title: Effect of Penicillium mycotoxins on the cytokine gene expression, reactive oxygen species production, and phagocytosis of bovine macrophage (BoMacs) function.
abstract: Bovine macrophages (BoMacs) were exposed to the following Penicillium mycotoxins (PM): citrinin (CIT), ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), mycophenolic acid (MPA) and penicillic acid (PA). PM exposure at the concentration that inhibits proliferation by 25% (IC25) differentially for 24h altered the gene expression of various cytokines. OTA significantly induced IL-1α expression (p<0.05), while the expression of IL-6 was suppressed (p<0.01). MPA significantly induced the expression of IL-1α (p<0.05) and reduced the expression of IL-12α (p<0.01) and IL-10 (p<0.01). PAT significantly suppressed the expression of IL-23 (p<0.01), IL-10 (p<0.05) and TGF-β (p<0.05). Some PMs also affected reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phagocytosis of Mycobacterium avium ssp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) at higher concentrations. PAT and PA for example, significantly decreased the percent phagocytosis of MAP at 5.0 (p<0.01) and 15.6 μM (p<0.01), respectively, but only PA significantly suppressed PAM-3-stimulated ROS production at 62.5 (p<0.05) and 250.0 μM (p<0.01). OTA significantly increased the percent phagocytosis of MAP at 6.3 (p<0.05) and 12.5 μM (p<0.01). These findings suggest that exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of PMs can affect macrophage function, which could affect immunoregulation and innate disease resistance to pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal & Poultry Science (APS), Ontario Agriculture College (OAC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Electronic address: ugohs530@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Se-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal & Poultry Science (APS), Ontario Agriculture College (OAC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mead
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal & Poultry Science (APS), Ontario Agriculture College (OAC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: Bhawani S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal & Poultry Science (APS), Ontario Agriculture College (OAC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: V Margaret
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Quinton
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Ontario Veterinary College (OVC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: Herman J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Boermans
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal & Poultry Science (APS), Ontario Agriculture College (OAC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: Trevor K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Devenish Nutrition Ltd, Bengaluru, Karnataka State 560024, India.
authors.forename: H V L N
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Swamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal & Poultry Science (APS), Ontario Agriculture College (OAC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Electronic address: nkarrow@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: Niel A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Karrow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000633:toxicity; D010407:Penicillium / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D009183:Mycotoxins; D009793:Ochratoxins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C025589:ochratoxin A; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid
keywords: Bovine macrophages; Cytokines; Penicillium mycotoxins; Phagocytosis; Reactive oxygen species