title: Evaluation of Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Vital Seminal Parameters which Influence Fertility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoke contains many compounds which are proven carcinogens having detrimental effect on various organs. The free radicals and other carcinogens have a harmful effect on testicular function which may affect male fertility directly.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Although many studies have been conducted to establish the relationship between cigarette smoking and male infertility, their conclusions have been highly controversial. This evoked our interest to investigate this intriguing research question.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty three subjects were included in the present study amongst which 20 were non smokers, 42 with smoking history of less than 5 years and 61 with more than 5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cigarette smoking was found to have a detrimental effect on both the sperm motility and the sperm count, but the effect on sperm motility was greater than that of sperm count.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study throws light on the detrimental effect of cigarette smoking on male fertility as reflected by decreased vital parameters of semen like sperm motility and sperm count.
authors.affiliation: Professor and HOD, Department of Pathology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences , B. G. Nagar, Mandya, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Hemalatha Anthanahalli
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Lingappa
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences , B. G. Nagar, Mandya, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Abhishek Mandya
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Govindashetty
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate, Department of Pathology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences , B. G. Nagar, Mandya, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Ashok Kagathur
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Puttaveerachary
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences , B. G. Nagar, Mandya, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manchaiah
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate, Department of Pathology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences , B. G. Nagar, Mandya, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Anoosha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krishnamurthy
authors.affiliation: Tutor, Department of Pathology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences , B. G. Nagar, Mandya, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Sadaf
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bashir
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences , B. G. Nagar, Mandya, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Nanjundaswamy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Doddaiah
keywords: Primary infertility; Sperm motility; Total sperm count