title: Heat transfer properties and thermal cure of glass-ionomer dental cements.
abstract: Under clinical conditions, conventional glass-ionomer dental cements can be cured by application of heat from dental cure lamps, which causes acceleration in the setting. In order for this to be successful, such heat must be able to spread sufficiently through the cement to enhance cure, but not transmit heat so effectively that the underlying dental pulp of the tooth is damaged. The current study was aimed at measuring heat transfer properties of modern restorative glass-ionomers to determine the extent to which they meet these twin requirements. Three commercial glass ionomer cements (Ionofil Molar, Ketac Molar and Equia™ Fill) were used in association with three different light emitting diode cure lamps designed for clinical use. In addition, for each cement, one set of specimens was allowed to cure without application of a lamp. Temperature changes were measured at three different depths (2, 3 and 4 mm) after cure times of 20, 40 and 60 s. The difference among the tested groups was evaluated by ANOVA (P < 0.05) and post hoc Newman-Keuls test. All brands of glass-ionomer showed a small inherent setting exotherm in the absence of heat irradiation, but much greater temperature increases when exposed to the cure lamp. However, temperature rises did not exceed 12.9 °C. Application of the cure lamp led to the establishment of a temperature gradient throughout each specimen. Differences were typically significant (P < 0.05) and did not reflect the nominal power of the lamps, because those lamps have variable cooling systems, and are designed to optimize light output, not heating effect. Because the thermal conductivity of glass-ionomers is low, temperature rises at 4 mm depths were much lower than at 2 mm. At no time did the temperature rise sufficiently to cause concern about potential damage to the pulp.
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gavic
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gorseta
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Domagoj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Glavina
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials and Experimental Dentistry, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Czarnecka
authors.affiliation: Bluefield Centre for Biomaterials, Unit 34, 67-68 Hatton Garden, London, EC1N 8JY, UK. john.nicholson@bluefieldcentre.co.uk.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Nicholson
mesh_terms: D004869:Equipment Safety; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D055115:Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008029:Lighting / Q000295:instrumentation; D008422:Materials Testing
chemical_list: D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; C110712:ketac-molar