title: TEMPO-Oxidized Nanofibrillated Cellulose as a High Density Carrier for Bioactive Molecules.
abstract: Controlled and efficient immobilization of specific biomolecules is a key technology to introduce new, favorable functions to materials suitable for biomedical applications. Here, we describe an innovative and efficient, two-step methodology for the stable immobilization of various biomolecules, including small peptides and enzymes onto TEMPO oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose (TO-NFC). The introduction of carboxylate groups to NFC by TEMPO oxidation provided a high surface density of negative charges able to drive the adsorption of biomolecules and take part in covalent cross-linking reactions with 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide (EDAC) and glutaraldehyde (Ga) chemistry. Up to 0.27 μmol of different biomolecules per mg of TO-NFC could be reversibly immobilized by electrostatic interaction. An additional chemical cross-linking step prevented desorption of more than 80% of these molecules. Using the cysteine-protease papain as model, a highly active papain-TO-NFC conjugate was achieved. Once papain was immobilized, 40% of the initial enzymatic activity was retained, with an increase in kcat from 213 to >700 s(-1) for the covalently immobilized enzymes. The methodology presented in this work expands the range of application for TO-NFC in the biomedical field by enabling well-defined hybrid biomaterials with a high density of functionalization.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weishaupt
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Applied Wood Materials, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Siqueira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Applied Wood Materials, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Applied Wood Materials, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tingaut
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maniura-Weber
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Applied Wood Materials, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thöny-Meyer
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Greta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Faccio
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ihssen
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D002234:Carbodiimides / Q000737:chemistry; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D002483:Cellulose, Oxidized / Q000737:chemistry*; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry; D005976:Glutaral / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry*; D010206:Papain / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: C557098:1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoisopropyl) carbodiimide; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002234:Carbodiimides; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D002483:Cellulose, Oxidized; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D010206:Papain; D005976:Glutaral; C003959:TEMPO