title: No Evidence to Suggest that the Use of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Confounds the Results of Two Blood-Based Biomarker Studies in Alzheimer's Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an urgent need to discover Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers that are both easily measured and reliable. Research into blood-based biomarkers for AD using transcriptomics and proteomics has been an attractive and promising area of research. However, to date researchers have not looked into the possibility of AD medication being a confounding factor in these studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study explored whether acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), the main class of AD medication, are a confounding factor in AD blood biomarker studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The most promising blood transcriptomic and proteomic biomarkers from two recent studies were analyzed to determine if they were differentially expressed between AD subjects on AChEIs and subjects that were not.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the gene or protein biomarkers analyzed were found to be significantly altered between subjects in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found no evidence that AChEIs are a confounding factor in these published AD blood biomarker studies. Further work is needed to confirm that this is also the case for other proposed biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: Guy's, King's and St Thomas School of Medical Education, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Justin Tao Wen
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Chiam
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK.
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lunnon
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.|MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Voyle
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.|NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research, London, UK.
authors.forename: Petroula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Proitsi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Programme in Neurogenetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coppola
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Programme in Neurogenetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Geschwind
authors.affiliation: SomaLogic, Boulder, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.|NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research, London, UK.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Hilkka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Soininen
authors.affiliation: Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kłoszewska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mecocci
authors.affiliation: 3rd Department of Neurology, "G. Papanicolaou" Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsolaki
authors.affiliation: INSERM U 558, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vellas
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.|NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research, London, UK.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hodges
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.|Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lovestone
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.|NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research, London, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Newhouse
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.|NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research, London, UK.
authors.forename: Richard James Butler
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Dobson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.|MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Steven John
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kiddle
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.|NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research, London, UK.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sattlecker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4 / Q000235:genetics; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D040901:Proteomics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D015415:Biomarkers; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D018697:Nootropic Agents
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; blood; cholinesterase inhibitors; gene expression; microarray; protein; proteomics