title: Low concentrations of metal mixture exposures have adverse effects on selected biomarkers of Xenopus laevis tadpoles.
abstract: Polluted ecosystems may contain mixtures of metals, such that the combinations of metals, even in low concentrations, may cause adverse effects. In the present study, we focused on toxic effects of mixtures of selected metals, the LC50 values, and also their safety limit in aquatic systems imposed by the European legislation using a model organism. Xenopus laevis tadpoles were used as test organisms. They were exposed to metals or their combinations due to 96-h LC50 values. Glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CaE), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) levels were evaluated. Metallothionein concentrations were also determined. The LC50s for Cd, Pb, and Cu were calculated as 5.81mg AI/L, 123.05mg AI/L, and 0.85mg AI/L, respectively. Low lethality ratios were observed with unary exposure of each metal in lower concentrations. Double or triple combinations of LC50 and LC50/2 concentrations caused 100% lethality with Cd+Cu and Pb+Cd+Cu mixtures, while the Pb+Cu mixture also caused high lethal ratios. The selected enzyme activities were significantly affected by metals or mixtures, and dose-related effects were determined. The metallothionein levels generally increased as related to concentration in unary metals and mixtures. Acceptable limit values of unary metals and mixtures did not significantly change metallothionein levels. The results suggest that oxidative stress-related mechanisms are involved in the toxicity induced by selected metals with combinations of very low concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Adiyaman University, Faculty of Education, Department of Science Education, 02040 Adiyaman, Turkey. Electronic address: ertanyologlu82@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ertan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yologlu
authors.affiliation: Inonu University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts & Science, 44280 Malatya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozmen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000378:metabolism; D008670:Metals / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008670:Metals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008668:Metallothionein; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase
keywords: Aquatic toxicity; Cadmium; Copper; Enzyme activity; Lead; Metallothionein