title: Influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids on urologic inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies demonstrate that polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish oils, and alpha-linoleic acid are beneficial anti-inflammatory agents, which suppress inflammatory mediators and their activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review focuses on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids (O-3FAs) on three primary urologic organs (bladder, kidney, and prostate) and associated conditions such as urolithiasis, kidney transplantation, interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, bladder cancer, prostate cancer (CaP), and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following themes emerged: the potential influence of O-3FA in suppressing urologic inflammation; the supportive role of O-3FA in therapeutic interventions; pro-inflammatory mechanisms of omega-6 fatty acids (O-6FAs) associated with disease progression; and the importance of the optimal ratio of O-6FAs/O-3FAs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The need for further research on the role of PUFAs in suppressing urological inflammation precipitated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Chair, School of Health Professions and Nursing, Long Island University (LIU) Post, 720 Northern Blvd., Brookville, NY, 11548, USA. stamma@liu.edu.
authors.forename: Seetha M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tamma
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Long Island University (LIU) Post, 720 Northern Blvd., Brookville, NY, 11548, USA. bshorter@liu.edu.|Arthur Smith Institute for Urology, North Shore-LIJ Health System, New Hyde Park, NY, 11042, USA. bshorter@liu.edu.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shorter
authors.affiliation: Toh Khai Lee Urology Clinic, Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre, 3 Mount Elizabeth, Singapore, 228510, Singapore. khailee.toh@tohklurology.com.
authors.forename: Khai-Lee
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Toh
authors.affiliation: Pelvic Pain Center, Arthur Smith Institute for Urology, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, North Shore-LIJ Health System, 450 Lakeville Road, Suite M41, New Hyde Park, NY, 11042, USA. rmoldwin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moldwin
authors.affiliation: Private Practice, Healthcomm Solutions, 2723 N Lakeharbor Lane, Boise, ID, 83703, USA. bgordon@healthcommsolutions.com.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D011469:Prostatic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D011472:Prostatitis / Q000097:blood; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6
keywords: Bladder; Inflammation; Kidney; Omega fatty acids; Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Prostate