title: Auditory Training Effects on the Listening Skills of Children With Auditory Processing Disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children with auditory processing disorder (APD) typically present with "listening difficulties,"' including problems understanding speech in noisy environments. The authors examined, in a group of such children, whether a 12-week computer-based auditory training program with speech material improved the perception of speech-in-noise test performance, and functional listening skills as assessed by parental and teacher listening and communication questionnaires. The authors hypothesized that after the intervention, (1) trained children would show greater improvements in speech-in-noise perception than untrained controls; (2) this improvement would correlate with improvements in observer-rated behaviors; and (3) the improvement would be maintained for at least 3 months after the end of training.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective randomized controlled trial of 39 children with normal nonverbal intelligence, ages 7 to 11 years, all diagnosed with APD. This diagnosis required a normal pure-tone audiogram and deficits in at least two clinical auditory processing tests. The APD children were randomly assigned to (1) a control group that received only the current standard treatment for children diagnosed with APD, employing various listening/educational strategies at school (N = 19); or (2) an intervention group that undertook a 3-month 5-day/week computer-based auditory training program at home, consisting of a wide variety of speech-based listening tasks with competing sounds, in addition to the current standard treatment. All 39 children were assessed for language and cognitive skills at baseline and on three outcome measures at baseline and immediate postintervention. Outcome measures were repeated 3 months postintervention in the intervention group only, to assess the sustainability of treatment effects. The outcome measures were (1) the mean speech reception threshold obtained from the four subtests of the listening in specialized noise test that assesses sentence perception in various configurations of masking speech, and in which the target speakers and test materials were unrelated to the training materials; (2) the Children's Auditory Performance Scale that assesses listening skills, completed by the children's teachers; and (3) the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamental-4 pragmatic profile that assesses pragmatic language use, completed by parents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All outcome measures significantly improved at immediate postintervention in the intervention group only, with effect sizes ranging from 0.76 to 1.7. Improvements in speech-in-noise performance correlated with improved scores in the Children's Auditory Performance Scale questionnaire in the trained group only. Baseline language and cognitive assessments did not predict better training outcome. Improvements in speech-in-noise performance were sustained 3 months postintervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Broad speech-based auditory training led to improved auditory processing skills as reflected in speech-in-noise test performance and in better functional listening in real life. The observed correlation between improved functional listening with improved speech-in-noise perception in the trained group suggests that improved listening was a direct generalization of the auditory training.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, National University Singapore, Singapore; 2University College London Ear Institute, London, United Kingdom; 3University College London Speech, Hearing, and Phonetic Sciences, London, United Kingdom; and 4Neuro-otology Department, National Hospital for Neurology Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jenny Hooi Yin
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Loo
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Doris-Eva
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bamiou
mesh_terms: D001308:Auditory Perceptual Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002648:Child; D012048:Correction of Hearing Impairment / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009622:Noise; D013067:Speech Perception; D013069:Speech Reception Threshold Test; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D016896:Treatment Outcome