title: Evaluation of aerobic co-composting of penicillin fermentation fungi residue with pig manure on penicillin degradation, microbial population dynamics and composting maturity.
abstract: Improper treatment of penicillin fermentation fungi residue (PFFR), one of the by-products of penicillin production process, may result in environmental pollution due to the high concentration of penicillin. Aerobic co-composting of PFFR with pig manure was determined to degrade penicillin in PFFR. Results showed that co-composting of PFFR with pig manure can significantly reduce the concentration of penicillin in PFFR, make the PFFR-compost safer as organic fertilizer for soil application. More than 99% of penicillin in PFFR were removed after 7-day composting. PFFR did not affect the composting process and even promote the activity of the microorganisms in the compost. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) indicated that the bacteria and actinomycetes number in the AC samples were 40-80% higher than that in the pig-manure compost (CK) samples in the same composting phases. This research indicated that the aerobic co-composting was a feasible PFFR treatment method.
authors.affiliation: Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China.
authors.forename: Zhenhua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China.
authors.forename: Cigang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China.
authors.forename: Shanshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China.
authors.forename: Dini
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China.
authors.forename: Changyong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China. Electronic address: liuyan@nies.org.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria; D005285:Fermentation / Q000502:physiology*; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis*; D005658:Fungi; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D010400:Penicillin G; D010406:Penicillins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D008372:Manure; D010406:Penicillins; D012987:Soil; D010400:Penicillin G
keywords: Co-composting; Microbial population; Penicillin degradation; Penicillin fermentation fungi residue; Pig manure