title: Coffee, Tea, Cola, and Bladder Cancer Risk: Dose and Time Relationships.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To further analyze the relation between coffee, tea, and energy drinks and bladder cancer risk, considering dose, duration, and other time-related factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A multicentric case-control study on 690 bladder cancer cases and 665 hospital controls was conducted in Italy between 2003 and 2014. Odds ratios (ORs) for bladder cancer were estimated using multiple logistic regression models. Sex-, age-, and tobacco-adjusted ORs were 1.27 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84-1.94) for current drinkers and 1.69 (95% CI 1.05-2.72) for lifetime drinkers of ≥4 cups/day, compared with non- or occasional coffee drinkers. The corresponding ORs for an increment of 1 cup/day were 1.03 (95% CI 0.96-1.11) and 1.07 (95% CI 0.99-1.15). No association was found between bladder cancer risk and duration or age at starting, and no significant heterogeneity was found according to age and sex, although a slight increased risk emerged in never smokers. Decaffeinated coffee, tea, cola, and energy drinks were not related with bladder cancer risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study found no significant relation between coffee and bladder cancer risk after accounting for smoking, although the OR was above unity for high lifetime habit. The lack of dose and duration relationships, however, suggests the absence of a causal relation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Turati
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bosetti
authors.affiliation: Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy.
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Polesel
authors.affiliation: Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zucchetto
authors.affiliation: Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Serraino
authors.affiliation: Unit of Epidemiology, Istituto Tumori "Fondazione Pascale IRCCS", Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montella
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Libra
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galfano
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy. Electronic address: alessandra.tavani@marionegri.it.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tavani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002110:Caffeine; D002253:Carbonated Beverages; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003069:Coffee; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004326:Drinking; D061215:Energy Drinks; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013662:Tea; D013997:Time Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D013662:Tea; D002110:Caffeine