title: The relationship between the testis and tunica vaginalis changes with age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anatomy of the testis and tunica vaginalis (TV) is taught to pediatric surgeons from adult postmortem material. Textbooks describe the testis as 'behind' the TV, but at pediatric orchidopexy it appears to be inside the TV. We aimed to study whether testis and TV anatomy changes with age.
  
  
  METHODS
  After ethical approval, postmortem photographs and measurements of testis length, width, and mesenteric attachment length (mm) in 37 adults (22-92years), one infant (4/12), and one fetus (19/52) were compared with intraoperative orchidopexies (x6) after opening TV (n=4; 7/12-14years). Testis length, area and perimeter and ratios for mesentery attachment were plotted against age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fetal and pediatric testes were intraperitoneal with a mesentery (mesorchium), but after 50years secondary adhesions between TV and testis obliterated the mesorchium, so in advanced age the testis appeared to be behind the TV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that in childhood testes were 'intraperitoneal', but after 50years of age the TV progressively shrinks and adheres to the testis, making it appear to be behind the TV. This difference between anatomical texts and childhood anatomy suggests that pediatric surgery may need anatomy texts that specifically highlight age differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Francisco A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Lopez-Marambio
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Urology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: john.hutson@rch.org.au.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hutson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D002648:Child; D005333:Fetus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008643:Mesentery / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D008875:Middle Aged; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D013737:Testis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*
keywords: Tunica vaginalis; age; anatomy; testis