title: APOE Genotype Affects Cognitive Training Response in Healthy Shanghai Community-Dwelling Elderly Individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive training may contribute to the ability to maintain cognitive function in healthy elderly adults. Whether genotype modifies training effects remains unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Assess influence of APOE on cognitive function over time in community-dwelling elderly adults participating in multi-domain cognitive training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy individuals ≥70 years of age were screened from one urban community in Shanghai. 145 healthy Chinese older adults met inclusion criteria and were assigned to intervention (n = 88) or control (n = 57) groups. Multi-domain cognitive training involved 24 sessions of different content taking place over 12 weeks. Neuropsychological testing was administered at baseline, immediately after training, six months and twelve months post-intervention; composite measures of cognitive function were identified via factor analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three factors explained the majority of variance in function (verbal memory, processing speed, executive function). The intervention attenuated 12-month declines in processing speed, regardless of APOE genotype (p = 0.047). Executive function declined in APOEɛ4 carriers over 12 months, regardless of intervention (p = 0.056). There was a significant interaction after 12 months where intervention ɛ4 carriers had better processing speed than ɛ4 controls (p = 0.003). Intervention ɛ2 carriers had better executive function immediately after training (p = 0.02) and had better verbal memory 6-months post-intervention (p = 0.04). These effects remained significant after false-discovery rate correction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multi-domain cognitive training reduces declines in processing speed over time. APOEɛ4 is associated with reductions in executive function over time, and training may attenuate ɛ4-associated declines in processing speed. APOEɛ2 carriers may also benefit from training, particularly on measures of executive function and verbal memory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Shunying
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Yangpu District Mental Health Center, Shanghai, P.R. China.
authors.forename: You
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Luke W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Bonham
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Dongxiang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Wenyuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Chunbo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D053329:Apolipoprotein E2 / Q000235:genetics*; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4 / Q000235:genetics*; D002681:China; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D053329:Apolipoprotein E2; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4
keywords: Apolipoprotein E; cognitive training; elderly; neuropsychology