title: Individual Monitoring of Immune Response in Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar following Experimental Infection with Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV).
abstract: Monitoring the immune response in fish over the progression of a disease is traditionally carried out by experimental infection whereby animals are killed at regular intervals and samples taken. We describe here a novel approach to infectiology for salmonid fish where blood samples are collected repeatedly in a small group of PIT-tagged animals. This approach contributes to the reduction of animals used in research and to improved data quality. Two groups of 12 PIT-tagged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were i.p infected with Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV) or culture medium and placed in 1 m3 tanks. Blood samples were collected at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 21 and 25 days post infection. The viral load, immune and stress response were determined in individual fish by real-time quantitative PCR (QPCR) on the blood cells, as well as the haematocrit used as an indicator of haemolysis, a clinical consequence of ISAV infection. "In-tank" anaesthesia was used in order to reduce the stress related to chase and netting prior to sampling. The data were analysed using a statistical approach which is novel with respect to its use in fish immunology. The repeated blood collection procedure did not induce stress response as measured by HSP70 and HSP90 gene expression in the un-infected animals. A strong increase in viraemia as well as a significant induction of Mx and γIP gene expression were observed in the infected group. Interleukin 10 was found induced at the later stage of the infection whereas no induction of CD8 or γ IFN could be detected. These results and the advantages of this approach are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture and Fish Health, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Collet
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture and Fish Health, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Katy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Urquhart
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monte
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture and Fish Health, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture and Fish Health, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garcia Perez
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Chris J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Secombes
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture and Fish Health, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D006400:Hematocrit; D007109:Immunity; D046829:Isavirus / Q000502:physiology*; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers