title: Carbon-ion Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer: Analysis of Morbidities and Change in Health-related Quality of Life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively evaluate the feasibility of carbon-ion radiotherapy (C-ion RT) for prostate cancer using a new compact-sized accelerator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six patients underwent C-ion RT at our center using a recommended dose fractionation of 57.6 GyE in 16 fractions established at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences. Health-related Quality of Life (HRQOL) assessment was also performed using the Medical Outcome Study 8-items Short Form Health Survey (SF-8) questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up time was 51 months (range=8-58 months). Grade 2 gastrointestinal and genitourinary complications developed in 1 (1.3%) and 5 (6.6%) patients, respectively. Recurrences occurred in 4 patients, and the 4-year biochemical relapse-free rate was 94.6%. The HRQOL scores after C-ion RT were objectively well-maintained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Irrespective of the small number of patients of the study, C-ion RT for prostate cancer using the first commercial-based accelerator reproduced the toxicity outcomes at the NIRS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan hishikawa@pmrc.tsukuba.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Heavy Ion Medical Research Center, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katoh
authors.affiliation: Heavy Ion Medical Research Center, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaminuma
authors.affiliation: Heavy Ion Medical Research Center, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidemasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirato
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Gunma Cancer Center, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Isesaki Municipal Hospital, Isesaki, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takezawa
authors.affiliation: Research Center Hospital for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.affiliation: Heavy Ion Medical Research Center, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Heavy Ion Medical Research Center, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.affiliation: Heavy Ion Medical Research Center, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D063193:Heavy Ion Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D052801:Male Urogenital Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes
keywords: Carbon-ion therapy; hypofractionation; prostate cancer; quality of life; toxicity