title: Biomarkers of Brain Damage and Postoperative Cognitive Disorders in Orthopedic Patients: An Update.
abstract: The incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in orthopedic patients varies from 16% to 45%, although it can be as high as 72%. As a consequence, the hospitalization time of patients who developed POCD was longer, the outcome and quality of life were worsened, and prolonged medical and social assistance were necessary. In this review the short description of such biomarkers of brain damage as the S100B protein, NSE, GFAP, Tau protein, metalloproteinases, ubiquitin C terminal hydrolase, microtubule-associated protein, myelin basic protein, α-II spectrin breakdown products, and microRNA was made. The role of thromboembolic material in the development of cognitive decline was also discussed. Special attention was paid to optimization of surgical and anesthetic procedures in the prevention of postoperative cognitive decline.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128 Street, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tomaszewski
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers