title: Children with autism spectrum disorder and social skills groups at school: a randomized trial comparing intervention approach and peer composition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peer relationships improve for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in clinic-based social skills groups but rarely generalize to real world contexts. This study compares child outcomes of two social skills interventions conducted in schools with children in Kindergarten through fifth grade.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with ASD were randomized to one of two interventions that varied on group composition (mixed typical and ASD vs. all ASD or social difficulties) and intervention approach (didactic SKILLS based vs. activity-based ENGAGE groups). Interventions were implemented at school for 8 weeks (16 sessions) with an 8-week follow-up. Innovative measures of peer nomination and playground peer engagement, as well as teacher reports of child behavior problems and teacher-child relationship were analyzed for 137 children with ASD across four sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the primary outcome of social network connections from the peer nomination measure, there was no main effect of treatment, but there were moderator effects. Children with low teacher-child closeness or high conflict improved more in their social connections if they received the SKILLS intervention, whereas children with higher teacher-child closeness improved more if they received the ENGAGE intervention. Only two secondary outcome measures yielded significant effects of treatment. Children in the SKILLS groups increased peer engagement and decreased isolation during recess. Child behavior problems and teacher-child closeness moderated peer engagement such that children with higher behavior problems and lower closeness benefitted more from SKILLS groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that social skills groups conducted at school can affect both peer engagement during recess as well as peer acceptability. Child characteristics and teacher-child relationship prior to intervention yield important information on who might benefit from a specific social skills intervention.
authors.affiliation: Center for Autism Research and Treatment, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kasari
authors.affiliation: Department of Special Education, California State University, Channel Islands, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kretzmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.affiliation: Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Orlich
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Rondalyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whitney
authors.affiliation: Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landa
authors.affiliation: Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder; D002648:Child; D005178:Faculty; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D012574:Schools; D066107:Social Skills; D012944:Social Support; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Social skills groups; autism spectrum disorders; inclusion; peer relationships; social networks; teacher child relationship