title: Investigating temporary acyclicity in a captive group of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): Relationship between management, adrenal activity and social factors.
abstract: Routine faecal steroid monitoring has been used to aid the management of five captive Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) females at Chester Zoo, UK, since 2007. Progestagen analysis initially revealed synchronised oestrous cycles among all females. However, a 14- to 20-week period of temporary acyclicity subsequently occurred in three females, following several management changes (increased training, foot-care and intermittent matriarch removal for health reasons) and the initiation of pregnancy in another female. The aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate whether these management changes were related to increased adrenal activity and disruption of ovarian activity, or whether social factors may have been involved in the temporary cessation of cyclicity. Faecal samples collected every other day were analysed to investigate whether glucocorticoid metabolites were related to reproductive status (pregnant, cycling, acyclic) or management (training, foot-care, matriarch presence). Routine training and foot-care were not associated with adrenal activity; however, intensive foot-care to treat an abscess in one female was associated with increased glucocorticoid concentration. Matriarch presence influenced adrenal activity in three females, being lower when the matriarch was separated from the group at night compared to being always present. However, in the females that exhibited temporary acyclicity, there was no consistent relationship between glucocorticoids and cyclicity state. Although the results of this study do not fully explain this occurrence, the highly synchronised nature of oestrous cycles within this group, and the concurrent acyclicity in three females, raises the question of whether social factors could have been involved in the temporary disruption of ovarian activity.
authors.affiliation: North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Caughall Road, Upton-by-Chester CH2 1LH, UK; Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA. Electronic address: edwardskl@si.edu.
authors.forename: Katie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Caughall Road, Upton-by-Chester CH2 1LH, UK; Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5G, UK.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trotter
authors.affiliation: Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5G, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA.
authors.forename: Janine L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Caughall Road, Upton-by-Chester CH2 1LH, UK; Gebrüder Knie, Schweizer National-Circus AG, Oberseestrasse, 8640 Rapperswil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hanspeter W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Steinmetz
authors.affiliation: North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Caughall Road, Upton-by-Chester CH2 1LH, UK. Electronic address: s.walker@chesterzoo.org.
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D004606:Elephants; D030762:Estrous Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000032:analysis*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011372:Progestins / Q000032:analysis*; D012098:Reproduction; D012919:Social Behavior
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011372:Progestins
keywords: Animal welfare; Asian elephant; Glucocorticoids; Management; Oestrous synchrony; Reproduction; Temporary acyclicity