title: Evaluation of a Community Pharmacy-Based Screening Questionnaire to Identify Patients at Risk for Drug Therapy Problems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if a short screening questionnaire can identify patients at risk for drug therapy problems (DTPs) in a community pharmacy setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-administered questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three community pharmacies in Saskatoon, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine adults who were picking up a refill prescription for a medication that had remained stable over the past 6 months (i.e., no changes to drug, dose, or regimen) during 4 consecutive weeks at each of the three pharmacies between November 2013 and February 2014.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients completed a self-administered screening questionnaire and underwent a blinded comprehensive medication assessment with a clinical pharmacist. Agreement between the screening questionnaire responses and responses based on information from the medication assessment were assessed with Cohen's κ coefficient. The DTPs identified during the medication assessments were categorized in one of the eight standard DTP categories: unnecessary drug therapy, inappropriate drug, subtherapeutic dose, supratherapeutic dose, drug therapy required, adverse drug reaction, noncompliance, and other or unsure. The DTPs were also assigned a severity-mild, moderate, or severe-using adapted Schneider criteria. The number and severity of DTPs identified were compared among patients categorized as high versus low risk for DTPs as determined by the questionnaire responses. Of the 49 patients who completed the study, 18 (37%) were high risk and 31 (63%) low risk. The agreement between risk categorization based on the screening questionnaire and medication assessment was very good (κ = 0.91, p<0.01). Also, patients identified as high risk on the screening questionnaire had a mean of 3.7 (p<0.01) more DTPs than low-risk patients. Seventeen (94%) of the 18 high-risk patients had at least one moderate or severe DTP compared with 15 (48%) of the 31 low-risk patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The screening questionnaire was a reliable method for identifying patients in community pharmacies who have a large number of DTPs.
authors.affiliation: Northern Health, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada.|Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Pammett
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blackburn
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mansell
authors.affiliation: University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.affiliation: University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Papoushek
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jorgenson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012306:Risk; D012525:Saskatchewan; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: community pharmacy; drug therapy problems; pharmacy practice; screening