title: Infectivity of Four Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Relation to Environmental Factors and Their Effects on the Biochemistry of the Medfly Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (Diptera: Tephritidae).
abstract: Late third instars of the medfly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.), migrate from the host fruit into the soil and leaf litter beneath host trees, where they may become a target for entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). The effects of ultraviolet (UV) light, temperature, soil type (texture), and soil moisture level on infectivity of the four tested EPNs Heterorhabditis bacteriophora AS1, H. bacteriophora HP88, Steinernema carpocapsae ALL, and Steinernema riobrave ML29 to late third instars of C. capitata were evaluated. Biochemical alterations induced by the most virulent nematodes were quantified. The nematode infectivity decreased with increase in exposure time to UV light, whereas it increased with increase in temperature. Infectivity increased in sandy soil, whereas it decreased in silt and clay soils. Soils with high moisture levels decreased infectivity. Based on the 50% lethal concentration (LC50), H. bacteriophora AS1 and S. carpocapsae ALL were the most virulent heterorhabditid and steinernematid nematodes, respectively, with the highest virulence for H. bacteriophora AS1. The nematodes caused significant decline in total protein and cholesterol content of larvae and caused reduced activity of transaminases and phosphatases. In contrast, they significantly enhanced total glucose content. It can be concluded that the most optimum environmental conditions of the tested nematodes to elicit their infectivity against late third instars of C. capitata were sandy soil with 10% moisture level, ambient temperature of 25°C, and no exposure to UV. The EPNs tested can affect late third instars of C. capitata by targeting different biochemical molecules in different metabolic pathways. The interaction between them and the host larvae appears to be primarily nutritional.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Entomology, Fac of Science, Cairo Univ, Giza, Egypt, Postal Code 12613. sayedshaurub@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Shaurub
authors.affiliation: Horticulture Insect Dept, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Soliman
authors.affiliation: Horticulture Insect Dept, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hashem
authors.affiliation: Dept of Entomology, Fac of Science, Cairo Univ, Giza, Egypt, Postal Code 12613.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abdel-Rahman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D033622:Ceratitis capitata / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000469:parasitology; D007814:Larva / Q000469:parasitology; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D017168:Rhabditida / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012987:Soil; D013696:Temperature; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D012987:Soil
keywords: Abiotic factors; entomopathogenic nematodes; enzymes; metabolites