title: Biologically active carbon filtration for haloacetic acid removal from swimming pool water.
abstract: A biologically activate carbon (BAC) filter was continuously operated on site for the treatment of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in an outdoor swimming pool at an average empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 5.8 min. Results showed that BAC filtration was a viable technology for direct removal of HAAs from the pool water with a nominal efficiency of 57.7% by the filter while the chlorine residuals were 1.71 ± 0.90 mg/L during the study. THMs and TOC were not removed and thus were not considered as indicators of the effectiveness of BAC filtration. Increased EBCT in the range of 4.5 and 6.4 min led to improved HAA removal performance, which could be best fit by a logarithmic regression model. BAC filtration also affected the HAA speciation by removing more dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) than trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), resulting in a lower ratio of DCAA/TCAA in the filtered effluent. However, the observation of an overall constant ratio could be attributable to a complex formation and degradation mechanism occurring in swimming pools.
authors.affiliation: Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Minn Water LLC, Minneapolis, MN 55441, USA. Electronic address: tang@minnwater.com.
authors.forename: Hao L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Environmental Engineering Programs, The Pennsylvania State University, Middletown, PA 17057, USA.
authors.forename: Yuefeng F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D062845:Chloroacetates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D004203:Disinfection; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods*; D013551:Swimming Pools; D014238:Trichloroacetic Acid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D062845:Chloroacetates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002606:Charcoal; D014238:Trichloroacetic Acid; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid
keywords: Biologically active carbon; Disinfection byproduct; Filtration; Haloacetic acid; Swimming pool water