title: Machining of bone: Analysis of cutting force and surface roughness by turning process.
abstract: There are millions of orthopedic surgeries and dental implantation procedures performed every year globally. Most of them involve machining of bones and cartilage. However, theoretical and analytical study on bone machining is lagging behind its practice and implementation. This study views bone machining as a machining process with bovine bone as the workpiece material. Turning process which makes the basis of the actually used drilling process was experimented. The focus is on evaluating the effects of three machining parameters, that is, cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut, to machining responses, that is, cutting forces and surface roughness resulted by the turning process. Response surface methodology was used to quantify the relation between the machining parameters and the machining responses. The turning process was done at various cutting speeds (29-156 m/min), depths of cut (0.03 -0.37 mm), and feeds (0.023-0.11 mm/rev). Empirical models of the resulted cutting force and surface roughness as the functions of cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed were developed. Observation using the developed empirical models found that within the range of machining parameters evaluated, the most influential machining parameter to the cutting force is depth of cut, followed by feed and cutting speed. The lowest cutting force was obtained at the lowest cutting speed, lowest depth of cut, and highest feed setting. For surface roughness, feed is the most significant machining condition, followed by cutting speed, and with depth of cut showed no effect. The finest surface finish was obtained at the lowest cutting speed and feed setting.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Noordin
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jiawkok
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Jenderal Ahmad Yani, Bandung, Indonesia.
authors.forename: P Y M W
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Ndaruhadi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea denni@utm.my.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kurniawan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002417:Cattle; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D009983:Orthopedic Equipment; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000379:methods*; D013499:Surface Properties
keywords: Bone machining; chip morphology; cutting force; cutting parameters; response surface methodology; surface roughness; turning