title: DNA damage and oxidative stress induced by imidacloprid exposure in the earthworm Eisenia fetida.
abstract: To investigate the soil ecological effect of imidacloprid, earthworm Eisenia fetida was exposed to various concentrations of imidacloprid (0.10, 0.50, and 1.00 mg kg(-1) soil) respectively after 7, 14, 21, and 28 d. The effect of imidacloprid on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, antioxidant enzymes activity [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase enzyme (GST)], malondialdehyde (MDA) content and DNA damage of the E. fetida was investigated. Significant increase of the ROS level was observed. The SOD and GST activity were significantly induced at most exposure intervals. CAT activity was inhibited and reflected a dose-dependent relationship on days 7, 14 and 21. High MDA levels were observed and the olive tail moment (OTM) as well as the percentage of DNA in the comet tail (tail DNA%) in comet assay declined with increasing concentrations and exposure time after 7 d. Our results suggested that the sub-chronic exposure of imidacloprid caused DNA damage and lipid peroxidation (LPO) leading to antioxidant responses in earthworm E. fetida.
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: wjh@sdau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guangchi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lusheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D007093:Imidazoles; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C082359:imidacloprid; D008315:Malondialdehyde
keywords: DNA damage; Eisenia fetida; Imidacloprid; Lipid peroxidation; Oxidative stress