title: Assessments of Fatty Infiltration and Muscle Atrophy From a Single Magnetic Resonance Image Slice Are Not Predictive of 3-Dimensional Measurements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To (1) determine whether standard clinical muscle fatty infiltration and atrophy assessment techniques using a single image slice for patients with a rotator cuff tear (RCT) are correlated with 3-dimensional measures in older individuals (60+ years) and (2) to determine whether age-associated changes to muscle morphology and strength are compounded by an RCT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty older individuals were studied: 10 with an RCT of the supraspinatus (5 men and 5 women) and 10 matched controls. Clinical imaging assessments (Goutallier and Fuchs scores and cross-sectional area ratio) were performed for participants with RCTs. Three-dimensional measurements of rotator cuff muscle and fat tissues were obtained for all participants using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Isometric joint moment was measured at the shoulder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant associations between single-image assessments and 3-dimensional measurements of fatty infiltration for the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. Compared with controls, participants with RCTs had significantly increased percentages of fatty infiltration for each rotator cuff muscle (all P ≤ .023); reduced whole muscle volume for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis muscles (all P ≤ .038); and reduced fat-free muscle volume for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis muscles (all P ≤ .027). Only the teres minor (P = .017) fatty infiltration volume was significantly greater for participants with RCTs. Adduction, flexion, and external rotation strength (all P ≤ .021) were significantly reduced for participants with RCTs, and muscle volume was a significant predictor of strength for all comparisons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical scores using a single image slice do not represent 3-dimensional muscle measurements. Efficient methods are needed to more effectively capture 3-dimensional information for clinical applications. Participants with RCTs had increased fatty infiltration percentages that were likely driven by muscle atrophy rather than increased fat volume. The significant association of muscle volume with strength production suggests that treatments to preserve muscle volume should be pursued for older patients with RCTs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level II, diagnostic study, with development of diagnostic criteria on the basis of consecutive patients with universally applied reference gold standard.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Meghan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Vidt
authors.affiliation: Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A.; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Anthony C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Santago
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Tuohy
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Gary G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Poehling
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Freehill
authors.affiliation: Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A.; Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.affiliation: Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A.; Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hegedus
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A.. Electronic address: ksaul@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Katherine R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Saul
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology*; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000473:pathology*; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000473:pathology*