title: Smoking-induced immune deviation contributes to progression of bladder and other cancers.
abstract: We propose here that cigarette smoke (CS), in addition to its established genotoxic effects, elicits chronic albeit sub-clinical immune suppression, which is a major contributor to cancer progression. This hypothesis, presented here primarily in the context of bladder cancers (BCs), is applicable to other cancers, including those without a confirmed link to smoking.
authors.affiliation: Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Connecticut School of Medicine ; Farmington, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: M Clement
authors.affiliation: Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Connecticut School of Medicine ; Farmington, CT, USA ; Department of Immunology; University of Connecticut School of Medicine ; Farmington, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Connecticut School of Medicine ; Farmington, CT, USA ; Department of Immunology; University of Connecticut School of Medicine ; Farmington, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Pramod K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Srivastava
keywords: CD8+ T cells; immune suppression; immune surveillance; tumor infiltrating lymphocytes