title: The Influence of Sonic and Ultrasonic Vibration on the Shear Bond Strength of a Selected Resin Luting Cement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study determined the effect of sonic and ultrasonic instrumentation on the shear bond strengths of Panavia 21, a popular cement for the luting of resin-bonded restorations.
  
  
  METHODS
  84 Ni-Cr cylinders were cemented to randomly selected resin composite substrates using Panavia 21 following the manufacturer's instructions. The Ni-Cr-composite specimens were divided into 7 groups of 12 specimens each based upon the procedure used for removing the excess cement. For Group 1 (Co) specimens the excess cement was removed with microbrushes immediately after cementation. Groups 2 through 7 were based on the use of vibrating instrument and the time period after which the excess material was removed. These included the cement, Panavia 21, three vibrating instruments, Sonic with a universal tip (So), Piezoelectric ultrasonic with a USPIS tip (Pu), Magnetorestrive ultrasonic with a FS1-100 tip (Mu) and two different time periods, soon after cementation (9m) and one hour after cementation (1h). Once excess cement REMOVAL WAS COMPLETED, THE SPECIMENS WERE SUBJECTED TO SHEAR TESTING.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean Shear Bond strengths ranged from 16.03 MPa (Co) to 19.91 MPa (So 1h). Statistical analysis demonstrated that interaction of the main effects were significant (F = 4.27, p = 0.042). Post-hoc analysis demonstrated that the effect of timing was significant in all the instrumented groups. The majority of the tested specimens failed cohesively compared to mainly adhesive failures for the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of type of instrumentation immediately following polymerization setting had no effect on the shear bond strengths however a delay of 1 hour for all types of instrumentation had a beneficial effect of improving observed shear bond strengths.
authors.forename: Shivaughn M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Marchan
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Virendra
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dhuru
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D002484:Cementation / Q000379:methods; D002858:Chromium Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D058105:Polymerization; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D033081:Shear Strength; D013010:Sonication / Q000295:instrumentation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000295:instrumentation; D014732:Vibration; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys; D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; C093719:Panavia TPN-S; D010710:Phosphates; D019279:Resin Cements; D014867:Water