title: Sub-lethal toxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of esfenvalerate to Chironomus riparius.
abstract: Integrative studies focused on sub-organismal responses to pyrethroid exposure are important to understand life history responses. In this study, the ecotoxicological effects of esfenvalerate (ESF) on Chironomus riparius were assessed using five biochemical biomarkers related to neurophysiological function (acetylcholinesterase) and oxidative stress (catalase; glutathione-S-transferase; total glutathione and lipid peroxidation). In addition, effects on cellular energy allocation were assessed and all results were compared with organismal level responses (larval growth, emergence and sex ratio). Exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of ESF caused the failure of C. riparius antioxidant defenses (inhibition of catalase activity and decreased levels of total glutathione), which was reflected as oxidative damage. C. riparius energy budget was decreased by exposure to ESF due to an increased energy consumption. Life cycle tests showed that exposure to ESF impaired C. riparius developmental rates and increased male:female ratios, thereby confirming its toxicity and potential population level effects at environmentally relevant concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Andreia C M
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gravato
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quintaneiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barata
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Amadeu M V M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: jpestana@ua.pt.
authors.forename: João L T
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pestana
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D002374:Catalase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002683:Chironomidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D005260:Female; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002374:Catalase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; C017690:fenvalerate
keywords: Cellular energy allocation; Freshwater insects; Life-history traits; Oxidative stress; Pyrethroids