title: Sustaining the Clinical and Translational Research Workforce: Training and Empowering the Next Generation of Investigators.
abstract: There is mounting concern that clinician-scientists are a vanishing species and that the pipeline for clinical and translational research (CTR) investigators is in jeopardy. For the majority of current junior CTR investigators, the career path involves first obtaining a National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded K-type career development award, particularly K08 and K23, and subsequently an NIH R01. This transition, popularly referred to as K2R, is a major hurdle with a low success rate and gaps in funding. In this Perspective, the authors identify factors that facilitate K2R transition and important aspects of increasing and sustaining the pipeline of CTR investigators. They also highlight significant differences in success rates of women and those underrepresented in biomedical research. Early career exposure to research methodology, protected time, multidisciplinary mentoring, and institutional "culture shift" are important for fostering and rewarding team science. Mentoring is the single most important contributor to K2R success, and emerging evidence suggests that formal mentor training and team mentoring are effective. Leadership training can empower junior investigators to thrive as independent CTR investigators. Future research should focus on delineating the difference between essential and supplemental factors to achieve this transition, and mentoring methods that foster success, including those that promote K2R transition of women and those underrepresented in biomedical research. The Clinical and Translational Science Awards National Consortium is well positioned to test existing models aimed at shortening the time frame, increasing the rate of K2R transition, and identifying strategies that improve success.
authors.affiliation: H.L. Yin is professor of physiology, codirector, Education Career Development Program, Center for Translational Medicine, and associate dean, Office of Women's Careers, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. J. Gabrilove is professor of medicine and oncological services, director, Hematology-Oncology Fellowship Program, director, Clinical Research Education Programs, and codirector, KL2 Scholars and MD/MSCR Programs, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. R. Jackson is professor of medicine, associate dean for clinical research, and director, Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. C. Sweeney is associate professor of internal medicine and codirector, Research Education, Training, and Career Development, Utah Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah. A.M. Fair is research services consultant II, Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. R. Toto is professor of internal medicine, codirector, Education Career Development Program, and principal investigator, Clinical Translational Science Award, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
authors.forename: Helen L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gabrilove
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Alecia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fair
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Toto
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000191:economics / Q000193:education; D002322:Career Mobility; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D008611:Mentors; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.) / Q000191:economics; D012108:Research Personnel / Q000191:economics / Q000193:education / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D012109:Research Support as Topic / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012737:Sex Factors; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000191:economics / Q000193:education; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce