title: FREQUENCY AND FACTORS EFFECTING NON CLEARANCE OF LOWER POLE RENAL STONES.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal stone disease is a major health hazard in Pakistan and extra-corporeal shockwave lithofripsy is one of comprehensive method used to treat these stones. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of factors affecting the non-clearance of stone fragments of lower pole renalstone after extra corporeal shockwave lithotripsy. The study was done with the objective to determine the frequency the spatial anatomical factors which can influence the non-clearance of lower pole stone fragments after ESWL.
  
  
  METHODS
  One and nineteen (119) patients with lower pole renal stone less than 10 mm were subjected to maximum 3 sessions of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. KUB radiographs, ultrasonography and intravenous urography were used as investigative tools for lower pole renal calyceal anatomy. X ray KUB and ultrasound were done after a week for clearance. Data was analysed with the help of SPSS version 10.0 and presented in the forms of tables and graphs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 77 (64.71%) males and 42 (35.29%) females. Infundibulo-pelvic angle (IPA)>40' was present in 93 (78.15%), Infundibular length (IL) <22 mm in 107 (89.92%) and Infundibular width (W) >4 mm was present in 100 (84.03%) patients. The frequency of stone non clearance was noted in 31 (26.05%). Infundibulo-pelvic angle (IPA)>40 degrees (p=0.000), Infundibular length (IL)<22 mm (p=0.001) and Infundibular width (IW)>4 mm (p=0.046) were significant variables affecting stone clearance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of non-clearance of lower calyx of kidney stone is 26.05%. The clearance of fragments of the lower calyx kidney stones is affected by. three spatial anatomical factors, i.e., Infundibulopelvic angle, Infundibular width and infundibular length.
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ullah
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zubair
authors.forename: Nouman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Asif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult