title: Visuoconstructional Impairment in Subtypes of Mild Cognitive Impairment.
abstract: Clock Drawing Test performance was examined alongside other neuropsychological tests in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We tested the hypothesis that clock-drawing errors are related to executive impairment. The current research examined 86 patients with MCI for whom, in prior research, cluster analysis was used to sort patients into dysexecutive (dMCI, n = 22), amnestic (aMCI, n = 13), and multidomain (mMCI, n = 51) subtypes. First, principal components analysis (PCA) and linear regression examined relations between clock-drawing errors and neuropsychological test performance independent of MCI subtype. Second, between-group differences were assessed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) where MCI subgroups were compared to normal controls (NC). PCA yielded a 3-group solution. Contrary to expectations, clock-drawing errors loaded with lower performance on naming/lexical retrieval, rather than with executive tests. Regression analyses found increasing clock-drawing errors to command were associated with worse performance only on naming/lexical retrieval tests. ANOVAs revealed no differences in clock-drawing errors between dMCI versus mMCI or aMCI versus NCs. Both the dMCI and mMCI groups generated more clock-drawing errors than the aMCI and NC groups in the command condition. In MCI, language-related skills contribute to clock-drawing impairment.
authors.affiliation: a Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences , University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Samrah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: b Department of Neurology , Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.affiliation: b Department of Neurology , Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eppig
authors.affiliation: c Department of Clinical & Health Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida.
authors.forename: Catherine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: d Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois , Chicago , Illinois.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lamar
authors.affiliation: e VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Diego , California.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Delano-Wood
authors.affiliation: f Department of Psychiatry , University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla , California.
authors.forename: Katherine J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Bangen
authors.affiliation: f Department of Psychiatry , University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla , California.
authors.forename: Emily C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Edmonds
authors.affiliation: g Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health , Madison , Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Lindsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: h Department of Psychology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Nation
authors.affiliation: e VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Diego , California.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jak
authors.affiliation: i Department of Neurology , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , Massachusetts.|j Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Rhoda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Au
authors.affiliation: k Department of Neuroscience , North Dakota School of Medicine , Fargo , North Dakota.
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Swenson
authors.affiliation: e VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Diego , California.
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Bondi
authors.affiliation: b Department of Neurology , Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Libon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000647:Amnesia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests
keywords: Boston process approach; clock drawing; cluster analysis; executive control; mild cognitive impairment; visuoconstruction