title: Individual and household-level risk factors for sporadic salmonellosis in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore risk factors for sporadic salmonellosis at the individual and household level in children in tropical Darwin, where animal faeces contaminated with Salmonella is thought to be common.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-year community based case-control study of children aged 0-4 years residing in Darwin and Palmerston from June 2006. Variables included behaviour, health, food, family and housing characteristics. Environmental samples were taken from houses of case and control children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of children whose parents were contacted, 59/131 cases and 95/222 controls were included. Salmonella was isolated from 41/56 (73%) case houses and 18/29 (62%) control houses (p = 0.29). Multivariate analyses showed breastfeeding 0.16 (p = 0.02), increasing age (months) 0.89 (p = 0.00) and daily vacuuming 0.18 (p = 0.06) were protective; consuming powdered formula milk 4.88 (p = 0.02), pet ownership 4.86 (p = 0.02), oral contact with animals 7.85 (p = 0.05), recent antibiotic use 10.01 (p = 0.03) and sweeping in the presence of children 3.73 (p = 0.04) were associated with sporadic salmonellosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salmonellosis in children under 5 years of age is associated with potentially modifiable risk factors other than food. Breastfeeding beyond 6 months, careful hygiene when preparing formula milk and around pets, frequent cleaning of infant play areas especially quick removal of animal faeces are behaviours likely to reduce childhood sporadic salmonellosis.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Disease Control (CDC), Northern Territory Department of Health and Community Services (NTDHCS), Darwin, Northern Territory (NT), Australia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (NCEPH), Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia. Electronic address: shelleewilliams75@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Centre for Disease Control (CDC), Northern Territory Department of Health and Community Services (NTDHCS), Darwin, Northern Territory (NT), Australia. Electronic address: Peter.Markey@nt.gov.au.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Markey
authors.affiliation: Centre for Disease Control (CDC), Northern Territory Department of Health and Community Services (NTDHCS), Darwin, Northern Territory (NT), Australia. Electronic address: michelle.green@dhhs.tas.gov.au.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harlock
authors.affiliation: Centre for Disease Control (CDC), Northern Territory Department of Health and Community Services (NTDHCS), Darwin, Northern Territory (NT), Australia. Electronic address: Pip@boutlis.com.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Binns
authors.affiliation: Centre for Disease Control (CDC), Northern Territory Department of Health and Community Services (NTDHCS), Darwin, Northern Territory (NT), Australia. Electronic address: Julie.Gaggin@nt.gov.au.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaggin
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (NCEPH), Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia. Electronic address: Mahomed.Patel@anu.edu.au.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015876:Northern Territory / Q000453:epidemiology; D057805:Pets; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Animals; Breast feeding; Case–control studies; Child; Faeces; Formula; Infant; Residence characteristics; Risk factors; Salmonella infections