title: Surface anatomy and anatomical planes in the adult turkish population.
abstract: Surface anatomy and anatomical planes are widely used in education and clinical practice. The planes are largely derived from cadaveric studies and their projections on the skin show discrepancies between and within anatomical reference textbooks. In this study, we reassessed the accuracy of common thoracic and abdominopelvic anatomical planes using computed tomography (CT) imaging in the live adult Turkish population. After patients with distorting pathologies had been excluded, CT images of 150 supine patients at the end tidal inspiration were analyzed. Sternal angle, transpyloric, subcostal, supracristal and pubic crest planes and their relationships to anatomical structures were established by dual consensus. The tracheal bifurcation, azygos vein/superior vena cava (SVC) junction and pulmonary bifurcation were usually below the sternal angle while the concavity of the aortic arch was generally within the plane. The tip of the tenth rib, the superior mesenteric artery and the portal vein were usually within the transpyloric plane while the renal hila and the fundus of the gallbladder were below it. The inferior mesenteric artery was below the subcostal plane and the aortic bifurcation was below the supracristal plane in most adults. Projectional surface anatomy is fundamental to medical education and clinical practice. Modern cross-sectional imaging techniques allow large groups of live patients to be examined. Classic textbook information regarding anatomy needs to be reviewed and updated using the data gathered from these recent studies, taking ethnic differences into consideration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Uzun
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Atman
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ustuner
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mirjalili
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistic, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oztuna
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Esmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014421:Turkey; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: sternal angle plane; subcostal plane; supracristal plane; surface anatomy; transpyloric plane