title: Serological evidence for the presence of influenza D virus in small ruminants.
abstract: Influenza D virus (FLUDV) was isolated from diseased pigs with respiratory disease symptoms in 2011, and since then the new virus has also been spread to cattle. Little is known about the susceptibility of other agricultural animals and poultry to FLUDV. This study was designed to determine if other farm animals such as goats, sheep, chickens, and turkey are possible hosts to this newly emerging influenza virus. 648 goat and sheep serum samples and 250 chicken and turkey serum samples were collected from 141 small ruminant and 25 poultry farms from different geographical locations in the United States and Canada. Serum samples were examined using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and the sheep and goat samples were further analyzed using the serum neutralization assay. Results of this study showed FLUDV antibodies were detected in 13.5% (17/126) of the sampled sheep farms, and 5.2% (29/557) of tested sheep serum samples were positive for FLUDV antibodies. For the goat results, the FLUDV antibodies were detected in 13.3% (2/15) of the sampled farms, and 8.8% (8/91) of the tested goat serum samples were positive for FLUDV antibodies. Furthermore, all tested poultry serum samples were negative for FLUDV antibodies. Our data demonstrated that sheep and goat are susceptible to FLUDV virus and multiple states in U.S. have this virus infection already in these two species. This new finding highlights a need for future surveillance of FLUDV virus in small ruminants toward better understanding both the origin and natural reservoir of this new virus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quast
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Chithra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sreenivasan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sexton
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Hunter
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nedland
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singrey
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fawcett
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Minnesota Poultry Testing Laboratory, Willmar, MN 56201, USA.
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lauer
authors.affiliation: Minnesota Poultry Testing Laboratory, Willmar, MN 56201, USA.
authors.forename: Shauna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.affiliation: Minnesota Poultry Testing Laboratory, Willmar, MN 56201, USA.
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
authors.forename: Cristina W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Christopher-Hennings
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.|Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000821:virology; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D002170:Canada; D002645:Chickens / Q000821:virology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000821:virology; D006041:Goats / Q000821:virology*; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000662:veterinary*; D012418:Ruminants / Q000821:virology*; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000821:virology; D034561:Sheep, Domestic / Q000821:virology*; D018117:Thogotovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014422:Turkeys / Q000821:virology; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral
keywords: Chicken; Goats; Influenza virus; Serology; Sheep; Turkey; Type D