title: MRI Guided Brain Stimulation without the Use of a Neuronavigation System.
abstract: A key issue in the field of noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is the accurate localization of scalp positions that correspond to targeted cortical areas. The current gold standard is to combine structural and functional brain imaging with a commercially available "neuronavigation" system. However, neuronavigation systems are not commonplace outside of specialized research environments. Here we describe a technique that allows for the use of participant-specific functional and structural MRI data to guide NIBS without a neuronavigation system. Surface mesh representations of the head were generated using Brain Voyager and vectors linking key anatomical landmarks were drawn on the mesh. Our technique was then used to calculate the precise distances on the scalp corresponding to these vectors. These calculations were verified using actual measurements of the head and the technique was used to identify a scalp position corresponding to a brain area localized using functional MRI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Building 502, Level 4, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vaghefi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Peking University, Haidian Road, Haidian, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Peking University, Haidian Road, Haidian, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Winston D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Byblow
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Cathy M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Stinear
authors.affiliation: Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Building 502, Level 4, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand ; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, 200 Columbia Street W, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*