title: Drosophila melanogaster - an embryonic model for studying behavioral and biochemical effects of manganese exposure.
abstract: Embryonic animals are especially susceptible to metal exposure. Manganese (Mn) is an essential element, but in excess it can induce toxicity. In this study we used Drosophila melanogaster as an embryonic model to investigate biochemical and behavioral alterations due to Mn exposure. Flies were treated with standard medium supplemented with MnCl2 at 0.1 mM, 0.5 mM or 1 mM from the egg to the adult stage. At 0.5 mM and 1 mM Mn, newly ecloded flies showed significantly enhanced locomotor activity when assessed by negative geotaxis behavior. In addition, a significant increase in Mn levels (p < 0.0001) was observed, while Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and S levels were significantly decreased. A significant drop in cell viability occurred in flies exposed to 1 mM Mn. There was also an induction of reactive oxygen species at 0.5 mM and 1 mM Mn (p < 0.05). At 1 mM, Mn increased Catalase (p < 0.005), Superoxide Dismutase (p < 0.005) and Hsp83 (p < 0.0001) mRNA expression, without altering Catalase or Superoxide Dismutase activity; the activity of Thioredoxin reductase and Glutatione-S-transferase enzymes was increased. Mn treatment did not alter ERK or JNK1/2 phosphorylation, but at 1 mM caused an inhibition of p38(MAPK) phosphorylation. Together these data suggest mechanisms of adaptation in the fly response to Mn exposure in embryonic life.
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia (CIP/BIOTEC), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, RS, 97300 000, Brasil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula Lausmann
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ternes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brasil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Zemolin
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brasil.
authors.forename: Litiele Cezar
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: da Cruz
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia (CIP/BIOTEC), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, RS, 97300 000, Brasil.
authors.forename: Gustavo Felipe
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia (CIP/BIOTEC), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, RS, 97300 000, Brasil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula Fleig
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Saidelles
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, CEP 97500-970.
authors.forename: Mariane Trindade
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: de Paula
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Caçapava do Sul, RS, CEP 96570-000 Brasil.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Drosophila e Sequenciamento (LabDros), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97300 000.
authors.forename: Ronaldo Medeiros
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Golombieski
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brasil.
authors.forename: Érico Marlon de Moraes
authors.initials: ÉM
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brasil.
authors.forename: Rochele Sogari
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Picoloto
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia (CIP/BIOTEC), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, RS, 97300 000, Brasil.
authors.forename: Antônio Batista
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia (CIP/BIOTEC), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, RS, 97300 000, Brasil.
authors.forename: Jeferson Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia (CIP/BIOTEC), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, RS, 97300 000, Brasil.
authors.forename: Thaís
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Posser
keywords: Drosophila melanogaster; MAPK; Thioredoxin reductase; manganese; oxidative stress