title: Three-Dimensional Normal Facial Growth from Birth to the Age of 7 Years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the advent of computer-assisted three-dimensional surface imaging and rapid data processing, oral and maxillofacial surgeons and orthodontists are enabled to analyze facial growth three dimensionally. Normative data, however, are still rare and inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to establish a valid reference system and to give normative data for facial growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional facial surface images were obtained from 344 healthy Caucasian children (aged 0 to 7 years). The images were put in correspondence by means of six landmarks close to the skull base (exocanthion, endocanthion, otobasion inferius). Growth curves for 21 landmarks were estimated in the three dimensions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Facial regions close to the skull base (orbit and ear) showed a biphasic growth pattern, with accelerated growth during the first year of life that subsided to a decreased and linear velocity thereafter. Landmarks on the nose, lips, and chin demonstrated either a curvilinear or a linear growth pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rapid increase of the orbit and ear region in infancy is a secondary phenomenon to the rapid growth of the neurocranium during the first year of life. Thereafter, maxillary and mandibular growth prevails. The present study gives three-dimensional normative data for an expanded growth span between birth and childhood.
authors.affiliation: Tübingen, Germany From the Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Orthodontics, and Medical Biometry, University Hospital Tübingen; and the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krimmel
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Breidt
authors.forename: Margit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bacher
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Müller-Hagedorn
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bülthoff
authors.forename: Siegmar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reinert
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kluba
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004423:Ear / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D057238:Growth Charts; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008445:Maxillofacial Development / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values