title: Chronic Pain Assessment Tools for Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic pain in children with cerebral palsy (CP) is underrecognized, leading to detriments in their physical, social, and mental well-being. Our objective was to identify, describe, and critique pediatric chronic pain assessment tools and make recommendations for clinical use for children with CP. Secondly, develop an evidence-informed toolbox to support clinicians in the assessment of chronic pain in children with disabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ovid Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Embase databases were systematically searched by using key terms "chronic pain" and "clinical assessment tool" between January 2012 and July 2014. Tools from multiple pediatric health conditions were explored contingent on inclusion criteria: (1) children 1 to 18 years; (2) assessment focus on chronic pain; (3) psychometric properties reported; (4) written in English between 1980 and 2014. Pediatric chronic pain assessment tools were extracted and corresponding validation articles were sought for review. Detailed tool descriptions were composed and each tool underwent a formal critique of psychometric properties and clinical utility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the retrieved 2652 articles, 250 articles met eligibility, from which 52 chronic pain assessment tools were retrieved. A consensus among interprofessional working group members determined 7 chronic pain interference tools to be of importance. Not all tools have been validated with children with CP nor is there 1 tool to meet the needs of all children experiencing chronic pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has systematically reviewed and recommended, through expert consensus, valid and reliable chronic pain interference assessment tools for children with disabilities.
authors.affiliation: Evidence to Care, Bloorview Research Institute, Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, skingsnorth@hollandbloorview.ca.
authors.forename: Shauna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kingsnorth
authors.affiliation: Evidence to Care.
authors.forename: Taryn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Orava
authors.affiliation: Evidence to Care.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Provvidenza
authors.affiliation: Evidence to Care.
authors.forename: Ellie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.affiliation: Evidence to Care.
authors.forename: Noam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ami
authors.affiliation: Child Development Program, and Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, and.
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gresley-Jones
authors.affiliation: Child Development Program, and.
authors.forename: Deepali
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mankad
authors.affiliation: Child Development Program, and.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Slonim
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Child Development Program, and.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fay
authors.affiliation: Quality, Safety and Performance, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Joachimides
authors.affiliation: Bloorview Research Institute, Child Development Program, and Division of Developmental Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: Bloorview Research Institute, Child Development Program, and Division of Developmental Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Bloorview Research Institute, Child Development Program, and Division of Developmental Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Darcy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fehlings
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D032921:Consensus; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D011594:Psychometrics