title: New insights into the structure and mechanism of iodothyronine deiodinases.
abstract: Iodothyronine deiodinases are a family of enzymes that remove specific iodine atoms from one of the two aromatic rings in thyroid hormones (THs). They thereby fine-tune local TH concentrations and cellular TH signaling. Deiodinases catalyze a remarkable biochemical reaction, i.e., the reductive elimination of a halogenide from an aromatic ring. In metazoans, deiodinases depend on the rare amino acid selenocysteine. The recent solution of the first experimental structure of a deiodinase catalytic domain allowed for a reappraisal of the many mechanistic and mutagenesis data that had been accumulated over more than 30 years. Hence, the structure generates new impetus for research directed at understanding catalytic mechanism, substrate specificity, and regulation of deiodinases. This review will focus on structural and mechanistic aspects of iodothyronine deiodinases and briefly compare these enzymes with dehalogenases, which catalyze related reactions. A general mechanism for the selenium-dependent deiodinase reaction will be described, which integrates the mouse deiodinase 3 crystal structure and biochemical studies. We will summarize further, sometimes isoform-specific molecular features of deiodinase catalysis and regulation, and we will then discuss available compounds for modulating deiodinase activity for therapeutic purposes.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schweizer
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biochemie und MolekularbiologieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, GermanyLehrstuhl BiochemieUniversität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany.
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steegborn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002384:Catalysis; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D055808:Drug Discovery; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D054730:Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D021281:Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase
keywords: dehalogenation; metabolism; structure; thyroid hormone