title: Update on permanent contraception options for women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Permanent methods are the most commonly used contraceptive options worldwide. Even with the increase in popularity and accessibility of long-acting reversible methods, there remains high demand for permanent options, especially among women in developing countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Traditional methods of permanent contraception, such as postpartum tubal ligation and interval surgical tubal occlusion or electrocautery by mini-laparotomy or laparoscopy are well tolerated and highly effective. Bilateral total salpingectomy for ovarian cancer risk reduction is currently being investigated. Hysteroscopic tubal occlusion reduces or eliminates the need for anesthesia, but requires surgical training and specialized equipment. Alternative permanent contraception methods are being explored including immediately effective hysteroscopic methods, and nonsurgical permanent contraception methods that have the potential to improve access and reduce cost.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Permanent contraception methods are an important part of the contraceptive methods mix designed to meet the needs of women who have completed desired family size or wish never to become pregnant. Current surgical approaches to permanent contraception are well tolerated and highly effective. The development of a highly effective nonsurgical approach could simplify the provision of permanent contraception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Jeffrey T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000379:methods; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013245:Sterilization, Reproductive / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013246:Sterilization, Tubal / Q000379:methods; D016387:Women's Health