title: Parkinson's Disease and Gastrointestinal Non Motor Symptoms: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options - A Practise Guide.
abstract: Gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances in Parkinson's disease (PD) are varied, involve the upper and lower GI tract and are evident in all stages of the disease. Recognition and re-evaluation of these non motor symptoms (NMS) due to the course of PD is important. They have a major impact on the efficacy of oral anti-parkinsonian medication and health related quality of life. Treatment needs to be tailored to the specific patient case with evaluation of PD stage, the specific GI NMS and comorbidities. This article provides an overview of the pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic options for GI NMS in PD.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klingelhoefer
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reichmann
mesh_terms: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003248:Constipation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*; D012798:Sialorrhea / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents
keywords: Gastrointestinal non motor symptoms; NMS; PD; Parkinson’s disease; gastric symptoms; gastrointestinal symptoms; gut; therapy