title: Developmental programming of hypothalamic neuroendocrine systems.
abstract: There is increasing evidence to suggest that the perinatal environment may alter the developmental programming of hypothalamic neuroendocrine systems in a manner that predisposes offspring to the development of metabolic syndrome. Although it is unclear how these effects might be mediated, it has been shown that changes in neuroendocrine programing during critical periods of development, either via maternal metabolic programming or other factors, can alter a fetus's metabolic fate. This review summarizes the hypothalamic circuits that mediate energy homeostasis and discusses the various factors that may influence the development and functioning of these neural systems, as well as the possible cognitive impairments that may arise as a result of these metabolic influences.
authors.affiliation: Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ralevski
authors.affiliation: Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. Electronic address: tamas.horvath@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Tamas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Horvath
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy
keywords: Complex behaviors; Development; Hypothalamus; Metabolism