title: Emotional reactivity to incentive downshift as a correlated response to selection of high and low alcohol preferring mice and an influencing factor on ethanol intake.
abstract: Losing a job or significant other are examples of incentive loss that result in negative emotional reactions. The occurrence of negative life events is associated with increased drinking (Keyes, Hatzenbuehler, & Hasin, 2011). Further, certain genotypes are more likely to drink alcohol in response to stressful negative life events (Blomeyer et al., 2008; Covault et al., 2007). Shared genetic factors may contribute to alcohol drinking and emotional reactivity, but this relationship is not currently well understood. We used an incentive downshift paradigm to address whether emotional reactivity is elevated in mice predisposed to drink alcohol. We also investigated if ethanol drinking is influenced in High Alcohol Preferring mice that had been exposed to an incentive downshift. Incentive downshift procedures have been widely utilized to model emotional reactivity, and involve shifting a high reward group to a low reward and comparing the shifted group to a consistently rewarded control group. Here, we show that replicate lines of selectively bred High Alcohol Preferring mice exhibited larger successive negative contrast effects than their corresponding replicate Low Alcohol Preferring lines, providing strong evidence for a genetic association between alcohol drinking and susceptibility to the emotional effects of negative contrast. These mice can be used to study the shared neurological and genetic underpinnings of emotional reactivity and alcohol preference. Unexpectedly, an incentive downshift suppressed ethanol drinking immediately following an incentive downshift. This could be due to a specific effect of negative contrast on ethanol consumption or a suppressive effect on consummatory behavior in general. These data suggest that either alcohol intake does not provide the anticipated negative reinforcement, or that a single test was insufficient for animals to learn to drink following incentive downshift. However, the emotional intensity following incentive downshift provides initial evidence that this type of emotional reactivity may be a predisposing factor in alcoholism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Liana M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Matson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: ngrahame@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Grahame
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D000818:Animals; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009042:Motivation; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D012201:Reward
keywords: Alcohol preference; Alcoholism; Frustration; Genetic correlation; Motivation