title: NaCl stress-induced changes in the essential oil quality and abietane diterpene yield and composition in common sage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate how increasing NaCl salinity in the medium can affects the essential oils (EOs) composition and phenolic diterpene content and yield in leaves of Salvia officinalis L. The protective role of such compounds against NaCl stress was also argued with regard to some physiological characteristics of the plant (water and ionic relations as well as the leaf gas exchanges).
  
  
  METHODS
  Potted plants were exposed to increasing NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 75, and 100 mM) for 4 weeks during July 2012. Replicates from each treatment were harvested after 0, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of adding salt to perform physiological measurements and biochemical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sage EOs were rich in manool, viridiflorol, camphor, and borneol. Irrigation with a solution containing 100 mM NaCl for 4 weeks increased considerably 1.8-cineole, camphor and β-thujone concentrations, whereas lower concentrations (50 and 75 mM) had no effects. On the contrary, borneol and viridiflorol concentrations decreased significantly under the former treatment while manool and total fatty acid concentrations were not affected. Leaf extracts also contained several diterpenes such as carnosic acid (CA), carnosol, and 12-O-methoxy carnosic acid (MCA). The concentrations and total contents of CA and MCA increased after 3 weeks of irrigation with 75 or 100 mM NaCl. The 50 mM NaCl had no effect on these diterpenes. Our results suggest a protective role for CA against salinity stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study may provide ways to manipulate the concentration and yield of some phenolic diterpenes and EOs in sage. In fact, soil salinity may favor a directional production of particular components of interest.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of plant Ecophysiology, Centre for Environmental Research & Studies, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Taieb
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tounekti
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of plant Ecophysiology, Centre for Environmental Research & Studies, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Habib
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khemira
keywords: Antioxidants; carnosic acid; essential oil quality; plant nutrition; salinity