title: Introducing a 3-dimensionally Printed, Tissue-Engineered Graft for Airway Reconstruction: A Pilot Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use 3-dimensional (3D) printing and tissue engineering to create a graft for laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR).
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro and in vivo pilot animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Large tertiary care academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3D computer model of an anterior LTR graft was designed. That design was printed with polylactic acid on a commercially available 3D printer. The scaffolds were seeded with mature chondrocytes and collagen gel and cultured in vitro for up to 3 weeks. Scaffolds were evaluated in vitro for cell viability and proliferation. Anterior graft LTR was performed on 9 New Zealand white rabbits with the newly created scaffolds. Three animals were sacrificed at each time point (4, 8, and 12 weeks). The in vivo graft sites were assessed via bronchoscopy and histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The in vitro cell proliferation assay demonstrated initial viability of 87.5%. The cells proliferated during the study period, doubling over the first 7 days. Histology revealed that the cells retained their cartilaginous properties during the 21-day study period. In vivo testing showed that all animals survived for the duration of the study. Bronchoscopy revealed a well-mucosalized tracheal lumen with no evidence of scarring or granulation tissue. Histology indicated the presence of newly formed cartilage in the region where the graft was present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that it is possible to produce a custom-designed, 3D-printed, tissue-engineered graft for airway reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.affiliation: Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zeltsman
authors.affiliation: Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grande
authors.affiliation: Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, USA LSmith8@nshs.edu.
authors.forename: Lee P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002356:Cartilage; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D003198:Computer Simulation; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007830:Larynx / Q000601:surgery*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011817:Rabbits; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014132:Trachea / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: 3-dimensional; additive; airway; engineering; graft; laryngotracheal; manufacturing; printing; reconstruction; tissue