title: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis and surgical management.
abstract: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), the least common form of cholangiocarcinomas, is a rare hepatobiliary malignancy that arises from the epithelial cells of the intrahepatic bile ducts. The incidence of ICC has been rising in the global scale over the last twenty years, which may reflect both a true increase and the trend of earlier detection of the disease. Other than some well recognized causative risk factors, the association between viral and metabolic factors and ICC pathogenesis has been increasingly identified recently. Surgical resection is currently the only feasible modality with a curative ability, but the resectability and curability remain low. The high invasiveness of ICC predisposes the tumors to multifocality, node metastasis and vascular invasions, leading to poor long-term survival after resection. The role of liver transplantation is controversial, while locoregional treatments and systematic therapies may provide survival benefits, especially in patients with unresectable and advanced tumors. The present review discussed the epidemiology, risk factors, surgical and multimodal management of ICCs, which mainly focused on the outcomes and factors associated with surgical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Mengchao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: shenfengehbh@sina.com.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D055011:Ablation Techniques; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D001662:Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Diagnosis; Epidemiology; Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; Risk factor; Surgery