title: Symmetry of proprioceptive sense in female soccer players.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to assess the symmetry of proprioceptive sense among female soccer players when trying to reproduce isometric knee extensions (right and left) and to analyze the impact of a given level of muscle force on proprioception.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved 12 soccer players aged 19.5 ± 2.65 years. Soccer players performed a control measurement of a maximum 3s (knee at the 90°) position in the joint. Subsequently, 70%, 50%, and 30% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) were all calculated and then reproduced by each subject with feedback. Next, the players reproduced the predefined muscle contraction values in three sequences: A - 50%, 70%, 30%; B - 50%, 30%, 70%; C - 70%, 30%, 50% of MVC without visual control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In every sequence, the participants found obtaining the value of 30% of MVC the most difficult. The value they reproduced most accurately was 70% of MVC. Both trial II and trial III demonstrated that the symmetry index SI significantly differed from values considered acceptable (SIRa). In each successive sequence the largest asymmetry occurred while reproducing the lowest values of MVC (30%) (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High level of prioprioceptive sense is important to soccer players due to the extensive overload associated with dynamics stops or changes in direction while running. Special attention should be paid to develop skills in sensing force of varying levels. It was much harder to reproduce the predefined values if there was no feedback.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanics, Josef Pilsudski Academy of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Dagmara
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Iwańska
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanics, Josef Pilsudski Academy of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karczewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanics, Josef Pilsudski Academy of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madej
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanics, Josef Pilsudski Academy of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Czesław
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Urbanik
mesh_terms: D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult