title: What are Higher Psychological Functions?
abstract: The concept of Higher Psychological Functions (HPFs) may seem to be well know in psychology today. Yet closer analysis reveals that HPFs are either not defined at all or if defined, then by a set of characteristics not justified theoretically. It is not possible to determine whether HPFs exist or not, unless they are defined. Most commonly the idea of HPFs is related to Vygotsky's theory. According to him, HPFs are: (1) psychological systems, (2) developing from natural processes, (3) mediated by symbols, (4) forms of psychological cooperation, which are (5) internalized in the course of development, (6) products of historical development, (7) conscious and (8) voluntary (9) active forms of adaptation to the environment, (10) dynamically changing in development, and (11) ontogeny of HPFs recapitulates cultural history. In this article these characteristics are discussed together with the relations among them. It is concluded that HPFs are real psychological phenomena.
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva mnt. 29, 10120, Tallinn, Estonia. aaro.toomela@ut.ee.
authors.forename: Aaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toomela
mesh_terms: D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D008606:Mental Processes; D011582:Psychological Theory; D011584:Psychology / Q000266:history*; D012919:Social Behavior
keywords: Cultural-historical; Higher psychological functions; Structural-systemic approach; Vygotsky