title: Statistical approaches for evaluating surrogate outcomes in clinical trials: A systematic review.
abstract: The use of surrogate outcomes that predict treatment effect on an unobserved true outcome may have substantial economic and ethical advantages, through reducing the length and size of clinical trials. There has been extensive investigation of the best means of evaluating putative surrogates. We present a systematic review on the evolution of statistical methods for validating surrogates starting from the defining paper of Prentice (1989). We highlight the fundamental differences in the current statistical evaluation approaches, their advantages and disadvantages, and examine the understanding and perceptions of investigators in this area.
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School , Edinburgh , UK.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ensor
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School , Edinburgh , UK.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: b Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK.
authors.forename: Cathie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sudlow
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School , Edinburgh , UK.|c Edinburgh Health Services Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital , Edinburgh , UK.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Weir
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Clinical trials; statistical methodology; surrogate evaluation; systematic review