title: Diabetes and prediabetes in patients with hepatitis B residing in North America.
abstract: Diabetes is associated with liver disease progression and increased hepatocellular carcinoma risk, but factors associated with diabetes in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in North America are unknown. We aimed to determine factors predictive of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in a large HBV-infected multiethnic cohort. Adults with chronic HBV not receiving antiviral therapy were enrolled from 21 centers in North America. Diabetes was defined by history/medication use or fasting glucose≥126 mg/dL and IFG as fasting glucose 100-125 mg/dL. Of 882 patients included, 47.2% were female, 71.3% Asian, 83.7% foreign born, median age was 44 years, and median body mass index BMI 24.3 kg/m2. In this cohort, 26.0% were hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) positive, 43.9% had HBV DNA≥20,000 IU/mL, and 26.7% alanine aminotransferase (ALT)≥2× upper limit of normal (≥40 U/L women, ≥60 U/L men). Overall, 12.5% had diabetes and 7.8% IFG. The combined prevalence of diabetes or IFG was highest among blacks (36.7%) and those either born in the United States/Canada or foreign born with migration>20 years ago (25.5%). Obesity (odds ratio [OR]: 2.13), hyperlipidemia (OR, 4.13), hypertension (OR, 3.67), high ALT level (OR, 1.86), and family history of diabetes (OR, 3.43) were associated with diabetes. Factors associated with IFG were obesity (OR, 4.13) and hypertension (OR, 3.27), but also HBeAg positivity (OR, 0.39). Recent migration was negatively associated with diabetes among non-Asians (OR, 0.30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes is more prevalent in HBV-infected North American adults than the general population and is associated with known metabolic risk factors and liver damage, as determined by ALT levels. Among the foreign born, longer duration of North America residence predicted diabetes risk in non-Asians. These results highlight the opportunities for interventions to prevent diabetes especially among at-risk ethnic groups with HBV.
authors.affiliation: University of California San Francisco.
authors.forename: Mandana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khalili
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lombardero
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital.
authors.forename: Raymond T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: University of California San Francisco.
authors.forename: Norah A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Terrault
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health.
authors.forename: Marc G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ghany
authors.affiliation: Stanford University.
authors.forename: W Ray
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
authors.forename: Daryl
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lisker-Melman
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University.
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanyal
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan.
authors.forename: Anna S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lok
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D000410:Alanine Transaminase