title: Molecular evolution of the hypervariable region of the attachment glycoprotein gene in human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup B genotypes BA9 and BA10.
abstract: We studied the molecular evolution of the C-terminal 3rd hypervariable region in the attachment glycoprotein gene of human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup B (HRSV-B) genotypes BA9 and BA10. We performed time-scaled phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. We also performed a genetic distance analysis (p-distance analysis), positive and negative selection analyses, and a Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) analysis. We found that genotype BA9 diverged from the common ancestor of genotypes BA7, BA8, and BA10, while genotype BA10 diverged from the ancestor of genotypes BA7 and BA8. Strains of both genotypes were distributed worldwide. BA9 and BA10 diverged between 1999 and 2001. Both BA9 and BA10 evolved rapidly (about 4.8×10(-3)substitutions/site/year) and formed three distinct lineages in a 10-year period. BA10 strains belonging to lineage 3 had large genetic distances (p-distance>0.07). Thus, it may be possible to classify these strains as a new genotype, BA11. No positive selection site was detected in either genotype. Phylodynamic analyses showed that the effective population size of BA10 decreased gradually since 2010 and BA9 slightly decreased since 2009. The results suggested that the recently prevalent HRSV-B genotypes BA9 and BA10 evolved uniquely, leading to epidemics of HRSV-B worldwide over a 15-year period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8677, Japan; Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Koo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagasawa
authors.affiliation: Fukui Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science 39-4 Harame-cho, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8851, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.affiliation: Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihide
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ryo
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-shi, Toyama 939-0363, Japan.
authors.forename: Masatsugu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Obuchi
authors.affiliation: Division of Infection Control and Prevention Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba university, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8677, Japan.
authors.forename: Naruhiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishiwada
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8677, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimojo
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan. Electronic address: kimhiro@nih.go.jp.
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kimura
mesh_terms: D001991:Bronchitis / Q000821:virology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010802:Phylogeny; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000821:virology; D018113:Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000821:virology; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; C116204:attachment protein G
keywords: Genotype BA10; Genotype BA9; HRSV; Molecular evolution