title: Five heads are better than one: preliminary results of team-based learning in a communication disorders graduate course.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical problem-solving is fundamental to the role of the speech-language pathologist in both the diagnostic and treatment processes. The problem-solving often involves collaboration with clients and their families, supervisors, and other professionals. Considering the importance of cooperative problem-solving in the profession, graduate education in speech-language pathology should provide experiences to foster the development of these skills. One evidence-based pedagogical approach that directly targets these abilities is team-based learning (TBL). TBL is a small-group instructional method that focuses on students' in-class application of conceptual knowledge in solving complex problems that they will likely encounter in their future clinical careers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the educational outcomes and students' perceptions of TBL in a communication disorders graduate course on speech and language-based learning disabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen graduate students (mean age = 26 years, SD = 4.93), divided into three groups of five students and one group of four students, who were enrolled in a required graduate course, participated by fulfilling the key components of TBL: individual student preparation; individual and team readiness assurance tests (iRATs and tRATs) that assessed preparedness to apply course content; and application activities that challenged teams to solve complex and authentic clinical problems using course material.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance on the tRATs was significantly higher than the individual students' scores on the iRATs (p < .001, Cohen's d = 4.08). Students generally reported favourable perceptions of TBL on an end-of-semester questionnaire. Qualitative analysis of responses to open-ended questions organized thematically indicated students' high satisfaction with application activities, discontent with the RATs, and recommendations for increased lecture in the TBL process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcomes of this pilot study suggest the effectiveness of TBL as an instructional method that provides student teams with opportunities to apply course content in problem-solving activities followed by immediate feedback. This research also addresses the dearth of empirical information on how graduate programmes in speech-language pathology bridge students' didactic learning and clinical practice. Future studies should examine the utility of this approach in other courses within the field and with more heterogeneous student populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech Communication Arts & Sciences, Brooklyn College, City University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Baila
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003147:Communication Disorders; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004500:Education, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D004517:Education, Professional / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006126:Group Processes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D018794:Problem-Based Learning / Q000379:methods*; D013066:Speech-Language Pathology / Q000193:education*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: graduate education; language learning disabilities; problem-solving; speech-language pathology; team-based learning