title: Altered Calcium Handling in Reperfusion Injury.
abstract: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the major mortality cause in the Western Hemisphere. Reinstituting blood flow in the acutely occluded coronary vessel became the standard intervention to prevent Myocardial Infarct (MI) progression. Ever since their conception, thrombolysis, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) have been at the forefront of CHD treatment, limiting MI size. However, it quickly became apparent that after a period of ischemia, reperfusion itself sets off a cascade of events leading to cell injury. It seems that cellular changes in the ischemic period, prime the cell for a loss of homeostasis once blood flow returns. Loss of calcium (Ca(2+)) regulation has been found to be a main culprit in both ischemia and reperfusion. Indeed, sarcoplasmic Ca(2+) overload during reperfusion is related to hypercontracture, proteolysis and mitochondrial failure--the so-called Reperfusion Injury (RI). Ca(2+) channels of the sarcolemma (SL) (L-Type Ca((2+)) Channels, Sodium / Calcium Exchanger) initiate Ca(2+) flux and those of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) (Ca(2+) ATPase, Ca(2+) release channel) sustain the rise in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. Ensuing interplay between Ca(2+), SR, mitochondria, myofilaments and proteolytic cascades i.e. calpain activation, results in cell injury. Novel insight about this interplay and details about the extent by which each of these players contributes to the RI, may allow scientists to devise and design proper interventions that ultimately reduce RI in clinical practice. The present article reviews the literature about key subcellular players participating in the sustained rise of cardiac myocyte cytosolic Ca(2+) during ischemia and reperfusion.
authors.forename: Georgios C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Bompotis
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Dana 3; 15 York St New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA. spdeftereos@gmail.com spiridon.defteros@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Spyridon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deftereos
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Angelidis
authors.forename: Efthymios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Choidis
authors.forename: Vasiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Panagopoulou
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaoukis
authors.forename: Vassilios P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Vassilikos
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Cleman
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giannopoulos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000378:metabolism; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002154:Calpain / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000378:metabolism; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases / Q000378:metabolism; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000378:metabolism; D000099211:Phospholamban
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D002154:Calpain; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D000099211:Phospholamban