title: Go/No Go task performance predicts cortical thickness in the caudal inferior frontal gyrus in young adults with and without ADHD.
abstract: Response inhibition deficits are widely believed to be at the core of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Several studies have examined neural architectural correlates of ADHD, but research directly examining structural correlates of response inhibition is lacking. Here we examine the relationship between response inhibition as measured by a Go/No Go task, and cortical surface area and thickness of the caudal inferior frontal gyrus (cIFG), a region implicated in functional imaging studies of response inhibition, in a sample of 114 young adults with and without ADHD diagnosed initially during childhood. We used multiple linear regression models to test the hypothesis that Go/No Go performance would be associated with cIFG surface area or thickness. Results showed that poorer Go/No Go performance was associated with thicker cIFG cortex, and this effect was not mediated by ADHD status or history of substance use. However, independent of Go/No Go performance, persistence of ADHD symptoms and more frequent cannabis use were associated with thinner cIFG. Go/No Go performance was not associated with cortical surface area. The association between poor inhibitory functioning and thicker cIFG suggests that maturation of this region may differ in low performing participants. An independent association of persistent ADHD symptoms and frequent cannabis use with thinner cIFG cortex suggests that distinct neural mechanisms within this region may play a role in inhibitory function, broader ADHD symptomatology, and cannabis use. These results contribute to Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) by revealing novel associations between neural architectural phenotypes and basic neurobehavioral processes measured dimensionally.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Development, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0115, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. enewman@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Development, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0115, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.|Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.|Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Terry L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Jernigan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Krista M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lisdahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Leanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tamm
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Susan F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Tapert
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Potkin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mathalon
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Brooke
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bjork
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.|Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
authors.forename: F Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.affiliation: The Child Development Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.|Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kuperman
authors.affiliation: Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Hauke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.|Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Chi-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.|Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.|Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.|Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Anders M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffery N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009929:Organ Size; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ADHD persistence; Alcohol use; Cannabis use; Cortical surface area; MRI; Response inhibition