title: Analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins, potential chemical threat agents, in food using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: A novel method for determining paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) profiles in food was developed using a combination of silica and strong cation exchange (SCX) solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled to hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS). Besides the risk for natural contamination of seafood and drinking water, PSTs also pose potent threats through intentional contamination of food, due to their high toxicity and the wide distributions of toxin-producing algae. The new preparation method aim to maintain the samples' original toxin profiles by avoiding conditions known to induce interconversion or degradation of the PSTs. The method was evaluated for PST extraction from water, milk, orange juice, apple purée, baby food, and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). The extracts were found to produce reproducible retention times in HILIC-MS/MS analysis. When an authentic toxic mussel sample was analyzed using the novel method, saxitoxin and gonyautoxin-3 were identified, in agreement with data acquired using the Lawrence pre-column oxidation high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) method. Overall recoveries of the PSTs from tested foods by the novel method ranged from 36% to 111%.
authors.affiliation: Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, SE-90182 Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.affiliation: Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, SE-90182 Umeå, Sweden. Electronic address: astot@foi.se.
authors.forename: Crister
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Åstot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D005453:Fluorescence; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis*; D012530:Saxitoxin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D012758:Shellfish / Q000032:analysis*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; D012530:Saxitoxin; C013007:gonyautoxins
keywords: HILIC–MS/MS; Paralytic shellfish toxins; Silica-SPE