title: Toxic and genotoxic effects of hexavalent chromium in environment and its bioremediation strategies.
abstract: Chromium is one of the major inorganic environmental pollutants, which is added in the environment through various natural and anthropogenic activities and exists mainly in two forms: Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Cr(VI) is considered to be more toxic than Cr(III) due to its high solubility and mobility. It is a well-reported occupational carcinogen associated with lung, nasal, and sinus cancers. Thus, this review article provides the detailed information on the occurrence, sources of chromium contamination in the environment and their toxicological effects in human, animal, plants as well as in microorganisms, and bioremediation strategies to minimize the toxic effects.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Microbiology , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) , Lucknow , India.
authors.forename: Sandhya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Microbiology , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) , Lucknow , India.
authors.forename: Ram Naresh
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Bharagava
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000633:toxicity; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D002857:Chromium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity; D010944:Plants / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D009153:Mutagens; D002857:Chromium; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion
keywords: Trivalent chromium; bioremediation; carcinogenicity; environmental contamination; genotoxicity; heavy metal; hexavalent chromium; toxicity