title: Thrombolytic therapy with rt-PA and transcranial color Doppler ultrasound (TCCS) combined with microbubbles for embolic thrombus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the efficacy of transcranial color Doppler ultrasound (TCCS) combined with microbubbles (MBs) and rt-PA (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) for thrombolysis in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  An arterial embolization model was established in Sprague-Dawley rats by retrograde placement of autologous thrombi into the common carotid artery followed by ligation of external carotid artery and temporary occlusion of the carotid artery and internal carotid artery by clamping. The animals were divided into 5 groups with 6 rats in each group: ① untreated control group, ② rt-PA group, ③ TCCS+MBs group, ④ TCCS+MBs+rt-PA group, ⑤ TCCS+MBs+1/2 rt-PA+group. Thrombolytic effects including recanalization rate and recanalization grade were evaluated with grayscale and color Doppler ultrasound post treatment. Examination of histological change in the involved vessel was performed at the end of the experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thrombolysis in terms of recanalization rate and recanalization grade was observed in the treated groups in a time-dependent manner, except the TCCS+MBs group. Addition of rt-PA remarkably enhanced the therapeutic lysis in TCCS+MBs group. However, no difference of therapeutic effects existed between TCCS+MBs+rt-PA group and TCCS+MBs+1/2 rt-PA group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TCCS+MBs combined with rt-PA is a relatively effective approach for ischemic arterial thrombosis with an additive or synergistic effect.
authors.affiliation: Ultrasonic Department, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Xinping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Ultrasonic Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Ultrasonic Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China. Electronic address: y_wang1111@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Ultrasonic Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscopy Room, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200023, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Chengshi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xue
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D045423:Microbubbles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator
keywords: Microbubble; Thrombosis; Ultrasound; t-PA