title: Diagnosis and treatment of cavernous hemangioma of the internal auditory canal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cavernous hemangioma of the internal auditory canal (IAC) is an extremely rare type of tumor, and only 50 cases have been reported in the literature prior to this study. The aim in this study was to describe the symptomatology, radiological features, and surgical outcomes for patients with cavernous hemangioma of the IAC and to discuss the diagnostic criteria and treatment strategy for the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 6 patients with cavernous hemangioma of the IAC. All patients presented with sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus, and 2 also suffered from vertigo. Five patients reported a history of facial symptoms with hemispasm or palsy: 3 had progressive facial weakness, 1 had a hemispasm, and 1 had a history of recovery from sudden facial paresis. All patients underwent CT and MRI to rule out intracanalicular vestibular schwannomas and facial nerve neuromas. Five patients had their tumors surgically removed, while 1 patient, who did not have facial problems, was followed up with a wait-and-scan approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had a presurgical diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma of the IAC, which was confirmed pathologically in the 5 patients who underwent surgical removal of the tumor. The translabyrinthine approach was used to remove the tumor in 4 patients, while the middle cranial fossa approach was used in the 1 patient who still had functional hearing. Tumors adhered to cranial nerves VII and/or VIII and were difficult to dissect from nerve sheaths during surgeries. Complete hearing loss occurred in all 5 patients. In 3 patients, the facial nerve could not be separated from the tumor, and primary end-to-end anastomosis was performed. Intact facial nerve preservation was achieved in 2 patients. Patients were followed up for at least 1 year after treatment, and MRI showed no evidence of tumor regrowth. All patients experienced some level of recovery in facial nerve function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cavernous hemangioma of the IAC can be diagnosed preoperatively through analysis of clinical features and neuroimaging. Early surgical intervention may preserve the functional integrity of the facial nerve and provide a better outcome after nerve reconstruction. However, preservation of functional hearing may not be achieved, even with the retrosigmoid or middle cranial fossa approaches. The translabyrinthine approach seems to be the most appropriate approach overall, as the facial nerve can be easily located and reconstructed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital;|Ear Institute; and.|Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wei Dong
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital;|Ear Institute; and.|Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital;|Ear Institute; and.|Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xi Ye
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital;|Ear Institute; and.|Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hong Sai
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital;|Ear Institute; and.|Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhao Yan
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital;|Ear Institute; and.|Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004424:Ear Canal; D004428:Ear Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000209:etiology; D006392:Hemangioma, Cavernous / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: CPA = cerebellopontine angle; HB = House-Brackmann; IAC = internal auditory canal; VS = vestibular schwannoma; cavernous hemangioma; facial nerve; hearing loss; internal auditory canal; skull base