title: Neonatal outcomes of macrosomic infants of diabetic and non-diabetic mothers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare neonatal outcomes (including breastfeeding (BF) initiation) of 170 macrosomic IDM with that of 739 macrosomic nIDM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort investigation of all macrosomic infants born consecutively over a four-year period (2008-2011). Macrosomic (birth weight ≥4000 g) IDM included 100 infants whose mothers had gestational diabetes and 70 whose mothers had pregestational diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IDM were more likely to be delivered by cesarean to obese women while nIDM were more likely to be delivered vaginally to younger women with a higher level of education. Ethnic distribution (60% white, 20% black, 10% Hispanic and 10% Asian or African) was similar in each group. Forty-nine percent of IDM and 7% of nIDM required NICU admission. Respiratory disorders (mainly TTNB) affected 21% of IDM and 3% of nIDM while hypoglycemia was observed in 36% of IDM and 15% of nIDM. Of the 35 IDM delivered vaginally, 10 were complicated by shoulder dystocia without injury. Conversely, 70 of the 458 nIDM delivered vaginally experienced shoulder dystocia that resulted in 6 limb fractures and 3 brachial plexus injuries. On arrival to labor and delivery, 75% of all women intended to BF; however, at the time of discharge, 65% of women with diabetes and 92% of those without diabetes who intended to BF had initiated BF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both macrosomic IDM and macrosomic nIDM are at risk for significant morbidities. Macrosomic IDM carry a higher risk for NICU admissions, leading to maternal-infant separation, and lower BF initiation rates.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cordero
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paetow
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Landon
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Nankervis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001720:Birth Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004420:Dystocia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Macrosomia; breastfeeding; diabetes