title: Reference Data of the Spanish Memory Binding Test in a Midlife Population from the ALFA STUDY (Alzheimer's and Family).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Memory Binding Test (MBT) is a novel test based on the learning of two lists of words, developed to detect early memory impairment suggestive of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To present and provide reference data of the Spanish MBT in a midlife population of mainly first-degree descendants of AD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  472 cognitively unimpaired subjects, aged 45 to 65 and participants of the ALFA STUDY, were included. Raw scores were transformed to scaled scores on which multivariate regression analysis was applied adjusting by age, gender, and education level. A standard linear regression was employed to derive the scaled score adjusted. Sociodemographic corrections were applied and an adjustment table was constructed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance was heterogeneously influenced by sociodemographic factors. Age negatively influenced free recall. Education tends to have an influence in the results showing lower performance with lower education level. Women tend to outperform men in the learning of the first list and total recall. Only a few variables were unaffected by sociodemographic factors such as those related to semantic proactive interference (SPI) and to the retention of learned material. Our results point out that some vulnerability to SPI is expectable in cognitively healthy subjects. Close to 100% of the learned material was maintained across the delay interval.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study contributes with reference data for the MBT providing the necessary adjustments for sociodemographic characteristics. Our data may prove to be useful for detecting asymptomatic at-risk candidates for secondary prevention studies of AD.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Program, BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gramunt
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Buschke
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Program, BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.|Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Benavides
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lipton
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Neurology, Service of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Parc Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peña-Casanova
authors.affiliation: General Linguistics Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Faustino
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Diéguez-Vide
authors.affiliation: SAIL Statistics, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Masramon
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Program, BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Gispert
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Program, BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fauria
authors.affiliation: Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Camí
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Program, BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Molinuevo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology; D000544:Alzheimer Disease; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Aging; Alzheimer’s disease; cognition; early diagnosis; episodic memory; neuropsychological assessment; preclinical; reference values