title: Specific biological responses of the synovial membrane to carbon nanotubes.
abstract: Biological evaluation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is typically performed in the lung or abdominal cavity; however, biological reactions to CNTs are predicted to be markedly different in other tissues. In applications of CNTs as reinforcement for artificial joints and drug delivery systems, including their use in bone regeneration, the intra-articular synovial membrane makes contact with the CNTs. Herein, we analyzed the reaction of the synovial membrane with multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs). Injection of MWCNTs into rat knee joints revealed their dose-dependent incorporation into deep synovial membranes and the formation of granulation tissue, without long-term inflammation. MWCNTs were incorporated into human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (HFLSs), with less cytotoxicity than that observed in macrophages (RAW264 cells). Moreover, MWCNTs inhibited the release of cytokines and chemokines from HFLSs. The reaction of the synovial membrane with MWCNTs differed from that observed in other tissues; thus, detailed biological evaluation at each target site is necessary for clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takanashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haniu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takizawa
authors.affiliation: Aizawa Hospital Sports Medicine Center, Honjou 2-5-1, Matsumoto 390-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayumu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D051381:Rats; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon