title: Performance of mobile digital X-ray fluoroscopy using a novel flat panel detector for intraoperative use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Technologies employing digital X-ray devices are developed for mobile settings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a mobile digital X-ray fluoroscopy (MDF) for intraoperative guidance, using a novel flat panel detector to focus on diagnostics in outpatient clinics, operating and emergency rooms.
  
  
  METHODS
  An MDF for small-scale field diagnostics was configured using an X-ray source and a novel flat panel detector. The imager enabled frame rates reaching 30 fps in full resolution fluoroscopy with maximal running time of 5 minutes. Signal-to-noise (SNR), contrast-to-noise (CNR), and spatial resolution were analyzed. Stray radiation, exposure radiation dose, and effective absorption dose were measured for patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The system was suitable for small-scale field diagnostics. SNR and CNR were 62.4 and 72.0. Performance at 10% of MTF was 9.6 lp/mm (53 μ m) in the no binned mode. Stray radiation at 100 cm and 150 cm from the source was below 0.2 μ Gy and 0.1 μ Gy. Exposure radiation in radiography and fluoroscopy (5 min) was 10.2 μ Gy and 82.6 mGy. The effective doses during 5-min-long fluoroscopy were 0.26 mSv (wrist), 0.28 mSv (elbow), 0.29 mSv (ankle), and 0.31 mSv (knee).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed MDF is suitable for imaging in operating rooms.
authors.affiliation: Imaging Science Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea.
authors.forename: Chang-Won
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Imaging Science Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Engineering, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea.
authors.forename: Su-Chong
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.affiliation: Imaging Science Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea.
authors.forename: Hong-Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.affiliation: Imaging Science Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Woon
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea.
authors.forename: Jinseok
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Nanofocusray, Technoville JBTP, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyong-Woo
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Imaging Science Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea.|Department of Radiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea.
authors.forename: Kwon-Ha
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000842:Ankle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D004550:Elbow / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Mobile digital X-ray fluoroscopy; flat panel detector; intraoperative use; radiation dose