title: Urine CXCL1 as a biomarker for tumor detection and outcome prediction in bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the clinical usefulness and diagnostic accuracy of urine chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) as a biomarker for tumor detection and outcome prediction in patients with bladder cancer (BCa).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured urine CXCL1 levels in 175 patients with BCa and 30 healthy controls. The value of urine CXCL1 concentration normalized by urine creatinine (CXCL1/Cre) was analyzed in terms of detecting bladder tumors and predicting intravesical recurrence after transurethral resection (TUR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CXCL1/Cre was significantly higher (3-fold) in BCa patients than in healthy participants and the difference from control samples was greater in patients with advanced BCa. Although the urine cytology test generally lost diagnostic power in patients with low-grade superficial tumors, the sensitivity of CXCL1/Cre was not compromised in this patient population. Patients with higher CXCL1/Cre were significantly more likely to develop intravesical recurrence after TUR and multivariate analysis identified CXCL1/Cre as an independent predictor of post-TUR intravesical recurrence. Importantly, CXCL1/Cre could successfully classify the probabilities of post-TUR recurrence among patients with intermediate-risk according to EORTC risk criteria into two groups equivalent to its high- and low-risk groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urine CXCL1 is a promising, non-invasive molecular marker for tumor detection and outcome prediction in patients with BCa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Toray Industries Inc., New Frontiers Research Laboratories, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hatahira
authors.affiliation: Toray Industries Inc., New Frontiers Research Laboratories, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Malignancy Control Research, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Eijiro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1 / Q000652:urine*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C475829:CXCL1 protein, human; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: Bladder cancer; detection; prognostic factor; sensitivity and specificity; urine biomarker