title: Diet, growth, and obesity development throughout childhood in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.
abstract: Publications from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children covering diet, growth, and obesity development during childhood are reviewed. Diet was assessed by food frequency questionnaires and food records. Growth data were collected by routine measurements, and in standardized clinics, body fatness was assessed by bioelectrical impedance and DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) scans. Diets changed dramatically during the preschool period with an increase in the intake of free (added) sugars (12.3% rising to 16.4% of energy) that remained similar until adolescence. This was due to increased intake of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods. Two periods of rapid growth were identified; infancy and mid-childhood (ages 7-11 y) and both were associated with obesity development. Diets with high energy density were associated with increasing fat mass from mid-childhood until adolescence. Genetic and dietary factors showed independent associations with increasing adiposity. At all ages studied, there were dietary inequalities related to maternal educational attainment that may influence inequalities found in obesity development. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children has provided valuable insights into how disparities in diet and growth may affect the development of ill health in adulthood.
authors.affiliation: P.M. Emmett is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.L.R. Jones is with the School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. p.m.emmett@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Pauline M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Emmett
authors.affiliation: P.M. Emmett is with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.L.R. Jones is with the School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Louise R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000235:genetics; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake; D004739:England; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009753:Nutritive Value; D010290:Parents; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates
keywords: ALSPAC; childhood diet; diet; energy density; fat mass; fruit and vegetables; growth; inequality; obesity; sugar