title: Characterization of Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes in Canada.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence and distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes in Canada is not known. Genotypic analysis may contribute to a better understanding of HBV strain distribution and transmission risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positive samples of acute (n = 152) and chronic (n = 1533) HBV submitted for strain analysis or reference genotype testing between 2006 and 2012 were analyzed. The HBsAg coding region was amplified to determine the HBV genotype by INNO-LiPA assay or sequence analysis. Single and multivariate analyses were used to describe genotypes' associations with known demographic and behavioral risk factors for 126 linked cases of acute HBV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine genotypes were detected (A to I), including mixed infections. Genotype C (HBV/C) dominated within chronic infections while HBV/D and A prevailed among acute HBV cases. History of incarceration and residing with a chronic HBV carrier or injection drug user were the most frequently reported risks for acute HBV infection. Over time, HBV/A increased among both acute and chronic infections, and HBV/C and HBV/D decreased among chronic infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic and acute HBV genotypes in Canada differ in the relative distribution and their associations with known risk factors, suggesting different routes of transmission and clinical progression of infection.
authors.affiliation: National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Osiowy
authors.affiliation: National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.affiliation: Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trubnikov
authors.affiliation: Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Yogesh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Choudhri
authors.affiliation: National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andonov
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics*; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens