title: High Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Young Adults in Ternate, Eastern Indonesia.
abstract: The incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been declining thanks to the universal hepatitis B infant immunization program. Nevertheless, young adults born before the program implementation might have acquired HBV in early childhood or remain susceptible to infection. This study aimed to evaluate hepatitis B epidemiology in asymptomatic young adult population in Ternate, eastern Indonesia. Serum samples of 376 subjects (aged 17-25, mean 19.82 ± 1.69 years; male/female 138/238) were screened for HBV parameters serologically (HBV surface antigen [HBsAg]; its antibody [anti-HBs]; anti-core antigen [anti-HBc]), and molecularly (HBV DNA). HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, and HBV DNA prevalence were 15.7%, 36.2%, 24.2%, and 27.9%, respectively, with male predominance. Of all subjects, 13.0% were HBsAg negative with detectable HBV DNA (occult hepatitis B [OHB]), and 56.4% showed negativity for all seromarkers. This population showed high hepatitis B prevalence with substantial occurrence of OHB. However, a high percentage of the population were still susceptible and at risk of HBV infection. This study emphasizes the necessity to improve prevention strategies to screen and manage HBV carriers, including the adoption of catch-up or booster vaccination targeted to young adult populations. Investigations on the roles of host-virus interactions associated with OHB and its implications are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Susan Irawati
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Ie
authors.affiliation: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.lastname: Turyadi
authors.affiliation: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Erick
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sidarta
authors.affiliation: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Arkasha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadhewa
authors.affiliation: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Gludhug Ariyo
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Purnomo
authors.affiliation: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Yuyun S M
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Soedarmono
authors.affiliation: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Mochtar Zein
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Pattiiha
authors.affiliation: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Meta Dewi
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Thedja
authors.affiliation: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Alida R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Harahap
authors.affiliation: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia davidhm@eijkman.go.id.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Muljono
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens