title: Elevation of the Serum Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1/Redox Factor-1 in Coronary Artery Disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox effector factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multifunctional protein involved in the DNA base excision repair pathway, inflammation, angiogenesis, and survival pathways. We investigated serum APE1/Ref-1 in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum APE1/Ref-1 was measured with a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from 360 patients who received coronary angiograms. They were divided into two groups; a control (n=57) and a CAD group (n=303), the latter included angina (n=128) and myocardial infarction (MI, n=175).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of APE1/Ref-1 were higher in the CAD than the control (0.63±0.07 vs. 0.12±0.07 ng/100 µL, respectively; p<0.01). They were also higher in MI than angina (0.81±0.10 vs. 0.38±0.11 ng/100 µL, respectively; p<0.01) and different according to the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow (0.88±0.09 for TIMI flow 0, 1, 2 vs. 0.45±0.13 ng/100 µL for TIMI flow 3, p<0.01) in acute coronary syndrome. In correlation analysis, the levels of APE1/Ref-1 were positively correlated with Troponin I (r=0.222; p<0.0001) and N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP, r=0.217; p<0.0001) but not high sensitivity to C-reactive protein. Also, they revealed a negative correlation with ejection fraction (EF, r=-0.221; p=0.002). However, there were no significant differences among the three groups, were divided by their levels of APE1/Ref-1, for major adverse cardiovascular events (death, recurrent MI, stroke, revascularization) (8.2 vs. 14.0 vs. 12.5%, p=ns).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The levels of serum APE1/Ref-1 are elevated in CAD, and are higher in MI than in angina. They are correlated with Troponin I, NT-proBNP, and EF.
authors.affiliation: Divison of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Seon-Ah
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Divison of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Hee Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Divison of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Kyeong
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Yu Ran
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Sunga
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Divison of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Kye-Taek
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Divison of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jun-Hyung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Divison of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Hyeong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Divison of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Divison of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Si Wan
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Divison of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: In-Whan
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Seong
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Byeong Hwa
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Divison of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Ok
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Jeong
keywords: APEX1 protein, human; Biological markers; Coronary artery disease; Ref-1 protein, human