title: Residue levels and risk assessment of pesticides in nuts of China.
abstract: The pesticide residue levels of three nuts (chestnut, walnut, pinenut) collected from seven main producing areas of China were investigated. Twenty-nine pesticides, including organophosphates (OPs), organochlorines (OCs), pyrethroids (PYs) and two fungicides (triadimefon and buprofezin) were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Four OPs (acephate, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos and parathion-methyl) were found in 11.4% samples, with the concentrations of 19.0 µg kg(-1) to 74.0 µg kg(-1). Six OCs (DDT, HCH, endosulfan, quintozene, aldrin and dieldrin) were found in 18.2% samples, with the concentrations of 2.0 µg kg(-1) to 65.7 µg kg(-1). Among OCs, p,p-DDE and α-HCH were the dominant isomer for DDT and HCH. Five PYs (fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, cypermethrin, bifenthrin and cyhalothrin) were found in 15.9% samples, with the concentrations of 2.5 µg kg(-1) to 433.0 µg kg(-1). Fenpropathrin was the most frequently detected pesticide. In addition, triadimefon and buprofezin were detected only in two samples. For the tested nuts, 25.0% samples with multiple residues (containing more than two pesticides) were noted, even up to 9.1% samples with five pesticide residues. The residue of 15.9% samples was higher than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of China. The short-term risks for the tested nuts were below 1.2%, and the highest long-term risk was 12.58%. The cumulative risk (cHI) for the tested pesticides were 8.43% (OPs), 0.42% (OCs), 12.82% (PYs) and 0.15% (fungicides), respectively. The total cHI was 21.82%. There was no significant health risk for consumers via nuts consumption.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, China.
authors.forename: Yihua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, China.
authors.forename: Danyu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, China.
authors.forename: Shiliang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, China.
authors.forename: Zhanglin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, China.
authors.forename: Caifen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, China. Electronic address: yalin_zj@163.com.
authors.forename: Fubin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D009754:Nuts / Q000737:chemistry*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues
keywords: Food safety; Nut; Pesticide; Residue; Risk assessment