title: Should β-blockers be used in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is overwhelming evidence that β-blockers reduce cardiovascular hospitalizations and mortality in patients with heart failure and a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction provide they are in sinus rhythm. However, a recent meta-analysis of individual patient data provides compelling evidence that β-blockers are not effective in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation, although neither did they increase risk. The purpose of this article is to review the evidence, seek possible explanations for this observation, and make recommendations based on the limited evidence available.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review and critical analysis of recent publications and meta-analyses on the use of β-blockers and other heart rate-slowing medicines in heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reasons for the lack of effect of β-blockers in patients with heart failure are uncertain. There is a substantial body of evidence to suggest that patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation who have less stringent ventricular rate control have a better outcome. The most plausible explanation for these findings, in our view, is that β-blockers exert similar benefits through similar mechanisms regardless of intrinsic heart rhythm but that the benefits of β-blockers are neutralized in patients with atrial fibrillation due to the induction of pauses that may impair cardiac function leading to worsening heart failure or cause arrhythmias resulting in death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smaller doses of β-blockers and other rate lowering agents to achieve a resting clinic heart rate in the range of 75-89beats/min might improve outcome. Preventing pauses by pacing or pulmonary vein ablation of atrial fibrillation are strategies that should be researched.
authors.affiliation: National Heart & Lung Institute, Harefield Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: mareev84@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yura
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mareev
authors.affiliation: National Heart & Lung Institute, Harefield Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: John G F
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cleland
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists
keywords: atrial fibrillation; beta-blockers; heart failure; prognosis; rate control