title: Floating autostereoscopic 3D display with multidimensional images for telesurgical visualization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We propose a combined floating autostereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) display approach for telesurgical visualization, which could reproduce live surgical scene in a realistic and intuitive manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  A polyhedron-shaped 3D display device is developed for spatially floating autostereoscopic 3D image. Integral videography (IV) technique is adopted to generate real-time 3D images. Combined two-dimensional (2D) and 3D displays are presented floatingly around the center of the display device through reflection of semitransparent mirrors. Intra-operative surgery information is fused and updated in the 3D display, so that telesurgical visualization could be enhanced remotely.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental results showed that our approach can achieve a combined floating autostereoscopic display that presents 2D and 3D fusion images. The glasses-free IV 3D display has full parallax and can be observed by multiple persons from surrounding areas at the same time. Furthermore, real-time surgical scene could be presented and updated in a realistic and intuitive visualization platform. It is shown that the proposed method is feasible for facilitating telesurgical visualization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed floating autostereoscopic display device presents surgical information in an efficient form, so as to enhance operative cooperation and efficiency during operation. Combined presentation of imaging information is promising for medical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2001-3581
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
authors.forename: Longfei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. liao@tsinghua.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hongen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods*; D014741:Video Recording / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Autostereoscopic display; Combined display; Floating display; Integral videography; Telesurgery