title: Glutamine rapidly induces the expression of key transcription factor genes involved in nitrogen and stress responses in rice roots.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glutamine is a major amino donor for the synthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and other nitrogen-containing compounds in all organisms. In addition to its role in nutrition and metabolism, glutamine can also function as a signaling molecule in bacteria, yeast, and humans. By contrast, the functions of glutamine in nutrition and as a signaling molecule remain unclear in plants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated that glutamine could effectively support the growth of rice seedlings. In glutamine-treated rice roots, the glutamine contents increased dramatically, whereas levels of glutamate remained relatively constant. Transcriptome analysis of rice roots revealed that glutamine induced the expression of at least 35 genes involved in metabolism, transport, signal transduction, and stress responses within 30 min. Interestingly, 10 of the 35 early glutamine responsive genes encode putative transcription factors, including two LBD37-like genes that are involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism. Glutamine also rapidly induced the expression of the DREB1A, IRO2, and NAC5 transcription factor genes, which are involved in the regulation of stress responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to its role as a metabolic fuel, glutamine may also function as a signaling molecule to regulate gene expression in plants. The rapid induction of transcription factor genes suggests that glutamine may efficiently amplify its signal and interact with the other signal transduction pathways to regulate plant growth and stress responses. Thus, glutamine is a functional amino acid that plays important roles in plant nutrition and signal transduction.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. kancc@gate.sinica.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chia-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. woodchung@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tsui-Yun
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. yummy12300@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Yan-An
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Juo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. ming@gate.sinica.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Ming-Hsiun
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hsieh
mesh_terms: D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D014157:Transcription Factors; D005973:Glutamine; D009584:Nitrogen; C006568:ammonium nitrate