title: Clinical abnormalities in working donkeys and their associations with behaviour.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Working donkeys are at risk of developing multiple, acute and chronic health problems. The ability to recognise and assess pain in donkeys associated with these health problems is important for people responsible for their care and treatment, including owners and veterinary or animal health workers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were firstly to quantify the prevalence of a range of clinical abnormalities within a sample of working donkeys; and secondly to find out whether these abnormalities were associated with potential behavioural indicators of pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and thirty-three entire male adult working donkeys were observed for ten minutes before and after a one-hour rest period. Using an ethogram developed and refined in associated studies, posture and event behaviours were recorded by a single observer. The health of each donkey was then assessed by a veterinarian for specific clinical abnormalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Working donkeys have a high prevalence of clinical abnormalities and a number of behaviours are associated with these. Significant associations were found between observed behaviours and systemic, ocular and limb-related clinical abnormalities. Cumulative clinical scores for limb-related problems were associated with a higher frequency of leg trembling, knuckling of the forelimb, leg-lifting and weight-shifting behaviours (all R≥0.4; P<0.001) and with a lower frequency of weight-bearing evenly on all four feet (R=-0.458; P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The specific behaviour changes associated with clinical abnormalities identified in this study, together with general changes in demeanour identified in related studies, may be useful in assessing the presence and severity of pain in working donkeys and their response to medical and palliative interventions.
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol , North Somerset , UK.
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Regan Nee Ashley
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol , North Somerset , UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hockenhull
authors.affiliation: Animals in International Development , North Somerset , UK ; The Brooke , London , UK.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pritchard
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol , North Somerset , UK.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Waterman-Pearson
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol , North Somerset , UK.
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Whay
keywords: Behaviour; Clinical; Donkeys; Pain; Welfare