title: Long-term strategies support autonomy in radiation safety in invasive cardiology.
abstract: Despite comprehensive radiation safety programs, radiation exposure in invasive cardiology remains considerable. According to the 2013 German Registry, median in-hospital dose area products (DAP) amount to 19.8Gycm(2) for invasive coronary angiography (CA). We analyzed long-term radiation-reducing strategies for an experienced interventionalist from 1997 to 2012, for the target intervention of CA.
  
  
  
  Among representative cohorts, we evaluated iterative alterations in collimation, time on beam, pulse rates, detector entrance doses, and angulations on the basis of DAP, radiographic DAP(R) and fluoroscopic DAP(F), the respective times on beam, and the number of frames and runs.
  
  
  
  Patients' median overall DAP decreased from 33.8Gycm(2) at baseline to 2.4 and 0.6Gycm(2) for CA in conventional (C) and electrocardiogram-gated (E) modes - one diastolic radiographic frame per heartbeat at 77% of the RR interval. Further median dose parameters for CA at baseline and finally in C/E mode were as follows: effective dose (6.76-0.48/0.13mSv), radiography time (43.8-12.9/21.7s), frames (548-105/25), frames/run (41.3-14.4/3.4), DAP(R)/frame (42.6-16.6/12.6mGycm(2)), DAP(R)/s (532-130/13.8mGycm(2)/s), fluoroscopy time (195-120/119s), DAP(F)/pulse (2.0-1.1/0.8mGycm(2)), and DAP(F)/s (48.9-4.4/3.1mGycm(2)/s).
  
  
  
  Our data highlight the efficacy of various radiation-reducing strategies by autonomous control and iterative training in radiation safety toward submillisievert levels for CA, and define realizable benchmarks for comparison with the performance data of any individual.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Klinik Fraenkische Schweiz, Ebermannstadt, Germany. Electronic address: eberhard.kuon@klinik-fraenkische-schweiz.de.
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuon
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.affiliation: Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weitmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Klinik Fraenkische Schweiz, Ebermannstadt, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Büchner
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Empen
mesh_terms: D002309:Cardiology / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000193:education; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D000069079:Radiation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: Coronary angiography; Education; Radiation exposure; Radiation safety training