title: Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Training in Orthopaedic Surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review to determine the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) training in orthopaedic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive systematic review was performed of articles of VR training in orthopaedic surgery published up to November 2014 from MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 10 relevant trials of 91 identified articles, which all reported on training in arthroscopic surgery (shoulder, n = 5; knee, n = 4; undefined, n = 1). A total of 303 participants were involved. Assessment after training was made on a simulator in 9 of the 10 studies, and in one study it took place in the operating room (OR) on a real patient. A total of 32 different outcomes were extracted; 29 of them were about skills assessment. None involved a patient-related outcome. One study focused on anatomic learning, and the other evaluated technical task performance before and after training on a VR simulator. Five studies established construct validity. Three studies reported a statistically significant improvement in technical skills after training on a VR simulator.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VR training leads to an improvement of technical skills in orthopaedic surgery. Before its widespread use, additional trials are needed to clarify the transfer of VR training to the OR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of Level I through Level IV studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hopital Lariboisière, AP-HP, Paris, France. Electronic address: florenceaim@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aïm
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hopital Raymond Poincaré, AP-HP, Garches, France.
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lonjon
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hopital Lariboisière, AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hannouche
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hopital Lariboisière, AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Rémy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nizard
mesh_terms: D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000193:education*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery; D009873:Operating Rooms; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000193:education*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery; D000066908:Simulation Training; D014584:User-Computer Interface