title: Are determinants for new and persistent upper limb pain different? An analysis based on anatomical sites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Only few longitudinal studies have explored separately predictors of pain incidence and persistence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether biological, lifestyle, occupational and psychological risk factors for the development of new episodes of upper limb pain (ULP) differ from those for its persistence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spanish nurses and office workers (1105) were asked at baseline about biological, lifestyle, occupational and psychological risk factors and pain in the past month at six anatomical sites in the upper limb (left and right shoulder, elbow and wrist/hand). At follow up, 12 months later, pain in the past month was again ascertained. Analysis was based on anatomical sites clustered by person. Associations were assessed by multilevel logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine hundred and seventy-one participants (87.9%) completed follow-up. Job dissatisfaction and older age carried higher risk of new ULP. Somatising tendency (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.6-3.1) was the strongest predictor of new ULP, with a risk estimate which differed significantly from that for the same exposure and persistence of ULP. Having adverse beliefs about the work-relatedness of ULP carried a significantly reduced risk for persistence of ULP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides only limited evidence that risk factors predicting new ULP differ from those predicting its persistence.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vargas-Prada
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.|Department of Occupational Health, Parc de Salut MAR, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Consol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.affiliation: MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coggon
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
authors.forename: José Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ntani
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.|Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Delclos
authors.affiliation: MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: Keith T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Benavides
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D034941:Upper Extremity
keywords: Upper extremity; body regions; musculoskeletal pain; risk factors