title: Construction of high-quality recombination maps with low-coverage genomic sequencing for joint linkage analysis in maize.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A genome-wide association study (GWAS) is the foremost strategy used for finding genes that control human diseases and agriculturally important traits, but it often reports false positives. In contrast, its complementary method, linkage analysis, provides direct genetic confirmation, but with limited resolution. A joint approach, using multiple linkage populations, dramatically improves resolution and statistical power. For example, this approach has been used to confirm that many complex traits, such as flowering time controlling adaptation in maize, are controlled by multiple genes with small effects. In addition, genotyping by sequencing (GBS) at low coverage not only produces genotyping errors, but also results in large datasets, making the use of high-throughput sequencing technologies computationally inefficient or unfeasible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we converted raw SNPs into effective recombination bins. The reduced bins not only retain the original information, but also correct sequencing errors from low-coverage genomic sequencing. To further increase the statistical power and resolution, we merged a new temperate maize nested association mapping (NAM) population derived in China (CN-NAM) with the existing maize NAM population developed in the US (US-NAM). Together, the two populations contain 36 families and 7,000 recombinant inbred lines (RILs). One million SNPs were generated for all the RILs with GBS at low coverage. We developed high-quality recombination maps for each NAM population to correct genotyping errors and improve the computational efficiency of the joint linkage analysis. The original one million SNPs were reduced to 4,932 and 5,296 recombination bins with average interval distances of 0.34 cM and 0.28 cM for CN-NAM and US-NAM, respectively. The quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for flowering time (days to tasseling) indicated that the high-density, recombination bin map improved resolution of QTL mapping by 50 % compared with that using a medium-density map. We also demonstrated that combining the CN-NAM and US-NAM populations improves the power to detect QTL by 50 % compared to single NAM population mapping. Among the QTLs mapped by joint usage of the US-NAM and CN-NAM maps, 25 % of the QTLs overlapped with known flowering-time genes in maize.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides directions and resources for the research community, especially maize researchers, for future studies using the recombination bin strategy for joint linkage analysis. Available resources include efficient usage of low-coverage genomic sequencing, detailed positions for genes controlling maize flowering, and recombination bin maps and flowering- time data for both CN and US NAMs. Maize researchers even have the opportunity to grow both CN and US NAM populations to study the traits of their interest, as the seeds of both NAM populations are available from the seed repository in China and the US.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chunhui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yongxiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: USA Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bradbury
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yunsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yanchun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Dengfeng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodgers-Melnick
authors.affiliation: Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. esb33@cornell.edu.|USA Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, New York, USA. esb33@cornell.edu.
authors.forename: Edward S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Buckler
authors.affiliation: Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. Zhiwu.Zhang@WSU.edu.|Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA. Zhiwu.Zhang@WSU.edu.
authors.forename: Zhiwu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China. liyu03@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China. wangtianyu@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Tianyu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study / Q000379:methods*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D014481:United States; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development