title: Assessing engagement while viewing video vignettes; validation of the Video Engagement Scale (VES).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In health communication research using video vignettes, it is important to assess viewers' engagement. Engagement scores can indicate ecological validity of the design, and help distinguish between different engagement types. Therefore, we aimed to develop and validate a scale assessing viewers' engagement with video vignettes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on an existing question set, the 15-item, five-dimensional Video Engagement Scale (VES) was developed. The VES was validated in two video-vignettes studies to investigate patient-physician communication. In addition to engagement, we assessed its presumed correlates, e.g., perceived realism of the video and identification with the patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were adequate in both studies (N=181 and N=228). Positive correlations between the VES and perceived realism of the video, credibility of and identification with the patient suggested good content validity. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested a four-dimensional model fit, largely resembling our hypothesized model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The VES reliably and validly measures viewers' engagement in health communication research using video vignettes. It can be employed to assess ecological validity of this design. Further testing of the scale is needed to more solidly establish its dimensionality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend that researchers use the VES, to ensure ecological validity of future video-vignettes studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology-Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: N.C.Visser@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Leonie N C
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology-Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marij A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hillen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology-Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mathilde G E
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Verdam
authors.affiliation: Amsterdam School of Communication Research/ASCoR, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bol
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology-Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hanneke C J M
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: de Haes
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology-Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ellen M A
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Smets
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003142:Communication; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010465:Perception; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Analogue patients; Engagement; Patient-provider communication; Validation; Video vignettes