title: Radiation Nanomedicine for EGFR-Positive Breast Cancer: Panitumumab-Modified Gold Nanoparticles Complexed to the β-Particle-Emitter, (177)Lu.
abstract: Our objective was to construct a novel radiation nanomedicine for treatment of breast cancer (BC) expressing epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR), particularly triple-negative tumors (TNBC). Gold nanoparticles (AuNP; 30 nm) were modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains (4 kDa) derivatized with 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelators for complexing the β-emitter, (177)Lu and with PEG chains (5 kDa) linked to panitumumab for targeting BC cells expressing EGFR. The AuNP were further coated with PEG chains (2 kDa) to stabilize the particles to aggregation. The binding and internalization of EGFR-targeted AuNP ((177)Lu-T-AuNP) into BC cells was studied and compared to nontargeted (177)Lu-NT-AuNP. The cytotoxicity of (177)Lu-T-AuNP and (177)Lu-NT-AuNP was measured in clonogenic assays using BC cells with widely different EGFR densities: MDA-MB-468 (10(6) receptors/cell), MDA-MB-231 (10(5) receptors/cell), and MCF-7 cells (10(4) receptors/cell). Radiation absorbed doses to the cell nucleus of MDA-MB-468 cells were estimated based on subcellular distribution. Darkfield and fluorescence microscopy as well as radioligand binding assays revealed that (177)Lu-T-AuNP were specifically bound by BC cells dependent on their EGFR density whereas the binding and internalization of (177)Lu-NT-AuNP was significantly lower. The affinity of binding of (177)Lu-T-AuNP to MDA-MB-468 cells was reduced by 2-fold compared to (123)I-labeled panitumumab (KD = 1.3 ± 0.2 nM vs 0.7 ± 0.4 nM, respectively). The cytotoxicity of (177)Lu-T-AuNP was dependent on the amount of radioactivity incubated with BC cells, their EGFR density and the radiosensitivity of the cells. The clonogenic survival (CS) of MDA-MB-468 cells overexpressing EGFR was reduced to <0.001% at the highest amount of (177)Lu-T-AuNP tested (4.5 MBq; 6 × 10(11) AuNP per 2.5 × 10(4)-1.2 × 10(5) cells). (177)Lu-T-AuNP were less effective for killing MDA-MB-231 cells or MCF-7 cells with moderate or low EGFR density (CS = 33.8 ± 1.6% and 25.8 ± 1.2%, respectively). Because the β-particles emitted by (177)Lu have a 2 mm range, (177)Lu-NT-AuNP were also cytotoxic to BC cells due to a cross-fire effect but (177)Lu-T-AuNP were significantly more potent for killing MDA-MB-468 cells overexpressing EGFR than (177)Lu-NT-AuNP at all amounts tested. The cross-fire effect of the β-particles emitted by (177)Lu may be valuable for eradicating BC cells in tumors that have low or moderate EGFR expression or cells that are not targeted by (177)Lu-T-AuNP as a consequence of heterogeneous intratumoral distribution. The radiation dose to the nucleus of a single MDA-MB-468 cell was 73.2 ± 6.7 Gy, whereas (177)Lu-NT-AuNP delivered 5.6 ± 0.6 Gy. We conclude that (177)Lu-T-AuNP is a promising novel radiation nanomedicine with potential application for treatment of TNBC, in which EGFR are often overexpressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.|Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, ⊥Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto , ∇Toronto General Research Institute, and #Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.
authors.forename: Simmyung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yook
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.|Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, ⊥Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto , ∇Toronto General Research Institute, and #Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.
authors.forename: Zhongli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.|Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, ⊥Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto , ∇Toronto General Research Institute, and #Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.
authors.forename: Yijie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.|Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, ⊥Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto , ∇Toronto General Research Institute, and #Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.
authors.forename: Mitchell A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Winnik
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.|Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, ⊥Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto , ∇Toronto General Research Institute, and #Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pignol
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.|Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, ⊥Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto , ∇Toronto General Research Institute, and #Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.
authors.forename: Raymond M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Reilly
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D001610:Beta Particles; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000528:radiation effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006046:Gold / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008187:Lutetium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D050997:Nanomedicine; D000077544:Panitumumab; D016499:Radioimmunotherapy; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D008187:Lutetium; D000077544:Panitumumab; D006046:Gold; C512478:EGFR protein, human; D066246:ErbB Receptors
keywords: breast cancer; epidermal growth factor receptor; gold nanoparticles; lutetium-177; panitumumab