title: Effect of cadmium on the expression levels of interleukin-1α and interleukin-10 cytokines in human lung cells.
abstract: Cadmium is an environmentally hazardous metal, which causes toxicity in humans. Inhalation of cigarette smoke and industrial fumes containing cadmium are sources of cadmium exposure. It is responsible for the malfunction of various organs, leading to disease particularly in the lungs, liver and kidneys. In the present study, the effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) on cell viability, and the expression levels of interleukin (IL)‑1α and IL‑10 cytokines at various concentrations and incubation durations were assessed in MRC‑9 human normal lung and A549 human lung cancer cells to elucidate the mechanism of cadmium toxicity. Cell viability was measured using a crystal violet dye binding assay. The expression levels of the cytokines were measured by cytokine specific enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay kits. The viability assay results revealed higher sensitivity of the A549 lung cancer cells to CdCl2 compared with the normal MRC‑9 lung cells. In the normal MRC‑9 lung cells, higher expression levels of the cytokines were observed at the lowest CdCl2 concentration at a shorter exposure time compared with the lung cancer cells. Higher levels of the cytokines were observed in the A549 lung cancer cells at all other times and concentrations compared with the MRC‑9 cells, indicating higher levels of inflammation. The cytokine levels were reduced at higher CdCl2 concentrations and longer exposure durations, demonstrating the toxic effect of cadmium. The results indicated that CdCl2 affected the expression levels of the cytokines and led to cytotoxicity in human lung cells, and suggested that compounds which reduce inflammation may prevent cadmium toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Odewumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
authors.forename: Lekan M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Latinwo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
authors.forename: Veera L D
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Badisa
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Environmental Science and Natural Science, School of Science Engineering and Math, Bethune‑Cookman University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA.
authors.forename: Ahkinyala
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Science, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
authors.forename: Ramesh B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Badisa
mesh_terms: D019256:Cadmium Chloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D009928:Organ Specificity; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508584:IL1A protein, human; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D016753:Interleukin-10; D019256:Cadmium Chloride