title: Inflammation, Endothelial Dysfunction and Increased Left Ventricular Mass in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Patients: A Longitudinal Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Within this longitudinal study we investigated the association of inflammation markers C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and endothelial dysfunction markers intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) with left ventricular mass indexed for height(2.71) (LVMI) in hypertensive predialysis CKD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2004 to 2005, 182 incident consecutive adult patients from the outpatient CKD clinics of two hospitals in Greece with CKD and hypertension or using antihypertensive medication, were included. Of these, 107 patients underwent CRP (mg/l) and LVMI (g/height(2.71)) measurements annually for three years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the longitudinal analyses, using linear mixed modeling, a higher IL-6 (ß = 1.9 (95%ci:0.38;3.5), inflammation score based on CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α (ß = 5.0 (95%ci:0.72; 9.4) and VCAM-1 (ß = 0.01 (95%ci:0.005;0.02) were associated with higher LVMI. These models were adjusted for age, gender and primary renal disease, and for confounders that on top changed the beta with ≥ 10%, i.e. diuretic use (for IL-6 and inflammation score).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that in predialysis CKD patients, inflammation as well as endothelial dysfunction may play an important role towards the increase in LVMI.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Department, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: Kyriakos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ioannou
authors.affiliation: ERA-EDTA Registry, Department of Medical Informatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Vianda S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Stel
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Evangelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dounousi
authors.affiliation: ERA-EDTA Registry, Department of Medical Informatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kitty J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Jager
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Aikaterini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papagianni
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Kostas C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Siamopoulos
authors.affiliation: CNR-IBIM Clinical Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Renal and Transplantation Unit, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zoccali
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Papageorgiou General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tsakiris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1