title: Neighborhood Deprivation and Risk of Age-Related Eye Diseases: A Follow-up Study in Sweden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether there is an association between neighborhood deprivation and age-related eye diseases, particularly macular degeneration, cataract, diabetes-related eye complications, and glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised a nationwide sample of 2,060,887 men and 2,250,851 women aged 40 years or older living in Sweden who were followed from 1 January 2000 until the first hospitalization/outpatient registration for age-related eye disease during the study period, death, emigration, or the end of the study period on 31 December 2010. Multilevel logistic regression was used to estimate the association between neighborhood deprivation and age-related eye diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men, the odds ratio (OR) for age-related eye diseases for those living in high-deprivation neighborhoods compared to those living in low-deprivation neighborhoods remained significant after adjustment for potential confounding factors (macular degeneration, OR 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.12; cataract, OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.26-1.35; diabetes-related eye complications, OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.30-1.43; glaucoma, OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.06-1.15). In women, similar patterns were observed (macular degeneration, OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.07-1.15; cataract, OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.31-1.40; diabetes-related eye complications, OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.42-1.59; glaucoma, OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.08-1.17).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that neighborhood deprivation is associated with age-related eye diseases in both men and women. These results implicate that individual- as well as neighborhood-level factors are important for preventing age-related eye diseases.
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Community-based Health Research and Education (COHRE), Organization for the Promotion of Project Research, Shimane University , Izumo , Japan .
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hamano
authors.affiliation: b Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University , Malmö , Sweden .
authors.forename: Xinjun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: c Division of Ophthalmology , Matsue Red Cross Hospital , Matsue , Japan .
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanito
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Community-based Health Research and Education (COHRE), Organization for the Promotion of Project Research, Shimane University , Izumo , Japan .|d Department of Functional Pathology , Shimane University School of Medicine , Izumo , Japan .
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nabika
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Community-based Health Research and Education (COHRE), Organization for the Promotion of Project Research, Shimane University , Izumo , Japan .|e Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine , Shimane University School of Medicine , Izumo , Japan , and.
authors.forename: Kuninori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shiwaku
authors.affiliation: b Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University , Malmö , Sweden .|f Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundquist
authors.affiliation: b Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University , Malmö , Sweden .|f Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sundquist
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D002386:Cataract / Q000453:epidemiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012042:Registries; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Age-related eye diseases; epidemiology; multilevel analysis; neighborhood deprivation; preventive medicine