title: Hydroalcoholic extract of Carum carvi L. in oral mucositis: a clinical trial in male golden hamsters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have attempted to prevent or improve oral mucositis (OM) but have not produced a qualified treatment yet. This study evaluates the effects of Carum carvi L. (caraway) hydroalcoholic extract (CHE) as one of the traditional medicinal plants in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced OM in golden hamsters.
  
  
  METHODS
  OM was induced in 54 male golden hamsters by 5-FU and cheek pouch scratching. Starting from day 12, 500 and 1000 mg kg(-1) per day topical CHE were administered. Pouch histopathology score, malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione contents, and activity of myeloperoxidase plus microbial cultures of cheek pouch, antimicrobial properties of CHE, and essential oil constituents were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower histopathology score (0, 1, and 2) and malondialdehyde level, higher reduced glutathione level and activities of myeloperoxidase were detected in 1000 and 500 mg kg(-1) per day topical CHE and control groups, respectively (P < 0.001). The CHE was more potent against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus intermedius. γ-Terpinene (37.2%) was identified as the main constituent of essential oil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of CHE in topical form may be associated with reduced intensity of OM. This may be due to appropriate antibacterial activity and terpinene contents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mardani
authors.affiliation: Students' Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Afra
authors.affiliation: Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanideh
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: A Andisheh
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Tadbir
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Virology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Modarresi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Animals Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Koohi-Hosseinabadi
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iraji
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6300-2906
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sepehrimanesh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D029974:Carum / Q000737:chemistry*; D006224:Cricetinae; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008647:Mesocricetus; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects; D013280:Stomatitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D034367:Streptococcus intermedius / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005978:Glutathione; D005472:Fluorouracil
keywords: 5-fluorouracil; Carum carvi L.; histopathology score; oral mucositis; oxidative stress