title: Early-Life Exposure to Traffic-related Air Pollution and Lung Function in Adolescence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to air pollution during infancy has been related to lung function decrements in 8-year-old children, but whether the negative effects remain into adolescence is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between long-term air pollution exposure and lung function up to age 16 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2,278 children from the Swedish birth cohort BAMSE (Children, Allergy, Milieu, Stockholm, Epidemiological Survey) performed spirometry at age 16 years. Levels of outdoor air pollution from local road traffic were estimated (nitrogen oxides [NOx] and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of <10 μm [PM10]) for residential, daycare, and school addresses during the lifetime using dispersion modeling. Associations between exposure in different time windows and spirometry indexes were analyzed by linear regression and mixed effect models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to traffic-related air pollution during the first year of life was associated with FEV1 at age 16 years of -15.8 ml (95% confidence interval [CI], -33.6 to 2.0 for a 10 μg/m(3) difference in NOx), predominately in males (-30.4 ml; 95% CI, -59.1 to -1.7), and in subjects not exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy or infancy. Later exposures appeared to have had an additional negative effect. High exposure during the first year of life was also associated with odds ratios for FEV1 and FVC less than the lower limit of normal (LLN) (defined as a z-score < -1.64 SD) of 3.8 (95% CI, 1.3-10.9) and of 4.3 (95% CI, 1.2-15.0), respectively. The results for PM10 were similar to those for NOx.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to traffic-related air pollution in infancy is negatively associated with FEV1 at age 16 years, leading to increased risk of clinically important deficits.
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Environmental Medicine.
authors.forename: Erica S
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3670-4002
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Environmental Medicine.|2 Sachs Children's Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hallberg
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Environmental Medicine.|3 Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bellander
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Environmental Medicine.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergström
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Environmental Medicine.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bottai
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and.
authors.forename: Flaminia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiesa
authors.affiliation: 5 The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and.|6 Department of Paediatrics, Central Hospital, Skövde, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Environmental Medicine.
authors.forename: Olena
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gruzieva
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Environmental Medicine.|2 Sachs Children's Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thunqvist
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Environmental Medicine.|3 Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pershagen
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Environmental Medicine.|7 Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|2 Sachs Children's Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Melén
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013147:Spirometry; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013995:Time; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: life course; lung function; nitrogen oxide; particulate matter; spirometry