title: Nanoparticles modulate autophagic effect in a dispersity-dependent manner.
abstract: Autophagy plays a key role in human health and disease, especially in cancer and neurodegeneration. Many autophagy regulators are developed for therapy. Diverse nanomaterials have been reported to induce autophagy. However, the underlying mechanisms and universal rules remain unclear. Here, for the first time, we show a reliable and general mechanism by which nanoparticles induce autophagy and then successfully modulate autophagy via tuning their dispersity. Various well-designed univariate experiments demonstrate that nanomaterials induce autophagy in a dispersity-dependent manner. Aggregated nanoparticles induce significant autophagic effect in comparison with well-dispersed nanoparticles. As the highly stable nanoparticles may block autophagic degradation in autolysosomes, endocytosis and intracellular accumulation of nanoparticles can be responsible for this interesting phenomenon. Our results suggest dispersity-dependent autophagic effect as a common cellular response to nanoparticles, reveal the relationship between properties of nanoparticles and autophagy, and offer a new alternative way to modulate autophagy.
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Dengtong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Hualu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Jinhao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001343:Autophagy / Q000502:physiology*; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002951:Citrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D006046:Gold / Q000494:pharmacology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D051907:Lysosomal Membrane Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D012834:Silver / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D004113:Succimer / Q000494:pharmacology; D013499:Surface Properties; D013535:Suspensions / Q000378:metabolism; D014494:Unithiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D052118:Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1
chemical_list: D000225:Adenine; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D002951:Citrates; D006046:Gold; D051907:Lysosomal Membrane Proteins; D012834:Silver; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D004113:Succimer; D013535:Suspensions; D014494:Unithiol; C489116:LAMP1 protein, human; D052118:Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1; C025946:3-methyladenine