title: Imaging correlates of neural control of ocular movements.
abstract: The purpose of oculomotor movements is maintenance of clear images on the retina. Beyond this oversimplification, it requires several different types of ocular movements and reflexes to focus objects of interest to the fovea-the only portion of retina capable of sharp and clear vision. The different movements and reflexes that execute this task are the saccades, smooth pursuit movements, fixation, accommodation, and the optokinetic and vestibulo-ocular reflexes. Many different centres in the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem and thalami, control these movements via different pathways. At the outset, these mechanisms appear dauntingly complex to a radiologist. However, only a little effort could make it possible to understand these neural controls and empower the reading session. The following review on ocular movements and their neural control will enable radiologists and clinicians to correlate lesions with clinical deficits effectively without being swamped by exhaustive detail. Key Points • Knowledge of cortical and subcortical areas controlling ocular movements is important. • Understanding of neural control of ocular movements makes a good foundation. • Awareness of anatomic areas controlling ocular movements helps in clinico-radiologic correlation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA. magarwal@mcw.edu.
authors.forename: Mohit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ulmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Tushar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Leighton P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Section, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Suyash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohan
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D011698:Pursuit, Smooth / Q000502:physiology; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Deficits; Imaging; Neural control; Ocular movements; Ocular reflexes