title: Increased excitability and excitatory synaptic transmission during in vitro ischemia in the neonatal mouse hippocampus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study tested the hypothesis that exposure to in vitro hypoxia-ischemia alters membrane properties and excitability as well as excitatory synaptic transmission of CA1 pyramidal neurons in the neonatal mouse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments were conducted in hippocampal slices in P7-P9 C57Bl/6 mice using whole-cell patch clamp in current- and voltage-clamp mode. Passive membrane potential (Vm), input resistance (Rin) and active (action potential (AP) threshold and amplitude) membrane properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons were assessed at baseline, during 10 min in vitro ischemia (oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)) and during reoxygenation. Spontaneous and miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents (s and mEPSCs) were studied under similar conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OGD caused significant depolarization of CA1 pyramidal neurons as well as decrease in AP threshold and increase in AP amplitude. These changes were blocked by the application of tetrodotoxin (TTX), indicating Na(+) channels' involvement. Following 10 min of reoxygenation, significant membrane hyperpolarization was noted and it was associated with a decrease in Rin. AP threshold and amplitude returned to baseline during that stage. sEPSC and mEPSC frequency increased during both OGD and reoxygenation but their amplitude remained unchanged. Additionally, we found that OGD decreases Ih (hyperpolarization activated current) in CA1 neurons from neonatal mice and this effect persists during reoxygenation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that in vitro ischemia leads to changes in membrane excitability mediated by sodium and potassium channels. Further, it results in enhanced neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals. These changes are likely to represent one of the mechanisms of hypoxia/ischemia-mediated seizures in the neonatal period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States. Electronic address: sz5d@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Zanelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States. Electronic address: karthik.rajasekaran@utsouthwestern.edu.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rajasekaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States. Electronic address: dg5kd@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Grosenbaugh
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States. Electronic address: jk8t@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kapur
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D056547:CA1 Region, Hippocampal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D055369:Miniature Postsynaptic Potentials; D017966:Pyramidal Cells / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: electrophysiology; excitability; excitatory postsynaptic current; neonatal brain; seizure