title: Methadone Reverses Analgesic Tolerance Induced by Morphine Pretreatment.
abstract: Opiates such as morphine are the most powerful analgesics, but their protracted use is restrained by the development of tolerance to analgesic effects. Recent works suggest that tolerance to morphine might be due to its inability to promote mu opioid receptor endocytosis, and the co-injection of morphine with a mu opioid receptor internalizing agonist like [D-Ala(2),N-Me-Phe(4),Gly-ol(5)]enkephalin reduces tolerance to morphine. So far, no studies have been conducted to evaluate the ability of methadone to reduce morphine tolerance in morphine-pretreated animals, a treatment sequence that could be encountered in opiate rotation protocol. We investigated the ability of methadone (a mu opioid receptor internalizing agonist used in therapy) to reverse morphine tolerance and the associated cellular mechanisms in the periaqueductal gray matter, a region involved in pain control.
  
  
  
  We measured analgesic response following a challenge dose of morphine in the hot plate test and investigated regulation of mu opioid receptor (coupling and endocytosis) and some cellular mechanisms involved in tolerance such as adenylate cyclase superactivation and changes in N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunits expression and phosphorylation state.
  
  
  
  A chronic treatment with morphine promoted tolerance to its analgesic effects and was associated with a lack of mu opioid receptor endocytosis, adenylate cyclase overshoot, NR2A and NR2B downregulation, and phosphorylation of NR1. We reported that a methadone treatment in morphine-treated mice reversed morphine tolerance to analgesia by promoting mu opioid receptor endocytosis and blocking cellular mechanisms of tolerance.
  
  
  
  Our data might lead to rational strategies to tackle opiate tolerance in the frame of opiate rotation.
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire de Neuropsychopharmacologie des Addictions, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Posa
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire de Neuropsychopharmacologie des Addictions, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Accarie
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire de Neuropsychopharmacologie des Addictions, Paris, France. florence.noble@parisdescartes.fr.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire de Neuropsychopharmacologie des Addictions, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marie
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D004705:Endocytosis; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D009020:Morphine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D009020:Morphine; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D008691:Methadone
keywords: NMDA receptor; adenylate cyclase; analgesia; endocytosis; methadone; morphine; mu opioid receptor