title: In vitro shear bond strength of Y-TZP ceramics to different core materials with the use of three primer/resin cement systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Durability of the bond between different core materials and zirconia retainers is an important predictor of the success of a dental prosthesis. Nevertheless, because of its polycrystalline structure, zirconia cannot be etched and bonded to a conventional resin cement.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the effects of 3 metal primer/resin cement systems on the shear bond strength (SBS) of 3 core materials bonded to yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) ceramic retainers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Zirconia ceramic (Cercon) disks (5×3 mm) were airborne-particle abraded, rinsed, and air-dried. Disk-shaped core specimens (7×7 mm) that were prepared of composite resin, Ni-Cr, and zirconia were bonded to the zirconia ceramic disks by using one of 3 metal primer/cement systems: (Z-Prime Plus/BisCem, Zirconia Primer/Multilink Automix, or Clearfil Ceramic Primer/Clearfil SA). SBS was tested in a universal testing machine. Stereomicroscopy was used to evaluate the failure mode of debonded specimens. Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and post hoc analysis using the Scheffe procedure (α=.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clearfil SA/Clearfil Ceramic Primer system with an Ni-Cr core yielded the highest SBS value (19.03 MPa), whereas the lowest SBS value was obtained when Multilink Automix/Zirconia Primer system was used with the zirconia core group (4.09 MPa). Differences in mean SBS values among the cement/primer groups were statistically significant, except for Clearfil SA and BisCem with both composite resin and zirconia cores. Differences in mean SBS values among the core subgroups were not statistically significant, except for zirconia core with BisCem, Multilink, and Clearfil SA. The predominant failure mode was adhesive, except for Clearfil SA and BisCem luting agents with composite resin cores, which displayed cohesive failure, and Multilink Automix with a composite resin, core as well as Clearfil SA with Ni-Cr cores, where the debonded specimens of each group displayed a mixed (adhesive/cohesive) failure pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of the Clearfil SA/Clearfil Ceramic Primer system, based on methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP), increased the bond strength of Y-TZP ceramics to core materials.
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Substitutive Dental Sciences Department, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Fahad A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Al-Harbi
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Restorative Dental Sciences Department, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; and Assistant Professor, Dental Biomaterials Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Neveen M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ayad
authors.affiliation: Lecturer, Substitutive Dental Sciences Department, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Zahid A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Professor, Substitutive Dental Sciences Department, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Amr A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mahrous
authors.affiliation: Professor, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ. Electronic address: Smm519@rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Morgano
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D008422:Materials Testing; D019279:Resin Cements; D033081:Shear Strength; D013499:Surface Properties; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D019279:Resin Cements; D015040:Zirconium