title: Degradation of enoxacin antibiotic by the electro-Fenton process: Optimization, biodegradability improvement and degradation mechanism.
abstract: This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the electro-Fenton process on the removal of a second generation of fluoroquinolone, enoxacin. The electrochemical reactor involved a carbon-felt cathode and a platinum anode. The influence of some experimental parameters, namely the initial enoxacin concentration, the applied current intensity and the Fe(II) amount, was examined. The degradation of the target molecule was accompanied by an increase of the biodegradability, assessed from the BOD5 on COD ratio, which increased from 0 before treatment until 0.5 after 180 min of electrolysis at 50 mg L(-1) initial enoxacin concentration, 0.2 mmol L(-1) Fe(II) concentration and 300 mA applied current intensity. TOC and COD time-courses were also evaluated during electrolysis and reached maximum residual yields of 54% and 43% after 120 min of treatment, respectively. Moreover, a simultaneous generation of inorganic ions (fluorides, ammonium and nitrates) were observed and 3 short chain carboxylic acids (formic, acetic and oxalic acids) were identified and monitored during 180 min of electrolysis. By-products were identified according to UPLC-MS/MS results and a degradation pathway was proposed.
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, UMR-CNRS 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France; Centre d'Electrochimie de Nanomatériaux et Leurs Applications et de Didactique (CENAD), France; Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie, B.P. No. 676, 1080 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia. Electronic address: cyrina135@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Cyrine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Annabi
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, UMR-CNRS 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, 5 Boulevard Laënnec, 35000, France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fourcade
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, UMR-CNRS 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, 5 Boulevard Laënnec, 35000, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Soutrel
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, UMR-CNRS 6226, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, 5 Boulevard Laënnec, 35000, France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Geneste
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, UMR-CNRS 6226, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, 5 Boulevard Laënnec, 35000, France.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Floner
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Electrochimie de Nanomatériaux et Leurs Applications et de Didactique (CENAD), France; Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie, B.P. No. 676, 1080 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Nizar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bellakhal
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, UMR-CNRS 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, 5 Boulevard Laënnec, 35000, France.
authors.forename: Abdeltif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amrane
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004566:Electrodes; D004572:Electrolysis; D015365:Enoxacin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D009566:Nitrates; D010984:Platinum; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009566:Nitrates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015365:Enoxacin; D010984:Platinum; D002244:Carbon; D007501:Iron; D019342:Acetic Acid; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Biodegradability improvement; By-products; Electro-Fenton process; Enoxacin removal; Hydroxyl radicals