title: Can we improve the prediction of pouch of Douglas obliteration in women with suspected endometriosis using ultrasound-based models? A multicenter prospective observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A negative "sliding sign" during transvaginal sonography (TVS) is associated with pouch of Douglas (POD) obliteration at laparoscopy in women with suspected endometriosis. The aim of the current study was to develop and validate mathematical ultrasound models to determine whether a combination of TVS markers could improve the prediction of POD obliteration as compared with the TVS "sliding sign" alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter prospective observational study. In all, 189 women (100 in the training set and 89 in the test set) with suspected endometriosis underwent pre-operative TVS and laparoscopy. More than 50 historical, clinical and TVS end points were recorded for analysis. Univariate/multivariate analysis was performed to determine significant TVS variables associated with POD obliteration at laparoscopy. Two logistic regression models were developed on a training set: POD1 - posterior compartment deep infiltrating endometriosis, right ovarian fixation, negative "sliding sign" (i.e. POD obliteration); and POD2 model - unilateral ovarian fixation, unilateral endometrioma, negative "sliding sign." The two models were then applied to a test set to predict POD obliteration. POD1/POD2 performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves (probability cut-off value at 0.5) and compared with "sliding sign" alone for prediction of POD obliteration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respective values for POD1 vs. POD2 vs. "sliding sign" alone for training/test sets: accuracy - 96/96% vs. 93/97% vs. 93/97%; sensitivity - 93/88% vs. 83/88% vs. 83/88%; specificity - 97/97% vs. 97/99% vs. 97/99%; positive predictive value - 93/88% vs. 93/94% vs. 93/94%; negative predictive ratio - 97/97% vs. 93/97% vs. 93/97%; positive likelihood ratio - 32.7/32.2 vs. 29.2/63.5 vs. 29.2/63.5; negative likelihood ratio - 0.07/0.12 vs. 0.17/0.12 vs. 0.17/0.12.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incorporation of TVS markers such as bowel endometriosis, endometrioma and ovarian fixation into mathematical models does not appear to improve the prediction of POD obliteration as compared with the TVS "sliding sign" alone.
authors.affiliation: Acute Gynaecology, Early Pregnancy and Advanced Endosurgery Unit, Nepean Medical School, Nepean Hospital, University of Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales.
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4227-9559
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK.
authors.forename: Chuan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4898-6679
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Acute Gynaecology, Early Pregnancy and Advanced Endosurgery Unit, Nepean Medical School, Nepean Hospital, University of Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales.|Norwest Private Hospital, Bella Vista, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: George
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3858-3080
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Condous
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004312:Douglas' Pouch / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D009517:New South Wales; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D057234:Preoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Endometrioma; deep infiltrating endometriosis; laparoscopy; ovarian fixation; pouch of Douglas obliteration; transvaginal ultrasound; “sliding sign”