title: In-vitro experimental analysis and numerical study of temperature in bone drilling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone drilling is a common practice of surgical treatments in orthopaedics and traumatology. Penetration of a high-speed drill into bone tissue is accompanied by generation of a significant amount of heat. Cooling of the drilling region is necessary to avoid potential risk of thermal damage to bone.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to measure and predict bone temperature by conducting experiments and numerical simulations using cooling by means of irrigation at two different temperatures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of experiments and numerical studies were performed to investigate the effect of cooling conditions on the rise in bone temperature in drilling. The temperature increase in bone was assessed for different drilling speeds and feed rates in the presence irrigation at 5 °C and 25 °C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bone temperature was found to be strongly affected by the drilling parameters and cooling conditions. Irrigation with water at 5 °C kept bone temperature well below the thermal threshold level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study strongly recommends the use of irrigation at lower temperature for safe surgical incision.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
authors.forename: Khurshid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mushtaq
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineeringm, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Riaz
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muhammad
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
authors.forename: Sayyad Zahid
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Qamar
authors.affiliation: Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
authors.forename: Vadim V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Silberschmidt
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000601:surgery*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature
keywords: FE modelling; Orthopaedic; bone drilling; experimental analysis; thermal necrosis