title: Clinically Available Medicines Demonstrating Anti-Toxoplasma Activity.
abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite of humans and other mammals, including livestock and companion animals. While chemotherapeutic regimens, including pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine regimens, ameliorate acute or recrudescent disease such as toxoplasmic encephalitis or ocular toxoplasmosis, these drugs are often toxic to the host. Moreover, no approved options are available to treat infected women who are pregnant. Lastly, no drug regimen has shown the ability to eradicate the chronic stage of infection, which is characterized by chemoresistant intracellular cysts that persist for the life of the host. In an effort to promote additional chemotherapeutic options, we now evaluate clinically available drugs that have shown efficacy in disease models but which lack clinical case reports. Ideally, less-toxic treatments for the acute disease can be identified and developed, with an additional goal of cyst clearance from human and animal hosts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Sydney J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Zach
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaofang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Abigail K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Judge
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Denver, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vennerstrom
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA pdavis@unomaha.edu.
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0526-3841
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053626:Atovaquone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002981:Clindamycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058492:Drug Repositioning; D006801:Humans; D018942:Macrolides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013411:Sulfadiazine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018942:Macrolides; D013411:Sulfadiazine; D002981:Clindamycin; D053626:Atovaquone; D011739:Pyrimethamine