title: Assessment of the feasibility of arthroscopic visualization of the lateral ligament of the ankle: a cadaveric study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An anatomical study was performed to assess the feasibility of arthroscopic visualization of the lateral ligaments of the ankle.
  
  
  METHODS
  The fibular, talar and calcanear insertions of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) were identified by standard arthroscopy portals. After dissection of the ATFL and CFL, bone tunnels were created at the estimated centres of their footprints. Dissection was then performed to identify the footprints and their position in relation to bony landmarks. The distance from the real centre of the footprint to the corresponding tunnel entrance was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen fresh frozen ankles were included. The ATFL and CFL were identified in all cases. The centre of the fibular ATFL footprint was found to be 16.1 ± 3.5 mm from the tip of the fibula, and the talar footprint was 18.4 ± 2.8 mm from the apex of the lateral talar process. The centre of the fibular CFL footprint was 4.2 ± 0.8 mm from the tip of the fibula, and the calcaneal footprint was 18.4 ± 2.5 mm from the fibular process of the calcaneum. The fibular tunnel was 2.9 ± 3 mm proximally from the centre of the ATFL fibular footprint, the talar tunnel was 4.4 ± 3.2 mm proximally from the centre of the talar footprint, and the calcaneal tunnel was 3.3 ± 2.8 mm too anterior from the CFL calcaneal footprint. No iatrogenic lesions were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arthroscopic identification of the ATFL, CFL and their corresponding footprints can be considered safe and reliable. Tunnels entrances, in preparation for arthroscopic ligament reconstruction, are precisely positioned. Arthroscopic anatomical ligament reconstruction is a feasible option.
authors.affiliation: Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ile-de-France Ouest, AP-HP, 9 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thès
authors.affiliation: Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ile-de-France Ouest, AP-HP, 9 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
authors.forename: Shahnaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klouche
authors.affiliation: Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ile-de-France Ouest, AP-HP, 9 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrand
authors.affiliation: Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ile-de-France Ouest, AP-HP, 9 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.|UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78035, Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.affiliation: Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ile-de-France Ouest, AP-HP, 9 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France. thomas.bauer@apr.aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D001182:Arthroscopy; D002102:Cadaver; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D017844:Lateral Ligament, Ankle / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: Ankle; Ankle injuries; Arthroscopy; Joint instability; Lateral ligament