title: The Opposing Function of STAT3 as an Oncoprotein and Tumor Suppressor Is Dictated by the Expression Status of STAT3β in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  STAT3 is known to have both oncogenic and tumor suppressive effects, but the regulation of these opposing effects is elusive. We hypothesized that STAT3β, one of the two STAT3 isoforms, is the key determinant in this context.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prognostic significance of STAT3β and phospho-STAT3α(Y705) (pSTAT3α(Y705)) was evaluated in 286 cases of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). STAT3β-induced changes in the chemosensitivity to cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil were assessed both in vitro and in vivo. STAT3β-induced changes in the frequency of cancer stem cells were evaluated using Hoechst and CD44 staining. How STAT3β regulates STAT3α was determined using immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, DNA-binding, and chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  STAT3β expression is an independent protective prognostic marker in patients with ESCC, which strongly correlated with longer overall survival (P = 0.0009) and recurrence-free survival (P = 0.0001). STAT3β significantly decreased the cancer stem cell population, and sensitized ESCC cells to cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in tumor xenografts. Mechanistically, STAT3β markedly attenuated the transcription activity of STAT3α via inducing STAT3α:STAT3β heterodimers. However, the heterodimer formation decreased the binding between STAT3α and PTPN9 (better known as PTP-MEG2), a protein tyrosine phosphatase, thereby promoting the phosphorylation of STAT3α(Y705) and enhancing its nuclear translocation and DNA binding. Correlating with this, high STAT3β expression converts the prognostic value of pSTAT3α(Y705) from unfavorable to favorable in patients with ESCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  STAT3β suppresses chemoresistance and cancer stemness by blocking the transcriptional activity of STAT3α. The paradoxical increase in pSTAT3α(Y705) induced by STAT3β carries important implications as to how the biologic and prognostic significance of STAT3 in cancers should be interpreted.
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Hai-Feng
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Chengsheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Surgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Yong
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tweardy
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Abdulraheem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alshareef
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Lian-Di
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Jie
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Yi
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Xiu-E
authors.initials: XE
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Keshav
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gopal
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Nidhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China. rlai@ualberta.ca lyxu@stu.edu.cn nmli@stu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: En-Min
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China. rlai@ualberta.ca lyxu@stu.edu.cn nmli@stu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Li-Yan
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. DynaLIFEDX Medical Laboratories, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. rlai@ualberta.ca lyxu@stu.edu.cn nmli@stu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008954:Models, Biological; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011379:Prognosis; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases