title: Antimicrobial and antioxidant effect of methanolic Crinum jagus bulb extract in wound healing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of Crinum jagus (J. Thomps.) Dandy methanolic bulb extract in wound healing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and saponins in the extract. In vitro antimicrobial activity of the extract was determined by agar well diffusion method. In vivo antimicrobial activity of the extract was determined by microbial assay of excision wound in rats contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas areuginosa, and Candida albicans and treated with 300 mg/kg body weight (bw) of 10 and 5% methanolic C. jagus bulb extract ointment (MCJBEO), respectively. Enzymatic antioxidant effect of the extract was determined in vivo by assaying superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in excision wound biopsies of rats treated with 10 and 5% MCJBEO, respectively, following standard methods. Non-enzymatic antioxidant effect of the extract was determined in vitro using diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method following standard procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extract exhibited in vitro antimicrobial effect in a concentration-dependent manner with one hundred (100) mg/ml concentration of the extract having the highest inhibitory zone diameter for B. subtilis (25 mm), S. aureus (21 mm), and C. albicans (14 mm) followed by the 50, 25 and 12.5 mg/ml concentrations, respectively. B. subtilis, S. aureus, and C. albicans were not isolated from wounds of animals treated with both extract concentrations 10% and 5% MCJBEO, and reference drug (framycetin sulfate/clotrimazole). Activities of the enzymatic antioxidants SOD and CAT in wound biopsies treated with 10% MCJBEO were significantly (P < 0.05) higher when compared with those treated with 5% MCJBEO. Significantly (P < 0.05) decreased MDA level of wound biopsies from extract-treated rats was observed. The extract exhibited non-enzymatic antioxidant (DPPH) effect in a concentration-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has shown that an anti-microbial and antioxidant effects could possibly be part of mechanism by which C. jagus bulb extract promote wound healing process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Sunday Ositadimma
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Udegbunam
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Rita Ijeoma
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Udegbunam
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Theophilus Okafor
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Nnaji
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Microbiology Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Madubuike Umunna
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Anyanwu
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Raphel Okoli Chukwujekwu
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Kene
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Silavanus Maduka
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Anika
keywords: Antimicrobial; Crinum jagus; antioxidant; in vivo; wound healing