title: Sources of workplace violence against nurses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Health care employees, especially nurses, are often victims of workplace violence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this research is to study the frequency and degree of violence against nurses and to analyze correlations between various sources and types of violence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was carried out using a representative sample of nurses in Slovenia. Data was collected using a questionnaire designed specifically for the purposes of the survey. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive, correlational and inferential statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 692 nurses participated in the survey. Verbal violence (n = 416) and physical violence (n = 180) were identified. The most frequent perpetrators of verbal violence were patients (listed as a source of violence by 39.3% of the respondents) and peers (39.6%), with the most forceful identified as physicians and patients. Physical violence against nurses was most often initiated by patients (20.8%) who were also the most forceful source in this category. Nurse leaders were found to be the most frequent and forceful sources of violence in terms of leadership level. A positive correlation between external (patient and relatives) and internal (physician and nurse) sources of violence was determined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A better understanding of the association between different types and sources of violence may support the development of action-oriented violence management. Health care organisations should limit violence at its less severe levels and at its primary source.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Andreja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kvas
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Administration, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Janko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seljak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019555:Physician-Nurse Relations; D017524:Slovenia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D064450:Workplace Violence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Slovenia; Verbal violence; leaders; patients; peers; physical violence