title: Promoting action control and coping planning to improve hand hygiene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined a brief educational intervention addressing hand hygiene self-regulatory mechanisms, and evaluated which psychological mechanisms may lead to hand hygiene behaviours.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred forty two students (mean age = 21 years, SD = 3.9) received either an experimental (n = 149) or a control condition on action control and planning (n = 93). Hand hygiene, coping planning, and action control were measured at baseline and six weeks later. By applying repeated measures ANOVA, we compared the experimental condition addressing planning to perform hand hygiene with a control condition. Additionally, working mechanisms were evaluated by means of mediation analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intervention had an effect on action control, as reflected by a time by treatment interaction. The direct effect of the intervention on behaviour was, however, non-significant. Changes in action control led to changes in coping planning. These social-cognitive changes mediated the effect of intervention on behaviour, after controlling for gender, baseline behaviour, and classroom membership.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In spite of the associations between the intervention and self-regulatory strategies, no direct effect was found of the intervention on behaviour. Further research on how to increase hand sanitizing, involving enviromental characteristics, is required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intervention led only indirectly to an improvement of hand hygiene via changes in self-regulatory factors. Results indicate the importance of promoting action control and coping planning to initiate changes in hand hygienic behaviours.
authors.affiliation: Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany. benjamin.reyes-fernandez@fu-berlin.de.|Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. benjamin.reyes-fernandez@fu-berlin.de.
authors.forename: Benjamín
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reyes Fernández
authors.affiliation: Bremen International Graduate School for Social Sciences (BIGSSS), Bremen, Germany. s.lippke@jacobs-university.de.|Health Psychology, Jacobs Center on Lifelong Learning and Institutional Development (JCLL), Focus Area Diversity, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany. s.lippke@jacobs-university.de.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lippke
authors.affiliation: Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany. nina.knoll@fu-berlin.de.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Knoll
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. emanuel.blanca@ucr.ac.cr.
authors.forename: Emanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Blanca Moya
authors.affiliation: Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia. Ralf.Schwarzer@acu.edu.au.|University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland. Ralf.Schwarzer@acu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwarzer
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D032763:Behavior Control / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D063373:Hand Hygiene / Q000379:methods*; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders; D013334:Students; D055815:Young Adult