title: Effect of blend moisture and extrusion temperature on physical properties of everlasting pea-wheat extrudates.
abstract: The effect of everlasting pea in combination with wheat on physical properties and microstructure of extrudates were studied. The share of everlasting pea (Lathyrus sativus) was variable, at 35, 50 and 65 %, respectively. The everlasting pea-wheat mixtures were moistened to the required level (18, 21, and 24 %), homogenized, conditioned and extruded in twin-screw extruder with counter-rotating conical screws. All of the obtained extrudates were characterised by a slow degree of radial expansion and high specific density. The Pearson correlation analysis indicated a statistically significant linear Pearson correlation (p < 0.05) between chemical compositions of the blends and physical properties of the extrudates. The expansion ratio increased as the concentration of the fibers and proteins increased, while specific density and hardness decreased. Inverse relationship was observed for crude fat. The microstructure of the extrudates was determined by both the moisture of the blend and the process temperature. The differences observed in the size, number of air cells and in the cell wall shapes and thickness indicate possibilities of the modification of physical properties of everlasting pea-wheat extrudates. The extrudates produced from everlasting pea-wheat blends (50:50) at higher barrel temperature (110/140/180/170/130 °C) were characterised by more numerous air cells of smaller diameters. Increasing moisture content of extruded blends results in extrudates with a higher porosity. No significant effect was shown in the chemical compositions on the level of metal contamination in the extrudates. The application of a counter-rotating twin-screw extrusion-cooker in the study permitted the production of compact, hard everlasting pea-wheat extrudates for use in vegetarian lunch dishes.
authors.affiliation: Engineering and Cereals Technology Department, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zarzycki
authors.affiliation: Engineering and Cereals Technology Department, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kasprzak
authors.affiliation: Engineering and Cereals Technology Department, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rzedzicki
authors.affiliation: Engineering and Cereals Technology Department, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sobota
authors.affiliation: Engineering and Cereals Technology Department, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wirkijowska
authors.affiliation: Engineering and Cereals Technology Department, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sykut-Domańska
keywords: Everlasting pea; Extrusion; Metal contamination; Microstructure; Physical properties; Wheat