title: Nut consumption for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nuts contain a number of nutritional attributes which may be cardioprotective. A number of epidemiological studies have shown that nut consumption may have a beneficial effect on people who have cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. However, results from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are less consistent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of nut consumption for the primary prevention of CVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the following electronic databases: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science Core Collection, CINAHL, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), Health Technology Assessment Database (HTA) and Health Economics Evaluations Database (HEED) up to 30 July 2015. We searched trial registers and reference lists of reviews for further studies. We did not apply any language restrictions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included RCTs of dietary advice to increase nut consumption or provision of nuts to increase consumption lasting at least three months and including healthy adults or adults at moderate and high risk of CVD. The comparison group was no intervention or minimal intervention. The outcomes of interest were CVD clinical events and CVD risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, abstracted the data and assessed the risk of bias in included trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included five trials (435 participants randomised) and one ongoing trial. One study is awaiting classification. All trials examined the provision of nuts to increase consumption rather than dietary advice. None of the included trials reported on the primary outcomes, CVD clinical events, but trials were small and short term. All five trials reported on CVD risk factors. Four of these trials provided data in a useable format for meta-analyses, but heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis for most of the analyses. Overall trials were judged to be at unclear risk of bias.There were variable and inconsistent effects of nut consumption on CVD risk factors (lipid levels and blood pressure). Three trials monitored adverse events. One trial reported an allergic reaction to nuts and three trials reported no significant weight gain with increased nut consumption. None of the included trials reported on other secondary outcomes, occurrence of type 2 diabetes as a major risk factor for CVD, health-related quality of life and costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently there is a lack of evidence for the effects of nut consumption on CVD clinical events in primary prevention and very limited evidence for the effects on CVD risk factors. No conclusions can be drawn and further high quality longer term and adequately powered trials are needed to answer the review question.
authors.affiliation: Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, UK, NW1 2DA.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Germanò
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.forename: Alma J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rees
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D009754:Nuts; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids