title: Phonology without universal grammar.
abstract: The question of identifying the properties of language that are specific human linguistic abilities, i.e., Universal Grammar, lies at the center of linguistic research. This paper argues for a largely Emergent Grammar in phonology, taking as the starting point that memory, categorization, attention to frequency, and the creation of symbolic systems are all nonlinguistic characteristics of the human mind. The articulation patterns of American English rhotics illustrate categorization and systems; the distribution of vowels in Bantu vowel harmony uses frequencies of particular sequences to argue against Universal Grammar and in favor of Emergent Grammar; prefix allomorphy in Esimbi illustrates the Emergent symbolic system integrating phonological and morphological generalizations. The Esimbi case has been treated as an example of phonological opacity in a Universal Grammar account; the Emergent analysis resolves the pattern without opacity concerns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Linguistics, University of Hong Kong Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong ; Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Archangeli
authors.affiliation: Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pulleyblank
keywords: English; Esimbi; emergent properties; linguistics; morphology of words; phonology; ultrasound and language; universal grammar