title: PD-1 and PD-L1 blockade in gastrointestinal malignancies.
abstract: Immunotherapy represents a major breakthrough in cancer therapy in recent years. Immune-checkpoint blockade using PD-1 and PD-L1 antibodies appears to be one of the most promising immunotherapy approaches. Immunotherapy differs from conventional cancer treatment because of its ability to produce durable responses in some patients. In this review article, we explore the available evidence and summarise current clinical trials for PD-1 and PD-L1 blockade in gastrointestinal malignancies. The challenge now is to develop strategies to increase the efficacy of PD-1 and PD-L1 blockade in gastrointestinal cancer patients, such as combination therapy with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or other immunotherapy, along with validating biomarkers to select patients and personalise treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, London and Surrey, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK.
authors.forename: Hazel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lote
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, London and Surrey, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cafferkey
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, London and Surrey, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK. Electronic address: ian.chau@rmh.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chau
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077594:Nivolumab; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; C000613593:durvalumab; D000077594:Nivolumab; C000594389:atezolizumab; C582435:pembrolizumab
keywords: Gastrointestinal cancer; Immune checkpoint blockade; Immunotherapy; PD-1; PD-L1; Programmed death