title: Imaging modalities in cystic fibrosis: emerging role of MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  MRI has emerged as radiation-free imaging modality for assessment of cystic fibrosis lung disease. Here, we review the current status and new developments of MRI in cystic fibrosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRI is sensitive to detect abnormalities in lung structure and perfusion, even in preschool children with cystic fibrosis with early lung disease. Further, MRI is sensitive to detect changes associated with pulmonary exacerbations and response to antibiotic therapy in this challenging age group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRI is sensitive to detect hallmarks of cystic fibrosis lung disease such as bronchial wall thickening, bronchiectasis, mucus plugging and abnormal lung perfusion. A morpho-functional MRI score has been established for semiquantitative assessment of these characteristic abnormalities over a broad range of disease severity. Recent studies demonstrated that MRI is sensitive to detect changes in mucus plugging and lung perfusion in response to antibiotic therapy for pulmonary exacerbations. These results suggest that MRI may be suitable for noninvasive monitoring and as a quantitative endpoint in clinical trials for cystic fibrosis. Technical advances including ultra-short echo time and Fourier decomposition imaging are expected to enhance morphological and functional MRI of cystic fibrosis lung disease without the need of contrast medium in the near future.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg bDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology with Nuclear Medicine, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg cTranslational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg dDivision of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Heidelberg eDepartment of Translational Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Mark O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Wielpütz
authors.forename: Marcus A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mall
mesh_terms: D001987:Bronchiectasis / Q000150:complications; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods