title: Depression and anxiety in pregnant women with diabetes or mild hyperglycemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of physical and psychological changes that occur during pregnancy can stimulate the development of psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression. The study evaluated psychological aspects related to maternal depression and anxiety in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus or hyperglycemia, contrasting the results with those of non-diabetic pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective and longitudinal approach, two questionnaires were applied and validated for use in Brazil, the Beck depression inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The questionnaires were applied to pregnant women at the first prenatal visit or at the time of disease diagnosis (T1) and reapplied at admission for delivery (T2). Regardless of the degree of hyperglycemia, both at first and in the second stage most women had severe anxiety trait. In early pregnancy (T1), however, severe state anxiety was more frequent in women with hyperglycemia than in those from the NG group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most pregnant women showed moderate state anxiety over their pregnancy, regardless of glycemic status. In early pregnancy, however, severe state anxiety was more prevalent in hyperglycemic women than in those with normal glycemic status. Most women showed moderate trait anxiety and mild depression in both early and late pregnancy, irrespective of glycemic status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of severe state anxiety in early pregnancy is more frequent in women with diabetes or hyperglycemia, but their levels of trait anxiety and depression are not affected by glycemic status.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Gynecology, Obstetrics and Mastology, Hospital of the Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. noquessada@bol.com.br.
authors.forename: Noeli Aparecida Quessada
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Marquesim
authors.affiliation: Municipal Authority of Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Cláudia Molina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Cavassini
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Gynecology, Obstetrics and Mastology, Hospital of the Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.|Municipal Authority of Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital of the Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Nursing, Hospital of the Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.|Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Hospital das Clínicas (HC), Av. Prof. Montenegro s/n, Distrito de Rubião Junior, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP: 18.618-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Glilciane
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morceli
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital of the Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia Garcia
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital of the Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marilza Vieira Cunha
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Rudge
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital of the Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.|Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Hospital das Clínicas (HC), Av. Prof. Montenegro s/n, Distrito de Rubião Junior, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP: 18.618-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Iracema de Mattos Paranhos
authors.initials: Ide M
authors.lastname: Calderon
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Gynecology, Obstetrics and Mastology, Hospital of the Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Meline Rossetto
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kron
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Hospital of the Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvana Andrea Molina
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lima
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D015994:Incidence; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology*; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Hyperglycemia; Life quality; Pregnancy; Psychological aspects