title: Observational Study of the Relation between Parkinson's Disease and Sleep Apnea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parkinson's disease is characterized by numerous non-motor symptoms, including sleep disorders. Sleep apnea has been reported in a substantial proportion of patients with Parkinson's disease, but it is unclear whether it has significant consequences for the quality of life of those affected or whether it is associated with other manifestations of the disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To verify whether sleep apnea is associated with more severe motor and non-motor clinical features in Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parkinson's disease patients underwent polysomnography to diagnose the presence of sleep apnea (apnea-hypopnoea index >10). Participants also underwent an extensive assessment, blinded to sleep apnea status, to determine disease severity, quantitative motor indices, motor subtypes, treatment complications, and sleep, autonomic, psychiatric, and sensory dysfunctions. Cognitive status was also determined with a complete neuropsychological assessment. Results were assessed using regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and disease duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 92 patients examined, 19 had sleep apnea (21%) and 73 did not. We found no significant differences in motor and non-motor symptoms or signs between apneic and non-apneic Parkinson's disease patients. The use of different apnea-hypopnoea index cut-offs (>5 and >15) produced similar results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that sleep apnea is not associated with more severe motor or non-motor manifestations in Parkinson's disease. More studies including control groups are needed to confirm the implications of those results.
authors.affiliation: McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Sarah-Gabrielle
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Béland
authors.affiliation: McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.|Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Ronald B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Postuma
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.|Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Latreille
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.|Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Josie-Anne
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.affiliation: Unité des troubles du mouvement André Barbeau, CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Panisset
authors.affiliation: Unité des troubles du mouvement André Barbeau, CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chouinard
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wolfson
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.|Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Gagnon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D017286:Polysomnography; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: Parkinson’s disease; cognition; non-motor symptoms; sleep apnea