title: Comorbid Depression and Diabetes as a Risk for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease in Elderly Mexican Americans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The links between diabetes, depression, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been established, but they are still poorly understood. However, little research has examined the effect that comorbidity of depression and diabetes has on cognitive impairment in an ethnically diverse sample.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between comorbid diabetes and depression on cognitive dysfunction; and examine the relationship in an ethnically diverse population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses of data from 2,436 participants (914 men and 1,522 women) of three separate cohorts: HABLE, FRONTIER, and TARCC. In the HABLE cohort, comorbidity (odds ratio [OR] = 3.008; 95% CI = 1.358-6.667), age (OR = 1.138; 95% CI = 1.093-1.185), and education (OR = 0.915; 95% CI = 0.852-0.982) increased the risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnosis among elderly Mexican American. In the TARCC cohort, results showed an increase risk of MCI in both non-Hispanic whites (OR = 18.795; 95% CI = 2.229-158.485) and Mexican Americans (OR = 8.417; 95% CI = 2.967-23.878). Finally, results in the FRONTIER cohort showed that in elderly Mexican Americans, comorbidity (OR = 2.754; 95% CI = 1.084-6.995) and age (OR = 1.069; 95% CI = 1.023-1.118) significantly increased risk of MCI. In non-Hispanic whites, comorbidity did not significantly increase risk of MCI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among elderly Mexican Americans, comorbid depression and diabetes significantly increased risk for MCI and AD across cohorts. Effects of comorbid diabetes and depression on MCI were inconclusive. Our results support the link between comorbid diabetes and depression and risk for cognitive decline among Mexican Americans. This finding is of critical importance as the Hispanic population is at higher risk of developing AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.|Institute for Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Leigh A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gamboa
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vintimilla
authors.affiliation: Loyola University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Austin J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cheatwood
authors.affiliation: Washington College, Chestertown, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Alyann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Ashesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Institute for Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.|Institute for Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Sid E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: O'Bryant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000208:ethnology; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D017058:Mexican Americans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Mexican American; cognitive decline; comorbidity; depression; diabetes; elderly; mild cognitive impairment