title: Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Dogs With Sepsis Undergoing Emergency Laparotomy: A Prospective Case-Control Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is an early indicator of acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs and its use has not been evaluated in dogs with sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen dogs with sepsis requiring laparotomy (study dogs) and 10 dogs undergoing surgery for intervertebral disc disease (control dogs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether NGAL increases in dogs with sepsis undergoing emergency laparotomy and whether it is correlated with development of AKI and survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal study conducted at a referral teaching hospital. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (sNGAL), urinary NGAL normalized to urinary creatinine concentration (UNCR), and serum creatinine concentration were measured at 4 time points (admission, after anesthesia, and 24 and 48 hours postsurgery). Development of AKI (increase in serum creatinine concentration of 0.3 mg/dL) and in-hospital mortality were recorded. Linear mixed-model analysis was employed to assess differences between groups over time. Mann-Whitney U-test was performed for comparison of continuous variables between groups and Chi square or Fisher's exact tests were used to assess correlation between discrete data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum NGAL and UNCR were significantly higher in study dogs across all time points (P = .007 and P < .001, respectively) compared with controls. Urinary NGAL normalized to creatinine in the study group was not significantly different between survivors (n = 12) and nonsurvivors (n = 3). Dogs that received hydroxyethyl starch had significantly higher UNCR across all time points (P = .04) than those that did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and UNCR are increased in dogs with sepsis requiring emergency laparotomy. Additional studies are needed to evaluate its role as a marker of AKI in this population.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cortellini
authors.affiliation: Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.|Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pelligand
authors.affiliation: Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Syme
authors.affiliation: Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Langford Veterinary Services, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adamantos
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D004285:Dogs; D004630:Emergencies; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000662:veterinary*; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C000589991:neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin protein, dog
keywords: Acute kidney injury; Canine; Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin