title: Role of psychosocial variables on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and health-related quality of life among cancer patients: a European study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) continue to be a distressing problem still reported by cancer patients, with negative consequences on quality of life (QoL).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively explore the association of psychosocial variables, including emotional distress, maladaptive coping styles and the doctor-patient relationship, with CINV and QoL among cancer outpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was conducted on 302 consecutive cancer patients (response rate 80.9%) in Austria, Italy and Spain. The Distress Thermometer (DT), the Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer (Mini-MAC), and the Patient Satisfaction with Doctor Questionnaire (PSQ) were used to assess psychosocial variables before chemotherapy. In the 5 days after chemotherapy, CINV was examined by using a daily diary, and the Functional Living Index for Emesis (FLIE) was used to assess QoL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than half of the patients reported nausea (54%), and a small percentage reported vomiting (14%). CINV had a negative impact on QoL (FLIE caseness, p < 0.01). Maladaptive coping (i.e. hopelessness-helplessness and anxious preoccupation) and emotional distress were associated with CINV (p < 0.05) and poorer QoL (p < 0.05). In logistic regression analysis, nausea was predicted by Mini-MAC/H (OR = 1.1, p = 0.03) and younger age (OR = 0.97, p = 0.04); negative impact on QoL was predicted by grade of chemotherapy emetogenesis (OR = 1.7, p < 0.01) and Mini-MAC/H (OR = 1.2, p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening and assessment of psychological variables, especially coping, could help in identifying cancer patients at risk for chemotherapy-induced nausea, in spite of the use of antiemetic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grassi
authors.forename: Maria Alejandra
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Berardi
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ruffilli
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meggiolaro
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andritsch
authors.forename: Agustina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sirgo
authors.forename: Rosangela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Juan Linares
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bellé
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Massarenti
authors.forename: Maria Giulia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Nanni
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents