title: Spectral and HRTEM analyses of Annona muricata leaf extract mediated silver nanoparticles and its Larvicidal efficacy against three mosquito vectors Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes aegypti.
abstract: Mosquitoes transmit various diseases which mainly affect the human beings and every year cause millions of deaths globally. Currently available chemical and synthetic mosquitocidal agents pose severe side effects, pollute the environment vigorously, and become resistance. There is an urgent need to identify and develop the cost effective, compatible and eco-friendly product for mosquito control. The present study was aimed to find out the larvicidal potential of aqueous crude extract and green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Annona muricata leaves were tested against fourth instar larvae of three important mosquitoes i.e. Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes aegypti using different concentrations of AgNPs (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ppm) and the aqueous leaf extract (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm) for 24 and 48 h. The maximum mortality was noticed in AgNPs than aqueous leaf extract of A. muricata against tested mosquitoes with least LC50 values of 37.70, 31.29, and 20.65 ppm (24h) and 546.7, 516.2, and 618.4 ppm (48 h), respectively. All tested concentrations of AgNps exhibited 100% mortality in A. aegypti larvae at 48 hour observation. In addition, the plant mediated AgNPs were characterized by UV-vis spectrum, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particle size analyser, X-ray diffraction, high resonance transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis for confirmation of nanoparticle synthesis. Based on the findings of the study suggests that the use of A. muricata plant mediated AgNPs can act as an alternate insecticidal agents for controlling target mosquitoes.
authors.affiliation: Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Shanthi Bhupathi
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Santhosh
authors.affiliation: Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Chinnasamy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ragavendran
authors.affiliation: Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: mdnataraj@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Devarajan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Natarajan
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D031041:Annona / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010316:Particle Size; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012834:Silver
keywords: Aedes aegypti; Annona muricata; Anopheles stephensi; Culex quinquefasciatus; Silver nanoparticles; larvicidal activity