title: Medicaid provider reimbursement policy for adult immunizations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  State Medicaid programs establish provider reimbursement policy for adult immunizations based on: costs, private insurance payments, and percentage of Medicare payments for equivalent services. Each program determines provider eligibility, payment amount, and permissible settings for administration. Total reimbursement consists of different combinations of Current Procedural Terminology codes: vaccine, vaccine administration, and visit.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine how Medicaid programs in the 50 states and the District of Columbia approach provider reimbursement for adult immunizations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational analysis using document review and a survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medicaid administrators in 50 states and the District of Columbia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whether fee-for-service programs reimburse providers for: vaccines; their administration; and/or office visits when provided to adult enrollees. We assessed whether adult vaccination services are reimbursed when administered by a wide range of providers in a wide range of settings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medicaid programs use one of 4 payment methods for adults: (1) a vaccine and an administration code; (2) a vaccine and visit code; (3) a vaccine code; and (4) a vaccine, visit, and administration code.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study results do not reflect any changes related to implementation of national health reform. Nine of fifty one programs did not respond to the survey or declined to participate, limiting the information available to researchers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medicaid reimbursement policy for adult vaccines impacts provider participation and enrollee access and uptake. While programs have generally increased reimbursement levels since 2003, each program could assess whether current policies reflect the most effective approach to encourage providers to increase vaccination services.
authors.affiliation: Milken Institute, School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 2nd Floor, 950 New Hampshire Avenue, Washington, DC 20052, United States. Electronic address: stewarta@gwu.edu.
authors.forename: Alexandra M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States. Electronic address: cvx9@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Megan C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lindley
authors.affiliation: Milken Institute, School of Public Health, The George Washington University, United States. Electronic address: mcox@gwu.edu.
authors.forename: Marisa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cox
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D008875:Middle Aged; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adult vaccination; Immunizations; Medicaid; Provider reimbursement