title: Salt intake and the validity of a salt intake assessment system based on a 24-h dietary recall method in pregnant Japanese women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information regarding salt intake in pregnant women in Japan is limited. An electronic system for the assessment of salt intake using a 24-h dietary recall method has been developed in Japan. The objectives of the present study were to investigate salt intake in pregnant women and to compare the salt intake estimated by the electronic salt intake assessment system with that measured by 24-h urinary salt excretion (24-hUNaCl).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected on 24-hUNaCl and salt intake estimated by the salt intake assessment system for 35 pregnant Japanese women at approximately 20 weeks of gestation. The adjusted 24-hUNaCl (24-hUNaCl/[the number of urinations during the examination day--the number of missing urine collections] × the number of urinations during the examination day, g/day) was used as a standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean adjusted 24-hUNaCl was 7.7 ± 2.5 g/day, and mean systolic/diastolic blood pressure values were 106.1 ± 8.6/62.8 ± 6.5 mmHg. The adjusted 24-hUNaCl was significantly correlated with the salt intake estimated by the salt intake assessment system (r = 0.47, p = 0.004). Bland-Altman analysis showed no significant mean difference (adjusted 24-hUNaCl--salt intake estimated by the assessment system = -0.36 g/day, p = 0.4) and no significant proportional bias (p = 0.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that pregnant women in Japan restrict their salt intake, at least when they are being examined for salt intake. They also suggest that repeated use of the described system may be useful in estimating salt intake in pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , Tohoku University Hospital , Sendai , Japan .
authors.forename: Michihiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.affiliation: b Suzuki Memorial Hospital , Iwanuma , Japan .
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanno
authors.affiliation: c Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation , Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sendai , Japan .
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosaka
authors.affiliation: d Department of Community Medical Supports , Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan .
authors.forename: Hirohito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Metoki
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , Tohoku University Hospital , Sendai , Japan .|e Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology , Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan , and.
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Obara
authors.affiliation: c Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation , Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sendai , Japan .|f Department of Hygiene and Public Health , Teikyo University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asayama
authors.affiliation: b Suzuki Memorial Hospital , Iwanuma , Japan .
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoshi
authors.affiliation: b Suzuki Memorial Hospital , Iwanuma , Japan .
authors.forename: Masakuni
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , Tohoku University Hospital , Sendai , Japan .
authors.forename: Nariyasu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mano
authors.affiliation: c Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation , Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sendai , Japan .
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D046110:Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000652:urine*; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D012965:Sodium Chloride
keywords: Blood pressure; pregnancy-induced hypertension, salt intake; pregnant; urinary sodium excretion