title: Molded Communication Earplugs in Military Aviation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radio communication remains important for the delivery of safety-critical information in military aviation. Pilots are exposed to high noise levels. Noise attenuation provided by certain helmets is not sufficient, and resulting noise exposure can deteriorate operational effectiveness and flight safety. A need for hearing protection that enables efficient communication is obvious, especially for fighter and helicopter pilots. One possible solution for this issue is molded communication earplugs (m-CEP). Data about the advantages and disadvantages of m-CEPs are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine the usage rates, advantages, disadvantages and pilot opinions about m-CEPs, an anonymous survey study including 31 questions was conducted in fighter, fighter trainer, helicopter, and transport aircraft units of the Finnish Defense Forces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the pilots who responded, 136 (93%) had used or tried m-CEPs and 90 (62%) were currently using them. There are many benefits to m-CEPs: they seem to enhance experienced speech intelligibility, since 85% of the pilots who had experience about them reported improved speech intelligibility under difficult hearing conditions, and 93% would recommend them to other pilots. It seems m-CEPs provide equal benefits to pilots with and without current hearing problems. They were also considered better than previously used hearing protectors. Still, problems were common: 82% of the pilots reported m-CEP related drawbacks, of which technical problems and discomfort issues were the most prevalent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most military pilots hold a positive opinion on m-CEPs and are willing to recommend their use. Technical problems and discomfort issues are, however, relatively common.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Taija M M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Lahtinen
authors.forename: Tuomo K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Leino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000401:Aircraft; D003142:Communication; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004430:Ear Protective Devices; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006317:Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D009623:Noise, Occupational / Q000517:prevention & control; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult