title: Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in macroalgaes, bivalves, and fish from coastal areas in Europe.
abstract: The occurrence and levels of PhACs, Endocrine Disrupting and related Compounds (EDCs) in seafood from potential contaminated areas in Europe has been studied. Macroalgae (Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata), bivalves (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mytilus spp., Chamalea gallina and Crassostrea gigas) and fish (Liza aurata and Platichthys flesus) from Portugal, Spain, Italy, Netherlands, and Norway were analysed following 4 different analytical protocols depending on the organism and target group of contaminants. The results revealed the presence of 4 pharmaceutical compounds in macroalgae samples, 16 in bivalves and 10 in fish. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that PhACs have been detected in marine fish and in macroalgae. Besides, this is also the first time that dimetridazole, hydrochlorothiazide and tamsulosin have been detected in biota samples. The highest levels of PhACs corresponded to the psychiatric drug velanfaxine (up to 36.1 ng/g dry weight (dw)) and the antibiotic azithromycin (up to 13.3 ng/g dw) in bivalves from the Po delta (Italy). EDCs were not detected in macroalgae samples, however, the analysis revealed the presence of 10 EDCs in bivalves and 8 in fish. The highest levels corresponded to the organophosphorus flame retardant tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP) reaching up to 98.4 ng/g dw in mullet fish from the Tagus estuary. Bivalves, in particular mussels, have shown to be good bioindicator organisms for PhACs and fish for EDCs. Taking into consideration the concentrations and frequencies of detection of PhACs and EDCs in the seafood samples analysed, a list of candidates' compounds for priorization in future studies has been proposed.
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/Emili Grahit, 101 Edifici H2O, E-17003 Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Álvarez-Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/Emili Grahit, 101 Edifici H2O, E-17003 Girona, Spain. Electronic address: srodriguez@icra.cat.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Mozaz
authors.affiliation: Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, IPMA, I.P., Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Maulvault
authors.affiliation: Aeiforia Srl, Località Faggiola 16, 29027 Gariga di Podenzano (PC), Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tediosi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou, km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona 43540, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernández-Tejedor
authors.affiliation: Hortimare Projects & Consultancy B.V., E. De Boer, vab Rijkpark 20, 1705 LN, Heerhugowaard, Netherlands.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van den Heuvel
authors.affiliation: Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research center, Haringkade 1, 1976 CP Ijmuiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kotterman
authors.affiliation: Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, IPMA, I.P., Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/Emili Grahit, 101 Edifici H2O, E-17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barceló
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005060:Europe; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005432:Flounder / Q000378:metabolism; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D012624:Seaweed / Q000737:chemistry*; D023701:Smegmamorpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Algae; Bivalves; Endocrine disrupting compounds; Fish; Pharmaceutical; Prioritisation