title: Prognostic and predictive immune gene signatures in breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Here, we focus on molecular biomarkers derived from transcriptomic studies to summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms associated with differential prognosis and treatment outcome in breast cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breast cancer is certainly immunogenic; yet it has been historically resistant to immunotherapy. In the past few years, refined immunotherapeutic manipulations have been shown to be effective in a significant proportion of cancer patients. For example, drugs targeting the PD-1 immune checkpoint have been proven to be an effective therapeutic approach in several solid tumors including melanoma and lung cancer. Very recently, the activity of such therapeutics has also been demonstrated in breast cancer patients. Pari passu with the development of novel immune modulators, the transcriptomic analysis of human tumors unveiled unexpected and paradoxical relationships between cancer cells and immune cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review examines our understanding of the molecular pathways associated with intratumoral immune response, which represents a critical step for the implementation of stratification strategies toward the development of personalized immunotherapy of breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: aTumor Biology, Immunology and Therapy Section, Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch bOffice of the Chief Research Officer (CRO), Research Branch, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar cDepartment of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine dThe Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bedognetti
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hendrickx
authors.forename: Francesco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Marincola
authors.forename: Lance D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000235:genetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D059467:Transcriptome; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D005819:Genetic Markers