title: Hand-Held Dynamometry Isometric Torque Reference Values for Children and Adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish hand-held dynamometry (HHD) maximal isometric muscle torque (MIT) reference values for children and adolescents who are developing typically.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MIT of 10 upper and lower limb muscle groups was assessed in 351 Caucasian youth (4 years 2 months to 17 years) using a standardized HHD protocol, previously shown to be feasible, valid, and reliable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean MIT and 95% confidence interval of the mean for all muscle groups, for each of the 14 age groups (1 year age span for each group), and for each sex, were reported in both absolute (Nm) and normalized (Nm/kg) values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These HHD reference values may be helpful in the identification of muscle strength impairments in several pediatric populations, especially when bilateral impairments are present.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Department (Dr Hébert and Maltais), and Radiology Department (Dr Hébert), Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Drs Hébert and Maltais), Quebec, Canada; and Quebec Rehabilitation Centre (Mss Lepage, Saulnier and Crête), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Luc J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hébert
authors.forename: Désirée B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Maltais
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lepage
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saulnier
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crête
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D053581:Muscle Strength Dynamometer / Q000592:standards*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019415:Torque