title: The potential for tree planting strategies to reduce local and regional ecosystem impacts of agricultural ammonia emissions.
abstract: Trees are very effective at capturing both gaseous and particulate pollutants from the atmosphere. But while studies have often focussed on PM and NOx in the urban environment, little research has been carried out on the tree effect of capturing gaseous emissions of ammonia in the rural landscape. To examine the removal or scavenging of ammonia by trees a long-range atmospheric model (FRAME) was used to compare two strategies that could be used in emission reduction policies anywhere in the world where nitrogen pollution from agriculture is a problem. One strategy was to reduce the emission source strength of livestock management systems by implementing two 'tree-capture' systems scenarios - tree belts downwind of housing and managing livestock under trees. This emission reduction can be described as an 'on-farm' emission reduction policy, as ammonia is 'stopped' from dispersion outside the farm boundaries. The second strategy was to apply an afforestation policy targeting areas of high ammonia emission through two planting scenarios of increasing afforestation by 25% and 50%. Both strategies use trees with the aim of intercepting NH3 emissions to protect semi-natural areas. Scenarios for on-farm emission reductions showed national reductions in nitrogen deposition to semi-natural areas of 0.14% (0.2 kt N-NHx) to 2.2% (3.15 kt N-NHx). Scenarios mitigating emissions from cattle and pig housing gave the highest reductions. The afforestation strategy showed national reductions of 6% (8.4 kt N-NHx) to 11% (15.7 kt N-NHx) for 25% and 50% afforestation scenarios respectively. Increased capture by the planted trees also showed an added benefit of reducing long range effects including a decrease in wet deposition up to 3.7 kt N-NHx (4.6%) and a decrease in export from the UK up to 8.3 kt N-NHx (6.8%).
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik EH26 0QB, United Kingdom. Electronic address: bib@ceh.ac.uk.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Bealey
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik EH26 0QB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dore
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik EH26 0QB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dragosits
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik EH26 0QB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, High School Yards, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Reay
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik EH26 0QB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sutton
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis*; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D001272:Atmosphere; D002417:Cattle; D017753:Ecosystem; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D005740:Gases; D058751:Livestock; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D013552:Swine; D014197:Trees
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D000641:Ammonia; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Agroforestry; Ammonia; Atmospheric pollution; Nitrogen depostion