title: At risk or not at risk? A meta-analysis of the prognostic accuracy of psychometric interviews for psychosis prediction.
abstract: An accurate detection of individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis is a prerequisite for effective preventive interventions. Several psychometric interviews are available, but their prognostic accuracy is unknown. We conducted a prognostic accuracy meta-analysis of psychometric interviews used to examine referrals to high risk services. The index test was an established CHR psychometric instrument used to identify subjects with and without CHR (CHR+ and CHR-). The reference index was psychosis onset over time in both CHR+ and CHR- subjects. Data were analyzed with MIDAS (STATA13). Area under the curve (AUC), summary receiver operating characteristic curves, quality assessment, likelihood ratios, Fagan's nomogram and probability modified plots were computed. Eleven independent studies were included, with a total of 2,519 help-seeking, predominately adult subjects (CHR+: N=1,359; CHR-: N=1,160) referred to high risk services. The mean follow-up duration was 38 months. The AUC was excellent (0.90; 95% CI: 0.87-0.93), and comparable to other tests in preventive medicine, suggesting clinical utility in subjects referred to high risk services. Meta-regression analyses revealed an effect for exposure to antipsychotics and no effects for type of instrument, age, gender, follow-up time, sample size, quality assessment, proportion of CHR+ subjects in the total sample. Fagan's nomogram indicated a low positive predictive value (5.74%) in the general non-help-seeking population. Albeit the clear need to further improve prediction of psychosis, these findings support the use of psychometric prognostic interviews for CHR as clinical tools for an indicated prevention in subjects seeking help at high risk services worldwide.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.|OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fusar-Poli
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cappucciati
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
authors.forename: Grazia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rutigliano
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Frauke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schultze-Lutter
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bonoldi
authors.affiliation: University of Basel Psychiatric Clinics, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borgwardt
authors.affiliation: University of Basel Psychiatric Clinics, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riecher-Rössler
authors.affiliation: Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Addington
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: McGlashan
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klosterkötter
authors.affiliation: Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Alison R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Yung
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.|OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGuire
keywords: Psychosis; high risk services; prevention; prognostic accuracy; psychometric interviews