title: Coenzyme Q10 and oxidative stress, the association with peripheral sensory neuropathy and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our study aimed to explore associations between metabolic control, oxidative stress and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in relation to diabetes complications in a representative population of type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A geographic cohort of 156 subjects was recruited. Serum concentrations of CoQ10 and vitamin E were measured by HPLC. ROS was determined by free oxygen radicals testing (FORT). Glutaredoxin (Grx) activity, oxidized LDL cholesterol (oxLDLc), high sensitive CRP (hsCRP), HbA1c, urine albumin, serum creatinine, serum cystatin C, and plasma lipids were assayed with routine laboratory protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum CoQ10 was higher than in nondiabetics. HbA1c, fP-glucose, hyperlipidemia, inflammation (hsCRP), and increased BMI were associated with signs of oxidative stress as increased levels of FORT, Grx activity and/or increased levels of oxLDLc Oxidative stress was found to be strongly correlated with prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and peripheral sensory neuropathy (PSN). In both gender groups there were positive correlations between CoQ10 and oxLDLc, and between BMI and the ratio CoQ10/chol. Grx activity was inversely correlated to oxLDLc and CoQ10. Women with CVD and PSN had higher waist index, oxLDLc, and FORT levels compared to men but lower CoQ10 levels. Men had worse kidney function and lower vitamin E. Multiple regression analysis showed increased levels of CoQ10 to be significantly correlated with increased levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, vitamin E, fB-glucose and BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and inflammation were associated with oxidative stress, which was correlated to the prevalence of diabetes complications. CoQ10 was increased in response to oxidative stress. There were gender differences in the risk factors associated with diabetes complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Elisabete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Forsberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: cheng.xu@ki.se.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grünler
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frostegård
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tekle
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: kerstin.brismar@ki.se.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brismar
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholms Sjukhem, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kärvestedt
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D058065:Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D014451:Ubiquinone; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human; C024989:coenzyme Q10
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Coenzyme Q10; Diabetes complications; Oxidative stress; Peripheral sensory neuropathy