title: Prevention of allergic rhinitis by ginger and the molecular basis of immunosuppression by 6-gingerol through T cell inactivation.
abstract: The incidence of allergies has recently been increasing worldwide. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity is central to the pathogenesis of asthma, hay fever and other allergic diseases. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and its extracts have been valued for their medical properties including antinausea, antiinflammation, antipyresis and analgesia properties. In this study, we investigated the antiallergic effects of ginger and 6-gingerol, a major compound of ginger, using a mouse allergy model and primary/cell line culture system. In mice with ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic rhinitis, oral administration of 2% ginger diet reduced the severity of sneezing and nasal rubbing by nasal sensitization of OVA and suppressed infiltration of mast cells in nasal mucosa and secretion of OVA-specific IgE in serum. 6-Gingerol inhibited the expression of not only Th2 cytokines but also Th1 cytokines in OVA-sensitized spleen cells. Accordingly, 6-gingerol suppressed in vitro differentiation of both Th1 cells and Th2 cells from naïve T cells. In addition, 6-gingerol suppressed both superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)- and anti-CD3-induced T cell proliferation. 6-Gingerol also abrogated PMA plus ionomycin- and SEB-induced IL-2 production in T cells, suggesting that 6-gingerol affected T cell receptor-mediated signal transduction rather than the antigen-presentation process. Indeed, 6-gingerol inhibited the phosphorylation of MAP kinases, calcium release and nuclear localization of c-fos and NF-κB by PMA and ionomycin stimulation. Thus, our results demonstrate that 6-gingerol suppresses cytokine production for T cell activation and proliferation, thereby not causing B cell and mast cell activation and resulting in prevention or alleviation of allergic rhinitis symptoms.
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan. Electronic address: ykawa@isc.chubu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, Nisshin, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Emiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakahashi
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Momoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Obayashi
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Kento
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugihara
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Shanlou
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Machiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Mayuko Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kumasaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yajima
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobutaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohgami
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Kozue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002396:Catechols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D020939:Zingiber officinale; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D065631:Rhinitis, Allergic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D002396:Catechols; D016207:Cytokines; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; C007845:gingerol; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D002118:Calcium
keywords: 6-gingerol; Allergy; Cytokine; Ginger; Immunoglobulin E (IgE); T helper cells