title: Maternal Antibiotic Treatment Protects Offspring from Diabetes Development in Nonobese Diabetic Mice by Generation of Tolerogenic APCs.
abstract: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that involves the slow, progressive destruction of islet β cells and loss of insulin production, as a result of interaction with environmental factors, in genetically susceptible individuals. The gut microbiome is established very early in life. Commensal microbiota establish mutualism with the host and form an important part of the environment to which individuals are exposed in the gut, providing nutrients and shaping immune responses. In this study, we studied the impact of targeting most Gram-negative bacteria in the gut of NOD mice at different time points in their life, using a combination of three antibiotics--neomycin, polymyxin B, and streptomycin--on diabetes development. We found that the prenatal period is a critical time for shaping the immune tolerance in the progeny, influencing development of autoimmune diabetes. Prenatal neomycin, polymyxin B, and streptomycin treatment protected NOD mice from diabetes development through alterations in the gut microbiota, as well as induction of tolerogenic APCs, which led to reduced activation of diabetogenic CD8 T cells. Most importantly, we found that the protective effect was age dependent, and the most profound protection was found when the mice were treated before birth. This indicates the importance of the prenatal environment and early exposure to commensal bacteria in shaping the host immune system and health.
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and.
authors.forename: Youjia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and.
authors.forename: Ningwen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and.
authors.forename: Changyun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and.
authors.forename: Xiaojun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: F Susan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2812-8845
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and li.wen@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wen
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D064307:Microbiota; D009355:Neomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011112:Polymyxin B / Q000494:pharmacology; D011247:Pregnancy; D013307:Streptomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009355:Neomycin; D011112:Polymyxin B; D013307:Streptomycin