title: Implementation of HIV and Tuberculosis Diagnostics: The Importance of Context.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Novel diagnostics have been widely applied across human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis prevention and treatment programs. To achieve the greatest impact, HIV and tuberculosis diagnostic programs must carefully plan and implement within the context of a specific healthcare system and the laboratory capacity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A workshop was convened in Cape Town in September 2014. Participants included experts from laboratory and clinical practices, officials from ministries of health, and representatives from industry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The article summarizes best practices, challenges, and lessons learned from implementation experiences across sub-Saharan Africa for (1) building laboratory programs within the context of a healthcare system; (2) utilizing experience of clinicians and healthcare partners in planning and implementing the right diagnostic; and (3) evaluating the effects of new diagnostics on the healthcare system and on patient health outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The successful implementation of HIV and tuberculosis diagnostics in resource-limited settings relies on careful consideration of each specific context.
authors.affiliation: Office of Global Research, Office of Science Management and Operations, Office of the Director.
authors.forename: Joyelle K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Dominique
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Implementation Subject Matter Expert, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Division of AIDS Therapeutic Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Alberto A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ortiz-Osorno
authors.affiliation: Therapeutic Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fitzgibbon
authors.affiliation: Adolescent and Pediatric Research Branch, Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS.
authors.forename: Devasena
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gnanashanmugam
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gilpin
authors.affiliation: Strategic Evaluation, Advisory and Development Consulting, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.affiliation: Diagnostics and Laboratory Monitoring, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peel
authors.affiliation: Diagnostics, Clinton Health Access Initiative, Gaborone, Botswana.
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.affiliation: Adolescent and Pediatric Research Branch, Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Office of Global Affairs, Office of the Secretary, US Department of Health and Human Services, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D019985:Benchmarking; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006295:Health Resources; D006801:Humans; D007753:Laboratories; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D013019:South Africa; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis*
keywords: HIV; diagnostics; diagnostics’ implementation; point-of-care; tuberculosis