title: Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis For Esophagectomy: A Survey of Practice Patterns Among Thoracic Surgeons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current guidelines for gastrointestinal cancer surgical intervention in high-risk patients recommend postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) chemical prophylaxis for 4 weeks with low-dose unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin, but specific guidelines for esophagectomy are lacking. This survey identified the clinical patterns affecting postesophagectomy VTE chemoprophylaxis use among general thoracic surgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  General Thoracic Surgery Club members were invited to complete an online survey on VTE prophylaxis to analyze clinical factors affecting their choices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-seven surgeons (37% membership) responded; of these, 94% (72 of 77) completed fellowships, and 76% (58 of 77) worked at universities. VTE chemoprophylaxis administration varied widely in drug, dosing, and duration, with 30% using suboptimal dosing of unfractionated heparin (every 12 hours). Participants agreed that esophagectomy patients are at high VTE risk, yet 29% (22 of 76) of surgeons delay VTE chemoprophylaxis until postoperative day 1. Only 13% (10 of 77) prescribe postdischarge chemoprophylaxis. Minimally invasive surgeons (>90% of cases) were more likely to prescribe postdischarge prophylaxis (p = 0.007). Epidurals, routinely used by 65% (51 of 78), led to less compliance with recommended dosing. Only 53% (27 of 51) of pain teams allow unfractionated heparin every 8 hours, yet 73% (37 of 51) allow suboptimal dosing (every 12 h). Postoperative major complications were identified as a VTE risk factor by only 21% (15 of 72) of surgeons. Most (92% [68 of 74]) would follow esophagectomy-specific guidelines, if developed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thoracic surgeons agree that VTE chemoprophylaxis is necessary for esophagectomy, yet substantial variability exists in current practice. A noteworthy proportion use suboptimal dosing, and very few choose postdischarge prophylaxis. To improve postesophagectomy morbidity and mortality outcomes, thoracic surgeons are willing to follow evidence-based guidelines for VTE chemoprophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Brittany A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Zwischenberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Ching-Wei D
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Tzeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Nicholas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Zwischenberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. Electronic address: j.martin@uky.edu.
authors.forename: Jeremiah T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016629:Esophagectomy; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013903:Thoracic Surgery; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006493:Heparin