title: Technological Advances in Deep Brain Stimulation.
abstract: Functional and stereotactic neurosurgery has always been regarded as a subspecialty based on and driven by technological advances. However until recently, the fundamentals of deep brain stimulation (DBS) hardware and software design had largely remained stagnant since its inception almost three decades ago. Recent improved understanding of disease processes in movement disorders as well clinician and patient demands has resulted in new avenues of development for DBS technology. This review describes new advances both related to hardware and software for neuromodulation. New electrode designs with segmented contacts now enable sophisticated shaping and sculpting of the field of stimulation, potentially allowing multi-target stimulation and avoidance of side effects. To avoid lengthy programming sessions utilising multiple lead contacts, new user-friendly software allows for computational modelling and individualised directed programming. Therapy delivery is being improved with the next generation of smaller profile, longer-lasting, re-chargeable implantable pulse generators (IPGs). These include IPGs capable of delivering constant current stimulation or personalised closed-loop adaptive stimulation. Post-implantation Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has long been an issue which has been partially overcome with 'MRI conditional devices' and has enabled verification of DBS lead location. Surgical technique is considering a shift from frame-based to frameless stereotaxy or greater role for robot assisted implantation. The challenge for these contemporary techniques however, will be in demonstrating equivalent safety and accuracy to conventional methods. We also discuss potential future direction utilising wireless technology allowing for miniaturisation of hardware.
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ughratdar
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.forename: Keyoumars
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ashkan
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000639:trends*; D004566:Electrodes / Q000639:trends; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000639:trends; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D012984:Software / Q000639:trends
keywords: Deep brain stimulation; advances; innovations; technology