title: Diphenyldifluoroketone EF24 Suppresses Pro-inflammatory Interleukin-1 receptor 1 and Toll-like Receptor 4 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated dendritic cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unresolved and prolonged inflammation is a pathological basis of many disorders such as cancer and multiple organ failure in shock. Interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) superfamily consists of IL-1R1 and pathogen pattern recognition receptor toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) which, upon ligand binding, initiate pro-inflammatory signaling. The study objective was to investigate the effect of a diphenyldifluoroketone EF24 on the expression of IL-1R1 and TLR4 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated dendritic cells (DCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Immortalized murine bone marrow-derived JAWS II dendritic cells (DC) were challenged with LPS (100 ng/ml) for 4 h. The LPS-stimulated DCs were treated with 10 μM of EF24 for 1 h. The expression levels of IL-1R1 and TLR4 were monitored by RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and confocal microscopy. The effect of EF24 on the viability and cell cycle of DCs was examined by lactate dehydrogenase assay and flow cytometry, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EF24 treatment suppressed the LPS-induced TLR4 and IL-1R1 expression in DCs. However, the expression levels of IL-1RA and IL-1R2 were not influenced by either LPS or EF24 treatments. These effects of EF24 were associated with a decrease in LPS-induced expression of phospho-NF-kB p65, indicative of its role in the transcriptional control of IL-1R superfamily members. We did not find any significant effect of EF24 on the proliferation or cell cycle of DCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that EF24 influences IL-1R superfamily signaling pathway in ways that could have salutary effects in inflammation. The pluripotent anti-inflammatory actions of EF24 warrant further investigation of EF24 in inflammatory conditions of systemic nature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 North Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK 73117 USA.
authors.forename: Prachi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vilekar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 North Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK 73117 USA.
authors.forename: Geeta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 North Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK 73117 USA.
authors.forename: Shanjana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Awasthi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 North Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK 73117 USA.
authors.forename: Vibhudutta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Awasthi
keywords: Dendritic cells; EF24; IL-1R; Inflammation