title: Kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin in normoalbuminuric diabetic children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We aimed at evaluating the urinary levels of kidney injury molecule-1 ( KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), and the relationship between these markers and clinical and laboratory variables in normoalbuminuric children with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consisted of 60 (F/M: 28/32) children with T1D with a median age of 13 (min: 7.1-max: 17.9) years and a mean HbA1c of 8.6%. The average period of treatment was 6.8±2.2 years. The control group consisted of 60 healthy children [(F/M: 32/28); median age: 13.6 (min: 6.9-max: 17.9) years].
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary KIM-1 and NGAL levels were significantly elevated in the diabetic group (KIM-1: 0.50±0.34 ng/mg-cr; NGAL: 33±31 ng/mg-cr) compared with the nondiabetic control subjects (KIM-1: 0.26±0.25 ng/mg-cr, NGAL 13.3±14.5 ng/mg-cr) (p<0.001). No significant associations were observed between NGAL or KIM-1 and the duration of diabetes and HbA1c levels. NGAL was found to be weakly correlated with KIM-1 (p<0.005, r=0.289).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NGAL and KIM are high in normoalbuminuric diabetic children before reduction in glomerular filtration rate. High NGAL and KIM-1 levels may indicate early diabetic kidney injury; however, we did not observe any relationship between these markers and diabetic indices. For clinical usefulness of these markers, long-term studies are required.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ucakturk
authors.forename: Bahattin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Avci
authors.forename: Gurkan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Genc
authors.forename: Ozan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozkaya
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aydin
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000293:Adolescent; D000418:Albumins / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D006801:Humans; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000418:Albumins; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011991:Receptors, Virus