title: Infrared microspectroscopic imaging of plant tissues: spectral visualization of Triticum aestivum kernel and Arabidopsis leaf microstructure.
abstract: Infrared microspectroscopy is a tool with potential for studies of the microstructure, chemical composition and functionality of plants at a subcellular level. Here we present the use of high-resolution bench top-based infrared microspectroscopy to investigate the microstructure of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) kernels and Arabidopsis leaves. Images of isolated wheat kernel tissues and whole wheat kernels following hydrothermal processing and simulated gastric and duodenal digestion were generated, as well as images of Arabidopsis leaves at different points during a diurnal cycle. Individual cells and cell walls were resolved, and large structures within cells, such as starch granules and protein bodies, were clearly identified. Contrast was provided by converting the hyperspectral image cubes into false-colour images using either principal component analysis (PCA) overlays or by correlation analysis. The unsupervised PCA approach provided a clear view of the sample microstructure, whereas the correlation analysis was used to confirm the identity of different anatomical structures using the spectra from isolated components. It was then demonstrated that gelatinized and native starch within cells could be distinguished, and that the loss of starch during wheat digestion could be observed, as well as the accumulation of starch in leaves during a diurnal period.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group, London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150, Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.|ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Frederick J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.affiliation: PerkinElmer, Chalfont Road, Seer Green, Buckinghamshire, HP9 2FX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Benjamin B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Perston
authors.affiliation: Satake Centre for Grain Process Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Silvia P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Galindez-Najera
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group, London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150, Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Cathrina H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Prudence O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.affiliation: The Model Gut, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, NR4 7UA, Norwich, United Kingdom.|Department of Drug Science and Products for Health, University of Messina, Vill. SS. Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Giusy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mandalari
authors.affiliation: Satake Centre for Grain Process Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Grant M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group, London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150, Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Butterworth
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group, London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150, Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Ellis
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000648:ultrastructure; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012639:Seeds / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013213:Starch; D014908:Triticum
chemical_list: D013213:Starch
keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana; Triticum aestivum L.; hyperspectral imaging; infrared microspectroscopy; in vitro digestion; wheat grain structure