title: Hyperthyroidism is associated with work disability and loss of labour market income. A Danish register-based study in singletons and disease-discordant twin pairs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the risk of disability pension and changes in labour market income in patients with hyperthyroidism.
  
  
  METHODS
  From a 5% random sample of the Danish population and twins from the Danish Twin Registry we identified 1942 hyperthyroid singletons and 7768 non-hyperthyroid (matched 1:4) controls as well as 584 same-sex twin pairs discordant for hyperthyroidism. Singletons and twins were followed for a mean of 9 years (range 1-20). Cox regression analysis was used to examine the risk of disability pension and a difference-in-differences model was used to evaluate changes in labour market income.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyperthyroid individuals had an increased risk of receiving disability pension: hazard ratio (HR) was 1.88, (95% CI: 1.57-2.24). Subdividing as to the cause of hyperthyroidism did not change this finding: Graves' disease (GD) HR was 1.51 (95% CI: 0.87-2.63) and toxic nodular goitre (TNG) HR was 2.10 (95% CI: 1.02-4.36). With respect to labour market income, the income of hyperthyroid individuals increased on average 1189 € less than their controls (P<0.001). This difference in income was more pronounced in GD (2539 €) than in TNG (132 €). Essentially similar results, with respect to disability pension and labour market income, were seen within monozygotic twin pairs discordant for hyperthyroidism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperthyroidism is associated with severe work disability as reflected by an 88% increased risk of receiving disability pension and a significant loss of labour market income. Similar results in monozygotic twins discordant for hyperthyroidism suggest that genetic confounding is unlikely.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismElite Endocrine Research Centre, Odense University Hospital, Sønder Boulevard 29, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark frans.brandt.kristensen@rsyd.dk.
authors.forename: Frans
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismElite Endocrine Research Centre, Odense University Hospital, Sønder Boulevard 29, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thvilum
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismElite Endocrine Research Centre, Odense University Hospital, Sønder Boulevard 29, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Laszlo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hegedüs
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismElite Endocrine Research Centre, Odense University Hospital, Sønder Boulevard 29, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas Heiberg
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Brix
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012179:Retirement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014942:Workers' Compensation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*