title: Kangaroo mother care: a multi-country analysis of health system bottlenecks and potential solutions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preterm birth is now the leading cause of under-five child deaths worldwide with one million direct deaths plus approximately another million where preterm is a risk factor for neonatal deaths due to other causes. There is strong evidence that kangaroo mother care (KMC) reduces mortality among babies with birth weight <2000 g (mostly preterm). KMC involves continuous skin-to-skin contact, breastfeeding support, and promotion of early hospital discharge with follow-up. The World Health Organization has endorsed KMC for stabilised newborns in health facilities in both high-income and low-resource settings. The objectives of this paper are to: (1) use a 12-country analysis to explore health system bottlenecks affecting the scale-up of KMC; (2) propose solutions to the most significant bottlenecks; and (3) outline priority actions for scale-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  The bottleneck analysis tool was applied in 12 countries in Africa and Asia as part of the Every Newborn Action Plan process. Country workshops involved technical experts to complete the survey tool, which is designed to synthesise and grade health system "bottlenecks", factors that hinder the scale-up, of maternal-newborn intervention packages. We used quantitative and qualitative methods to analyse the bottleneck data, combined with literature review, to present priority bottlenecks and actions relevant to different health system building blocks for KMC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Marked differences were found in the perceived severity of health system bottlenecks between Asian and African countries, with the former reporting more significant or very major bottlenecks for KMC with respect to all the health system building blocks. Community ownership and health financing bottlenecks were significant or very major bottlenecks for KMC in both low and high mortality contexts, particularly in South Asia. Significant bottlenecks were also reported for leadership and governance and health workforce building blocks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are at least a dozen countries worldwide with national KMC programmes, and we identify three pathways to scale: (1) champion-led; (2) project-initiated; and (3) health systems designed. The combination of all three pathways may lead to more rapid scale-up. KMC has the potential to save lives, and change the face of facility-based newborn care, whilst empowering women to care for their preterm newborns.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vesel
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bergh
authors.forename: Kate J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kerber
authors.forename: Bina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Valsangkar
authors.forename: Goldy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazia
authors.forename: Sarah G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Moxon
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blencowe
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Darmstadt
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Graft Johnson
authors.forename: Kim E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruiz Peláez
authors.forename: Severin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Xylander
authors.forename: Joy E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lawn
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D001208:Asia; D057191:Capacity Building; D003256:Community Participation; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004864:Equipment and Supplies / Q000600:supply & distribution; D063005:Health Information Systems / Q000592:standards; D061889:Healthcare Financing; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D060127:Kangaroo-Mother Care Method / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007857:Leadership; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000628:therapy*; D000078329:Workforce