title: Noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging of chronic myocardial infarct scar.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myocardial infarction (MI) scar constitutes a substrate for ventricular tachycardia (VT), and an accurate delineation of infarct scar may help to identify reentrant circuits and thus facilitate catheter ablation. One of the recent advancements in characterization of a VT substrate is its volumetric delineation within the ventricular wall by noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging. This paper compares, in four specific cases, epicardial and volumetric inverse solutions, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with late gadolinium enhancement as a gold standard.
  
  
  METHODS
  For patients with chronic MI, who presented at Glasgow Western Infirmary, delayed-enhancement MRI and 120-lead body surface potential mapping (BSPM) data were acquired and 4 selected cases were later made available to a wider community as part of the 2007 PhysioNet/Computers in Cardiology Challenge. These data were used to perform patient-specific inverse solutions for epicardial electrograms and morphology-based criteria were applied to delineate infarct scar on the epicardial surface. Later, the Rochester group analyzed the same data by means of a novel inverse solution for reconstructing intramural transmembrane potentials, to delineate infarct scar in three dimensions. Comparison of the performance of three specific inverse-solution algorithms is presented here, using scores based on the 17-segment ventricular division scheme recommended by the American Heart Association.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The noninvasive methods delineating infarct scar as three-dimensional (3D) intramural distribution of transmembrane action potentials outperform estimates providing scar delineation on the epicardial surface in all scores used for comparison. In particular, the extent of infarct scar (its percentage mass relative to the total ventricular mass) is rendered more accurately by the 3D estimate. Moreover, the volumetric rendition of scar border provides better clues to potential targets for catheter ablation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrocardiographic inverse solution providing transmural distribution of ventricular action potentials is a promising tool for noninvasively delineating the extent and location of chronic MI scar. Further validation on a larger data set with detailed gold-standard data is needed to confirm observations reported in this study.
authors.affiliation: Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. Electronic address: milan.horacek@dal.ca.
authors.forename: B Milan
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Horáček
authors.affiliation: Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Linwei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
authors.forename: Fady
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dawoud
authors.affiliation: Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jingjia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sapp
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Electrocardiography; Inverse solution; Myocardial infarction