title: Relationship between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, abdominal fat and immunometabolic markers in postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the burden of levels of physical activity, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triacylglycerol and abdominal fat on the immunometabolic profile of postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine postmenopausal women [mean age 59.43 (standard deviation 5.61) years] who did not undertake regular physical exercise participated in this study. Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and levels of NEFA, tumour necrosis factor-α, adiponectin, insulin and triacylglycerol were assessed using fasting blood samples. The level of physical activity was assessed using an accelerometer (Actigraph GTX3x), and reported as counts/min, time spent undertaking sedentary activities and time spent undertaking moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The following conditions were considered to be risk factors: (i) sedentary lifestyle (<150min of MVPA per week); (ii) high level (above median) of abdominal fat; and (iii) hypertriacylglycerolaemia (<150mg/dl of triacylglycerol).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with active women, sedentary women had higher levels of body fat (%) (p=0.041) and NEFA (p=0.064). Women with higher levels of abdominal fat had impaired insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p=0.016) and spent more time undertaking sedentary activities (p=0.043). Moreover, the women with two risk factors or more had high levels of NEFA and HOMA-IR (p<0.05), as well as an eight-fold higher risk of a high level of NEFA, independent of age (p<0.05). No significant relationship was found between levels of physical activity, abdominal fat, tumour necrosis factor-α and adiponectin (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postmenopausal women with a combination of hypertriacylglycerolaemia, a high level of abdominal fat and a sedentary lifestyle are more likely to have metabolic disturbances.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Studies and Laboratory of Evaluation and Prescription of Motor Activities, Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil; Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: tiegodiniz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Diniz
authors.affiliation: Centre of Studies and Laboratory of Evaluation and Prescription of Motor Activities, Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: A C S
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Fortaleza
authors.affiliation: Centre of Studies and Laboratory of Evaluation and Prescription of Motor Activities, Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buonani
authors.affiliation: Centre of Studies and Laboratory of Evaluation and Prescription of Motor Activities, Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil; Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Centre of Studies and Laboratory of Evaluation and Prescription of Motor Activities, Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.affiliation: Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Lira
authors.affiliation: Centre of Studies and Laboratory of Evaluation and Prescription of Motor Activities, Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: I F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Freitas-Junior
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000502:physiology*; D056044:Actigraphy; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Free fatty acids; Physical activity; Postmenopausal women; Risk factors; Triacylglycerol