title: Sex differences in skin carotenoid deposition and acute UVB-induced skin damage in SKH-1 hairless mice after consumption of tangerine tomatoes.
abstract: METHODS
  UVB exposure, a major factor in the development of skin cancer, has differential sex effects. Tomato product consumption reduces the intensity of UVB-induced erythema in humans, but the mechanisms are unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four-week-old SKH-1 hairless mice (40 females, 40 males) were divided into two feeding groups (control or with 10% tangerine tomatoes naturally rich in UV-absorbing phytoene and phytofluene) and two UV exposure groups (with or without UV). After 10 weeks of feeding, the UV group was exposed to a single UV dose and sacrificed 48 h later. Blood and dorsal skin samples were taken for carotenoid analysis. Dorsal skin was harvested to assess sex and UV effects on carotenoid deposition, inflammation (skinfold thickness, myeloperoxidase levels), and DNA damage (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, p53). Females had significantly higher levels of both skin and blood carotenoids relative to males. UV exposure significantly reduced skin carotenoid levels in females but not males. Tomato consumption attenuated acute UV-induced increases in CPD in both sexes, and reduced myeloperoxidase activity and percent p53 positive epidermal cells in males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tangerine tomatoes mediate acute UV-induced skin damage in SKH-1 mice via reduced DNA damage in both sexes, and through reduced inflammation in males.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.|Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Kopec
authors.affiliation: Flow Cytometry Core, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schick
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Tober
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Ken M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Riedl
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.affiliation: Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.|Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Tatiana M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Oberyszyn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003872:Dermatitis / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000235:genetics; D004890:Erythema / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum; D008297:Male; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D012737:Sex Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D002338:Carotenoids; C003140:phytofluene; C100185:(all-E) phytoene
keywords: Acute UV exposure; Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers; Myeloperoxidase; Skin; Tomato carotenoids