title: Neurochemical features of the autonomic neurons projecting to the cremaster muscle of the boar.
abstract: The cremaster muscle (CM) is a striated muscle showing some unusual features for ordinary striated muscles, in fact it receives, besides somatic innervation, a conspicuous autonomic sympathetic innervation. The autonomic neurons associated with the CM of 4 male intact pigs were typified combining the retrograde nontrans-synaptic fluorescent tracer Fast Blue (FB) and double labeling immunohistochemical methods. We collected the L4 sympathetic trunk ganglion (STG), that our preliminary studies proved to contain the highest number (575.5 ± 152.93; mean ± S.E.M., n = 4) of FB+ sympathetic neurons projecting to CM. About half of the CM projecting neurons of this ganglion were catecholaminergic and showed the colocalization of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) with Neuropeptide Y (NPY), Leu-Enkephaline (LENK), Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP), Calcitonine Gene Related Peptide (CGRP), Substance P (SP), neuronal Nitric Oxyde Sinthase (n-NOS), and Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter (VAChT). The noncatecholaminergic neurons were immunoreactive for all the other markers tested, even if in small percentages. The conspicuous and heterogeneous contribution of the sympathetic autonomic neurons to the muscle innervation is consistent with the hypothesis of a possible origin of the CM fibers by transdifferentiation of the smooth muscle-like gubernaculum mesenchyma into striated myotubes, suggesting that the cremaster myogenesis is independent from that of the abdominal muscles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy.
authors.forename: Maddalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Botti
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ragionieri
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cacchioli
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy.
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gazza
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy.
authors.forename: Rino
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Panu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017776:Autonomic Pathways / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000294:innervation* / Q000378:metabolism; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine
keywords: boar; cremaster muscle; immunohistochemistry; neuronal tracer; sympathetic innervation