title: Bone loss in HIV: a contemporary review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because of antiretroviral therapy (ART), people are living with HIV infection longer than ever before. As this patient group ages, it is expected that medical comorbidities such as osteoporosis and fragility fractures will increase. The purpose of this review is to address the epidemiology and what is known regarding the pathogenesis of bone loss in people living with HIV infection with a focus on recently published literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV-infected individuals are at increased risk for low bone mineral density and bone fractures. The cause of bone loss in HIV is multifactorial including traditional risk factors some of which disproportionately affect HIV-infected individuals and alterations in bone metabolism due to ART, HIV viral proteins and chronic inflammation. Lifestyle modification, changing ART, calcium and vitamin D supplementation and pharmacologic treatment for osteoporosis may all be employed to abrogate bone loss in this patient group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should be aware of the contributors to bone loss in people living with HIV in order to recognize high-risk individuals and to take appropriate steps to address modifiable risk factors to prevent future fracture.
authors.affiliation: aMetrohealth Medical Center bCase Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio cMedical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina dUniversity Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Corrilynn O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Hileman
authors.forename: Allison Ross
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Eckard
authors.forename: Grace A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: McComsey
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015519:Bone Density; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents