title: Exploring the antioxidant potentiality of two food by-products into a topical cream: stability, in vitro and in vivo evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coffee silverskin (CS), a food by-product of the coffee roasting industry, has been studied as an active ingredient for skin care products due to its high potential of antioxidant activity and low cytotoxicity. Another food waste used as ingredient with promising characteristics is obtained from Medicago sativa (MS), which antioxidants and isoflavones content is high.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to evaluate and characterize a new body formulation containing two food by-products extracts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different parameters (such as pH, rheological behavior, color, antioxidant content and microbiological analysis) of a body cream formulation containing by-products (CSMS) and a formulation without extracts (F) were evaluated under a stability study during 180 days at different temperatures. Moreover, the in vitro cell toxicity and the in vivo skin safety and protective effects were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Formulation showed stable physical properties and antioxidant activity during 180 days of storage. In vitro toxicity was screened in two skin cell lines (fibroblasts and keratinocytes) and any toxicity was reported. The in vivo test carried out showed that, with respect to irritant effects, CSMS formulation can be regarded as safe for topical application and the skin hydratation improved after 30 days of its use. Also, considering the consumer acceptance, more than 90% of volunteers classified it as very pleasant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CSMS formulation is stable and safe for topical use as no adverse and/or side effects were observed during the application period of testing, improving skin protective properties.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , REQUIMTE, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal .|b Fourmag, Lda., Parque Industrial Do Cruzeiro , Moreira De Cónegos , Portugal .
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: c INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal .|d Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , CESPU, IINFACTS - Institute for Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Instituto Superior De Ciências Da Saúde-Norte , Gandra , PRD , Portugal , and.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarmento
authors.affiliation: e Department of Drug Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: M Helena
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , REQUIMTE, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal .
authors.forename: M Beatriz P P
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D002460:Cell Line; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D004355:Drug Stability; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000455:Medicago sativa / Q000737:chemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D063465:Skin Cream / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D003069:Coffee; D003358:Cosmetics; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Coffee silverskin; Medicago sativa; cosmetics; food by-products; in vitro toxicity; skin biophysical techniques; skin irritation; stability