title: Herring and Beef Meals Lead to Differences in Plasma 2-Aminoadipic Acid, β-Alanine, 4-Hydroxyproline, Cetoleic Acid, and Docosahexaenoic Acid Concentrations in Overweight Men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary guidelines generally recommend increasing fish intake and reducing red meat intake for better long-term health. Few studies have compared the metabolic differences between eating meat and fish.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine whether there are differences in the postprandial plasma metabolic response to meals containing baked beef, baked herring, and pickled herring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen overweight men (BMI 25-30 kg/m(2), 41-67 y of age) were included in a randomized crossover intervention study. Subjects ate baked herring-, pickled herring-, and baked beef-based meals in a randomized order and postprandial blood plasma samples were taken over 7 h. Plasma metabolomics were measured with the use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and areas under the curve for detected metabolites were compared between meals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The plasma postprandial response of 2-aminoadipic acid, a suggested marker of diabetes risk, was 1.6 times higher after the beef meal than after the baked herring meal (P < 0.001). Plasma β-alanine and 4-hydroxyproline both were markedly greater after beef intake than after herring intake (16 and 3.4 times the response of baked herring, respectively; P < 0.001). Herring intake led to a greater plasma postprandial response from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and cetoleic acid compared with beef (17.6 and 150 times greater, respectively; P < 0.001), whereas hippuric acid and benzoic acid were elevated after pickled herring compared with baked herring (5.4 and 43 times higher; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results in overweight men confirm that DHA and cetoleic acid reflect herring intake, whereas β-alanine and 4-hydroxyproline are potential biomarkers for beef intake. The greater postprandial rise in 2-aminoadipic acid after the beef meal, coupled to its proposed role in stimulating insulin secretion, may have importance in the context of red meat intake and increased diabetes risk. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02381613.
authors.affiliation: Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Alastair.Ross@chalmers.se.
authors.forename: Alastair B
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9585-0141
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden;
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8860-7998
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svelander
authors.affiliation: Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden;
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Undeland
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences, Linköping, Sweden; and Computational Life Science Cluster, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-4873
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden;
authors.forename: Ann-Sofie
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9681-3342
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Sandberg
mesh_terms: D015074:2-Aminoadipic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002417:Cattle; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000097:blood*; D004883:Erucic Acids / Q000097:blood*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D006909:Hydroxyproline / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D055432:Metabolomics; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D000069466:Red Meat; D017747:Seafood; D015091:beta-Alanine / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004883:Erucic Acids; D015091:beta-Alanine; D015074:2-Aminoadipic Acid; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; C015058:cetoleic acid; D006909:Hydroxyproline
keywords: 2-aminoadipic acid; 4-hydroxyproline; beef; beta alanine; diabetes; herring; metabolomics; plasma biomarker