title: Clinical, humanistic, and economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Canada: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic, irreversible disease and a leading cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. In Canada, COPD is the fourth leading cause of death. This systematic review was undertaken to update healthcare professionals and decision makers regarding the recent clinical, humanistic and economic burden evidence in Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases to identify original research published January 2000 through December 2012 on the burden of COPD in Canada. Each search was conducted using controlled vocabulary and key words, with "COPD" as the main search concept and limited to Canadian studies, written in English and involving human subjects. Selected studies included randomized controlled trials, observational studies and systematic reviews/meta-analyses that reported healthcare resource utilization, quality of life and/or healthcare costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 972 articles identified through the literature searches, 70 studies were included in this review. These studies were determined to have an overall good quality based on the quality assessment. COPD patients were found to average 0-4 annual emergency department visits, 0.3-1.5 annual hospital visits, and 0.7-5 annual physician visits. Self-care management was found to lessen the overall risk of emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalization and unscheduled physician visits. Additionally, integrated care decreased the mean number of hospitalizations and telephone support reduced the number of annual physician visits. Overall, 60-68 % of COPD patients were found to be inactive and 60-72 % reported activity restriction. Pain was found to negatively correlate with physical activity while breathing difficulties resulted in an inability to leave home and reduced the ability to handle activities of daily living. Evidence indicated that treating COPD improved patients' overall quality of life. The average total cost per patient ranged between CAN $2444-4391 from a patient perspective to CAN $3910-6693 from a societal perspective. Furthermore, evidence indicated that COPD exacerbations lead to higher costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical, humanistic and economic burden of COPD in Canada is substantial. Use of self-care management programs, telephone support, and integrated care may reduce the overall burden to Canadian patients and society.
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline, 7333 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5N 6L4, Canada. tam.x.dang-tan@gsk.com.
authors.forename: Tam
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dang-Tan
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. afisi.s.ismaila@gsk.com.|Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. afisi.s.ismaila@gsk.com.
authors.forename: Afisi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ismaila
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline, 7333 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5N 6L4, Canada. shiyuan.x.zhang@gsk.com.
authors.forename: Shiyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Optum, Eden Prairie, MN, USA. vzarotsky@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zarotsky
authors.affiliation: Optum, Eden Prairie, MN, USA. rphberny@att.net.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernauer
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D006801:Humans; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology*