title: Glass ionomer application for vocal fold augmentation: Histopathological analysis on rabbit vocal fold.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the use of glass ionomer cement (GIC) as an injection material for vocal fold augmentation and to evaluate the biocompatibility of the material.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten adult New Zealand rabbits were used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under general anesthesia, 0.1-cc GIC was injected to one vocal fold and the augmentation of vocal fold was observed. No injection was applied to the opposite side, which was accepted as the control group. The animals were sacrificed after 3 months and the laryngeal specimens were histopathologically evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The injected and the noninjected control vocal folds were analyzed. The GIC particles were observed in histological sections on the injected side, and no foreign body giant cells, granulomatous inflammation, necrosis, or marked chronic inflammation were detected around the glass ionomer particles. Mild inflammatory reactions were noticed in only two specimens. The noninjected sides of vocal folds were completely normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study suggest that GIC is biocompatible and may be further investigated as an alternative injection material for augmentation of the vocal fold. Further studies are required to examine the viscoelastic properties of GIC and the long-term effects in experimental studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  NA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sule
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demirci
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Arzu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tuzuner
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Health, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Elif Ersoy
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Callıoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Harran University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nihat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yumusak
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Necmi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology , Ministry of Health, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bülent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baltacı
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D011817:Rabbits; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; C015897:glass ionomer; D012822:Silicon Dioxide
keywords: Injection laryngoplasty; rabbit; vocal fold augmentation