title: The efficacy of two oral hygiene regimens in reducing oral malodour: a randomised clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the efficacy of two oral hygiene regimens in reducing oral malodour and the proportions of bacterial species involved in the production of volatile sulphur compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy subjects who participated in a halitosis-induction phase and achieved an organoleptic score of ≥ 3.0 [time point 0 (T0)] randomised into two groups: brushing with regular fluoride toothpaste alone (control group) or brushing with regular fluoride toothpaste followed by rinsing with a 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthwash (CPC group). Subjects followed their assigned oral hygiene regimen for 21 days. Then, they underwent an organoleptic examination and measurement of volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) using a portable gas chromatograph, 12 hours after their last oral hygiene procedure (T1) and 4 hours after an on-site oral hygiene (T2). Microbiological samples (supragingival biofilm, tongue coating and saliva) were analysed using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both therapies statistically significantly improved the organoleptic scores (P < 0.05), but the VSC levels and/or concentrations were reduced only in the CPC group (P < 0.05). In subjects rinsing with CPC, oral malodour scores were reduced by 49% at the 4-hour assessment (T2) compared with those not rinsing (P < 0.05). Red-complex pathogens were reduced more effectively in the CPC group than in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brushing followed by rinsing with a 0.075% CPC mouthwash provided statistically significantly greater reductions in oral malodour, measured organoleptically and instrumentally, and in the proportions of red-complex species when compared with brushing alone.
authors.affiliation: Departament of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feres
authors.affiliation: Departament of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciene Cristina
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Departament of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faveri
authors.affiliation: Departament of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.affiliation: LRM Statistical Consulting, LLC, West Orange, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Luis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Mateo
authors.affiliation: Dental Clinic, Colgate - Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Bernal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Dental Clinic, Colgate - Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Dental Clinic, Colgate - Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Foti
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Panagakos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018441:Biofilms; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002594:Cetylpyridinium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005459:Fluorides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006209:Halitosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000379:methods*; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013457:Sulfur Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D014059:Tongue / Q000382:microbiology; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000379:methods; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D009067:Mouthwashes; D013457:Sulfur Compounds; D014100:Toothpastes; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D002594:Cetylpyridinium; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Halitosis; antimicrobial activity; cetylpyridinium chloride; mouthwash; oral malodour; treatment