title: Dietary proteins improve endothelial function under fasting conditions but not in the postprandial state, with no effects on markers of low-grade inflammation.
abstract: Endothelial dysfunction (ED) and low-grade inflammation (LGI) have a role in the development of CVD. The two studies reported here explored the effects of dietary proteins and carbohydrates on markers of ED and LGI in overweight/obese individuals with untreated elevated blood pressure. In the first study, fifty-two participants consumed a protein mix or maltodextrin (3×20 g/d) for 4 weeks. Fasting levels and 12 h postprandial responses of markers of ED (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM), soluble endothelial selectin and von Willebrand factor) and markers of LGI (serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein and sICAM) were evaluated before and after intervention. Biomarkers were also combined into mean Z-scores of ED and LGI. The second study compared 4 h postprandial responses of ED and LGI markers in forty-eight participants after ingestion of 0·6 g/kg pea protein, milk protein and egg-white protein. In addition, postprandial responses after maltodextrin intake were compared with a protein mix and sucrose. The first study showed significantly lower fasting ED Z-scores and sICAM after 4 weeks on the high-protein diet (P≤0·02). The postprandial studies found no clear differences of ED and LGI between test meals. However, postprandial sVCAM decreased more after the protein mix compared with maltodextrin in both studies (P≤0·04). In conclusion, dietary protein is beneficial for fasting ED, but not for fasting LGI, after 4 weeks of supplementation. On the basis of Z-scores, postprandial ED and LGI were not differentially affected by protein sources or carbohydrates.
authors.affiliation: 1Top Institute Food and Nutrition,6700 AN Wageningen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karianna F M
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Teunissen-Beekman
authors.affiliation: 1Top Institute Food and Nutrition,6700 AN Wageningen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Janneke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dopheide
authors.affiliation: 1Top Institute Food and Nutrition,6700 AN Wageningen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Geleijnse
authors.affiliation: 1Top Institute Food and Nutrition,6700 AN Wageningen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stephan J L
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.affiliation: 1Top Institute Food and Nutrition,6700 AN Wageningen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Brink
authors.affiliation: 5Department of Internal Medicine,Maastricht University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM),6200 MD Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: de Leeuw
authors.affiliation: 5Department of Internal Medicine,Maastricht University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM),6200 MD Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Casper G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Schalkwijk
authors.affiliation: 1Top Institute Food and Nutrition,6700 AN Wageningen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marleen A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Baak
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D019518:Postprandial Period; D058246:Prehypertension / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D011134:Polysaccharides; C008315:maltodextrin
keywords: (Pre)hypertension; CRP C-reactive protein; Carbohydrates; ED endothelial dysfunction; Endothelial function; Inflammation; LGI low-grade inflammation; PROPRES randomised clinical trial on the effects of PROteins on blood PRESsure; Proteins; SAA serum amyloid A; sE-selectin soluble endothelial selectin; sICAM soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1; sVCAM soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; vWf von Willebrand factor