors.affiliation: Department for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, County Hospital Neumarkt i. d. OPf., Neumarkt i. d. OPf., Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schwemmer
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000294:innervation
keywords: Electrical nerve stimulation guided; Peripheral nerve block; Recommendation; Regional anesthesia; Ultrasound guided; Upper extremity