title: Role of near-infrared fluorescence imaging in the resection of metastatic lymph nodes in an optimized orthotopic animal model of HNSCC.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the role of near-infrared fluorescence imaging in the detection and resection of metastatic cervical lymph nodes in head and neck cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  CAL33 head and neck cancer cells of human origin were implanted in the oral cavity of nude mice. The mice were followed up after tumor resection to detect the development of lymph node metastases. A specific fluorescent tracer for αvβ3 integrin expressed by CAL33 cells was injected intravenously in the surviving mice between the second and the fourth month following tumor resection. A near-infrared fluorescence-imaging camera was used to detect tracer uptake in metastatic cervical lymph nodes, to guide of lymph-node resection for histological analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lymph node metastases were observed in 42.8% of surviving mice between the second and the fourth month following orthotopic tumor resection. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging provided real-time intraoperative detection of clinical and subclinical lymph node metastases. These results were confirmed histologically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Near infrared fluorescence imaging provides real-time contrast between normal and malignant tissue, allowing intraoperative detection of metastatic lymph nodes. This preclinical stage is essential before testing the technique in humans.
authors.affiliation: Clinique universitaire d'ORL, CHU de Grenoble, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France; Université Joseph-Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France; Unité Inserm U823, institut Albert-Bonniot, BP 170, 38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France. Electronic address: IAtallah@chu-grenoble.fr.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Atallah
authors.affiliation: Université Joseph-Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France; Unité Inserm U823, institut Albert-Bonniot, BP 170, 38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Milet
authors.affiliation: Clinique universitaire d'ORL, CHU de Grenoble, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France; Université Joseph-Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France; Unité Inserm U823, institut Albert-Bonniot, BP 170, 38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Quatre
authors.affiliation: Université Joseph-Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France; Unité Inserm U823, institut Albert-Bonniot, BP 170, 38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: Clinique universitaire d'ORL, CHU de Grenoble, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France; Université Joseph-Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reyt
authors.affiliation: Université Joseph-Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France; Unité Inserm U823, institut Albert-Bonniot, BP 170, 38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: J-L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Coll
authors.affiliation: Université Joseph-Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France; Unité Inserm U823, institut Albert-Bonniot, BP 170, 38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hurbin
authors.affiliation: Clinique universitaire d'ORL, CHU de Grenoble, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France; Université Joseph-Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France; Unité Inserm U823, institut Albert-Bonniot, BP 170, 38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Righini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D059146:Metastasectomy / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D000077195:Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted
keywords: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; Metastatic adenopathy; Near-infrared fluorescence imaging-guided surgery; RAFT-c(RGD)(4); αvβ3 integrin