title: Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin trihydrate in male Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) following intramuscular administration.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of amoxicillin (AMX) trihydrate in male Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, following intramuscular administration at two dosages of 5.5 and 11 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected from 0.5 up to 72 h. The concentration of AMX in elephant plasma was measured using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. AMX was measurable up to 24 h after administration at two dosages. Peak plasma concentration (Cmax ) was 1.20 ± 0.39 μg/mL after i.m. administration at a dosage of 5.5 mg/kg b.w., whereas it was 3.40 ± 0.63 μg/mL at a dosage of 11 mg/kg b.w. A noncompartment model was developed to describe the disposition of AMX in Asian elephants. Based on the preliminary findings found in this research, the dosage of 5.5 and 11 mg/kg b.w. produced drug plasma concentrations higher than 0.25 mg/mL for 24 h after i.m. administration. Thereafter, i.m. administration with AMX at a dosage of 5.5 mg/kg b.w. appeared a more suitable dose than 11 mg/kg b.w. However, more studies are needed to determine AMX clinical effectiveness in elephants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sinphithakkul
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Klangkaew
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sanyathitiseree
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giorgi
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poapolathep
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poapolathep
mesh_terms: D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004606:Elephants / Q000097:blood*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000658:Amoxicillin