title: Profiles of Urine Drug Test in Clinical Pain Patients vs Pain Research Study Subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine similarities and differences in urine drug test (UDT) results in clinical pain patients and pain subjects participating in pain research studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study with retrospective chart review and data analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 1,874 UDT results obtained from 1) clinical pain patients (Clinical Group; n = 1,529) and 2) pain subjects consented to participate in pain research studies (Research Group; n = 345). Since several medications such as opioids used in pain management are drugs of abuse (DOA) and can result in a positive UDT, we specifically identified those cases of positive UDT due to nonprescribed DOA and designated these cases as positive UDT with DOA (PUD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that 1) there was a higher rate of PUD in clinical pain patients (41.3%) than in pain research study subjects (14.8%); 2) although subjects in the Research Group were informed ahead of time that UDT will be conducted as a screening test, a substantial number (14.8%) of pain research study subjects still showed PUD; 3) there were different types of DOA between clinical pain patients (cannabinoids as the top DOA) and research study subjects (cocaine as the top DOA); and 4) a common factor associated with PUD was opioid therapy in both Clinical Group and Research Group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support previous findings that PUD is a common finding in clinical pain patients, particularly in those prescribed opioid therapy, and we suggest that UDT be used as routine screening testing in pain research studies.
authors.affiliation: *University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Cheng-ting
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Trang T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Vo
authors.affiliation: MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Abigail S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Shihab
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jianren
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA llchen@partners.org.
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000652:urine; D012107:Research Design; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D013287:Illicit Drugs
keywords: Clinical Study; Clinical Trial; Illicit Drug; Opioid; Opioid Therapy; Pain; Pain Management; Urine Drug Screening; Urine Drug Test