title: Observer perceptions of pain in children with cognitive impairments: vignette development and validation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Develop vignettes depicting different pain types in verbal and nonverbal children with cognitive impairments that could help examine pain assessment and management decisions of secondary caregivers, and conduct initial convergent and divergent validity analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  For six vignettes, 76 undergraduate students (38 females, mean age = 19.55) rated (0-10): pain intensity, difficulty rating pain intensity, need for medical attention and need for other attention (e.g., physical comfort).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ratings significantly varied by pain source (e.g., headache was rated more painful than injections). Verbal ability did not impact ratings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vignettes could serve as an alternative method to study pain decisions by caregivers of children with cognitive impairments when ethical barriers limit more naturalistic research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, 87 Trent Lane, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: Lara M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Genik
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, 87 Trent Lane, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.|Children's Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road, East London, ON, N6C 2V5, Canada.|Department of Paediatrics, Western University, 800 Commissioners Road, East London, ON, N6C 2V5, Canada.
authors.forename: C Meghan
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McMurtry
authors.affiliation: Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, 10230 - 111 Avenue NW Edmonton, AB, T5G 0B7, Canada.
authors.forename: Lynn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Breau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D010465:Perception; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: children; cognitive impairment; pain assessment; pain management; vignettes