title: Serum and Aqueous Concentrations of Inflammatory Markers in Diabetic Macular Edema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between the serum and aqueous levels of inflammatory markers and diabetic macular edema (DME).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included four patient groups: the healthy control group (n = 23 eyes); the diabetic control group (n = 22 eyes); the groups with and without DME (n = 20 eyes and n = 22 eyes, respectively). The patients were evaluated based on their serum levels of HbA1c, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum and aqueous levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant differences were present for the serum CRP levels and for the aqueous TNF-α levels between the healthy control group and the group with DME (p = 0.004 and p = 0.03, respectively); for the serum TNF-α levels between the healthy control group and the groups without and with DME (p = 0.009 and p = 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased serum levels of CRP and serum and aqueous levels of TNF-α in DME suggest that inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of DME.
authors.affiliation: a Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Medipol University , Istanbul , Turkey .|b Ophthalmology Department , Vakif Gureba Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey , and.
authors.forename: M Selim
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kocabora
authors.affiliation: b Ophthalmology Department , Vakif Gureba Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey , and.
authors.forename: Mehmet Erdem
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Telli
authors.affiliation: b Ophthalmology Department , Vakif Gureba Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey , and.
authors.forename: Korhan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fazil
authors.affiliation: a Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Medipol University , Istanbul , Turkey .
authors.forename: Sevil Karaman
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Erdur
authors.affiliation: a Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Medipol University , Istanbul , Turkey .|b Ophthalmology Department , Vakif Gureba Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey , and.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozsutcu
authors.affiliation: b Ophthalmology Department , Vakif Gureba Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey , and.|c Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Marmara University , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cekic
authors.affiliation: b Ophthalmology Department , Vakif Gureba Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey , and.
authors.forename: Kemal Turgay
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Ozbilen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: C-reactive protein; diabetic retinopathy; inflammation; macular edema; tumor necrosis factor-alpha