title: Arabidopsis TRIGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL5 Interacts with TGD1, TGD2, and TGD4 to Facilitate Lipid Transfer from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to Plastids.
abstract: The biogenesis of photosynthetic membranes in the plastids of higher plants requires an extensive supply of lipid precursors from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Four TRIGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL (TGD) proteins (TGD1,2,3,4) have thus far been implicated in this lipid transfer process. While TGD1, TGD2, and TGD3 constitute an ATP binding cassette transporter complex residing in the plastid inner envelope, TGD4 is a transmembrane lipid transfer protein present in the outer envelope. These observations raise questions regarding how lipids transit across the aqueous intermembrane space. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a novel Arabidopsis thaliana gene, TGD5. Disruption of TGD5 results in similar phenotypic effects as previously described in tgd1,2,3,4 mutants, including deficiency of ER-derived thylakoid lipids, accumulation of oligogalactolipids, and triacylglycerol. Genetic analysis indicates that TGD4 is epistatic to TGD5 in ER-to-plastid lipid trafficking, whereas double mutants of a null tgd5 allele with tgd1-1 or tgd2-1 show a synergistic embryo-lethal phenotype. TGD5 encodes a small glycine-rich protein that is localized in the envelope membranes of chloroplasts. Coimmunoprecipitation assays show that TGD5 physically interacts with TGD1, TGD2, TGD3, and TGD4. Collectively, these results suggest that TGD5 facilitates lipid transfer from the outer to the inner plastid envelope by bridging TGD4 with the TGD1,2,3 transporter complex.
authors.affiliation: Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973.
authors.forename: Jilian
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6821-6583
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973.
authors.forename: Zhiyang
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3181-1773
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.affiliation: Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973.
authors.forename: Chengshi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 cxu@bnl.gov.
authors.forename: Changcheng
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0179-9462
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D004843:Epistasis, Genetic; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D058503:Mesophyll Cells; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D018087:Plastids / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D020524:Thylakoids / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C475468:TGD1 protein, Arabidopsis; C512987:TGD2 protein, Arabidopsis; C534346:TGD4 protein, Arabidopsis; C000622191:TGD5 protein, Arabidopsis; C030363:lipid transfer protein; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; C525795:TGD3 protein, Arabidopsis