title: Optimizing Strategies for Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping in Early-Stage Cervical and Endometrial Cancer: Comparison of Real-Time Fluorescence With Indocyanine Green and Methylene Blue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This retrospective study aimed to compare the sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping results of methylene blue (MB) and indocyanine green (ICG) in women with early-stage endometrial or cervical cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  From August 2011 to March 2015, all consecutive patients with stage I endometrial or cervical cancer who underwent SLN mapping with intracervical injection of MB or ICG using a 22-gauge spinal needle were included in the study. Radical or simple hysterectomy with bilateral pelvic and/or aortic lymphadenectomy was performed after SLN mapping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 81 women (64 women with endometrial cancer and 17 women with cervical cancer) underwent surgery, including SLN mapping. Sixty-five patients (80%) underwent minimally invasive surgery. The overall detection rate was 84% (34 of 38) and 100% (43 of 43) for MB and ICG, respectively (P = 0.041). Bilateral SLN detection was higher in the ICG group than in the MB group (88% vs 50; P = 0.002). Eleven patients (13.5%) were found to have positive nodes with at least 1 positive SLN. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of SLN were 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Real-time florescence mapping with ICG shows better overall detection rate and bilateral mapping than MB alone. In our pilot study, the differences are statistically significant. The higher number of bilateral mapping of ICG may increase the quality of life and recovery of women by reducing the need for complete lymphadenectomy.
authors.affiliation: *Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Gerardo Hospital; and †University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buda
authors.forename: Giampaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Martino
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vecchione
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bussi
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dell'Anna
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palazzi
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Cantù
authors.forename: Martina Delle
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Marchette
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Milani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000378:metabolism*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000592:standards*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008751:Methylene Blue