title: Impact of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms on the Quality of Life of Subjects with Parkinson's Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) are frequent. Impact of neuropsychiatric symptoms on quality of life has recently become a relevant topic of research due to its potential to develop targeted therapies to improve quality of life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with PD using the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire Short Form (PDQ-8).
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients with PD were evaluated with the Scale for Evaluation of Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Parkinson's disease (SEND-PD) and PDQ-8 scales separately. Association between neuropsychiatric symptoms and quality of life was explored using, means comparisons, correlation coefficients and multiple regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 492 patients were included for the study. Overall, 44.5% had psychotic symptoms, 76.5% had alterations on mood/apathy domains, and 27% had an impulse control disorder. All neuropsychiatric symptoms had an effect on the PDQ-8 with a moderate to large effect size. Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.17 to 0.63 between neuropsychiatric symptoms and quality of life (p <  0.001, in all cases). The regression model showed that mood/apathy alterations and impulse control disorders, along with MDS-UPDRS III accounted for 49.8% of variance in the PDQ-8 simplified index (F = 122.98; p <  0.001). Mood/apathy alterations showed the highest correlation coefficient (0.63, p <  0.001) and β (0.53, p <  0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the presence and severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms, in particular mood/apathy alterations,had a significant impact on quality of life in subjects with PD.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alvarado-Bolaños
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cervantes-Arriaga
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.|Movement Disorder Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Mayela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Violante
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.|Movement Disorder Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Llorens-Arenas
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.|Movement Disorder Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Calderón-Fajardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, General Hospital, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México.
authors.forename: Roxanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Millán-Cepeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, General Hospital, Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leal-Ortega
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorder Clinic, Hospital Universitario, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Estrada-Bellmann
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorder Clinic, Hospital Civil, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zuñiga-Ramírez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D057565:Apathy; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
keywords: Parkinson’s disease; apathy; depression; impulse control disorders; psychosis; quality of life