title: Temperature determines size and direction of effects of elevated CO2 and nitrogen form on yield quantity and quality of Chinese cabbage.
abstract: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations (e[CO2 ]) are presumed to have a significant impact on plant growth and yield and also on mineral nutrient composition, and therefore, on nutritional quality of crops and vegetables. To assess the relevance of these effects in future agroecosystems it is important to understand how e[CO2 ] interacts with other environmental factors. In the present study, we examined the interactive effects of e[CO2 ] with temperature and the form in which nitrogen is supplied (nitrate or ammonium nitrate) on growth, amino acid content and mineral nutrient composition of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Rupr.), a crop characterised by its high nutritional value and increasing relevance for human nutrition in many developing countries. Higher temperature, ammonium nitrate and e[CO2 ] had a positive impact on net photosynthesis and growth. A stimulating effect of e[CO2 ] on growth was only observed if the temperature was high (21/18 °C, day/night), and an interaction of e[CO2 ] with N form was only observed if the temperature was ambient (15/12 °C, day/night). Mineral nutrient composition was affected in a complex manner by all three factors and their interaction. These results demonstrate how much the effect of e[CO2 ] on mineral quality of crops depends on other environmental factors. Changes in temperature, adapting N fertilisation and the oxidation state of N have the potential to counteract the mineral depletion caused by e[CO2 ].
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: van den Meerakker
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parmar
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hawkesford
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: De Kok
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D018533:Biomass; D001937:Brassica / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009753:Nutritive Value; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D018517:Plant Roots; D018520:Plant Shoots; D013431:Sulfates / Q000032:analysis; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D009566:Nitrates; D013431:Sulfates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C006568:ammonium nitrate
keywords: Ammonium; Brassica pekinensis; food security; global change; mineral nutrition; nitrate; zinc