title: Universal School-Based Depression Prevention 'Op Volle Kracht': a Longitudinal Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: The longitudinal effectiveness of a universal, adolescent school-based depression prevention program Op Volle Kracht (OVK) was evaluated by means of a cluster randomized controlled trial with intervention and control condition (school as usual). OVK was based on the Penn Resiliency Program (PRP) (Gillham et al. Psychological Science, 6, 343-351, 1995). Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Child Depression Inventory (Kovacs 2001). In total, 1341 adolescents participated, Mage = 13.91, SD = 0.55, 47.3 % girls, 83.1 % Dutch ethnicity; intervention group n = 655, four schools; control group n = 735, five schools. Intent-to-treat analyses revealed that OVK did not prevent depressive symptoms, β = -0.01, SE = 0.05, p = .829, Cohen's d = 0.02, and the prevalence of an elevated level of depressive symptoms was not different between groups at 1 year follow-up, OR = 1.00, 95 % CI = 0.60-1.65, p = .992, NNT = 188. Latent Growth Curve Modeling over the 2 year follow-up period showed that OVK did not predict differences in depressive symptoms immediately following intervention, intercept: β = 0.02, p = .642, or changes in depressive symptoms, slope: β = -0.01, p = .919. No moderation by gender or baseline depressive symptoms was found. To conclude, OVK was not effective in preventing depressive symptoms across the 2 year follow-up. The implications of these findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. y.tak@pwo.ru.nl.
authors.forename: Yuli R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Tak
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lichtwarck-Aschoff
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA, 19081, USA.|The Penn Resiliency Project, Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gillham
authors.affiliation: Leer & Veerkracht, Havenstraat 15b, 5211 WC's, Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rinka M P
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Van Zundert
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Trimbos-Institute, P.O. Box 725, 3500, AS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rutger C M E
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Engels
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003863:Depression / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012572:School Health Services
keywords: Adolescence; Depression; Depressive symptoms; Universal prevention