title: Prevalence of congenital defects including selected neural tube defects in Nepal: results from a health survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In resource-limited nations like Nepal, congenital defects, including neural tube defects (NTDs), have great public health impact. NTDs and a few other congenital defects can be prevented by micronutrient supplementation. Without proper research regarding such defects, it is difficult to assess the damage made to health and productivity. This study aims to investigate different congenital defects among children in Nepal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Household surveys and health camps were conducted from 2011 to 2012. Physical examination of women of reproductive age (15 to 49 years) was done in selected Village Development Committees of nine districts in three ecological regions of Nepal. Congenital defects, including NTDs, were examined in children (age 0 to 5 years) who were alive at the time of the survey. Data entry and analysis was performed by using SPSS version 11.5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  21,111 women were interviewed and 27,201 children born to them were assessed. The prevalence of congenital defects was 52.0 (95% CI: 44.0-61.0) per 10,000 children. The prevalence of selected NTDs was 4.0 (95% CI: 2.0-7.0) per 10,000 children. Among the neural tube defects, encephalocele, myelomeningocele and dermal sinus were the major ones, having almost the same prevalence in the Hill and Terai regions. The majority of children with genital abnormalities (17.0 per 10,000 children; 95% CI: 10.0-28.0) and limb deformities (14.0 per 10,000 children; 95% CI: 8.0-24.0) were found in the Terai. The rate of congenital birth defects was higher in the regions where women were in poor health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is high prevalence of congenital defects in Nepal. Since such defects add a burden to families and society, it is imperative that health policies addressing programs like supplementation, fortification and dietary diversification be implemented.
authors.affiliation: Multivitamin-mineral Supplementation Project, Health Resources Consultancy Pvt. Ltd., Kuleshwor, Kathmandu-14, GPO Box: 883, Nepal. bhandarishv@gmail.com.|Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. bhandarishv@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shiva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhandari
authors.affiliation: Multivitamin-mineral Supplementation Project, Health Resources Consultancy Pvt. Ltd., Kuleshwor, Kathmandu-14, GPO Box: 883, Nepal. jamunats10@gmail.com.|National Center for Health Professions Education, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal. jamunats10@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jamuna Tamrakar
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Sayami
authors.affiliation: Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. sunuwar_wisericky@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ricky Raj
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: K C
authors.affiliation: Multivitamin-mineral Supplementation Project, Health Resources Consultancy Pvt. Ltd., Kuleshwor, Kathmandu-14, GPO Box: 883, Nepal. banjaramr@gmail.com.|Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. banjaramr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Megha Raj
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Banjara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011634:Public Health; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult