title: Assessment of sediment toxicity in the Lagoon of Venice (Italy) using a multi-species set of bioassays.
abstract: Within the framework of a Weight of Evidence (WoE) approach, a set of four toxicity bioassays involving the amphipod Corophium volutator (10 d lethality test on whole sediment), the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (fertilization and embryo toxicity tests on elutriate) and the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (embryo toxicity test on elutriate) was applied to sediments from 10 sampling sites of the Venice Lagoon (Italy). Sediments were collected during three campaigns carried out in May 2004 (spring campaign), October 2004 (autumn campaign) and February 2005 (winter campaign). Toxicity tests were performed on all sediment samples. Sediment grain-size and chemistry were measured during spring and autumn campaigns. This research investigated (i) the ability of toxicity tests in discriminating among sites with different contamination level, (ii) the occurrence of a gradient of effect among sampling sites, (iii) the possible correlation among toxicity tests, sediment chemistry, grain size and organic carbon, and (iv) the possible occurrence of toxicity seasonal variability. Sediment contamination levels were from low to moderate. No acute toxicity toward amphipods was observed, while sea urchin fertilization was affected only in few sites in just a single campaign. Short-term effects on larval development of sea urchin and oyster evidenced a clear spatial trend among sites, with increasing effects along the axis connecting the sea-inlets with the industrial area. The set of bioassays allowed the identification of a spatial gradient of effect, with decreasing toxicity from the industrial area toward the sea-inlets. Multivariate data analysis showed that the malformations of oyster embryos were significantly correlated to the industrial contamination (metals, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyls), while sea urchin development to sediment concentrations of As, Cr and organic carbon. Both embryo toxicity tests were significantly affected by high ammonia concentrations found in the elutriates extracted from some mudflat and industrial sediments. No significant temporal variation of the toxicity was observed within the experimental period. Amendments to the set of bioassays, with inclusion of chronic tests, can certainly provide more reliability and consistency to the characterization of the (possible) toxic effects.
authors.affiliation: Thetis S.p.A., Castello 2737/f, I-30122 Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Campo della celestia 2737/b, I-30122 Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Picone
authors.affiliation: Thetis S.p.A., Castello 2737/f, I-30122 Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergamin
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Campo della celestia 2737/b, I-30122 Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Losso
authors.affiliation: Thetis S.p.A., Castello 2737/f, I-30122 Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Campo della celestia 2737/b, I-30122 Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arizzi Novelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Campo della celestia 2737/b, I-30122 Venice, Italy; CNR-ISMAR, Arsenale-Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122 Venice, Italy. Electronic address: voghi@unive.it.
authors.forename: Annamaria Volpi
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Ghirardini
mesh_terms: D033304:Amphipoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D049896:Crassostrea / Q000187:drug effects; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005306:Fertilization; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D006581:Hexachlorobenzene / Q000633:toxicity; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007558:Italy; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D047328:Paracentrotus / Q000187:drug effects*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000633:toxicity; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D006581:Hexachlorobenzene; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
keywords: Corophium volutator; Crassostrea gigas; Paracentrotus lividus; Sediment quality assessment; Toxicity bioassay