title: The ZONE Diet and Metabolic Control in Type 2 Diabetes.
abstract: Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation of the adipose tissue, which contributes to obesity-associated complications such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The increased inflammatory response seems to be directly related to modern nutrition, particularly aspects of fat quality and macronutrient composition. We have recently published an observational study investigating the practicability and effects of a combined dietary intervention with increased relative protein content and low-glycemic-index carbohydrates, supplemented with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), on metabolic control and inflammatory parameters in real-life situations in patients with type 2 diabetes. The primary efficacy parameter was the change in HbA1c, and secondary parameters included change in systemic inflammation (measured by ultrasensitive C-reactive protein), body weight, waist circumference, fat mass, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance. Counseling a protein-enriched and low-glycemic-index diet supplemented with long-chain omega-3 PUFAs in a real-life clinical setting improved glycemic control, waist circumference, and silent inflammation in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: a Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy and Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna , AUSTRIA.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Stulnig
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000187:drug effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy*; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: diabetes mellitus type 2; dietary protein; inflammation; low glycemic index diet; metabolic control; omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids