title: Phentolamine mesylate to reverse oral soft-tissue local anesthesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowing that patients desire reduced duration of local anesthesia, the authors performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of phentolamine mesylate (PM) in reducing anesthesia duration and the occurrence of adverse effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors searched studies in 4 electronic databases up to December 18, 2014. For each study, the methodological quality was assessed according to the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that used PM met the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six RCTs met the inclusion criteria and were used to carry out a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of PM and a qualitative analysis of its adverse effects. The use of PM was more effective in reversing the anesthetic effect on the lower lip and tongue than was applying a placebo. Adverse effects reported in the studies were not statistically significant, the most frequent being headache, pain during injection, and postprocedure pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on limited evidence, PM is effective in reducing the persistence of anesthesia duration on the lower lip and tongue, with infrequent adverse effects of little clinical significance.
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Prados-Frutos
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rojo
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: González-Serrano
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González-Serrano
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sammartino
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martínez-González
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Monescillo
mesh_terms: D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D010646:Phentolamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D010646:Phentolamine