title: Modulation of Root Skewing in Arabidopsis by Apyrases and Extracellular ATP.
abstract: When plant primary roots grow along a tilted surface that is impenetrable, they can undergo a slanted deviation from the direction of gravity called skewing. Skewing is induced by touch stimuli which the roots experience as they grow along the surface. Touch stimuli also induce the release of extracellular ATP (eATP) into the plant's extracellular matrix, and two apyrases (NTPDases) in Arabidopsis, APY1 and APY2, can help regulate the concentration of eATP. The primary roots of seedlings overexpressing APY1 show less skewing than wild-type plants. Plants suppressed in their expression of APY1 show more skewing than wild-type plants. Correspondingly, chemical inhibition of apyrase activity increased skewing in mutants and wild-type roots. Exogenous application of ATP or ATPγS also increased skewing in wild-type roots, which could be blocked by co-incubation with a purinergic receptor antagonist. These results suggest a model in which gradients of eATP set up by differential touch stimuli along roots help direct skewing in roots growing along an impenetrable surface.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
authors.forename: Xingyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China sroux@austin.utexas.edu wangbc2000@126.com.
authors.forename: Bochu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Farris
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA sroux@austin.utexas.edu wangbc2000@126.com.
authors.forename: Stanley J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Roux
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001081:Apyrase / Q000378:metabolism*; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; C022571:adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate); D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; C522733:APY1 protein, Arabidopsis; C522734:APY2 protein, Arabidopsis; D001081:Apyrase
keywords: Apyrase; Arabidopsis; Extracellular ATP; Root; Skewing