title: Arthroscopic Approach to Osteochondral Defects, Impingement, and Instability.
abstract: Osteochondral defects, impingement, and instability of the ankle are common injuries in athletes. In this article, we review these diagnoses and their treatment options, with a focus on arthroscopic approaches. The treatment options continue to evolve, supported by innovation and outcome studies. In this article, we describe the advantages and disadvantages of both open and arthroscopic treatments using published evidence.
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine and Orthopedics, Broward Health Medical Center, 1601 South Andrews Avenue, 2nd Floor, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33316, USA.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine and Orthopedics, Broward Health Medical Center, 1601 South Andrews Avenue, 2nd Floor, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33316, USA.
authors.forename: William Aaron
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Kunkle
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine and Orthopedics, Broward Health Medical Center, 1601 South Andrews Avenue, 2nd Floor, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33316, USA. Electronic address: dcarreira@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dominic S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Carreira
mesh_terms: D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000503:physiopathology; D001182:Arthroscopy; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Ankle; Foot; Impingement; Instability; Osteochondral defects; Sports injuries