title: Lead migration from toys by anodic stripping voltammetry using a bismuth film electrode.
abstract: Metals may be released from toys via saliva during mouthing, via sweat during dermal contact, or via gastric and intestinal fluids after partial or whole ingestion. In this study, we determined the lead migration from toys bought on the Portuguese market for children below 3 years of age. The lead migration was performed according to the European Committee for Standardization EN 71-3, which proposes a 2-hour migration test that simulates human gastric conditions. The voltammetric determination of migrated lead was performed by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at a bismuth film electrode (BiFE). For all the analyzed toys, the values of migrated lead did not exceed the limits imposed by the European Committee for Standardization EN 71-3 (90 mg kg-1) and by the EU Directive 2009/48/EC (13.5 mg kg-1) on the safety of toys.
authors.affiliation: a REQUIMTE, FP-ENAS (UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit), CEBIMED (Biomedical Research Centre), Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: M Fernanda C
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.affiliation: a REQUIMTE, FP-ENAS (UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit), CEBIMED (Biomedical Research Centre), Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Rita I L
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Catarino
authors.affiliation: a REQUIMTE, FP-ENAS (UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit), CEBIMED (Biomedical Research Centre), Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Adriana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pimenta
authors.affiliation: b CBQF, FP-ENAS (UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit), CEBIMED (Biomedical Research Centre), Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: M Renata S
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Souto
authors.affiliation: a REQUIMTE, FP-ENAS (UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit), CEBIMED (Biomedical Research Centre), Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Christelle S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Afonso
authors.affiliation: a REQUIMTE, FP-ENAS (UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit), CEBIMED (Biomedical Research Centre), Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana F Q
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D001729:Bismuth / Q000737:chemistry; D002675:Child, Preschool; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004566:Electrodes; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D010988:Play and Playthings; D011174:Portugal
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007854:Lead; D001729:Bismuth
keywords: Bismuth film electrode; lead; toxicity; toys; voltammetry