title: Short Communication: Immune Activation Is Present in HIV-1-Exposed Seronegative Individuals and Is Independent of Microbial Translocation.
abstract: Analyses of immune activation in HIV-exposed seronegative individuals (HESN) yielded discrepant results. To clarify this issue we performed an extensive investigation of immune parameters in HESN and, in particular, we analyzed in these individuals the possible presence of microbial translocation, the most widely accepted reason driving immune activation in HIV-infected patients. Results showed that immune activation, a skewing of T lymphocyte maturation, and increased responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) characterize the HESN phenotype; this is not driven by alterations of the gastrointestinal barrier and microbial translocation. The activation state seen in HESN may influence the induction of stronger adaptive antiviral immune responses and may represent a virus exposure-induced innate immune protective phenotype against HIV.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan , Milan, Italy .
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saulle
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan , Milan, Italy .
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biasin
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan , Milan, Italy .
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gnudi
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan , Milan, Italy .
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rainone
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan , Milan, Italy .
authors.forename: Salomè Valentina
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Ibba
authors.affiliation: 2 S. Maria Annunziata Hospital , Florence, Italy .
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lo Caputo
authors.affiliation: 2 S. Maria Annunziata Hospital , Florence, Italy .
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mazzotta
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan , Milan, Italy .
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trabattoni
authors.affiliation: 3 Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan , Milan, Italy .|4 Don C Gnocchi Foundation , IRCCS, Milan, Italy .
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clerici
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D018023:HIV Seronegativity / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology; D007558:Italy; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D019562:Viral Load / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015483:HIV Antibodies; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides