title: Increased sensitivity of 3D-Well enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for infectious disease detection using 3D-printing fabrication technology.
abstract: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay or ELISA -based diagnostics are considered the gold standard in the demonstration of various immunological reaction including in the measurement of antibody response to infectious diseases and to support pathogen identification with application potential in infectious disease outbreaks and individual patients' treatment and clinical care. The rapid prototyping of ELISA-based diagnostics using available 3D printing technologies provides an opportunity for a further exploration of this platform into immunodetection systems. In this study, a '3D-Well' was designed and fabricated using available 3D printing platforms to have an increased surface area of more than 4 times for protein-surface adsorption compared to those of 96-well plates. The ease and rapidity in designing-product development-feedback cycle offered through 3D printing platforms provided an opportunity for its rapid assessment, in which a chemical etching process was used to make the surface hydrophilic followed by validation through the diagnostic performance of ELISA for infectious disease without modifying current laboratory practices for ELISA. The higher sensitivity of the 3D-Well (3-folds higher) compared to the 96-well ELISA provides a potential for the expansion of this technology towards miniaturization platforms to reduce time, volume of reagents and samples needed for laboratory or field diagnosis of infectious diseases including applications in other disciplines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.|Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Harpal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimojima
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuetsu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukushi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Le Van
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue City, Vietnam.|Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugamata
authors.affiliation: Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008457:Measles / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008459:Measles virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008904:Miniaturization; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral
keywords: 3D printing; acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS); chemical etching; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); infectious disease surveillance