title: Check, check, double check: Investigating memory deterioration within multiple sessions of repeated checking.
abstract: Extensive research has shown that repeated checking causes memory distrust. Therefore, it has been suggested that people may subsequently get into a vicious cycle of decreased memory confidence and increased checking behavior, which may play a role in the maintenance and development of OCD. This study investigated in two experiments how repeated checking influences memory distrust over multiple checking episodes.
  
  
  
  In experiment 1, 70 healthy undergraduates performed two sessions of a virtual checking task with a 30 min break in between. In experiment 2, 41 healthy undergraduates performed two sessions of the checking task on a real kitchen stove and sink.
  
  
  
  Results of experiment 1 showed that memory confidence for checking the stove decreased after repeated checking in session 1, and remained low in session 2, but memory vividness and detail decreased in both sessions and recovered in between. In experiment 2, all three meta-memory ratings for checking the stove decreased after repeated checking in both sessions, but recovered in between.
  
  
  
  Future research may include patients with OCD. To further investigate the development of memory distrust over time, more checking episodes may be included and the time between sessions may be increased. Although replication is needed, the findings of experiment 2 seem more informative.
  
  
  
  Repeated checking may decrease memory vividness and detail (and, in turn, presumably also decrease memory confidence) each time this counterproductive strategy is used, which may have implications for using this paradigm as a behavioral experiment in cognitive-behavioral therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: M.B.J.Toffolo@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Marieke B J
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Toffolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marcel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van den Hout
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Adam S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Radomsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Iris M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Engelhard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011581:Psychological Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013334:Students; D014495:Universities; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Checking; Cognitive confidence; Cognitive-behavior therapy; Memory confidence; OCD; Repetition