title: Drowsy drivers' under-performance in lateral control: How much is too much? Using an integrated measure of lateral control to quantify safe lateral driving.
abstract: Internationally, drowsy driving is associated with around 20% of all crashes. Despite the development of different detection methods, driver drowsiness remains a disconcerting public health issue. Detection methods can estimate drowsiness by directly measuring the physiology of the driver, or they can measure the effect that drowsiness has on the state of the vehicle due to the behavioural changes that drowsiness elicits in the driver. The latter has the benefit that it could measure the net effect that drowsiness has on driving performance which links to the actual safety risk. Fusing multiple sources of driving performance indicators like lane position and steering wheel metrics in order to detect drowsiness has recently gained increased attention. However, not much research has been conducted with regard to using integrated measures to detect increased drowsiness within an individual driver. Different levels of drowsiness are also rarely classified in terms of safe or unsafe. In the present study, we attempt to slowly induce drowsiness using a monotonous driving task in a simulator, and fuse lane position and steering wheel angle data into a single measure for lateral control performance. We argue that this measure is applicable in real-time detection systems, and quantitatively link it to different levels of drowsiness by validating it to two established drowsiness metrics (KSS and PERCLOS). Using level of drowsiness as a surrogate for safety we are then able to set simple criteria for safe and unsafe lateral control performance, based on individual driving behaviour.
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands; University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. Electronic address: roaldvanloon@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Roald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: van Loon
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rino F T
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands; University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marieke H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Martens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Driver behaviour; Driver drowsiness; Fusing behavioural indicators; Real-time measurements; Safety thresholds