title: Comparison of levobupivacaine and levobupivacaine with fentanyl in infraumbilical surgeries under spinal anaesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrathecal opioids added to low dose local anesthetics in spinal anaesthesia intensifies sensory block without affecting sympathetic blockade. Aim was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intrathecal levobupivacaine plain versus levobupivacaine plus fentanyl in infraumbilical surgeries.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective randomized double blind study, 100 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists grades I and II of either sex, 20-65 years of age were included after approval from the Ethics Committee. Informed consent was taken and patients were randomly divided into two groups of 50 each, to receive either 2 ml of 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine (group L) or 2 ml of 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine + 25 μg fentanyl (group LF) intrathecally. Patients were monitored for sensory and motor block characteristics, postoperative analgesia, haemodynamics and side effects and complications for 24 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Onset of sensory block and time to maximum sensory block was rapid in group LF (4.8 ± 1.50 and 8.46 ± 1.87 min) as compared to group L (7.6 ± 1.46 and 15.80 ± 2.43 min) (P < 0.000). Maximum sensory block was T6 in group LF and T8 in group L. Maximum Bromage score was 2 in both groups but was achieved earlier in group LF (P < 0.000). Duration of sensory and motor block was significantly prolonged in group LF (270.98 ± 28.60 and 188.52 ± 9.81 min) as compared to group L (197.58 ± 11.20 and 152.76 ± 9.79 min). Total duration of analgesia was also prolonged in group LF (265.16 ± 26.18 min) as compared to group L (168.16 ± 11.08 min). Patients remained haemodynamically stable and side effects and complications were comparable in both groups. Data was analyzed using "Chi-square test" and "unpaired t-test."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of fentanyl to levobupivacaine leads to early onset and prolonged duration of sensory and motor block as well as postoperative analgesia with stable haemodynamics and minimal side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Joginder Pal
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Attri
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Gagandeep
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Sarabjit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Ravneet
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Brij
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Kamaljyoti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kashyap
keywords: Fentanyl; infraumbilical surgeries; levobupivacaine; local anaesthetics; spinal anaesthesia