title: Development of Biocompatible and Functional Polymeric Nanoparticles for Site-Specific Delivery of Radionuclides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Encapsulation of biologically active molecules into nanoparticles (NPs), for site-specific delivery, is a fast growing area. These NPs must be biocompatible, non-toxic, and able to release their load in a controlled way. We have developed a series of NPs based on (bio)degradable and biocompatible poly(malic acid) derivatives, poly(benzyl malate) (PMLABe), with its PEG-grafted stealth analog and target-specific biotin-PEG-b-PMLABe one. A lipophilic radiotracer has then been encapsulated into these NPs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monomers were synthesized from dl-aspartic acid. PEG42-b-PMLABe73 and Biot-PEG66-b-PMLABe73 block copolymers were obtained by anionic ring-opening polymerization of benzyl malolactonate in presence of α-methoxy-ω-carboxy-PEG42 and α-biotin-ω-carboxy-PEG66 as initiators. NPs were prepared by nanoprecipitation. Size, polydispersity, and zeta potential were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zetametry. (99m)Tc-SSS was prepared as previously described. Encapsulation efficacy was assessed by varying different parameters, such as encapsulation with preformed NPs or during their formation, influence of the solvent, and of the method to prepare the NPs. After decay, (99m)Tc-loaded NPs were also analyzed by DLS and zetametry. NPs' morphology was assessed by transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (99m)Tc-SSS was added during nanoprecipitation, using two different methods, to ensure good encapsulation. Radiolabeled NPs present increased diameters, with identical low polydispersity indexes and negative zeta potentials in comparison to non-radiolabeled NPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A radiotracer was successfully encapsulated, but some further optimization is still needed. The next step will be to modify these radiolabeled NPs with a hepatotrope peptide, and to replace (99m)Tc with (188)Re for therapy. Our team is also working on drugs' encapsulation and grafting of a fluorescent probe. Combining these modalities is of interest for combined chemo-/radiotherapy, bimodal imaging, and/or theranostic approach.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Cancer Centre Eugene Marquis , Rennes , France ; INSERM UMR-S 991 , Rennes , France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lepareur
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Cancer Centre Eugene Marquis , Rennes , France ; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR) , Rennes , France.
authors.forename: Loleh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leal E Costa
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Cancer Centre Eugene Marquis , Rennes , France ; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR) , Rennes , France.
authors.forename: Maëva
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bocqué
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Cancer Centre Eugene Marquis , Rennes , France ; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR) , Rennes , France.
authors.forename: Clément
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blondelle
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Cancer Centre Eugene Marquis , Rennes , France ; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR) , Rennes , France.
authors.forename: Clément
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruello
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Cancer Centre Eugene Marquis , Rennes , France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desjulets
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR) , Rennes , France ; UMR 6226 CNRS, Institute of Chemical Sciences of Rennes , Rennes , France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Noiret
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR) , Rennes , France ; UMR 6226 CNRS, Institute of Chemical Sciences of Rennes , Rennes , France.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cammas-Marion
keywords: degradable poly(benzyl malate) derivatives; functional nanoparticles; radionuclide encapsulation; site-specific targeting; technetium-99m