title: A review of sarcocystosis in camels and redescription of Sarcocystis cameli and Sarcocystis ippeni sarcocysts from the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).
abstract: There is considerable confusion concerning Sarcocystis species in camels. Five species: Sarcocystis cameli, Sarcocystis ippeni, Sarcocystis camelicanis, Sarcocystis camelocanis and Sarcocystis miescheri were named with inadequate descriptions and no type specimens. Here, we review literature on sarcocystosis in camels worldwide and redescribe structure of S. cameli and S. ippeni sarcocysts by light- and transmission electron microscopy (LM and TEM). Eight sarcocysts from the oesophagi of two camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Egypt were studied. By LM, all sarcocysts were thin-walled with barely visible projections on the cyst walls. By TEM, two structurally distinct sarcocysts were recognized by unique villar protrusions (vp) not found in sarcocysts from any other host. Sarcocysts of S. cameli had vp of type 9 j. The sarcocyst wall had upright slender vp, up to 3.0 µM long and 0.5 µM wide; the total thickness of the sarcocyst wall with ground substance (gs) layer was 3.5 µM. On each vp, there were rows of knob-like protrusions that appeared to be interconnected. The vp had microtubules that originated at midpoint of the gs and continued up to the tip; microtubules were smooth, without any granules or dense areas. Bradyzoites were approximately 14-15 × 3-4 µM in size with typical organelles. Sarcocystis ippeni sarcocysts had type 32 sarcocyst wall characterized by conical vp with an electron dense knob. The total thickness of the sarcocyst wall (from the base of gs to vp tip) was 2.3-3.0 µM. The vp were up to 1.2 µM wide at the base and 0.25 µM at the tip. Microtubules in vp originated at midpoint of gs and continued up to tip; microtubules were criss-crossed, smooth and without granules or dense areas. Bradyzoites were 12.0-13.5 × 2.0-3.0 µM in size. Sarcocystis camelicanis, S. camelocanis and S. miescheri are considered invalid.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service,Beltsville Agricultural Research Center,Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory,Building 1001,Beltsville,Maryland 20705-2350,USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.affiliation: Parasitology Department,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Cairo University,12211 Giza,Egypt.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hilali
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Physiology,Faculty of Veterinary Science,University of Pretoria,Onderstepoort 0110,South Africa.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Wilpe
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service,Beltsville Agricultural Research Center,Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory,Building 1001,Beltsville,Maryland 20705-2350,USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calero-Bernal
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service,Beltsville Agricultural Research Center,Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory,Building 1001,Beltsville,Maryland 20705-2350,USA.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Parasitology Department,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Mansoura,Egypt.
authors.forename: I E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Abbas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002162:Camelus / Q000469:parasitology*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D015995:Prevalence; D012522:Sarcocystis / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012523:Sarcocystosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: Sarcocystis cameli; Sarcocystis ippeni; electron microscopy; one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius); ultrastructure