title: Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of ankle, knee, hip, and pelvic rotation during gait in patients after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction - early results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The goal of this study was to biomechanically assess tibial rotation in the knee joint simultaneous changes in rotation of large joints of the lower limbs and pelvis during gait in patients during early postoperative stages following anterior cruciate ligament (ACLR) reconstruction. We hypothesized that tibial rotation is associated with changes in rotation of the large joints of the lower limbs and the pelvis during gait in patients after ACLR reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients were divided into two groups. The ACLR group (n = 32 males) underwent primary ACLR in one leg and postoperative physiotherapy. The control group (n = 30 males) had no knee injuries. After clinical assessment in both groups, the values of kinematic parameters of foot, tibial, femoral, and pelvic rotation were measured during gait on a flat surface using the three-dimensional BTS Smart System. In the ACLR group, measurements were taken during the 4th, 9th, and 14th weeks of postoperative physiotherapy. The results of the ACLR group were compared with those of the control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During gait, between the 9th and 14th weeks following ACLR, there are normal values of foot, tibia, and pelvic rotation in the operated legs compared with results obtained from un-operated legs and the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of rotations occurring only in knee joints does not reflect all of the multiarticular disorders of gait kinematics. The study also suggests that analyzing tibial rotation in the knee joint with simultaneous changes in rotation in large joints of the lower limbs provides better opportunities than singular analysis of rotation in the knee joint for the assessment of disorders in gait kinematics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In gait, at the maximal extension of the knee during preparation for the stance phase, external hip rotation patterns have not been fully restored 14 weeks after ACLR.
authors.affiliation: The College of Physiotherapy in Wroclaw, ul. Kościuszki 4, 50-038, Wroclaw, Poland. a.czamara@wsf.wroc.pl.|The Center of Rehabilitation and Medical Education, ul. Kościuszki 4, 50-038, Wroclaw, Poland. a.czamara@wsf.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Czamara
authors.affiliation: The College of Physiotherapy in Wroclaw, ul. Kościuszki 4, 50-038, Wroclaw, Poland. iga.markowska@gmail.com.|The Center of Rehabilitation and Medical Education, ul. Kościuszki 4, 50-038, Wroclaw, Poland. iga.markowska@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Iga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Markowska
authors.affiliation: The Chair and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Collegium Medicum, The Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, ul. Jagiellonska 15, 85-067, Bydgoszcz, Poland. m_hagner-derengowska@wp.pl.|The University in Bydgoszcz, ul. Jana Karola Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064, Bydgoszcz, Poland. m_hagner-derengowska@wp.pl.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hagner-Derengowska
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology*; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult