title: Racial Differences in the Transactional Relationship Between Depression and Alcohol Use From Elementary School to Middle School.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this investigation was to test hypothesized reverse prospective relationships between alcohol consumption and depressive symptomatology as a function of race among youth.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a two-wave prospective study, 328 European American, 328 African American, and 144 Hispanic American youth were studied at the end of fifth grade (last year of elementary school) and the end of sixth grade (first year of middle school).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A positive correlation was observed between alcohol consumption and depressive symptoms among all youth. However, the predictive relationship differed based on race. For European American and Hispanic American youth, depressive symptom levels at the end of elementary school predicted alcohol consumption at the end of the first year of middle school, but the converse relationship was not observed. For African American youth, the opposite pattern was found. Alcohol consumption at the end of elementary school predicted depressive symptom levels at the end of the first year of middle school, and the converse relationship was not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest the possibility that etiological relationships between depression and alcohol use vary by race, thus highlighting the importance of considering race when studying the risk process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
authors.forename: Erica L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Birkley
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: Tamika C B
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Zapolski
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.|Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Gregory T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012574:Schools; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data