title: Adenosine A1 receptor activation attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in response to α1 -adrenoceptor stimulation in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adenosine has been proposed to exert anti-hypertrophic effects. However, the precise regulation and the role of the different adenosine receptor subtypes in the heart and their effects on hypertrophic signalling are largely unknown. We aimed to characterize expression and function of adenosine A1 receptors following hypertrophic stimulation in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pro-hypertrophic stimuli and adenosine A1 receptor stimulation of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and male C57/Bl6 mice, sc. drug administration, real-time PCR, (3) [H]-leucine-incorporation assay, immunostaining, tissue staining, Western blots, gravimetric analyses and echocardiography were applied in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In neonatal rat cardiomyocyte cultures, phenylephrine, but not angiotensin II or insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), up-regulated adenosine A1 receptors concentration-dependently. The hypertrophic phenotype (cardiomyocyte size, sarcomeric organization, total protein synthesis, c-fos expression) mediated by phenylephrine (10 μM), but not that by angiotensinII (1 μM) or IGF1 (20 ng·mL(-1) ), was counteracted by the selective A1 receptor agonist, N6-cyclopentyladenosine. In C57/BL6 mice, continuous N6-cyclopentyladenosine infusion (2 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) ; 21 days) blunted phenylephrine (120 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) ; 21 days) induced hypertrophy (heart weight, cardiomyocyte size and fetal genes), fibrosis, MMP 2 up-regulation and generation of oxidative stress - all hallmarks of maladaptive remodelling. Concurrently, phenylephrine administration increased expression of adenosine A1 receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have presented evidence for a negative feedback mechanism attenuating pathological myocardial hypertrophy following α1 -adrenoceptor stimulation. Our results suggest adenosine A1 receptors as potential targets for therapeutic strategies to prevent transition from compensated myocardial hypertrophy to decompensated heart failure due to chronic cardiac pressure overload.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie, Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: S-L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Puhl
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie, Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kazakov
authors.affiliation: Klinik for interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Klinik for interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fries
authors.affiliation: Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie, Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie, Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maack
authors.affiliation: Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Devaux
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D058907:Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058646:Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D058907:Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists; D058646:Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1; D000804:Angiotensin II; D010656:Phenylephrine; C048599:N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D000241:Adenosine