title: Comparison of radiographic and histological assessment of peri-implant bone around oral implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the radiographic bone mineral density and the histological assessment of relative volume density of bone and bone-to-implant contact (BIC) of single implants placed in the posterior mandible of monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five mature, male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with a total of 20 implants inserted 3-6 months previously were available for investigation. Digital intra-oral radiographs were obtained with two different sensors and one phosphor plate system. The marginal bone level was measured on both sides of the implant on digital radiographs. Furthermore, bone density was evaluated using histogram analysis of the grey shades in a distance of 1 mm from the implant surface. The radiographic assessments were compared to histomorphometric analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The marginal bone level, the distance from the margin of the implant to the most coronal bone in direct contact with the implant evaluated histologically, was on average 1.4 mm, whereas this distance was significantly shorter (0.3 mm) on the digital radiographs. Still, a statistical significant correlation between the two bone level measurements was observed. The average radiographic bone density evaluated with the three different systems varied considerably. The histologic bone density was statistically significantly lower than the radiographic bone density measured with all the three techniques for acquiring digital radiographic images. Furthermore, the histologic bone density was statistically significantly correlated with the radiographic bone density only when measured with one of the sensors. On the other hand, the histologic BIC was statistically significantly correlated with the radiographic bone density obtained with all three techniques for acquiring digital radiographic images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distance from the margin of the implant to the most coronal bone in direct contact with the implant showed lower values on digital intra-oral radiographs than histologically. Furthermore, the bone density assessed on intra-oral radiographs reflected to some extend the amount of bone at or near the implant surfaces evaluated histologically.
authors.affiliation: Section of Prosthetic Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stokholm
authors.affiliation: Section of Oral Radiology, Department of Dentistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rubens
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spin-Neto
authors.affiliation: Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Nyengaard
authors.affiliation: Section of Prosthetic Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Flemming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Isidor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D000069343:Bone-Implant Interface / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D019250:Dental Implants, Single-Tooth; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011861:Radiography, Dental
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: animal; bone density; dental implant; digital radiography; histology; monkey; osseointegration; posterior mandible