title: Does the effect of walkable built environments vary by neighborhood socioeconomic status?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine socioeconomic status as a moderator of the relationship between the built environment and active transportation such as walking or cycling using measures of built environment exposure derived from individuals transport trips.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 2008 Montreal Origin-destination (OD) survey provided origin-destination coordinates for a sample of 156,700 participants. We selected participants from this survey that had traveled within the census metropolitan area of Montreal the day preceding the interview, and that were between 18-65 years of age. Measures of connectivity, land-use mix, and density of business and services were collected using 400-m buffers of the trip routes. Logistic regression was used to model the relationship between built environment variables and active transportation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Trip routes in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartile of density of business and services or connectivity translated into greater odds of taking AT (compared to a trip in the lowest quartile). Trip routes in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartile of land-use mix translated into lower odds of taking AT. Trips in the highest quartiles of connectivity and density of business and services were found to have a weaker association with active transportation if the individual undergoing the trip was from a low SES neighborhood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that previous studies finding no effect modification may have been due to the limitation of measurements of exposures to the residential neighborhood.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada. Electronic address: madeleine.steinmetz-wood@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: Madeleine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steinmetz-Wood
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada. Electronic address: yan.kestens@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kestens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004779:Environment Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011792:Quebec; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014186:Transportation / Q000379:methods; D016138:Walking / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Active transportation; Connectivity; Density of destinations; Land-use mix; Neighborhood socioeconomic status; Physical activity; Walkability