title: Individual and community level determinants of childhood full immunization in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Expanded program on immunization is one of the most successful and cost effective public health interventions that protect children against vaccine preventable diseases. The full childhood immunization coverage in many parts of Ethiopia is far from optimal. Hence, the main objective of this study was to assess factors associated with childhood full immunization in Ethiopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data source for this study was the 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Multilevel regression analysis techniques were used to conduct the analysis. Accordingly a two level multilevel regression analysis model was built with individuals (level 1) nested with in communities (level 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 4983 children aged 12-59 months nested within 520 clusters were included in the analysis. According to the analysis results, in the year 2011, 26 % of children less than 5 years old were fully immunized in Ethiopia. Being born at health institutions, higher level of maternal education, media exposure, region of residence and residing in communities possessing higher maternal antenatal care services utilization were positively associated with childhood full immunization. In contrary to this, the number children aged less than 5 years in the household was negatively associated with childhood full immunization. The random effect results indicated that 21 % of the variation among the communities was due to community level factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was found that various individual and contextual factors were associated with childhood full immunization. In addition, significant community level variation remains after having controlled individual and community level factors which is an indicative of a need for further research on community level factors. Hence, utilizing multilevel modeling in determining the effect of both individual and contextual level factors simultaneously had brought an important output which may help planners, policy and decision makers to emphasize on both individuals and communities in which they live.
authors.affiliation: Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. samirawol2007@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Samir A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Abadura
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia. kidwonyt4@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Wondwosen T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Lerebo
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia. ushakulkarni@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.affiliation: Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Directorate, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. zelekeabebaw@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Zeleke A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Mekonnen
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008402:Mass Media / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*