title: Insights into laccase producing organisms, fermentation states, purification strategies, and biotechnological applications.
abstract: Laccases are phenol oxidases belonging to the superfamily of multicopper oxidases and are found in bacteria, fungi, lichens, higher plants, and insects. Over the past few decades, laccases and laccase mediator systems (LMS) have found uses in a wide range of technological applications such as textile dye decolorization, industrial wastewater detoxification, pulp bleaching, chemical synthesis, and development of miniaturized biosensors. This has encouraged numerous studies to find and purify laccases with exploitable characteristics. The main aim of the present review is to summarize the rich literature data gained in recent years from the studies on laccases, focusing on the organisms that produce them, the methods used for screening, laccase activity assays, purification strategies, and the application of laccases as eco-friendly biocatalysts.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Forootanfar
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Faramarzi
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001709:Biotechnology; D005285:Fermentation; D019476:Insect Proteins; D042845:Laccase; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D019476:Insect Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D042845:Laccase
keywords: assay; laccase; laccase-mediated system; oxidation; production; purification