title: Malrotation: Age-Related Differences in Reoperation Rate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intestinal malrotation classically presents in the neonatal period with bilious vomiting. However, population studies suggest that up to two-thirds of these patients are diagnosed later in childhood or in adulthood. Increased morbidity in the adult population has been reported. Local experience suggested that surgery was technically more difficult in older children and led to the hypothesis that it would be associated with increased morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case note analysis was performed on all children presenting with intestinal malrotation to a tertiary referral center between January 2002 and November 2014. Case notes and operation records were reviewed and those who underwent laparotomy for confirmed malrotation were included. Children were grouped as infants (< 1 year) and older (> 1 year). The primary outcome was total emergency reoperation rate. Secondary outcomes were requirement for a bypass at reoperation and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 131 children with malrotation were identified (104 infants, 27 older children; 78 males; age range, 0-16 years). Overall, 13 patients had emergency reoperation following initial Ladd procedure (6 infants and 7 older children). Risk for reoperation was significantly higher in older children (p = 0.005) and additionally a bypass procedure was more often required in older children than infants (4 children, 2 infants, p = 0.016). Adhesiolysis was required on four occasions and redo Ladd procedure in two; these were evenly distributed between both groups. One child was found to have distal bowel obstruction at reoperation. There were three deaths (2.3%), all in the infant group. One was directly associated with malrotation with extensive bowel necrosis. The other two died of unrelated sepsis several months later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malrotation surgery in older children is associated with a significantly higher emergency reoperation rate. The primary duodenal bypass procedure should always be considered with longstanding chronic intermittent obstruction associated with malrotation if the simple Ladd procedure is deemed inadequate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Arimatias
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raitio
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Patrick A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Fawkner-Corbett
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Colin Tennant
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Baillie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004065:Digestive System Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004386:Duodenum / Q000601:surgery*; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D045822:Intestinal Volvulus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome