title: [REASONS OF DELAYED DIAGNOSIS OF BLADDER TUBERCULOSIS].
abstract: The fourth, terminal, stage of bladder tuberculosis (BT) manifests itself in irreversible changes and requires surgical treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the reasons for delayed diagnosis of this urogenital tuberculosis complication. Medical history of 26 urogenital tuberculosis patients with a complicated form of stage 4 BT, referred to the Novosibirsk TB Research Institute for reconstructive surgery were analysed. In 22 patients, bladder volume ranged from 55 to 100 ml, 4 patients previously underwent cystostomy due to extremely small bladder volume. Average duration of BT hidden in the guise of "urogenital infection" was 6.2 years. Patients were treated with norfloxacin (a total of 104 courses), ciprofloxacin (86 courses), amikacin (43 courses), nitroxoline (27 courses), third generation cephalosporins (32 courses), lomefloxacin (17 courses), levofloxacin (11 courses), Amoxicillin clavulanate (4 courses), ampicillin (2 courses). It was demonstrated that all cases of BT stage 4 were iatrogenic. Irreversible debilitating complications occurred due to suboptimal therapy, primarily due to administration of amikacin and fluoroquinolones for urogenital infections, which was tuberculosis in disguise. Absence of M. tuberculosis growth does not exclude tuberculosis; pathological specimens must be further examined at least by PCR. Interventional material must be mandatory examined histologically and stained by Ziehl-Neelsen method to identify M. tuberculosis. Effective and not masking tuberculosis, optimal therapy for urogenital infections includes fosfomycin, furazidin (nitrofurantoin), gentamicin, III generation cephalosporins (in outpatient settings dispersible form of efixime should be preferable).
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Kul'chavenja
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Holtobin
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003556:Cystitis / Q000382:microbiology; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014401:Tuberculosis, Urogenital / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents