title: Recognition and treatment of autonomic disturbances in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Symptoms of dysautonomia are common in Parkinson's disease (PD), and almost all the functional autonomic subsystems can be involved in PD. However, they are still under-recognized in everyday clinical practice. Autonomic dysfunction can be observed in the early stages of PD, affect a substantial proportion of patients, impact quality of life and can also help in differential diagnosis. This review aims to provide an overview of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, relevant examination and treatment of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urogenital, thermoregulatory and pupil autonomic dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: a 1 Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: b 2 Department of Neurology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reichmann
authors.affiliation: c 3 Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Tjalf
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ziemssen
mesh_terms: D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
keywords: Parkinson’s disease; autonomic dysfunction; cardiovascular; gastrointestinal; pupil; sexual; thermoregulatory; urinary