title: Maternal and community predictors of gastroschisis and congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Canada.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of gastroschisis (GS) has increased globally. Maternal age and smoking are risk factors and aboriginal communities may be more commonly affected. Factors leading to this increased incidence are otherwise unclear. We investigate maternal sociodemography, air pollution and personal risk factors comparing mothers of infants with GS with a control group of infants with diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in a large population-based analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from a national, disease-specific pediatric surgical database (May 2006-June 2013). Maternal community sociodemographic information was derived from the Canadian 2006 Census. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed examining maternal factors related to diagnosis of GS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GS infants come from poorer, less educated communities with more unemployment, less pollution, fewer immigrants, and more aboriginal peoples than infants with CDH. Teen maternal age, smoking, and illicit drug use, are associated with GS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mothers of infants with GS are younger, more likely to smoke and come from socially disadvantaged communities with higher proportions of aboriginal peoples but lower levels of air pollution compared to mothers of CDH infants. Identification of maternal risks provides direction for prenatal screening and public health interventions.
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Farhana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shariff
authors.affiliation: University of New Brunswick, New Brunswick, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arbour
authors.affiliation: University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Margo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greenwood
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Skarsgard
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada. maryebrindle@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brindle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D020139:Gastroschisis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008423:Maternal Age; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D044382:Population Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs
keywords: Aboriginal health; Congenital diaphragmatic hernia; Epidemiology; Gastroschisis; Maternal predictors; Public health