title: In-flight ultrasound identification of pneumothorax.
abstract: Ultrasound is a standard adjunct to the initial evaluation of injured patients in the emergency department. We sought to evaluate the ability of prehospital, in-flight thoracic ultrasound to identify pneumothorax. Non-physician aeromedical providers were trained to perform and interpret thoracic ultrasound. All adult trauma patients and adult medical patients requiring endotracheal intubation underwent both in-flight and emergency department ultrasound evaluations. Findings were documented independently and reviewed to ensure quality and accuracy. Results were compared to chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT). One hundred forty-nine patients (136 trauma/13 medical) met inclusion criteria. Mean age was 44.4 (18-94) years; 69 % were male. Mean injury severity score was 17.68 (1-75), and mean chest injury score was 2.93 (0-6) in the injured group. Twenty pneumothoraces and one mainstem intubation were identified. Sixteen pneumothoraces were correctly identified in the field. A mainstem intubation was misinterpreted. When compared to chest CT (n = 116), prehospital ultrasound had a sensitivity of 68 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) 46-85 %), a specificity of 96 % (95 % CI 90-98 %), and an overall accuracy of 91 % (95 % CI 85-95 %). In comparison, emergency department (ED) ultrasound had a sensitivity of 84 % (95 % CI 62-94 %), specificity of 98 % (95 % CI 93-99 %), and an accuracy of 96 % (95 % CI 90-98 %). The unique characteristics of the aeromedical environment render the auditory element of a reliable physical exam impractical. Thoracic ultrasonography should be utilized to augment the diagnostic capabilities of prehospital aeromedical providers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, MC 220, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA. quickja@health.missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Jacob A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Quick
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, MC 220, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
authors.forename: Rindi M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Uhlich
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, MC 220, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
authors.forename: Salman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, MC 220, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, MC 220, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Coughenour
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017732:Air Ambulances; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Aeromedical; FAST; Pneumothorax; Prehospital; Trauma; Ultrasound