title: Association Between Prenatal Acetaminophen Exposure and Future Risk of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of prenatal acetaminophen exposure on the future development of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature searches of MEDLINE (1975 to June 2015), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1975 to June 2015), and Cochrane Database (publications through June 2015) for prospective clinical trials assessing the relationship of prenatal acetaminophen exposure and the development of attention deficit disorders or hyperactivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies comparing self-reported maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy to development of ADHD or ADHD-like behaviors in offspring between the ages of 3 and 12 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four studies examining the effects of prenatal acetaminophen exposure on subsequent ADHD behaviors were identified. Of these, one early study found no link to ADHD behaviors while the other studies found statistically significant correlations with the most prominent being a study finding a higher risk for using ADHD medications (hazard ratio = 1.29; 95% CI, 1.15-1.44) or having ADHD-like behaviors at age 7 years as determined by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (risk ratio = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.27) in children whose mothers used acetaminophen during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While there does appear to be a mild correlation between prenatal acetaminophen use and the development of ADHD symptoms in children, current data do not provide sufficient evidence that prenatal acetaminophen exposure leads to development of ADHD symptoms late in life. Acetaminophen is a preferred option for pain management during pregnancy when compared with other medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opioids for pyretic or pain relief.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA rhoover@pharmacy.isu.edu.
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoover
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA.
authors.forename: V Autumn Gombert
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Erramouspe
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001288:Attention; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012306:Risk; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000082:Acetaminophen
keywords: acetaminophen; attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; pregnancy