title: Rescheduling the process of nanoparticle removal used for water mercury remediation can increase the risk to aquatic organism: evidence of innate immune functions modulation in European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.).
abstract: This study aimed to assess the mechanisms of innate immune function responses to silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticle functionalized with dithiocarbamate groups (IONP) exposure alone and its associated mercury (Hg) in European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) phagocytes isolated from peritoneum (P-phagocytes), gill (G-phagocytes), head kidney (HK-phagocytes) and spleen (S-phagocytes). The study evaluated viability, phagocytosis, oxidative burst activity (OBA) and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Four groups were made: (1) 2 × 10(6) phagocytes + RPMI-1640 (control), (2) 2 × 10(6) phagocytes + IONP (2.5 mg L(-1)), (3) 2 × 10(6) phagocytes + Hg (50 μg L(-1)) and (4) 2 × 10(6) phagocytes + IONP + Hg. Samplings were performed at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure. A. anguilla P-, G-, HK- and S-phagocytes in vitro exposure to IONP alone revealed either increased (except HK-phagocytes at 16 h) or no change in viability, suggesting that the cells are metabolically active and resistant to IONP exposure alone. In terms of phagocytes overactivation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as an indirect mechanism of immunotoxicity, the phagocytes responded in the following manner: P- > S- > HK- = G-phagocytes for IONP exposure alone, S- > HK- > P- = G-phagocytes for Hg exposure alone and HK- > G- = S- > P-phagocytes for concomitant exposure. Overall, considering Hg as a surrogate for metals and its association with IONP, as well as the likelihood that it could pose a serious threat to aquatic organisms by modulating their immune defense mechanisms if accidentally discharged into the aquatic environment, current results suggest that the step of IONP-metal complex removal must not be underrated and should be processed without any more ado.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Leonor C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Iram
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mohmood
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Tito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Trindade
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Chemoprevention and Therapeutics, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saleem
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Armando C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Eduarda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal. ahmadr@ua.pt.|Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. ahmadr@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Iqbal
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ahmad
mesh_terms: D000811:Anguilla / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008628:Mercury / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C000499:ferric oxide; D008628:Mercury
keywords: Anguilla anguilla L.; In vitro immunotoxicity; Iron oxide nanoparticles; Mercury; Metal removal