title: Pharmacokinetics, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship, and withdrawal period of amoxicillin sodium in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).
abstract: 1. The pharmacokinetics (PK) and withdrawal period of amoxicillin sodium in olive flounder and its activity against pathogenic bacteria of olive flounder were investigated. 2. Intramuscular administration (12.5 or 125 mg/kg, n = 160) and HPLC analysis of sera were used. 3. Rapid absorption (Tmax 2.6 and 2.2 h), prolonged action (terminal half-life, 15.52 and 10.42 h; MRT, 18.79 and 14.44 h), and dose-proportional exposure (AUC0-∞, 273.69 and 2755.37 h. μg/ml) were observed after 12.5 and 125 mg/kg doses. 4. The withdrawal period of amoxicillin sodium from muscle plus skin of olive flounder (n =40, water temperature, 23 °C) was 12 d (276 degree days). 5. Amoxicillin sodium had small MICs against Streptococcus iniae (0.008-0.06 μg/ml) and Streptococcus parauberis (0.03-1.0 μg/ml), whereas higher concentrations were required to inhibit Edwardsiella tarda isolates (0.06-16 μg/ml). 6. While large AUC0-24 h/MIC90 and Cmax/MIC90 ratios were obtained for S. iniae and S. parauberis, with drug concentrations in serum greater than MICs for the entire dosing interval (T > MIC90 of 100%), the lower dose (12.5 mg/kg) could not achieve target values of the PK-pharmacodynamic (PD) indices for E. tarda isolates, suggesting the need for higher doses to combat pathogenic bacteria with large MICs.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea .
authors.forename: Ji-Yong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: b COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA , and.
authors.forename: Elias Gebru
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Awji
authors.affiliation: c Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Science Campus, Myongji University , Yongin , South Korea.
authors.forename: Joo-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea .
authors.forename: Seung-Chun
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D005432:Flounder; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000658:Amoxicillin
keywords: Antibiotics; PK-PD; aquaculture; tissue depletion