title: Static standing, dynamic standing and spasticity in individuals with spinal cord injury.
abstract: METHODS
  This was a cross-over efficacy study design.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine spasticity differences between static and dynamic standing training in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Vancouver, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten individuals with SCI who could stand with or without bracing or supports participated in both dynamic and static standing training (one session each, 2 days apart) using a Segway. The primary outcome was spasticity as measured by Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and electromyography (EMG) of the quadriceps, hamstrings, adductors and gastrocnemius.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no statistically detectable difference in spasticity between dynamic and static standing training in individuals with SCI as measured by VAS, MAS or EMG, although there was a trend towards decreased spasticity after the dynamic training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no significant difference in spasticity outcomes between static and dynamic standing training on a Segway for individuals with SCI.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This research was funded by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.|International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mclvor
authors.affiliation: Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Finlayson
authors.affiliation: International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.|Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sawatzky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000209:etiology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D064232:Visual Analog Scale