title: The effect of metritis and subclinical hypocalcemia on uterine involution in dairy cows evaluated by sonomicrometry.
abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the effects of metritis and subclinical hypocalcemia on reduction of uterine size in dairy cows using ultrasonography and sonomicrometry. Four piezoelectric crystals were implanted via laparotomy into the myometrium of the pregnant uterine horn of 12 pluriparous Holstein Friesian cows 3 weeks before the calculated calving date. Sonometric measurements were conducted daily from 2 days before parturition (= Day 0) until Day 14 after calving and then every other day until Day 28. Distances between adjacent crystals were expressed in relation to reference values obtained before calving. The diameter of the formerly pregnant uterine horn was measured using transrectal B-Mode sonography starting on Day 10. Cows were retrospectively divided into the following groups: cows without metritis (M-; n = 7), cows with metritis (M+; n = 5), cows with normocalcemia (SH-; Ca > 2.0 mmol/l on Days 1 to 3; n = 5) and cows with subclinical hypocalcemia (SH+; Ca < 2.0 mmol/l in at least one sample between Days 1 and 3; n = 7). Metritis did not affect (P > 0.05) sonometric measurements, but the diameter of the formerly pregnant horn was larger (P ≤ 0.05) between Days 15 and 21 in M+ cows than in M‒ cows. Reduction in uterine length in hypocalcemic cows was delayed (P ≤ 0.05) between Days 8 and 21 compared with normocalcemic cows, but the uterine horn diameter was not related to calcium status. In conclusion, both diseases affected reduction of uterine size until Day 28. Cows with metritis had a larger uterine diameter, possibly attributable to accumulation of lochia, and cows with subclinical hypocalcemia had delayed reduction of uterine length, presumably related to reduction of myometrial contractility.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heppelmann
authors.forename: Karoline
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krach
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Benz
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piechotta
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoedemaker
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bollwein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D004716:Endometritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006996:Hypocalcemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014599:Uterus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*