title: An organizational analysis of road traffic crash prevention to explain the difficulties of a national program in a low income country.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Road traffic crashes (RTC), that daily kill 3400 people and leave 15,000 with a permanent disability could be prevented through the implementation of safety programs developed in partnership with governments and institutions. The relationship between key stakeholders can be a crucial determinant to the effectiveness of road safety programs. This issue has rarely been addressed. We conducted a detailed organizational analysis of the stakeholders involved in road safety programs in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR).
  
  
  METHODS
  A case study was performed. The framework used was a snowball effect in which the characterization of all key stakeholders and the links between them, as well as the factors that led to these links, were determined. The effect of the relations between key stakeholders on the prevention of RTC was assessed through an analysis of the transactional, intangible and controlling factors that influence these relationships.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The design and implementation of road safety programs in Lao PDR suffer from weak relationships between stakeholders and a poorly functional bicephal leadership between the Ministry of Public Works and Transport and the non-governmental organisation called Handicap International. This poor coordination between key stakeholders is evident, particularly in the area of collective action and is reinforced by a lack of interest from several different stakeholders. Most agencies do not prioritize road safety. Uneven distribution of funding is another contributing factor. Strengthening the leadership is crucial to the success of the program. Some organisations have skills, power the decision making and the allocation of resources in regards to road safety programs. Encouraging participation of these organizations through a more prominent position would thus result in a better collaboration. Non-monetary rewards would further help to strengthen collaborative work.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bicephal nature of the leadership of road safety programs proves detrimental, is associated with a weak coalition between stakeholders, and contributes to the declaimed poor effectiveness of the existing programs. The study has identified non-monetary and realistic means of strengthening the collaboration between key stakeholders. Stakeholders need to revise their interpretive schemes, in order to actively support the reinforcement of government leadership of road safety policies.
authors.affiliation: Institut Francophone de Medecine Tropicale, Vientiane, Lao PDR. tania.vogel@gmail.com.|Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Laval, QC, Canada. tania.vogel@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.affiliation: Institut Francophone de Medecine Tropicale, Vientiane, Lao PDR. daniel.reinharz@auf.org.|Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Laval, QC, Canada. daniel.reinharz@auf.org.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reinharz
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Unit, Pasteur Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. marissa.gripenberg@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gripenberg
authors.affiliation: Institut Francophone de Medecine Tropicale, Vientiane, Lao PDR. barenneshub@yahoo.fr.|Epidemiology Unit, Pasteur Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. barenneshub@yahoo.fr.|INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, 33000, Bordeaux, France. barenneshub@yahoo.fr.|Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le VIH et Hépatite, ANRS, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. barenneshub@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barennes
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007812:Laos; D009938:Organizations