title: Socioeconomic status and incidence of breast cancer by hormone receptor subtype.
abstract: Recent developments in genetics and molecular biology have classified breast cancer into subtypes based on tumor markers of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and human epidermal growth Factor-2 receptors (Her-2), with the basal-like (ER-, PR-, Her2-) subtype commonly referred to as "triple negative" breast cancer (TNBC) being the most aggressive. Prior studies have provided evidence that higher socio-economic status (SES) is associated with increased breast cancer risk, likely due to hormone related risk factors such as parity and hormonal contraceptive use. However, it is unclear if the relationship between SES and overall breast cancer incidence exists within each subtype, and if this association varies by race/ethnicity. Analysis was based on data obtained from the SEER database linked to 2008-2012 American Community Survey data, and restricted to women diagnosed with breast cancer in 2010. The NCI SES census tract SES index based on measures of income, poverty, unemployment, occupational class, education and house value, was examined and categorized into quintiles. Age-adjusted incidence rate ratios were calculated comparing the lowest to the highest SES groups by subtype, separately for each race/ethnic group. We identified 47,586 women with breast cancer diagnosed in 2010. The majority was diagnosed with Her2-/HR+ tumors (73 %), while 12 % had triple negative tumors (TNBC). There was a significant trend of higher incidence with increasing SES for Her2-/HR+ (IRR Highest vs. Lowest SES: 1.32, 95 % CI 1.27-1.39; p value trend: 0.01) and Her2+/HR+ tumors (IRR Highest vs. Lowest SES: 1.46, 95 % CI 1.27-1.68; p value trend: 0.01) among White cases. There was no association between SES and incidence of HR- subtypes (Her2+/HR- or TNBC). Similar associations were observed among Black, Hispanic and Asian or Pacific Islander cases. The positive association between SES and breast cancer incidence is primarily driven by hormone receptor positive tumors. To the extent that neighborhood SES is a proxy for individual SES, future studies are still needed to identify etiologic risk factors for other breast cancer subtypes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA.
authors.forename: Tomi F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Akinyemiju
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pisu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Waterbor
authors.affiliation: Cancer Statistics Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD USA.
authors.forename: Sean F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Altekruse
keywords: Breast cancer; Cancer; Disparities; Socio-economic status; Triple-negative