title: Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Level of Insulin-like Growth Factor-II in Male Patients with Alzheimer's Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) is important for brain development. Although IGF-II is abundant also in adult life, little is known of the role of IGF-II in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This was a cross-sectional study of 60 consecutive patients under primary evaluation of cognitive impairment and 20 healthy controls. The patients had AD dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnosed with AD dementia upon follow-up (n = 32), stable MCI (SMCI, n = 13), or other dementias (n = 15). IGF-II, IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), and IGFBP-2 were analyzed in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of IGF-II, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-2 were similar in all groups in the total study population. Gender-specific analyses showed that in men (n = 40), CSF IGF-II level was higher in AD compared to SMCI and controls (p <  0.01 and p <  0.05, respectively). Furthermore, CSF IGFBP-2 level was increased in AD men versus SMCI men (p <  0.01) and tended to be increased versus control men (p = 0.09). There were no between-group differences in women (n = 40). In the total study population (n = 80) as well as in men (n = 40), CSF levels of IGF-II and IGFBP-2 correlated positively with CSF levels of the AD biomarkers total-tau and phosphorylated tau protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In men, but not women, in the early stages of AD, CSF IGF-II level was elevated, and CSF IGFBP-2 level tended to be increased, compared to healthy controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Åberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.|Department of Neuropsychiatry, Skaraborg Hospital, Falköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.|School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Jörgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Isgaard
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wallin
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan-Ove
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Andreasson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kaj
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blennow
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.|UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zetterberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: N David
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Åberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.|Department of Endocrinology, Skaraborg Hospital, Skövde, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Svensson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D018971:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D008297:Male; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D015415:Biomarkers; C035170:IGF2 protein, human; C032231:IGFBP1 protein, human; C577903:IGFBP2 protein, human; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1; D018971:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2; C054369:MAPT protein, human; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42); D016875:tau Proteins; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; IGF-II; IGFBP-1; IGFBP-2; biomarker; cerebrospinal fluid; mild cognitive impairment