title: New Kunitz-Type HCRG Polypeptides from the Sea Anemone Heteractis crispa.
abstract: Sea anemones are a rich source of Kunitz-type polypeptides that possess not only protease inhibitor activity, but also Kv channels toxicity, analgesic, antihistamine, and anti-inflammatory activities. Two Kunitz-type inhibitors belonging to a new Heteractis crispa RG (HCRG) polypeptide subfamily have been isolated from the sea anemone Heteractis crispa. The amino acid sequences of HCRG1 and HCRG2 identified using the Edman degradation method share up to 95% of their identity with the representatives of the HCGS polypeptide multigene subfamily derived from H. crispa cDNA. Polypeptides are characterized by positively charged Arg at the N-terminus as well as P1 Lys residue at their canonical binding loop, identical to those of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI). These polypeptides are shown by our current evidence to be more potent inhibitors of trypsin than the known representatives of the HCGS subfamily with P1Thr. The kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of the intermolecular interactions between inhibitors and serine proteases were determined by the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method. Residues functionally important for polypeptide binding to trypsin were revealed using molecular modeling methods. Furthermore, HCRG1 and HCRG2 possess anti-inflammatory activity, reducing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretions, as well as proIL-1β expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages. However, there was no effect on nitric oxide (NO) generation.
authors.affiliation: Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Pr. 100 let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. irinagl@piboc.dvo.ru.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gladkikh
authors.affiliation: Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Pr. 100 let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. rita@piboc.dvo.ru.
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monastyrnaya
authors.affiliation: Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Pr. 100 let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. zel@piboc.dvo.ru.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zelepuga
authors.affiliation: Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Pr. 100 let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. sintsova0@mail.ru.
authors.forename: Oksana
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sintsova
authors.affiliation: Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Pr. 100 let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. tabval@yandex.ru.
authors.forename: Valentin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tabakmakher
authors.affiliation: Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 10, Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow 119121, Russia. oksana_gnedenko@pochta.ru.
authors.forename: Oksana
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gnedenko
authors.affiliation: Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 10, Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow 119121, Russia. asi@icnet.ru.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, No. 1, Section 1, Shen-Lung road, Ilan 260, Taiwan. kuofenghua@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kuo-Feng
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Pr. 100 let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. kozempa@mail.ru.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kozlovskaya
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012615:Sea Anemones / Q000737:chemistry*; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014361:Trypsin Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010455:Peptides; D014361:Trypsin Inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Kunitz-type protease inhibitors; SPR; anti-inflammatory activity; function; sea anemone; structure