title: Anti-genotoxic ability of α-tocopherol and Anthocyanin to counteract fish DNA damage induced by musk xylene.
abstract: Many compounds released into the environment are able to interact with genetic material. The main purpose of genetic toxicology is to investigate the adverse effects of genotoxic molecules such as reduced fitness, changes in gene frequencies and their impact on genetic diversity in populations following genotoxic exposure. However, the ecological effects of many genotoxic compounds remain poorly understood. The aim of this research was to evaluate the genotoxic activity of an artificial musk (musk xylene, MX) and the potential anti-genotoxicity against this chemical compound of two antioxidant substances (α-tocopherol and an anthocyanins enriched extract). The studies were performed both in vivo and in vitro, using the teleost Danio rerio and the DLEC (Dicentrarchus labrax embryonic cells) cell line. We carried out the exposure to these substances at different times. DNA and cell damage and their possible repair were detected by various experimental approaches: DNA strand breaks (Comet Assay), degree of apoptosis (Diffusion Assay) and molecular alterations at the genomic level (RAPD-PCR technique). Data were collected and analyzed for statistical significance using the Student's t test. The results of this study showed that MX exhibited a genotoxic activity even after short exposure times. The anti-genotoxicity experiments evidenced that both α-tocopherol and Anthocyanin were able to contrast the genotoxic effects induced by MX, both in vivo and in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy. lucia.rocco@unina2.it.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rocco
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Filomena
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mottola
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santonastaso
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Saputo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cusano
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Costagliola
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suero
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Severina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pacifico
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stingo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000737:chemistry*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001492:Bass / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D019105:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014992:Xylenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000378:metabolism*; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014992:Xylenes; C031447:musk xylene; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol
keywords: Antigenotoxic activity; Bilberry anthocyanin extract; Comet Assay; Musk xylene; RAPD-PCR technique; α-Tocopherol