title: Emissions of Nanoparticles and Gaseous Material from 3D Printer Operation.
abstract: This study evaluated the emissions characteristics of hazardous material during fused deposition modeling type 3D printing. Particulate and gaseous materials were measured before, during, and after 3D printing in an exposure chamber. One ABS and two PLA (PLA1 and PLA2) cartridges were tested three times. For online monitoring, a scanning mobility particle sizer, light scattering instrument, and total volatile organic compound (TVOC) monitor were employed and a polycarbonate filter and various adsorbent tubes were used for offline sampling. The particle concentration of 3D printing using ABS material was 33-38 times higher than when PLA materials were used. Most particles were nanosize (<100 nm) during ABS (96%) and PLA1 (98%) use, but only 12% were nanosize for PLA2. The emissions rates were 1.61 × 10(10) ea/min and 1.67 × 10(11) ea/g cartridge with the ABS cartridge and 4.27-4.89 × 10(8) ea/min and 3.77-3.91 × 10(9) ea/g cartridge with the PLA cartridge. TVOCs were also emitted when the ABS was used (GM; 155 ppb, GSD; 3.4), but not when the PLA cartridges were used. Our results suggest that more research and sophisticated control methods, including the use of less harmful materials, blocking emitted containments, and using filters or adsorbents, should be implemented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yuna
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.|Institute of Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chungsik
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.|Institute of Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seunghon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ham
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jihoon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Songha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ohhun
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University , 138, Sheng-Li Rd., Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Perng-Jy
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005740:Gases; D011108:Polymers; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds