title: Periodontal-disease-associated biofilm: A reservoir for pathogens of medical importance.
abstract: The ecological diversity of the periodontal microenvironment may provide suitable conditions for the colonization of species not usually considered members of the oral microbiota. In this investigation, we aimed to determine the prevalence and levels of pathogenic species of medical relevance in the microbiota of individuals with distinct periodontal clinical status. Subgingival biofilm was obtained from patients with periodontal health (H, n = 81), gingivitis (G, n = 55), generalized aggressive (AgP, n = 36) or chronic periodontitis (CP, n = 98), and analyzed for 39 microbial taxa using a checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique. Microbial differences among groups, as well as associations between clinical and microbiological parameters were sought by non-parametric and univariate correlation tests. Neisseria spp., Peptostreptococus anaerobius, Candida albicans, enterobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Eubacterium saphenum, Clostridium difficile and Olsenella uli were detected in high mean prevalence and counts in the subgingival microbiota of the study population. Species that were more related to periodontal inflammation and tissue destruction at the patient and site levels included enterobacteria, C. albicans, Neisseria spp., P. aeruginosa, O. uli, Hafnia alvei, Serratia marcescens and Filifactor alocis (p < 0.05). In contrast, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were associated with periodontal health (p < 0.05). Pathogenic species of medical importance may be detected in high prevalence and levels in the periodontal microbiota. Regardless of their role in periodontal health or disease, the periodontal biofilm may be a source for dissemination and development of systemic infections by these pathogenic microorganisms.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373/CCS/ Bloco I, lab. I2-03, Cidade Universitária - Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP: 21941-902, Brazil. Electronic address: apcolombo@micro.ufrj.br.
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Vieira Colombo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373/CCS/ Bloco I, lab. I2-03, Cidade Universitária - Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP: 21941-902, Brazil. Electronic address: clari_bmag@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Clarissa Bichara
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373/CCS/ Bloco I, lab. I2-03, Cidade Universitária - Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP: 21941-902, Brazil; School of Dentistry, Department of Clinics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325, Cidade Universitária - Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP: 21941-617, Brazil. Electronic address: fathimarocha@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fátima Aparecida Rocha Resende
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Hartenbach
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373/CCS/ Bloco I, lab. I2-03, Cidade Universitária - Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP: 21941-902, Brazil. Electronic address: renatamsouto@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martins do Souto
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373/CCS/ Bloco I, lab. I2-03, Cidade Universitária - Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP: 21941-902, Brazil; School of Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, R. Prof. José de Souza Herdy, 1160, Jardim Vinte e Cinco de Agosto, Duque de Caxias, RJ CEP: 25071-202, Brazil. Electronic address: carinabogho@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maciel da Silva-Boghossian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D005881:Gingiva / Q000382:microbiology; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D056265:Microbial Interactions; D064307:Microbiota; D008875:Middle Aged; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000382:microbiology; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Biofilm; DNA probes; Opportunistic infection; Pathogens; Periodontal diseases