title: Acoustic Cluster Therapy (ACT)--A novel concept for ultrasound mediated, targeted drug delivery.
abstract: A novel approach for ultrasound (US) mediated drug delivery - Acoustic Cluster Therapy (ACT) - is proposed, and basic characteristics of the ACT formulation are elucidated. The concept comprises administration of free flowing clusters of negatively charged microbubbles and positively charged microdroplets. The clusters are activated within the target pathology by diagnostic US, undergo an ensuing liquid-to-gas phase shift and transiently deposit 20-30 μm large bubbles in the microvasculature, occluding blood flow for ∼5-10 min. Further application of US will induce biomechanical effects that increases the vascular permeability, leading to a locally enhanced extravasation of components from the vascular compartment (e.g. released or co-administered drugs). Methodologies are detailed for determination of vital in-vitro characteristics of the ACT compound; cluster concentration and size distribution. It is shown how these attributes can be engineered through various formulation parameters, and their significance as predictors of biological behaviour, such as deposit characteristics, is demonstrated by US imaging in a dog model. Furthermore, in-vivo properties of the activated ACT bubbles are studied by intravital microscopy in a rat model, confirming the postulated behaviour of the concept.
authors.affiliation: Phoenix Solutions AS, PO Box 4741, N-0421 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: per.sontum@phoenixsolutions.no.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sontum
authors.affiliation: Phoenix Solutions AS, PO Box 4741, N-0421 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: svein.kvale@phoenixsolutions.no.
authors.forename: Svein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kvåle
authors.affiliation: Phoenix Solutions AS, PO Box 4741, N-0421 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: andrew.healey@phoenixsolutions.no.
authors.forename: Andrew John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Healey
authors.affiliation: Institute for Energy Technology, Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway. Electronic address: roald.skurtveit@ife.no.
authors.forename: Roald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Skurtveit
authors.affiliation: Daiichi Sankyo Co., 3-5-1, Nihonbashi Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8426 Japan. Electronic address: watanabe.rira.vi@daiichisankyo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Rira
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Daiichi Sankyo Co., 3-5-1, Nihonbashi Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8426 Japan. Electronic address: matsu4jf@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.affiliation: Inven2 AS, PO Box 1061 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: jonny.ostensen@inven2.com.
authors.forename: Jonny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Østensen
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000818:Animals; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000502:physiology; D004285:Dogs; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D045423:Microbubbles; D044367:Phase Transition; D051381:Rats; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D014465:Ultrasonics
keywords: ACT; Drug delivery; Microbubbles; Microdroplets; Ultrasound