title: Evaluation of the effect of nicotine and metabolites on the periodontal status and the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β in smokers with chronic periodontitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking is an important environmental risk factor involved in the causation and progression of periodontal disease. Smoking can impair various components of the host immune response and immune system. The virulence factors of periodontal pathogens stimulate inflammatory cytokine expression by mononuclear cells. IL-1β is the key mediator involved in the pathogenesis and disease progression. Therefore, whole gingival biopsy samples are assessed for this increased expression of IL-1.
  
  
  METHODS
  29 male subjects' age and gender matched were divided into three groups based on the periodontal and smoking status (Group A:healthy, Group B: non-smokers suffering from chronic periodontitis, Group C: smokers suffering from chronic periodontitis). Periodontal parameters like plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were recorded at baseline and post scaling. The mRNA expression of IL-1β was determined by real time polymerase chain reaction and correlated with the periodontal and smoking status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The improvement in the periodontal parameters was statistically significant in the non- smokers (Group B) and there was a 2 fold increase in the mRNA expression in this group. The smokers (Group C) showed lesser improvement in the periodontal parameters and there was an 8 fold increase in the mRNA expression of IL-1β.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Association of smoking status with periodontal destruction can thus be correlated with the increased mRNA expression of IL-1β in chronic periodontitis patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Ajita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meenawat
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Govila
authors.affiliation: Petroleum Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sudhir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Karan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Punn
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Chandra Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, DY Patil Deemed University, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Rameshwar Shantaram
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Dolas
keywords: Interleukin-1β; mRNA expression; periodontitis; smoking