title: Ischemic Postconditioning and Subanesthetic S(+)-Ketamine Infusion: Effects on Renal Function and Histology in Rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemic postconditioning (IP) in renal Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) models improves renal function after IRI. Ketamine affords significant benefits against IRI-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). The present study investigated the effects of IP and IP associated with subanesthetic S(+)-ketamine in ischemia-reperfusion-induced AKI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: CG (10), control; KG (10), S(+)-ketamine infusion; IPG (10), IP; and KIPG (11), S(+)-ketamine infusion + IP. All rats underwent right nephrectomy. IRI and IP were induced only in IPG and KIPG by left kidney arterial occlusion for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Complete reperfusion was preceded by three cycles of 2 min of reocclusion followed by 2 min of reperfusion. Renal function was assessed by measuring serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Tubular damage was evaluated by renal histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Creatinine and BUN were significantly increased. Severe tubular injury was only observed in the groups with IRI (IPG and KIPG), whereas no injury was observed in CG or KG. No significant differences were detected between IPG and KIPG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No synergic effect of the use of subanesthetic S(+)-ketamine and IP on AKI was observed in this rat model.
authors.affiliation: Pós-Graduação em Anestesiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil ; Serviço de Anestesiologia, Departamento de Cirurgia, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), 24033-900 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco A C
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: de Resende
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Anestesiologia, Departamento de Cirurgia, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), 24033-900 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alberto V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Pantoja
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Anestesiologia, Departamento de Cirurgia, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), 24033-900 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Barcellos
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thays D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Consolo
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Módolo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patologia, UNESP, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria A C
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Domingues
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Anestesiologia, Departamento de Cirurgia, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), 24033-900 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandra R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Assad
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Anestesiologia, Departamento de Cirurgia, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), 24033-900 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ismar L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Cavalcanti
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Anestesiologia, UNESP, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Yara M M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Castiglia
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Anestesiologia, UNESP, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Norma S P
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Módolo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D003404:Creatinine; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D057775:Ischemic Postconditioning; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury
chemical_list: D007649:Ketamine; D003404:Creatinine