title: The role of sclerotic changes in the starting mechanisms of collapse: A histomorphometric and FEM study on the femoral head of osteonecrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the distributions of stress, strain, and fractured areas using a finite element model (FEM), and examine the osteoclastic activity histopathologically in osteonecrosis of the femoral head.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three femoral heads were obtained during hip arthroplasty for femoral head osteonecrosis. One sample with a normal area, two samples with a non-sclerotic boundary without collapse (Type 1), two samples with a non-collapsed sclerotic boundary (Type 2), and two samples with a collapsed sclerotic boundary (Type 3) were collected from each femoral head for the FEM and histopathological analyses. FEM was performed using CT data, and the distributions of von Mises equivalent stress, octahedral shear stress, octahedral shear strain, and simulated fractured area were evaluated. Furthermore, the osteoclast count at the boundary was compared for each type.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In normal and Type 1 samples, the distributions of von Mises equivalent stress, octahedral shear stress, octahedral shear strain, and the fractured area were equally concentrated along the whole analytical range; however, in the Type 2 and 3 samples, they were concentrated along the thickened bone trabeculae at the boundary, which corresponded to the fractured area. Histopathologically, a significantly increased osteoclast number was observed only at the collapsed sclerotic boundary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrated that both shear stress and shear strain tend to be concentrated on thickened bone trabeculae at the boundary. Fracture analyses revealed that the boundary of sclerotic changes, which results from the repair process, may be the starting point of the fracture. Additionally, the osteoclastic activity increases after collapse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karasuyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. Electronic address: yamataku@ortho.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takuaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Goro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Motomura
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sonoda
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005271:Femur Head Necrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000473:pathology; D012598:Sclerosis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Collapse; Finite element analysis; Osteoclast; Osteonecrosis of the femoral head