title: Platismatia glaucia and Pseudevernia furfuracea lichens as sources of antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents.
abstract: The antioxidative, antimicrobial and antibiofilm potentials of acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of lichen species Platismatia glauca and Pseudevernia furfuracea were evaluated. The phytochemical analysis by GC, GC/MS and NMR revealed caperatic acid, atraric acid, atranorin and chloroatranorin as the predominant compounds in Platismatia glauca. Atraric acid, olivetoric acid, atranorin and chloroatranorin were the major constituents in Pseudevernia furfuracea. The strong antioxidant capacities of the Platismatia glauca and Pseudevernia furfuracea extracts were assessed by their total phenolic and flavonoid contents and DPPH scavenging activities. The methanol extracts of both species exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities with the highest IC50 value for Pseudevernia furfuracea (95.33 µg/mL). The lichen extracts demonstrated important antibacterial activities against 11 bacterial strains with detectable MIC values from 0.08 mg/mL to 2.5 mg/mL for Platismatia glauca and from 0.005 mg/mL to 2.5 mg/mL for Pseudevernia furfuracea. While the antibacterial activities of Pseudevernia furfuracea were solvent-independent, the acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of Platismatia glauca showed higher antibacterial activities compared to its methanol extract. The methanol extracts of both species demonstrated significant antifungal activities against 9 fungal strains with detectable MIC values from 0.04 mg/mL to 2.5 mg/mL. The best antifungal activities were determined against Candida species in Pseudevernia furfuracea extracts with remarkable MIC values which were lower than the MIC values of the positive contol fluconazole. The acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of Platismatia glauca showed better antibiofilm activities on Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis with BIC value at 0.63 mg/mL then its methanol extract. On the other hand, the methanol extract of Pseudevernia furfuracea was more potent with BIC value at 1.25 mg/mL on Staphylococcus aureus and 0.63 mg/mL on Proteus mirabilis compared to other types of extracts. Our study indicates a possible use of lichens Platismatia glauca and Pseudevernia furfuracea as natural antioxidants and preservatives in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Serbia.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mitrovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Serbia.
authors.forename: Slaviša
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stamenkovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Serbia.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cvetkovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Serbia.
authors.forename: Niko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Radulovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Serbia.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mladenovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Serbia.
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stankovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Serbia.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Topuzovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Radojevic
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Serbia.
authors.forename: Olgica
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stefanovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Serbia.
authors.forename: Sava
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vasic
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ljiljana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Comic
keywords: Platismatia glauca; Pseudevernia furfuracea; antibiofilm activity; antimicrobial activity; antioxidant activity; chemical profile