title: Computerized respiratory sounds: a comparison between patients with stable and exacerbated COPD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diagnosis of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is often challenging as it relies on patients' clinical presentation. Computerized respiratory sounds (CRS), namely crackles and wheezes, may have the potential to contribute for the objective diagnosis/monitoring of an AECOPD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study explored if CRS differ during stable and exacerbation periods in patients with COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  13 patients with stable COPD and 14 with AECOPD were enrolled. CRS were recorded simultaneously at trachea, anterior, lateral and posterior chest locations using seven stethoscopes. Airflow (0.4-0.6l/s) was recorded with a pneumotachograph. Breathing phases were detected using airflow signals; crackles and wheezes with validated algorithms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At trachea, anterior and lateral chest, no significant differences were found between the two groups in the number of inspiratory/expiratory crackles or inspiratory wheeze occupation rate. At posterior chest, the number of crackles (median 2.97-3.17 vs. 0.83-1.2, P < 0.001) and wheeze occupation rate (median 3.28%-3.8% vs. 1.12%-1.77%, P = 0.014-0.016) during both inspiration and expiration were significantly higher in patients with AECOPD than in stable patients. During expiration, wheeze occupation rate was also significantly higher in patients with AECOPD at trachea (median 3.12% vs. 0.79%, P < 0.001) and anterior chest (median 3.55% vs. 1.28%, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Crackles and wheezes are more frequent in patients with AECOPD than in stable patients, particularly at posterior chest. These findings suggest that these CRS can contribute to the objective diagnosis/monitoring of AECOPD, which is especially valuable considering that they can be obtained by integrating computerized techniques with pulmonary auscultation, a noninvasive method that is a component of patients' physical examination.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Portugal.|Lab 3R-Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro (ESSUA), Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jácome
authors.affiliation: Lab 3R-Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro (ESSUA), Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Lab 3R-Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro (ESSUA), Aveiro, Portugal.|Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Alda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marques
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001314:Auscultation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D018450:Disease Progression; D045853:Exhalation / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D001239:Inhalation / Q000502:physiology; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019023:Stethoscopes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology; D014132:Trachea / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: AECOPD; COPD; computerized auscultation; computerized respiratory sounds; crackles; wheezes