title: Angiographic Evaluation and Management of Nonvariceal Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article is to review the roles of angiography, embolization, and various ancillary techniques in evaluating and managing gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonvariceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage typically resolves spontaneously or responds to medical or endoscopic management. Refractory hemorrhage may require angiography and transcatheter intervention. Noninvasive imaging evaluation may be useful for characterizing the bleeding source and confirming the presence of active hemorrhage before angiography. If a bleeding source is angiographically identified, superselective catheterization with embolization is typically effective in controlling hemorrhage while minimizing complications.
authors.affiliation: 1 Both authors: Division of Interventional Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, GRB 298, Boston, MA 02114.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zurkiya
authors.affiliation: 1 Both authors: Division of Interventional Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, GRB 298, Boston, MA 02114.
authors.forename: T Gregory
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans
keywords: angiography; gastrointestinal hemorrhage; provocative angiography; therapeutic embolization