title: Assessment of waste oyster shells and coal mine drainage sludge for the stabilization of As-, Pb-, and Cu-contaminated soil.
abstract: A novel treatment mix was designed for the simultaneous immobilization of As, Cu, and Pb in contaminated soils using natural (waste oyster shells (WOS)) and industrial (coal mine drainage sludge (CMDS)) waste materials. The treatments were conducted using the standard U.S. sieve size no. 20 (0.85 mm) calcined oyster shells (COS) and CMDS materials with a curing time of 1 and 28 days. The As immobilization treatments were evaluated using the 1-N HCl extraction fluid, whereas the Pb and Cu immobilization treatments were evaluated using the 0.1-N HCl extraction fluid based on the Korean leaching standards. The treatment results showed that the immobilization of As, Cu, and Pb was best achieved using a combination mix of 10 wt% COS and 10 wt% CMDS. This treatment mix was highly effective leading to superior leachability reductions for all three target contaminants (>93 % for As and >99 % for Cu and Pb) for a curing period of 28 days. The X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) results showed that As was present in the form of As(V) in the control sample and that no changes in As speciation were observed following the COS-CMDS treatments. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) sample treated with 10 wt% COS and 10 wt% CMDS indicated that As immobilization may be associated with the formation of Ca-As and Fe-As precipitates while Pb and Cu immobilization was most probably linked to calcium silicate hydrates (CSHs) and calcium aluminum hydrates (CAHs).
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Deok Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Hoon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Cheong
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
authors.forename: Agamemnon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koutsospyros
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 139-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon-Young
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seunghun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Sik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ok
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea. parkjeo1@jnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jeong-Hun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D060105:Animal Shells / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000737:chemistry*; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000737:chemistry; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D003031:Coal / Q000032:analysis*; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry*; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000737:chemistry*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D017640:Silicates / Q000032:analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003031:Coal; D012722:Sewage; D017640:Silicates; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D001151:Arsenic; C031293:calcium silicate
keywords: As; Calcined oyster shell; Coal mine drainage sludge; Heavy metals; Immobilization; XANES