title: Executive Functions Deficits After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: The GREFEX Study.
abstract: To assess the sensitivity of traditional neuropsychological tests and of a behavioral inventory of executive disorders in a large sample of patients with chronic severe traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  
  A total of 112 patients were compared with 780 healthy controls from a larger database. The GREFEX battery included 7 widely used tests and the Behavioral Dysexecutive Syndrome Inventory (proxy rating). A previously described statistical methodology was used, controlling for age, education, and gender. Summary scores were computed and performance was dichotomized on the basis of 5th percentile cutoffs from controls' z scores.
  
  
  
  The frequency of cognitive impairment was high (55.4%) but lower than that of behavioral changes (81.5%). Double dissociations were observed between cognitive and behavioral assessments. Behavioral changes exhibited larger effect-sizes as compared with cognitive impairments. Logistic regression analysis showed that 3 cognitive tests (verbal fluency, Stroop reading, and Trail Making Test-B) and 3 behavior z scores (hypoactivity, anticipation, and hyperactivity) best discriminated patients from controls.
  
  
  
  Behavioral changes were more frequent and severe than cognitive deficits, at least as assessed with traditional testing. The present results also suggest that a shortened battery may provide a rapid screening method with reasonable sensitivity to detect deficits of executive functions in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.
authors.affiliation: AP-HP, hôpital Raymond Poincaré, service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Garches (Dr Azouvi); EA 4047 HANDIReSP, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin (Drs Azouvi and Vallat-Azouvi); Antenne UEROS et SAMSAH92- UGECAMIDF, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches (Dr Vallat-Azouvi); EA 4136 Université de Bordeaux (Dr Joseph); Neuropsychology Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (Dr Meulemans); CRF Calve, Fondation Hopale, Berck, France (Ms Bertola); LPPL, EA 4638, and Unité de Neuropsychologie, CHU and Université d'Angers, Angers, France (Dr Le Gall); Clinique romande de réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland (Dr Bellmann); Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (EA 4559), University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens, France (Drs Roussel and Godefroy); Saint Luc University Hospital Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium (Ms Coyette); Institut régional de médecine physique et de réadaptation, Nancy, France (Ms Krier); University Hospital, Nimes, France (Ms Franconie); Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (Dr Bindschadler); and Department of Biostatistics, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens, France (Mr Diouf).
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Azouvi
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vallat-Azouvi
authors.forename: Pierre-Alain
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meulemans
authors.forename: Celine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bertola
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Le Gall
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bellmann
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roussel
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coyette
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krier
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Franconie
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bindschadler
authors.forename: Momar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diouf
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Godefroy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000453:epidemiology*; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult