title: The Impact of Alcohol Use and Related Disorders on the HIV Continuum of Care: a Systematic Review : Alcohol and the HIV Continuum of Care.
abstract: Alcohol use is highly prevalent globally with numerous negative consequences to human health, including HIV progression, in people living with HIV (PLH). The HIV continuum of care, or treatment cascade, represents a sequence of targets for intervention that can result in viral suppression, which ultimately benefits individuals and society. The extent to which alcohol impacts each step in the cascade, however, has not been systematically examined. International targets for HIV treatment as prevention aim for 90 % of PLH to be diagnosed, 90 % of them to be prescribed with antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 90 % to achieve viral suppression; currently, only 20 % of PLH are virally suppressed. This systematic review, from 2010 through May 2015, found 53 clinical research papers examining the impact of alcohol use on each step of the HIV treatment cascade. These studies were mostly cross-sectional or cohort studies and from all income settings. Most (77 %) found a negative association between alcohol consumption on one or more stages of the treatment cascade. Lack of consistency in measurement, however, reduced the ability to draw consistent conclusions. Nonetheless, the strong negative correlations suggest that problematic alcohol consumption should be targeted, preferably using evidence-based behavioral and pharmacological interventions, to indirectly increase the proportion of PLH achieving viral suppression, to achieve treatment as prevention mandates, and to reduce HIV transmission.
authors.affiliation: Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. p.vagenas@aya.yale.edu.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vagenas
authors.affiliation: Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Marwan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Azar
authors.affiliation: Center for Health, Intervention, and Prevention, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Copenhaver
authors.affiliation: Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Sandra A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Springer
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.affiliation: Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.|Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.|Centre of Excellence in Research on AIDS, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Altice
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000437:Alcoholism; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents
keywords: ART; Adherence; Alcohol use disorders; Alcoholism; Antiretroviral therapy; HIV; HIV continuum of care; HIV treatment cascade; Viral suppression