title: Antifungal Volatile Organic Compounds from the Endophyte Nodulisporium sp. Strain GS4d2II1a: a Qualitative Change in the Intraspecific and Interspecific Interactions with Pythium aphanidermatum.
abstract: This study demonstrates volatile organic compounds (VOCs) production as one of the defense mechanisms of the antagonistic endophyte Nodulisporium sp. GS4d2II1a, and the volatile changes in two times of the fungal growth; and, as result of its intra and interspecific interactions with the plant pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum. The antifungal activity of the volatile and diffusible metabolites was evaluated by means of three types of antagonism bioassays and by organic extract agar dilution. VOCs were obtained by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry from 3- and 5-day Nodulisporium sp. cultures, as well as from its interspecific in vitro antagonistic interaction with the oomycete P. aphanidermatum, and its intraspecific Nodulisporium sp.-Nodulisporium sp. interaction. The GS4d2II1a strain completely inhibited the growth of two fungi and seven oomycetes by replacing their mycelia in simple antagonism bioassays and by producing in vitro volatile and diffusible metabolites that acted synergistically in multiple antagonism bioassays. Additionally, VOCs inhibited the growth of three oomycetes and one fungus in antagonism bioassays using divided plates. A total of 70 VOCs were detected, mainly including mono and sesquiterpenes, especially eucalyptol and limonene. Multiple correspondence analysis revealed four different volatile profiles, showing that volatiles changed with the fungus age and its intra and interspecific interactions. The metabolites produced by Nodulisporium sp. GS4d2II1a could be useful for biological control of fungal and oomycetes plant pathogens of economically important crops.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Departamento de Productos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D.F., 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rosa Elvira
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Fernández
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D.F., 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Química, Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo a la Investigación, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D.F., 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Georgina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Botánica, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D.F., 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lappe-Oliveras
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D.F., 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Departamento de Productos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D.F., 04510, Mexico. mmacias@iquimica.unam.mx.
authors.forename: Martha Lydia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Macías-Rubalcava
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D060026:Endophytes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D011775:Pythium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013098:Xylariales / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: Antifungal; Endophytic fungus; Hypoxylon anthochroum; Interspecific interaction; Nodulisporium sp.; VOCs