title: Probing battery chemistry with liquid cell electron energy loss spectroscopy.
abstract: We demonstrate the ability to apply electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to follow the chemistry and oxidation states of LiMn2O4 and Li4Ti5O12 battery electrodes within a battery solvent. This is significant as the use and importance of in situ electrochemical cells coupled with a scanning/transmission electron microscope (S/TEM) has expanded and been applied to follow changes in battery chemistry during electrochemical cycling. We discuss experimental parameters that influence measurement sensitivity and provide a framework to apply this important analytical method to future in situ electrochemical studies.
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. unocicrr@ornl.gov.
authors.forename: Raymond R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Unocic
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Loïc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baggetto
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriel M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Veith
authors.affiliation: Microscopy and Imaging Group, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffery A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Aguiar
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Kinga A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Unocic
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sacci
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Dudney
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. unocicrr@ornl.gov.
authors.forename: Karren L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: More