title: Nepalese Homebrewed Alcoholic Beverages: Types, Ingredients, and Ethanol Concentration from a Nation Wide Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the enormous public health problems related to traditional alcohol consumption practice in Nepal, this area has been ignored and the information at the national level is limited. Thus this study is designed to explore the readily available commonly practiced Nepalese homebrewed alcoholic beverages, the ingredients used and alcohol strength (ethanol concentration).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was carried out as a part of ongoing household survey on "Alcohol consumption practice among married women of reproductive age in Nepal". A total of 284 homebrewed alcoholic beverage (distilled 175, non-distilled:109) samples were collected from the 16 survey districts of Nepal during the period of April to August, 2013. Ethanol percentage was tested in research lab by using standard procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Readily available homebrewed alcoholic beverages in practice were mainly of two types "Distilled" (local Raksi) and "Non-distilled" (Jand, Chhyang, Tumba). Rice, wheat, barley, millet, maize, fruits, and pure sugar were the commonly used ingredients to prepare alcohol. Ethanol concentration in homebrewed alcohol was 14.0% (IQR: 10.0-19.0) ranging from 3% to 40% for distilled, and 5.2% (IQR: 3.5-9.8) ranging from 1% to 18.9% for nondistilled. A significant difference (P<0.05) was found in alcohol strength by residence, development regions, types of alcohol, and the ingredients used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The median concentration of ethanol in readily available home brewed alcoholic beverages in Nepal was more than the strength of factory produced beer. The alcohol strength varies across their types, ingredients used, residence and regions.
authors.affiliation: Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thapa
authors.affiliation: Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Aryal
authors.affiliation: Initative for Research, Education and Community Health -Nepal, Nepal.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paudel
authors.affiliation: Division of Women and Children, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puri
authors.affiliation: Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thapa
authors.affiliation: National Health Education, Information and Communication Center, Ministry of Health and Population, Nepal.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.affiliation: Initative for Research, Education and Community Health -Nepal, Nepal.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.affiliation: Division of Women and Children, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stray-Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D009390:Nepal; D012111:Residence Characteristics
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Cross-sectional study; home brewed alcohol; nepal.