title: Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy accurately quantifies various degrees of liver steatosis in murine models of fatty liver disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A real-time objective evaluation for the extent of liver steatosis during liver transplantation is currently not available. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) rapidly and accurately assesses the extent of steatosis in human livers with mild steatosis. However, it is yet unknown whether DRS accurately quantifies moderate/severe steatosis and is able to distinguish between micro- and macrovesicular steatosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6JolaHsd mice were fed wit a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet (CD-AA) or a choline-sufficient L-amino acid-defined control diet (CS-AA) for 3, 8, and 20 weeks. In addition B6.V-Lepob/OlaHsd (ob/ob) mice and their lean controls were studied. A total of 104 DRS measurements were performed in liver tissue ex vivo. The degree of steatosis was quantified from the DRS data and compared with histopathological analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When assessed by histology, livers of mice fed with a CD-AA and CS-AA diet displayed macrovesicular steatosis (range 0-74 %), ob/ob mice revealed only microvesicular steatosis (range 75-80 %), and their lean controls showed no steatosis. The quantification of steatosis by DRS correlated well with pathology (correlation of 0.76 in CD-AA/CS-AA fed mice and a correlation of 0.75 in ob/ob mice). DRS spectra did not distinguish between micro- and macrovesicular steatosis. In samples from CD-AA/CS-AA fed mice, the DRS was able to distinguish between mild and moderate/severe steatosis with a sensitivity and specificity of 86 and 81 %, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DRS can quantify steatosis with good agreement to histopathological analysis. DRS may be useful for real-time objective evaluation of liver steatosis during liver transplantation, especially to differentiate between mild and moderate/severe steatosis.
authors.affiliation: Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. ac.westerkamp@umcg.nl.|Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. ac.westerkamp@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Andrie C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Westerkamp
authors.affiliation: In-Body Systems Department, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. vishnu.pully@philips.com.
authors.forename: Vishnu V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Pully
authors.affiliation: Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. golnar.karimian@gmail.com.|Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. golnar.karimian@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Golnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karimian
authors.affiliation: Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. f.bomfati@umcg.nl.|Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. f.bomfati@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bomfati
authors.affiliation: Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. veldhuiss@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Zwanida J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Veldhuis
authors.affiliation: Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. j.wiersema@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Janneke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiersema-Buist
authors.affiliation: In-Body Systems Department, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. benno.hendriks@philips.com.
authors.forename: Benno H W
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.affiliation: Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. j.a.lisman@umcg.nl.|Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. j.a.lisman@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Ton
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lisman
authors.affiliation: Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. r.j.porte@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Porte
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*