title: Phytosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using Mappia foetida leaves extract and their conjugation with folic acid for delivery of doxorubicin to cancer cells.
abstract: Mappia foetida leaves extract is used as bioreductant for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their application in the efficient delivery of doxorubicin to human cancer cells is reported here. The formation of gold nanoparticles is evident from their characteristic optical absorption at ~560 nm. X-ray diffraction pattern of gold nanoparticles confirmed their fcc structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy shows the bioactive molecules from plant extract capped on the surface of gold nanoparticles and conjugation of doxorubicin along with activated folic acid as navigational molecules for targeted drug delivery. Such a conjugation of gold nanoparticles is characterized by their weight loss, ~35-40 %, due to thermal degradation of plant biomass and conjugated drug along with receptor, as observed in thermogravimetric analysis. The spherical shaped gold nanoparticles (Φ 10-20 nm) are observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images and the expected elemental composition by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Gold nanoparticles conjugated with activated folic acid and doxorubicin complex is found to be toxic for human cancer cells viz., MDA-MB-231, HeLa, SiHa and Hep-G2. Furthermore, the amount of drug released was maximum at pH 5.3 (an ambient condition for intravenous cancer drugs) followed by pH 7.2 and pH 6.8.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Chemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, 577 451, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yallappa
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi, 591 156, India. jmanjanna@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manjanna
authors.affiliation: Toxicology and Drug Discovery Centre for Emerging Technologies, Jain University, Ramanagara, 562 112, India.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Dhananjaya
authors.affiliation: SDM Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Udupi, 574 118, India.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Vishwanatha
authors.affiliation: SDM Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Udupi, 574 118, India.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ravishankar
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronics, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, 577 451, India.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gururaj
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000737:chemistry*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D004337:Drug Carriers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D006046:Gold; D004317:Doxorubicin; D005492:Folic Acid