title: Physiologic Doses of Ascorbic Acid Increase Arsenic Trioxide Toxicity in Human Jurkat -T Lymphoma Cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been reported to have activityin vitroagainst multiple myeloma cells. Recently, it has also been used as a therapeutic agent to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients who have relapsed from conventional treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and chemotherapy. Recent studies from our laboratory indicate that ascorbic acid (AA) enhances the activity of ATO in HL-60 cells by increasing its cytotoxic effect and the level of oxidative stress. However, the potential effect of AA and ATO combination in the treatment of lymphoma patients has not been examined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our central aim was to assess whether physiologic doses of ascorbic acid increase ATO toxicity in human Jurkat T lymphoma cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human Jurkat T lymphoma cells were treated either with a dose (9μg/mL) of ATO alone or with several physiologic doses of AA plus 9μg/mL ATO for 48 h. Cell survival was determined by trypan blue exclusion test using the Cellometer Vision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data generated from this experiment indicated that AA co-treatment at 100μM and 200μM significantly (p< 0.05) increased cell death in ATO-treated cells. The viability decreased from 61 ± 8% in cells with ATO alone to 31 ± 4% in cells treated with 200μM AA plus 9μg/mL ATO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our research demonstrates that ATO alone is cytotoxic to human Jurkat T lymphoma cells, and co-administration of physiologic doses of AA enhances its toxicity in a dose-dependent manner.
authors.affiliation: Cellomics and Toxicogenomics Research Laboratory, NIH-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Clement G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Yedjou
authors.affiliation: Cellomics and Toxicogenomics Research Laboratory, NIH-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Raven
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Byrd
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology at Hinds Community College, Jackson, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Lacambrion
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Cellomics and Toxicogenomics Research Laboratory, NIH-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Tchounwou
keywords: Arsenic Trioxide; Cell Viability; Cellometer Vision; trypan blue