title: Long-term utilization and continuation of intrauterine devices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared the 48 and 60 month continuation rates of levonorgestrel (LNG) and copper (Cu) intrauterine devices (IUDs) among women enrolled in the Contraceptive CHOICE Project (CHOICE). Our primary outcome was continuation at 48 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective cohort study of women who received an IUD through CHOICE. We randomly selected women who had either LNG or Cu IUDs inserted between January 2008 and June 2009 and contacted them by telephone. Once contacted and consented, they were asked whether they were still using their IUD. Women who reported discontinuation of the IUD were asked for the reasons and subsequent contraceptive use. Survival analysis using Cox proportional hazards was performed to assess for factors associated with discontinuation and to calculate hazard ratios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 460 women we attempted to contact, 321 (70%) were reached for interviews. Continuation data on the remaining 139 women were available from CHOICE and its substudies. Continuations at 48 and 60 months were 62.3% and 51.7% for LNG IUD and 64.2% and 55.9% for the Cu IUD, respectively. Continuation at 48 months was highest among women older than 29 years of age at insertion (LNG IUD, 72.5%; Cu IUD, 77.1%). Women younger than 24 years of age had the lowest 48 month continuation (LNG IUD, 55.4%, and Cu IUD, 53.2%). In univariable and multivariable analysis, demographic characteristics, menstrual profile, and pregnancy history were not associated with discontinuation. Age older than 29 years was associated with less discontinuation than those 24-29 years of age (hazard ratio, 0.67, 95% confidence interval, 0.47-0.96).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IUD continuation remains high (> 60%) at 48 months with no difference between Cu and LNG IUDs.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Family Planning and Clinical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Justin T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Diedrich
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Family Planning and Clinical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Family Planning and Clinical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Qiuhong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Family Planning and Clinical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO. Electronic address: peipertj@wudosis.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Jeffrey F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Peipert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003268:Contraception Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007435:Intrauterine Devices, Copper; D007436:Intrauterine Devices, Medicated; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008923:Missouri; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D016912:Levonorgestrel
keywords: continuation; intrauterine device; long-acting reversible contraceptive; long-term