title: Bio-Derived, Binderless, Hierarchically Porous Carbon Anodes for Li-ion Batteries.
abstract: Here we explore the electrochemical performance of pyrolyzed skins from the species A. bisporus, also known as the Portobello mushroom, as free-standing, binder-free, and current collector-free Li-ion battery anodes. At temperatures above 900 °C, the biomass-derived carbon nanoribbon-like architectures undergo unique processes to become hierarchically porous. During heat-treatment, the oxygen and heteroatom-rich organics and potassium compounds naturally present in the mushroom skins play a mutual role in creating inner void spaces throughout the resulting carbon nanoribbons, which is a process analogous to KOH-activation of carbon materials seen in literature. The pores formed in the pyrolytic carbon nanoribbons range in size from sub-nanometer to tens of nanometers, making the nanoribbons micro, meso, and macroporous. Detailed studies were conducted on the carbon nanoribbons using SEM and TEM to study morphology, as well as XRD and EDS to study composition. The self-supporting nanoribbon anodes demonstrate significant capacity increase as they undergo additional charge/discharge cycles. After a pyrolysis temperature of 1100 °C, the pristine anodes achieve over 260 mAh/g after 700 cycles and a Coulombic efficiency of 101.1%, without the use of harmful solvents or chemical activation agents.
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Brennan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ionescu
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Favors
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Cengiz S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Mihrimah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozkan
mesh_terms: D000364:Agaricus / Q000737:chemistry*; D018533:Biomass; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004566:Electrodes; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008094:Lithium / Q000737:chemistry*; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; C009139:pyrolytic carbon; D002244:Carbon; D008094:Lithium; D010100:Oxygen