title: Treatment and prophylaxis of influenza and the problem of resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors.
abstract: Influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), including oseltamivir, zanamivir and peramivir, are important antivirals for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza. Increasing use of NAIs brings into focus the risk of drug resistance. The problem of resistance is of high clinical and epidemiological importance. There are generally three levels of antiviral resistance according to the way that resistance can be detected or inferred: genotypic, phenotypic and clinical resistance. Recently the problem of resistance to NAIs, although still rare (<2% of influenza isolates), has been rising. It should be underlined that NAI resistance in influenza viruses is relative, and despite its presence patients with resistant viruses may still benefit from receiving NAIs. The clinical resistance and the response to treatment with antivirals remain the most important proof of antiviral effectiveness. Currently, there has not been observed cross-resistance between oseltamivir and zanamivir, which may be a consequence of the number of given doses, differences in drug structure and duration of the drug concentrations in the site of infection. Early treatment with appropriate doses of NAI is necessary to minimize the likelihood of a resistant virus arising.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nitsch-Osuch
authors.affiliation: National Influenza Center, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Lidia Bernadeta
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Brydak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000187:drug effects; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000187:drug effects*; D053139:Oseltamivir / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult; D053243:Zanamivir / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D053139:Oseltamivir; D009439:Neuraminidase; D053243:Zanamivir