title: Circulating hepcidin in type 2 diabetes: A multivariate analysis and double blind evaluation of metformin effects.
abstract: METHODS
  Very few studies have evaluated serum hepcidin in patients with type 2 diabetes and they have reported conflicting results. In addition, the effect of antidiabetic drugs on circulating hepcidin has not been explored so far. The aims of the study were to evaluate hepcidin concentrations and hepcidin/ferritin ratio in type 2 diabetes subjects and healthy non-diabetic controls and to evaluate the effect of metformin on hepcidin concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study 1: Cross-sectional multivariate study of 239 non-diabetic individuals and 65 people with type 2 diabetes. The multivariate analysis included covariates of chronic inflammation, BMI, pharmacological treatment, menopausal status and insulin resistance. Study 2: Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled 4-month trial metformin compared to placebo among 36 type 2 diabetic patients. In both groups diet was controlled by maintaining a hypocaloric intake across the trial. Hepcidin levels were significantly lower in patients with type 2 diabetes than in non-diabetic individuals either in crude or adjusted regression models (P<0.05). Hepcidin decreased in both arms of the trial (Placebo, p = 0.004; metformin, p = 0.022).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circulating hepcidin was significantly and independently lower in type 2 diabetes. Metformin treatment is not associated with reductions in hepcidin but hypocaloric diet could be involved.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.|Nutrition Group, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: Milton Fabián
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Suárez-Ortegón
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Group, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.|Physiological Sciences Department, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arbeláez
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xifra
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Group, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.|Physiological Sciences Department, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: Mildrey
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mosquera
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Moreno-Navarrete
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Group, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.|Physiological Sciences Department, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aguilar-de Plata
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Esteve
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Wifredo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ricart
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fernández-Real
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D064451:Hepcidins / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis
chemical_list: D064451:Hepcidins; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D005293:Ferritins; D008687:Metformin
keywords: Hepcidin; Hepcidin/ferritin ratio; Insulin resistance; Metformin; Type 2 diabetes