title: Anticipatory and Reactive Response to Falls: Muscle Synergy Activation of Forearm Muscles.
abstract: We investigated the surface electromyogram response of six forearm muscles to falls onto the outstretched hand. The extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, abductor pollicis longus, flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles were sampled from eight volunteers who underwent ten self-initiated falls. All muscles initiated prior to impact. Co-contraction is the most obvious surface electromyogram feature. The predominant response is in the radial deviators. The surface electromyogram timing we recorded would appear to be a complex anticipatory response to falling modified by the effect on the forearm muscles following impact. The mitigation of the force of impact is probably more importantly through shoulder abduction and extension and elbow flexion rather than action of the forearm muscles.
authors.affiliation: * Brisbane Hand & Upper Limb Clinic, Brisbane, Australia.|† Orthopaedic Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.|‡ Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Couzens
authors.affiliation: § Movement Neuroscience, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kerr
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anticipatory response; Falls; Forearm muscles