title: On the characteristics of landslide tsunamis.
abstract: This review presents modelling techniques and processes that govern landslide tsunami generation, with emphasis on tsunamis induced by fully submerged landslides. The analysis focuses on a set of representative examples in simplified geometries demonstrating the main kinematic landslide parameters influencing initial tsunami amplitudes and wavelengths. Scaling relations from laboratory experiments for subaerial landslide tsunamis are also briefly reviewed. It is found that the landslide acceleration determines the initial tsunami elevation for translational landslides, while the landslide velocity is more important for impulsive events such as rapid slumps and subaerial landslides. Retrogressive effects stretch the tsunami, and in certain cases produce enlarged amplitudes due to positive interference. In an example involving a deformable landslide, it is found that the landslide deformation has only a weak influence on tsunamigenesis. However, more research is needed to determine how landslide flow processes that involve strong deformation and long run-out determine tsunami generation.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, PO Box 3930 Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1053 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway finn.lovholt@ngi.no.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Løvholt
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1053 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, PO Box 3930 Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1053 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Harbitz
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, PO Box 3930 Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1053 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glimsdal
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1053 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: landslides; numerical modelling; tsunamis