title: Long-Term Consequences of Early Trauma on Coronary Heart Disease: Role of Familial Factors.
abstract: Early childhood trauma has been associated with increased risk for subsequent coronary heart disease (CHD), but little is known regarding what role genetic and shared familial factors play in this relationship. Early trauma was measured retrospectively in 562 male middle-aged twins with the Early Trauma Inventory. CHD was assessed by history and by myocardial perfusion imaging with positron emission tomography [(13)N] ammonia. Coronary flow reserve, a measure of coronary microcirculatory function, was defined as the ratio of myocardial blood flow at rest to flow during stress. Early trauma was associated with a higher prevalence of CHD by clinical history, OR = 1.48 per early trauma inventory quartile increase, 95% CI [1.18, 1.86]. When within- and between-pair effects were estimated, only the between-pair association was significant, OR = 1.76, 95% CI [1.30, 2.40], showing that the odds of CHD in the twin pair increased as the average early trauma exposure in the pair increased. A marginal between-pair (but not within-pair) relationship was also found between early trauma and coronary flow reserve (n = 416, unstandardized B = -0.04, SE B = 0.02, p = .036). In conclusion, early trauma was associated with CHD and familial factors played a key role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Cherie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rooks
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Emir
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Veledar
authors.affiliation: Vietnam Era Twin Registry and the University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Votaw
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.|Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.|Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: J Douglas
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bremner
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.|Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaccarino
mesh_terms: D000069586:Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005192:Family Health; D005195:Family Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D013995:Time; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed