title: Reduction of cytotoxicity of benzalkonium chloride and octenidine by Brilliant Blue G.
abstract: The irritative effects of preservatives found in ophthalmologic solution, or of antiseptics used for skin disinfection is a consistent problem for the patients. The reduction of the toxic effects of these compounds is desired. Brilliant Blue G (BBG) has shown to meet the expected effect in presence of benzalkonium chloride (BAK), a well known preservative in ophthalmic solutions, and octenidine dihydrochloride (Oct), used as antiseptic in skin and wound disinfection. BBG shows a significant protective effect on human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells against BAK and Oct toxicity, increasing the cell survival up to 51 % at the highest BAK or Oct concentration tested, which is 0.01 %, both at 30 min incubation. Although BBG is described as a P2x7 receptor antagonist, other selective P2x7 receptor antagonists, OxATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate-2',3'-dialdehyde) and DPPH (N'-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-3-phenylpropanehydrazide), did not reduce the cytotoxicity of neither BAK nor Oct. Therefore we assume that the protective effect of BBG is not due to its action on the P2x7 receptor. Brilliant Blue R (BBR), a dye similar to BBG, was also tested for protective effect on BAK and Oct toxicity. In presence of BAK no significant protective effect was observed. Instead, with Oct a comparable protective effect was seen with that of BBG. To assure that the bacteriostatic effect is not affected by the combinations of BAK/BBG, Oct/BBG and Oct/BBR, bacterial growth inhibition was analyzed on different Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. All combinations of BAK or Oct with BBG hinder growth of Gram-positive bacteria. The combinations of 0.001 % Oct and BBR above 0.025 % do not hinder the growth of B. subtilis. For Gram-negative bacteria, BBG and BBR reduce, but do not abolish, the antimicrobial effect of BAK nor of Oct. In conclusion, the addition of BBG at bacterial inhibitory concentrations is suggested in the ready-to-use ophthalmic preparations and antiseptic solutions.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Life Science Research Center, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Melinda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bartok
authors.affiliation: Molecular Life Science Research Center, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.affiliation: Molecular Life Science Research Center, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alfaro-Espinoza
authors.affiliation: Molecular Life Science Research Center, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ullrich
authors.affiliation: Molecular Life Science Research Center, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Detlef
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gabel
keywords: Benzalkonium chloride; Brilliant Blue G; Brilliant Blue R; Octenidine dihydrochloride; P2x7 receptor antagonist